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Hey, my blog is called Here she goes again… and it's called that for a reason. I tend to go on about a ton of different things and all at the same time. I jump from subject to subject rather quickly and rather unexpectedly and I cannot help it. I can't!
I've really tried.
Some may say its because I'm a Gemini. That Gemini's are known to do that. I think its just because I'm me and that's how I am. I ramble, I go on and hopefully whatever comes out is useful to you.
This is after all why I created my blog.
I love connecting with others and appreciate the help and advice I get along the way. It's only polite to return that same courtesy and I am so for that. For my readers(thank you!) and for my fellow authors (Unite!).
So being that I'm a rambling type of gal, it should be no suprise to those who know me or are familiar with me that my headline has three different subjects in it. These are tips for authors, bloggers and I really think for readers too.
From Chazz Writes I was directed to wikihow and their article How to Write a Famous Blog
This was a very interesting article and of course this is why Chazz( I just love him, he's great) linked this on his blog. There are steps (I love step-by-step) on how to do just that; write a famous blog. How often to post, how to prepare, how to spread the word and what you can learn from other blogs.
Now the Fifty Shades of Grey mention. Fifty shades has brought a lot of hype and not just for the steamy content. Half hate the writing and half don't care. Fellow Indie authors " groaned or laughed hysterically as they read the negative reviews for Fifty Shades" Romance sells and so does sex. I'm a romantic, but I have my reasons for not writing erotica. Some have not a problem writing it and some are like me, we don't want to or feel that we need to. The point to this is even though romance/erotica books are the big hype now, readers still like good writing. Fifty Shades seems to have a lot of bad writing.
So how did it get so popular?
"it's struck a chord with a lot of readers, both good and bad." -Indie Author Ron Hummer
Word of mouth is what helped thrust Fifty Shades into the spotlight. To be a successful Indie Author that word of mouth is so important. So how do we achieve that? Book Clubs is one great idea. (link to article by Ron Hummer)
Blogging is another. Chazz (I just love him, he shares so much great info!) tells you how to get others to spread the word. Blogging helps authors build their platforms. Its been said many of times. Blogging is very useful to bloggers as well. You don't have to be an author to be a blogger. Many readers blog. Blogging helps connect you with authors and its a great way to get FREE books too. Participating in giveaways and blog hops certinly sends those free books your way. It also helps you discover other authors and a great way to help authors get discovered (if that's your goal too). I'm a reader, not a writer is a blog that does just that. Kathy is wonderful and hosts tons of blog hops in which I participate in. Many readers/bloggers do too and so do many authors. Novel Publicity , Author Emlyn Chand's blog hosts blog tours. This is another way to help each other. The reader helps the author and the author helps the reader. This is also another great way to gain followers of your blog. Readers love giveaways!
In Chazz's article, he shared some more tips on how to get others to spread the word and you can go here to read it all. While your there check out his other great articles, a lot of useful stuff!
So…I've rambled and hopefully you got something useful out of it or at least were entertained. :0) Being that I am a rambler and jump rather unexpectedly from subject to subject, here's a jump. While your off getting the word spread or blogging, you're gonna need to still make dinner and here is a slow cooker recipie that will do all the work for you while you are off doing all your work.
There are 22 other easy slow cooker recipies there if you're not to keen on this one.
Happy blogging and thanks for dropping by!
P.S. Speaking of giveaways…here's my latest one.


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|Veerachart Murphy
Past PKRA Board Member
Posts: 680
Location: phoenix, az
|I am bringing a friend to the track and allowing them to run my kart to introduce them to karting. When it really hit me, that if each member would just bring 1 person to the track (family,friend,neighbor) that some thing like this could have a real snowball effect. Even if that person didn't take to karting but relayed the information to other people that would. How great would that be for our sport and our track.
|Bernie Lacotta
PKRA Board Member
Posts: 333
|That pretty much sums up how the WF class grew!
|B. Sanders
Posts: 7
|Agreed. Im planning to bring my friend out this Saturday to try my kart. Im pretty confident once he takes it around the track a few laps, he will be hooked.
Money question: If he runs the kart once, will he be required to pay the full $35 non member fee?
|Aaron Hernandez
Past PKRA Board Member
Posts: 50
|and it works....I brought my 20 year old nephew out and let him drive my kart, within 2 weeks he bought his own wf kart, became a member and raced his first race last weekend..he even went to practice yesterday without me.
|Jim Wooldridge, Jr.
PKRA President
Posts: 44
|Fellow Racers,
Membership building is a constant goal at PKRA and the board approved a measure that allows a current member to bring a non-member to the track for a one time introductory test drive in the members kart. The cost to the non-member is $10 and the non-members contact information for record keeping, name, address, and email.
Pass the information on and bring your friends out, the track workers will work with you to make sure we put the new driver out in a safe environment.
Jim Wooldridge, Jr
|Bryan Casebolt
Past PKRA President; PKRA Champion
Posts: 897
|This has been added to the PKRA Rules and Regulations under section 300.2 Membership.
5. One Time Guest Membership: A Gold or Platinum Member in good standing may bring a non-member Guest to drive the members kart. This is a "One Time" per guest introductory test drive.
a. A Member may bring one or two Guests at a time and the Member must be present during the session.
b. The Guest Membership will be $10.00 per driver and the Member will pay their normal practice fee for the session.
c. The Guest will be required to fill out a Guest Membership form so PKRA can track guest member activity. The collected information may be shared with the local kart shops.
d. Depending on how busy the track is the Guest will only be guaranteed three five minute sessions on the track. If the track is not busy additional sessions may be available. The time available will be decided by the PKRA employee running practice and their decision will be final.
e. If the Non-Member has their own kart they will have to pay normal Non-Member practice fees or become a member.
The updated Rules and Regulations will be published soon.
|Nick Guynn
Posts: 2
|Awesome. who wants to be be my friend, Maybe a shifter cart and regular cart. was just at Innovative karting today and hoping to get involved soon.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Thank you for your interest and participation in Lake Oswego Parks & Recreation Community Events. The City has undergone some changes that have resulted in staff reduction and as a consequence reduced community events. Events eliminated this year include First Fridays, Pets on Parade, Harvest Festival, Holiday Houses of Lake Oswego Gingerbread Competition, September Symphony and Summer Splash Concerts.
We look forward to seeing you at the concerts, the Star Spangled 4th of July Celebration, Movies in the Park and the Farmers' Market!


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Fabulous Floral Mirror
A darling daisy mirror is the perfect touch to brighten up any space. In four simple steps you can create a one-of-a-kind mirror that you will adore. Choose flowers and ribbon in whatever colors you prefer. It's all up to you!
Material List
- Mirror
- Flower in a Bag
- Ribbon
- Magnets
- Low Heat Glue Gun
- Wire Cutters
Project Instructions
Use wire cutters to remove wire on the back of flower heads from Flower in a Bag.
Use glue gun to attach magnets to back of mirror.
Use glue gun to place ribbon around the perimeter of the mirror.
Attach flower heads to the mirror around the ribbon.


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The charmed life awaits in this chic moccasin in soft, smooth leather uppers with soothing underfoot foam. This easy, everyday favorite has front tassel details and HPO2Flex™ technology that cushions and conforms to the way you walk. A durable and flexible outsole with a ½ inch heel keeps you moving all day.


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Crafted by NVEY ECOs professional artistry team, the environmentally friendly Makeup Brush handles are made using a special corn resin, and our Cruelty Free brush hairs are made of fine and soft synthetic fibres styled to ensure a professional look.
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Heading into tonight's critical men's basketball showdown with the Alabama Crimson Tide, Mark Fox's Georgia Bulldogs have a realistic shot at making the NIT field. How well will the Hoop Hounds have to finish to make it into postseason play, however?
The Georgia Bulldogs have won five straight SEC men's basketball games for the first time in more than a decade. With eight regular-season games remaining, can Mark Fox's team begin contemplating the possibility of an NIT bid?
Is the stock of the Georgia Bulldogs' coaches rising, falling, or holding steady? Dawg Sports looks at Mark Richt, Todd Grantham, Mark Fox, Jay Clark, David Perno, and Andy Landers.
The SEC is discussing doing away with the divisions in basketball and switching to an 18-game conference schedule. Dawg Sports has a solution which would allow the league to keep its divisions, make the SEC Tournament seeding more fair, renew old rivalries, and increase the number of conference games.
In order to make the NCAA Baseball Tournament field, David Perno's Diamond Dogs must beat two of the top three teams in the country in back-to-back games. Can the Georgia Bulldogs defeat both the South Carolina Gamecocks and the Florida Gators?
SB Nation's Chris Dobbertean sat for an interview with Dawg Sports regarding the Georgia Bulldogs' prospects for the NCAA men's basketball tournament. Find out the latest on the bracketology for Mark Fox's Bulldogs.
As the Georgia Bulldogs attempt to nail down an invitation to the NCAA men's basketball tournament, every game matters for the all-important RPI. Dawg Sports explains how Georgia hoops fans should root in Wednesday night's games . . . including why it's better if the Duke Blue Devils lose.
Mark Fox's Georgia Bulldogs built up a commanding halftime lead in Columbia, but the visiting Hoop Hounds had to hold on to win their SEC East men's basketball game against the South Carolina Gamecocks, prevailing 60-56.
Mark Fox's Georgia Bulldogs are ready to host Tony Barbee's Auburn Tigers for an SEC men's basketball game in Stegeman Coliseum on Saturday. Dawg Sports previews a rivalry matchup that may feature silver britches on the hardwood.
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Are truth and reconciliation possible? Two Fulbright scholars offer some thoughts.
Dr. Laurie King-Irani is an anthropologist and teaches at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, Canada. She is a founder of the Middle East news website "Electronic Intifada." George Irani is Lebanese and a professor of conflict management and analysis at Royal Roads University, Victoria, BC. The husband and wife team are currently Fulbright scholars in Los Angeles. On February 23 they presented a lecture to their fellow Fulbright scholars in the International Institute's Bunche Hall conference room on the topic "Policing the Past in the Middle East: Are Truth and Reconciliation Possible?"
