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Editorial Style Guide
academic titles Capitalize only if they directly precede an individual's name (University President Jay A. Perman, MD; but Jay A. Perman, MD, president of the University of Maryland. Capitalize University when referring to this campus specifically; lowercase when referring to universities in general.
acronyms In most cases, follow a first reference with its acronym in parentheses when it is referred to later in the story. The Maryland Poison Center (MPC) … When the acronym is used as a noun in second reference, precede it with 'the'. The MPC was established … When used as a modifier, no 'the' is needed. Anderson is a great MPC leader.
addresses In running copy, abbreviate directional ends of streets (i.e., north, south) and abbreviate Ave., Blvd., and St. when used with a numbered address (522 W. Lombard St.) or a block number (600 block of W. Lexington St.). Spell out and capitalize when used without a numbered address (Davidge Hall is on Lombard Street). Lowercase and spell out when used with more than one street name (Davidge Hall is on the corner of Greene and Lombard streets). Do not abbreviate alley, drive, road, terrace, etc.
advisor Exception to Associated Press style.
African-American (see nationalities)
AIDS Acceptable in all references for acquired immune deficiency syndrome, sometimes called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
al-Qaida Lower 'a' unless it starts a sentence. Sun style.
alumni Alumna (alumnae in the plural form) refers to a woman who attended or graduated from a specific school. Use alumnus (alumni in the plural form) for similar references to men. Alumni also refers to groups of men and women.
On first reference—in publications or articles specific to a School—alumni should be referred to by their full, formal name followed by their degree and class year (Andrew Smith, DDS '65).
ampersand Its use is acceptable when part of a formal name or title (Baltimore & Ohio Railroad) or as a design element. Not to be used as a synonym for "and" in running text, however.
assure, ensure, insure Assure means to give confidence. Ensure means to make certain or guarantee. Insure means to contract to pay or be paid money in the case of a loss.
atrium Lowercase for Pharmacy Hall Addition
Baltimore Not "Baltimore City" unless specifically distinguishing between Baltimore City and Baltimore County, or in an official agency name (Baltimore City Public School System, Baltimore City Council).
Baltimore locations
- 1st Mariner Arena—'the' isn't part of title
- Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport—BWI on second reference
- Fells Point (no apostrophe)
- Hippodrome Theatre, (part of the France-Merrick Performing Arts Center)
- Hopkins, Johns (see separate listing)
- M&T Bank Stadium (no spaces around ampersand, change from last time)
- Oriole Park at Camden Yards
before Use instead of "prior to"
BioPark, University of Maryland Originally called the UMB BioPark, it opened with Building One in 2005; Building Two opened in August 2007; and a new state of Maryland Forensic Medical Center debuted in September 2010. Construction of a third multi-tenant building is expected to begin in 2011. The entity that manages the BioPark is the UMB Research Park Corp. The official name is UMB Health Sciences Research Park Corp. but UMB Research Park Corp. is preferred for marketing and communications purposes.
Board of Regents A 17-member Board of Regents, including one full-time student, governs the University System of Maryland. Appointed by the governor, the regents oversee the system's academic, administrative, and financial operations; formulate policy; and appoint the USM chancellor and the presidents of the system's 13 institutions. With the exception of the student member, each regent is appointed for a term of five years, and may not serve more than two consecutive terms.
brackets Use instead of parentheses inside a quote. "I'll be back at 3 [a.m.] to get my things."
bulleted or enumerated lists In general, it is best to format each list so its structure is parallel. If some items are sentences, all of the items should be sentences. If some items begin with verbs, all items should begin with verbs. Only use period at end of bulleted line if it is a complete sentence.
Campus Center, Southern Management Corporation (SMC) Campus Center uppercase both. Second reference: SMC Campus Center; the Campus Center is OK in quoted matter
campus locations
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Dental School has changed to the University of Maryland School of Dentistry; formerly was Baltimore College of Dental Surgery and the University of Maryland Dental School.
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, HS/HSL on second reference
- Health Sciences Facility I and II, HSF I or HSF II on second reference.
- School of Law becomes University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law in fall 2011 after $30 million gift from W.P. Carey Foundation; University of Maryland Carey School of Law, UM Carey School of Law are options on second reference with UM Carey Law as seldom-used shorthand
- Lexington Building – houses the offices of the Graduate School and Academic Affairs, Administration and Finance, External Affairs, and Research and Development; lowercase 'the' before it
- R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center After the "R" there is no period. Shock Trauma on second reference.
- Saratoga Building – houses the Office of the President and other administrative offices; lower 'the' before it
- Student Center at Pine Street
- The Dr. Samuel D. Harris National Museum of Dentistry (National Museum of Dentistry acceptable on second reference)
- University of Maryland Medical Center refers to the hospital on Greene Street (UMMC or Medical Center on second reference)
- University of Maryland Medical System refers to the entire health system (UMMS on second reference)
campuswide Use "campuswide" to refer to the physical campus. (The University Police Force provides campuswide security.) Otherwise, University is preferred. (Police provide security for the University.)
capital campaign Lowercase
capitalization schools Capitalize the formal name of the school (School of Nursing); but lowercase the less formal inversion (nursing school). In running text where only one school is referred to, it is acceptable to capitalize School on second reference and throughout. Lowercase the plural: law and dental schools.
caregiver One word
CD-ROM All caps
cellphone one word
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Abbreviated CDC. Takes singular verb. CDC is proud to add a new member to its staff. See www.cdc.gov for names of individual centers.
CIPS Center for Innovative Pharmacy Solutions
cities Add U.S. state or foreign country with first reference to cities unless AP Stylebook says they can stand alone in datelines. Then they can stand alone in body copy, too.
City of Baltimore Lowercase city (AP style)
Class of 1976 Upper c, contrary to Webster's, The Sun
co- Retain the hyphen when forming nouns, adjectives and verbs that indicate occupation or status: co-star, co-pilot, co-author, he co-wrote the paper. But coed, cooperate, coordinate.
colon In running copy, always preceded by a complete sentence. If followed by a complete sentence, the first letter after the colon should be capitalized; otherwise the first letter should be lowercase.
commas Use the serial comma for things in a series. He ate his peas, corn, and squash. No comma before Jr. and Esq.
Company Abbreviate Co. when used at the end of company names (Army Times Publishing Co.)
core faculty All tenured and tenure-track faculty and department chairs
Corporation Abbreviate Corp. when used at the end of corporation names (Corporation for Public Broadcasting, but Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.)
coursework One word
courtesy titles Do not use courtesy titles (e.g., Mr., Miss, Dr.) before a name in running text. OK in quotes ("Dr. Smith is a talented researcher.") See honorifics.
credits Use numerals. He needs 6 credits to graduate.
CVS Caremark No slash, replaces CVS/pharmacy
dash No space between a long dash and the words surrounding it. An ellipsis is treated like a word, with a space before and after it. He thought he would pass the course … if he didn't fail the final exam.
dates For ordinals, spell out "first" through "ninth"; use numerals starting with "10th." Do not use "th" or "st" with dates (Commencement will be Friday, May 21. Not May 21st). When abbreviating years, use an apostrophe to indicate dropped numbers ('99). Use only an "s" to show plural (Health care policy has changed considerably in the '90s). Also see months.
day care, day care center
dean's office Lowercase, singular. See departments.
decision-makers (note hyphen)
degrees Use abbreviation (without periods) of advanced degree following the full name on first reference (Christian S. Stohler, DMD, DrMedDent). Lowercase when referring to the degree in general (She earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry) making sure to use the possessive apostrophe. Capitalize when using the formal name of an academic degree (Bachelor of Science). See honorifics.
departments, divisions, offices Capitalize only when using the full, official name. Lowercase when department, division, office comes after the name (an exception to AP): Department of Biomedical Sciences but biomedical sciences department; Division of Transplant Surgery, but transplant surgery division; Office of External Affairs; but external affairs office.
disk With the exception of compact disc, laserdisc, videodisc. For the back, a slipped disk.
dollar amounts Do not use ciphers ($60, not $60.00). For $1 million and above, round to the nearest 100,000 ($1,569,433 rounds to $1.6 million) unless the exact number is necessary for a tabulation. And avoid $1 to $3 million construction. That means one dollar to 3 million dollars. Use $1 million to $3 million.
Eastern Shore
e-book, e-business, e-commerce, e-reader retain hyphen
e.g.; i.e. e.g. means "for example"; i.e. means "that is." Both are followed by commas.
email AP changed to one word, no hyphen for noun and verb
email and Internet addresses In running copy, put in lowercase italics. Email and Web addresses stand alone in all cases; do not use "email" or "Web address" to mark them in copy. Do not use "http://" if followed by "www" (www.umaryland.edu, but http://cnn.com).
entitled Means the right to have or do something. Do not use to refer to the title of a book, article, presentation, etc.
etc. Avoid when possible. Use etc. to cue the reader to extrapolate many possibilities from a brief list. (The Staff Senate is collecting toiletries—soap, toothpaste, etc.—for the homeless.) Do not use if only providing a few illustrative examples, especially with a list that starts with "including" or "for example."
FDA AP says no U.S. needed. First reference Food and Drug Administration
fellow Lowercase, unless part of formal name. Dorcas Gilmore has been named a 2007 Skadden Fellow. As a fellow, she will receive a stipend to help defray expenses.
firsthand One word.
fiscal year Four digits preferred (Fiscal Year 2009). Two digits acceptable in second reference (FY09). No acronym needed after first reference.
former Lowercase before a title: former University President David J. Ramsay, DM, DPhil
fundraiser, fundraising
Gala upper G for Founders Week black-tie event
genome Proper title: University of Maryland School of Medicine's Institute for Genome Sciences
governmental bodies Follow Maryland Manual. Also see United States.
