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View from combine is valuable
Question: What should I be learning from my fields as I harvest my corn crop?
Terry Hoover: The most obvious observation is how much corn you are hauling to the bin. But harvest is also a great time to evaluate what you did right and what you can improve for next year.
Question: Is it the key time to evaluate hybrids?
Hoover: Unfortunately, harvest is the first time since planting that some have entered their fields. When this is the case, growers can get caught up in what a particular hybrid did or didn't do, instead of knowing why that particular hybrid performed the way it did.
Question: Who has time to check how they performed?
Hoover: Many times farmers make the comment that their corn was stalk or root lodged, or that they saw ears lying on the ground while harvesting. I usually ask if they stopped the combine when they saw this to do some investigating. I have been in this business long enough to know that most farmers do not stop in the middle of harvest to see why they have dropped ears or stalk-lodged corn.
Question: How can you be harvesting if you are tissue testing?
Hoover: I'm not saying you have to bring out the shovel and tape measure to determine what is going on in your fields. But to find out why you have ears on the ground, you need to look at that plant before it goes through the combine. There could be a number of reasons why you have dropped ears. Are the shanks underdeveloped for the ear? Is there decay or insect damage in the shank? These things can't be seen from the combine seat, and it is much harder to find these answers after the plant has gone through the combine.
Question: What if I just don't have time to stop?
Hoover: If you have stalk-lodged or root-lodged corn, you still have some opportunities to determine why after the crop has been harvested. It is possible to do root digs after harvest to see if there was root feeding. If the problem lies within the stalk, it becomes a bit more difficult, but you can look at the stalk and leaves to see if they have stalk rot and/or other disease.
Question: So what's next?
Hoover: While this is an opportunity to discover things that went right or wrong this past year, it does not make up for walking fields during the growing season. Make a commitment to walk fields at each stage of crop growth. Pay attention to emergence, pretassel, pollination, grain fill and preharvest stages.
Record any changes you would like to make for next year, and also any challenges you may see in particular fields, so a history can be established and management practices can be adjusted. Problems at harvest are easier to manage if you are aware of them ahead of time.
Meet the CCA
Terry Hoover, district sales manager, Channel Bio Corp., Perrysburg
There are more than 550 Certified Crop Advisers in Ohio accredited through an international program to enhance the professional advice farmers receive. If you have a question for a CCA, e-mail it to email@example.com.
This article published in the October, 2010 edition of OHIO FARMER.
All rights reserved. Copyright Farm Progress Cos. 2010.
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TNA Wrestling Wiki Guide
Hold up, buddy.
Welcome to the TNA Impact! wiki guide.
You've been waiting through countless release date changes, previews, and teasers for TNA Impact. You've read every Greg Miller preview six times. You've thrown your copies of Smackdown vs. Raw '08 into a fire. (Not that we encourage that.) You opened the box on release day, threw the disc into your game system of choice, and played for eighteen hours straight.
And you still can't beat Jeff Jarrett.
Don't get that fire go again. You can beat Impact's toughest boss, and our TNA Impact guide will tell you how. With a detailed walkthrough of how to handle everyone from Jarrett to LAX to Kurt Angle, we'll give you all the assistance you need in taking "Suicide" from the mean streets of Tijuana to TNA gold.
We've also gone through each wrestler in the game and mapped out each of his moves, creating the first detailed move list available for each wrestler in the game.
In this TNA Impact strategy guide, you'll find:
BASICS // Introductory tips for newbie wrestling stars. WALKTHROUGH // TNA Impact story mode walkthrough with tips for all the tough competition. MOVE LISTS // Massive move lists for every wrestler in the game, from Abyss to Tomko.
TNA asks its viewers to "Cross the Line". We suggest that you carry this guide over the line with you.
This wiki was automatically converted from the TNA Impact Guide (Xbox 360), TNA Impact Walkthrough guide at http://guides.ign.com/guides/814947/ and may require cleanup. Please help improve this wiki if you can, and remove this notice if appropriate.
Contributor AssistanceIf you're unfamiliar with editing our wikis, this simple How-to Wiki guide shows you how to get started. If you are unsure about something, do not hesitate to ask the staff or flag the page you are having trouble with (please don't forget to tell us about the problem or reason).
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subset: commoncrawl


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Curtis Jenkins for 2014 NRA Board of Directors
Please pass along this information to others at shoots, gun shops, gun shows, gun clubs, or via blogs, forums, email lists, etc. Ask themMore
Please pass along this information to others at shoots, gun shops, gun shows, gun clubs, or via blogs, forums, email lists, etc. Ask themMore
So how much money did the mayor's group spend on the Colorado recalls? What did all that money get them? BWAAAAHAAAAAHAAAA
Now not only are we faced with Obama and the democrats and his attempted to place a surgeon general that will ban all firearms claiming they are a health risk but also rich Communists like Bloomberg trying to get our 2nd Amendment eliminated but now as I stated long ago, the United Nations is calling for a complete elimination of American's ownership or guns as they do not feel we have the right to defend ourselves either against criminals or the government. Research by the respected Dr. Gary Kleck clearly states that only 3% of criminal gun assaults involves anyone being wounded and the same is true in defensive gun uses. Even a recent study by the CDC found consistently lower injury rates among gun-using crime victims, a report commissioned by the Obama Administration (I am sure he was not happy). Earlier this month Detroit Police Chief James Craig told residents to arm themselves and shot to kill assailants and robbers. "A lot of Detroiters are fed up" he told WDIV-TV. They're tired and they've been dealing with this epidemic of violence. They're afraid and they have the right to protect themselves……
"A free people ought not only to be armed and disciplined, but they should have sufficient arms and ammunition to maintain a status of independance from any who might attempt to abuse them, which would include their own government" George Washington
Sad to see that some people are more equal than others.
I am sure that the Liberals wouldn't like the 1st amendment to be altered to read that freedom of speech applies only to those authorized by the government and can be revoked at any time. At least they wouldn't if a Republican was in the white house and not a socialist.
"An unarmed man is an Enslaved man.
A disarmed man is a Conquered man.
I shall not be Enslaved or Conquered."
Sic Semper Tyrannis !


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AAPG GAC Action Alerts
Join the Action Alert team!
Sign up today to participate through the Action Alert program.
Current Action Alert
Opportunity to Comment on the Environmental Protection Agency Standards of Performance for Greenhouse Gas Emissions for New Stationary Sources: Electric Utility Generating Units
This proposed rule will amend the new source performance standards (NSPS) for electric generating units (EGUs) and will establish the first NSPS for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The rule will establish CO2 emission standards for certain new and reconstructed fossil fuel-fired electric generating units. Rules for existing sources can only be implemented after finalization of new-source rules.
You may comment on any element of this regulation and/or EPA's lengthy justification, but the requirement for geologic storage of the captured CO2 or its use in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) may be of special interest to some AAPG members. Deadline 10 March 2014.
Occasionally, the AAPG DPA Governmental Affairs Committee (GAC) will be sending email AAPG GAC Action Alerts. An action alert will inform you about a current Executive Branch and/or Congressional issue that will potentially affect the oil and gas industry.
The Director of the AAPG Office of Geoscience and Energy in Washington, DC, will identify the necessity for alerts, and he will work with the Chairperson of the GAC to issue the alert. The alert will be a short e-mail that will highlight the issue and direct you to this Web site. Each alert will consist of background, a suggested response, support information, and the place to submit your comments.
You are welcome to comment on the issues in the way that suits you, if you want to comment at all. Of course, you are under no obligation to do anything, but the GAC encourages you to provide your comments whenever you can. This will support the GEO-DC's liaison work in Washington, DC and through this effort AAPG's reputation as a credible provider of pertinent geologically-based information will grow and become more valuable to those who are shaping our Nation's polices and laws. Won't you please help?