In their presentation and discussion about how best to treat protracted conflicts in the Middle East, George Irani and Laurie King-Irani examined different approaches, which they described as the truth and reconciliation model, and the legal prosecution of grave violations of rights. Neither has been tried in the Middle East, they said, although the conflicts of this region are omnipresent in daily news reports. Reflecting on an attempt to begin a truth and reconciliation process in postwar Lebanon ten years ago, Irani and King-Irani noted that acknowledgement of past wrongs is necessary, but not sufficient, for halting violence committed with impunity in the Middle East.
On a possible legal approach, the two suggested that although international humanitarian law and a wide variety of UN Security Council resolutions have not been adequately enforced in the region, be it in Iraq, Lebanon, or Israel-Palestine, legal intervention might prove to be healing and decisive for bringing cycles of victimization and counter-victimization to a close. The speakers mentioned the upcoming trial of Saddam Hussein as well as the current efforts at the International Court of Justice in the Hague to ascertain whether Israel's Separation Barrier/Wall is illegal, as events that may presage a new role for law in a troubled region.
Published: Friday, April 02, 2004
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Allow yourself to be enchanted by the rush of the sea waves and the cries of the gulls along the many kilometres of sandy beaches that fringe this beautiful island. In our Dorint Strandresort & Spa Westerland/Sylt you can look forward not only to a prime location but, above all, to the sensation of being made truly welcome. Enjoy our discreet luxury and experience an unforgettable Sylt holiday in our exclusive family hotel.
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The Tennessee Department of Education is required to monitor districts for compliance with Education Department General Administrative Regulations (EDGAR) 80.40. It also allows the opportunity to evaluate program implementation and effectiveness and to provide technical assistance to districts. The Performance Evaluation and Fiscal Monitoring process is a joint effort between districts and the Tennessee Department of Education to improve program services to students. Beginning in 2013-14, monitoring documents can be viewed from the ePlan Document Library under the heading "Monitoring - ESEA / IDEA / Fiscal".
SY 2012-13 Performance Evaluation Review Instrument and Related Documents
To be monitored Fall, 2013


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Please check the Frequently Asked Questions for common answers about the Angry Birds Online Shop.
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Need your prayers please.....
I am not sure why I cannot find my newest post on my wall, therefore am sending another here.....since I ask of you Lenny fans and animal lovers out there, something.......
I would like to humbly ask anyone who reads this if they could please pray for and keep in their thoughts, my beloved dog, Tika, who is in my avatar. She is a LK fan also and has travelled with me extensively for work daily, listening to one of the various LK CD's I play.....to soothe the "savage" beast in both of us.......
Well she was admitted to my vets' clinic early this week with advanced kidney disease and I miss her horribly and am naturally disraught and totally lost without her.
I am asking God to help her stabilize so that I can bring her home for her last Christmas, spent with dear friends. My vets are extremely competent and so so wonderful and compassionate, and they are trying their utmost.
Lenny's song, "I BELONG TO YOU" has always been my "theme-song" for my love and adoration of not only God but also my dear Tika and likewise I am sure.......and now when I listen to it still, as I am apt to, I get kinda emotional and teary-eyed, cause the words in this gorgeous song have such a personal meaning to me.........
I am certain that Lenny loves his sweet dog Leroy, like I do Tika, as you do if you own a dog, or horse, or cat or whatever pet, so you understand the deep bond forged.
Therefore if you could please take a moment to think of dear Tika, or if you are spiritual, to ask God to continue to watch over my dear gal, I would appreciate it greatly.
She is not "just a dog" but an integral, important part of my life.....
Thank-you sincerely so much.
Tika's Therese.
THANK-YOU all for your prayers and well-wishes. My gal, North East's Tika 1479, aka Tika, was able to spend Christmas Eve with my former foster dog, North East's Cleopatra 1453, aka Cleo, and me. And the 3 of us went to a dear friends' house for Christmas Day, to celebrate.
Her prognosis is not good-she has CRF (Chronic Renal Failure) and all I can do is help her enjoy her time on this earth as best I can while she is able, and maintain her with the meds. and treatments, till God calls her to the Rainbow Bridge.
I am heart-broken and wished things were different.....But I thank-you for your prayers and thoughts for my dear sweet gal. I am also thankful for the compassionate, wonderful yet skilled vets that have carried her though the last week and also the staff there.
Sending late MERRY CHRISTMAS wishes to all!
Thank-you Norma, so much. I also believe in the power of prayer also.
I saw her today at my vets clinic and she had eaten better and drank more. If I can figure out how to post a pic. here I will. Only time will tell if she can be with me and my friends to celebrate Christmas one more time, God willing.
Odd how I noticed the delay, but I just checked and found my post at my wall about the same subject.
Taking it day-by-day as she is still not stabilized fully.


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The Daemon Prism
A Novel of the Collegia Magica
Carol Berg - Author
Paperback: Mass Market:
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- eBook - ePub eBook: $7.99
Consumed with despair, the blind necromancer Dante seeks refuge in a magical puzzle-a puzzle that supposedly fulfills one's utmost desires. But its actually a seductive trap, threatening to unleash the very cataclysm he fears...
30 Ocet, 883rd Year of the Sabrian Realm, sunset
"Stop right there!" I bellowed. My student's resolute little inhalation signaled her ready to bind her first complex spell. I resisted the temptation to shatter or repair the wellstructured but illconceived little charm. She had to learn.
Mercifully, she was well disciplined. Though her will tugged fiercely against mine, she obeyed.
"Concentrate. Look deeper. A hundred thousand streams in Sabria comprise water, rocks, willows, and trout. But to draw on this stream's keirnaits essenceyou must unearth the secrets that make it unique. You're no child swatting a fly. Misjudgment could drown us . . . or bury us . . . or turn yon pasture into a swamp." In this case, likely all of them and worse.
She knelt along the stream bank, not half a metre from my boots. Having spent most of every day for two years in her presence, I could sense her every muscle twitch, accurate signals for divining her level of confidence. It had taken her a very long time to prepare for this step, and she was very sure of herself. She hated mistakes.
"There's nothing wrong with it," she said after a few moments' contemplation. "Sealing the snag will just divert the water around the end of it, digging out the far bank a little more. I'm not blocking the water flow completely. There's plenty of leeway."
She readied herself again.
"No!" I drove the heel of my staff into the rocky streambed.
She jerked but held her ground, not yanking her hand from the water. It wasn't so easy to startle her into attendance anymore. So I assaulted her weakness with words. "Have you learned nothing? There's mud between the rocks. What color is it? What consistency? Does the sun reveal glints of metal in it? What would that tell you of the stream's origins and use? You're a woman of science. Where is its source? Has its course evolved as nature prescribes or has it been purposely altered? Your friend Simon provided you the Pradoverde land grants. If you'd studied them with half a mind, you'd know this land was once a disputed boundary between two blood families. Why?"
"None of those things has to do with a snag of twigs formed this past summer." She was so sure. So calm.
"Wrong! If you'd studied the legends of the Fremoline outcrops, where our stream has its source, you'd know there were persistent tales of gold deposits"
"There are no gold deposits anywhere in the demesne of Louvel." I could imagine her rolling her eyes. "The rocks are almost entirely limestone. The rumors provide nothing useful to weave into the spellwork."
Breaking her prim, scholarly ways of thinking had been my most difficult challenge. It was why I had chosen this particular exercise on this particular day.
I repeated my probe of the streambed. Again, and then again, moving upstream until the muffled jar of metal shivered my staff and the razored sting of longbound enchantment flowed up my arm. The virulence of the spell threatened to dissolve the bone. But I held the staff in place and tapped it sharply with my forefinger, my signal that she should touch it, too. She had to feel the magnitude of her error.
Her discipline held. A gurgle out of place in the rhythmic bubbling of the stream told me she'd withdrawn her hand from the water. A quiet chink, a scuff of dirt, and the release of pent power said she'd kicked aside the length of slender chain she'd laid out for her spell enclosure. Determined steps and a brush of skirts brought her to my side.
"If you'd looked deeper," I said, cooler now that I'd snared her full attention, "you'd have found a bronze casket buried here at the seventh metre past the dogleg bendthe corner of the disputed territory. This is how the one faction, intending to ensure that they alone could harvest these rumored riches, shifted the streambed to fit their desired boundary."
I could not see her face any better than I could see anything else in this daemonblasted world. Yet, even had I not smelled her soapscented sweat or heard the tight hiss of her annoyance, I'd have known her the moment she laid her finger on the carved hornbeam of my ancillethe moment the spells bound into my staff became instantly more useful, more lethal, faster, sharper, swollen from the inborn power she brought to any working. One would have to plumb the tangled depths of a forest's roots or the moldered residue of an ancient battleground to match Anne de Vernase's potential for magic. That she possessed a mind and will fully capable of wielding such power made her reluctance to take hold of it inexcusable.
She snatched her hand away. "A spelled artifact buried in the streambed!" Her explosive astonishment was not feigned. Nor was her humiliation. "But that changes everything . . . risks conflicting spellwork . . . unending complications . . . flood, mudflows, caveins. . . ."
"Even so."
"But the land grant said nothing of an altered streambed or buried caskets. How could youanyonepossibly know of it?"
"Because I think. Because my expectations of devious human behavior are more accurate than those of a stareyed aristo lady who grew up sheltered by a rich father. A blood family would never allow civil law to settle a boundary dispute, nor would they yield desired territory if their sorcery could possibly prevent it. Because when it comes to keirna, unfounded rumor can have greater significance than historical or scientific truth; thus I betook my commoner boots out of the library and into the hills and deigned to speak with a few crofters hereabouts. And because I don't allow trivial concerns to intrude on building spellwork. Magic is not a study for dabblers."
Before the words faded, I knew I'd gone too far. She whirled on me like a tornadic wind.
"My family is not trivial!"
I didn't retreat, but I did raise a shielding spell. Her uncontrolled anger could peel the paint from a wall, crack its foundation, or flatten an unwary teacher against itonly a few of the possibilities we had uncovered as we'd explored the dangerous side of her blood heritage. But again her discipline held.
"And a dabbler? I've heeded your every word for two years, worked your tedious exercises, allowed you to lead me to the netherworld and back, not complaining about your insults or criticisms or your stubborn refusal to heed my wishes or speak with me on topics of my choosing. I agreed to your conditions. Indeed, I no longer fear I'm going to murder someone by accident, and you've given me an understanding of the world I never imagined. But this part of it . . . working spells . . . Clearly, I can't get it right. And I was failing long before I decided to visit Montclaire."
