text:
|Systematic (IUPAC) name
|Clinical data
|Trade names
|Climara, Menostar
|Pregnancy cat.
|Legal status
|S4 (Au), POM (UK), ℞-only (U.S.)
|Oral, transdermal
|Pharmacokinetic data
|97–99% is bound
|~13-17 hours
|Urine, and sweat glands
|CAS number
|ATC code
|IUPHAR ligand
|Chemical data
|Mol. mass
|272.38 g/mol
|(what is this?) (verify)
Estradiol (E2 or 17β-estradiol, also oestradiol) is a sex hormone. Estradiol is abbreviated E2 as it has two hydroxyl groups in its molecular structure. Estrone has one (E1) and estriol has three (E3). Estradiol is about 10 times as potent as estrone and about 80 times as potent as estriol in its estrogenic effect. Except during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, its serum levels are somewhat higher than that of estrone during the reproductive years of the human female. Thus it is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years both in terms of absolute serum levels as well as in terms of estrogenic activity. During menopause, estrone is the predominant circulating estrogen and during pregnancy estriol is the predominant circulating estrogen in terms of serum levels. Estradiol is also present in males, being produced as an active metabolic product of testosterone. The serum levels of estradiol in males (14 - 55 pg/mL) are roughly comparable to those of postmenopausal women (< 35 pg/mL). Estradiol in vivo is interconvertible with estrone; estradiol to estrone conversion being favored. Estradiol has a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functioning. It also affects other organs, including the bones.
- 1 Synthesis
- 2 Production
- 3 Mechanism of action
- 4 Metabolism
- 5 Measurement
- 6 Effects
- 7 Role in sex differentiation of the brain
- 8 Estradiol medication
- 9 Therapy
- 10 Adverse effects
- 11 Interactions
- 12 Contraindications
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 External links
- 16 Additional images
Estradiol, like other steroids, is derived from cholesterol. After side chain cleavage and using the delta-5 or the delta-4 pathway, androstenedione is the key intermediary. A fraction of the androstenedione is converted to testosterone, which in turn undergoes conversion to estradiol by an enzyme called aromatase. In an alternative pathway, androstenedione is aromatized to estrone, which is subsequently converted to estradiol.[1]
During the reproductive years, most estradiol in women is produced by the granulosa cells of the ovaries by the aromatization of androstenedione (produced in the theca folliculi cells) to estrone, followed by conversion of estrone to estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Smaller amounts of estradiol are also produced by the adrenal cortex, and (in men), by the testes.
Estradiol is not produced in the gonads only: In both sexes, testosterone is converted by aromatization to estradiol. In particular, fat cells produce active precursors to estradiol, and will continue to do so even after menopause.[2]
Estradiol is also produced in the brain and in arterial walls, though it cannot be readily transferred from the circulatory system into the brain.[3] However, as one of the two active metabolites of testosterone in males (the other being dihydrotestosterone), it can be produced from this hormone within the brain.
The biosynthesis of estradiol has been observed in Phaseolus vulgaris.[4]
Mechanism of action[edit]
Estradiol enters cells freely and interacts with a cytoplasmic target cell receptor. After the estrogen receptor has bound its ligand, estradiol can enter the nucleus of the target cell, and regulate gene transcription, which leads to formation of messenger RNA. The mRNA interacts with ribosomes and transcription factors to produce specific proteins that express the effect of estradiol upon the target cell.
Estradiol binds well to both estrogen receptors, ERα, and ERβ, in contrast to certain other estrogens, notably medications that preferentially act on one of these receptors. These medications are called selective estrogen receptor modulators, or SERMs, which have differing effects on different tissues. An example of SERM is tamoxifen.
Estradiol is the most potent naturally occurring estrogen.
In plasma, estradiol is largely bound to sex hormone-binding globulin, also to albumin. Only a fraction of 2.21% (± 0.04%) is free and biologically active, the percentage remaining constant throughout the menstrual cycle.[5] Deactivation includes conversion to less-active estrogens, such as estrone and estriol. Estriol is the major urinary metabolite. Estradiol is conjugated in the liver by sulfate and glucuronide formation and, as such, excreted via the kidneys. Some of the water-soluble conjugates are excreted via the bile duct, and partly reabsorbed after hydrolysis from the intestinal tract. This enterohepatic circulation contributes to maintaining estradiol levels.
In women, serum estradiol is measured in a clinical laboratory and reflects primarily the activity of the ovaries. As such, they are useful in the detection of baseline estrogen in women with amenorrhea or menstrual dysfunction, and to detect the state of hypoestrogenicity and menopause. Furthermore, estrogen monitoring during fertility therapy assesses follicular growth and is useful in monitoring the treatment. Estrogen-producing tumors will demonstrate persistent high levels of estradiol and other estrogens. In precocious puberty, estradiol levels are inappropriately increased.
Individual laboratory results should always been interpreted using the ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
|Reference ranges for serum estradiol
|Patient type
|Lower limit
|Upper limit
|Adult male
|Adult female (follicular
phase, day 5)
95% PI (standard)
90% PI (used
in diagram)
|Adult female (preovulatory
|Adult female
(luteal phase)
|Adult female - free
(not protein bound)
|Post-menopausal female
|< 130[6]
|< 35
In the normal menstrual cycle, estradiol levels measure typically <50 pg/ml at menstruation, rise with follicular development (peak: 200 pg/ml), drop briefly at ovulation, and rise again during the luteal phase for a second peak. At the end of the luteal phase, estradiol levels drop to their menstrual levels unless there is a pregnancy.
During pregnancy, estrogen levels, including estradiol, rise steadily toward term. The source of these estrogens is the placenta, which aromatizes prohormones produced in the fetal adrenal gland.
Female reproduction[edit]
In the female, estradiol acts as a growth hormone for tissue of the reproductive organs, supporting the lining of the vagina, the cervical glands, the endometrium, and the lining of the fallopian tubes. It enhances growth of the myometrium. Estradiol appears necessary to maintain oocytes in the ovary. During the menstrual cycle, estradiol produced by the growing follicle triggers, via a positive feedback system, the hypothalamic-pituitary events that lead to the luteinizing hormone surge, inducing ovulation. In the luteal phase, estradiol, in conjunction with progesterone, prepares the endometrium for implantation. During pregnancy, estradiol increases due to placental production. In baboons, blocking of estrogen production leads to pregnancy loss, suggesting estradiol has a role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Research is investigating the role of estrogens in the process of initiation of labor. Actions of estradiol are required before the exposure of progesterone in the luteal phase.[citation needed]
Sexual development[edit]
The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, to be specific, estradiol. These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most are enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after the menopause. Thus, estradiol enhances breast development, and is responsible for changes in the body shape, affecting bones, joints and fat deposition. Fat structure and skin composition are modified by estradiol.[citation needed]
Male reproduction[edit]
The effect of estradiol (and estrogens) upon male reproduction is complex. Estradiol is produced by action of aromatase mainly in the Leydig cells of the mammalian testis, but also by some germ cells and the Sertoli cells of immature mammals.[9] It functions (in vitro) to prevent apoptosis of male sperm cells.[10]
Several studies have noted sperm counts have been declining in many parts of the world, and estrogen exposure in the environment has been postulated to be the cause.[11] Suppression of estradiol production in a subpopulation of subfertile men may improve the semen analysis.[12]
Males with sex chromosome genetic conditions, such as Klinefelters syndrome, will have a higher level of estradiol.[13]
Estradiol has a profound effect on bone. Individuals without it (or other estrogens) will become tall and eunuchoid, as epiphyseal closure is delayed or may not take place. Bone structure is affected also, resulting in early osteopenia and osteoporosis.[14] Also, women past menopause experience an accelerated loss of bone mass due to a relative estrogen deficiency.[15]
Estradiol has complex effects on the liver. It can lead to cholestasis. It affects the production of multiple proteins, including lipoproteins, binding proteins, and proteins responsible for blood clotting.[citation needed]
Estrogens can be produced in the brain from steroid precursors. As antioxidants, they have been found to have neuroprotective function.[16]
The positive and negative feedback loops of the menstrual cycle involve ovarian estradiol as the link to the hypothalamic-pituitary system to regulate gonadotropins.[17] (See Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis.)
Estrogen is considered to play a significant role in women's mental health, with links suggested between the hormone level, mood and well-being. Sudden drops or fluctuations in, or long periods of sustained low levels of estrogen may be correlated with significant mood-lowering. Clinical recovery from depression postpartum, perimenopause, and postmenopause was shown to be effective after levels of estrogen were stabilized and/or restored.[18][19]
Blood vessels[edit]
Estrogen affects certain blood vessels. Improvement in arterial blood flow has been demonstrated in coronary arteries.[20]
Estrogen is suspected to activate certain oncogenes, as it supports certain cancers, notably breast cancer and cancer of the uterine lining. In addition, several benign gynecologic conditions are dependent on estrogen, such as endometriosis, leiomyomata uteri, and uterine bleeding.[citation needed]
The effect of estradiol, together with estrone and estriol, in pregnancy is less clear. They may promote uterine blood flow, myometrial growth, stimulate breast growth and at term, promote cervical softening and expression of myometrial oxytocin receptors.[citation needed]
Role in sex differentiation of the brain[edit]
Recently, the volumes of sexually dimorphic brain structures in phenotypical males were found to change and approximate typical female brain structures when exposed to estradiol over a period of months,[21] suggesting estradiol has a significant part to play in sex differentiation of the brain, both prenatally and throughout life.
There is also evidence the programming of adult male sexual behavior in many vertebrates is largely dependent on estradiol produced during prenatal life and early infancy.[22] It is not yet known whether this process plays a significant role in human sexual behavior, although evidence from other mammals tends to indicate a connection.[23]
Estradiol medication[edit]
Estrogen is marketed in a number of ways to address issues of hypoestrogenism. Thus, there are oral, transdermal, topical, injectable, and vaginal preparations. Furthermore, the estradiol molecule may be linked to an alkyl group at C17 (sometimes also at C3) position to facilitate the administration. Such modifications give rise to estradiol acetate (oral and vaginal applications) and to estradiol cypionate (injectable).
Oral preparations are not necessarily predictably absorbed, and are subject to a first pass through the liver, where they can be metabolized, and also initiate unwanted side effects. Therefore, alternative routes of administration that bypass the liver before primary target organs are hit have been developed. Transdermal and transvaginal routes are not subject to the initial liver passage.
Ethinylestradiol, the most common estrogen ingredient in combined oral contraceptive pills, is a more profound alteration of the estradiol structure.
Estradiol hemihydrate[edit]
Estradiol hemihydrate (INN; brand names Climara, Estraderm, Estralis, Estrasorb, Estreva, Estring, Estrofem, Estrogel, Vagifem, many others), or oestradiol hemihydrate, is the hemihydrate form of estradiol.[24] In terms of activity and bioequivalence, estradiol and its hemihydrate are identical, with the only disparities being an approximate 1% difference in potency by weight (due to the presence of water molecules in the hemihydrate form of the substance) and a slower rate of release with certain formulations of the hemihydrate.[25][26] This is because estradiol hemihydrate is more hydrated than anhydrous estradiol, and for that reason, is highly insoluble in water in comparison, which results in slower absorption rates with specific formulations such as Vagifem, a vaginal tablet form of the drug.[26] Estradiol hemihydrate has also been shown to result in less systemic absorption as a vaginal tablet formulation relative to other topical estradiol formulations such as vaginal creams.[27]
Blocking estrogens[edit]
Inducing a state of hypoestrogenism may be beneficial in certain situations where estrogens are contributing to unwanted effects, e.g., certain forms of breast cancer, gynecomastia, and premature closure of epiphyses. Estrogen levels can be reduced by inhibiting production using gonadotropin-releasing factor agonists (GnRH agonists) or blocking the aromatase enzyme using an aromatase inhibitor, such as anastrozole, or with an estrogen receptor antagonist, such as tamoxifen.
Hormonal contraception[edit]
A chemical derivative of estradiol, ethinylestradiol with maximum dosage 200 µg,[28] is a major component of hormonal contraceptive devices. Combined forms of hormonal contraception contain ethinylestradiol and a progestin, which both contribute to the inhibition of GnRH, LH, and FSH, which accounts for the ability of these birth control methods to prevent ovulation and thus prevent pregnancy. Other types of hormonal birth control contain only progestins and no ethinylestradiol.[29]
List of estradiol medications[edit]
- Gel: Estrogel, Estrasorb, Estraderm
- Oral versions: estradiol (Estrace), estradiol hemihydrate (Estrofem), estradiol acetate (Femtrace), estradiol valerate (Estrofem, Progynova)
- Transdermal preparation: Alora, Climara, Vivelle-Dot, Estradot, Menostar, Estraderm TTS, Estraderm MX, EvaMist
- Ointments: Divigel, Estrasorb Topical, Elestrin
- Injection: estradiol benzoate, estradiol cypionate, estradiol valerate
- Vaginal ointment: Estrace Vaginal Cream
- Vaginal ring: Estring (estradiol), Femring (estradiol acetate)
- Vaginal tablet: Vagifem (estradiol hemihydrate)
- Estradiol combined with a progestin: Activella, AngeliQ, Cyclo-Progynova
Hormone replacement therapy[edit]
If severe side effects of low levels of estradiol in a woman's blood are experienced (commonly at the beginning of menopause or after oophorectomy), hormone replacement therapy may be prescribed. Such therapy is usually combined with a progestin to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer.[2]
Estrogen therapy may be used in treatment of infertility in women when there is a need to develop sperm-friendly cervical mucus or an appropriate uterine lining. This is often prescribed in combination with clomifene.[citation needed]
Estrogen therapy can also be used to treat advanced prostate cancer, as well as to relieve symptoms of breast cancer.[30][31]
Estrogen therapy is also used as part of the hormone replacement therapy for trans women. Either oral or transdermal estradiol is used in higher concentrations during initial treatment and transition; estradiol is continued in lower doses to maintain female-level hormones after vaginoplasty as the conventional gender reassignment surgery or after orchiectomy.[32]
Not all products are available worldwide. Estradiol is also part of conjugated estrogen preparations, such as Premarin, though it is not the major ingredient. (Premarin consists of a large number of estrogen derivatives. As the name indicates, it comes from pregnant mares' urine.)[33]
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects, which may occur as a result of use of estradiol and have been associated with estrogen and/or progestin therapy, include changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, nipple discharge, galactorrhea, fibrocystic breast changes and breast cancer. Cardiovascular effects include chest pain, deep and superficial venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, thrombophlebitis, myocardial infarction, stroke, and increased blood pressure. Gastrointestinal effects include nausea and vomiting, abdominal cramps, bloating, diarrhea, dyspepsia, dysuria, gastritis, cholestatic jaundice, increased incidence of gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, or enlargement of hepatic hemangiomas. Skin adverse effects include chloasma or melasma that may continue despite discontinuation of the drug. Other effects on the skin include erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, otitis media, hemorrhagic eruption, loss of scalp hair, hirsutism, pruritus, or rash. Adverse effects on the eyes include retinal vascular thrombosis, steepening of corneal curvature or intolerance to contact lenses. Adverse central nervous system effects include headache, migraine, dizziness, mental depression, chorea, nervousness/anxiety, mood disturbances, irritability, and worsening of epilepsy. Other adverse effects include changes in weight, reduced carbohydrate tolerance, worsening of porphyria, edema, arthralgias, bronchitis, leg cramps, hemorrhoids, changes in libido, urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions, syncope, toothache, tooth disorder, urinary incontinence, hypocalcemia, exacerbation of asthma, and increased triglycerides.[34][35]
Estrogen combined with medroxyprogesterone is associated with an increased risk of dementia. It is not known whether estradiol taken alone is associated with an increased risk of dementia. Estrogens should only be used for the shortest possible time and at the lowest effective dose due to these risks. Attempts to gradually reduce the medication via a dose taper should be made every three to six months.[34]
Mechanism of action on cancer cell proliferation[edit]
Estradiol has been tied to the development and progression of cancers such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer. Estradiol effects target tissues by interacting with two nuclear hormone receptors called estrogen receptor α (ERα) and estrogen receptor β (ERβ).[36][37] One of the functions of these estrogen receptors is gene expression. Once the hormone binds to the estrogen receptors, the hormone-receptor complexes then bind to specific DNA sequences, possibly causing damage to the DNA and an increase in cell division and DNA replication. Eukaryotic cells respond to damaged DNA by stimulating or impairing G1, S, or G2 phases of the cell cycle to initiate DNA repair. As a result, cellular transformation and cancer cell proliferation occurs.[38]
Suppressing the estrogenic effects of estradiol[edit]
In order to prevent and treat estrogen-dependent cancers, estrogen activity must be blocked in the affected tissues without compromising its beneficial effects, such as female and male reproduction, on unaffected tissues. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) was found to promote proliferation of cancer cells whereas estrogen receptor β (ERβ) acts as a tumor suppressor.[37] Researchers have experimented by exposing HeLa cervical cancer cells to flavonoids and antioxidants to explore their effects on ERβ to encourage its anti-estrogenic effect or to discourage ERα estrogenic effects.[36][37] In one study, a flavonoid called naringenin was used for its disease preventing component. Researchers used HeLa cervical cancer cells and HepG2 liver cancer cell lines.[36] The researchers used in vivo and in vitro exposure of the cancer cells to estradiol to explore the impairment effects of flavonoids on estradiol. When naringenin was introduced to these cancer cells, estradiol and naringenin compete to bind to ERα, with the preference being the flavonone. As the concentration of naringenin increases, the molar fraction of estradiol binding to ERα decreases, thus reducing its estrogenic effect of cancer cell proliferation and inducing proapoptosis, or programmed cell death. Naringenin was found to bind to ERβ with up to five times higher affinity when compared to ERα, therefore increasing the anti-estrogenic effect of ERβ.[36] In another study, pomegranate extract was used for its antioxidant properties. HeLa cervical cancer cells and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma were experimented upon. These cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of pomegranate extract, referred to as PME, to investigate whether pomegranate extract effects cancer cells.[37] At low concentrations, pomegranate extract showed no stimulation, but at higher concentrations, PME showed a growth inhibitory effect on the cancer cells. Pomegranate extract binds to estrogen receptors, namely ERα, in a concentration-dependent manner and inhibited the binding of estradiol. This encouraged the antiproliferative activity of cancer cells and suppressed growth of the malignant cells.[37] Although pomegranate extract suppressed the growth of cancer cells, the study did not mention whether or not pomegranate extract exposure to existing cancer cells induced apoptosis or necrosis.
Prospective research[edit]
Although naringenin and other flavonoids and antioxidants could be acquired by eating foods rich in those components or by taking dietary supplements, the ability of an individual to absorb and metabolize these food nutrients varies from person to person.[36] Researchers suggest that the complex role of flavonoids and plant extracts should be studied further before including them in specific nutritional recommendations.[36][37] However, the studies do suggest that regular consumption of naringenin may slow the rate that estradiol-dependent cancer proliferate and naringenin is an exceptional option as a chemopreventive agent in estradiol-dependent cancers. Since pomegranate extract is an ERα antagonist, researchers propose that pomegranate extract is a promising alternative in breast cancer therapy and may be a preventative of estrogen-dependent breast cancers.[37] Researchers also propose that the increase tumor suppression due to the presence of ERβ may result in a more successful response to chemotherapy treatments.[38]
St John's wort, phenobarbital, carbamazepine and rifampicin decrease the levels of estrogens, such as estradiol, by speeding up its metabolism, whereas erythromycin, clarithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir and grapefruit juice may slow down metabolism, leading to increased levels in the blood plasma.[34]
Estradiol should be avoided when there is undiagnosed abnormal genital bleeding, known, suspected or a history of breast cancer, current treatment for metastatic disease, known or suspected estrogen-dependent neoplasia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism or history of these conditions, active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease such as stroke, myocardial infarction, liver dysfunction or disease. Estradiol should not be taken by people with a hypersensitivity/allergy or those who are pregnant or are suspected pregnant.[34]
See also[edit]
- Hormone replacement therapy (menopause)
- Estrogen insensitivity syndrome
- Gender
- Androgen
- Oral contraceptive formulations
- Phytoestrogens, the family of plant chemicals which can act on estradiol receptive tissue in mammals, although the exact mechanism at hand is unclear.
- Bisphenols, a group of human made chemical compounds that mimics estradiol
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- ^ Drugs.com: Premarin Official FDA information, side effects and uses.
- ^ a b c d Barr Laboratories, Inc. (March 2008). "ESTRACE TABLETS, (estradiol tablets, USP)" (PDF). wcrx.com. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
- ^ Pfizer (August 2008). "ESTRING (estradiol vaginal ring)" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f Bulzomi, Pamela; Bolli A., Galluzzo P., Leone S., Acconcia F., Marino M. (January 2010). "Naringenin and 17β-estradiol coadministration prevents hormone-induced human cancer cell growth". IUBMD Life 62 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1002/iub.279.
- ^ a b c d e f g Sreeja, Sreekumar; Kumar T., Lakshmi B., Sreeja S. (17 March 2011). "Pomegranate extract demonstrate a selective estrogen receptor modulator profile in human tumor cell lines and in vivo models of estrogen deprivation". Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 23 (7): 725–32. doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2011.03.015. PMID 21839626.
- ^ a b Thomas, Christoforos; Strom A., Lindberg K., Gustafsson J. (22 June 2010). "Estrogen receptor beta decreases survival of p53-defective cancer cells after DNA damage by impairing G2/M checkpoint signaling". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 127 (2): 417–427. doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1011-z. PMID 20623183.
External links[edit]
- Estrogens - Lab Tests Online
Additional images[edit]