GPA spell out grade-point average in first reference (exception to AP)
grades Use capital letters. He got an A. Capitalize Incomplete. Do not use italics.
grass-roots Hyphenated as a modifier: grass-roots movement
health care Two words as noun and adjective; no hyphen.
HIV Acceptable first reference for human immunodeficiency virus. Avoid redundant HIV virus.
holidays Capitalize (New Year's Day, Easter, Hanukkah).
home page Two words. Also see Web page.
home-school verb and adjective are hyphenated
honorifics In place of doctor, use acronyms for advanced degrees after the name, placing medical degree first, PhD second, other degrees third. E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA.
Hopkins, Johns – For Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins Health System; if sentence construction requires a "the," make it lowercase
hotline One word
hyphens Use hyphens for unit modifiers. Hyphenate "self" and "well" constructions (e.g., self-assessment, a group of well-wishers). Do not hyphenate "ly" modifiers (e.g., a newly formed company).
i.e. See e.g.
IHV Second reference for the Institute of Human Virology. No 'the' before IHV. With its unique organizational structure, IHV … Exception to acronym rule.
in order to Delete "in order." (e.g., We use computers to work more efficiently.)
Inc. Preceded by a comma when part of the proper name of a company. Exception to AP.
initials When an individual uses initial instead of a first name, use periods with no spaces (H.L. Mencken). In body copy, reserve middle initials for University president and deans except in special cases.
interdisciplinary, interprofessional Both are one word, can be used interchangeably with cross-disciplinary. Interprofessional is broadest term and interdisciplinary in its strictest sense refers to specialties within medicine, Dr. Perman says.
Internet Capitalize.
in vitro, in utero Lowercase and italicized in body copy.
IRB Institutional Review Board
Korea doesn't stand alone; South Korea or North Korea are the countries. Our dealings are usually with South Korea since North Korea is communist country
Lamy – Peter Lamy Center on Drug Therapy and Aging
legislative titles In an exception to AP, spell out Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Senator, and Representative before the name.
Light Rail Capitalize when referring to the Baltimore-area Light Rail system. Also see Maryland Transit Administration.
login, logon, logoff one word as nouns but two words as verbs
MARC Train Maryland Rail Commuter train service to and from Union Station in Washington, D.C., and West Virginia, Baltimore, and Perryville, Md.
Maryland agencies See governmental bodies.
Maryland Brand pharmacist No hyphen, lower P
Maryland Transit Administration Oversees Light Rail, Metro Subway, MARC train, and the bus system. MTA on second reference.
Medical Center uppercase second reference in joint stories about University and the Medical Center
members at large No hyphens
Metro Subway Baltimore's subway line. Runs Monday through Saturday from Owings Mills to Johns Hopkins Hospital.
mid No hyphen unless capitalized word follows: mid-America, mid-Atlantic, midterm. But use hyphen when mid precedes a figure: mid-1930s.
months When using with a specific day or range of days, abbreviate Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. The other months are spelled out. Comma follows the year in a complete date. January 1972 was a cold month. Feb. 14, 1987, was the target date.
MTM Acronym is uppercase but first reference of medication therapy management is lowercase
multicultural One word.
multidisciplinary One word.
MVP Program Maryland CardioVascular Promotion (MVP) Program
National Institutes of Health An agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH on second reference. Takes singular verb. The National Institutes of Health is hosting a Cancer Health Disparities Summit on June 30. See www.nih.gov for the names of individual institutes.
nationalities and races Capitalize the proper names of nationalities. Always hyphenate compound nationalities (African-American, German-American) whether used as an adjective or a noun.
office Capitalize only when part of an official name (Office of External Affairs, but external affairs office). See departments.
online Always one word when referring to the Internet and computer networks.
percentages Write out "percent" in text and use numerals (spending is up 4 percent); use "%" symbol in charts and graphics. For amounts smaller than 1 percent, use a zero before the decimal point (0.5 percent).
Page uppercase in AP; see story on Page 5
Petri dish uppercase P
Pharmaceutical Research Computing center Note lowercase c. PRC in second reference. Provides computing and support (including data warehousing and data analysis) to faculty within and outside of the University.
Pharmacy Hall Addition, the Addition School asks that we uppercase
postbaccalaureate, postgraduate One word
P3 (Maryland) P3 (Patients, Pharmacists, Partnerships) Program; School of Pharmacy through its Center for Innovative Pharmacy Solutions (CIPS); superscript P3 when possible
President's Outreach Council
professor Lowercase as a title, even before a name. Can uppercase in a direct quote when speaker is using it in place of a name. "Professor Beardsley is a great teacher," Eddington said. The initiative will be led by associate professor Mark Macek.
publications set off in italics (exception to AP); She spoke with a writer from The New York Times; His findings were published in DiPiro Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach, eighth edition.
question-and-answer session Note hyphens. Q&A second reference.
real-world Hyphenated as a modifier; real-world thinking
rowhouse One word to agree with Sun style.
s possessive Just the apostrophe. CBS' coverage. Simplification of AP rule.
schools See capitalization
seasons Do not capitalize seasons of the year unless part of a proper name (Summer Olympics). Also see semesters.
semesters Do not capitalize semesters or academic periods in the collegiate calendar (winter semester, orientation, registration).
Shady Grove, the Universities at Heather Congdon, PharmD, CACP, CDE, has been named the first assistant dean of the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy program at the Universities at Shady Grove.
Shock Trauma See campus locations.
smartphone one word
startup One word; AP exception to Webster's
states Spell out the names of states when used without a city in running text. When used with a city name, abbreviate according to AP Stylebook.
Abbreviate states when used with a city. Example: He lives in Elmira, N.Y.
Eight states are not abbreviated: Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Ohio, Texas, Utah, Alaska, and Hawaii.
Write out the names of all states when they stand alone. Example: She lives in Vermont, but goes to school in New York.
Do not use the post office's two-letter abbreviations for states unless there is a complete address with ZIP code.
Accepted abbreviations are: Ala., Ariz., Ark., Calif., Colo., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Kan., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Neb., Nev., N.H., N.J., N.M., N.Y., N.C., N.D., Okla., Ore., Pa., R.I., S.C., S.D., Tenn., Vt., Va., Wash., W.Va., Wis., and Wyo.
stem cell Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine
Sun, The Baltimore First reference for local newspaper is now The Baltimore Sun; use italics.
telephone numbers. For internal publications, use the campus or hospital extension only (6-0000 for University, and 8-0000 for UMMS). For publications with an off-campus audience, use the 10-digit phone number. In running copy, separate numbers with a hyphen (410-555-0000). Numbers may be separated with periods (410.555.0000) as a design element on materials such as business cards and invitations.
temperature Always use numerals, but spell out "degrees" in text. (During the blizzard, the temperature got down to 4 degrees.) Use the degree symbol in charts and graphs.
that vs. which You can never correctly use ''that' with commas or 'which' without commas.
Wrong: The debriefing form, that was printed on letterhead, was provided after the session was concluded. Also Wrong: The debriefing form which was printed on letterhead was provided after the session was concluded. Right: The debriefing form that was printed on letterhead was provided after the session was concluded. Also Right: The debriefing form, which was printed on letterhead, was provided after the session was concluded.
The No need for uppercase 'The' preceding university names. Ohio State University, not The Ohio State University, Catholic University of America, not The Catholic University … See Johns Hopkins.
time Do not use ciphers (1 p.m., not 1:00 p.m.). Use "a.m." or "p.m."—lowercase, with periods. (Note: 1 to 3 p.m. or 1-3 p.m., not 1 p.m.-3 p.m.). Do not use 12 p.m. or a.m.; use noon and midnight.
titles of works Italicize the titles of books, periodicals (including 'The' if appropriate), newsletters, plays, films, art exhibitions, long poems, paintings, sculptures, comic strips, radio and television series, and long musical compositions. Use quotation marks with the titles of theses, dissertations, short stories, short poems, articles, essays, chapters of books, song titles and other short musical works, and episodes of television series. Ex: the "Death of Chuckles the Clown" episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show.
underserved One word.
United States In text, spell out when used as a noun. Abbreviate when used as an adjective, even with formal names (U.S. Defense Department).
University Capitalized when referring to this campus.
University of Maryland, Baltimore We have discontinued this usage except for formal documents and references by the likes of the University System. Preferred is to say the University of Maryland, with UM as second reference. As the founding campus of the University System of Maryland, the University of Maryland in Baltimore was granted the right to call itself the University of Maryland as was the University of Maryland, College Park by an act of the Maryland General Assembly in the late 1990s. If further clarification is needed, we can say the Baltimore campus of the University of Maryland, the University of Maryland in Baltimore or the founding campus of the University System of Maryland and drop in Baltimore in surrounding text. Thereafter, use University (capitalized) or UM. In first reference in news releases, Web stories, and the like, be sure to include the University of Maryland. The University of Maryland School of Social Work, rather than just the School of Social Work. Attribution after the fact may work in some constructions; the School of Social Work at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. But in most cases, put the university before the school. Never use the construction the University of Maryland, Baltimore School of xxxxx.
UMAB/UMB are no longer used. See entry above.
University of Maryland, Baltimore County Spell out in first reference to UMBC.
University Hospital Use University of Maryland Medical Center.
University of Maryland Baltimore Foundation, Inc. (UMBF on second reference) The University's central office for raising, administering, and investing funds.
University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) The hospital on Greene Street. The Medical Center (uppercase second reference) for joint stories with the University.
University of Maryland Medicine (UMM on second reference) Refers to collaborative efforts between the School of Medicine and the University of Maryland Medical Center.