No possible response was going soothe her. So I spoke the truth, though it dripped brine into her wounds. "You fail because you refuse to commit yourself to the work."
"But I can't be like you, Dante. I can't pretend I have no family, no life, no past, no future. I can't wall off my heart. I can't forget that my sister was murdered or ignore my conviction that we should be studying the lore of Ixtador and the eternal Veil and the horrors we witnessed on Mont Voilline instead of these ridiculous spells. I am not dead." No one on this side of her flaying tongue would imagine that. "If you would just listen to me . . . talk with me . . ."
"Control and discipline are not enough," I snapped. "If you cannot shape your own power, you might as well be dead."
Anne was right that something was terribly wrong in between the living world and the realm of souls beyond deaththe borderland pious folk named Ixtador Beyond the Veil. She believed she had heard her sister's voice after the explosive end of the Gautier conspiracy at Mont Voilline. Dead only a month, Lianelle had begged Anne to find help for those beyond the Veil, claiming that the souls of the dead were being leached away. Our friend Portier's experiences of that night had convinced him that Ixtador's existence prevented the dead from moving on to whatever awaited humankind beyond mortal lifewhether that be Heaven or the Souleater's realm of ice and darkness or blessed oblivion. Yet, how could we possibly remedy such an aberration in the natural order?
Anne's conviction made the problem of Ixtador real and urgent. But I had insisted she learn to control her power and develop the fundamentals of spellworking before we dealt with it. We weren't going to make any headway on such mystery without her magically capable.
My gift for sorcery was extraordinary, all the more so in an age of the world when sorcerous practice was moribund. But as I had taught Anne . . . as I had been taught . . . one could not effectively or safely create spells while ignoring any evidence of intellect or senses. After two years blind, my memories of the visible world were becoming imprecise. Every day I failed to bind some construct correctly because I could not recall or learn a physical detail I needed.
Certainly, others could describe things to me. But temporary crutches would not solve my problem. The inevitable lay before me like a bottomless chasm. Sooner or later, I'd have to stop practicing sorcery. An assassin's knife would be a mercy on that day.
Yet I refused to take a dead man's year, enjoying careless pleasures or opening doors into rooms I could never enter. Germond de Gautier's conspiracy to upend the laws of nature had consumed Anne, Portier, and me and spit us out broken. Though we had won the day at Mont Voilline, the full accounting for Gautier's deeds had yet to be rendered. Someone with exceptional power and wellhoned skills must be ready when payment came due. Portier was in seclusion a thousand kilometres away. It certainly wasn't going to be me. That left Anne.
"Dante, wait. . . ."
"Sunset. The lesson is over." I was already tramping across the pasture to the guesthouse, though poking with my staff like some witless beggar to find the cairns she'd used to mark the path precluded the kind of dramatic departure that might emphasize my point.
The days would be wretched with her gone.
Anne left early the next morning. As her maidservant Ella and Ella's brother Finn loaded a borrowed donkey cart, I sat on the steps of Pradoverde's main house, letting the weak autumn sun bathe my cold skin and soothe the void in my gut. Every morning it was the samea panicked sickness when my eyes opened yet again to eternal nothing.
Anne was busily instructing Finn about the care of the house, the horses, the pantry, and her herb garden. She didn't mention how to tend an irascible blind spellcaster. Not this time. She'd been instructing Finn on how to put up with me since he'd joined our household the previous year.
Ella was accompanying Anne to Montclaire; thus Finn and I would be left alone at Pradoverde. Finn was a steady, honest lad with useful skills when it came to carpentry and mechanics, but he scuttered about the place like a nervous weasel. I had learned the uncomfortable limits of my sightless state in those first months after the cursed rite at Mont Voilline, else I would have thrown him into the cart with the women.
Anne dashed past me and into the house. Her steps, ever light, raced up the stair. Doors slammed. More quick steps, as she returned.
"Almost forgot the book of poems for Ambrose," she said, as she crunched across the gravel to the cart. She was excited to go. It was her first time back to her childhood home since she'd been forced to leave it two years before, an event that roused her dormant talent for magic to the benefit of the worldand her own dismay.
I didn't plead with her to stay. She knew my arguments.
Ten years previous, a natural philosopher named Arronge had formulated a theory that the energies of objects in motion are invariant, transferred from one to another as the objects interact in the physical world. The concept translated well into the sphere of enchantments. Magical energies, the stuff of life, thought, dream, and enchantment, every bit as observable to those who had the sense for it, could not simply evaporate either. Drained from one place, they must end up somewhere else.
If Anne and Portier were right about their experiences at Mont Voilline, then our mystery was far greater than Ixtador. The energies created by stripping the essence from human souls must be inconceivably huge, and we had not the least idea where those drained from Ixtador had gone. The universe was unhealthy, very like the shell of a diseased hen's egg, thin, brittle, and ready to shatter. Profound magic would be needed to solve the problem.
"Will you not bid me a safe journey?"
I jumped, grazing an elbow on the brick pillar behind me. Gnarled worries must have left me deaf. Unlike Finn and Ella, Anne was always careful to let me know she was near.
"Naturally. Yes."
She waited for more. But words ever eluded me. I hated her leaving. She knew that already.
Threads of her unruly hair itched my cheek. "I'll come back," she said softly. "As I told you on the day I walked into this house, we are irrevocably bound. I know you. I value"
I jumped up and slammed my stick against the frontdoor lintel so as to get through the opening without crashing my face into the wall. Anne was naive and sentimental, forever inviting me into places no uncouth, illtempered necromancer belonged.
I cannot ignore my family's need. Her declaration, bound with apology, followed me indoors, voiced not in audible speech, but in the unspoken diction of the mind, a gift Anne and I shared. Dante, I will return.
Devilish perversity made me slam the door behind me. Moments later the cart clattered away, leaving me alone in the everlasting dark.
Words spoken in the aether testified clearly to the speaker's truth or lies. But Anne's present belief didn't matter. She had acquired what she most needed from our arrangement. She wasn't coming back.
Never had I imagined any person like Anne de Vernase, much less met one. Unbelievably disciplined, yet so . . . replete . . . with exuberant life. An exceptional mind. Determined as an avalanche. Her courage in the face of true horrors would put the king's chevaliers to shame.
I had come to know her in the aether, the medium of souls, where the passions of the living are expressed in an unceasing torrent of "voices" only a few in the world can hear. From earliest childhood I had been giftedcursedwith the ability to perceive them. But until encountering Anne, I'd never found anyone in that mad, noisy maelstrom who could hear my own directed speech, much less speak back to me in kind.
To discover that this exceptional person was the daughter of the man I believed a traitorous mastermind near overthrew me. Yet even that profound astonishment had been overmatched on the day Anne walked into this house and announced she intended to live with me, so I could teach her how to control the fearful power in her blood. Her mind raddled by an ordeal that would crush weaker spirits, she'd spoken a great deal of sentimental twaddle that day. But I had believed her serious about her magic.
Now King Philippe was engaged on Sabria's northeastern borders with a gritty enemy whose longships threatened the kingdom's precious shipping lanes, and he had summoned his demesne lords to bring reinforcements. Anne's father, the king's good friend and brotherinarms, had survived his fiveyear ordeal as Gautier's prisoner, but his bones were like honeycomb and his mind fragile. He'd never again be fit enough to fight at his liege's side. By law, the heir to his demesne, Anne's brother, Ambrose, must go in his stead. Ambrose could likely have won royal exemption, but he had suffered his own torments during Gautier's conspiracy and had been chafing to kill someone ever since. I didn't blame him, and I preferred the victim not be mewhich had ever been in his mind. I had hoped Anne might persuade Ambrose to make other arrangements for minders at Montclaire. But she had made her choice.
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Diabetes HealthSense
Resources for living well
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Diabetes Forecast is a lifestyle magazine for people with diabetes. It provides people with diabetes and their families with comprehensive, accurate, and timely information and support on all aspects of diabetes, including diet, fitness, self-care, and research.
American Diabetes Association (ADA)
Eat More, Weigh Less? provides information about cutting caloric intake to successfully lose weight. Details include a list of nutritious and filling foods, healthy ingredient substitutes for recipes, and ways to cut calories without eating less.
Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
SmokefreeTXT is a mobile text messaging service for people who are trying to quit smoking. The program provides 24/7 encouragement, advice, and tips to help smokers quit smoking and stay quit.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Cancer Institute (NCI)
For Smokers: Stop Smoking Today provides smokers with resources to quit smoking, including information about cessation medications, social support, online tools, phone numbers, and facts about successful quitting.
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Smoking Cessation Leadership Center (SCLC)
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Watch & listen from anywhere. Automatically record noise & motion. Use our free app to setup in minutes on your Wi-Fi network. Securely view live video, receive alerts for noise & motion, and automatically record video clips to the Cloud. Be there, even when you're not.
Fast and easy setup.
Use the app to create a unique QR Code with information about your Wi-Fi network. With firmware v2.0, the IZON camera can scan the code, and get connected in just a few minutes. It's that simple.
Whether you've purchased a new IZON or updated an existing IZON camera to new firmware, setting up an IZON on your Wi-Fi network is as easy as 1-2-3. Just log in to your free Stem Account, enter the password for your home network, and show the displayed QR Code to IZON. Within minutes, you're streaming real-time audio and video to your iOS device.
App Controlled.
IZON requires no computer, no wires to install. All you need is a Wi-Fi network with an Internet connection. Download the free IZON App and use your iPad, iPhone or iPod touch to pair IZON with your home network. Total control, in the palm of your hand.
IZON is the original post-computer network accessory. Just plug IZON into a power source using the included 9' USB cable and power supply. Once you're set up, configure and control IZON right from the app. Adjust settings, turn on/off noise and motion detection, and view video alerts — all on your mobile device.
Secure real-time video.
IZON lets you watch & listen from anywhere, with secure access to the IZON video stream. There's no time to lose; you'll see everything as it happens, in real-time.
Only you have access to your IZON. Your free Stem Account is password-protected by bank-level security. Live video streams to your mobile device over Edge, 3G/4G and Wi-Fi networks, whether you're in the next room or on your next trip to Tahiti.
