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Multisensory technology previewed at USC public forum for Alzheimer's and dementia
Discussion topics included Alzheimer's/dementia research and treatment, music therapy for Alzheimer's/dementia patients, caregiver support, the effects of cross-generational interaction (seniors and preschool children), and new technological therapy options.
Multisensory Systems co-founders presenting their multisensory technology at USC forum
Doug Nelson, co-founder and chief technology officer, and Zubin Levy, co-founder, MultiSensory Systems, discussed and demonstrated their patented interactive, immersive system that integrates three-dimensional sound, aroma, full body vibration and optional visual imagery, to help maintain psychological well-being and minimize stress.
The joint-owners discussed the evolution of their technology and methodology at the forum. Images were projected providing evidence of the system's successful BETA testing with various types of Special Needs individuals, including senior citizens at a retirement facility. It has been noted that the system greatly relieves agitation of dementia sufferers and caregivers have expressed the hope to need less medication with its use. The presentation concluded with futuristic images of the next-generation multisensory system; one that has the addition of gentle and soothing motion.
"The concept of the program is to provide a 'one-stop' resource for attendees who have recently become caregivers or who are considering the impact of these conditions for a loved one," said Lynn Crandall, director of the IGM Art Gallery. "A key goal is to inform those in attendance of the new approaches and technologies being explored [combining arts and sciences] for Alzheimer's/dementia treatment. For our medical experts and support care professionals, it is an opportunity to learn of advancements in research and therapies, to share innovations and to form partnerships with other professionals."
Lynn Crandall, Director, USC IGM Art Gallery
Multisensory Systems would like to thank Lynn Crandall, Robert Horsting, Richard Fukuhara and the many hardworking staff and volunteers of the USC IGM Art Gallery that made this event so successful.Details of the event as planned and information about all participants, can be seen at this posting:
Multisensory Systems to Participate in USC Forum – "Memories of the Way We Were" – June 22, 2013
Multisensory Systems to Participate in USC Forum – "Memories of the Way We Were" – June 22, 2013
The forum will focus on the importance of preserving memories through oral history, Alzheimer's/Dementia research and treatment, music and art therapy for Alzheimer's/Dementia patients, an arts based caregiver support group and the effects of cross generational interaction. A key goal of this forum is to inform those in attendance of the new approaches and technologies being explored (combining arts and sciences) for Alzheimer's/dementia treatment and have them connect with our presenters as resources to share innovations or form partnerships with those professionals that can envision another application for the approaches being showcased.
FREE admission. Please RSVP by 6/20: email@example.com For more info contact Robert Horsting, Steering Committee Chair, "Memories of the Way We Were" Forum: 818-913-0640. Institute For Genetic Medicine Art Gallery, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9075.
Presenters in order:
- Robert Horsting, Oral Historian/Filmmaker, screening "Citizen Tanouye", recording memories through oral history
- Dr. Freddi Segal-Gidan, PA, PhD, Physician Associate & Gerontologist. Assistant Clinical Professor Dept's of Neurology, Family Medicine & Gerontology, the Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC. Director, Rancho/USC California Alzheimer's Disease Center. Senior PA staff, Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center.
- Joshua Grill, PhD, Researcher, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research at UCLA
- Intermission
- Frances Kakugawa, an Alzheimer's caregiver, support group founder, poet and author
- Stacie Dawes, M.A., LMFT , Pacifica Senior Living in Northridge, presenting the Music & Memory program
- Kanako Kusano of Keiro Senior Health Care and Phyllis Chang of Alzheimer's Association, California Southland, presenting the Memories in the Making program
- One Generation Day Care (seniors and pre-school children), cross generational care.
- MultiSensory Systems has invented and patented a unique system and methodology that provides users a dramatic new experience. This system integrates time-coordinated olfactory experience with other senses, including strategically placed multi-channel tactile vibroacoustic devices, controlled motion and three-dimensional sound. Any facility that benefits from creating or maintaining the psychological well-being, or minimizing stress or trauma levels of its guests, may benefit from the use of the MultiSensory Stimulation System. This proprietary technology will be presented by Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Doug Nelson and Co-Founder, Zubin Levy.
The Institute for Genetic Medicine Art Gallery, located at the University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, serves as an art-framed forum for open minded, deliberative discussions on complex social issues that interface with the creative process and findings of research in molecular biology, health and social systems. Since 2000, the Gallery has offered a wide range of exhibits and symposiums on the USC Health Sciences Campus. This year the Gallery is proud to present the profound "Aging People/Aging Planet" exhibition by Mary Lou Dauray and Orna Makleff, which vividly depicts and portrays the all too real ongoing impact of climate change on the elderly and aging populations of the world. As the final forum of this exhibit we present "Memories of the Way We Were"Lynn Crandall, Director, USC IGM Art Gallery, email@example.com www.artangels.org Click here to download "Memories Form Info" with directions to event
Investment Opportunity – PILOT Program will Prove Concept and Produce Revenue
With the recent completion of our first Portable System, including our most advanced multisensory controller and 4th Generation "Mini" AromaComposer, MultiSensory Systems is poised to take a
quantum leap forward. The founders are presently seeking capital to help deliver this technology.
Plans are in place to introduce this extraordinary technology to the general public for the first time through a revenue-generating Pilot program. One particularly attractive market, "Spa and Resort", is the primary launch platform for this new business. Other promising markets include "the Corporate Workplace", and "Special Needs and Therapeutic applications".
A unique revenue split program will provide both high profit margins and a high rate of return for our investors and permit MultiSensory Systems to expand at an exponential rate, bringing needed relaxation and other therapies to a worldwide public.
For more information… Please click the link below to download an Executive Summary:
Beta Testing – "Special Needs" and "Therapeutic" Initiated
BETA testing for Special Needs and Therapeutic applications began this April at the Alpha Resource Center in Santa Barbara, California, and at "At Home in Ojai" and other locations. Our portable multisensory system is performing incredibly well.
Alpha_SB is a multifaceted service center providing support and information for families of children with developmental disabilities of all ages, teen and adult recreation, and life skills training for adults.
"At Home in Ojai" is an Assisted Living Facility, Elderly Care Facility, and a Retirement Home offering Alzheimer's Care, Hospice and Respite Care.
(Click the box with arrow… below right… to view the PDF document full screen)
Portable Multisensory System Created
Portable Multisensory System Hits the Road
With the recent completion of our first Portable Chair System, MultiSensory Systems is poised to take a quantum leap forward. This system allows for easy transport and assembly, making it possible to both BETA test and demonstrate the system at multiple locations. The chair and ottoman feature multichannel vibroacoustics. The side base houses vibration amplifiers, power supply, and the system controller. AromaComposer sits on top.
This system integrates time-coordinated olfactory experience with other senses, including strategically placed multi-channel tactile vibroacoustic devices and incredible three-dimensional sound. Optional controlled motion and visuals are also available.
MultiSensory Systems' patented AromaComposer™ is the essential ingredient; adding tremendous power to every experience. It is capable of blending thousands of different scents in real time from a handful of high-end, 100% natural essential oils. Scent formulations and multisensory programs can be prerecorded, stored, and played back on many media devices, or shared remotely over the internet.
Plans are in place to introduce this extraordinary technology to the public for the first time through a revenue-generating pilot program.
Aromatherapy for "Special Needs" – Multisensory Integration
Over the last few years, individuals and organizations have inquired about using our aromaComposer systems to help "Special Needs" persons.
There is a current movement to use multisensory stimulation with great benefits to special needs individuals. Thousands of "Multisensory Environments" (MSE's) or Snoezelen Rooms (European term) have and continue to be created at facilities worldwide. Unfortunately, scent diffusion has been poorly implemented within these environments due to the limitations of currently available technology.
In cooperation with a European/American "Special Needs" product developer and distributor, we began to design and prototype a new version of the aromaComposer adapted for special needs purposes.
We are now proud to announce the completion of our first "Special Needs" prototype, along with a complete set of molds, which makes it possible to duplicate the systems at significantly reduced cost. This model is assembled from modular components, which can be configured in different ways for a variety of applications. This system is self-controlled by the user, intuitive and interactive. It is ideal for integration into Multisensory Environments as well as other spaces including hospitals, hospice, nursing homes, dentist or doctor's waiting rooms, etc.
The new AromaComposer, has the capacity to touch people in profound ways, and has applications for persons with autism.
BETA Testing for "Special Needs" – the AromaComposer MINI
We are now seeking grant funding to fabricate a limited number of prototype "Special Needs" aromaComposers, and to place them into the hands of appropriate persons and facilities for BETA testing.
Special Needs therapists and teachers will experiment with product usage and methodology, make recommendations, and certify these systems. Using our intuitive manual control interface, users can create their own aromatic worlds in association with other sensory stimuli. Healing practitioners of many kinds will have their chance to see how it complements existing therapies and services as well, and what opportunities exist for new applications.
This BETA program will also help to develop appropriate methods of product use, integration with other systems and the creation of specialized control interfaces for persons facing various challenges:
- Developmental Disability
- Children with Special Needs
- Autism
- Mental Health
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Stroke & Traumatic Brain Injury
- Pain Control
- Dementia, Alzheimer's, "Sundowners"
- Hospice
We have been in discussions with a major east coast center interested in using our system for continued multisensory research, which they hope will lead to breakthroughs in patient treatment. As predicted by Jeremy Rifkin, our precise and repeatable digital controllers would make this system ideal for scientific application, and learning.