The action alerts are now being issued directly from AAPG in Tulsa. Send an email to Norma Newby at email@example.com .
Thank you,


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Carolyn McClanahan, Contributor
I discuss all things money and medicine.
Discussion about gun regulation pops up every time we have a major gun related event. These tragedies occur so frequently that the NRA has developed a "standard operating procedure" to handle the public relations. They stay quiet a few days, make a pre-announcement saying they will propose solutions, have a press conference promoting more gun ownership, and continue with their legislation to expand unfettered access to guns. Their procedure failed miserably this time as they do not understand the pain in the hearts of our country over the latest mass shooting.
As a physician, I have a distinct interest in gun violence and the cost to our country. The NRA has an adversarial relationship with much of the medical community and maybe they can look to us to salvage their current situation. Today I give suggestions of "Take Two" for the NRA to help them improve their standing after their latest fiasco.
On December 18th, the NRA announced a major news conference to be held on December 21st. In the release, they stated, "The NRA is prepared to offer meaningful contributions to help make sure this never happens again." Gun violence results from complex forces – media overload and desensitization of murder and death, poor education on non-violent conflict resolution, and easy access to powerful guns are a few examples. As an optimist, I hoped for useful proposals from the NRA on how we could reduce gun violence in this country. There are many solutions that could stem the tide, and addressing the problem from many angles is needed to provide good results.
On Friday, the NRA held their "press event" and my optimism was crushed. I keep hoping the NRA will come around to some sensibility, but was disappointed again. We've all heard the proposals by now:
In the past, I pointed out the NRA's involvement in Obamacare and I learned the tactics of the NRA first hand. They operate from a place of fear and want to instill that fear in others so their agenda is advanced. Of the hundreds of comments and emails I received from advocates of gun rights, there are many themes:
As I dug deeply for statistics, I noticed a trend – very little recent information on gun statistics is available from reputable sources such as the Centers for Disease Control. And then I found out why – the NRA actively lobbies to stifle research and education about guns.
We experienced this in Florida as the NRA sponsored a bill to take away a physician's right to ask about gun ownership. It is standard of care to ask a suicidal or homicidal person if they have access to guns, and pediatricians provide routine gun safety education. The law in Florida put this on ice, and thankfully a federal judge found it unconstitutional. Of course, Rick Scott, the Governor of Florida and NRA member, is appealing that ruling. We'll see what happens. The NRA wants us to track mental illness, but we can't ask the mentally ill if they have a gun?
We should all work together to create solutions. Continue objective research and education, improve mental health care, and the least talked about solution – provide everyone with education on non-violent conflict resolution. Does the NRA realize that non-violent conflict resolution is much harder when someone with whom you are having a conversation has a gun at his side?
Gun rights are very political, and the NRA strong arm tactics are putting them in danger of alienating many of their supporters. If they are serious about "meaningful contributions," I suggest a "Take Two " press conference where they can be a little conciliatory and throw the public a few bones.
None of these would have stopped the mass tragedies we had this past year, but they might stem the average 85 gun deaths we have each day in this country. The only thing that may have stopped the mass tragedies would be to get rid of all the guns. They did in Japan, and right now that is not a reality in the United States. Maybe one day we can at least talk about better regulation of guns that quickly shoot a lot of bullets. I would take my proposals as a good faith start from the NRA and hope for the rest another day.
Questions, comments, suggestions? Post here, Twitter @CarolynMcC, or email@example.com. And for my friends from the gun advocates groups, I would appreciate constructive conversation.
Dispute resolution isn't the right tool for people who are mentally ill – they are different issues.
This 'parenting' class, like many ideas for deciding others' lives, looks so appealing in theory. In reality, it would be no better than the rest of the educational system, which is a disaster.
Also you can be sure it would be infiltrated by the left to make sure the curriculum is 'correct', just as they have done in university curriculum, the universities' intro/orientation classes, elementary education, court mandated classes for abusive spouses, etc. etc. etc.
In short, it's another grand sounding plan for social engineering.
I disagree. You are forgetting that criminals will ALWAYS have guns. Look at the jails. Extreme security and drugs still find their way to the inmates. If this cannot be stopped, you really think that "anyone" can guarantee that bad people do not get a hold of weapons? I don't know about you, but If you prefer to be at the mercy of the criminals, that is your choice. I on the other hand would rather be armed and ready to defend my family if needed. I hope I will never have to do it, but I am prepared.
Iam a member of the Aryan Brotherhood, I can say this that when pills the size of a match head has more value than a dollar, well America you got a major problem. When a woman has no thought of a child in her womb, or a grandson has no thought of his Grandmothers life or possessions, so he can get her pills or sell her gold rong at the pawn shop this country is going to suffer a complete break down.
there is no value of life!!!!
I would like to see the Constitution to be shown on TV as a means for self respect and respect for life, as opposed to a document for lawyers to make a fortune arguing their points . Some say the constitution is out dated, the Constituion has never been expressed for what is, a document that proclaims the wealth of being. its outdated because the people in DC and the universities have been teaching that man is nothing more than a beast. we are taught to be like the beast, we will live and act like beast
passing a law only takes them away from those who obey the law. you still are going to have to have law enforcement take them away from the criminal on the street. And we can do this without passing anymore laws that dont work.
Since when did the NRA have the power to take away anybody's free speech rights?
"Van goes wrong way on Highway and Kills 4″ I want a ban on all cars that carry more than 4 people and are as big as a truck! more people are killed in car wrecks than being shot. Why isn't there seat belts on school Buses?If people want to nitpick so can I!!!!!!
I think it is time to start policing ourselves I personally know an individual who is very mentally unstable . He owns an arsenal of weapons and ammo . No one will ever try to cross him and keep their distance from him the really scary part is he holds a carry license for a hand gun in NY the question is how do you disarm a ticking bomb that will pass any background check ? I am not a NRA member but also have a large collection of guns as well as a carry permit for a hand gun in NY . I am sure almost every member knows or has heard of some nut that should not have access to a gun why cant we disarm them.


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Emergency NumbersPhone Book (Must be on-campus or have a valid network account)
Ephrem Hollermann, OSB
CSB Main #446
Associate Professor of Theology and Koch Chair in Catholic Thought and Culture
Prioress of Saint Benedict's Monastery, St. Joseph, Minnesota, 1995-2005
Assistant Professor of Theology, College of Saint Benedict, 1987-1995
Ph.D. 1991, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
M.A. 1976, Saint John's School of Theology/Seminary, Collegeville, Minnesota
Scholarly Training and Interests
- Historical Theology
- American Catholic History and Thought
- American Benedictine Women's History
Areas of Teaching Competence
Introductory Scripture; History of Christianity; American Catholic History and Thought; Theology and Literature; Benedictine Studies
Courses Recently Taught
- THEO 111 The Biblical Tradition
- THEO 319A American Catholic History an Thought
Selected Publications
Book review of Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries, edited by Jeffrey Hamburger and Susan Marti (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008) in American Benedictine Review 61:1 (March 2010) 95-97.
"Into the Future," in One Heart, One Soul: Many Communities. Collegeville, MN: Saint John's University Press, 2009, pp. 201-207.
Book Review of Nuns: A History of Convent Life, 1450-1700by Silvia Evangelisti (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007) in American Benedictine Review 60:1 (March 2009) 99-100.
"Love Stern as Death: Benedictine and Cistercian Women in North America," The American Benedictine Review 59:4 (December 2008) 375-395.
The Westminster Handbook to Women in American Religious History, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, September 2008 (5 entries).
"Keeping the Dream Alive" (2007 Commencement Address) Headwaters: A CSBSJU Faculty Journal 25 (2008).