Free Video Uploads.
Introducing the Stem Cloud video management service. Set your IZON to monitor noise & motion, and automatically record video to Stem Cloud when an event occurs. Get an alert or notification and view the video right away, or at a later time. Free video uploads — smart, simple and secure.
Each IZON can upload 25 videos per day. Every night at midnight GMT, the counter resets and you can record more videos. Receive unlimited alerts for events without video. Do nothing and alerts will expire after 7 days, or mark up to 100 events to be saved in Stem Cloud for as long as you like. Touch the Alerts tab at any time to see videos, identified by IZON camera, date and time, and type of alert. It's that easy.
Noise & Motion Alerts.
Tell IZON what to watch & listen for when you adjust sensitivity for Noise & Motion Detection. Easily choose an area within the camera's view for active motion monitoring. Everything outside the chosen area is ignored, so you'll only capture the events that matter most.
Let IZON alert you whenever an event is triggered. Record video automatically and view it the moment you get an alert. Even if the app is closed, you can receive a push notification to make sure you don't miss a thing. IZON gives you peace of mind.
Box Contents.
IZON video monitor & base • Mounting hardware
9' power cable • AC power supply (100/240v)
Power adapters (varies by region) • Quick start guide
Requires the free IZON App download and Stem Account registration, an iPad, iPhone or iPod touch running iOS 5.0 or later and a Wi-Fi network. For the best IZON experience, we recommend an 802.11n network and an Internet connection with upload speeds of 2Mbps (384k required).. Local network conditions can adversely affect iZON video performance.
Learn how to optimize your network on the Networks page (above left) or click here.


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Moved Out of ICU, MN Boy in Sailboat Accident Continues RecoveryMINNEAPOLIS – After three weeks in an intensive care unit, an 8-year-old boy injured in a sailboat accident is recovering in a regular room at Children's Hospital here.
By: Forum Communications,
MINNEAPOLIS – After three weeks in an intensive care unit, an 8-year-old boy injured in a sailboat accident is recovering in a regular room at Children's Hospital here.
It's a sign of significant improvement since Isaiah Risland suffered apparent hypothermia-related injuries April 6, when the sailboat he was in capsized in Clearwater Lake.
"He was very excited for a change of scenery and as he worked to put himself back to sleep after he woke up at 3 a.m.," his aunt, Tia Wallin, wrote Friday on the CaringBridge website, which provides family an avenue to provide updates in journal form.
"This morning he was enjoying the new view of the city lights out his window."
In addition, Isaiah is undergoing daily physical and occupational therapy, including walking with braces.
Dan Risland and his three boys were sailing on Clearwater Lake, which stretches into Clearwater and Beltrami counties, when the 10-foot fiberglass boat sank about 3 p.m. April 6. The father swam to shore to summon help after being unable to get the boys to land.
The boys were wearing life jackets, but spent about an hour in 40-degree water until first responders could reach them.
Isaiah's brothers, 6-year-old Zechariah and 2-year-old Jacob, died in the accident, apparently from hypothermia. Emergency crews revived Isaiah, who was airlifted to Minneapolis.
Previously, Clearwater County Sheriff Mike Erickson ruled out criminal charges.
His office, though, is investigating the accident to determine why the sailboat sank and it continues searching for the boat.
In a news release this week, Sheriff's Sgt. Ryan Solee said "a couple points of interest" have been identified.
Sheriff's deputies plan to use underwater cameras and possibly divers to look at the areas where the boat might be.
Recovering the boat has been difficult since officials believe the boat is in a state of "neutral buoyancy," meaning it sunk but not completely to the bottom, Solee said.
The lake's currents have pushed the boat around beneath the water surface, possibly quite far from where it capsized, Solee said.
Wallin and Sara Staley, also one of Isaiah's aunts, have written daily progress reports on Isaiah's CaringBridge website.
"I want to take a minute and thank everyone for all their prayers not only for Isaiah," Wallin wrote Thursday. "Isaiah is a miracle and it is God's healing hand that is seeing him through this and each and every prayer that you send up is a vital part of his recovery process, so thank you from all of us.
"There is nothing he needs more than to have people pray for him and let him know how much he is loved."
Tags: news, accident, bemidji, risland, updates


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Common geoscientific terms and their definitions.
accelerator mass spectrometry: commonly known as AMS; a method for measuring 14C, 10Be and other isotopes including those produced by cosmic rays [accelerator mass spectrometer]
accretion: the process of [1] adding sediment to a river, beach or offshore area; [2] adding terranes to a landmass; [3] forming planets
acidic: relating to fluids with pH less than 7 [acid]
acoustics: the study and measurement of sound waves
aggregate: crushed rock, gravel or sand used for concrete or road making
Alert Level: the GNS Alert Level is a measure of the current status of the volcano.
- See the Alert Level Table for FrequentlyActive Cone Volcanoes such as Ngauruhoe, Ruapehu, Tongariro and White Island.
- See the Alert Level Table for Reawakening Volcanoes such as Auckland, Kermadecs, Mayor Island, Northland, Okataina, Rotorua, Taranaki, Taupo.
alga: a primitive plant without complex structures [algae]
alkali feldspar: a group of light-coloured rock-forming potassium–sodium–aluminium silicate minerals.
alkaline: relating to [1] fluids with pH greater than 7 [alkali]; [2] igneous rocks with high concentrations of the alkali metals lithium, potassium, sodium, rubidium, cesium and/or radium.
alluvial: deposited by rivers [alluvium]
Alpine Fault: the c. 500 kilometre long transform fault that forms the Pacific–Australian plate boundary along western South Island
ammonite: an extinct mollusc with a multi-chambered, coiled, single calcareous shell—a relative of living nautiloids
amphibole: a group of dark-coloured, rock-forming, calcium–iron–magnesium silicate minerals
andesite: a volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and rhyolite, common in volcanic arcs [andesitic]
Antarctic Circumpolar Current: the world's largest and strongest ocean current, which moves eastwards around Antarctica and links with other major ocean currents'
Antarctic Intermediate Water: cold, low salinity water that forms in subantarctic regions before sinking to between 700 and 1200 m ocean depth and spreading northward towards the equator
Antarctic Polar Front: the oceanic boundary between less-saline Antarctic Surface Water (equatorwards) and more-saline Circumpolar Surface Water (polewards)'. The Polar Front lies near the centre of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, between about 50° and 65° South
Antarctic–Australia Ridge: the part of the mid-ocean ridge system that separates the Australian and Antarctic plates. It begins south of New Zealand at the Macquarie Triple Junction and extends west into the Indian Ocean
anticline: a fold in rock layers, generally convex upwards, where the oldest rocks are in the core
aquifer: a porous rock unit containing water that can be extracted
aragonite: a calcium carbonate mineral with the same chemical composition as calcite, but with a different crystal form [CaCO3]
arc front: an array of volcanoes directly above the upper zone of partial melting in a subduction zone
archaeology: the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of physical remains
argon-40/argon-39 dating: commonly known as Ar–Ar dating; a variation of potassium–argon dating, in which the concentration of stable 40Ar, created from radioactive 40K in a reactor, is compared with the concentration of stable 39Ar
asthenosphere: a weak layer of the mantle below the lithosphere, which deforms plastically when subjected to stress
atmosphere: the envelope of gases surrounding the Earth
Australian Plate: the tectonic plate that includes Australia, the North Island and western South Island. It is also known as the Indo-Australian Plate'
axial ranges: the continuous chain of mountains in eastern North Island including (south to north) the Rimutaka, Tararua, Ruahine, Kaimanawa–Kaweka, Huiarau, Ikawhenua and Raukumara ranges. In South Island, the axial mountain chain includes (from south to north) the mountains of Fiordland, the Southern Alps, Spenser Mountains and St Arnaud Range
back arc: the region, generally of rifting and subsidence, behind a volcanic arc
ballistic projectiles: Ballistic projectiles are pieces of rock thrown from a volcanic vent in an eruption. These rocks fall rapidly to the ground so rarely reach more than about 3 kilometres radius from the vent. There are two main types, volcanic blocks (large angular solid rock fragments) and volcanic bombs (thrown out as molten rock and smoothed or streamlined during flight)
basalt: a dark-coloured, silica- and alkali-poor volcanic rock composed mainly of plagioclase and pyroxene—the most common type of volcanic rock and a major constituent of the oceanic crust [basaltic]
basaltic andesite: a volcanic rock intermediate in composition between basalt and andesite, common in volcanic arcs
basement rocks: crystalline, indurated or metamorphosed rocks that underlie the softer sedimentary or volcanic cover rocks, and which are generally older than c. 100 Ma in Zealandia
bathymetry: the variation in depth of a water body, such as an ocean or a lake. Bathymetry is usually shown using contour lines of equal depth, or isobaths [bathymetric]
bedding: layers of rock of varying thickness and character [bed; bedded]
belemnite: an extinct, squid-like mollusc with an internal bullet-shaped, calcareous shell
benthic: bottom dwelling—in marine or fresh water
bentonite: a clay formed largely by alteration of volcanic ash, which swells in volume when water is added to it—a sodium–calcium–aluminium–magnesium silicate
beryllium-10 dating: a method for determining the age of [1] sedimentary deposits and [2] exposed surfaces using the in situ build-up over time of cosmogenic 10Be
biodiversity: the variety of plant and animal life— usually the number of species—in a region
biogenic ooze: a fine-grained soft sediment, usually on the deep-ocean floor, consisting mainly of microorganisms
biological productivity: the production of nutrients in the ocean
biology: the study of living organisms [biological]
biostratigraphy: the use of fossils to establish the order of rock succession [biostratigraphic]
biota: the plant and animal life of a region