In addition, this BETA program may extend into hospitals and convalescent environments. Currently in the United States, nurses at some hospitals, with doctor approval, are practicing traditional aromatherapy, one patient at a time. Doctors and nurses, and psychotherapists have expressed their interest in adapting our systems for similar purposes; this includes soothing patients and stimulating the natural healing process… for both pre and post treatment.
Beth Comstock, Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer for GE, experienced our system at the
Google Zeitgeist event, and suggested that it this type of system may have use within their medical imaging
product line, as a way to relax or comfort patients, specifically children.
AromaComposer BETA Projects Described
Through the InSpirit Foundation, … under the wings of the INTERNATIONAL HUMANITIES CENTER, a California-based 501(c)(3) charitable trust, Multisensory Systems is developing non-commercial "projects" based upon decisions of the Board and evaluation of professional and public requests. Projects are being planned to work with any of the groups listed broadly under "Special Needs", or for "Hospital" uses as described previously.
These projects will be funded independently. Of those that are proposed, the ones that receive funding will be put into action first. Costs associated with each project will vary depending upon the particular application and goals of that project. Budgeting guidelines available upon request.
Length of BETA Programs
For most projects, the BETA test projects would run from four to six months with our support. Afterwards, the results and progress will be evaluated and the study may continue with or without regular support from Multisensory Systems.
An Example Project
One project might be to place 10 variations of our system into several different institutions working with autistic children for BETA testing. These institutions, working separately, may have different plans or theories about how to reach certain goals, but will cooperate with each other throughout the project.
What will they individually discover, as each group takes a slightly different approach to a similar goal?
How successful can the combined project be?
Will the collaborative effort create the best system for a second project, making the discoveries of all projects available at minimum cost to thousands of beneficiaries?
In most of these cases, a special manual control interface will be designed and provided to work well with small, but well functioning hands. This interface might take the form of a smiling bear or other cuddly being… very friendly and non-threatening. A consideration in this case, does a face, eyes topside… mouth below, lets the user know what side of the controller is up or down, so that it does not get twisted around into knots?
Nozzles might be designed direct the scent into a horizontally wider beam, due to side-to side head movement of some users in that group. Normally we direct scents toward a relative stationary nose zone.
Multisensory Integration
Multisensory device tie-ins may be useful in dealing with multisensory deficit disorder, recently associated with autism. Colors, sound cues and scents will be selected for autistic children in particular, working in development with their teachers, healers and other facilitators.
We welcome inquires by any organization or individual interested in participating in this BETA program. Please contact us here.
The Multisensory Stimulation System – Biofeedback and Control
From Prerecorded Experiences… to Personalized Biofeedback Control
In the simplest mode, our system can present any number of prerecorded multisensory experiences which can be stored locally on a computer, played from a DVD disk, or received live via the internet. As an enhancement, utilizing our advanced biofeedback technology with sophisticated show controllers and media synthesizers, the Multisensory Stimulation system becomes totally interactive, allowing the user's sub-conscious mind to help drive and customize the experience. In this way each user has a completely unique personal encounter.
Wave a magic wand and find your world transformed. A simple hand gesture, a quiet murmur, your breath or your own brainwaves can transform your sensory environment in real-time.
Control using Conscious and Subconscious Systems
The Multisensory Stimulation System's patent designates the use of both prerecorded media programs and/or bio-interactive control of the delivered sensory experience.
In the full-featured scenario, our system can be calibrated for each individual and takes its cues from their physical, intellectual, and emotional states. This interactive system includes the use of biofeedback sensors, and voice recognition systems, as well as various other input devices, that are both subconsciously and consciously manipulated.
Here, the participant transmits information to the system, which reflects the subject's current state of being as well as the subject's preferences and choices. Subconsciously this occurs through the application of the biofeedback devices, and consciously through use of other controller interface devices. Our proprietary system interprets all of this input information and then outputs various sensory media and media queues to the Stimulation System.
The user's experience can be generated completely real-time or played back from selected data within libraries, either locally or remote.
Naturally, the subject is affected by the just received stimulus and physiologically responds to it. This response is communicated to the controller again, which refines or changes the experience. This loop is repeated endlessly.
Key here is an "intelligent agent" which assists in creating "Profiles" of each user, adapting each experience to their personal needs; it learns how each person responds to each sensory queue or stimulus. When a user comes back, it continues their new multisensory experience, based upon that constantly developing personal profile.
In this way our system is capable of providing a different experience to each individual, tailored specifically for that individual, with the intent of maximizing the effectiveness of its goal-oriented programming.
Biofeedback Reflects the Subconscious Mind and Physical Body
Bio-sensors and related monitoring systems gather the raw data. These include, but are not limited to, the following:
- EEG/Brainwave Monitoring
- Heart Rate
- Breath
- Body Temperature
- Galvanic Skin Response
- Voice Analysis
- Eyes; Movement and Dilation
- Facial Expression Analysis
- Gesture Controllers
- Radionics
Devices that Communicate Conscious Choices
Through deliberate manipulation of various control interface devices and related systems, a user may make choices or help guide an experience. These Conscious control devices may include, but are not limited to the following:
- Voice through Microphones and Appropriate Preamp
- Voice Commands
- Singing
- Hand Manipulation
- Gel Pad(s)
- Joystick(s) Trackball(s), Mouse (mice), etc.
- MIDI Controllers, including keyboards, drum pads, breath and infrared devices
- Motion Trackers, including infrared types
- Data-glove
- Eye Tracking, motion and dilation
- Biofeedback Devices (Adept users may use these for conscious control too.)
Tools For Exploration
We now have the technology to allow experts in the fields of consciousness, healing arts, complimentary medicine, meditation, entertainment and other modalities to collaborate with us on the development of new programs with this in mind.
Innovators Combine Tools at Zeitgeist '10 – Neuroheadset Proves MultiSensory System Works
Conclusion: "I think it's very positive… a system that will help you to get there faster and more efficiently. Whenever you want to "zone out", you just get into the chair, plug yourself "In" and you're "Out"… and in that meditative state." Tan Le, President and co-founder Emotiv
Ojai, CA- MultiSensory Systems of Ojai, California, an integrator of multisensory systems, was one of six advanced technology companies selected by Google to exhibit at their recent Scottsdale, Arizona Zeitgeist '10 Conference. This year's theme… "MindShift: How shifts in thinking have rippled through all aspects of the world."
Multisensory Systems demonstrated their patented sensory chair prototype that combines 3-D sound, scent and vibration to calm or inspire a person in a very short time. The company has developed its proprietary technology over the past 14 years, under the direction of Co-Founder and Chief Technology Officer, Doug Nelson. According to Nelson, "We are very excited about the potential of our system to dramatically reduce stress which, in our current economic and political environment, is an important missing link. Many companies have developed elements of our system as stand-alone technologies but, so far as we know, none has developed a sophisticated system that integrates these elements digitally, and as elegantly as we have."
During the conference, Doug and Multisensory Systems Co-Founder Zubin Levy and met fellow exhibitor & conference speaker Tan Le, the president and co-founder of Emotiv and her associate Dr Geoffrey Mackellar, CTO, leaders in neurofeedback devices. Their state-of-the-art Neuroheadset converts brain activity into visual displays, easily interpreted by healing professionals or computer software programs.
Doug created the multisensory devices and was aware that Emotiv's Neuroheadset could be a direct fit. On Day 2 of the event, Tan Le was prepared to give it a try.
Click to view enlarged slideshow
Zubin describes an event that took place on the last day of the conference. "Tan Le asked her biz partner and CTO to put on his Neuroheadset and recline into our sensory chair and sample our system and demonstration program. At the start of the program, Emotiv's display translated his brain's activity into red and orange colors, revealing high stress levels and an overactive brain. In minutes, colors had turned to blue, indicating a deep meditative state.
According to Tan "When Geoff was in the chair and I was observing his brain state, he was able to quickly move into a very, very relaxed state, confirmed by the kind of activity we were seeing in his brain. We were seeing a high amount of Delta and Theta activity, some bursts of Alpha activity as he was just moving into a relaxed state, which is very consistent with what you would be able to achieve if you were meditating. Occasionally we will see bursts of imagination… or creativity… or daydreaming… absolutely no activity in Beta. It was very interesting for us to observe the changes that were going on."
"It means that it's working… your system is working to put him into a state of relaxation"
Here's some info from Emotiv describing their Headset, graphic software and meaning of brain frequency states:
"Based on the latest developments in neuro-technology, Emotiv has developed a revolutionary new personal interface for human computer interaction. The Emotiv EPOC is a high resolution, neuro-signal acquisition and processing wireless Neuroheadset. It uses a set of sensors to tune into electric signals produced by the brain to detect user thoughts, feelings and expressions and connects wirelessly to most PCs."
Emotiv EPOC Brain Activity Map
This application displays a real-time map of your mental activity in four significant brainwave frequency bands (Delta, Theta, Alpha, and Beta).
Delta (0.5-4Hz) – indicating deep sleep, restfulness, and conversely excitement or agitation when delta waves are suppressed
Theta (4-8Hz) – indicating deep meditative states, daydreaming and automatic tasks
Alpha (8-15Hz) – indicating relaxed alertness, restful and meditative states
Beta (15-30Hz) – indicating wakefulness, alertness, mental engagement and conscious processing of information.
Of course, the neuroheadset proves that our multisensory system, with appropriate programming, is capable of putting an individual into an incredibly deep state for a considerable length of time. The Emotiv Neuroheadset will become a very useful tool for developing multisensory programs, and in the near future… as our patent describes, could be used to control or help move a person through personal multisensory worlds.