"Liebe, stark wie der tod: Benediktinerinnen und Zisterzienserinnen in Nordamerika," Erbe und Auftrag-Benediktinische Monastische Welt, 82:3 (August 2006) 265-281.
"Humility in the Rule of Benedict: A Theological and Historical Analysis of Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Interpretations," The American Benedictine Review 51:30 (September 2000) 254-281.
"Reading the Signs of the Times: The Good News of Monastic Life," The Proceedings of the American Benedictine Academy Convention, 2000.
"Riepp, Benedicta (Sybilla) 1825 - 1862," Encyclopedia of Monasticism,Ed. William M. Johnston, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 2000, and in The Encyclopedia of American Catholic History, Eds. Michael Glazier and Thomas J. Shelley, Collegeville, MN, The Liturgical Press, 1997.
The Reshaping of a Tradition: American Benedictine Women, 1852-1881. Winona, MN: St. Mary's Press for The Sisters of the Order of Saint Benedict, St. Joseph, MN, 1994.
"An Historical Perspective on Feminine Monastic Identity," The Proceedings of the American Benedictine Academy Convention, 1992.
Recent Presentations
"Where There Was Need: American Benedictines and Evangelization," The American Benedictine Academy Biennial Conference, August 6, 2010, Saint Benedict's Abbey and Benedictine College, Atchison, Kansas.
"Holding Fast and Letting Go: The Paradoxical Challenge before Us in These Times," Chapter of the Federation of Saint Scholastica, June 19, 2010, Mount Saint Scholastica Monastery, Atchison, Kansas.
"Benedictine Foundresses: Source of Hope and Inspiration for the Twenty-first Century," National Benedictine Novice and Director Institute (NADI), May 18, 2009, Saint Benedict's Monastery, St. Joseph, Minnesota.
"Women in Labor: Benedictine Foundresses in North America," The American Benedictine Formation Conference, April 24-27, 2008, Our Lady of Grace Monastery, Beech Grove, Indiana.
"Catholicism of the Mind and Heart," Ministry Formation, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, April 3, 2008.
Professional Organizations
- The American Catholic Historical Association
- History of Women Religious Network
- College Theology Society
- American Benedictine Academy
Current Service
- Koch Chair in Catholic Thought and Culture
- CSB/SJU Assessment Committees
- CSB Centennial Steering Committee
- Associate Editor for The American Benedictine Review
- Board Member of the American Benedictine Academy
- Board Member of K-YES Radio


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Logic programming
|This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. (June 2010)
Logic programming is a programming paradigm based on formal logic. Programs written in a logical programming language are sets of logical sentences, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Together with an inference algorithm, they form a program. Major logic programming languages include Prolog and Datalog.
A form of logical sentences commonly found in logic programming, but not exclusively, is the Horn clause. An example is:
- p(X, Y) if q(X) and r(Y)
Logical sentences can be understood purely declaratively. They can also be understood procedurally as goal-reduction procedures: to solve p(X, Y), first solve q(X), then solve r(Y).
The programmer can use the declarative reading of logic programs to verify their correctness. In addition, the programmer can use the known behaviour of the program executor to develop a procedural understanding of his program. This may be helpful when seeking better execution speed. However, many logic-based program transformation techniques have been developed to transform logic programs automatically and make them efficient.
- 1 History
- 2 Prolog
- 3 Negation as failure
- 4 Problem solving
- 5 Knowledge representation
- 6 Abductive logic programming
- 7 Metalogic programming
- 8 Constraint logic programming
- 9 Concurrent logic programming
- 10 Concurrent constraint logic programming
- 11 Inductive logic programming
- 12 Higher-order logic programming
- 13 Linear logic programming
- 14 Object-oriented logic programming
- 15 Transaction logic programming
- 16 See also
- 17 References
- 18 Further reading
- 19 External links
The use of mathematical logic to represent and execute computer programs is also a feature of the lambda calculus, developed by Alonzo Church in the 1930s. However, the first proposal to use the clausal form of logic for representing computer programs was made by Cordell Green (1969). This used an axiomatization of a subset of LISP, together with a representation of an input-output relation, to compute the relation by simulating the execution of the program in LISP. Foster and Elcock's Absys (1969), on the other hand, employed a combination of equations and lambda calculus in an assertional programming language which places no constraints on the order in which operations are performed.[citation needed]
Logic programming in its present form can be traced back to debates in the late 1960s and early 1970s about declarative versus procedural representations of knowledge in Artificial Intelligence. Advocates of declarative representations were notably working at Stanford, associated with John McCarthy, Bertram Raphael and Cordell Green, and in Edinburgh, with John Alan Robinson (an academic visitor from Syracuse University), Pat Hayes, and Robert Kowalski. Advocates of procedural representations were mainly centered at MIT, under the leadership of Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert.[citation needed]
Although it was based on the proof methods of logic, Planner, developed at MIT, was the first language to emerge within this proceduralist paradigm [Hewitt, 1969]. Planner featured pattern-directed invocation of procedural plans from goals (i.e. goal-reduction or backward chaining) and from assertions (i.e. forward chaining). The most influential implementation of Planner was the subset of Planner, called Micro-Planner, implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd. It was used to implement Winograd's natural-language understanding program SHRDLU, which was a landmark at that time. To cope with the very limited memory systems at the time, Planner used a backtracking control structure so that only one possible computation path had to be stored at a time. Planner gave rise to the programming languages QA-4, Popler, Conniver, QLISP, and the concurrent language Ether.[citation needed]
Hayes and Kowalski in Edinburgh tried to reconcile the logic-based declarative approach to knowledge representation with Planner's procedural approach. Hayes (1973) developed an equational language, Golux, in which different procedures could be obtained by altering the behavior of the theorem prover. Kowalski, on the other hand, showed how SL-resolution treats implications as goal-reduction procedures. Kowalski collaborated with Colmerauer in Marseille, who developed these ideas in the design and implementation of the programming language Prolog. Prolog gave rise to the programming languages ALF, Fril, Gödel, Mercury, Oz, Ciao, Visual Prolog, XSB, and λProlog, as well as a variety of concurrent logic programming languages (see Shapiro (1989) for a survey), constraint logic programming languages and datalog.[citation needed]
In 1997, the Association of Logic Programming bestowed to fifteen recognized researchers in logic programming the title Founders of Logic Programming to recognize them as pioneers in the field:[1]
- Maurice Bruynooghe (Belgium)
- Jacques Cohen (US)
- Alain Colmerauer (France)
- Keith Clark (UK)
- Veronica Dahl (Canada/Argentina)
- Maarten van Emden (Canada)
- Hervé Gallaire (France)
- Robert Kowalski (UK)
- Jack Minker (US)
- Fernando Pereira (US)
- Luis Moniz Pereira (Portugal)
- Ray Reiter (Canada)
- J. Alan Robinson (US)
- Peter Szeredi (Hungary)
- David H. D. Warren (UK)
The programming language Prolog was developed in 1972 by Alain Colmerauer. It emerged from a collaboration between Colmerauer in Marseille and Robert Kowalski in Edinburgh. Colmerauer was working on natural language understanding, using logic to represent semantics and using resolution for question-answering. During the summer of 1971, Colmerauer and Kowalski discovered that the clausal form of logic could be used to represent formal grammars and that resolution theorem provers could be used for parsing. They observed that some theorem provers, like hyper-resolution, behave as bottom-up parsers and others, like SL-resolution (1971), behave as top-down parsers.
It was in the following summer of 1972, that Kowalski, again working with Colmerauer, developed the procedural interpretation of implications. This dual declarative/procedural interpretation later became formalised in the Prolog notation
- H :- B1, …, Bn.
which can be read (and used) both declaratively and procedurally. It also became clear that such clauses could be restricted to definite clauses or Horn clauses, where H, B1, …, Bn are all atomic predicate logic formulae, and that SL-resolution could be restricted (and generalised) to LUSH or SLD-resolution. Kowalski's procedural interpretation and LUSH were described in a 1973 memo, published in 1974.