University of Maryland Medical System (UMMS on second reference) The private, not-for-profit hospital system and all its components.
University System of Maryland The 13-member system of institutions formed in 1988 by consolidating the former five-campus network of the University of Maryland (Baltimore, College Park, Eastern Shore, University College, Baltimore County) with the State College and University system (University of Baltimore plus Bowie, Coppin, Frostburg, Towson, Salisbury). In addition to these 11 degree-granting institutions are two research units: University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute and University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science. Abbreviated as USM.
U.S.News & World Report No space between first two words when used in school rankings
VA See campus locations.
voice mail
Walmart AP finally dropped the hyphen
website lowercase and one word, AP now says. Also webcam, webcast, and webmaster. Web addresses go in italics (per Maryland magazine). Also see e-mail and Internet addresses.
Web page, Web AP still has these references uppercase
West Baltimore, Western Maryland
Westside Uppercase references to the area around the University of Maryland BioPark.
whereas, while, and although Wrong: While the data in Reeder and Pryor's (1992) first study were collected from undergraduates, their 1995 study used data collected from the community at large. Right: Although the data in Reeder and Pryor's (1992) first study were collected from undergraduates, their 1995 study used data collected from the community at large. Also right: Whereas the data in Reeder and Pryor's (1992) first study were collected from undergraduates, their 1995 study used data collected from the community at large.
workforce, workstation, workweek
World Wide Web Capitalized
worldwide One word, worldwide reach
ZIP code ZIP is all caps; it stands for Zoning Improvement Plan.


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Web Sites
I am passionate about creating visually interesting and sensible communications whether on the web or in print. It is important that the graphical style, corporate identity, and the purpose work together in harmony. Coding CSS is one of my key strengths on the web. Few things are more pleasing to me than to solve a design problem. Not many folks can relate when I start slipping into "geek-mode" and start talking about merging PNGs with repeating background patterns to create seamless dynamic framing elements but that's good fun for me!
USAID.gov - Unpublished design
meredith.edu - Unpublished design
Brandgraphiti.com - Energetic graphics for an energetic new company!
NCBAM.com - Phase I site designed to raise awareness of new aging services ministry.
bankofthecarolinas.com - Website, Intranet, banner ads, special promotions and contests.
lrbrealestate.com - Real estate website with connection to Triad MLS property data.
thharch.com - Strong emphasis on Flash intro for a brand-concious client.
ptanc.com - Website and intranet
kenanarts.org - Website with member projects area used to keep up with status of grants.
smittysnotes.com - Developed a 'skin' for existing site. Also designed a newsletter template.
chadschai.com - Proposed design for next generation of Chad's Chai website currently in development. Developed complete identity, including packaging and promotional materials.
simplyummy.com - Redesign of Cafe website- Main goal was to communicate that Simplyummy is more than a coffee shop.
Hanes Marketing Tools CD - Interactive CD delivering high resolution product images and marketing info to support sales and distributors.
Hanes Women's Underwear CD - Interactive CD delivering high resolution product images and marketing info to support sales and distributors.
I am passionate about inspired communications. It is a good day when style and message blend together into a satisfying mocha swirl.
I Love Design
Few things are more satisfying to me than solving a design problem. I do it at home and I do it at work. I enjoy the process and the opportunity to focus on something new. Imagining possibilities for one thing can often unlock ideas for another.
I enjoy the speed and flexibility of pencil sketches. Sometimes I get inspired by the loose freedom of the sketches themselves and I end up creating artwork that can be scanned and used in a design. Inspiration can come from random places such as browsing in a junkyard, picking up an instrument that I have no business playing, or tinkering with my son's Lego's. At the end of the day a new design idea may be born!
I Love CSS
Writing CSS code falls squarely within my strike-zone. For me it's a logical extension of the design. Writing my own presentation code gives me greater control and assurance that the design will get translated into HTML and CSS faithfully. With the dawning of CSS3, HTML5, and the growing list of browsers that support these technologies many tasks that were previously difficult or impossible to do can now be accomplished with great efficiency.
Even though I am primarily a web designer nowadays, my experience in print has prepared me with many foundation skills that I still rely upon: layout design, photo manipulation, color theory, typography, and illustration. I remain active designing for print - occasionally working on identities and creating marketing materials for a variety of clients.
I am currently employed but am always willing to connect, talk, and dream. If you'd like to speak with me about your project or any opportunity just send me an email or call. Maybe we can grab a cup Chad's Chai.
Just for fun. Here's my Instagram Feed. A personal creative space.

subset: commoncrawl


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Whole-wheat bagels are just dandy as a healthy basis for a solid sandwich. Bagels will stand up to being banged around in a paper sack as your child shoves his or her lunch into a backpack or locker.
Use one bagel--or a few mini-bagels. Two min-bagels will supply six grams of fiber to the lunch.
Put on some tuna or a slice of lean turkey or roast beef. Cover with la slice of lower fat cheese, and slices of a fresh tomato and onion. Romaine lettuce or sprouts will add some of the veggie benefits.
For a drink, pour some low-fat milk into a reusable container. A fruit will taste good, giving the lunch a good ending.
Source: WebMD Health & Cooking
University of Colorado Health employees dedicate themselves to providing patients and other customers with world-class care and service. Outside organizations recognize that, calling University of Colorado Health's hospitals some of the best in Colorado and even the best in the nation. Some of those accolades are listed below:
University of Colorado HealthFort Collins, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Frequently Asked Questions
To help serve you better, below are a few commonly asked question from changing room reservations to how to purchase gift certificates.
What is the age minimum to check-in?
What credit cards are accepted?
What time is check-in and check-out?
What is the cancellation policy?
Are pets allowed at the hotels?
Are the rooms non-smoking?
How do the guest experiences at Grand Cascades Lodge and Minerals Resort & Spa differ?
What is there for kids to do at the Resort?
How far apart are the two hotels?
Can I use the pools if I don't stay overnight?
Can I make or change a room reservation via email?
How can I find out about special promotions?
Are there overnight packages available?
Is there an on-site fitness center?
Are guest rooms handicap accessible?
Is there high-speed internet access available in guest rooms?
Do I have to make spa appointments in advance?
How do the guest experiences at Reflections Spa and Elements Spa differ?
How many golf courses are available at Crytal Springs Resort?
How far in advance can I make a tee time?
How far apart are the seven golf courses?
Do any of the Resort courses offer caddies?
How many Resort restaurants are available?
Do I have to make dinner reservations in advance?
Can I request a donation from Crystal Springs Resort?
Does Crystal Springs Resort accommodate weddings or meetings?
Can I purchase a gift certificate for Crystal Springs Resort?
What is age minimum to check-in?
There must be at least one guest who is at least 21 years of age and can provide a valid credit card to register for overnight accommodations.
What credit cards are accepted?
For your convenience, the Resort accepts VISA, MasterCard, American Express, and Discover (hotel stays only, not golf tee times). A valid credit card must be presented upon check-in.
What time is check-in and check-out?
Hotel Check-In And Check-Out
Check-In: 4:00pm / Check-Out: 12:00pm
Late Check-Out: 2:00pm with a fee of $50.00
Condo Check-In And Check-Out
Check-In: 5:00pm / Check-Out: 11:00am / Late Check-Out is not permitted in condos.
What is the cancellation policy?
Cancellations must be made 72 hours prior to arrival, or your credit card will be charged a penalty fee of 50% of your total stay. Same-day cancellations are charged 100%. If your reservation is not cancelled, you will be considered a no show and your credit card will be charged the full rate of the reservation. To cancel your reservation, please call 855.977.6473. We are open 7 days a week.
How far in advance can I make a tee time?
The Resort offers an unparalleled golf experience within the Garden State. No other resort in the Northeast has seven award-winning golf courses, all located within a five-mile radius. Tee times for Resort hotel guests can be made up to 28 days in advance by calling 855.977.6473. Non-overnight guests can make tee times up to 10 days in advance.
Are pets allowed at the hotel?
Pets are not permitted at Crystal Springs Resort (hotel or condominiums). There is a $200 penalty for bringing pets. Call in advance to lodge your pet locally while you enjoy your stay with us. We suggest The Pet Spa and Resort (open daily 7:30 AM – 6:00 PM), located at 3222 Route 94 in Franklin, New Jersey. Call 973.827.8881 or visit www.petsparesort.com.
Are the rooms non-smoking?
All guestrooms, condos, common areas and restaurants are non-smoking. There is a $250 penalty for smoking.
Do I have to make spa appointments in advance?
We strongly recommend making spa appointments well in advance of the desired date as the spas fill up quickly. For appointments or to change any already scheduled service at Elements Spa at Minerals Resort & Spa, call 973.864.5850. For appointments or to change any already scheduled service at Reflections Spa at Grand Cascades Lodge, call 973.823.6550.
Do I have to make dinner reservations in advance?
For your dining pleasure, we offer 12 unique restaurants, bistros, pubs, and cafes. Your dining experiences at the Resort will make for delicious memories. We recommend that reservations for dining be made in advance to ensure availability. You may contact the restaurants directly or call the concierge at 973.823.6500.
How do the guest experiences at Grand Cascades Lodge and Minerals Resort & Spa differ?
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Grand Cascades Lodge and Minerals Resort & Spa are only 5 minutes driving time from one another. You cannot walk from one property to another, however the complimentary Resort shuttle provides transportation for hotel guests between the two hotels.
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Minerals Sports Club at Minerals Resort & Spa is reserved exclusively for members and hotel guests. Day passes are not available for purchase. The Biosphere at Grand Cascades Lodge is reserved exclusively for members and hotel guests staying at Grand Cascades Lodge. Day passes are not availabe for purchase.