bivalve: a mollusc with a hinged calcareous double shell—for example, a clam
black smoker: a submarine hydrothermal vent that emits metal-rich fluids with grey-black particles of iron–manganese compounds
brachiopod: commonly known as a lamp-shell; a filter-feeding animal with a hinged double, asymmetrical, calcareous shell
breccia: a coarse-grained sedimentary rock with angular clasts
bryozoan: a colonial filter-feeder that forms a calcareous branched or encrusted skeleton [bryozoa]
caesium-137 dating: a method for determining the age of sediment or soil using the occurrence of 137Cs generated in atmospheric nuclear tests
calcareous: comprising or containing significant amounts of calcium carbonate
calcite: a commonly occurring, colourless, white or light-coloured calcium carbonate mineral [CaCO3]
caldera: a large, basin-shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano during or after an explosive eruption
calibration: the assignment of numerical ages to (1) the boundaries of geological time intervals; (2) dates derived using relative chronological methods, such as radiocarbon [calibrate]
carbonate: a commonly-occurring ion consisting of one atom of carbon and three atoms of oxygen (CO3). Combined with other elements, it forms common minerals such as calcite (calcium carbonate), dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate) or siderite (iron carbonate)
carbon dioxide: a gas composed of carbon and oxygen [CO2] and a key greenhouse gas; the dissolved form is bicarbonate [HCO3-]
carbon isotopes: there are three naturally-occurring isotopes of carbon (C), the stable isotopes 12C and 13C and the radioactive isotope 14C (radiocarbon)
carbon monoxide: a colourless and odourless gas composed of carbon and oxygen [CO]
cement: a substance that holds together particles such as sand grains, pebbles or shell fragments. Common cementing substances in rocks are calcite, silica (silicon dioxide) or limonite (iron oxide) [cementation]
Cenozoic Era: the time span that started 65 million years ago and continues to the present day
CFC dating: a method for determining the age of groundwater using the occurrence of industrially produced chlorofluorocarbons
chalk: a soft, light-coloured, fine-grained limestone
chemistry: the study of the elements, the compounds they form and the reactions they undergo [chemical]
chemosynthesis: the process by which microbes convert inorganic compounds to carbohydrates or sugars without sunlight
chert: a hard flinty rock composed mainly of siliceous microfossils
chloride: the dissolved form of chlorine, and a common constituent of geothermal fluids [Cl-]
chronology: an arrangement of events in the order of their occurrence [chronological; chronometer]
clast: a rock fragment or grain broken or eroded from a larger rock. Many sedimentary rocks are called clastic rocks, because they are accumulations of debris eroded from older rocks
clay: [1] groups of (i) layered silicate minerals including kaolinite, illite, halloysite and smectite, (ii) oxide minerals including gibbsite, goethite and haematite, and (iii) extremely small minerals allophane and ferrihydrite; [2] a very fine-grained product of the chemical or physical break-down of rock and deposits [claystone]
closure temperature: the temperature below which a mineral retains the daughter products from in situ radioactive decay
coal: compressed plant remains—peat, lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite (in order of increasing carbon, and decreasing water, contents)
coccolithophorid: a microscopic single-celled marine plant that secretes calcareous plates [coccolith]
concretion: a hard, often spherical deposit formed by precipitation of minerals from solution within fine-grained rocks
condensate: hydrocarbon gases that condense into a liquid as pressure and temperature are reduced
conglomerate: a coarse-grained sedimentary rock with rounded clasts
conodont: a tooth-like phosphatic microfossil
continental crust: the 20–50 kilometre thick crust that underlies the continents
continental drift: plate tectonic movement of continents about the globe
continental shelf: the gently sloping submerged margin of a continent between the shore and the uppermost continental slope
continental slope: the region between the continental shelf and the deep-ocean floor
convection: continuous transfer of heat by slow circular movement [convective]
convergence (tectonic): the coming together of plates, usually resulting in mountain building or subduction [converge; convergent]
core: [1] the innermost part of a planetary body; [2] a sample of rock or deposits obtained by drilling or coring
correlation: the process of relating rocks or sedimentary deposits of the same essential character or age [correlate]
Coromandel Volcanic Zone: the volcanic arc active from c. 18 to 2 Ma along the present-day Coromandel Peninsula [Coromandel Arc]
cosmogenic isotopes: isotopes produced by primary cosmic rays in the atmosphere or by secondary cosmic rays in minerals contained in exposed rock surfaces
COSPEC: COrrelation SPECtrometer, used to measure a particular gas species, in this case sulphur dioxide in the gases from erupting Ruapehu. High SO2 levels indicate actively degassing magma at shallow depths.
cover rocks: rocks formed on top of basement rocks since about 100 Ma in Zealandia
crust: the outermost shell of the Earth [crustal]
crustacean: an aquatic, crab-like animal with a hard external skeleton [crustacea]
crustal assimilation: the incorporation of rock material into a magma as it moves through the crust
crystal fractionation: the crystallisation and settling out of minerals from a magma, modifying the magma's composition
dacite: A type of volcanic rock intermediate between andesite and rhyolite. Mount Tauhara at Taupo and Mount Edgecumbe (Putuaki) near Kawerau are examples of dacite volcanoes.
debris avalanche: a rapidly moving mass of material, resulting from sudden collapse of rocks or deposits on steep slopes. Commonly occurs on volcanoes
deep ocean: the abyssal depths beyond the base of the continental slope [deep sea]
deformation: the process of folding, faulting, shearing, compressing or stretching of rocks or soft sediments due to tectonic stress, or as a result of gravitational movements (e.g. landslides)
diatom: a microscopic single-cell form of alga with a siliceous shell
dike: a narrow intrusion, usually of magma, that cuts across the natural bedding or layering of the host rock
dinoflagellate: a single-celled, mobile plant-like organism (alga) with a resistant-walled cyst
dinosaur: large extinct reptile from the Mesozoic Era
dip: the inclination of a planar feature such as a layer within a rock, or a fracture plane in a rock. Usually measured in degrees, where 0° is horizontal, 20° is gentle, 65° is steep and 90° is vertical [dipping; also see strike]
discharge: the volume of flow of a moving liquid or gas. Examples include a river, a spring, a gas blow from a hydrothermal vent or flow from an artificial channel or pipe. Commonly measured in litres per second or cubic metres per second
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid—the 'genetic code' molecule found in living tissues
dolomite: a light-coloured mineral composed on calcium magnesium carbonate. Commonly occurs as a magnesium-rich variant of limestone
DSIR: New Zealand's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (1926–1992)
earthquake: a sudden motion or trembling in the crust caused by the abrupt release of accumulated stress along a fault
earthquake magnitude: commonly denoted as M; the size of an earthquake based on the original Richter scale
earthquake wave: the energy radiated from an earthquake source in the form of P-, S- and other waves [seismic wave]
eruption plume: cloud of volcanic ash emitted from a volcanic vent or volcano.
East Pacific Rise: the part of the mid-ocean ridge system east of New Zealand that separates the Pacific and Antarctic plates
echinoderm: a spiny-skinned marine animal that has five-part radial symmetry—for example, starfish, seaurchin
ecology: the study of the relationships of living things to each other and to their environment [ecological; ecologist]
economic minerals: geological materials that can be utilised profitably, including oil, gas, coal, metallic and non-metallic minerals, and water
ecosystem: a community of interacting organisms and their physical and chemical environment
effusive flow: a quiet, non-explosive eruption [effusion; extrusion]
electrical conductivity measurement: a geophysical method based on the ease with which current can pass through the ground [electrical resistivity]
electron spin resonance (ESR) dating: a method for determining the age of sediment using the change in magnetism in crystal lattices resulting from electrons dislodged by natural radiation
epicentre: the point on the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake source
estuary: a coastal embayment or river mouth where fresh and marine water mix [estuarine]
evolution: [1] a biological process relating to change in form over time, leading to the rise of new species; [2] a non-biological process relating to gradual change, often from a simple to a more complex form [evolutionary; evolve; evolving]
Exclusive Economic Zone: the 200 nautical mile-wide offshore area adjacent to a country's coastline, in which it has exclusive economic rights
extension (tectonic): the pulling apart of sections of the crust at faults or plate boundaries [extend; extensional]
extinction: the dying out of an entire class, family, genus or species
fall deposit: Mantling blanket of pyroclastic particles (ash, scoria, pumice, etc) erupted explosively and transported through the atmosphere before falling back to the ground
fault: a major fracture or dislocation along which the crust has moved
fauna: the animal life of a region or geological interval
feldspar: a group of light-coloured potassium–sodium– calcium–aluminium silicate minerals—the most common mineral type in crustal rocks
ferromanganese deposit: an iron–manganese-rich nodule or crust formed in the deep ocean
fiord: a glacier-cut valley that has been flooded by the sea
flood plain: low- and flat-lying areas adjacent to a river, containing river-transported sediment deposited during floods
flora: the plant life of a region or geological interval
fold: a curve or bend in a planar geological structure such as bedding—varieties include anticline, syncline
food web: a complex set of feeding interactions and energy flows between species in an ecosystem
foraminiferan: a single-celled micro-organism with a calcareous shell [foraminifera]
forensics: scientific tests or techniques used in the investigation of crimes
formation: a body of rock unified by origin, age or composition
fossil: the remains, trace, or imprint of an ancient organism
fracture: a brittle crack in the crust
frequency of occurrence: the long-term average return period for earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods etc.