Colmerauer, with Philippe Roussel, used this dual interpretation of clauses as the basis of Prolog, which was implemented in the summer and autumn of 1972. The first Prolog program, also written in 1972 and implemented in Marseille, was a French question-answering system. The use of Prolog as a practical programming language was given great momentum by the development of a compiler by David Warren in Edinburgh in 1977. Experiments demonstrated that Edinburgh Prolog could compete with the processing speed of other symbolic programming languages such as Lisp. Edinburgh Prolog became the de facto standard and strongly influenced the definition of ISO standard Prolog.
Negation as failure[edit]
Micro-Planner had a construct, called "thnot", which when applied to an expression returns the value true if (and only if) the evaluation of the expression fails. An equivalent operator is normally built-in in modern Prolog's implementations and has been called "negation as failure". It is normally written as
not(Goal) or
\+ Goal, where
Goal is some goal (proposition) to be proved by the program. This operator differs from negation in first-order logic: a negation such as
\+ X == 1 fails when the variable
X has been bound to the atom
1, but it succeeds in all other cases, including when
X is unbound. This makes Prolog's reasoning non-monotonic:
X = 1, \+ X == 1 always fails, while
\+ X == 1, X = 1 can succeed, binding
X to
1, depending on whether
X was initially bound (note that standard Prolog executes goals in left-to-right order).
The logical status of negation as failure was unresolved until Keith Clark [1978] showed that, under certain natural conditions, it is a correct (and sometimes complete) implementation of classical negation with respect to the completion of the program. Completion amounts roughly to regarding the set of all the program clauses with the same predicate on the left hand side, say
- H :- Body1.
- …
- H :- Bodyk.
as a definition of the predicate
- H iff (Body1 or … or Bodyk)
where "iff" means "if and only if". Writing the completion also requires explicit use of the equality predicate and the inclusion of a set of appropriate axioms for equality. However, the implementation of negation by failure needs only the if-halves of the definitions without the axioms of equality.
The notion of completion is closely related to McCarthy's circumscription semantics for default reasoning, and to the closed world assumption.
As an alternative to the completion semantics, negation as failure can also be interpreted epistemically, as in the stable model semantics of answer set programming. In this interpretation not(Bi) means literally that Bi is not known or not believed. The epistemic interpretation has the advantage that it can be combined very simply with classical negation, as in "extended logic programming", to formalise such phrases as "the contrary can not be shown", where "contrary" is classical negation and "can not be shown" is the epistemic interpretation of negation as failure.
Problem solving[edit]
In the simplified, propositional case in which a logic program and a top-level atomic goal contain no variables, backward reasoning determines an and-or tree, which constitutes the search space for solving the goal. The top-level goal is the root of the tree. Given any node in the tree and any clause whose head matches the node, there exists a set of child nodes corresponding to the sub-goals in the body of the clause. These child nodes are grouped together by an "and". The alternative sets of children corresponding to alternative ways of solving the node are grouped together by an "or".
Any search strategy can be used to search this space. Prolog uses a sequential, last-in-first-out, backtracking strategy, in which only one alternative and one sub-goal is considered at a time. Other search strategies, such as parallel search, intelligent backtracking, or best-first search to find an optimal solution, are also possible.
In the more general case, where sub-goals share variables, other strategies can be used, such as choosing the subgoal that is most highly instantiated or that is sufficiently instantiated so that only one procedure applies. Such strategies are used, for example, in concurrent logic programming.
The fact that there are alternative ways of executing a logic program has been characterised by the slogan
- Algorithm = Logic + Control
where "Logic" represents a logic program and "Control" represents different theorem-proving strategies.[2]
Knowledge representation[edit]
The fact that Horn clauses can be given a procedural interpretation and, vice versa, that goal-reduction procedures can be understood as Horn clauses + backward reasoning means that logic programs combine declarative and procedural representations of knowledge. The inclusion of negation as failure means that logic programming is a kind of non-monotonic logic.
Despite its simplicity compared with classical logic, this combination of Horn clauses and negation as failure has proved to be surprisingly expressive. For example, it has been shown to correspond, with some further extensions, quite naturally to the semi-formal language of legislation. It is also a natural language for expressing common-sense laws of cause and effect, as in the situation calculus and event calculus.
Abductive logic programming[edit]
Abductive Logic Programming is an extension of normal Logic Programming that allows some predicates, declared as abducible predicates, to be incompletely defined. Problem solving is achieved by deriving hypotheses expressed in terms of the abducible predicates as solutions of problems to be solved. These problems can be either observations that need to be explained (as in classical abductive reasoning) or goals to be achieved (as in normal logic programming). It has been used to solve problems in Diagnosis, Planning, Natural Language and Machine Learning. It has also been used to interpret Negation as Failure as a form of abductive reasoning.
Metalogic programming[edit]
Because mathematical logic has a long tradition of distinguishing between object language and metalanguage, logic programming also allows metalevel programming. The simplest metalogic program is the so-called "vanilla" meta-interpreter:
solve(true). solve((A,B)):- solve(A),solve(B). solve(A):- clause(A,B),solve(B).
where true represents an empty conjunction, and clause(A,B) means there is an object-level clause of the form A :- B.
Metalogic programming allows object-level and metalevel representations to be combined, as in natural language. It can also be used to implement any logic that is specified by means of inference rules.
Constraint logic programming[edit]
Constraint logic programming is an extension of normal Logic Programming that allows some predicates, declared as constraint predicates, to occur as literals in the body of clauses. These literals are not solved by goal-reduction using program clauses, but are added to a store of constraints, which is required to be consistent with some built-in semantics of the constraint predicates.
Problem solving is achieved by reducing the initial problem to a satisfiable set of constraints. Constraint logic programming has been used to solve problems in such fields as civil engineering, mechanical engineering, digital circuit verification, automated timetabling, air traffic control, and finance. It is closely related to abductive logic programming.
Concurrent logic programming[edit]
Keith Clark, Steve Gregory, Ehud Shapiro, Kazunori Ueda, Vijay Saraswat, etc. developed a family of concurrent logic programming languages, which integrated concepts of logic programming and concurrent programming. Much of this development was inspired by the Japanese Fifth Generation Project (FGCS). The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was a $400M initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create an "epoch-making computer" with-supercomputer-like performance using massively parallel computing/processing. The aim was to build parallel computers for artificial intelligence applications using logic programming as the "missing link" between the two. The rapid development of concurrent logic programming encouraged the FGS project to choose it as its software foundation. The FGCS project and its findings contributed greatly to the development of the concurrent logic programming field.
In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT). In his 1982 visit to the ICOT, Ehud Shapiro invented Concurrent Prolog, a novel concurrent programming language that integrated logic programming and concurrent programming. Concurrent Prolog is a logic programming language designed for concurrent programming and parallel execution. It is a process oriented language, which embodies dataflow synchronization and guarded-command indeterminacy as its basic control mechanisms.
The language was described in a Report marked as ICOT Technical Report 003,[3] which presented a Concurrent Prolog interpreter written in Prolog. The concurrent logic programming presented in this work inspired the concurrent logic programming language Guarded Horn Clauses (GHC) by Ueda, which was the basis of KL1, the programming language that was finally designed and implemented by FGCS and served as "machine language" of the FGCS project — the basic operating system and application programming language of the planned parallel machines. Shapiro and his team at the Weizmann Institute in Israel proceeded in developing the parallel and distributed implementation of Concurrent Prolog, also contributing to the burst of research into concurrent logic programming, a new discipline of high-level concurrent programming.[4]
Concurrent constraint logic programming[edit]
However, the Prolog-like concurrent systems were based on message passing and consequently were subject to the same indeterminacy as other concurrent message-passing systems, such as Actors (see Indeterminacy in concurrent computation). Although it was argued that, the ICOT languages were not based on logic in the sense that computational steps could not be logically deduced [Hewitt and Agha, 1988], this statement is not quite true.[citation needed] In concurrent logic programming, any result of a terminating computation is a logical consequence of the program, and any partial result of a partial computation is a logical consequence of the program and the residual goal (process network). However, the indeterminacy of computations implies that not all logical consequences of the program can be deduced.