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Defeat Diabetes
150 153rd Ave,
Suite 300
Madeira Beach, FL 33708
Diabetes Linked to Irritative Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, NocturiaPosted: Wednesday, March 26, 2008
Diabetes is positively associated with irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and nocturia but not benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), according to the results of a multiethnic, community-based study.
"Typically, clinicians treat BPH and type 2 diabetes as separate entities, although some have suggested that diabetes may be a risk factor for the development and progression of BPH," write Aruna V. Sarma, PhD, from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, and colleagues.
"Clinical uncertainty stems from the fact that both diabetic neuropathy and BPH can lead to dysfunctional bladder storage and emptying, which makes it difficult to determine the extent to which diabetes and/or BPH contributes to voiding dysfunction in these patients. To more clearly understand the association between diabetes and BPH it is important to examine the full spectrum of clinical markers of BPH including lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), urinary flow, prostatic volume, and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations."
The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between diabetes and clinical markers of BPH in community-dwelling white and black men aged 40 to 79 years.
The investigators combined data from the Olmsted County Study of Urinary Symptoms and Health Status and the Flint Men's Health Study (total study sample, 2484 men). Severity of LUTS, peak urinary flow rates, prostate volume, and serum PSA levels were compared in men with and without self-reported, clinician-diagnosed diabetes.
Diabetes, which was reported by 170 (6.8%) men, was positively associated with increased irritative LUTS and specifically nocturia. These patterns were consistent across racial groups and were still present after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic status indicators. The relationship between irritative LUTS and diabetes was greater in black men. There were no apparent associations between diabetes and prostate volume, PSA level, and peak urinary flow rate.
The multiethnic community-based study demonstrates positive associations between diabetes and irritative LUTS and nocturia, the study authors write. "Moreover, the association between irritative LUTS and diabetes is increased in black men. There was no strong evidence for an association between diabetes and BPH across measures more specific to BPH (i.e., prostate volume, PSA, and peak urinary flow rate)."
"Taken together, our findings suggest that the presence of diabetes may be less related to prostate growth and more related to the dynamic components of lower urinary tract function," the study authors conclude. "Further evaluations of the association between diabetes and BPH and related racial variations are warranted."
Practice Pearls
Source: Diabetes In Control: Diabetes Care. March 2008;31:476-482.
Join us on Facebook
Send your unopened, unexpired diabetes testing supplies to:
Defeat Diabetes Foundation