"It's not just the visual display that is important…" Doug said " but rather the simplified EEG Neuroheadset which with appropriate software can analyze individuals and provide information to our controllers; creating personalized multisensory journeys. This is part of our of our original patent."
Link to related post: Control of multisensory experiences using biofeedback.
US Zeitgeist '10 – Google displays Multisensory Systems!
Zeitgeist 2010 – Post Show Notes!
Just back, regrouping and re-assembling our multisensory systems in our Ojai studio following US Google Zeitgeist '10 exhibition this week in Scottsdale, AZ. The event took place on September 12-14, 2010 at the Montelucia Spa and Resort. This is a twice-a-year event for Google; one conference in the USA and another in the European Union.
Significance of being selected
As only one of six companies in the world invited by Google to demonstrate "MindShifting" technologies at this year's US Zeitgeist conference, we were thrilled to hook-up with Emotiv (another selected presenter) whose Neuroheadset technology proved the effectiveness of our multisensory experience at the event.
With eyes closed, guests had the opportunity to journey… relaxed within our multisensory chair, complete with scents from nature (digitally blended), calming sounds (3-D of course), and vibroacoustic massage (to music), designed to put one quickly into Alpha, Theta, and Delta states… for positive change.
Mindshift Zone: The Exhibit Space
The exhibit space was in the foyer just outside of the main conference ballroom at the Montelucia Spa and Resort.
From Zeitgeist Overview:
"Mindshifting activities stretch beyond the main session room into the foyer. Here you will find exciting new technologies including augmented reality and new ways to "train your brain…"
Despite loud noise of crowds and video of conference goings on, our closed headphone system was still able to bring a few moments of tranquility to guests within this vibrant space.
Backdrops for all exhibits were illustrated on-site by the clever and very talented artist Peter Durand, co-founder of Alphachimp Studio Inc. Peter's work from the Google event can be viewed here: Visions of the Future from Google Zeitgeist 2010
Our Exhibit
The Multisensory chair with pre-programmed aromaComposer diffusion and blending system was transported and assembled in Scottsdale for the conference. In this case, scent was provided by our tried-and-true second- generation aromaComposer system.
This system integrates time coordinated "olfactory experience" with other senses including strategically placed multi-channel tactile vibroacoustic devices and incredible three-dimensional sound.
Present, for display only, was our third-generation aromaComposer scent device (capable of projecting a narrow scent beam a distance of 8-12 feet)
Not present, our forth-generation miniature aromaComposer prototype, currently being fabricated at our Ojai, California studio, and our SMART sensor controlled scent-beaming device.
The aromaComposer is capable of blending thousand of different scents in real-time from a handful of essential oils, using a computer interface… with or without biofeedback controllers. Scent formulations and multisensory programs can be prerecorded, stored and played back on many media devices, or shared remotely over the internet.
Google's Zeitgeist Conference
US Zeitgeist '10: Paradise Valley, AZ
September 12-14, 2010
This Year's Theme: Mindshift
Quotes from Zeitgeist '10 Program Guide
"At Zeitgeist 2010, we have assembled an extraordinary group of individuals, including the best minds and greatest leaders from a range of arenas. Bringing together such an unsurpassed group is more important now than ever. Due to the dramatic changes our world has recently experienced, a shift in our collective mindset is required to spark new thinking about our global village. This need for fresh perspectives led directly to our theme for Zeitgeist '10: "Mindshift." "
By Nikesh Arora and Dennis Woodside
Quote from Zeitgeist Introduction:
"This year we will take a look at how shifts in thinking have rippled through all aspects of the world."
Videos of the many speakers at the event can be found here:
Zeitgeist – Great Minds of Our Time
This is our new site and is in development… as we speak. Please go to these alternate sites for further information regarding our multisensory chair and aroma systems:
AromaComposer and multisensory archived site
The Walk – A Multisensory Experience
Thanx 2 All,
Aroma Journeys – Scent Music – Integrating Scent within Multisensory Media Experiences
Comments from Doug: We have taken a very different approach to integrating scent within multisensory media experiences. Aroma Journeys discussed by the aromaComposer inventor at AlphaSensory.com
via Aroma Journeys – Scent Music – Integrating Scent within Media Experiences.


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Related Links
Personal Homepage
Lab Website
Early DevelopmentResearch Group
UBC Department of Psychology
2404 - 2136 West Mall
Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z4
Phone: (604) 822-6741
Fax: (604) 822-6923
Core Area(s): Developmental, Cognitive Science
Biographical Sketch & Research Interests
My research focuses on understanding the roots of language acquisition, by studying speech perception in infancy, the mechanisms by which native speech sound categories are acquired, and how speech perception supports early word learning. In my lab we study infants from hours after birth up to toddler hood using behavioral, electrophysiological (ERP), and non-invasive optical neural imaging using near-infrared-spectroscopy (NIRS). We study infants growing up in different language environments, infants growing up bilingual, and infants with, or at risk for, developmental disabilities. Adult studies focus on speech perception and lexical processing of both spoken language and visual speech, and involve behavioral and neuroimaging studies. More recently we have also begun exploring epigenetic processes that underly developmental change.
Courses TaughtPSYC 302 Infancy, PSYC 585 Special topics in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
Representative Publications
Weikum, W. M., Oberlander, T. F., Hensch, T. K. & Werker, J. F. (2012). Prenatal exposure to antidepressants and depressed maternal mood alter trajectory of infant speech perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1121263109Sebastian-Galles, Albareda, B., Weikum, W., & Werker, J. F. (2012). A bilingual advantage in visual language discrimination in infancy. Psychological Science. 23(9), 994-999.Pena, M., Werker, J. F., & Dehaene-Lambertz, G. (2012). Earlier speech exposure does not accelerate speech acquisition. Journal of Neuroscience. 32(33), 11159-11163.Werker, J.F., Yeung, H. H., & Yoshida, K. (2012). How do infants become experts at native speech perception? Current Directions in Psychological Science. 21(4), 221-226.Gervain, J., Mehler, J., Werker, J.F., Nelson, C.A., Csibra, C., Lloyd-Fox, S., Shukla, M., & Aslin, R.N. (2011). Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: A Report from the McDonnell Infant Methodology Consortium. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1(1), 22-46. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2010.07.004Yoshida, K. A., Pons, F., Maye, J., & Werker, J. F. (2010). Distributional phonetic learning at 10 months of age. Infancy, 15(4), 420-433.Byers-Heinlein, K., Burns, T. C., & Werker, J.F. (2010). The roots of bilingualism in newborns. Psychological Science, 21(3), 343-348.
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by Dave Gamble
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Also helpful to the less talented drivers such as myself, and similarly to the owners of less than stellar PCs, are the configuration options. AI driver ability can be set from anywhere to rolling chicane to blistering fast. The graphics complexity can be varied in much the same way to ensure that even an aging box like mine can provide adequate performance. Realizing that tuning the graphics complexity to a suitable level can be somewhat of a burden, SimBin has included a performance analyzer that suggests stepping up or down a level of fidelity after sensing how the framerate behaved after any given race. This is a neat feature, but I was unfortunately on the cusp of 'low' and 'medium,' depending on the track. After shifting back and forth between the two a few times, I finally turned off the analyzer and settled on 'low.' Even at the low setting, Race 07 is a very pretty representation of motor racing. As I'm more into racing than sightseeing, I didn't particularly miss things like reflections and shadows, although I did finally bump the draw distance from 'near' up to 'normal' because the sudden appearance of rows of trees and the like was somewhat disconcerting.
As I mentioned before, the sedan cars now have windshield wipers. You probably inferred from this that there was a need for said wipers, and such is the case. Race 07 models Dry, Rainy, and Really Really Really Rainy races. If you like all three, you can also configure 'Changing' weather so that conditions will vary throughout the race weekend. I, what with me being of a somewhat calcified age and therefore somewhat set in my ways, chose to avoid the changing weather and try out various locked-in weather patterns. As a picture is worth 1000 words, and a moving picture is worth exponentially more, I captured a few dry and rainy sessions in a few different cars and loaded them up to YouTube. One uses the Action Cam view and the rest use the in car view.
For the most part, these were done with the graphics set to 'low' and the drivers set to 'slow.' I think 93% was the setting I used to keep the AI guys from completely embarrassing me, although I still did a pretty credible job of doing that myself. Note that while Fraps probably sucked a few FPS out of the system during capture, these framerates were pretty typical of what I've come to expect from my old PC and its AGP GeForce board. Frankly, if computers were horses, I would have shot this one by now.
Race 07, while not breaking a whole lot of new ground technologically, is a solid performer in an interesting racing domain. Very few of us can ever aspire to a lucrative NASCR or F1 ride, but grassroots racing is within the reach of quite a few. I enjoyed the tighter racing of the lower (yet equally) powered cars, and the opportunity to learn new and unfamiliar tracks was refreshing. The immersive value of the superb sound and graphics was lessened only by the absence of a key mapping that would simulate the extension and display of the single-finger salute reserved for the more egregiously aggressive driving tactics of some of the AI drivers, but I suppose SimBin has to keep something in reserve for the next release.
More On:
Race 07 -- Official WTCC Game
SimBin Studios
Race 07 is a solid entry in the SimBin racing stable, but should be viewed as more evolutionary than revolutionary. Not that there's anything wrong with that, of course. It's quite fun and demonstrates the high production values that are the hallmark of SimBin titles.