Concurrent constraint logic programming combines concurrent logic programming and constraint logic programming, using constraints to control concurrency. A clause can contain a guard, which is a set of constraints that may block the applicability of the clause. When the guards of several clauses are satisfied, concurrent constraint logic programming makes a committed choice to the use of only one.
Inductive logic programming[edit]
Inductive logic programming is concerned with generalizing positive and negative examples in the context of background knowledge: machine learning of logic programs. Recent work in this area, combining logic programming, learning and probability, has given rise to the new field of statistical relational learning and probabilistic inductive logic programming.
Higher-order logic programming[edit]
Several researchers have extended logic programming with higher-order programming features derived from higher-order logic, such as predicate variables. Such languages include the Prolog extensions HiLog and λProlog.
Linear logic programming[edit]
Basing logic programming within linear logic has resulted in the design of logic programming languages that are considerably more expressive than those based on classical logic. Horn clause programs can only represent state change by the change in arguments to predicates. In linear logic programming, one can use the ambient linear logic to support state change. Some early designs of logic programming languages based on linear logic include LO [Andreoli & Pareschi, 1991], Lolli [Hodas & Miller, 1994], ACL [Kobayashi & Yonezawa, 1994], and Forum [Miller, 1996]. Forum provides a goal-directed interpretation of all of linear logic.
Object-oriented logic programming[edit]
F-logic extends logic programming with objects and the frame syntax. A number of systems are based on F-logic, including Flora-2, FLORID, and a highly scalable commercial system Ontobroker.
Transaction logic programming[edit]
Transaction logic is an extension of logic programming with a logical theory of state-modifying updates. It has both a model-theoretic semantics and a procedural one. An implementation of a subset of Transaction logic is available in the Flora-2 system. Other prototypes are also available.
See also[edit]
- Boolean satisfiability problem
- Constraint logic programming
- Datalog
- Functional programming
- Inductive logic programming
- Fuzzy logic
- Logic in computer science (includes Formal methods)
- Logic programming languages
- Programming paradigm
- Reasoning system
- Satisfiability
|This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. (February 2012)
- ^ "ALP Awards". Retrieved 12 May 2013.
- ^ R.A.Kowalski (July 1979). "Algorithm=Logic + Control". Communications of the ACM 22 (7): 424–436. doi:10.1145/359131.359136.
- ^ Shapiro E. A subset of Concurrent Prolog and its interpreter, ICOT Technical Report TR-003, Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, Tokyo, 1983. Also in Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers, E. Shapiro (ed.), MIT Press, 1987, Chapter 2.
- ^ Shapiro E. A subset of Concurrent Prolog and its interpreter, ICOT Technical Report TR-003, Institute for New Generation Computer Technology, Tokyo, 1983. Also in Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers, E. Shapiro (ed.), MIT Press, 1987, Chapter 2.
General introductions[edit]
- Chitta Baral and Michael Gelfond. Logic programming and knowledge representation Journal of Logic Programming. 1994, Vol. 19, 73-148.
- Robert Kowalski. The Early Years of Logic Programming CACM. January 1988.
- J. W. Lloyd. Foundations of Logic Programming (2nd edition). Springer-Verlag 1987.
Other sources[edit]
- Fisher Black. A deductive question answering system Harvard University. Thesis. 1964.
- J.M. Foster and E.W. Elcock. ABSYS 1: An Incremental Compiler for Assertions: an Introduction, Machine Intelligence 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp. 423–429
- Cordell Green. Application of Theorem Proving to Problem Solving IJCAI 1969.
- Pat Hayes. Computation and Deduction. In Proceedings of the 2nd MFCS Symposium. Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 1973, pp. 105–118.
- Carl Hewitt. Planner: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots IJCAI 1969.
- Joshua Hodas and Dale Miller. Logic Programming in a Fragment of Intuitionistic Linear Logic, Information and Computation, 1994, 110(2), 327-365.
- Naoki Kobayashi and Akinori Yonezawa. Asynchronous communication model based on linear logic, Formal Aspects of Computing, 1994, 279-294.
- Robert Kowalski and Donald and Kuehner, Linear Resolution with Selection Function Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2, 1971, pp. 227–60.
- Robert Kowalski Predicate Logic as a Programming Language Memo 70, Department of Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh University. 1973. Also in Proceedings IFIP Congress, Stockholm, North Holland Publishing Co., 1974, pp. 569–574.
- John McCarthy. Programs with common sense Symposium on Mechanization of Thought Processes. National Physical Laboratory. Teddington, England. 1958.
- D. Miller, G. Nadathur, F. Pfenning, A. Scedrov. Uniform proofs as a foundation for logic programming, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, vol. 51, pp 125–157, 1991.
- Ehud Shapiro (Editor). Concurrent Prolog MIT Press. 1987.
- Ehud Shapiro. The family of concurrent logic programming languages ACM Computing Surveys. September 1989.
- James Slagle. Experiments with a Deductive Question-Answering Program CACM. December 1965.
- Shunichi Uchida and Kazuhiro Fuchi Proceedings of the FGCS Project Evaluation Workshop Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT). 1992.
Further reading[edit]
- Carl Hewitt. Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner IJCAI 1971.
- Carl Hewitt. The repeated demise of logic programming and why it will be reincarnated What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications. Technical Report SS-06-08. AAAI Press. March 2006.
- Evgeny Dantsin, Thomas Eiter, Georg Gottlob, Andrei Voronkov: Complexity and expressive power of logic programming. ACM Comput. Surv. 33(3): 374-425 (2001)
- Ulf Nilsson and Jan Maluszynski, Logic, Programming and Prolog
External links[edit]
- Logic Programming Virtual Library entry
- Bibliographies on Logic Programming
- Association for Logic Programming (ALP)
- Theory and Practice of Logic Programming journal
- Logic programming in C++ with Castor
- Logic programming in Oz
- Prolog Development Center
- Racklog: Logic Programming in Racket


text:
By CoolioNiato
View all games by this author »
Launched April 18, 2008
Become a master of the drums! Play through 15 levels, including both training and song levels. With 10 songs, it'll be enough to keep you occupied.
But if that's not enough, there is also an achievements system in place for those who want an extra challenge! 18 achievements to collect, can you get them all? Getting achievements also unlocks new levels!
All the songs can also be downloaded from the NG Audio portal and the song links are provided ingame. If you ever get hooked to one, you can always download it and listen to it as much as you like.
E for Blue Notes
I for Red Notes
SPACE for Green Notes
E + I for Orange Long Notes


text:
Introducing the quick and simple payroll solution that benefits your Treasury customers' bottom line as much as their employees.
It's a holiday gift; a graduation gift; a special occasion gift; an all occasion gift and more!
It's a turndown card; a student card; a teen card; an alternative deposit product; a non-traditional transaction product and more!
TransCard, LLC, Named a Breakout Company of the Year Winner in Eighth Annual Paybefore Awards
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TransCard Strengthens Executive Team With Industry Leaders
TransCard Acquires PayPartners' Operations
TransCard Now Offers Low-Cost Integrated RUBY Gift Card Kiosk to Shopping Mall Operators
©2012 TransCard, LLC
MasterCard and the MasterCard Brand mark are registered trademarks of Mastercard International Incorporated.