fumarole: an active volcanic vent that emits steam and other gases
gamma radiation: naturally-occurring radiation resulting from decay of radioactive elements in minerals
gas hydrate: an ice-like crystalline solid formed from a mixture of water and natural gas, usually methane
gastropod: a mollusc with a single, asymmetrical shell that is usually spiral-coiled—for example, a snail
gene pool is the complete genetic potential (all of the available alleles) within a species or population
genus: in Linnaean classification, the second-lowest level used to group organisms, and consisting of one or more related species—for example, Agathis, the genus to which kauri trees belong
geochemistry: the study of the chemistry of the crust and mantle [geochemical; geochemist]
geochronology: [1] in general usage, the study and measurement of geological time; [2] with respect to radiometric dating, the determination of the time that a mineral first crystallised [geochronological; geochronologist]
geodetics: the study and measurement of ground movement
Geographic Information System: commonly known as GIS; a computer-based information system that uses a set of procedures and tools to store, integrate, manipulate, query, model and display geographically referenced and associated data
geography (physical): the study of the Earth's physical features, resources and climate
geological hazards: natural events that threaten human existence, including earthquakes, floods, meteorite strike, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions [natural hazards]
geological map: a map that contains primarily geological information [geological mapping]
geological structure: the general disposition, attitude, arrangement or relative positions of rock masses
geological time: the time from the formation of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago to the present
geological timescale: a chronological arrangement or sequence of geological events—key timescales include the Global Geochronological Scale; the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale; the New Zealand Geological Timescale
geology: the study of the composition, structure and origin of the solid Earth; sub-disciplines include geochrononology, engineering geology, mineralogy, petrology, paleontology and stratigraphy [geological; geologist]
geomagnetic polarity: the configuration of the north and south magnetic poles of the geomagnetic field
geomagnetic stripes: a set of parallel magnetic anomalies that increase in age away from a mid-ocean ridge
geomagnetism: the study and measurement of the Earth's magnetic field—the geomagnetic field
geomorphology: the study of the physical features of the Earth's surface [geomorphological; geomorphologist]
geophysics: the study of the physical properties of the Earth [geophysical; geophysicist]
geoscience: the study of geology, geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, soil science and some aspects of hydrology, meteorology and oceanography [geoscientific; geoscientist]
geothermal: relating to [1] natural heat within the crust; [2] heat from hot groundwater or steam used for power generation
geothermometer: specific chemical compositions in minerals or fluids that indicate the temperature, at equilibrium, of a system
glaciation: a phase of globally cooler climate, with growth or expansion of glaciers or ice sheets in high-altitude or high-latitude land areas, and lowering of sea level by up to 120 m due to the build-up of glacier ice on land. During the last 800,000 years, Earth's climate has experienced periods of glaciation (or glacials) alternating with interglaciations (inrterglacials), on an approximate 100,000 year cycle. About 18,000 years ago, the last glaciation ended, and the climate reached full interglacial conditions about 11,700 years ago
glacier: a slowly moving mass of ice, formed where more snow accumulates over winter than can melt in summer. Excess snow compacts into glacier ice and flows downhill to lower warmer altitudes or, in polar regions, to iceberg-calving margins (e.g. Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica) or arid zones where ice evaporation (sublimation) exceeds the flow rate (e.g. Dry Valleys of Antarctica). Glacier types include mountain valley glaciers (for example; Franz Josef Glacier or Tasman Glacier in the South Island) or ice sheets such as exist today on parts of Iceland or in Antarctica
Global Positioning System: commonly known as GPS; a satellite-based system for accurately determining locations on the Earth's surface
global warming: an increase in global average temperature resulting from natural processes or human activity
Gondwana: the ancient super-continent in the Southern Hemisphere from which Zealandia split 83 million years ago [also known as Gondwanaland]
gradual evolution: an evolutionary pattern where new species develop as a result of gradual continuous changes throughout their history.
granite: a coarse-grained, crystalline plutonic rock rich in silica, alumina and alkali metals [granitic; granitoid]
graptolite: a dendritic, colonial fossil with a protein-like skeleton
gravity measurement: a geophysical method based on measurement of the attractive force of the Earth, which varies with altitude, latitude and the density of local rock masses
gravity anomaly: the difference between measured gravity and the expected (modelled) gravity at a site
greenhouse gas: an atmospheric gas, such as carbon dioxide or methane, which traps heat and causes global warming
greywacke: an indurated medium-grained sedimentary rock composed mainly of quartz, feldspar and rock fragments; often used collectively to mean greywacke plus argillite, a major constituent of basement terranes
ground shaking: the ground motion caused by an earthquake
ground truthing: the use of field observations to verify data obtained by remote sensing and office-based interpretations
groundwater: subsurface water contained in pores and fissures in rock beneath soil, most of which is beneath the water table
habitat: the natural home of an organism
half-life: the time for half of an amount of a radioactive isotope to decay
hazard map: a map showing areas of relative risk for a particular geological hazard
Hazard Zones: the GNS Hazard Zones are a series of zones set up around Mt Ruapehu to indicate areas prone to various hazards (lava bombs, etc).
Hikurangi subduction system: the subduction zone east of the North Island, where the Pacific Plate descends beneath the Australian Plate
hydrocarbons: the chemical components of oil, natural gas and coal
hydrogen isotopes: the isotopes of hydrogen, namely 1H (hydrogen), 2H (deuterium) and 3H (tritium)
hydrogen sulphide: a poisonous, strongly odorous gas composed of hydrogen and sulphur [H2S]
hydrology: the study of land-based water systems, including rivers, lakes and groundwater
hydrophone: an instrument for detecting sound and seismic waves underwater
hydrothermal: relating to naturally occurring hot water—often referred to as 'thermal' at tourist locations—whose minimum temperature is higher than the ambient mean annual temperature
ice age: an extended interval of cold glaciations and warmer interglacials, the most recent of which began c. 2.6 million years ago
ice core: a core of ice drilled from a glacier or ice sheet
ice sheet: a vast extent of ice covering a landmass [ice cap]
igneous: relating to rocks or minerals solidified from magma
ignimbrite: a volcanic deposit formed by a pyroclastic flow. Ignimbrite layers can be soft and full of pumice such as the land surface around Taupo (from the Taupo eruption 1800 years ago); or hard rock where the deposit has been thick and hot enough for the particles to fuse together (eg at Bulli and Te Toki Points on Lake Taupo).
impermeability: the inability of rocks or sediments to transmit fluid [impermeable]
interglaciation: a warm period between glaciations— the most recent (present) interglaciation is called the Holocene
intrusion: an igneous rock body that cooled and crystallised deep in the crust [intrude; intrusive]
invertebrate: an animal without a backbone
ionise: to give atoms an electrostatic charge [1] in a chemical reaction; [2] in a mass spectrometer [ion; ion source]
ironsand: black sands containing heavy minerals rich in iron—for example, magnetite, titanomagnetite and ilmenite
isotopes: forms of an element with differing numbers of neutrons [isotopic]
ka: thousands of years ago (a point in time)
Kermadec Arc: the chain of largely submarine volcanoes northeast of New Zealand, including the Kermadec Islands
K/T boundary: the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary (derived from 'Cretaceous–Tertiary'), marked by a mass extinction of dinosaurs and other species
lahar: a water-charged flow of volcanic debris
landslide: the down-slope movement of rock and soil under the influence of gravity
lapilli: material from 4 to 32mm in diameter blown out by a volcano.
Last Glacial Maximum: commonly known as the LGM the time of maximum global ice volume and minimum temperature between c. 24,000 and 18,000 years ago (extended by some scientists to 28,000–18,000 years ago in New Zealand)
Last (Otiran) Glaciation: : the most recent glaciation encompasses Stages 2 to 4 inclusive of the Marine Oxygen Isotope Scale (MIS), beginning at c. 71,000 years ago and ending at the start of the Holocene epoch at 11,700 years ago. In New Zealand, this glacial phase is known as the Otira Glaciation [last glacial; Otiran]
lava: molten rock that has reached the Earth's surface and been thrown out of or has flowed from a volcano or volcanic vent. Molten rock that is still underground is called magma
lava bombs: Blocks of lava greater than 32 mm in diameter thrown out of the volcano by an eruption.
lava dome: a hill produced by upward pressure of slowly oozing magma
lead isotopes: isotopes of lead, expressed as ratios of 206Pb, 207Pb or 208Pb and 204Pb, and used to determine the source and evolutionary history of rocks
lead-210 dating: a method for determining the age of sediment using the radioactive decay of the short-lived isotope 210Pb to stable 206Pb
limestone: a sedimentary rock composed of more than 50 percent calcium carbonate
lithification: to turn become a rock by chemical or physical means [lithify]
lithological: related to the physical character of a rock [lithology]
lithosphere: the outer shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle [lithospheric]
luminescence dating: a method for determining the age of sediment by measuring the amount of radiation it has received from its surroundings
Ma: millions of years ago (a point in time)
macrofossil : a fossil typically more than one millimetre across that is easily visible to the naked eye
magma: molten or partly molten rock [magmatic; magmatism]
magma chamber: A large body of magma below the volcano that rises up through the column and feeds the volcano.
magma column: Pipe of magma within the volcano joining the magma chamber to the surface.
magnetism: the magnetic property of rocks or minerals
mantle: the part of the Earth's interior between the core and the crust, composed of peridotite
mantle hot spot: a site of high heat flow from the mantle, usually associated with intra-plate volcanic activity
mantle wedge: the wedge-shaped region of mantle that lies between the subducting plate and over-riding plate
marine regression: retreat of the sea from the land marking a fall in relative sea level
marine transgression: an advance of the sea across the land marking a rise in relative sea level
Marlborough fault system: the system of faults in northern South Island between the Alpine Fault and the North Island fault system
mass extinction: a globally-significant event where large numbers of unrelated species suddenly die out
mass spectrometry: a method for separating ions of different mass, used for radiometric dating and isotope ratio measurement [mass spectrometer]
Mesozoic Era: the time span between 250 and 65 million years
metallurgy: the study of the production, purification and properties of metals
metamorphism: the alteration of rocks by heat and/or pressure [metamorphic; metamorphosed]
methane: a hydrocarbon—a major constituent of natural gas, and a key greenhouse gas [CH4]
mica: a variably-coloured group of layered, sheet-like silicate minerals that include muscovite and biotite
microfossil: a fossil typically less than one millimetre across that can usually be studied only under a microscope
micro-organism: a microscopic life form [microbe]
mid-ocean ridge: a submarine ridge system associated with seafloor spreading, in which basalt rises to the surface from the mantle
Milankovitch cycle: a repeating cycle of climatic fluctuation due to changes in the Earth's orbit and in the tilt and wobble of the Earth's axis
mineral: [1] a constituent of a rock with a specific chemical composition, or range of compositions [mineralogy; mineralogist]; [2] in an economic sense, a profitable geological commodity [mineralised; mineralisation]
mitigation: the reduction of the social and economic effects of geological hazards
moa: a large extinct flightless bird known only from New Zealand
mollusc: an invertebrate, typically with a calcareous shell—for example, a paua, scallop or squid
moraine: rock debris transported by a glacier and deposited along the glacier sides and front
mudstone: a fine-grained sedimentary rock of mixed silt and clay-sized grains [mud]
multi-beam sonar: a method for the detailed mapping of the seafloor based on multiple reflection of sound waves
nannofossil: a tiny calcareous fossil, best studied using an electron microscope
nautilus: a mollusc with a multi-chambered coiled, single calcareous shell with a simpler internal chamber than an ammonite [nautiloid]
neoteny: when youthful characteristics are retained by the adult organism due to arrested development.