subset: commoncrawl


text:
To ensure your Scania vehicle rewards you with the long life and maximum uptime it was built for, it pays to maintain it with Scania Parts.
Scania parts add value to your business by maximising your uptime. Their high quality is specially engineered for ultimate performance, endurance, fuel economy and safety. And they're always available – whenever and wherever you need them. A full warranty follows you wherever you go.
Our expert parts teams can identify and organise the parts you need quickly. And our logistics network is one of the most advanced in the world: all our dealers and workshops hold plentiful stock of all the most commonly used parts; and even more unusual parts, or parts for older vehicles, can be delivered just about anywhere in the world within 24 hours at most. A full warranty follows you wherever you go. In other words, we won't keep you waiting when you'd rather be moving.
Service Exchange
Our factory re-engineered Scania parts offer quality and reliability at competitive prices.
Workshop consumables
Consumables - an exciting new initiative which has seen more than 4,500 product.


text:
You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
today is AlleycatMO's birthday, regardless of what her profile says.......please stop by her whiteboard & wish her a happy birthday......thank you...
Hi, congratulations on breaking the 750,000 point barrier and on earning a new orange ride. Keep up the great work. Want to become cross country buddies??? Warren :-)
Noticed your interesting avatar on a mutual buddy site. I want to be your buddy.
no mid @ sams
no imaginary midgrade at costco!
Would you like to be buddies?
Thanks a lot! 8 tickets
20 tickets, I don't enter every time, but when I do, I usually do 20 tickets.
Usually 2 to 15 but this time I jumped out with 35 tickets. I almost deleated the e-mail thinging it was scam because I didn't know who it was till I looked one more time at the deleat button!
Thanks for the congrats! I posted an answer to your question on my page: "Thanks everyone!!! To answer the questions: I've been inputting prices since Nov 2011 (when I joined the site). I enter prices about twice a day (on my way to work and coming home from work). I'd say I average 2-5 tickets per week. I believe I had 5 tickets in the week I won it. Yay!"


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Life Ride Program
What is Life Ride?
CardOne cards are available for use in Santa Clara County and are accepted by most licensed taxicabs affiliated with Yellow and Checker Cab. CardOne users should call the Yellow Checker Cab call-center to place their ride requests. Please notify the customer service representative of the intended use of the CardOne card. Yellow Checker Cab is a licensed taxicab call-center with over 300 subscribing taxicabs. All taxicab services are provided by licensed self-employed taxicab operators


text: Skortched Urf' Studios prides itself on using high-quality illustrations in our products. We think good art-work can really enhance a product, and we have hired some of the best artists working in the industry. Now you can have access to the artwork produced by these great artists for a fraction of what we paid them! With our "Skortched Urf' Studios Sketchbook Page" line of art you can pick just the illustration that suits your project, or purchase a bundle of similer illustrations for even more value! This image of a three-legged tank or Mecha' capable of either rolling or walking as the terrain requires. The tank also sports and under-slung main gun as well as two manipulator arms, giving this piece of military harware a decidedly dangerous look! This image will work great in a near-future or Sci-Fi setting. Included in this Sketchbook Page from Skortched urf' Studios is a line art as well as a colored version. Use of this artwork must credit the artist, Anthony Cournoyer.