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Since the beginning of the demonstrations in Libya it is estimated that over 6,000 civilians have been killed. Col. Moammar Gadhafi declared war on his own people sending his army, air force, and mercenaries to quell the "trouble makers."
On Thursday the UN decided to take action and bring a stop to the massacre of innocent Libyans. The UN Security Council announced a resolution to enforce a no-fly zone over Libyan airspace and an arms embargo on the country. The purpose of this resolution is to protect the civilians of Libya.
On Saturday coalition forces launched operation "Odyssey Dawn" in order to enforce the UN resolution. French air-fighters attacked and destroyed Libyan tanks. The US and Britain also launched over 110 Tomahawk missiles in order to paralyze Libya's antiaircraft capabilities.
In response to the attack Moammar Gadhafi has assembled in his palace loyal citizens, parliament members, and military personal with there families, creating a human shield for himself. The dictator then addressed the world promising a long war. Gadhafi threatened that if the operation continues Europe will be submitted to a wave of terror stemming from Africa.
Israel is taking Gadhafi's words seriously. Islamic terrorists could try to attack Israeli embassies in Europe or they may come from a different angle in order to jeopardize the nation. Israel trade routes on the Mediterranean Sea can be disturbed as well as its capabilities to operate in international water.
Just last week Israel commandoes seized an arms cache heading towards Gaza from cargo ship Victoria which was in international waters. Operation "Odyssey Dawn" might disable these kind of capabilities.
While Israel and the world wait to see what will come of Libya one thing is clear: From now on neither leader nor government can abuse their citizens.
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A recession can bring out the best and the worst in corporate finance. The worst has been splattered across newspaper front pages for months now. Some of the best is happening in back offices, where companies continue to find ways to mine working capital — the amount of money they have tied up in operations — to increase cash flow. In a recession, however, the traditional methods companies use to extract that cash — calling in overdue payments, stretching out their own, and relentlessly paring down inventories — can lead to a gigantic, circular squeeze in which no one wants to cut a check to anyone else. This year's working capital survey, our sixth conducted jointly with REL Consultancy Group, finds signs that companies are exploiting creative tactics to reduce working capital and improve cash flow without alienating customers or stringing out suppliers — much. But these methods pose challenges of their own.
Don't Break the Chain
We noted a year ago that squeezing customers too hard might drive them into the arms of a competitor. This year, companies seem more worried about driving their suppliers into bankruptcy — particularly at a time when they need those suppliers to help them reduce inventory. "If you grow your supplier payments by too many days, that impedes your ability to work with them to manage your inventory," notes Palm Inc. CFO Judy Bruner, whose days payable outstanding (DPO) dropped 13 days last year. And inventory turns are a far more lucrative source of working capital than payables, says REL Americas president Stephen Payne, because finished inventory has a higher value than the raw materials represented by payables.
Palm isn't alone in treating suppliers well on payables. Across all industries, average DPO dropped by 5 days in 2001 to 32 days. "We don't believe it is good business practice to extend payables," says Kenneth A. Goldman, CFO of Siebel Systems Inc., whose DPO dropped from an already diminutive 5 days in 2000 to just 3 last year. "We did not make our cash flow on the backs of our vendors." Software companies have no inventory, so most of Siebel's payables are consulting fees, capital expenditures, and ordinary expenses such as rent and utilities. "Clearly we are going to pay those on time," he says.
Manufacturers with large payables are particularly wary of squeezing suppliers. "In the automotive industry, financial pressure flows downhill," says David C. Wajsgras, senior vice president and CFO of Lear Corp., which supplies most major automakers with the interiors of their cars under contracts that typically last the life of the car model. With so much riding on its supply chain, Lear goes the extra mile to ensure the financial viability of its suppliers.
"In a number of cases, we have supported suppliers financially," says Wajsgras, even at the expense of DPO, which for Lear dropped 3 days to 53 last year. A few years ago, when some so-called tier-two automotive suppliers were in danger of going out of business, Lear formed a team of 15 people from the legal, purchasing, and finance departments to detect and aid hard-pressed suppliers. Today, this group is a permanent fixture that regularly monitors the health of Lear's entire supply base. The payoff of such good supplier relations is a steady growth in Lear's inventory turns, which improved from 23.4 to 28.6 in 2001. "One-day improvement in inventory turns will generate $15 million to $20 million in positive cash flow," states Wajsgras.


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Asalam Alaikum,
This site has, sadly, become a very low quality site. Accepting anything and everything. I propose that this site should start limiting itself to good questions about Islam. And when I mean by questions, I don't mean some question like "How do I make salat?" or how do I do this or that, no. Such questions is really making this site look bad. There are sites online dealing with educating non-Muslims and new Muslims. I propose that we disallow questions asking for advice, like "How can I keep up my salaat?" or "This happened in my marriage, what do I do?" , and the like. This maybe too much to ask of this site now, but what do you guys think? what should this site be? should it be a site that accepts anything and everything like what it is doing now? or should we bring some quality to the content on here, and benefit everyone not just an individual? because many questions on here would only benefit an individual not everyone.


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|National Park Service
|These pages are designed to provide a set of general reference tools for learning more about historic ships. Included are links to the historic ships listed on this and other web sites. We have also provided links to some major resources for researching historic ships. As well, we have included links to various organizations addressing the current maritime world. Please enjoy a browse through these pages, engage in a little research, and expand your knowledge of the ship and its place in history.


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|Bearers of the Cross: Crucifers in the Context of Traditional Diets and Modern Science
|Written by Chris Masterjohn
|Friday, 15 February 2008 02:29
Article Summary
The use of cruciferous vegetables—those in the cabbage family—began 7,000 years ago in China and spread throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. The oldest writings emphasize the medicinal utility of crucifers, but these vegetables have now gained culinary importance worldwide.
When raw crucifers are chewed, or when microwaved and steamed crucifers are digested by intestinal bacteria, they release substances called goitrogens that increase the need for iodine when consumed in small amounts and can damage the thyroid gland when consumed in large amounts.
These goitrogens also inhibit the transfer of iodine into mother's milk.
Steaming crucifers until they are fully cooked reduces the goitrogens to one-third the original value on average. Since release of the goitrogens from steamed crucifers depends on intestinal bacteria, however, the amount released varies from person to person.
Boiling crucifers for thirty minutes reliably destroys 90 percent of the goitrogens.
Fermentation does not neutralize the goitrogens in crucifers. When foods like sauerkraut are consumed as condiments, however, the small amount of goitrogens within them is not harmful if one's diet is adequate in iodine.
An increased dietary intake of iodine compensates for the consumption of moderate amounts of crucifers but cannot reverse the effects of large amounts of crucifers.
Paradoxically, the goitrogens found in crucifers may offer some protection against cancer. The jury is still out on whether or not this is true.
The use of sauerkraut as a condiment and several servings of steamed crucifers per week is probably beneficial. People who consume more than this amount, especially lactating mothers, should be sure to obtain extra iodine in their diet from seafood. People who make liberal use of crucifers on a daily basis should boil a portion of them to avoid excessive exposure to goitrogens.
The safety of concentrated sources of crucifer-related chemicals such as broccoli sprouts or supplements containing indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3-3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is questionable. These supplements should be avoided until continuing research can further elucidate their risks and benefits.
Main Article
Although cruciferous vegetables were not staple foods of our Paleolithic ancestors, they earned a reputation as medicinal plants among Greek and Roman civilizations and achieved widespread distribution throughout Europe during the Middle Ages. While cruciferous vegetables such as cabbage and broccoli are rich in many essential nutrients, they are distinguished for their abundance of chemical toxins called glucosinolates. Though they were once spurned as the predominant cause of goiter—a thyroid disease that in its most severe form produces a large swelling of the neck—many modern nutritionists now enthusiastically embrace glucosinolates as our most powerful insurance against a wide range of cancers.
Since crucifers paradoxically have the potential for both unique health benefits and unique toxicity, it is important to interpret the available science cautiously and to learn what lessons we can from the role that crucifers played and the way in which they were processed in traditional groups with proven immunity to degenerative diseases.
The word "crucifer" comes from the Latin crux (cross), and ferre, (to bear or carry).1 Although now called Brassicaceae, the eighteenth century Swedish taxonomist Carolus Linnaeus named the mustard family Crucif-erae because the flowers of its members bear four petals in the shape of a cross.2
Crucifers in History
The most widely used cruciferous vegetables belong to the genus Brassica and include broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, kohlrabi, mustard, rutabaga, turnip and bok choy. Other crucifers include arugula, horseradish, radish, wasabi and watercress.2 Lesser-known crops such as maca, a tuber used in the Andes, and Virginia pepperweed, used by some Mexican natives, are also crucifers.3 Even canola oil, derived from a close relative of the turnip, is a member of Cruciferae.4
Preserved brassica seeds unearthed in ancient Chinese villages date back to between 4000 and 5000 BC and in Pakistani villages to 2000 BC. Chinese and Sanskrit writings mention the use of brassicas in the first and second millennium BC. In the fifth and sixth centuries BC, the Greek writers Hippocrates and Pythagoras recorded the use of mustard as a condiment and as a remedy for scorpion stings. Evidence for the cultivation of cabbage, kale, broccoli and kohlrabi surfaces in writings of the early Roman Empire, while the first reliable references to cauliflower surface in Arab writings of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Crucifers spread across Europe during the Middle Ages as a result of the Crusades, travel across and around the Mediterranean Sea, and the prominence of the herb garden within monastic and village life.5
A number of leafy crucifers that no longer exist were used throughout Europe as salad vegetables and scurvy remedies from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries.3 Familiar crucifers such as cabbage, radish, turnip, mustard and horseradish also flourished throughout Europe by the sixteenth century.6 Cabbage itself reached cult status as a cure for all diseases.