nitrate: the oxidised form of nitrogen, a major polluter of groundwater [NO3-]
normal fault: a fault in which the upper, hanging wall moves down with respect to the lower, footwall
North Island fault system: the system of faults between Cook Strait and the Bay of Plenty, including the Wellington and Wairarapa faults
Northland Arc: a volcanic arc active between 23 and 15 million years ago on the Northland peninsula
nutrient: a substance that provides essential nourishment for the maintenance of life
oceanic crust: the 5–10 kilometre-thick crust generated at mid-ocean ridges that underlies the oceans
oceanography: the multidisciplinary study of the oceans [oceanographic; oceanographer]
ore body: a metallic or non-metallic mineral deposit that can be mined at a profit
orogenic: relating to [1] mountain building; [2] ore formation in metamorphic or sedimentary terranes
orographic: relating to precipitation caused by airflow over mountain ranges or hilly terrain
ostracod: a tiny free-swimming, aquatic crustacean with a hinged, double calcareous shell
oxide: a compound of oxygen with another element
oxygen isotopes : the stable isotopes of oxygen, expressed as 16O/18O (δ 18O), used either as an indicator of the source of rock material, the temperature of seawater or cave water or, when compared to a calibrated paleo-seawater curve, the age of fossil remains
Pacific Plate: the tectonic plate that includes much of the Pacific Ocean and eastern South Island
pakohe: the Māori word for an indurated ('baked') mudstone
paleoclimate: ancient climate as determined from the geological record [paleoclimatic]
paleomagnetism: past geomagnetic field information that is preserved in rocks [paleomagnetic]
paleontology: study of life in the geological past [paleontological; palaeontologist]
Paleozoic Era: the time span between 540 and 250 million years ago
palynology: the study of spores, pollen, dinoflagellates and other acid-resistant organic structures [palynological; palynologist]
peat: plant material decomposed in water and partly carbonised
permeability: the ability of rocks or sediments to transmit fluid through interconnected pores or fractures [permeable]
petroleum: crude oil and natural gas
petrology: the study of rocks [petrologist]
Phanerozoic eon: The major unit of geological time in which abundant life has existed. It began about 542 million years ago.
phosphate: a phosphorous-bearing compound present in bones and cement [PO43-]
photosynthesis: the process by which plants and some micro-organisms use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen.
phreatic eruption: A small steam-driven volcanic explosion. The driving force is the flashing of hot water to steam by magmatic heat, but fresh magma itself is not involved.
phreatomagmatic eruption: A volcanic eruption of fresh magma that mixes with water. Falling ash from these eruptions is usually wet and sticky and often accompanied by rain.
physics: the study of the properties and interaction of matter and energy [physical]
phytoplankton: planktic plants such as algae, diatoms and coccolithophorids that help regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the ocean and atmosphere
pillow lava: lava in the shape of pillows with glassy margins, which is formed when lava erupts effusively into water
plagioclase: a group of light-coloured, rock-forming, sodium–calcium silicate minerals of the feldspar family
planktic: relating to organisms that float or drift in marine or fresh water [plankton]
plate (tectonic): a rigid segment of the crust and upper mantle [lithosphere]
plume: [1] a body of convecting fluid travelling upward through the mantle or crust; [2] a dense cloud of black, mineral-laden 'smoke' expelled from hydrothermal vents on the seafloor; [3] a suspension of muddy sediment discharged onto the continental shelf by rivers; [4] a concentration of pyroclastic (tephra) particles, aerosols and gases from an erupting volcano
plutonic: related to magma that has solidified deep in the crust [pluton; plutonism]
polar: regions between the Arctic or Antarctic circles and the north and south poles, respectively
polarised light: light that vibrates in a single plane, producing diagnostic interference colours in microscope thin sections
pollen: a fine powdery substance dispersed from a flower's anther—the microscopic male reproductive cell of plants
porosity: the state of having open pore spaces in rocks
potassium-40–argon-40 dating: commonly known as K–Ar dating; a method for determining the age of rocks and minerals using the radioactive decay of 40K to stable 40Ar
pounamu: commonly known as greenstone; the Māori word for the mineral nephrite jade
progenesis: an early onset of reproductive maturity. It is when the organism reaches maturity when it is in its juvenile state.
prospect: a mineral occurrence that requires further investigation to determine if it is economic to mine
pumice: a light, frothy, volcanic rock full of bubble holes (vesicles) and usually composed of glassy rhyolite'
punctuated evolution: an evolutionary pattern in which new taxa (types of plants or animals) appear relatively suddenly via major shifts in characteristics within very short time spans and then remain constant in those characters for a period of time. (Shown by the graph on the right)
Puysegur subduction system: the subduction system southwest of New Zealand where the Australian Plate descends beneath the Pacific Plate
P-wave: a primary (pressure) earthquake wave—the first to arrive at a seismograph station
pyroclastic: relating to an explosive eruption or explosively erupted fragmental material—literally, 'fiery fragments'
pyroclastic fall: Volcanic material that has been erupted explosively into the air and has fallen back to earth (for example, volcanic ash).
pyroclastic flow: a hot, gas-charged, fast moving, ground-hugging flow produced by an explosive eruption, where particles are concentrated at the base
pyroclastic material: Volcanic material erupted in an explosive volcanic eruption (for example, ash, lapilli, ignimbrite, etc).
pyroclastic surge: a hot, gas-charged, fast moving, ground-hugging flow produced by an explosive eruption, where particles are in a dilute suspension throughout the flowing mass
pyroxene: a group of black, magnesium–iron–calcium– aluminium silicate minerals
quartz: a commonly occurring, variably-coloured mineral composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2), also known as silica. A rock composed largely of quartz is called quartzite [quartzose, silicious]
quiescence: relating to seismical, tectonical or volcanical inactivity [quiescent]
radioactive decay: the breakdown of some isotopes by splitting of the atomic nucleus and the emission of subatomic particles
radiocarbon (carbon-14) dating: commonly known as carbon dating; a method for determining the age of carbon-bearing materials less than c. 60,000 years old, using the concentration of 14C calibrated against atmospheric 14C
radiolarian: a siliceous single-celled marine microorganism [radiolaria]
radiometric dating: a method for determining the age of geological materials using radioactive isotopes
remote sensing: the acquisition of information by remote means using, for example, satellites or ships
reserve: a mineral resource that has been defined to a high level of confidence and is extractable at a profit
reservoir: a porous volume within a rock formation containing fluids
resource(s): [1] economic mineral reserves plus all other known mineral deposits that may eventually become available; [2] mineral and energy sources that may be of economical use to society
return period: the average time between hazardous events
reverse fault : a fault in which the upper, hanging wall moves up with respect to the lower, footwall
rhyolite: A type of highly viscous magma with high silica content, it is found as pumice, ignimbrite, lava or obsidian. Rhyolite is also the name given to the volcanic rock formed from rhyolitic lava.
rift: a large region within a plate that is being pulled apart (extended) horizontally [rifting; rifted]
risk: the likelihood of suffering adverse consequences from being exposed to a hazard
rubidium–strontium dating: commonly known as Rb–Sr dating, this method for determining the age of rocks uses the decay of long-lived radioactive isotope 87Rb to stable isotope 87Sr
rupture: displacement along a fault-line
saline: relating to a fluid with moderate to high concentrations of salts [haline; salinity]
samarium-147–neodymium-143 dating: commonly known as Nd–Sm dating; a method for determining the age of rocks using the radioactive decay of the long-lived isotope 147Sm to stable 143Nd
sandstone: a medium-grained sedimentary rock with cemented grains more than 60 micrometres in size [sand; sandy]
satellite altimetry: the use of satellites to determine the height of the Earth's land or ocean surface
satellite telemetry: the use of satellites to transmit data
scarp: a cliff or bank formed by upward movement along a fault trace
schist: a foliated, metamorphosed rock derived typically from sandstone or greywacke
science: studies conducted on objective principles involving systematic observation and experimentation
scoria: a frothy basaltic rock, full of small gas bubbles, produced during weak explosive eruptions. Typically a black or red colour, it is common in the Auckland Volcanic Field
scoria cone: a small volcanic hill formed mainly of scoria erupted from a central vent
seamount: a submarine mountain rising 1000 metres or more above the seafloor
seafloor: the submarine surface below the seawater column [ocean floor]
seafloor spreading: the concept that new oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges, causing lateral movement of the crust
sea level: the average height of the ocean's surface, usually expressed as 'mean sea level', which is the average mid-point between high tide and low tide at any location. Generally taken as an elevation of 0 m and the reference datum for the elevation of the land surface, global sea level is approximated across the whole planet (including areas far from the sea) by the 'geoid', a geodetic reference surface'
sea level (eustatic): this is the 'global sea level'; a true change in sea level, such as a rise due to melting of land-based ice, or a fall due to an increased volume of land-based ice, is called a eustatic change
sea level (relative): a change in sea level at any particular location relative to the position of the shoreline or depth of the water. A fall in relative sea level may be due to uplift of the crust, build-up of sediment on the sea floor or a true eustatic change; a rise in relative sea level may result from subsidence of the crust, erosion of sea floor sediment or a eustatic change
seal: a natural layer of impermeable rock that prevents seepage of oil, natural gas, water or other fluids from an underground hydrocarbon reservoir
sediment drift: a sedimentary deposit near the base of the continental slope formed by boundary currents
sediment: a deposit composed of mineral or rock particles transported by water, ice, wind, or gravity [sedimentary; sedimentologist]
sedimentology: the study of sediment and sedimentary processes
sedimentary basin: an area where notable thicknesses of sediment have accumulated, commonly due to subsidence of the crust
seiche: ("saysh") rhythmic waves produced in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water. Wind-generated seiches are common on large lakes and enclosed seas, taking the form of a slow rise and fall of water level over periods of many minutes. Earthquake-shaking can generate seiches in lakes, bays, harbours or even swimming pools. Volcanic explosions may also generate seiches
seismic: relating to earthquakes [seismicity]
seismicity: Seismic activity; earthquakes and other shaking (tremors).