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Oolite is an independent reinterpretation and ehancement of the classic space sim game Elite for modern computers. The result is a space trading and combat simulation offering encounters with pirates, police, bounty hunters, the occasional alien menace, and other surprises along the way. While striving to reach the coveted Elite status, the players set their own path through the various galaxies, choosing to be trader, pirate, or bounty hunter depending on the situation at hand, and their own judgement. The game is hugely expandable, using a combination of property lists and JavaScript. Oolite's active modding community already provides more than 200 OXPs (Oolite eXpansion Packs). Among them are a huge variety of missions, weapons, ships, and extra career paths over and above what's available within the core game, as well as a number of other gameplay enhancements and customizations.
Oxygen XML Developer is an Oxygen distribution specially tuned for XML development, providing XML editing, XML conversion, XML Schema development, XSLT/ XQuery/ XPath execution and debugging, SOAP and WSDL testing, Native XML and relational database support, and XML instance generation.
Aurigma Image Uploader is a particularly versatile image uploader solution that can be used on a wide variety of Websites. Once you install it on your site, your visitors will then be able to upload photos reliably and easily with just a single click. There are various powerful extra features included as well, such as the ability to customize the image to be uploaded. It can be integrated with relative ease on sites of any level of complexity.
Classifieds Script allows you to start your own Web site to provide classified ads. Your classifieds site can have up to six different themes. It supports making money from listing fees and Google AdSense and banners. It has an optional WYSIWYG editor for ad posting. It provides an easy way to insert Google Analytics code or any other code for tracking. It supports using Google Maps to provide a map on site for each listing. Its notifier feature makes an HTML or plain text message appear on the home page after defined period of time. You can use this option for an opt-in form or any other message for visitors. RSS feeds can be provided for listings. The number of views for each listing is counted, as is the number of views from the category and search page.
A object-relational mapper.
Tax preparation software for use in the USA.


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Tiger of Sweden smart tie bar Bryce Long Sleeve Shirt in whiteVIEW
Tiger of Sweden morello 4 three pocket blazer jacket in dark blueVIEW
Tiger of Sweden morello 4 three pocket blazer jacket in light blueVIEW
Tiger of Sweden evert 12BZ two button blazer jacket in blue greyVIEW
Tiger of Sweden morello 3 pocket blazer jacket in dark blueVIEW
Norden 2 Button Suit - Tie & Handkerchief SoldVIEW
Nedvin 2 Button Slim Fit Suit - Tie & Handkerchief SoldVIEW
With a history of over a hundred years, Tiger of Sweden was relaunched in the 1990s and has maintained a strong presence in the UK for a number of years. Especially famed for their collection consisting of designer suits and shirts, Tiger of Sweden offer a wide choice of suiting that is geared toward the younger man and is quite sharp and slim fitting. Quality fabrics are used yet the collection is competitively priced and offers extremely good value for money compared to other brands in the highly competitive designer suit market.


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New Value Master F650VM Machining Center
Posted on October 25th, 2013
Hyundai WIA announces its latest addition to the wildly popular Value Master range of CNC vertical machining centers, the F650VM.
Hyundai WIA America Corp is a leading supplier of CNC machine tools and automated manufacturing solutions, serving the metalworking community in the America's. As a core division of Hyundai Motor Group, we bring a wide breadth of state-of-the-art technology as well as a wealth of machining know-how to the marketplace, delivering industry proven solutions that; reduce manufacturing costs, increase output and improve product quality.
Hyundai WIA is applying decades of manufacturing experience to develop the next generation of CNC machine tools for a wide range of manufacturers. From CNC machine tools that combine multiple machining processes in a single set up, to automated systems that incorporate milling and turning applications to increase productivity and product quality, we have the technology and people to support your needs.
By combining the most advanced machine tool technology and automated systems, with the support of the industry's most knowledgeable people, the sky is no limit to the possibilities that together we can achieve. Hyundai WIA is delivering the next generation of CNC machine tools, today, each designed to help you reach new heights. Hyundai WIA's complete range of solutions includes; CNC lathes, turning centers (horizontal and vertical), vertical machining centers, drill/tap machining centers, horizontal machining centers, horizontal boring mills, universal machining centers, and multitasking machines.
Posted on October 25th, 2013
Hyundai WIA announces its latest addition to the wildly popular Value Master range of CNC vertical machining centers, the F650VM.
Posted on October 24th, 2013
Hyundai WIA performed live demonstrations of three of their latest state-of-the-art CNC machine tools, at this year's WESTEC, in Los Angeles, CA.


text:
According to multiple reports out of Alabama, Auburn president Jay Gogue has told multiple reporters that the Tigers have picked their next football coach and that that man will be announced at some point in the next 24 hours.
Alabama defensive coordinator Kirby Smart was impressive in his interview by all accounts, including our own sources.
There are conflicting reports regarding Bobby Petrino's candidacy for the job.
And we at MrSEC.com have not been able to get many comments at all from our AU sources regarding Arkansas State's Gus Malzahn or his interview with AU's search committee (which makes us a bit suspicious).
But the real beauty of this afternoon flurry of "news" is this tweet from Mike Szvetitz, the sports editor of The Opelika-Auburn News:
"Take that, boss man," AD Jay Jacobs retorts. Thou shalt not steal Jay Jacobs' thunder.
Update: Multiple sources now reporting that Auburn is hiring Gus Malzahn. More on Malzahn's background here.


text:
With an RAC Car Data Check you get an instant on-screen report answering these vital questions about your chosen car:
To get a full report for a single car, type in the car registration number.
Buy 3 prepaid checks to use at a later date.
Want to obtain your next prepaid check?
Enter your registration number and have your prepaid code ready.
If you would prefer to speak to one of our experienced team, you can call us on 0800 975 5867 and buy your check over the phone for £20.50.
Click here to view a sample RAC Car Data Check report.
Getting an RAC Car Data Check is quick to do online - you just need a few details about the car you plan to buy. If you don't have all the details to hand right now, you can update them at any time within 30 days.
Read RAC Car Data Check terms and conditions.
Frequently asked questions.
RAC Car Data Checks are powered by HPI. HPI is a Solera company.
0844 273 0939
(Charges will apply)
Be the first to know about new RAC products and special offers.
©2013 RAC Motoring Services. All rights reserved.


text:
See Photos
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By Andrea Billups
11/26/2012 at 08:45 AM EST
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The Internet's feistiest feline stopped by the PEOPLE studio to judge some pretty kitties
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In partnership with AOL


text:
Click below to listen to the Rock History Report:
Features Player
1963 - Capitol Records released The Beatles' smash single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" with "I Saw Her Standing There" as a B-side.
1967 - The Dave Brubeck Quartet formally split up in the wake of Paul Desmond's exit from the group.
1967 - The film version of the Magical Mystery Tour, starring The Fab Four, premiered on BBC-TV.
1968 - Led Zeppelin set out on their first U.S. tour in Boston.
1939 Phil Spector
1951 Paul Anthony Quinn of Saxon
1963 Lars Ulrich of Metallica
Image used with permission by Redferns.


text:
South African President Jacob Zuma on Wednesday questioned whether Africa was more risky than other regions across the globe, arguing in a CNBC-moderated debate at the World Economic Forum in Davos that the continent was growing and moving forward.
"It looks like there is a perception about Africa that needs to be dealt with. I think there is evidence that Africa is growing. There is also evidence that African leaders have collectively come together to do things that is going to make Africa move forward," Zuma said.
"We have collectively dealt with the issue of democracy in the continent of Africa. We are entrenching democratic rule," he said.
(Read more: After Davos: Global Calm or Profound Change?)
The African region bounced back quickly from the 2008-2009 financial crisis and is seeing growth at levels well above those seen in developed economies, but analysts have questioned whether it can sustain such levels of growth.
Zuma's South Africa has also suffered from labor tensions, including a wildcat strike at platinum miner Lonmin's Marikana mine which resulted in 47 deaths and garnered international attention.
Zuma said South Africa had "seen the worst" of labor tensions and that the government was dealing with the issue.
(Read more: Davos 2013 Live Blog)
"We are discussing the matter. All stakeholders," he said. "We've had a meeting where we all met to see how do we address the issues that are prevailing."
He blamed Lonmin for the Marikana deaths, saying its decision to conduct negotiations with a particular union threatened an agreement already in existence.
"Other workers began to say: if you can reach this agreement then why not us? That's what sparked off the labor unrest," Zuma said. The problem originated with the private sector, he said, and was not the result of a lack of governance.
The solution, he said, was to return to "the system which was functioning very well."


text: Everywhere you go – the drive-thru, checkout lines, the dinner table – people are asking you what you need. We don't have to ask. We know you need these White Carved Rose Stud Earrings. Each earring features a tiny white rosette, which has a carved-out effect. The earrings have stud backings for simplicity and cuteness in one.


text:
Pure energy: San Diego's controversial Sunrise Powerlink activated
San Diego Gas & Electric announced this week that the much-debated Sunrise Powerlink has been completed and energized. The 117-mile, 500,000 volt transmission line that connects San Diego with the Imperial Valley is the culmination of close $1.9 billion, five years of environmental reviews and 18 months of construction. According to NASDAQ, The review was so extensive that it is being considered "the most comprehensive study of a proposed transmission power line in state history."
"Putting the Sunrise Powerlink into service is the final milestone in a complex and challenging energy project that ranks among the largest and most significant in the history of San Diego Gas & Electric," said Jessie J. Knight Jr., chairman and chief executive officer of SDG&E in a press release. "Design, planning, construction and implementation of the project required scores of public hearings, detailed construction schedules to accommodate a wide array of environmental regulations and coordination of thousands of helicopter flights to ferry crews and material to the construction sites along the route."