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Arts Tax
If due, the Arts Tax is $35 per person. Each Portland resident, age 18 and older, must file either an Arts Tax return or an Arts Tax exemption request.Read More…
Phone: 503-823-5288
1120 SW 5th Ave, Room 1250, Portland, OR 97204
OMF 2012-17 Strategic Plan outlines the five year road map for the organization
How to contact the Office of Management & Finance by phone
Brief summary of the OMF bureaus and their functions
Financial Services has been re-organized under the office of the CAO
Knowledgable | Helpful | Responsive
BIBS is the provider of central services for the City of Portland
A serious security vulnerability known as "Heartbleed" was recently discovered in OpenSSL, a popular software library commonly used by many websites on the internet to encrypt communication between a user's computer and a web server.
PortlandOregon.gov is NOT affected by this vulnerability as it does not use the OpenSSL software library. Please rest assured we are dedicated to protecting your security on this website.


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Intervention strategy
Edith Cowan University Intervention Strategy Guidelines
These guidelines outline the processes that Edith Cowan University (ECU) applies to the support of Student Visa holders who are at risk of not completing their course of study in the registered course duration.
In order to comply with the requirements of the National Code 2007, ECU must provide a documented strategy to assist these students to maintain satisfactory course progress. These guidelines should be read in conjunction with the 'Enrolment Loads for International Students' policy and apply to all Student Visa holders enrolled at ECU.
For the purposes of these guidelines and ECU's compliance with the National Code 2007, an intervention strategy:
- is a plan to assist students who have been identified as being at risk of not completing their course of study in the registered duration, to complete their studies;
- is designed to assist a student in managing their studies successfully and maintaining satisfactory academic progress;
- can consist of various components depending upon a student's individual circumstances, needs and willingness to engage with the strategy;
- aims to assist identified students get their studies on track and complete within the registered duration of the course or provide useful strategies to assist the student in developing a new and more appropriate study plan to complete their program.
- may include
- a specified reduced enrolment load;
- teaching and learning workshops and activities;
- a modified study plan;
- health and counselling recommendations; or
- other steps to take into account a student's current situation and future needs.
- must be documented on the student record in order to enable ECU to extend the Student Visa holder's Confirmation of Enrolment.
Identifying students at risk of not meeting course progress requirements
Students are identified in one of the following ways:
- At the end of each teaching period, Student Visa Holders who fail 50% or more of the credit points they attempt or are assigned an academic progression status of 'Probation' are identified being at risk of not making satisfactory course progress. These students are advised of the support services and options available to them via the Advisory Strategy described below.
- Students identified at risk of not completing in the registered course duration through other means such as: identification by a staff member or; through self-identification if a student considers they are having difficulty coping and seeks assistance.
Contacting identified students and activating an Intervention Strategy
1. Advisory Strategy
An Advisory Strategy is implemented via communication with the student on the requirements for course progression and contains information on the support services available to the student to help achieve satisfactory course progression.
This strategy is usually initiated as a result of poor academic performance. Student Visa Holders who fail 50% or more of the credit points they attempt in a teaching period, or are assigned an academic progression status of "Probation" are identified as at risk. These students will be issued with a letter (sent electronically) from the Assessments and Student Records Office confirming their status and information on support services or activities available to address their situation.
An Advisory Strategy is deemed to be implemented once a letter has been sent to the student by the Assessments and Student Records Office, and will be recorded on the student's record.
Students identified as at risk of not making satisfactory course progress by an ECU staff member or students that self-identify should be directed to the ESOS Managing study loads Achieving Satisfactory Course progress website www.ecu.edu.au/international/admissions/esos/course_progress or to the Student Services Centre (SSC) Student Connect Officers, Learning Advisers, or Counsellors who will assist in developing a Negotiated strategy as necessary.
In order for a reduction in load to be allowed, the student must respond to the correspondence sent and agree a Negotiated Strategy as described below.
2. Negotiated Strategy
A Negotiated Strategy will be negotiated and documented at a meeting with the affected student and appropriate staff member of the University.
The Negotiated Strategy may result from
- a meeting between the student and the Manager, Student Central, a Student Services Centre (SSC) Student Connect Officer, Learning Advisers, or Counsellors after they have received an Advisory Strategy letter; or
- a meeting between the student and the Manager, Student Central, SSC Student Connect Officers, Learning Advisers, or Counsellors after referral by another staff member at ECU or self referral
When a student responds to correspondence sent as a result of an Advisory Strategy and the student indicates there are issues affecting their academic performance that may require an extension of their Confirmation of Enrolment, a Negotiated Strategy must be implemented. A Negotiated Strategy is an agreed individual strategy between the student, SSC Student Connect Officers, Learning Advisers, or Counsellors.
The Negotiated Strategy can include the following:
- a specified reduced enrolment load determined in conjunction with the Manager, Student Central or a Student Connect Officer;
- ongoing support from the Learning Advisers or SSC Counsellors; or
- other appropriate strategies to best address the individual issues affecting a student's academic performance (as agreed by the Manager, Student Central or a Student Connect officer on advice from a Learning Adviser or Counsellor)
A Negotiated Strategy is deemed to be implemented once the student has signed the strategy document and all relevant supporting documentation has been submitted to SSC Student Connect Officer. A Negotiated Strategy will be recorded on the student's record by the Manager Student Central or a Student Connect Officer.
3. Performance Contract
A Performance Contract is a mandatory Intervention Strategy that a Student Visa holder must undertake in order to maintain their current enrolment. A student must meet the terms of the Performance Contract in order to continue any future enrolment.
A Performance Contract is usually issued to students who have been identified as having poor academic performance over a number of semesters in the same or different courses, but have not been excluded from the University. The Performance Contract usually stipulates a required enrolment that must be passed in order for the student to continue studying. If the student's performance falls below that required in the performance contract the student's enrolment may be cancelled under Rule 14 of the Admission, Enrolment and Academic Progress Rules.
A Performance Contract will be implemented upon review of a student's enrolment by the Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching) for the Faculty in which the student is enrolled. A performance contract is a mandatory intervention strategy that will be re-assessed at the end of the subsequent teaching period to assess compliance. This assessment will be conducted by the Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching). A Performance Contract will be deemed implemented upon advice from the relevant Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching) to the Director Student Services Centre of the Performance Contract. The Director SSC shall provide official notice to the student and a record will be placed on the student's record by the Assessments and Student Records Office.
Students who do not make satisfactory course progress
As required by the ESOS National Code 2007, ECU will:
10.6 Where the registered provider has assessed the student as not achieving satisfactory course progress, the registered provider must notify the student in writing of its intention to report the student for not achieving satisfactory course progress. The written notice must inform the student that he or she is able to access the registered provider's complaints and appeals process as per Standard 8 (Complaints and appeals) and that the student has 20 working days in which to do so.


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February 2003
Leafing Through our Civil War Notebook
This month I'm going to do something just a little different. Together, we're going to leaf through our Civil War Notebook "chapter by chapter," but first a little history on the Bits of Blue and Gray column. Back in October of 1999, Bill Hocutt, aka Unk Hiram, asked me if I would write a monthly Civil War Column for a new website he and a couple of his friends were starting. Maybe you remember StateGenSites. (I later found out I was second choice ;) I was extremely reluctant because I really didn't know that much about the war, I usually worked with researching the Civil War ancestors. Unk continued to "badger" me till I finally said yes. (He really is a sweetheart, but I don't want to ruin his reputation.) January 2000 was the debut of the column. Along about March of 2001, there were some problems with getting our columns uploaded to the StateGenSites website. The last column to appear there was May of 2001. It was a few months after that when I decided to give having a website of my own a whirl. I didn't want a server where there were ads of any kind and I wanted my own domain name. Amy Waltz had found a good "home" at Powweb.com for her www.thefinalwaltz.com website so here I am. In anticipation of the new site, in September of 2001 I resumed the columns, stock piling them for the "grand opening." With Amy and my friend William Martin helping and UnkHiram encouraging me, Bits of Blue and Gray debuted in November of 2001. I can't begin to thank all of you folks enough, who agreed to do columns for me, sent me letters, stories, trivia and all the other information I received. Without all of you, there would be no Bits of Blue and Gray.
Since March of 1998, I was, and still am a Host in the American Civil War History Special Interest Group on AOL, where I learn as much about the Civil War as our room members do. Stop into the Genealogy Forum Golden Gates room (AOL only - (KEYWORD: Roots) > chats > chat center > Golden Gates), some Thursday night at 11 PM ET and say hello. Now let's get on with leafing thru our notebook.
On the Index page, you'll see a link to the latest column and links to new items added to the notebook. The DE Roster of Civil War Soldiers is always being updated, so if you have a DE soldier, keep an eye on the "What's New..." box.
Let's go down the tabs on the left side of the Index page. The first tab is the Archive. If you click on it, you will be taken to all of the previous columns, including the very first columns that were on another site I was associated with.
The next tab is Letters . Behind that tab you will find letters from my husband's Great-Grandfather, Levi McCormick. More will be added in the future. You will also find letters sent to me by you, the readers, from your ancestors. More of those will be added also.
Next you will find Poetry. Some are written during the war and some written about the war. In either case, I'm sure you'll enjoy them all.
Our next tab is Songs. We've tried to include both Union and Confederate songs. If you have a favorite, let me know and I'll get it up there as time allows.
One of the favorite areas in behind the Ghosts tab. Everyone loves a ghost story! If you have one you'd like to share, please feel free to send it!!.