According to Antonio Mizauld, a sixteenth century Parisian professor of medicine, the Germans and Flemish had a custom of consuming cabbage before and after meals, which protected them from being "overtaken by the wine which they never tire of drinking and with which they are always ready to moisten their throats."6
Mizauld and some of his French and Italian contemporaries advised both young and old, even infants, to consume crucifers throughout life. Cabbage, according to these writings, could cure all things. The internal use of cabbage, especially mixed with wine, would cure a swollen spleen, pain of the heart, liver, lungs or any other internal organ, venomous snake bites and ulcers. Warm cabbage juice mixed with wine and dripped into the ears would cure hardness of hearing, while if it were mixed with fenugreek flour and applied as a plaster to the joints it would cure gout. Inhaled in its pure state, cabbage juice purged the brain; applied to the "natural parts of women," it provoked menstruation. The topical application of cabbage leaves could subdue inflammation, remedy tumors, burst carbuncles, arrest hair loss, cleanse the skin of the face and even remove freckles.6
Other sixteenth century writers considered the turnip a remedy for parasites and an antidote to snake venom. Mustard soothed the kidneys and its seeds cured toothaches. Horseradish root mixed with white wine and bitter apple, heated, and then dripped into the ears eliminated buzzing sounds. If the same mixture were drunk with mead, according to these writings, it could cure jaundice.6
Crucifers continued to spread internationally in the following centuries. The first American settlers brought European crucifers to Jamestown.7 Kimchi, a Korean lacto-fermented dish made of miscellaneous vegetables dating back several thousand years, incorporated Chinese napa cabbage in the nineteenth century.8 Although some crucifers with very rigid environmental requirements such as Andean maca and true Japanese wasabi have remained local crops, most major food crops within the Cruciferae family have now spread throughout the world.
The Dark Side of Crucifers: Goitrogens
In 1929, researchers from Johns Hopkins University tempered the unbridled enthusiasm for crucifers that had characterized previous centuries of medical thought when they produced goiter in rabbits by feeding them cabbage. Goiter is a disease of the thyroid gland best known for the swollen protrusions of the neck that often accompany it. Although an excess of iodine can also produce the disease, goiter usually results from a deficiency of iodine or excessive exposure to chemicals found in food or the environment called goitrogens. Iodine deficiency goiter is associated with a disease called cretinism that results in impaired growth and mental development, while goitrogen-induced goiter is associated with autoimmune thyroiditis, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, and thyroid cancer.9
At low concentrations, the goitrogens in cabbage and other crucifers inhibit the uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland; this effect can be overcome by an increased dietary intake of iodine. At high concentrations, however, these chemicals inhibit the incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormone. In this case, even the iodine that makes it into the thyroid gland cannot be used; dietary iodine therefore cannot overcome the effect of very large amounts of crucifers.9
Cruciferous goitrogens also inhibit the transfer of iodine into milk by the mammary gland. The goitrogens themselves cross the placenta into the fetal bloodstream during pregnancy and pass into the maternal milk during lactation.10 Milk from cows grazing on especially goitrogen-rich crucifers resulted in an outbreak of goiter in Finland in the 1960s,9 and researchers believe that high maternal consumption during pregnancy and lactation of improperly detoxified cassava—a starchy vegetable with goitrogens similar to those that occur in crucifers—plays a role in the endemic cretinism that plagues the children of many third world populations.10
Research on adverse effects of crucifers has largely focused on the effects of rapeseed meal in cattle, poultry and pork animals. Scientists began developing low-goitrogen varieties of the meal in the 1980s after it was found to cause hypothyroidism and reduced food intake and growth.4 However, research has not addressed the question of whether crucifers might cause hypothyroidism in humans in the absence of goiter.11
Humans generally do not consume rapeseed meal, which is very high in a particularly noxious goitrogen called goitrin. Goitrin is especially toxic because the body does not degrade it as well as other goitrogens.9 Perhaps the apparent uniqueness of rapeseed's toxicity as well as the belief that sufficient intake of iodine can overcome any adverse effects of most crucifers10 has resulted in the relative lack of concern. Researchers from the University of Calcutta, however, showed in 2006 that a diet composed of 30 percent radish—which does not contain goitrin12 —produces hypothyroidism, derangement of the cells of the thyroid gland and increased thyroid weight typical of goiter, even when cooked and accompanied by very large intakes of iodine.13
Because feeding goitrogens to animals can produce thyroid cancer, a number of research groups have investigated the potential association between cruciferous vegetables and this disease. To date, all of them have been case control studies, which are subject to several types of bias because they select the participants and collect the dietary information after the diseases have already been diagnosed. A recent analysis pooled together the results of eleven of these studies and concluded that "high" intakes of crucifers had no association with thyroid cancer.14
But a closer look at this analysis raises a red flag. In some studies included within it, a "high" intake of crucifers was defined as more than several servings per year; in others, it was defined as more than three, six or eight servings per month; in yet others it was defined as more than one or four servings per week; only in one study was a "high" intake of crucifers considered to be more than one serving per day. This final study was conducted in Japan and found a 56 percent increased risk of thyroid cancer associated with an intake of more than 8.5 servings of cruciferous vegetables per week.14 This study ran contrary to the majority of those included, which found decreased risks. Although a single case control study certainly is not grounds for a confident conclusion, it raises the question of whether low intakes of crucifers may offer some protection against thyroid cancer while consistent daily intake of crucifers may be harmful.
The Dark Side of Crucifers: Nitriles
In addition to goitrogens, crucifers also contain substances called nitriles that can release cyanide into tissues and result in general toxicity at high doses.15 A 2004 study conducted in Japan suggested that massive doses of nitriles, doses that are impossible to obtain from food, would be required in order to result in toxicity.16 This study used behavioral endpoints such as restlessness to judge toxicity.
A Dutch study conducted in 1991 had already shown that toxicity can result with levels of nitriles easily achieved by feeding Brussels sprouts. Ten percent of the diet as Brussels sprouts by dry weight produced decreased food intake, growth depression, increased kidney weight and impaired kidney function in rats. This was substantially less than the 15 percent required to decrease levels of thyroid hormone. A 5 percent Brussels sprout diet increased liver weight, and a diet containing just 2.5 percent Brussels sprouts increased blood clotting.17 Although the study could not rule out effects of other chemicals in the sprouts, liver and kidney toxicity is characteristic of nitrile poisoning.15
According to laboratory simulations of digestion, Brussels sprouts generate five to ten times the amount of nitriles as broccoli, ten to thirty times the amount of nitriles as cabbage, and nearly seventy times the amount of nitriles found in sauerkraut. Of those crucifers that have been tested, only the stems and leaves of young broccoli plants approach the nitrile content of Brussels sprouts, generating between one-third and one-half as much upon digestion.16,18
In a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the short-term safety of broccoli sprouts, four out of nine subjects consuming either twelve-gram or fifty-gram servings of the sprouts for seven days developed abnormal levels of liver enzymes, indicating possible liver toxicity. Two of the subjects developed the abnormal readings after the researchers released them from the study for two days, and only one of the subjects experienced the repeated abnormal readings required to diagnose clinical liver toxicity. Although the researchers could therefore not attribute any clear and consistent toxicity to the sprouts, the fact that none of the three placebo subjects developed abnormal levels of liver enzymes suggested a causal relationship.19 Broccoli sprouts are ten to one hundred times as rich as broccoli in chemicals that can potentially release nitriles upon digestion.20 Prudent observers may wish to wait for the completion of long-term safety studies before offering themselves as guinea pigs for this newfangled food.
Cooking, Fermentation and Other Processing
Throughout history, various populations have prepared cruciferous vegetables in different ways, some of which neutralize the goitrogens to varying extents and some of which do not. Many people believe that cooking and fermenting crucifers eliminates the goitrogens but the situation is much more complex than this.
Most forms of cooking reduce but do not eliminate the goitrogenic effect. Microwaving cabbage reduces the goitrogen bioavailability to one-half; steaming broccoli reduces it to one-third; and boiling watercress reduces it to one-tenth. Boiling not only leaches goitrogens into the cooking water, but also brings the vegetable to a higher temperature, causing a greater thermal destruction of the goitrogens within it. Boiling cabbage for just five minutes results in a 35 percent loss of goitrogen activity; thereafter, each additional five minutes results in another five to ten percent loss. By thirty minutes of boiling, 87 percent of the goitrogens are eliminated. Cooking also greatly reduces the formation of nitriles.22
Although cassava is not a crucifer, it contains goitrogens that are chemically similar to those found in crucifers. Since many African groups rely on cassava as a major staple, it is instructive for us to consider how they prepare it. In the groups of Central Africa where the prevalence of goiter is low, the natives soak the cassava roots in river water for two to six days before mashing them into a purée, simmering them into a paste, and wrapping them in palm or banana leaves. The cassava leaves are boiled before cooking. Other groups do not soak the cassava roots; instead they peel them, dry them in the sun, pound them with soaked corn and eat them as gruel. In contrast to the groups who soak the cassava, those who do not have a high prevalence of goiter.10
Crucifers and Cancer
In recent years, enthusiasm of the medical and nutritional professions for crucifers has resurfaced with the intensive investigation of the hypothesis that crucifer consumption may protect against cancer. Ironically, the chemicals to which researchers now attribute this anti-carcinogenic effect are the very same chemical toxins that we have known for so long as goitrogens.
The anti-carcinogen hypothesis is driven by three observations: first, the chemical toxins in crucifers stimulate enzymes responsible for their own detoxification and may thereby increase the rate of detoxification of carcinogens that are cleared by the same enzymes; second, a number of these chemicals are extremely toxic to cancer cells and can therefore act as chemotherapeutic agents (see sidebar on page 42); third, epidemiological evidence suggests that people who eat more cruciferous vegetables have a lower risk of various cancers.