text:
Tennessee School Health Policies and Laws (to access comprehensive listings)
T.C.A. 49-1-1001-1006 - Coordinated School Health Improvement Act
T.C.A. 49-1-1002 - Authorizes LEA's to Implement CSH Program
T.C.A. 49-6-1022 - Authorizes LEA's to Implement a CSH Program
T.C.A. 49-6-1021 - Duty of LEA's to Integrate a Minimum of 90 Minutes per week of Physical Activity in grades K-12 During School Day
T.C.A. 10-7-504 - Confidential Records
T.C.A. 37-10-402 - Exemptions from Immunizations
T.C.A. 39-17-1505 - Prohibits Possession or Purchase of Tobacco Products for Children Under Age 18
T.C.A. 39-17-1604 - Prohibits Smoking In All Public and Private Schools
T.C.A. 39-17-1803 - Prohibits Smoking in Enclosed School Buildings
T.C.A. 49-1-220 - Urges DOE to Develop Sexual Violence Awareness Curriculum
T.C.A. 49-2-120 - Requires Hazing Policy
T.C.A. 49-2-121 - Indoor Air Quality Inspections Encouraged in LEA Buildings
T.C.A. 49-2-122 - Encourages all LEA's to Have AED Devices in Schools
T.C.A. 49-2-211 - Policy for Student Surveys and Evaluations
T.C.A. 49-3-359 - School Nurses Ratio to Students
T.C.A. 49-5-415 - Allows Schools to Permit an Employee Under Contract to Assist in Self-Administration of Medications, Glucagon Policy/Food Allergy Medication Administration/Asthma Medication Administration/Student Diabetes Management/Anti-Seizure Medication Administration/Student Self-Administer Medications/Medication Storage and Record Keeping
T.C.A. 49-6-(801-814) - SAVE Act - Establishes Requirements for LEA's in providing a Safe School Environment
T.C.A. 49-6-303 - Requires Schools to Employ School Counselors/Identification of Students with Mental or Emotional Disorders
T.C.A. 49-6-804 - Requires LEA to Develop Comprehensive Plan for School Safety
T.C.A. 49-6-1005 - LEA's Approve Sex Education Courses and Instructors
T.C.A. 49-6-1007 - Requires Character Education
T.C.A. 49-6-1008 - Adoption of AIDS Education Programs in LEA's
T.C.A. 49-6-1015 - Defines Harassment, Bullying or Intimidation in a School Setting
T.C.A. 49-6-1016 - LEA's Develop Policies for Reporting Bullying, Harassment and Intimidation
T.C.A. 49-6-1017 - Requires LEA's to develop Policy Prohibiting Bullying, Intimidation and Harassment
T.C.A. 49-6-1018 - Prohibits Retaliation Against Person Reporting Bullying, Intimidation and/or Harassment
T.C.A. 49-6-1019 - Encourages LEA's to Form Bullying Prevention Task Forces
T.C.A. 49-6-1022 - Mandates School Health Coordinator Position at DOE
T.C.A. 49-6-1301 - Family Life Curriculum - Part Definitions
T.C.A. 49-6-1302 - Curriculum for Family Life Education
T.C.A. 49-6-1303 - Assistance in Teaching Family Life
T.C.A. 49-6-1304 - Family Life Instruction
T.C.A. 49-6-1305 - Notification of Parents and Legal Guardians - Excusing Students from Familiy Life Instruction
T.C.A. 49-6-1306 - Complaint by Parent or Legal Guardian - Cause of Auction by Parent or Guardian
T.C.A. 49-6-1307 - Instruction of Sexual Education to Comply With Part - Scientific Study of Reproductive System Permitted
T.C.A. 49-6-1401 - Authorizes BMI Data Collection
T.C.A. 49-6-1402 - Mandates that DOE and DOH Develop frameworks for a Screening Program for LEA's
T.C.A. 49-6-1404 - Encourages LEA's with High BMI Rates to Expand Nutrition and Physical Activity Programs
T.C.A. 49-6-2307 - Using Local Agriculture Products for School Lunch and Breakfast Programs
T.C.A. 49-6-3002 - Requires Education Services be Provided to Hospitalized or Home Bound Students/Pregnant or Parenting Students
T.C.A. 49-6-3004 - Requires In-Service Training for Suicide Prevention and Mental Health
T.C.A. 49-6-3401 - LEA can Suspend Student Pursuant to the LEA's In-School Suspension Policy for Bringing Weapons and Drugs on School Ground
T.C.A. 49-6-4209 - Principals Have to Report Incidences of Illegal Weapons
T.C.A. 49-6-4213 - Allows Schools to Test Students for Drugs/Requires Principal or School Counselor to provide Referral Information
T.C.A. 49-6-4215 - LEA Can Promulgate Rules To Prohibit Wearing Clothing Related to Gang Activity/ Local Law Enforcement Agencies Can Advise School Boards on Gang Activity
T.C.A. 49-6-4216 - Requires LEA's to Write Policies that Ensure a Safe Learning Environment
T.C.A. 49-6-4301 - Requires Teachers to Report any Assault or Battery
T.C.A. 49-6-4302 - Establishment of Tennessee Safety Center/ Allows LEA's to Partner with Local Law Enforcement Agencies to Hire School Resource Officers
T.C.A. 49-6-5001 - Requires Proof of Immunization Prior to School Entry/Medical Exemption from Immunizations/Authorizes Commissioner of Health to Designate Those Diseases which Children Need to be Immunized Against
T.C.A. 49-6-5003 - Hepatitis B Immunization
T.C.A. 49-6-5004 - Promotion of Eye and Dental Care Awareness
T.C.A. 49-6-5005 - Meningococcal Disease/Vaccination
T.C.A. 49-6-6101 - Coordination of Services for Children with Behavioral/Emotional Disorders
T.C.A. 68-1-1201 - TN Public School Nurse Program
T.C.A. 68-34-107 - Contraceptives for Minors
T.C.A. 68-140-510 - Training for Epinephrine Injections


text:
Happy Holidays from Education.com!
This season, Education.com and Magic Town are teaming up to deliver a free interactive story, every day of December.
Fire up your iPad or iPhone, download the app (also free!) and spend quality time reading together.
Here's a sneak peak at another story you'll get this month:


text:
Dr. Steven Angle from Wright State University in Ohio gave his presentation to university employees and students. Although the audience was small in the morning, the meeting was linked by audio and video feeds to those unable to attend.
He emphasized that education is changing and said, "Doing business the way we've done it isn't the way of the future."
He felt with so much information available on the Internet, education – especially at colleges and universities – is evolving to take advantage of the new opportunities technologies to both students and alumni.
Asked about his goals, he said, "I think quality has to be the goal in everything we do."
After his presentation Dr. Angle fielded questions from the audience and those in other offices around the campus.