Behind the Miscellaneous tab, you might find just about anything. There are recipes, stories about everyday life and we have Civil War stamps issued between 1866 and 1970.
From Our Readers includes stories, plus some suggested reading, that you, the reader, has sent to share with the other folks.
Chronicles of the Great Rebellion is a book written by Rev. Allen M. Scott, D. D. in about 1864, published by C. F. Vent & Co, of Cincinnati. Right now, about half of the book is finished. More chapters will be added soon.
Next comes the Civil War Trivia. It was gathered from several different sources, including books, websites, and friends.
Suggested Offline Reading includes names of many books, mostly non-fiction. Included are diaries, the Shaara books, the Shelby Foote series and many others.
Favorite Civil War Sites is pretty self-explanatory. While there aren't a whole lot of links like some of the sites, there ARE sites for Rosters, Histories, Battles, Diaries, pictures, researching your CW ancestor... just about anything you'd like to see.
Behind the Friends' Sites tab we have:
If you think your Civil War ancestor may be buried in Montgomery County, PA,
you'll want to check out Amy Waltz's http://www.thefinalwaltz.com
William Martin has a site dedicated to WV
Genealogy and History.
A message board is there for your convenience.
If you want to have a website built for
you, you might want to visit Amy at
http://www.thefinalwaltz.com/webdesign.htm and see what she has to offer.
Then we have Uncle Hiram's Genealogy Site,
Adventures in Genealogy and more.
Be sure to check out Bill Hocutt's Genealogy Cabin Chats at http://www.bhocutt.com.
Don't miss the bulletin boards there too. There is bound to be a subject of interest
to you.
Researching your ancestors from PA? You
definitely want to visit Michelle Rich's site at
Was your Civil War Ancestor a prisoner and/or
buried at Andersonville?
Visit Kevin Frye's site at:
is the Civil War History as related to the western
counties of VA now WV by Steve Teeft.
Dorothy Hober has a great site for Civil War Resources
The next tab is The DE Roster of Civil War Soldiers. What an undertaking this has been!!! It's about half way finished, with Aaron to McGurk listed. I've added additional information on the soldiers that you, the readers, have sent to me or information I have found myself. I am so indebted to Kevin Frye for photographing the tombstones of the Delaware soldiers who are buried at Andersonville. See the link for Kevin's site above.
Then we have the Roster for the Fourth Delaware Regiment Infantry Volunteers, which was my husband's great-grandfather Levi McCormick's Regiment. The soldiers are listed by rank within each company. I want to thank the Historical Society of DE for giving me permission to use the pictures of the officers.
The last tab in our notebook is the DPACW Workshop. It was created by me for a workshop on the computer at the Delaware Public Archives to show people where they can go on the internet to learn about researching their Civil War ancestors.
I hope you've enjoyed your tour through our notebook and I hope you've found something of interest to you. If you have a Civil War story, letters, poems, songs, ghost stories, etc. you would like to share, please don't hesitate to write. email@example.com.
Return to the Notebook Index Page.


text:
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text:
|Publicly traded Aktiebolag
|Traded as
|Telecommunications equipment
|Stockholm, Sweden (1876)
|Lars Magnus Ericsson
|Kista, Stockholm, Sweden
|Area served
|Key people
|Leif Johansson
Hans Vestberg
(President and CEO)
|Mobile and fixed broadband networks, consultancy and managed services, multimedia technology
|SEK 227.8 billion (2012)[1]
|Operating income
|SEK 10.45 billion (2012)[1]
|SEK 5.9 billion (2012)[1]
|Total assets
|SEK 274.9 billion (2012)[1]
|Total equity
|SEK 136.8 billion (2012)[1]
|113,989 (September 2013)[2]
|Investor AB (5.0%)
|ST-Ericsson (100%)
Ericsson-LG (75%)
Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson) is a Swedish multinational provider of communications technology and services. The offering comprises services, software and infrastructure within Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for telecom operators and other industries, including telecommunications and IP networking equipment, mobile and fixed broadband, operations and business support solutions, cable TV, IPTV, video systems, and an extensive services operation. Ericsson is the world leader in the 2G/3G/4G mobile network infrastructure market (35% in 2012).[3]
Ericsson is one of the strongest holder of essential patents in the wireless industry and have approximately 33,000 granted patents in 2012.[4] Ericsson complies with terms that are fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) for its patent licensing programs and is a net receiver of licensing royalties.
Founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson,[5] the company is today headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The company employs more than 110,000 people and work with customers in more than 180 countries, including the US, China, India, Brazil, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Germany, Italy, the UK, and Sweden.
- 1 History
- 2 Corporate governance
- 3 Products and services
- 3.1 Business Unit Networks: Mobile and fixed networks
- 3.2 Business Unit Support Solutions
- 3.3 Devices
- 3.4 Business Unit Global Services
- 4 .mobi and mobile internet
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 Further reading
- 8 External links
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
Lars Magnus Ericsson began his association with telephones in his youth as an instrument maker. He worked for a firm which made telegraph equipment for the Swedish government agency Telegrafverket. In 1876, at the age of 30, he started a telegraph repair shop with help from his friend Carl Johan Andersson. The shop was in central Stockholm (No. 15 on Drottninggatan, the principal shopping street) and repaired foreign-made telephones. In 1878 Ericsson began making and selling his own telephone equipment. His phones were not technically innovative, as most of the inventions had already been made in the United States. In 1878 he made an agreement to supply telephones and switchboards to Sweden's first telecom operating company, Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag.
Also in 1878, local telephone importer Numa Peterson hired Ericsson to adjust some telephones from the Bell Telephone Company. This inspired him to buy a number of Siemens telephones and analyze the technology further. (Ericsson had a scholarship at Siemens a few years earlier.) Through his firm's repair work for Telegrafverket and Swedish Railways, he was familiar with Bell and Siemens Halske telephones. He improved these designs to produce a higher-quality instrument. These were used by new telephone companies, such as Rikstelefon, to provide cheaper service than the Bell Group. He had no patent or royalty problems, as Bell had not patented their inventions in Scandinavia. His training as an instrument maker was reflected in the standard of finish and the ornate design of Ericsson phones of this period. At the end of the year he started to manufacture telephones of his own, much in the image of the Siemens telephones, and the first product was finished in 1879.
Ericsson became a major supplier of telephone equipment to Scandinavia. Because its factory could not keep up with demand, work such as joinery and metal-plating was contracted out. Much of its raw materials were imported, so in the following decades Ericsson bought into a number of firms to ensure supplies of essentials like brass, wire, ebonite, and magnet steel. Much of the walnut used for cabinets was imported from the United States.
As Stockholm's telephone network expanded that year, the company reformed into a telephone manufacturing company. But when Bell bought the biggest telephone network in Stockholm, it only allowed its own telephones to be used with it. So Ericsson's equipment sold mainly to free telephone associations in the Swedish countryside and in the other Nordic countries.
The prices of Bell equipment and services led Henrik Tore Cedergren to form an independent telephone company in 1883 called Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag. As Bell would not deliver equipment to competitors, he formed a pact with Ericsson, which was to supply the equipment for his new telephone network. In 1918 the companies were merged into Allmänna Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson.
In 1884, a multiple-switchboard manual telephone exchange was more or less copied from a design by C. E. Scribner at Western Electric. This was legal, as the device was not patented in Sweden, although in the United States it had held patent 529421 since 1879. A single switchboard could handle up to 10,000 lines. The following year, LM Ericsson and Cedergren toured the United States, visiting several telephone exchange stations to gather "inspiration". They found that U.S. engineers were well ahead in switchboard design but Ericsson telephones were as good as any available.
In 1884, a technician named Anton Avén at Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag had combined the earpiece and the mouthpiece of a (by then) standard telephone into a handset. It was used by operators in the exchanges that needed to have one hand free when talking to their customers. Ericsson picked up this invention and incorporated it into Ericsson products, beginning with a telephone named The Dachshund.
International expansion[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
As production grew in the late 1890s, and the Swedish market seemed to be reaching saturation, Ericsson was able to expand into foreign markets through a number of agents. Britain and Russia were early markets. This eventually led to the establishment of factories in these countries. This was partly to improve chances of gaining local contracts, and partly because the Swedish factory could not keep up supply. In Britain, the National Telephone Company had been supplied with Ericsson equipment for some time and was a major customer. By 1897, Britain was accounting for 28% of Ericsson's sales. Other Nordic countries had become Ericsson customers as well, spurred by the growth of telephone services in Sweden.
Other countries and colonies were exposed to Ericsson products through the influence of their parent countries. These included Australia and New Zealand, which by the late 1890s were Ericsson's largest non-European market. With mass production techniques now firmly established, the phones were losing some of their ornate finish and decoration.
Despite their successes elsewhere, Ericsson did not make significant sales into the United States. The Bell Group and local companies like Kellogg and Automatic Electric had this market tied up. Ericsson eventually sold its U.S. assets. Sales in Mexico led to further development into South American countries. South Africa and China were also generating significant sales. With his company now multinational, Lars Ericsson stepped down from the company in 1901.
Automatic equipment[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
Ericsson ignored the growth of automatic telephony in the United States. Instead it concentrated on squeezing the most sales out of manual exchange designs. Their first dial phone was produced in 1921, although sales of the early automatic switching systems were slow until the equipment had proved itself on the world's markets. Phones of this period were characterized by a simpler design and finish, and many of the early automatic desk phones in Ericsson's catalogues were simply the proven magneto styles with a dial stuck on the front and appropriate changes to the electronics. A concession to style was in the elaborate decals (transfers) that decorated the cases.