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P.O.V.® Aegean Sleeveless Tee & P.O.V.® Aegean Pant
P.O.V.® Aegean Sleeveless Tee
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It doesn't get much cozier than this. The P.O.V. men's lounge shirt and matching shorts provide endless comfort at any time of day or night. Made from a slinky, micro-ribbed viscose knit, the P.O.V. Aegean Sleeveless lounge shirt and shorts are light and luxurious as they slide across your skin, outlining your contours. The sleeveless shirt also features contrast topstitching and a 5-button placket. Shorts feature drawstring waist, side-seam pockets and a back patch pocket. Exactly what you need for some serious R and R. S-M-L: 31" inseam; XL: 32" inseam.


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You are here: Home Education Family Fun Ms. Frizzle
TWO FREE SHOWS every Sunday at 12:15 PM and 2:15 PM!
Get ready to explore the wild and wacky worlds of mysterious creatures, fascinating habitats, and phenomenal science—hands-on!
Wacky Science Sundays are stirring up a good time EVERY SUNDAY with two FREE shows at 12:15 PM and 2:15 PM.
Wind up your mental motor and cruise on down to surf some brain waves with the Frizz!
Worms are working in the garden
And they're not alone.
Fungi, arthropods and microbes
They call the dirt their home.
What do they do there?
All day and night?
Decomposing is their business
And it keeps our world just right.
Ms. Frizzle can also visit your school!
SCHOLASTIC, THE MAGIC SCHOOL BUS, MS. FRIZZLE, and logos are trademarks of Scholastic Inc. 2003 Inc. All rights reserved.
April – Decomposers
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The Ms. Frizzle Program is grateful for the support of The Rice Family Foundation.


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March 10, 2013 – Solar Project P3-12-02 closes, with no proposals submitted.
February 22, 2013 – ReSOURCE Project P3-13-01 Request for Proposal is released to the public.
February 7, 2013 –- Notice of Intent to Award submitted to Vintage Partners. Negotiation of Pre-Development Agreement begins.
December 19, 2012 – Solar Project P3-12-02 Request for Proposal is released to the public
November 1, 2012 – First P3 Advisory Council Meeting
October 15, 2012 –- Request for Comprehensive Proposal released to Red Development and Vintage Partners, the short-listed Proposers from the Request for Conceptual Proposal released in April.
April 5, 2012 –- Governor Brewer signs legislation that allows for enforcement of tolls and clarifies ADOT's authority.
April 4, 2012 –- Flagstaff Facility Project P3-12-01 Request for Qualifications and Conceptual Proposal is released to the public. This is the first P3 Project released by ADOT.
August 18, 2011 –- ADOT announces that the suspension of unsolicited proposals (in Maricopa County) is lifted for highways projects that require the implementation of tolls.
July 13, 2009 – Governor Brewer signs into law HB 2396, which allows the Arizona Department of Transportation to use public-private partnerships as a tool to address Arizona's transportation requirements.
The Office of P3 Initiatives is using an assortment of best practices and lessons learned from other states and jurisdictions around the country as the basis for building a strong Arizona P3 program. We are focused on the strategic development of ideas where engaging the private sector may enable an outcome that is more efficient, cost effective, sustainable, or innovative.
Key aspects include continuous communication and outreach efforts, public input, coordination with regional and local governments, and long-term financial viability. The Office of P3 Initiatives will coordinate a strong external communications and outreach strategy into the overall program to ensure a transparent process that involves the public and key stakeholders.
We are hard at work managing our current Flagstaff facility P3 project, reviewing unsolicited project proposals and preparing them for open solicitation, analyzing potential projects based on the Department's Five-Year Plan and Long-Range Plan, and identifying additional non-highway P3 project potentials.
We also continue to engage in outreach meetings, conferences, and presentations to local elected officials, regional Councils of Governments (COGs), Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), and various other groups and organizations. The goal is to convey program information and strengthen public understanding of P3 opportunities. If you would like to request a P3 program presentation for your group, please send an email request to email@example.com.
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Nora Roberts - Author
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ISBN 9781101569559 | 282 pages | 10 Jul 2012 | InterMix
Summary of Lawless Summary of Lawless Reviews for Lawless An Excerpt from Lawless
Old West passions collide in the first historical romance from #1 New York Times bestselling author Nora Roberts.
Available digitally for the first time.
In Loving Jack, author Jackie "Jack" MacNamara found love while writing a historical romance set in Arizona Territory in the late 1800s. This is her story…
Half-Apache Jake Redman is as untamed as the rugged land he calls home. Living by his own code, the gunslinger has little tolerance for rules and regulations—especially the kind that Sarah Conway embraces. Her talents for entertaining and social niceties have little worth in the Old West. But the Eastern beauty has the heart of a pioneer under her ladylike demeanor. It's a combination that could prove lethal to Jake…
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the discoghosts – "straight but gayish" (download)
The main goal of The Discoghosts is to impress girls. They make no attempt to hide that. "Straight But Gayish" (from Ego Twister's awesome Party Ruiners, Vol 2 comp) is a silly, tongue-in-cheek slippery disco dance track. Its sole purpose is to get you dancing and possibly singing along. Nothing more, nothing less. You might love it, you might hate it, but chances are you'll tap your feet along to it at least for a second or two.


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You may need to see a neurologist if you have been examined by a physician and told that your symptoms are neurological in nature.
Your primary care physician will consult a neurologist and, if appropriate, an appointment with a neurologist will be scheduled for you. More specific tests may be ordered as needed.
Once all the tests are reviewed, you and the neurologist will plan the treatment and you will return to your primary care physician for continued care. You may need to see the neurologist periodically for effective treatment of a neurological issue.
Care for our patients is very individualized and done from a team approach. Your neurologist works as the team leader to provide the very latest in neurological care. Other members of your team may include:
- Neuropsychologists
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To meet the diverse needs of our patients, Mercy offers several neurology care and diagnostic departments. Including both inpatient and outpatient services, these areas include:
- Electrodiagnostics
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text:
Herman van Swanevelt (Dutch, circa 1600-1665)
A Satyr Family in the Forest, 1639
Charcoal and inks on paper 8 in. x 10 3/8 in. (20.3 cm x 26.35 cm)
Crocker Art Museum, E. B. Crocker Collection1871.159
A member of the second generation of Dutch Italianate artists, Herman van Swanevelt lived in Rome between 1629 and 1641. Like his predecessor Breenbergh, he joined the rowdy company of Northern artists living in the city. The Dutch talent for depicting landscape, a subject spurned by Italian artists more interested in history painting, created a niche market for art- ists such as Swanevelt who, after his years in Rome, moved to Paris and became an early member of the Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture. He enjoyed the patronage of cardinals and kings and sometimes collaborated with French landscapist Claude Lorrain.
Swanevelt often included figures and even narratives in his landscapes. In this drawing, Swanevelt explores this talent by placing a family of satyrs in a wooded setting before a distant view of hills. Satyrs, often-violent pursuers of wood nymphs in ancient pastoral literature, are here shown domesticated in an extended family.
This particular impression of the print belonged to the English portrait painter and collector Thomas Lawrence. Made before the burr—which makes the velvety drypoint lines— wore out, it preserves a rich black in shaded areas. The artist himself inked the plate to achieve the silvery quality that is especially evident in the upper register.
This view of a walled Tuscan hillside and buildings includes an artist sketching at the base of the tree at lower left. Leading to a church in the severe style, ramped streets border a palace with loggia and a street-side shrine. Like the church of San Miniato al Monte above Florence, the church depicted may be the center of a monastic community, with a dormitory-like building at left and a garden with a pergola at right. The carefully composed scene is framed by two foreground trees bending gracefully in opposite directions.