text:
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Alan Stanley
Alan Stanley
1937 -
City of Birth:
Romford. Essex. Great Britain.
's Story
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War. Bombers. Shelters. ...
Featured Story
It Has Been A Rough Year
I am adding this additional chapter to my introduction, because after I initially wrote the introduction, it was very difficult to come back to it and try to make sense of all that I have experienced through the various stages of my life and the trials that I have endured or overcome. I wish ...
The Birth of Charles Leonard Wiggins
The story has already been written for awhile on my blog "From the heart of Praise, Prayer and Perseverance. 0; Here is a link to that posting, Below are the pictures of the blessed event. http://fromthehea rt-dotwigg.blogsp ot.com/2008/03/an other-2-prayer-re quest-answered.ht ml
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Alan's Story > Chapters > 12. Alan's War. 12.
"12. Alan's War. 12."
Date Range:
01/01/1940 To 05/08/1945
On the making life bearable trips that they took into Colchester, they would take us along if we needed new shoes or such like for school. We thought that it would be quite good missing school but it was terrible. They spent hours and hours in the shops, or it seemed to us, and there weren't that many open but what were they went in. We had to sit still and try on all these shoes, and every time the shopkeeper brought a shoe to try, I had taken off the wrong shoe so that in the end every time we went into anouther shop and I had to sit down I took off both feet automatically.
The one shop we didn't mind going in was the Boots the chemists. It was always interesting in Boots for sometimes they had sweets. You had to be there just about as the doors opened or they would be gone. They were locally made and although they were sweets they were usually honey based and they were good and sticky.
We'd go to Sainsbury's the grocers where the marble counters ran either side of the shop door to the back of the store. Mum and aunt would walk the length of the store looking over people's shoulders to see what coupons were buying what.
You didn't get very much meat for a coupon so you would save them up hoping for something to appear in the shops, like Irish sausages or corned beef. Uncle could sometimes get a small cut of meat from a farmer friend, but now it was war everybody wanted to befriend the farmer, and although uncle had the animals in the back garden you still wanted to get full benefit from the coupons that you had. People didn't queue for vegetables or cheese or bread, well sometimes you did, but there was always a queue for meat. It was corned beef today, released from a government store and cheddar cheese from Cheddar.
After Sainsbury's it was down to Maypole grocers to see what they had, and there was a line along the pavement and we didn't wait, instead on to Timothy Whites for mouse traps. Auntie had seen a mouse down in the cellar. A door near the stove in the kitchen led down steep steps which we were not allowed down.
After all of that, if they could afford it, we had tea in the Buffet at Colchester Station which was full of soldiers and kit bags and workers and umbrella's. There wasn't much on offer. Horrible little sandwiches with a sliver of cucumber or fish paste, of which the top bread slice was curled and dry. The white haired lady from the WVS hiding behind the glass case wanted to know:
"Did the little chaps want sandwiches? I do have some cake that I save." Home made and moist. She was nicer than I realised.
What we found out to ask for after a few trips was cake and lemonade that came from a bottle with a wired stopper. Meant that it was fizzy. The milkman in London delivered evaporated milk in these glass bottle with the white ceramic stopper spring wired. Sometimes in the cafe we could get stone bottles of ginger beer.
When we got wised up to these shopping trips of endless shops, we started trying to go with uncle John if he went to Colchester Station to do things. Going to the station was the only time that the ladies got a lift down and sometimes back, so that they planned them for when he had to go.
"Got to go to the office on Thursday to pick up the routing sheets. Going first thing." He would say at tea.
"Do we need anything?" Aunt would ask mum.
"Mmm. We are nearly out of soap and flour is getting low." Aunt would look in the flour bin.
"That's it then."
We would drive down St Botolph Street, the back way to the station and uncle would take us into the Stationmaster's office to get his papers. We always got on well with Mr Longmuir, the Master, but uncle wouldn't let us play around the station when he was working as he said that he did not want to know what mischief we would get up to or other people would get us into!
On the days that uncle could drive them back home, mum and auntie contrived to get their hair done, and if his business was over in a short space of time, he would drive up to the hairdressers and we would wait for them.
There was this line of old brown hairdryers with women sitting under them with their heads inside the domes and their hair covered in twists of coloured paper.
The smell was deadly.
They looked like something from Flash Gordon. They didn't seem to mind; just sat there dozing or knitting or shouting at each other.
After about ten minutes, uncle usually found an excuse to leave and not come back until the torture was finished. Mum's hair, which was all tight curls and looked like it had come out of a tin, smelt bad for days. Aunt had hers dyed a bright reddish colour and the smell lasted for weeks.
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EDMONTON - The Alberta NDP is renewing its call for the province to launch an independent review of the effects of fracking in light of newly released documents showing a massive increase last year in the number of licences granted to energy companies.
The number of hydraulic fracturing licences granted across Alberta soared to 1,516 approved in 2013 from 203 in 2012, says documents obtained by the NDP through a freedom of information request.
That amounts to more than 17 million cubic metres of water that could be diverted for the purposes of hydraulic fracturing, or fracking — a technology that uses pressurized water and chemicals to fracture rock below the earth's surface, allowing oil and gas to flow to the top.
"It's pumped into the ground, it's polluted by chemicals and is never seen again," NDP Leader Brian Mason said Tuesday after releasing the documents.
Fracking has been used to drill more than 170,000 wells across Alberta since the practice began more than 50 years ago, the Alberta government says. As technology has improved over the decades, the practice has become more widespread. With that has come increased scrutiny on its negative effects on the environment and groundwater. The list of U.S. counties and towns banning the controversial practice continues to grow. Quebec instituted a ban in 2011.
The number of approved licences for fracking across Alberta has increased "without any understanding of what the potential consequences will be," Mason said. "Many areas of Alberta still depend on well water, and those uses, as well as other uses, are at risk."
He called on the province to undertake an independent, scientific review of hydraulic fracturing, along with groundwater monitoring and a scientific assessment of river inflow needs, before more licences are granted.
"It's out of control," he said.
In a written statement, Environment Minister Robin Campbell said the province has "strict regulations" on all oil and gas development, regardless of the technology used. He acknowledged the spike in approved licences, but said energy development, including fracking, accounts for 10 per cent of water used in Alberta. Claims that the practice puts the water supply at risk are false, he said.
"To date, there has not been a documented case of hydraulic fracturing fluids contaminating a domestic water well in Alberta," Campbell said in the statement.
Darin Barter, spokesman for the Alberta Energy Regulator, said regulations already prevent fracking within 200 metres of a water well. Companies aren't allowed to use chemicals that could harm groundwater near a protected zone, he added. They're also required to disclose the chemicals including in the fracking fluid to the regulator.
Barter said the data are then posted online at fracfocus.ca, a hydraulic fracturing registry that includes information from across Canada.


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Boys basketball: Hurricane will play in first MSAC Night of Champions
HURRICANE, W.Va. -- Lance Sutherland's coaching journey at Hurricane High began in 1997 when he guided the Redskins freshman team.
Sixteen years later, the last three as Hurricane's varsity head coach, Sutherland stood on his homecourt sideline, beaming with the knowledge that his team has reached a position it never before has reached.
Led by senior guard Rasaan Harris' game-high 23 points, the Redskins held on to beat Huntington High 60-56 on Thursday night, a win that locked the team into its first berth in the Mountain State Athletic Conference Night of Champions. Hurricane (15-4) cannot fall out of the No. 2 spot in the MSAC's West Division.
"I'm kind of numb," Sutherland said. "I was hoping we'd get here eventually. Our first goal was to have that first winning season, then back-to-back winning seasons and, down the road, hopefully that would happen."
It happened thanks to Harris' fourth-quarter scoring barrage. The senior had a hand in every one of the Redskins' final 14 points of the game. He scored 12 and found Trey Dawson for a basket during that streak. The Highlanders (14-5) had taken a 48-46 lead on a Chancelor Wooding basket right before Harris' flurry.
But the senior scored to tie the game at 48, then hit a runner and a driving layup to force Huntington to take a time out with 5:24 left, trailing 52-49. The Highlanders never led again, as Harris closed out the game by hitting 4-of-5 free throws in the final minutes.
"I went into the game with a chip on my shoulder," said Harris, who also finished with eight rebounds and seven assists. "Huntington is a really scrappy team and really athletic. I knew going into the game what I was up against and I knew what I wanted to accomplish going into the game."
Harris has been a starter for Sutherland since he was a freshman, first for one season on junior varsity and every year in Sutherland's three as varsity coach. Sutherland knows Harris is capable of this type of performance.
"He's a leader and he knows how to win a game," Sutherland said. "He knows what it takes."
The Redskins and Highlanders began the game in a full sprint, zipping back and forth between the hoops. It looked like Hurricane would begin to cruise, jumping out to a 16-6 first-quarter lead. Yet behind senior guard Shaquan Miller, the Highlanders were able to pull nearly even with Hurricane. Miller hit two 3-pointers at the end of the quarter to cut Hurricane's lead to 18-16.
Neither team led by more than six until Harris' fourth-quarter scoring torrent. Huntington Coach Ron Hess said the team performed admirably in the first half, despite missing center Arick Nicks for most of that span due to foul trouble. Nicks, who scored 24 in a win over St. Albans on Tuesday, finished with nine points against Hurricane.
Hess said the Highlanders' shot selection needed to be better against the Redskins. Huntington was 25 for 57 from the floor (43.8 percent) and made only 1-of-7 free throws in the game. Nicks made one of five and Antwan Washington missed both of his.
"We just weren't making any shots at the beginning," Hess said. "Then again, we need to get the ball inside. It's got to go inside out rather than our shots coming from the outside. That's how we usually run our offense.
"We'll get better," he added. "It's definitely not a good loss, because it was big on our side of the conference.
"What we're looking for is into sectionals and regionals. This shows us we've got to get better."
Miller led Huntington with 16 points, with Wooding scoring 13. Henry Sorsaia added 14 points for Hurricane. Now the Redskins can get ready for the Night of Champions. It's an unknown territory for Hurricane, but it's a trip Harris said the entire team will cherish.
"I think it'll be a great experience for our young guys, to get their feet wet for the years to come," Harris said. "I'm here playing for them. They're here playing for us. We're together as a team, so I think it'll be great for all of us to get that experience."
Huntington (14-5) FG FT Pts
Shaquan Miller 7-15 0-0 16
Nick Tubbs 3-6 0-0 6
Arick Nicks 4-8 1-5 9
Tavian Dunn-Martin 3-5 0-0 8
Antwan Washington 1-2 0-2 2
Chancelor Wooding 6-14 0-0 13
Nathan Demoss 1-5 0-0 2
Totals 25-57 1-7 56
Percentages .438 .142
Hurricane (15-4) FG FT Pts
Henry Sorsaia 7-10 0-0 14
Rasaan Harris 9-14 5-7 23
Trey Dawson 4-7 0-0 9
Alexander Estep 3-7 1-2 7
Garrett DeFries 1-1 0-0 2
Joseph Rogoszewski 0-1 0-0 0
Ethan Renick 0-0 0-0 0
Totals 26-43 7-11 60
Percentages .604 .636
Huntington 16 18 10 12-56
Hurricane 18 21 6 13-60
Rebounds: Huntington 28, Hurricane 23
Assists: Huntington 11, Hurricane 12
Steals: Huntington 6, Hurricane 8
Blocked shots: Huntington 4, Hurricane 3
Fouled out: None
Technical fouls: None