World War I, the subsequent Great Depression, and the loss of its Russian assets after the Revolution slowed the company's development and restricted its sales to countries such as Australia.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
The purchase of other related companies put pressure on Ericsson's finances, and in 1925, Karl Fredric Wincrantz took control of the company by acquiring the majority of the shares. Wincrantz was partly funded by Ivar Kreuger, an international financier. The company was renamed Telefon AB LM Ericsson. At this time, Kreuger started showing interest in the company, being a major owner of Wincrantz holding companies.
In 1928, Ericsson began issuing "A" and "B" shares, where an "A" share has 1000 votes against a "B" share. Wincrantz controlled the company by having only a few "A" shares, not a majority of the shares. By issuing a lot of "B" shares, much more money was fed to the company, while maintaining the status quo of power distribution.
In 1930, a second issue of "B"-shares took place, and Kreuger gained majority control of the company with a mixture of "A" and "B" shares. He bought these shares with money lent by LM Ericsson, with security given in German state bonds. He then took a loan for his own company Kreuger & Toll from ITT Corporation (administered by Sosthenes Behn), giving parts of LM Ericsson as security, and used its assets and name in a series of international financial dealings that had little to do with telephony.
Ericsson was now being seen as a take over target by ITT, its main international competitor. In 1931 ITT acquired from Kreuger enough shares to have a majority interest in Ericsson. This news was not made public for some time. There was a government imposed limit on foreign shareholdings in Swedish companies, so for the time being the shares were still listed in Kreuger's name. Kreuger in return was to gain shares in ITT. He stood to make a profit of $11 million on the deal. When ITT's Behn wanted to cancel this deal in 1932, he discovered that there was no money left in the company, just a large claim on the same Kreuger & Toll that Kreuger had himself lent money to. Kreuger had effectively bought LM Ericsson with its own money.
Kreuger had been using the company as security for loans, and despite his profits, was unable to repay these loans. Ericsson found that they had invested in some very doubtful share deals, whose losses were deemed significant. ITT examined the deal and found that it had been seriously misled about Ericsson's value. ITT asked Kreuger to come to New York City for a conference, but Kreuger did not attend. As word of Kreuger's financial position spread, pressure was put on him by the banking institutions to provide security for his loans. ITT canceled the deal to buy Ericsson shares. Kreuger could not repay the $11 million, and committed suicide in Paris in 1932. ITT owned one third of Ericsson, but was forbidden to exercise this ownership because of a paragraph in the company's articles of association stating that no foreign investor was allowed to control more than 20% of the votes.
Wallenberg era begins[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
Ericsson was saved from bankruptcy and closure with the help of banks and some government backing. Marcus Wallenberg Jr negotiated a deal with several Swedish banks to rebuild Ericsson financially. Some of those were Stockholms Enskilda Bank (which later became the current Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken) and other Swedish investment banks controlled by the Wallenberg family. The banks gradually increased their possession of LM Ericsson "A" shares, with ITT still being the single largest shareholder. In 1960, the Wallenberg family struck a deal with ITT to buy its shares in Ericsson, and has since controlled the company.
Market development[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (April 2013)
In the 1920s and 1930s, the world telephone markets were being organized and stabilized by many governments. The fragmented town-by-town systems which had grown up over the years, serviced by many small private companies, were integrated and offered for lease to a single company. Ericsson managed to obtain some leases, which represented further sales of equipment to the growing networks. The other large telephone companies, of course, had exactly the same goal.
Telephone companies, of course, had exactly the same goal.
Ericsson managed to get almost one third of its sales under the control of its telephone operating companies.
Negotiations between the major telephone companies aimed at dividing up the world between them, but the size of ITT made it hard to compete with. Ericsson reduced its involvement in telephone operating companies and went back to manufacturing telephones and switchgear. The Beeston factory in Britain had been a joint venture between Ericsson and the National Telephone Company. The factory built automatic switching equipment for the BPO under license from Strowger, and exported products to former colonies like South Africa and Australia. The British government divided its equipment contracts between competing manufacturers, but Ericsson's presence and manufacturing facilities in Britain allowed it to get most of the contracts.
Sales drives resumed after the Great Depression, but the company never achieved the market penetration that it had at the turn of the century. Although it still produced a range of phones, switching equipment was becoming a more important part of its range. The distinctive Ericsson styles soon became subdued by the increasing use of Bakelite telephones starting in the 1930.
Following the advent of football shirt sponsorship during the 1980s, Ericsson sponsored two English football clubs during the 1990s – Brentford and Queen's Park Rangers.
Further development[edit]
Ericsson introduced the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system, MTA in 1956.[6] It released one of the world's first handsfree speaker phones in the 1960s. In 1954, it released the Ericofon. Ericsson crossbar switching equipment was used in telephone administrations in many countries, and its influence is still felt in such areas as mobile phones.
Acquisitions, expansion, consolidation and cooperation[edit]
Around the start of the 21st century, companies and governments began to push for standards for the emerging mobile internet. In May 2000, the European Commission created the Wireless Strategic Initiative,[7] a consortium of four telecommunications suppliers in Europe – Ericsson, Nokia, Alcatel (France), and Siemens AG (Germany) – to develop and test new prototypes for advanced wireless communications systems. Later that year, the consortium partners invited other companies to join them in a Wireless World Research Forum in 2001.
In 2000, the bursting of the information technology bubble with marked economic implications for Sweden. Ericsson, the world's largest producer of mobile telecommunications equipment, shed thousands of jobs, as did the country's once fast-expanding Internet consulting firms and dot-com start-ups. In the same year, Intel, the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer, signed a $1.5 billion deal to supply flash memory to Ericsson over the next three years.[8]
In December 1999 Microsoft and Ericsson announced[9] a strategic partnership to combine the former's web browser and server software with the latter's mobile-internet technologies. A short-lived joint venture called Ericsson Microsoft Mobile Venture AB, owned 70/30 percent by Ericsson and Microsoft, respectively, ended in October 2001 when Ericsson announced [10] that it would absorb the former joint venture and adopt a licensing agreement with Microsoft instead.
That same month, Ericsson announced the launch of Sony Ericsson, a joint venture mobile-phone business, together with Sony Corporation.[11] Sony Ericsson remained in operation until February 2012, when Sony bought out Ericsson's share, Ericsson stating that it wanted to focus on the global wireless market as a whole.[12][13]
Lower stock prices and job losses affected many telecommunications companies in 2001. The major equipment manufacturers – Motorola (U.S.), Lucent Technologies (U.S.), Cisco Systems (U.S.), Marconi (UK), Siemens AG (Germany), Nokia (Finland), as well as Ericsson – all announced job cuts both in their home countries and in subsidiaries around the world. The number of jobs at Ericsson worldwide fell during 2001 from 107,000 to 85,000.[14]
In September 2001 Ericsson purchased the remaining shares in EHPT from Hewlett Packard. Founded in 1993 Ericsson Hewlett Packard Telecom EHPT was a Joint Venture made up of 60% Ericsson interests and 40% Hewlett-Packard interests.
The pain continued into 2002. Investor losses topped $2 trillion and share prices fell by 95% until August that year. More than half a million people lost their jobs in the global telecom industry over the two years.[15] The collapse of U.S. carrier WorldCom, with more than $107 billion in assets, was the biggest in U.S. history.[16] The sector's problems brought bankruptcies and job losses, and led to changes in the leadership of a number of major companies. Ericsson made 20,000 more staff redundant and raise about $3 billion from its shareholders.[17]
In June 2002, Infineon Technologies AG (then the sixth-largest semiconductor supplier and a subsidiary of Siemens AG) bought Ericsson's microelectronics unit for $400 million.[18]
Co-operation with Hewlett-Packard did not end with EHPT and in 2003 Ericsson outsourced its IT to HP, which included Managed Services, Help Desk Support, Data Center Operations, and HP Utility Data Center. The contract was extended in 2008.[19] There have also been a number of joint Ericsson/HP Telecoms outsourcing deals with telecoms operators including H3G and Vodafone.
In October 2005, Ericsson acquired the bulk[20] of the troubled British telecommunications manufacturer, the Marconi Company, including its brand name, which dates back to the creation of the original Marconi Company by the "father of radio" Guglielmo Marconi. In September 2006, Ericsson sold the greater part of its defense business Ericsson Microwave Systems, which mainly produced sensor and radar systems, to Saab AB, which renamed the company to Saab Microwave Systems.[21] The sale meant that Saab Ericsson Space, previously a joint venture, was now fully owned by Saab. Not included in the sale to Saab was the National Security & Public Safety division, which was transferred to Ericsson with the sale.
In 2007, Ericsson acquired carrier edge-router maker[22] Redback Networks, and then Entrisphere, a US-based company providing fiber-access technology. In September 2007, Ericsson acquired an 84% interest in German customer-care and billing software firm LHS, a stake later raised to 100%.[23]
In 2008, Ericsson sold its enterprise PBX division[24] to Aastra Technologies, and acquired Tandberg Television, the television technology division[25] of Norwegian company Tandberg.