seismic reflection: the use of seismic vibration waves to explore the subsurface distribution of rock types or faults. The reflection of waves off, or refraction along, underground layers or structures, reveals the depths and positions of changes in rock density or character. This geophysical investigation method can utilise vibrations of natural earthquakes, or more commonly used an artificial source of vibration, such as explosions or sound waves
seismic tomography: the use of earthquake (seismic) waves to produce images of the Earth's interior
seismograph: an instrument for measuring earthquake (seismic) waves
seismology: the study of earthquakes [seismological; seismologist]
self-sufficiency (energy resources): the proportion of domestic production relative to usage
shear: to dislocate and grind within a fault zone [shearing; shear belt]
shield volcano: a large, broad volcano with a flattened dome shape made up typically of basaltic lava flows. Although much modified by erosion, the extinct volcanoes of Akaroa and Lyttelton on Banks Peninsula are examples
silica: the common name of silicon dioxide (SiO2). Typically, it is found as the mineral quartz. Where silica crystals are very fine grained (cryptocrytalline), they form minerals such as opal and the chalcedony group, including agate. Sinters around hydrothermal vents are rich in silica. Organisms such as diatoms and radiolarian have silica skeletons. Accumulations of their remains (biogenic silica) form deep sea-floor oozes and where compacted into rock are called chert, or diatomite if composed mainly of diatoms. In magma, silica content has a great influence on the viscosity of the molten rock; basalt is poor in silica and is very hot and flows freely, while rhyolite is rich in silica, is cooler and more viscous. Erupting rhyolite is more prone to violent explosions as gas struggles to escape from the sticky lava [siliceous, silicic]
silicate: minerals whose key building-block is the silicon tetrahedron (SiO4). The bulk of the rocks forming the Earth's crust are composed of silicate minerals, such as feldspar, olivine, pyroxene, amphiboles and mica
silicon-32 dating: a method for determining the age of ice or sediment using the build-up over time of the cosmogenic isotope 32Si
slate: moderately metamorphosed mudstone, which breaks into thin, parallel-sided slabs. Where subjected to more intense metamorphism, mudstones are converted into fine-grained schist rock
slip-rate: the average net rate of movement of crust along a fault
soil: the zone of intense biological activity immediately beneath the land surface. Soils vary in thickness and properties depending on their age and the parent materials from which they are formed. A typical soil profile in New Zealand consists of an A horizon, composed of dark, organic rich material that is the locus of invertebrate animal activity (e.g. worms) and bacterial action, passing downwards to a transition zone of somewhat disturbed and weathered material (B-horizon) resting on the undisturbed parent rock or deposit (C-horizon). The soil zone supports rooted plants, and is essential to life through recycling of nutrients, carbon and oxygen
source: [1] also known as the focus; the initiation point of an earthquake rupture; [2] the origin of crustal fluids—meteoric, magmatic or connate, including groundwater; [3] the origin of hydrocarbons leading to the formation of oil and gas reservoirs; [4] the location of the original material making up a rock
species: a basic level of life-form in the Linnaean classification—a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring—for example, Agathis australis is the species name for kauri trees
spore: the microscopic reproductive cell of many plants, fungi and algae, designed for dispersal and survival
stable isotope: a non-radioactive isotope of an element
stasis: morphologic constancy of a species through a stratigraphically significant time interval.
strain: the proportional change in shape or size resulting from the application of stress
strata: layers of sedimentary rock visually separable from those above and below [stratum; stratification]
stratigraphy: the order and relative position of rock units or other geological deposits in sequence [stratigraphic]
stratovolcano: a large, typically andesitic, conical volcano formed of interlayered lava flows and pyroclastic deposits
stress: the force per unit area acting on any surface within a 3D object
strike: the direction of a horizontal line on a planar feature such as a layer within a rock, or a fracture plane in a rock. Usually measured as a compass bearing, in degrees. Strike in combination with dip defines the orientation, or 'attitude', of any planar geological feature [striking; also see dip]
strike-slip: displacement parallel to the strike of a fault
Strombolian eruption: Volcanic eruption characterised by small explosive eruptions due do the viscous (thick) nature of the lava.
strontium isotopes: isotopes of strontium, expressed as the ratio 87Sr/86Sr, used either as an indicator of the source and evolutionary history of rock material or, when compared with a calibrated paleo-seawater curve, the age of calcareous fossils
subduction: the process by which an oceanic plate moves down into the mantle at a convergent plate margin [subduct]
submergence: the process of sinking below sea level [submerge]
submersible: a mini-submarine, remotely-operated vehicle or automatically-operated underwater vehicle used in seafloor studies
subsidence: the process of sinking with respect to sea level [subside]
subterranean: beneath the Earth's surface
subtropical: the regions bordering the tropics to the south or north
succession: the natural time-order of rocks or fossils
sulphur: a yellow non-metal often found in volcanic or geothermal areas [S]; compounds are sulphides [S6-] or sulphates [SO42-]
sulphur dioxide: a colourless, choking poisonous gas often associated with volcanic or geothermal areas [SO2]
S-wave: a shearing earthquake wave—the second to arrive at a seismograph station
syncline: a fold in rock layers, generally concave upwards, where the youngest rocks are in the core
Taupo Volcanic Zone: the c. 100 kilometre wide by c. 350 kilometre long volcanic region of central North Island extending north from Ruapehu volcano to beyond White Island volcano; the 'older TVZ' was active from c. 2 Ma to 340 ka, and the 'younger TVZ' has been active since c. 340 ka
taxonomy: the theory and practice of describing and classifying biota, rocks, soil etc.
tectonic: relating to the formation of large-scale structural features [tectonism; plate tectonics]
tectonic earthquakes: Earthquakes occurring in the crust of the earth and caused by movement on fault lines.
tephra: A collective term for all unconsolidated volcanic material erupted explosively. Includes volcanic ash, pumice, scoria, volcanic bombs, some pyroclastic flows, etc.
terrestrial: [1] land-based; [2] Earth-based
terrigenous sediment: sediment derived from the land
Thermohaline Circulation: the global system of oceanic currents that is driven by density contrasts, due to changes in heat and salt
thin section: a thin slice of a rock or mineral that can be analysed under a petrological microscope
thrust: a gently inclined reverse fault, in which the upper, hanging wall moves up with respect to the lower, footwall
transform fault: a strike-slip fault that terminates abruptly at a major transverse feature such as a midocean ridge
trap: an underground natural feature that allows oil, natural gas, water or other fluids to accumulate. Examples include structural traps such as anticlinal domes containing an impermeable layer of rock that traps fluids or gas in an underlying permeable rock layer, or where an impermeable fault zone cuts across a porous rock layer, trapping its fluids or gases under the fault. Stratigraphic traps may occur where a lensoid layer of permeable rock is overlain and cut off by a more continuous younger layer of impermeable rock
trench: a long, deep depression of the ocean floor marking a subduction plate boundary
trigger: a phenomenon or process that gives rise to a geological event such as an earthquake (triggered by build-up of strain in the crust), landslide (e.g. triggered by a rainstorm or by an earthquake) or a volcanic eruption (triggered by rise of magma)
trilobite: an extinct marine arthropod common in the Paleozoic Era
tritium dating: a method for determining the age of groundwater using the concentration of tritium (3H) produced by cosmic rays, and in particular by atmospheric nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s
tsunami: waves generated by the sudden displacement of a water body, commonly by an earthquake offset (uplift or subsidence) of the sea bed. Landslides or icefalls into lakes or fiords also may generate tsunamis
tuff ring: A wide low ring of pyroclastic material, surrounding a volcanic vent.
UNCLOS: the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
unconformity: a break in time within a sequence of rock layers. An unconformity may represent a period when no deposition took place, or may represent an interval of erosion that stripped away some rock layers, before deposition recommenced. Where the rock layers were tilted by tectonic movements and truncated by erosion before younger rock layers were deposited, bedding in the older, truncated layers dips more steeply than those of the younger layers on top; Such a configuration is called an angular unconformity [unconformable]
uplift: the raising of rocks from their place of formation
uranium–lead dating: a method for determining the age of rocks using the radioactive decay of long-lived isotopes of uranium to stable lead [thorium–lead dating]
vent: Opening through which a volcano erupts or volcanic material passes.
vertebrate: an organism with a backbone
vesicularity: containing pores created by gas bubbles in volcanic rocks [vesicle; vesicular]
viscosity: the state of being sticky and resistant to flow [viscous]
vog: Smog of volcanic origin, composed of volcanic ash and gases.
volcanic arc: a chain of volcanoes, tens to hundreds of kilometres long, overlying a subduction zone
volcanic ash: Material in the form of small fragments from 0.06 to 4mm in diameter, blown out by a volcano.
volcanic centre: a group of volcanoes including stratovolcanoes, calderas, cones, domes etc. that are separated from adjacent volcanic centres by some tens of kilometres
volcanic dome: Gas-poor lava forming a steep-sided hill, usually close to an eruptive vent. Examples include Motutaiko Island (Lake Taupo), Mokoia Island (Lake Rotorua), the domes that make up Mount Ngongotaha (Rotorua), etc.
volcanic earthquakes: Earthquakes (up to about Magnitude 5.5) that are caused by the movement of magma within the crust.
volcanic eruption: Material from deep within the earth/magma chamber finds its way to the surface.
volcanic field: an area containing many small, isolated, mainly basaltic volcanic features (scoria cones, craters etc.)
volcanic gas: Gases released from a volcano or vent that were previously dissolved in magma.
volcanic massive sulphide: deposits of metal sulphide minerals, commonly rich in copper-zinc-lead, formed in association with undersea volcanic hydrothermal vents. Ancient examples are found in some rock sequences and may provide minable ore deposits. Modern examples are seen in 'black smoker' hydrothermal vents on the sea floor in volcanically active areas
volcano: A hole in the ground through which magma is erupted. More generally refers to a mountain or caldera that may have several vents. Not all volcanoes are cone-shaped mountains. (eg Lake Taupo).
volcanology: the study of volcanoes [volcanic; volcanism; volcanological; volcanogenic; volcanologist]
water table: the upper surface of a zone of watersaturated rock or sediment
weathering: the chemical or physical break-down of rocks on the Earth's surface
Zealandia: also known as the New Zealand continent; the mainly submergent continental mass that split from Gondwana at c. 83 Ma


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