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Two moms raising funds to run in Boston Marathon
VICTORVILLE • Two local mothers have qualified for the Boston Marathon after taking many years off from running — beating the odds as well as their personal records while fulfilling lifelong dreams.
And although neither of the women have the means to pursue such an expensive endeavor, their dreams have inspired their support networks to rally around them, raising $1,422 in a single 5K fundraiser at Brentwood Park on Saturday.
"My goal was $1,000," said Maria Serdinsky, who collaborated with David Coleman from the city of Victorville Parks and Recreation for the 5K. "It went above and beyond my expectations."
In order to attend, however, the two women need to raise a total of $3,500 in order to run in the 26.2 mile race in Boston.
Vanessa Kline, 31, and Jen Francis, 38, say they had never run a marathon before and did not anticipate qualifying for the elite Boston Marathon when they signed up for the St. George Marathon, which was held in October.
"Every time I hit a mile marker, I knew I was going to make it," said Kline when she recalled running her first 26.2-miler. "I knew we were both going to make it, and I was trying not to break down. It was very emotional for me," said the Hesperia resident and mother of three.
But the road to marathon success has not been so easy for the two women. Both women took a long hiatus from running and, like most mothers, admitted to caring about the well-being of their families and careers more than their health. Weight gain and financial hardships added to their struggles but compounded their mutual desire to seek change. After talking it over with their families, both women joined local moms running groups and their love for the sport was renewed once again.
Serdinsky sings the praises of both women, but Kline's story is one that she finds personally inspiring. Serdinsky said that Kline was in the Marines for a number of years and fell on hard times financially after she got out. Unemployed and overweight, Serdinsky said that Kline was ready to make a change. Even though she barely had money to buy running shoes, she found herself running with other moms daily, and her ability to lace up running shoes despite a hectic schedule inspires other women in their groups, explained Serdinsky.
"I'd gotten heavy from pregnancy and I wanted to be back in shape," Kline said. "When I started running (earlier this year), that fire got lit again — that competitive spirit — I always wanted to be the best."
Kline said that she began to train under the direction of local ultramarathoner Cheryl Zwarkowski and quickly began to see improvement. As her fitness improved, so did the rest of her life. Kline was able to find a steady job and now rides her bike 18 miles to and from work every day, often getting up at 4 a.m. to take a jog or running late at night with only the moon and a light strapped to a headband as a guide.
"They blew past their qualifying times," said Alison Heagstedt-Lopez, lead organizer for High Desert Moms Run This Town. Because of their ages, both women had different qualifying times and both women finished under them. Francis finished in 3 hours, 30 minutes and 7 seconds; Kline finished in 3 hours, 32 minutes and 58 seconds. Both women say they have never ran a marathon before, but attributed this success to their dedication to themselves and one another.
"I know I can't flake if she's counting on me to go on a run with her," Francis laughed. "She'll call me or ride her bike over to my house."
The two have been running partners since they met at a 5k in March and have been training together as much as possible ever since.
"The big deal for me is that I didn't run for so many years," Kline said. "If I can do it, anyone can do it."
For more information or to sponsor Francis and Kline visit High Desert Moms Run This Town on Facebook or call Maria Serdinsky at (760) 900-8026.
Get complete stories every day with the "exactly as printed" Daily Press E-edition, only $5 per month! Click here to try it free for 7 days. To subscribe to the Daily Press in print or online, call (760) 241-7755, (800) 553-2006 or click here.


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When someone takes the term "bulky attacker" too far, Porygon2 is the result. Although Eviolite allows it to achieve some of the best defensive stats in the game, it seems as though it were destined to use that bulk in a tanking role. As a supporter, its extremely shallow supporting movepool, lack of Leftovers recovery, and lack of resistances all work against it, but it can function as a very bulky utility counter nonetheless, especially if it gains a good ability with Trace. As an attacker, its good Special Attack and access to Normal / Ice / Electric coverage allow it to pose a significant threat to the opponent, even more so if it gains a boost through Download or Analytic. Opponents should do everything in their means to wear Porygon2 down, or to scare it off with powerful Fighting-type attacks, before it dishes out too much damage. Porygon2 might have failed at going to space, but it will certainly not disappoint in the more down-to-earth UU metagame.
Porygon2 is one of the best tanks in UU thanks to its incredible bulk and the firepower to back it up. A Download boost sends Porygon2's STAB Tri Attack above the power of Machamp's DynamicPunch; while an Analytic boost is weaker, it still puts Tri Attack's power in the area of Swampert's Earthquake and Snorlax's Return. If such comparisons are not your cup of tea, perhaps a more direct approach will provide a clearer demonstration of Porygon2's destructive potential after a Download boost.
Even without much investment into Defense or Special Defense, Porygon2 is very difficult to take down, which forces the opponent to rely on persistently chipping away at its HP or using very powerful moves, particularly Fighting-type attacks from the likes of Heracross. Even switching into reasonably powerful attackers, such as Nidoking and Choice Scarf Flygon, is a piece of cake for Porygon2.
Here is the lowdown on Download: just as it is important to watch what you download on the Internet, it pays to know what Porygon2 can switch into if it wants to grab that precious Special Attack boost. Slowbro, Nidoqueen, and Rhyperior are obvious targets, but there are more subtle examples; Nidoking has base 75 Special Defense, which is lower than its base 77 Defense. Some other UU Pokemon, such as Suicune and Blastoise, have roughly even defenses but are typically EVed to be physically defensive. Still others have exactly even defenses; while some more savvy players will know to invest a point into Special Defense to thwart Porygon2's downloading antics, many players neglect to do this. Of course, all of this fishing for specific targets can be avoided by using the more calculus-friendly Analytic for your power (series) expansion needs, though it misses some of the guaranteed 2HKOs demonstrated in the above damage calculations.Team Options & Additional Comments >>>
This set takes Porygon2's immense bulk and makes it even more extreme. The goal of this variant of Porygon2 is to force switches and spread status by walling a wide variety of Pokemon. Its uninvested Special Attack stat and BoltBeam coverage are decent enough to maintain an offensive presence as well. Trace might sound like a stupid matrix operation, but it bolsters Porygon2's defensive capabilities by allowing it to "borrow" some great abilities from unsuspecting foes. Trace Magic Bounce to inflict Xatu with its own Toxic, or use Rhyperior's Solid Rock to sponge the attacks of its Fighting-type buddies more easily. Use Shaymin's Natural Cure to fix that time you switched into Toxic, or switch into the powerful Fire-type STABs of Chandelure, Houndoom, and Arcanine by copying their Flash Fire.Team Options & Additional Comments >>>
The most notable setup move available to Porygon2 happens to fit this determined duck like a glove. Porygon2 is rather renowned for being an effective Trick Room supporter and attacker, thanks to good offensive prowess and the bulk to use Trick Room over and over again. Trick Room generally requires a lot of flexibility to use, which Porygon2 has; it can bomb the opponent with BoltBeam coverage, switch to a sweeper, or use hit-and-run tactics. To get a good idea of how dangerous Porygon2 can be, picture someone strapping a jet pack on Andre the Giant.
All this said, having only two moveslots for attacks hurts considerably, as this set has to sacrifice either its STAB Tri Attack or one of Ice Beam and Thunderbolt. Tri Attack is a strong STAB that, after a Download boost, exceeds even the power of Machamp's DynamicPunch, and losing it will make Porygon2 less effective against some opponents, such as Rotom-H and Kingdra. On the other hand, ditching Ice Beam will leave Porygon2 less effective against Flygon and Rhyperior, while forgoing Thunderbolt makes Water-types such as Suicune a pain to take down.Team Options & Additional Comments >>>
Other Options
Outside of the typical moves, Porygon2's movepool is rather redundant for attacking, and rather lacking for supporting. Shadow Ball can be used to fight Ghost-types, along with Hidden Power Fighting for Rock- and Steel-types. If Calm Mind users such as Suicune are a problem, Psych Up can be used to steal their boosts. Charge Beam can boost Special Attack, and is especially useful with Analytic, but the power loss against the usual targets of Discharge and Thunderbolt—namely Water-types such as Milotic and Suicune—should be considered. As it sports a mere 50 Base Power, Charge Beam only outdamages the other Electric-type moves at +2. Nonetheless, it is usable against defensive Pokemon.
Checks and Counters
Porygon2 is generally weak to five things: gradual damage, Ghost-types, Steel-types, stat boosters with high Special Defense, and moves that remove its Eviolite (Knock Off, Trick, and Switcheroo).
Gradual damage can come in many forms: Stealth Rock, Spikes, burn damage, Toxic damage, and even repeated attacks. Porygon2 has no Leftovers recovery to combat all this, causing its user's stylus or mouse cursor to twitch ever more nervously toward that Recover button. What's worse is that some Pokemon have enough special bulk to set up Spikes or Toxic Spikes on Porygon2 with little worry. These include the likes of Roserade and Scolipede.
The obvious problem that Porygon2 has with Ghost- and Steel-types is that they resist Tri Attack, and many of them are not weak against its coverage moves. Porygon2 can do very little against Dusclops and Sableye. The former can remove 39% of Porygon2's health per turn with burn damage and Seismic Toss, stall out Porygon2's attacks with Pressure, and even run RestTalk to nullify Toxic. Sableye can also be a nuisance, as it combines Prankster with Recover, Taunt, and Will-O-Wisp to kill off Porygon2 slowly. Registeel is immune to Toxic and can itself inflict Toxic on Porygon2; Empoleon is similar as even a Download-boosted Discharge does not 2HKO it.
Porygon2 is setup bait for a handful of specially bulky sweepers. Mismagius is the most notable, as it is immune to Tri Attack and can set up on Porygon2 with both Substitute and Calm Mind. Cobalion also resists Tri Attack and can set up Swords Dance or Calm Mind boosts. Despite the fact that Tri Attack hits them neutrally, Raikou and Suicune are also great candidates, though the latter might want to tread carefully around Download-boosted Discharge. Snorlax can set up Curse on Porygon2, but without Curse, it has trouble doing much other than forcing Porygon2 out with Whirlwind.
Of course, another option is just to smash Porygon2's face in with powerful Fighting-type attacks or moves boosted by Choice Band or Choice Specs. Choice Band Flygon is a good minimum here; even if Porygon2 is defensive and Flygon doesn't 2HKO it, Porygon2 cannot just attack it with Ice Beam, as that will leave Porygon2 at low HP itself. Choice Band Escavalier is a fine candidate, while Victini does not even need a Choice Band to destroy Porygon2, as it can blast Porygon2 with a fairly accurate Focus Blast or smash it with a very powerful V-create. Darmanitan is also strong enough that even the Choice Scarf variant will send Porygon2 running for its programmer. Finally, Fighting-types such as Heracross, Hitmontop, and Machamp are obvious candidates for duck-breaking. Special attackers should also not be forgotten; Rotom-H's Overheat will definitely leave a dent, while Choice Specs-boosted attacks from Pokemon about as strong as Yanmega (or stronger) will also do the job with the help of residual damage. Check for Trace before sending in Houndoom or Chandelure; in the event that Porygon2 has Trace, aim Hidden Power Fighting at it.
If all else fails, I heard that some Porygon2 stop functioning when you tell them that pi is exactly 3.