In 1996, researchers from the University of Limburg in the Netherlands published a comprehensive review of the 94 studies that had been conducted on the relationship of brassica vegetables to cancer risk.24 Each study included was one of two types: retrospective case control studies or prospective cohort studies.
Case control studies select people who have been diagnosed with a disease (cases) and people who have not (controls), and then ask them to recall their past dietary habits. Because they are retrospective, they are subject to two types of bias to which prospective cohort studies are not: selection bias and recall bias. Selection bias may result if people who are more health conscious—who eat more cruciferous vegetables, for example—are more interested in volunteering to be control subjects than those who are less health conscious. Recall bias may result if people who were diagnosed with a disease are more conscious of the habits they perceive to be unhealthy and to have contributed to their disease—lack of vegetable consumption, for example—while those without the disease may emphasize their healthier habits. Case control studies can therefore serve to reinforce preconceived cultural definitions of what constitutes a healthy diet and lifestyle.
Prospective cohort studies collect dietary information from a group of healthy people before any of them develop the disease being studied. Then, the researchers track these people for a number of years and record who among them develops the disease. Cohort studies are thus much more reliable than case control studies because the information is collected at a point during which neither the researchers nor the subjects know who will develop the disease and who will not. Unfortunately, cohort studies are also more costly and time-consuming. Case control studies greatly outnumber cohort studies: in the 1996 comprehensive review, 87 out of 94 studies included were case control studies while only seven were cohort studies.
Among the case control studies, 67 percent found an inverse association between the consumption of at least one brassica vegetable and the risk of cancer, while only 16 percent found a positive association. The findings of the prospective cohort studies were much less impressive. The seven studies generated thirteen correlations between either brassicas as a group or individual brassica vegetables and cancer risk. Six of these associations (46 percent) showed a lower risk of cancer for higher consumption of brassicas, four (31 percent) showed increased risk, and three (23 percent) were neutral.
In the decade since the publication of that review, researchers have published numerous prospective cohort studies with ambivalent results. Two studies showed inverse associations with lung cancer, one failed to show an association, and one showed an inverse association in women but not in men. Four studies failed to demonstrate an inverse association with colorectal cancer, while a fifth found that people who consumed the equivalent of 2.5 cups of crucifers per week had a decreased risk of colon cancer but an increased risk of rectal cancer compared to those who consumed the equivalent of one-half cup per week.2 A pooled analysis of eight studies on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and breast cancer showed no relationship with crucifers.25 None of four studies showed an inverse association with prostate cancer, but one of them found a 28 percent reduced risk for the consumption of five servings of crucifers per week compared to one serving per week when they limited the analysis to men who were diagnosed with the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test, which is considered a more sensitive diagnostic measurement. Finally, one study associated the consumption of one or more servings of cabbage per week compared to never eating cabbage with a 38 percent reduced risk of pancreatic cancer.2
The current cutting-edge hypothesis explaining the association between cruciferous vegetables and cancer is that crucifers primarily confer benefit upon people who for genetic reasons exhibit a very sluggish rate of detoxification. There are two competing explanations for this phenomenon: crucifer toxins "wake up" the sluggish detoxification and raise it to a normal level in these people, in turn eliminating their increased risk for cancer; alternatively, cancer cells within the tissues of those who detoxify the cruciferous chemicals more slowly will be exposed to their anti-carcinogenic effects for a longer period of time. This hypothesis has gained substantial support but has also encountered surprising contradictions (see sidebar on page 43).
It will be interesting to see what the continued investigation into these hypotheses can tell us about the relationship between crucifers and cancer. In the mean time, however, we would be wise to interpret the uncertainty within the context of our understanding of the primitive diets that we know have produced superb health in those consuming them.
Crucifers in Primitive Diets
Crucifers and other green vegetables did not figure prominently as staples in the diets of the groups that Weston Price studied. Price estimated that the Swiss of the Loetschental Valley ate five percent of their calories as vegetables and had access to greens only during the summer. The Gaelics of the Outer Hebrides did not eat substantial amounts of vegetables at all. Kelp, berries, sorrel grass and flower blossoms comprised the plant foods of the Eskimo. Price mentions little of the plant foods of the North American Indians; modern researchers have recorded the use of a variety of crucifers by natives indigenous to Canada but they played a minor, seasonal role in the diet. Taro was the most common plant food in the islands of the Pacific. The most common plant food Price recorded in use among the African groups he examined was the banana; the sweet potato followed closely behind; and cereal grains and legumes also played an important role.
Price did not write much about the plant foods of the Australian Aborigines, but modern researchers believe the traditional Aboriginal diet supplemented its animal foods primarily with fruits, roots, tubers, nuts and seeds. Vegetables played a minor role. The Aborigines considered most of the leaves eaten by early European settlers to be inedible.39 Price primarily listed fruits among the plant foods of the Torres Strait Islanders and described the intensive use of kelp and fern roots among the Maori. He attributed grains, beans, potatoes and squash to the ancient Peruvians; to the modern Peruvians he primarily attributed corn, beans and yucca, though he noted the use of an assortment of fruits and vegetables that he did not name in detail. Peruvians and their Bolivian neighbors did in fact use a cruciferous tuber called maca, but the great difficulty with which maca is grown rendered it a minor crop.3
Even as minor components of the diet, however, some crucifers can make important contributions. Brassicas such as broccoli, kale and bok choy contain several times as much calcium as milk per calorie and about half as much per unit of volume; the bioavailability of calcium from these vegetables is slightly better than that from pasteurized milk and over ten times better than that from spinach.40,41 They are rich in vitamin C, vitamin K1, beta-carotene and other nutrients and pigments. When used as a condiment, sauerkraut can provide beneficial enzymes, bacteria and various nutrients produced during fermentation.
It seems unlikely that the use of small amounts of sauerkraut as a condiment or several servings of steamed crucifers per week would exert adverse effects on the thyroid, and it is possible—though far from proven—that small amounts of the goitrogenic chemicals within them do in fact have some health benefits. At the same time, it may be wise for the nursing mother to practice strict moderation in the consumption of crucifers or to be sure to obtain extra iodine in the diet from the liberal use of fish and seaweed if she consumes them regularly, to insure that her infant obtains optimal amounts of iodine from her milk.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, green vegetables retain most of their nutrients when we boil them and drain the water. They do lose, however, 45 percent of the vitamin C, 20 percent of the thiamin and 40 percent of the folate.42 If one makes liberal use of crucifers on a daily basis it may be wise to boil them rather than steaming them, especially if one has any signs of thyroid problems. This is especially true of Brussels sprouts, which produce much higher levels of cyanide-generating nitriles than the other crucifers.
This is a minority view. Crucifers are currently widely extolled, not despite their toxins but because of them. Dr. Joel Fuhrman argues in Eat to Live that much of the scientific evidence is conflicting because we simply do not eat enough crucifers and other green leafy vegetables to experience their full range of health-promoting effects. He recommends eating a minimum of two pounds per day of leafy vegetables and places crucifers at the top of his nutrient density ranking because he counts their glucosinolates as nutrients rather than toxins. Although Fuhrman may represent the opposite extreme, many more moderate authors recommend several servings per day of crucifers to obtain the putative benefits of glucosinolates.
It is not difficult, however, to find the contrary view expressed in other parts of the world where crucifer consumption is much higher than in ours. In Indian journals, for example, crucifers are blamed for the endemic goiter that iodine fortification has failed to eliminate.13 In Japan, crucifer consumption may be associated with thyroid cancer.14
Many of the groups Price studied ate little in the way of green vegetables and even less in the way of crucifers, yet exhibited a remarkable immunity to cancer. While crucifers may make important contributions as minor constituents of some diets, it would be a mistake to jump on the current bandwagon exaggerating their role in cancer prevention and promoting newfangled and experimental foods like broccoli sprouts rich in chemicals that our ancestors would have leached into running water for days to eliminate. We should learn our lessons about how to prevent cancer not from the subtle distinctions between various states of disease we observe in our own society but from groups like the Torres Strait Islanders, the Eskimos and the North American Indians whose physicians went decades at a time unable to find a single case of cancer among them. The traditions that these groups kept bore fruit, by which we know that they continue to bear wisdom.
Summary of Toxins from Crucifers
Present in cruciferous vegetables
Formed from Glucosinolates
Formed by:
Formation affected by:
Thiocyanate Ions
Formed from Isothiocyanates
Formed by:
Formed from Isothiocyanates
Formed by:
Formed from Glucosinolates
Formed by:
Formation affected by:
Formed from Glucosinolates
Formed by:
Formation affected by:
Glucosinolates and Processing: A Closer Look
The goitrogens found in cruciferous vegetables are called glucosinolates. These chemicals contain glucose, sulfur and cyanide combined into a single molecule. Glucosinolates are not actually goitrogenic themselves but are precursors to the active goitrogens and to other toxins.15
Glucosinolates are accompanied by the enzyme myrosinase within the plant; the myrosinase, however, is segregated from the glucosinolate in a separate compartment. When insects attack the plant or when humans chew it in its raw state, the enzyme myrosinase breaks free from its compartment and converts the glucosinolates into isothiocyanates, indoles and nitriles. (See Sidebar, page 36.) Since the breakdown products of glucosinolates tend to be toxic to the plant as well as to insects, the plant holds them as inactive precursors until they are needed for its defense.15
Isothiocyanates undergo normal metabolism within the body to produce thiocyanate ions and thioureas. Thiocyanate ions are produced to a greater extent than thioureas, and these inhibit iodine uptake into the thyroid gland; dietary iodine can overcome this effect. Thioureas, by contrast, block the enzyme that incorporates iodine into thyroid hormone; dietary iodine cannot overcome this effect. Since one must consume large amounts of isothiocyanates in order to generate a substantial amount of thioureas, dietary iodine can overcome the effects of low isothiocyanate intakes but not high isothiocyanate intakes.9
Both indoles23 and nitriles15 inhibit the cell's ability to produce its universal energy currency, ATP. Indoles accomplish this by generating 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) within the acidic environment of the stomach, while nitriles accomplish this by releasing cyanide into cells. Cyanide inhibits the enzyme that uses oxygen to harvest energy from food molecules, while DIM inhibits the enzyme that uses that energy to synthesize ATP.