This brasero, or plate for carrying water, dates from the early 1500s, when single animals in the central medallion began to be replaced by coats of arms. The shimmering orange-gold of the luster is due to the addition of copper and silver during the third firing. Most lusterware is fired three times: once unglazed to fuse the clay; the second time, also at a high temperature, to adhere the white glaze; and a third time at a lower temperature after the addition of metallic compounds suspended in a glaze. The lustrous effect is achieved in the partial absence of oxygen and at certain temperature ranges, meaning only a fraction of the pieces from any batch are perfect. The town of Manises, where this plate was made, produced some of the finest wares during the period. After the 16th century, lusterware became progressively rarer, surviving as a local handicraft until it was revived in the 19th century.


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Recently, many of my connections have asked me what the difference between the two is, or are they one and the same. Yes, there is a profound difference and here is why:
Pay-per-Click (PPC) is an Internet advertising method used to direct traffic to websites, where advertisers pay when the ad is clicked. With search engines, advertisers typically bid on keyword phrases relevant to their target market. PPC "display" advertisements are shown on web sites or search engine results with related content that have agreed to show ads. These are the ads that appear at the top of the search engine results pages (SERPs). PPC Ads are the opposite of organic (unpaid) search engine results.
The best ways to get started in paid advertising are through Google Adwords, Facebook Advertising and LinkedIn Ads.
What's the difference? With Google and other search engines, you choose words and search phrases that people will be searching for. With Facebook and LinkedIn, you choose what type of people, their likes and interests that you will send your ad to using keywords.
It"s important to make clear that paid search advertising is not a replacement for anything, but should instead be used to complement other marketing strategies. It takes a lot of time and effort, resources and ongoing management, and it"s something you really need to invest in. Many companies and small businesses especially — look at paid search as a replacement for the yellow page ads that they used to run or the classified ads that they"re doing. Or, they think that if they just pay to be on a search engine, they don"t have to invest time and resources in search engine optimization to rank higher organically.
How Paid Search Can Help Grow Your Business:
- PPC is a great option if your business is not ranking well in the search engines with organic search alone. PPC can support your search engine optimization (SEO) strategy by helping your brand show up in the search engine results pages (SERPs) for the most competitive searches. Notice that we say "show up" rather than "rank" because there is nothing PPC can do to directly increase your organic rankings. However, PPC can be used to make sure that you have some kind of representation on page one while your SEO strategy catches up.
TIP: A solid SEO strategy is an ongoing process over a 6-12 month time period. If an agency tells you otherwise, look elsewhere for assistance.
- PPC is an extremely powerful tool and a valuable asset for enhancing your company's online presence. Studies show that the average customer needs to see your company products or service 6-7 times before they make a buying decision. Having your PPC ad on the front page of SERPs is powerful, as a supplement to your social media and SEO strategy.
- Conducting PPC campaigns through search engines, Facebook and LinkedIn is a powerful way to generate a constant flow of traffic (lead generation) to your website. These are highly qualified and targeted audiences who are searching for your product/service or, in the case of LinkedIn and Facebook, have "likes, interests and qualities" that align with your company's brand, products/service.
Social Media Marketing
Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining traffic or attention through social media sites. Social media marketing programs center on efforts to create content that attracts attention and encourages readers to share it with their social networks. A company communication spreads from user to user and presumably resonates because it appears to come from a trusted, third-party source, as opposed to the brand or company itself. This form of marketing is driven by word-of-mouth, meaning it results in earned media rather than paid media. Earned media is in essence an endorsement of your brand as purchase from a brand that their friends and family, or community has endorsed. They become your brand evangelists.
How Social Media Marketing Can Help Grow Your Business
- Over 75% of consumers use social media in some format to learn about products and services.
- Increased communication for businesses fosters brand awareness and can also act as an improved customer service channel. Your business now has the opportunity to respond in real time, without the customer having to call and navigate your company "phone tree", go to your website's FAQ's or whatever method they are using to communicate with you.
- Social media serves as an inexpensive platform for all businesses to implement marketing campaigns; marketing campaigns that are measurable and quantifiable and offer a much shorter timeframe to quantify your Return on Investment (ROI).
All great reasons for why we are so passionate for social media and internet marketing!
With that said, many of the so-called social media rules are not new, groundbreaking or even shocking. They are based on the fundamentals of communication and interaction. So whether you are using online media for personal or business reasons, treat others as you would like to be treated.
Getting started in social media marketing isn't as daunting as it may seem at first. There are a few simple things you can do to make a splash in the online community.
Start and Maintain a Blog
It's a proven statistic that blogging increases website traffic by at least 50%. This alone is why your business needs to start blogging now.
However, before you dust off your writer's hat, it's important to know that an effective blog requires a sound blogging strategy, time commitment and resource commitment. Once you start a blog, you must be committed to maintaining it forever; just like everything indexed on the internet lives online forever.
Once you set up your blog, it's time to start creating content. Content can be anything, but it should obviously be relevant to your target audience.
How Blogging Can Help Grow Your Business
- Keep in mind that you are not selling your products and/or services. You are committing to putting out really great content that others will want to share, thereby creating word-of-mouth advertising!
- Encourage your readers to interact through questions, comments or feedback. If they leave a comment, be sure to respond to them.
- Again, the huge spike in website traffic…so what are you waiting for?
- Keep blogging consistently (at least once a week) and keep it real, and your readers will keep coming back.
Create your Business Profile on Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn
Each of these online communities will get your brand more exposure and allow you to communicate with prospects and customers in real time. There are hundreds of online communities; what is key is to start small and be committed to being active and engaging in those communities.
Think of Social Media as being at a dinner party – conversations should develop, expand, educate and entertain. Keep these in mind when participating in social media. The more you participate, the more you establish yourself as a trusted expert and friend. If you do it right, it will equate to brand evangelists, lead generation and ultimately, sales.
Social media marketing requires ongoing time, resources, commitment and patience. A sound social media strategy and plan equates to 5-10 hours a week. If this is not feasible to maintain for your business, consider hiring Grow Social Marketing for help in the marketing strategy, plan and ongoing management of your social media and digital advertising efforts.
What other methods are you using to market your company online? We'd love to hear your comments, tips and suggestions below!


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text: Corporate information Executive Team and Trust BoardFind out about the people who provide governance and strategic leadership to the Museum.Read more Taumata-ā-IwiThe Taumata-ā-Iwi acts in a trustee role in representing the interests of Māori and advising the Trust Board on matters of custodial policy and guardianship of taonga (Māori ancestral treasures) and any whakapakoko, uru moko and koiwi (indigenous human remains) held by the Museum.Read more Annual Plan and Annual ReportRead about the Museum's recent highlights and achievements, and our strategic objectives and planned activities.Read more Governance policiesOne of the Museum Trust Board's duties is to establish broad lines of policy for the guidance of the Director. Read more Auckland War Memorial Museum Act 1996Find out more about the Auckland War Memorial Museum Act which, in 1996, transferred the assets and Governance of the Auckland Institute and Museum to the Auckland Museum Trust Board. Read more


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Higher Ed Board approves University of Oregon police department
PORTLAND, October 7, 2011 – The State Board of Higher Education's Finance and Administration Committee and Full Board met yesterday and today to approve or review, among other items, the 2011-12 budget allocations for the Oregon University System, the University of Oregon police department proposal, the new proposed tuition setting process, Eastern Oregon University's Promise initiative, and a presentation on Oregon State University's Statewide Public Services.