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Dan Rodricks
7:39 PM EDT, August 29, 2012
"Be he ne'er so vile, this day shall gentle his condition . . ."
—Henry V," by Shakespeare
A colleague had warned me about Don Dwyer's rants against homosexuality, but nothing quite prepares you for that kind of thing. When the words fly from the Anne Arundel County delegate's lips directly to your ear, you almost can't believe what you're hearing.
When I interviewed him a couple of years ago and asked about his strident opposition to same-sex marriage, I think Dwyer invoked God as his adviser on the issue. I say "I think" because my memory of Dwyer from that conversation was less the devout Christian than middle-age homophobe, obsessed with the sinister advance of gay rights.
He expressed grave concern that, if granted equal status in society, gay men and women would soon be inflicting their "lifestyle choices" on the nation's children. For one thing, they would demand that homosexuality be taught in public schools — as part of biology or sociology classes, I guess — and Dwyer made it sound like some sort of indoctrination process, or gay recruitment. The man was pretty serious about that.
I've heard plenty of people say they oppose same-sex marriage on religious grounds, and some of them are sincere and believable. But a lot of opponents — the majority, I suspect — have hang-ups and fears about homosexuality, and they can't imagine granting people with that orientation the same rights they enjoy as heterosexuals.
That's Dwyer. He's been one of the loudest voices against gay rights in the General Assembly for years. A Republican, he sponsored a bill calling for a state constitutional amendment against same-sex marriage. He called the issue "monumental" and perhaps the "largest issue" state legislators would ever face.
In the State House, he handed out a pamphlet with explicit descriptions of gay and lesbian sex acts, claiming that similar material had been passed out to children in Massachusetts, where same-sex marriage is legal. "I'm taking the gloves off, and we are going to talk about it all," he declared.
Dwyer opposed everything gay, including a bill granting certain benefits to unmarried couples, such as medical decision-making and hospital visitation rights. Fortunately, that got on the books, despite Dwyer's efforts.
He also called for the impeachment of Doug Gansler following the attorney general's opinion that Maryland could recognize same-sex unions legally performed in other states.
I scratch my head about Dwyer's obsession. Why such an unyielding position on something that really doesn't affect him personally? Gays, lesbians, transgender and bisexual people — how do they impede or harm Dwyer's life? Whatever happened to live and let live, a lovely libertarian credo that Republicans supposedly embrace?
You wonder why a man would allow his public persona to become so identified with such hard opposition to equal rights for a minority of the population.
And now, of course, Dwyer is in trouble, and the trouble threatens to end his political career. He got drunk and drove his motorboat, apparently at full throttle, into another boat on the Magothy River one evening last week, a terrible accident that injured six people, including children.
The next day, outside Maryland Shock Trauma Center, the delegate sat in a wheelchair, his neck in a brace and his left foot in a cast. Dwyer acknowledged that his blood-alcohol content had been 0.2 percent at the time of the crash — more than double the legal limit under state law — and he issued an apology:
"No one, no one should be drinking and operating a motor vehicle or powerboat. I deeply regret my actions and ask for forgiveness from the public. My heart and prayers go out to the family that was involved in the incident, and I pray for them to have a speedy recovery."
Of course, Dwyer didn't use the occasion to announce a switch in his position on gay marriage, and I wouldn't expect it. But I wonder if this experience and its consequences will "gentle his condition." Unless they suffer from Stage IV arrogance, men who find themselves suddenly in trouble and asking for mercy usually soften up their worldview. It's part of self-imposed penance.
Three decades ago, Bob Bauman was a Maryland congressman from the Eastern Shore, a brilliant guy, family man and prominent conservative — until he was arrested for soliciting a 16-year-old male prostitute. Bauman had been sailing along in his career, professing strident views and harsh judgments about all sorts of things, including homosexuality. Then he found himself in the swirling drain of scandal. He lost re-election in 1980, then moved on with his life. I interviewed him a few years later, and he had gained insight and gone through an inspiring transformation. He was grateful for a new start, glad to be shed of the burdens of stridency, much kinder in his judgments of others.
We'll be watching Don Dwyer and hope that his condition improves.
Copyright © 2014, The Baltimore Sun


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From pregnancy to motherhood, every mom has questions or could use some support. Join the conversation to learn from or help other moms just like you.
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Hello. Im new to the site. :) I have a 21 month old and a 1 month old. I have a question for all of you here...
Welcome to Strong Moms! You don't tell us much about yourself, but I am assuming you are either pregnant or have a newborn, so congratulations! There is a great variety of people and opinions on any topic via this message board, so if you have any question or concerns, or are just looking for some friendly advice, you're in the right place!
It sounds like you are a busy, busy parent! Having kiddos that close in age and that young can be very challenging. I bet that you never knew how resourceful, patient, sleep deprived, spit up on, and in love with your little ones as you are!
I'm curious what question you are referring to....
Just wanted to join the welcoming party and say that I'm glad you found us at StrongMoms! What question did you have in particular? I'd be happy to try and help! Congrats on your two sweet kids. :-)
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Ghostly Windows Card
Material List
- Hampton Art™ Stamp Set – Boo
- ColorBox® Archival Dye Ink Pad – Wicked Black
- Cardstock – Orange, White, Black and Kraft
- Ribbon – Assorted Black and Orange
- Craft Punch – Border and 1¾" Circle
- Button, Large
- Baker's Twine – Black and White
- Tape Runner
- Liquid Paper Glue
Project Instructions
Fold a piece of orange cardstock 6¾"x8" in half as your card base.
Punch a piece of black cardstock 6¾"x2", using a border punch. Adhere to the right edge of orange card base.
Using a tape runner, attach ribbon to the left side of card. Tie small pieces of assorted ribbon to it. Add a button using liquid paper glue.
Using a 2"x6¾" strip of white cardstock, stamp ghosts in Wicked Black archival ink in a random pattern.
Cut a piece of kraft cardstock 2¼"x6¾". Use a 1¾" circle punch to punch three holes down the center of the paper. HINT: Punch circles out of scrap paper and lay them out evenly over the kraft paper. Mark around holes with a pencil line. Then, turn the punch upside down, and match it to the pencil line.
Tie a piece of black and white baker's twine around the piece and tie a knot to the top.
Adhere the twine to the center of the card with a tape runner.


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Parent Portal Login Procedure
To access your Parent Portal account you may login from any page in the system. Use the login boxes just below the thumbnail calendar found on each page. Enter your Username and Password, then click on 'My Family" to see your student(s)' records.
Reminder: Parent Portal accounts are provided at each school for parents.
If you have a student in Knox County Schools but do not have an account, please check with your school.
Note about Attendance Reports and TCAP Scores:
Elementary parents should click on "My Family" then on "View Student Information Center". Click on "Attendance" to view absence records, and "Standardized Test" for TCAP Scores. Elementary students who are initially marked 'absent' but come in late are changed to 'tardy' in the student's information center attendence records only.
Middle and High school attendance reports by class periods can be found by clicking on "Grades" then the "Attendance" tab. Daily attendance totals can be found by clicking on "View Student Information Center" and then "Attendance".
If you do not have your Parent Portal Username, you will need to contact your child's school. The Technology Department does not give out Parent Usernames.
For assistance logging into Parent Portal, please contact the Knox County Schools Helpdesk at email@example.com or 865-594-1852.