In a neutral or mildly acidic environment, the glucosinolates will break down into either isothiocyanates or indoles. Most glucosinolates in the food we eat yield the former while a minority yields the latter. Under more acidic conditions, glucosinolates break down into nitriles.22
In addition to myrosinase, the plant also contains a protein called epithiospecifier protein (ESP) that encourages the formation of nitriles rather than isothiocyanates. Mild heat that brings the internal temperature of the vegetable to 50°C destroys ESP. Thus, light cooking substantially reduces the yield of nitriles and increases the yield of isothiocyanates. Bringing the internal temperature of the vegetable to between 90°C and 100°C completely destroys the enzyme myrosinase. Therefore, glucosinolates cannot be broken down through chewing once the vegetable is fully cooked. However, intestinal bacteria such as Lactobacilli, Bifididobacteria, and Bacterioides can break down glucosinolates into isothiocyanates, indoles and nitriles, as well as other chemicals called amines once they pass into the small intestine and colon.22
A cruciferous vegetable that is fully cooked by steaming yields, on average, one-third the amount of isothiocyanates as the raw vegetable would yield. Since intestinal bacteria are widely variable, however, there is a four-fold variation between individuals. No studies have yet quantified what proportion of the glucosinolates from steamed vegetables yield other byproducts such as indoles and nitriles in humans. In contrast to steaming, boiling not only leaches glucosinolates into the water, but can also raise the internal temperature of the vegetable up to 110 degrees C, at which point the thermal degradation of glucosinolates begins. A half hour of boiling produces a nearly 90 percent loss of glucosinolates.22 Extended boiling is therefore the only way to avoid exposure to isothiocyanates, indoles and nitriles.
Fermentation of sauerkraut for three to five days fully converts the glucosinolates into isothiocyanates and nitriles; very little indole is found in sauerkraut.18 Fermentation for two weeks or longer fully converts the isothiocyanates into thiocyanate ions.21 Regardless of the length of time, fermentation reduces the amount of nitriles formed to half of what would be expected. Since sauerkraut is consumed in small amounts as a condiment, it is unlikely to exert adverse effects. Since sauerkraut provides important nutrients, enzymes and bacteria, it can serve as an important contribution to a healthy diet.
The Effects of Agriculture on the Glucosinolate Content of Crucifers
The amount and type of glucosinolates—the precursors to goitrogens and the plant's natural pesticides—varies with the plant's age, its environment, and the agricultural practices with which it is grown.
As a plant matures, its level of glucosinolates declines dramatically. The content of thiocyanate, a breakdown product of glucosinolates, is five times higher in the small young leaves of kale than in the fully formed mature leaves.15 The glucosinolate content of broccoli sprouts is ten to one hundred times that of mature broccoli.20
One study showed that organic crops have 15 to 40 percent higher average levels of glucosinolates than conventional crops. Infections of seeds or plants by fungi, parasitic insects or other pests can double the content of glucosinolates. Drought or inadequate water increases the level, and boron deficiency can triple it. In general, glucosinolate concentrations appear to increase in response to stress. Additionally, small molecules such as sugars and amino acids may accumulate and form glucosinolates when the plant does not have sufficient nutrients to incorporate them into larger structures such as proteins and cellulose.15
Cruciferous Chemotherapeutics
The glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables break down into several compounds that have potent anti-carcinogenic activities. The most widely studied of these are the isothiocyanate sulforaphane, which is a breakdown product of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin, and indole-3-carbinol, which is a breakdown product of indole glucosinolates.
Sulforaphane is the most powerful activator known of the detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase, which detoxifies carcinogens and other chemicals by attaching glutathione to the toxin, making it less dangerous, more water-soluble and easier to excrete. Sulforaphane also mildly increases the production of glutathione as well, and is itself detoxified by glutathione.26 Milk thistle, which has been used to treat liver diseases for hundreds of years, green tea27 and coffee28 have similar effects on the glutathione S-transferase enzyme.
Sulforaphane has captured the interest of researchers not only because it is such a powerful activator of glutathione S-transferase, but also because it does not increase the activity of other liver detoxification enzymes called "phase 1" enzymes that, when elevated to inappropriate levels, increase the concentration of dangerous free radicals within the cell. Somehow amidst all of the excitement many researchers seem to have forgotten the fact that we do not eat sulforaphane in foods but rather its precursor, glucoraphanin, which can be converted into a number of other products besides sulforaphane. Last year Italian researchers published the first study examining the effects of feeding purified glucoraphanin to rats. The doses they used were extreme and much higher than one would encounter in natural foods, so do not provide a basis for a solid conclusion. Nevertheless, the glucoraphanin produced only a slight increase in gluathione S-transferase and an enormous increase in phase 1 enzymes that resulted in 10-fold and 22-fold increases in the levels of free radicals, depending on the dose. The authors concluded that it might be dangerous to seek out this particular compound rather than simply eating a diet rich in a diversity of fruits and vegetables.29
Sulforaphane itself has been known for years to produce the death of cancer cells and to quench their ability to reproduce. Newer research is examining the role of sulforaphane in preventing a process called angiogenesis whereby cancer cells establish a rich blood supply with the growth of new blood vessels. A startling paper published this February in the journal Vascular Pharmacology elucidated the mechanism by which sulforaphane exerts these effects. In it, researchers from the University of Illinois showed that sulforaphane disrupts the formation of microtubules, which are used in mitosis (cellular reproduction) to pull chromosomes to either side of the cell as it begins to split in two. The genetic material then becomes disorganized and the cell commits suicide. The researchers demonstrated their results not in cancer cells but in normal cells that line the aorta, showing how sulforaphane could inhibit the ability of these cells to reproduce and form new blood vessels. The authors noted that the action did not seem specific for particular cell types and "may pose a toxicity issue for other tissues undergoing normal growth and development." They suggested studying the phenomenon further within other non-cancerous tissues and within live animals to define any potential risk of toxicity.30
Indole glucosinolates release indole-3-carbinol upon chewing or fermentation; under acidic environments such as the stomach, two molecules of this indole will combine with one another to produce 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM). In every type of cell tested, including non-cancerous cells, DIM acts as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme that synthesizes the universal energy currency, ATP. This results in oxidative stress, the depletion of glutathione, and the cessation of cellular reproduction.23
Indole-3-carbinol and DIM both activate enzymes involved in detoxification and DNA repair.31 Indole-3-carbinol possesses a very weak ability to damage DNA itself.32 When administered before or at the same time as a carcinogen, it inhibits the growth of cancers of the breast, stomach, colon, lung and liver. When administered after a carcinogen, however, it promotes the growth of cancers of the liver, thyroid, colon and uterus.2
Sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol are both anti-viral and anti-bacterial. Sulforaphane has effectively treated some cases of Helicobacter pylori infections, and indole-3-carbinol has effectively treated some cases of pre-cancerous cervical lesions2 and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis,31 both associated with the human papilloma virus. Nevertheless, a number of researchers have cautioned against the widespread use of indole-3-carbinol and DIM supplements until it can be clarified whether these compounds act as anti-carcinogens or pro-carcinogens in humans.2
Crucifers, Chromosomes and Cancer
Isothiocyanates are derived from the glucosinolates found in cruciferous vegetables. On the one hand, these chemicals increase the production of the important detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) while on the other hand they are themselves detoxified by GST. A number of groups of researchers have therefore begun investigating whether or not genetic alterations in this enzyme may affect the relationship between cruciferous vegetables and the risk of cancer. The consensus has favored the expectation that people with low GST activity will benefit most from crucifer consumption, but for two different reasons: some researchers have suggested that crucifers will serve to "wake up" the sluggish GST enzyme in these people and eliminate their increased risk for cancer, while others have suggested that these people will detoxify isothiocyanates more slowly and will therefore be exposed to their anti-carcinogenic effects for a longer period of time.
Research in this area is new and is currently far from perfect. The investigation of these hypotheses is confounded by several complications. For example, there are actually a number of different GST subtypes that are produced by each individual such as GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1. Each of these subtypes can have a number of different mutations leading to decreased activity or even complete absence of the enzyme. Thus far, studies have only evaluated one or two of these subtypes and no single study has evaluated all of them together.