Eastern Promise Bob Davies, president of Eastern Oregon University, reported on their new program called the Eastern Promise, which helps to prepare elementary, middle and high school students for college level work as well as increasing transfer students, degrees, and overall student proficiency. This is a collaboration between EOU, Education Service Districts, community colleges, middle and high schools in Eastern Oregon, and other supporters such as foundations. For high school students, EOU has launched learning communities in math, science and speech communications to implement proficiency standards, which are led by EOU faculty. EOU will offer courses in high schools that carry college credit. Professional learning communities are also being created for high school guidance counselors; and outreach is being done with high school coaches as they are very influential with students and can help EOU to identify barriers to student achievement. Davies said that this is creating the dialogue that postsecondary education is the norm not the exception. He added that the Promise includes a component that every 5th grader in Eastern Oregon can spend 4 days on EOU campus, mentored by students, and live in the residence halls. Part of the Promise will also include mentoring of students by business and community leaders at the local level who will work with students beginning in middle school. Davies said that this model is found in inner cities, but EOU's rural model is unique. Board members praised this initiative, and commented that it should be replicated in other rural areas in Oregon.
UO Police Department Richard Lariviere, president of the University of Oregon, and Francis Dyke, UO vice president for finance and administration, described their request for the Board to authorize the establishment of a police department and to commission one or more employees as state certified police officers. Also presenting information on this topic was Sen. Floyd Prozanski; Peter Kerns, chief of the Eugene Police Department; Doug Tripp, executive director and chief of UO Department of Public Safety; and Paul Shang, UO dean of students. This authority is provided in Senate Bill 405, passed in the 2011 Legislative Session. Lariviere said that the current safety officer model prevents UO from providing the highest level of safety to students, employees and visitors. Getting this change would enable UO security officers who would be certified as police officers, and go through the same training as all sworn officers in Oregon, to enforce all criminal laws. UO completed significant outreach and will continue to do so on campus and in the community to share information and gain input from all stakeholders. The decision of whether to arm these officers is still about two years away and will include continued discussion with all of UO's campus and other communities. After some discussion, the Board authorized the UO to establish a police department and commission one or more employees as sworn police officers; and that the UO must return to the Board in the future if it would like to seek approval for officers to be armed.
Financial Analysis Michael Green, OUS controller, provided an analysis of OUS' financial statements, including comparisons of universities' peers. In summary, he said that overall FTE (full-time equivalent) enrollment increased 5% in FY 2011 over the prior year. State support is 17% of total adjusted expenses. He said that in general, OUS institutions spend less on student services, administration and physical plant than their peer institutions. Despite a challenging environment, OUS faculty generate more grant and contract revenue than their peers. Generally, OUS' peer institutions are financially stronger as evidenced by higher state funding, higher primary reserves, and lower debt burden ratios.
Statewide Public Services Ed Ray, president of Oregon State University, the directors of the Statewide Public Services (SWPS), Scott Reed, Sonny Ramaswamy and Hal Salwasser, and others led a discussion on the value and importance of the SWPS for the state of Oregon. President Ray said that the Agricultural Experiment Station, Forest Research Laboratory and the Extension Services are part of OSU's DNA and are an integral part of their overall effort to serve the people of Oregon to improve their lives in powerful ways. Speakers noted that in 2010-11 alone, the SWPS generated close to $90 million in external research grants which provided close to $200 million in economic benefits for Oregon and created almost 3,000 family wage jobs in the state. Because of lower funding in 2011-2013, the SWPS are consolidating offices and staffing, expanding fee for service requirements, pursuing county and local co-pays, and utilizing university funds to sustain teaching and research capabilities, effect efficiencies and reduce or eliminate programs. All of the SWPSs directly serve Oregon's top industry clusters such as agriculture, food processing, forestry and wood products, green building, and others. Speakers noted that it remains a continuing battle for the SWPS to gain state funding at the levels needed to sustain the many programs and services, and advocacy at all levels needs to continue.
Budget Allocation OUS associate vice chancellor for budget operations, Jan Lewis, presented the biennial 2011-2013 budget approach for the OUS, and the proposed fiscal year 2011-12 operating budget allocations for the system institutions. Last month the Finance and Administration Committee approved the budget allocation as presented, and is seeking final approval from the full Board. The Board voted to approve the budget allocations as presented.
Tuition Setting Process Jan Lewis, OUS assistant vice chancellor for budget operations, described the proposed new tuition setting process and calendar, adopted by the Board in July in the new governance proposal. The process includes broad on-campus consultation in the development of tuition proposals that will be forwarded to the Chancellor's Office and Board, including student, faculty and other campus representation. The new process includes a provision for the Board to take into account affordability related to Oregonians' income, the level of state support, state needs for specific programs, cost control, state and board priorities, and availability of need-based grant aid. Guidance for campuses when developing tuition proposals should include market conditions, state support, other university income available to support programs and financial aid, future employment prospects and earning potential of graduates, differential costs of certain programs, student-level, and other factors relevant to tuition. Lewis noted that the Legislative Budget Note, which outlines tuition ceilings, must also be taken into account in the tuition setting process. Summer tuition setting, which has traditionally been separate from the regular year process, will now be incorporated into the annual process. Jay Kenton, OUS vice chancellor for finance and administration, described the proposed calendar for the new tuition review process. It would start in the fall prior to the next spring when tuition will be approved, with the university president establishing a Tuition Review Committee in October and having a series of tuition review meetings until April when recommendations are forwarded to the Chancellor's Office, and ends in June with the Board's review and adoption of tuition rates.
In other action and discussion at the meetings, the Board or its Committees:
- Approved the July-September 2011 Internal Audit Division report, as presented by Patricia Snopkowski, executive director of internal audit for OUS.
- Discussed the analysis of OUS's 2010-11 financial statements, as presented by Michael Green, OUS controller.
- Discussed the roles and responsibilities of the Board and Chancellor's Office related to monitoring the financial operations and results of the universities given the changes in SB 242 which removed expenditure limitation control over the OUS operating and self-funded capital budgets.
- Authorized the Chancellor/designee to modify the current Oregon State University Site License Agreement to REDCO for the relocated parcel of land (the "Poultry Farm") for ground-mount solar panels; and to execute a Site License Agreement to REDCO for the three University of Oregon parcels of land for roof-mount solar panels on Matthew Knight Arena, the Facilities Warehouse and Office Building, and the Moshofsky Center, upon approval of UO and DOJ legal sufficiency review; and authorized the Board President and Secretary of the Board to execute the necessary documents to effect this lease in its final format.
- Amended the Finance and Administration Committee charter as outlined in the Board docket.
- Heard an update from Ryan Hagemann, OUS general counsel, about the transition from use of DOJ attorneys to having all legal counsel resident on the OUS campuses and in the Office of the Chancellor, which acts as legal counsel for the smaller OUS institutions.
- Approved components of the Policy on Legal Services related to changes authorized by Senate Bill 242, as presented by OUS legal counsel Ryan Hagemann, providing the ability for OUS to hire or retain attorneys for legal services as the Department of Justice will no longer provide legal services to the OUS as of January 1, 2012.
- Approved the amendments to the Board policy on Centers and Institutes in OUS to reflect the need for greater institutional oversight for centers and institutes, and to ensure that there are processes in place for their creation, review and discontinuation.
- Approved the lease between the State of Oregon acting by and through the State Board of Higher Education on behalf of OSU and OSU Bookstore, ground floor of the parking facility located at SW 26th Street and SW Washington Way on the OSU campus; and authorized the Board president and secretary of the Board to execute the necessary documents to effect the lease in its final format.
- Heard reports from: Committees of the Board including Academic Strategies, Governance and Policy, and Finance and Administration; the Interinstitutional Faculty Senate; and from the Oregon Student Association.
The Oregon University System comprises seven distinguished public universities and one branch campus, reaching more than one million people each year through on-campus classes, statewide public services and lifelong learning. The Oregon State Board of Higher Education, the statutory governing board of OUS, is composed of twelve members appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Oregon State Senate. For additional information, go to www.ous.edu; and for today's Board Docket materials go to: www.ous.edu/state_board/meeting/dockets