In 2009, Ericsson bought the CDMA2000 and LTE business [26] of Nortel's carrier networks division for USD 1.18 billion; Bizitek, a Turkish business support systems integrator; the Estonian manufacturing operations of electronic manufacturing company Elcoteq; and completed its acquisition of LHS.[27]
Acquisitions in 2010 included assets from the Strategy and Technology Group of inCode,[28] a North American business and consulting-services company; Nortel's majority shareholding (50% plus one share) in LG-Nortel, a joint venture between LG Electronics and Nortel Networks providing sales, R&D and industrial capacity in South Korea, now known as Ericsson-LG; further Nortel carrier-division assets, relating from Nortel's GSM business in the United States and Canada; Optimi Corporation, a U.S.–Spanish telecommunications vendor specializing in network optimization and management;[29] and Pride, a consulting and systems-integration company operating in Italy.
In 2011, Ericsson acquired manufacturing and research facilities and staff from the Guangdong Nortel Telecommunication Equipment Company (GDNT)[30] as well as Nortel's Multiservice Switch business.[31]
It also formed a strategic alliance with Akamai Technologies to develop and market mobile cloud acceleration services.
Ericsson acquired U.S. company Telcordia Technologies in January 2012,[32] operations and business support systems (OSS/BSS) company.[33] In March, Ericsson announced that it was buying the broadcast-services division of Technicolor, a media broadcast technology company.
On July 1, 2013, Ericsson announced it would acquire the media management company Red Bee Media, subject to regulatory approval.[34]
In September 2013, Ericsson completed its acquisition of Microsoft's Mediaroom business and televisions solution, originally announced in April the same year. The acquisition makes Ericsson the largest provider of IPTV and multi-screen solution in the world, by market share. Ericsson Mediaroom.[35]
Corporate governance[edit]
Current members of the board of directors of LM Ericsson are: Leif Johansson, Jacob Wallenberg, Sverker Martin-Löf, Roxanne S. Austin, Sir Peter L. Bonfield, Börje Ekholm, Ulf J. Johansson, Anders Nyrén, Hans Vestberg, Nora Denzel, Kristin Skogen Lund, Alexander Izosimov, Pehr Claesson, Kristina Davidsson, Karin Åberg, Karin Lennartsson, Rickard Fredriksson, and Roger Svensson.[36]
Products and services[edit]
LM Ericsson offers products and services from three main business units.
- Business Unit Networks (BNET) focuses on networks for mobile and fixed line public telephone networks.
- Business Unit Global Services (BUGS) provides telecoms-related professional services, including for example taking responsibility for running an operators network and related business support systems.
- Business Unit Support Solutions focuses on Operations support systems/Business support systems (OSS/BSS), TV and media and Mobile commerce (M-Commerce).[37]
In addition, there is a research and development element, and central functions. Operations locally are coordinated through a structure of regions and Market Units, with some Global and Multi-Country Accounts for large customers.
Business Unit Networks: Mobile and fixed networks[edit]
LM Ericsson provides mobile systems products to network operators. Its systems offerings include radio base stations, base station and radio network controllers, mobile switching centers and service application nodes. It offers operators services and products for network migration to 3G.
Mobile access[edit]
Ericsson provides mobile telecommunications systems that incorporate any of the major second-generation (2G) (global system for mobile communications (GSM), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), 2.5G (General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2.75G (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and 3G wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), Evolved HSPA (HSPA+, I-HSPA), Evcode division multiple access (third generation cellular/radio technology) (CDMA2000), time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA)) mobile technology standards. It offers services to network operators for several network standards. Ericsson is also involved in the development of standards for the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) of 3G.
Fixed broadband access[edit]
Ericsson supplies broadband multi-service communications equipment and services mainly to fixed network operators in Latin America and Europe. Its products for such multi-service networks utilize a layered soft-switch service and control architecture, combined with broadband access and core network routing and transmission elements. Fixed network equipment and associated network rollout services account for 7% of Systems sales.
Radio access networks[edit]
LM Ericsson offers radio base stations ranging from small pico cells (small cells in a mobile network that boost capacity and coverage within buildings) to high-capacity macro cell applications. Radio base stations provide access and interconnection between mobile handsets and the mobile network. A central feature of the 2G GSM radio base stations and base station controllers is their ability to be upgraded to enable 2.5G/GPRS and 2.75G/EDGE transmissions. Similarly, its W-CDMA base stations can be upgraded to HSDPA.
Other elements of the radio access networks are the controllers for radio base stations and radio access network, which manage the traffic between the radio base stations and core networks. In 2G, base station controllers in conjunction with mobile switching centers, effect call handovers between radio base stations as subscribers move between cell sites while engaged in a voice call or data transmission. Similarly, in 3G networks, a radio network controller effects call handover in conjunction with mobility server nodes within the service layer.
The core network nodes interconnect radio access networks with other parts of the network. Many of the core network switching systems, controllers for base stations and radio networks are built upon common platforms. Like its radio base station products, LM Ericsson's mobile switching products have scalability and capacity. Mobile network equipment and associated network rollout services account for approximately 74% of its sales.[citation needed]
IP core network (switching, routing, control and transport)[edit]
Ericsson's core network solutions include the mobile softswitch, IP infrastructure, IMS, media gateways, Mobile Packet Backbone Network (MPBN) and microwave and optical transport solutions to provide management of voice and data traffic.
Ericsson Network Technologies[edit]
Ericsson Network Technologies (Cables) unit provides a range of cable-related items for telecom and power networks. LM Ericsson is engaged in the passive fiber access network field including integration of copper, fiber optic and mobile technologies. About a third of the sales from its Cables group is attributable to inter-segment sales. Manufacturing is carried out in China, India, Malaysia and Sweden.
Ericsson Power Modules[edit]
Ericsson Power Modules is a supplier of direct current (DC)/DC converters and DC/DC regulators, mainly to the communications industry, for advanced applications, such as multiplexors, switches, routers and radio base stations. Manufacturing is in China.
Ericsson Microwave Systems[edit]
Ericsson Microwave Systems designed radar systems and was eventually sold to Saab AB on September 1, 2006 as a move to focus on telecom and move out of the military market.
Business Unit Support Solutions[edit]
Initially established in 2007 as Business Unit Multimedia, Ericsson announced a new strategy for its multimedia business in February 2012.[38] Business Unit Support Solutions focuses on Operations support systems / Business support systems (OSS/BSS), TV and media and Mobile commerce (M-Commerce).[39] Ericsson claims a leading position in charging and billing, serving 1.6 billion people with its solutions.[40]
- OSS and BSS has expanded following the integration of Telcordia [39] and focuses on Customer experience management (CEM), including fulfillment, assurance, network optimization and real-time charging.
- TV and media offers products that enable operators and content owners to monetize video content through multi-screen TV services.[41]
- M-Commerce sells mobile e-commerce products,[42] for mobile operators and financial institutions offer mobile wallet services to consumers.[43] Ericsson has announced m-commerce deals with Western Union[44] and African wireless carrier MTN.[45]
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB (Sony Ericsson) was a joint venture with Sony which merged the previous mobile phone operations from both companies. As well as mobile phone, it also produced accessories and personal computer (PC) cards. Sony Ericsson was responsible for product design and development, as well as marketing, sales, distribution and customer services. On February 16, 2012, Sony announced it had completed the full acquisition of Sony Ericsson.
Mobile (cell) phones[edit]
The following is a list of mobile phones marketed under the brand name Ericsson. As a joint venture with Sony, mobile phone production was moved into the company Sony Ericsson in 2001. Ericsson subsequently sold its share in the venture to Sony, effective 2012.
- Ericsson GA628 – Known for its z80 CPU
- Ericsson SH888 – First mobile phone to have wireless modem capabilities.
- Ericsson A1018 – Dualband cellphone, notably easy to hack.
- Ericsson A2618 & Ericsson A2628 – Dualband cellphones. Use graphical LCD display based on PCF8548 I²C controller.[46]
- Ericsson PF768
- Ericsson GF768
- Ericsson T10 – Colourful Cellphone
- Ericsson T18
- Ericsson T28 – Very slim and sophisticated phone. Uses advanced lithium polymer batteries. Ericsson T28 FAQ use graphical LCD display based on PCF8558 I²C controller.
- Ericsson T29
- Ericsson T39 – Similar to the T28, but with a GPRS modem and triband capabilities.
- Ericsson T66
- Ericsson T68 – The first Ericsson handset to have a color display, later branded as Sony Ericsson T68i
- Ericsson R310s
- Ericsson R320s
- Ericsson R380 – First cellphone to use the Symbian OS
- Ericsson R520 – Similar to the T39, but in a candy bar form factor and with added convenience features such as a built-in speakerphone and an optical proximity sensor
- Ericsson R600
Ericsson Mobile Platforms[edit]
Ericsson Mobile Platforms is a supplier of technology platforms for GSM/EDGE and WCDMA/HSPA platforms used in devices, such as mobile handsets and PC cards. Through Ericsson Mobile Platforms, LM Ericsson licenses open-standard, end-to-end interoperability tested GSM/EDGE and WCDMA technology platforms. The product offerings include reference designs, platform software, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs and development boards, development and test tools, training, support and documentation. Ericsson Mobile Platforms has operations at nine global locations, with main operations in Sweden.
Ericsson Enterprise[edit]
Ericsson Enterprise provides communications systems and services for businesses, public entities and educational institutions. It provides products for voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)-based private branch exchanges (PBX), wireless local area networks (WLAN), and mobile intranet solutions. Ericsson Enterprise operates mainly from Sweden but also operates through market units and other partners/distributors. Manufacturing is outsourced. In 2008, the Ericsson Enterprise business was sold to Aastra.