Several studies have shown that crucifer consumption is associated with a much lower risk of lung cancer in those who possess no active GSTM1 or GSTT1. Two studies showed that crucifers were only associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in those lacking these enzymes.33 Another study, however, showed that the M1 and T1 forms had no effect and those who had low GSTP1 activities had an increased risk of colorectal cancer with increasing crucifer intake, although the study did not have the statistical power to completely rule out an effect of chance on the association.34
Researchers associated a 51 percent decrease in the risk of prostate cancer with crucifer consumption among those who possessed an active GSTM1 enzyme but associated a 51 percent increase in risk among those who possessed an inactive GSTT1 enzyme.35 One study associated a high intake of crucifers with a 40-49 percent decrease in the risk of bladder cancer among smokers regardless of genetics; the same study associated an increased risk with increasing crucifer intake among never smokers who had inactive GSTM1 or GSTT1 and a reduced risk among never smokers who had active GSTM1 or GSTT1, although it was not statistically powerful enough to conclusively rule out an effect of chance.36 Finally, consumption of four servings of crucifers per week reduced the risk of breast cancer in the 17 percent of subjects in the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project who had a low-activity form of GSTA1 and produced a slight increase in risk among the other subjects; a high crucifer intake did not confer any special advantage on this 17 percent but did return their otherwise elevated risk of breast cancer to normal.37
Researchers from the Universities of North and South Carolina only confused matters more when they recently announced the unexpected finding that people with an inactive GSTM1 enzyme actually excrete isothiocyanates at a faster rate, not a slower one.38 The only conclusion that can be drawn from these studies at the present time is that the new millennium has shown the relationship between cruciferous vegetables and cancer to be far more complicated than anyone in the 1990s had ever expected.
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Comments (6)
written by kim, Jan 22 2014
This make me confused
a lot of websites saying One of the big reasons to eat plenty of cruciferous vegetables is that they may help to lower your risk of getting cancer.
written by David Walker, Jan 19 2014
The way you produce foods seem to be Important . Boiling veg for over 30 minutes reduces the parts that can interfere with thyroid function etc. Drain the water off , not use it in the gravy. Eliminating or reducing processed foods will help. Organic food that has not been sprayed with chemicals is even better. Food sold in your local shop or markets should be sourced locally . Food grown by local farmers and sold locally give the consumer greater input into how our food is produced. The environmental concerns of transporting and packaging food should mean that more cost effective food is produced and sold locally. While this would reduce choice it would help to produce good quality healthy food . Not eating so much would not be a bad thing especially junk foods . Giving time to prepare food may very well increase our enjoyment of eating and not rushing food .
Cruciferous Vegetables - soluble or insoluble? , if you have the chance to help.
written by Lisa Dunley, Nov 22 2013
Are Cruciferous vegetables a form insoluble fiber? On wiki it says soluble, and I've looked around. Please reply if you get the chance, I'm not really a fan of making mistakes with friend's knowledge. Thank you
I hope I've understood the Terms of Usage
written by Jody, Feb 09 2011
This seriously sucks to read this!
I have been growing and juicing broccoli sprouts after reading about so many studies showing they were so wonderful. If you read the Wiki page on broc sprouts, you'll read that a study in china showed the group taking the sprouts showed a *decrease* in liver toxicity. So who is right? Your page really makes me want to STOP growing/juicing them, but I hate to miss out on the benefits if the risks here are overblown?
Why does it have to be so complicated to eat healthy!?
written by theresa, Jan 23 2011
Could someone summarized this article? My vision is poor and it's quite dense for practical purposes
Kimchi not good for nursing mothers
written by JUlie Majors, Sep 13 2010
I'm writing to warn other nursing mothers and ask if anyone else has had this experience with kimchi. I've eaten sauerkraut while nursing and not had any problems.
I ate 2 tablespoons of kimchi 4 days ago (Thursday) at dinner and it has not been a wise decision. Through muscle testing, as well as mother's intuition, I pinpointed that kimchi has caused me to feel "off" and my four month old baby scream with stomach pain (but no gas.) Baby is normally a healthy, happy, predictable baby.
The morning after eating the kimchi, which was Friday morning, I had slight stomach cramping and several occasions of loose stool. Later in the day my baby woke early from her nap. She is a very good napper and this was uncharacteristic of her. When it was time for another nap, she was crying as if in pain.
Saturday morning Baby woke unusually early, but it didn't concern me. Saturday afternoon when Baby still wasn't napping well and seemed to be having stomach pains, I mentioned all this to a friend who had seen Baby on Friday afternoon. That friend said, "What if it was the kimchi?" Baby continued to be fussy. I went to bed early because I felt dizzy and slightly nauseated.
Sunday morning Baby woke at 4am, even earlier than Saturday. Her actions told me her tummy hurt. Sunday afternoon I started to have a migraine sinus headache. After a few hours the pain was so severe I wanted to die. I wore a sleep mask most of the day; light hurt my head more. This culminated with Baby screaming and not napping. To make life more miserable my husband was out of town and I was too stubborn to call a friend.
Sunday night I eventually threw up from the headache and felt better. Baby woke at 2am with tummy pain.
Today is Monday. I don't have the headache and Baby is doing better, but not yet back to normal.
Through muscle testing, I was able to discern that it was the kimchi that caused me and Baby to feel so terrible. The kimchi was not rancid or bad for anyone else (because about 80 people ate the same batch). It was not good for me, a nursing mother. I don't plan to eat any more of it until I have stopped nursing. It has been a miserable 4 days.
Anyone else had this experience?
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|Last Updated on Tuesday, 11 May 2010 16:58


text:
New Study: Kids Show Cultural Gender Bias
Here is an excerpt from an article about a recent study conducted by University of Alberta researchers Elena Nicoladis and Cassandra Foursha-Stevenson. The purpose of the study was to find out whether bilingual French/English children assigned gender to objects differently than monolingual children. (They did, but not quite how you might imagine. Strange!)
The researchers showed objects or images to the children participating in the study and asked them whether the objects seemed to be masculine or feminine in nature. While the unilingual children seemed to identify most objects as masculine, many younger bilingual children were willing to consider that, globally speaking, some objects could be feminine in nature even though, Nicoladis says, "their categorizations didn't correspond very well to whether the objects were masculine or feminine in French."
My hypothesis before conducting the research would have been that bilingual children would identify more objects as being feminine, but that it would correspond to the object's pronoun in their second language, so I'm surprised that it didn't quite turn out that way.
I know that my husband Carlos definitely uses feminine pronouns in funny ways in English. While chasing a housefly he might say, "She's too fast!" because "fly" ("mosca") is a feminine word in Spanish.
I hope they repeat the research with English/Spanish bilinguals to see if there's a difference.
Posted on February 10, 2012, in Language, niños and tagged bilingual, Cross-Cultural Psychology, study. Bookmark the permalink. 5 Comments.
Muy Interesante!
What do I think about that study? I think he is very interesting.
I always have fun talking with non-Spanish speakers about the gender of objects and even abstract concepts in the language.
And the Spanish language: He is awesome.
Masculine and feminine nouns in French are sometimes different in Spanish, which can be confusing and lead to the question: why? Funny that one culture see an object as feminine and another as masculine!


text:
|Product Type: Rice cooker
|Inner Pot Material Details: Aluminum
|Utensil Type: Spatula
|Number of Lids: 1
|Product Warranty: 1 year limited
|Number of Settings: 2
|Lid Handle: Yes
|Specific Settings: Warming; Rice cooking
|BPA Free: Yes
|Leak Proof Lid: Yes
|Material: Plastic
|Inner Pot Material: Metal
|Shatterproof: Yes
|Rust Resistant: Yes
|Stain Resistant: Yes
|Odor Resistant: Yes
|Non-Skid: Yes
|Non-Stick: Yes
|Removable Interior: Yes
|Utensils Included: Yes
|Multiple Settings: Yes
|Lid Included: Yes
|Safety Lock: Yes
|Automatic Shutoff: Yes
|Indicator Light: Yes
|Dishwasher Safe: Yes
|Power Source: Plug-In
|Wattage: 350 Watts (W)
|Voltage: 120 Volts (V)
|Cooked Rice Capacity: 4 Cups
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Aroma 4 Cup Cool Touch Rice Cooker
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text:
Clearbrook, Minn. Man Sentenced for Sexual AbuseA 61-year-old Clearbrook, Minn., man was sentenced last month to six months in jail and 25 years probation after pleading guilty to sexual crimes with a girl, beginning when she was younger than seven.
By: Stephen J. Lee, Grand Forks Herald
A 61-year-old Clearbrook, Minn., man was sentenced last month to six months in jail and 25 years probation after pleading guilty to sexual crimes with a girl, beginning when she was younger than seven.
Rodney Erickson, 61, pleaded guilty in October to second-degree criminal sexual conduct involving a victim under 13, which carries a maximum penalty of 25 years in prison.
State District Judge Donald Aandal sentenced him Feb. 15 to 180 days in jail and 25 years of probation.
According to a social worker in Bemidji, claims of similar sexual crimes by Erickson were investigated several times going back to 1998, but never resulted in criminal charges.
Because Erickson is the brother of Clearwater County Sheriff Mike Erickson, the case was prosecuted by the county attorney's office in Bemidji in neighboring Beltrami County.
Clearbrook is about 40 miles northwest of Bemidji.
According to the criminal complaint of probable cause, a Beltrami County social services employee contacted a sheriff's investigator in March 2012 about allegations from a young girl who told her parent that Erickson had molested her.
Because of the conflict of interest with Sheriff Erickson being a relative, the case was handled by Beltrami County officials.
The girl said Erickson had babysat her and her siblings and from her earliest memories had sexually molested and assaulted her, despite her efforts to avoid him, until her family moved from a residence near Erickson's when she was in the early elementary grades.
She told her parent about the incidents in 2011 when she became depressed and had thoughts of suicide, according to the complaint.
Interviewed by sheriff's investigators from Bemidji last April, Erickson denied the girl's claims. But in October, he pleaded guilty to the charge.
According to the complaint, the social services investigator in Bemidji told sheriff's investigators "she had received reports from Clearwater County regarding claims of sexual abuse by Erickson in separate cases from 1998, 1999, 2004 and 2008. None of these investigations resulted in prosecutions."
According to state court records, Erickson does not have previous criminal convictions.
Erickson was ordered to report to jail March 15. He also had to register as a predatory offender.