Business Unit Global Services[edit]
Ericsson provides consulting, systems integration, managed services, network deployment and integration, education and support services. That includes planning, building, deploying, optimizing, running networks and services for customers as well as providing strategy-, technology-, network-, operations- and competence consultancy services.
The Company offers managed services to the telecom industry. Its offerings cover management of day-to-day operations of a customer's network (Home internet Solution), including a managed capacity service for a network build out and on-demand capacity, as well as hosting of applications and content management. Ericsson's services organization has over 30,000 service professionals working in 175 countries.
Managed services[edit]
Ericsson provides managed services for designing, building, operating and managing day-to-day operations of a customer's network, including end-user services and business-support systems, hosting service applications and content, and providing network coverage and capacity on demand. Ericsson announced[citation needed] more than 100 contracts for managed services with operators worldwide since 2002. In all current managed services contracts, excluding hosting, Ericsson is managing networks that together serve more than 225 million subscribers. In September 2009 Ericsson assumed the day to day operations of Sprint Nextel's wireline and wireless networks.[47] As of 2010 Ericsson has offered to assume ownership of customer's networks in addition to managing them.
Ericsson also provides both preventative and corrective support services.
Systems integration[edit]
Ericsson's Systems integrations offering currently consists of seven service offerings:
- OSS or Operations Support Systems
- BSS or Business Support Systems
- IP Networks and Architecture
- TV, Applications and Service Delivery Platforms
- Solution and Life-Cycle Management
- Data Migration
- Multi-Vendor Verification
Education and consulting[edit]
Learning Services and Ericsson [48] provides training programs and managed learning services.
Ericsson also offers strategy-, technology-, network-, operations- and competence consulting.
Network roll-out[edit]
Ericsson's network roll-out services employ a mix of in-house capabilities, subcontractors and central resources to perform the task of making changes in live networks.
The service offering includes access, core and transport networks, as well as in-building solutions, irrespective of vendor.
Ericsson customizes service offerings include:
- Civil Works
- Data Migration
- Integration
- Integration Design
- Multi-Vendor Verification
- Network Design
- Site Acquisition
- Software Deployment Preparation
.mobi and mobile internet[edit]
Ericsson was an official backer in the launch of the .mobi top level domain created specifically for the mobile internet.[49] Since the launch of .mobi in September 2006, Ericsson has launched Ericsson.mobi, its mobile portal, and SonyEricsson.mobi, the mobile portal of Sony Ericsson. Additionally, Ericsson hosts a developer program called Ericsson Developer Connection, designed to encourage development of applications and services.[50] Ericsson also has an open innovation initiative for beta applications and beta API's & tools called Ericsson Labs. The company hosts several internal innovation competitions among its employees.
See also[edit]
- Investor AB
- Sony Ericsson (now Sony Mobile Communications)
- List of Sony Ericsson products
- Cedergren
- Ericsson Nikola Tesla
- Erlang (programming language)
- Tandberg Television
- STMicroelectronics Small Shareholders' Group (STM.S.S.G.)
- (French) Collectif Autonome et Démocratique de STMicroelectronics (CAD-ST)
- ^ a b c d e "Annual Results 2011". Ericsson. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
- ^ "Ericsson Facts & Figures". Ericsson. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
- ^ http://www.gartner.com/technology/reprints.do?id=1-1IG35N2&ct=130813&st=sg Gartner, 6 August 2013: Magic Quadrant for LTE Network Infrastructure
- ^ http://www.ericsson.com/news/130308-ericsson-annual-report-2012_244129229_c?tagsFilter=Ericsson+Annual+Report Ericsson Annual Report 2012, Page 27
- ^ http://ericssonhistory.com/ Swedish Centre for Business History: Erisson History
- ^ "Ericsson Celebrates 50 Years of Mobile Telephony". Cellular-news.com. 2006-10-17. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ "WSI (Wireless Strategic Initiative)". Ericsson.se. 01/05/2000-30/04/2003. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Intel scores flash memory deal with Ericsson". cnet.com. 2000-02-04. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Microsoft, Ericsson Team Up to Bring Information Anytime, Anywhere, to Carriers and Consumers". Microsoft.com. 1999-12-08. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Microsoft pulls out of mobile JV with Ericsson". Itworld.com. October 5, 2001. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Ericsson – press release Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications established today". Ericsson.com. October 1, 2001. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Sony to acquire Ericsson's share of Sony Ericsson– Press release". Ericsson.com. Oct 27, 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Sony Completes Full Acquisition of Sony Ericsson – Press release". Sonymobile.com. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Changing the World, P202, Svenolof Karlsson and Anders Lugn, Centre for Business History". Ericssonhistory.com. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
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- ^ "WorldCom files largest bankruptcy ever". Money.cnn.com. July 22, 2002. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson axes 17,000 jobs". Guardian.co.uk. 22 April 2002. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Infineon Buys Ericsson Microelectronics". Lightreading.com. June 12, 2002. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "HP Outsources Ericsson's IT". HP. Retrieved 2003.
- ^ "Ericsson to buy most of Marconi for $2.1B". InfoWorld.com. October 25, 2005. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Saab Acquires Ericsson Microwave Systems". Defense Industry Daily. Jun 13, 2006. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson to buy Redback for $2.1 billion". Networkworld.com. December 20, 2006. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "All shares in LHS acquired – Press release". Ericsson.com. Feb 20, 2010. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson to divest its enterprise PBX solutions to Aastra Technologies – Press Release". Ericsson.com. 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ "Ericsson announces cash offer to acquire Tandberg Television– Press release". Ericsson.com. Feb 26, 2007. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson to acquire majority of Nortel's North American wireless business – Press release". Ericsson.com. July 25, 2009. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson to acquire Elcoteq's operations in Tallinn to secure manufacturing capacity in Estonia – Press release". Ericsson.com. Jun 17, 2009. Retrieved 2012-06-21.
- ^ "Ericsson Expands Strategy and technology consulting capabilities – Press release". Ericsson.com. Sep 7, 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Ericsson Takes Ownership of Optimi Corporation". Technews.com. December 22, 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Ericsson closes the Acquisition of GDNT, China – Press release". Ericsson.com. May 12, 2011. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Ericsson Buys Nortel's Multi Service Switch Businesses". Cellular-news.com. September 25, 2010. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ "Ericsson closes Telcordia acquisition– Press release". Ericsson.com. January 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
- ^ Rahn, Cornelius (2011-06-14). "Ericsson to Buy Telcordia for $1.2 Billion to Add Services". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ "Ericsson to acquire leading media services company Red Bee Media" (Press release). Ericsson. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Ericsson closes acquisition of Microsoft Mediaroom" (Press release). Ericsson. 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
- ^ "Board of Directors". Ericsson. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
- ^ "Ericsson Boards Its Own BUSS". LightReading. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ "Ericsson Outlines Strategy For Its Multimedia Business". SEricsson. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ a b "Ericsson Boards Its Own BUSS". Light Reading. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ "Ericsson Forms Support Business Unit Around Billing Systems". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
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- ^ "Ericsson Announces New M-Commerce Portfolio". TelecomsTech. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ "Ericsson Turns To Mobile Wallet Amid Short-Term Uncertainty". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ "Ericsson Announces MCommerce Deals, Picocell And In-Building Products". Mobile Europe. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ "Ericsson_lcd". Module.ro. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
- ^ Ericsson press release[dead link]
- ^ Products and Services
- ^ dotMobi Investors | dotMobi[dead link]
- ^ "About our developer program". Ericsson. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
Further reading[edit]
- John Meurling & Richard Jeans (1994) A switch in time: AXE — creating a foundation for the information age. London: Communications Week International. ISBN 0-9524031-1-0.
- John Meurling & Richard Jeans (1997). The ugly duckling. Stockholm: Ericsson Mobile Communications. ISBN 91-630-5452-3.
- John Meurling & Richard Jeans (2000). The Ericsson Chronicle: 125 years in telecommunications. Stockholm: Informationsförlaget. ISBN 91-7736-464-3.
- The Mobile Phone Book: The Invention of the Mobile Telephone Industry. ISBN 0-9524031-0-2
- Mobile media and applications – from concept to cash: successful service creation and launch. ISBN 0-470-01747-3
- Anders Pehrsson (1996). International Strategies in Telecommunications. London: Routledge Research. ISBN 0-415-14829-4
External links[edit]
Recent patent filings[edit]
- PORTABLE ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND METHOD AND SOCIAL NETWORK AND METHOD FOR SHARING CONTENT INFORMATION -- HANSSON; Emil; (Lund, SE) ; LUNDGREN; Lars-Gunnar; (Lund, SE) ; OSTERDAHL; David; (Lund, SE)
- SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TRANSFERRING A PARTIALLY VIEWED VOD PROGRAM FROM A FIRST SERVICE LOCATION TO A SECOND SERVICE LOCATION -- Rouse , Alan (Lawrenceville, GA) Charles Dasher (Lawrenceville, GA),
- Method and Apparatus for use in an IP Multimedia Subsystem -- Khan; David; (Johanneshov, SE) ; Forsman; Timo; (Alvsjo, SE) ; Jonsson; Annika; (Enskede, SE)
- SYSTEM AND METHOD OF MAPPING CUSTOMER PREMISE EQUIPMENT IN A VOD SYSTEM OF A CABLE SERVICE PROVIDER -- Rouse; Alan; (Lawrenceville, GA); Charles Dasher (Lawrenceville, GA)
- Companies established in 1876
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