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Paraguayan War
|Paraguayan War
|Commanders and leaders
|Casualties and losses
|ca. 300,000 soldiers and civilians
|~71,000 Brazilian soldiers
20,000 Argentine soldiers
3,200 Uruguayan soldiers
Total: ~100,000 soldiers and civilians
|Part of a series on the
|History of Paraguay
|Indigenous peoples
|Spanish conquest
|Viceroyalty of Peru
|Jesuit period
|Royalist period
|War of Independence
|Francia Era
|Paraguayan War
|Colorado Period
|Liberal Period
|Morinigo Era
|Alfredo Stroessner
|Operation Condor
|1989 coup d'etat
|Modern Period
|Paraguay portal
The Paraguayan War (Spanish: Guerra del Paraguay; Portuguese: Guerra do Paraguai), also known as the War of the Triple Alliance (Spanish: Guerra de la Triple Alianza; Portuguese: Guerra da Tríplice Aliança), and in Paraguay as the "Great War" (Spanish: Guerra Grande, Guarani: Ñorairõ Guazú),[1][2] was an international military conflict in South America fought from 1864 to 1870 between Paraguay and the Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. It caused approximately 400,000 deaths, the highest rate of fatalities related to the number of combatants of any war in modern history. It particularly devastated Paraguay, which suffered catastrophic losses in population and was forced to cede territory to Argentina and Brazil.
Scholars have several theories regarding the origins of the war. The traditional view emphasizes the aggressive policy of Paraguayan president Francisco Solano López towards gaining control in the Platine basin. Conversely, popular belief in Paraguay, and Argentine revisionism since the 1960s, gives a preponderant role to the influence by the British Empire, although the academic consensus is that there is little evidence for this theory.[3] The war began in late 1864 with combat operations between Brazil and Paraguay; from 1865 onwards, Argentina and Uruguay entered, and it became the "War of the Triple Alliance."
The war has also been attributed to the after-effects of colonialism in South America, the struggle for physical power among neighboring nations over the strategic Río de la Plata region, Brazilian and Argentine meddling in internal Uruguayan politics, Solano López's efforts to help allies in Uruguay (previously defeated by Brazilians), and Solano López's presumed expansionist ambitions.[4] Paraguay had recurring boundary disputes and tariff issues with Argentina and Brazil for many years; its aid to allies in Uruguay in the period before the war worsened its relations with those countries.
The outcome of the war was the utter defeat of Paraguay. After the Triple Alliance defeated Paraguay in conventional warfare, its people conducted a drawn-out guerrilla-style resistance that resulted in the destruction of the Paraguayan military and much of the civilian population. The guerrilla war lasted until López was killed by Brazilian forces on March 1, 1870. One estimate places total Paraguayan losses—through both war and disease—as high as 1.2 million people, or 90% of its pre-war population.[5][6]
A different estimate places Paraguayan deaths at approximately 300,000 people out of its 500,000 to 525,000 pre-war inhabitants.[7] According to Steven Pinker, the war resulted in the deaths of more than 60% of the population of Paraguay, making it proportionally the most destructive war in modern times.[8]
It took decades for Paraguay to recover from the chaos and demographic imbalance. In Brazil, the war helped bring about the end of slavery, moved the military into a key role in the public sphere, and caused a ruinous increase of public debt, which took a decade to pay off, seriously reducing the country's growth. It has been argued that the war played a key role in the consolidation of Argentina as a nation-state.[9] That country became South America's wealthiest nation, and one of the wealthiest in the world, by the early 20th century.[10][verification needed] It was the last time that Brazil and Argentina took such an interventionist role in Uruguay's internal politics.[11]
- 1 Background
- 2 Course of the war
- 3 End of the war
- 4 Casualties
- 5 Consequences of the war
- 6 Media depictions
- 7 See also
- 8 Endnotes
- 9 Footnotes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Paraguay before the war[edit]
Historians have long concluded that Paraguay under José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (1813–1840) and Carlos Antonio López (1841–1862) developed quite differently from other South American countries. These two leaders encouraged self-sufficient economic development in Paraguay by imposing a high level of isolation from neighboring countries.[12]
The regime of the López family was characterized by a harsh centralism in the production and distribution of everything. There was no distinction between the public and the private sphere, and the López family ruled the country as it would a large estate of land.[13]
The government exerted its control on all exports. The export of yerba mate and valuable wood products maintained the balance of commerce between Paraguay and the outside world.[14] The Paraguayan government was extremely protectionist, never accepting loans from abroad and, through high tariffs, refusing the importation of foreign products. This protectionism made the society self-sufficient. This also avoided the situation suffered by Argentina and Brazil which were in debt. Francisco Solano López, the son of Carlos Antonio López, replaced his father as the President-Dictator in 1862, and he generally continued the political policies of his father.
In the area of the military, Solano López modernized and expanded industry and the Paraguayan Army.[15] The government hired more than 200 foreign technicians, who installed telegraph lines and railroads to aid the expanding steel, textile, paper, and ink; and naval construction, weapons and gunpowder industries. The Ybycuí foundry, completed in 1850, manufactured cannons, mortars and bullets of all calibers. River warships were built in the shipyards of Asunción.
During the 1960s and 1970s, some historians claimed that the Paraguayan War was caused by pseudo-colonial influence of the British,[16][17] based on what the historians said was the need for a new source of cotton after the start of the American Civil War, as the South had been their main cotton supplier.[18] But, since 1990 several historians have disputed this claim of British influence, saying there is no documentary evidence for it.[19][3]
They note that although the British economy and commercial interests benefited from the war, the UK government opposed it from the start. It believed that war damaged international commerce, and disapproved of the secret clauses in the Treaty of the Triple Alliance. Britain already was increasing imports of Egyptian cotton and did not need Paraguayan product.[20] Sir Edward Thornton, the British Minister to the Argentine Republic, personally supported the Triple Alliance; he was present at the signing of a treaty of alliance between Brazil and Argentina on 18 June 1864 in Puntas del Rosario. Journalist Jose Antonio Saraiva later declared this to be the real start of the alliance, suggesting that the British interest catalyzed the other two nations to mobilize against Paraguay.[20][21] William Doria (the UK Chargé d'Affairs for Paraguay who briefly acted for Thornton) joined French and Italian diplomats in condemning Argentina's President Bartolomé Mitre's involvement in Uruguay. But when Thornton returned to the job in December 1863, he threw his full backing behind Mitre.[20]
Other historians say that Solano Lopez built up the Paraguayan army to fulfill his expansionist goals; he encouraged the development of war industries, mobilized a large number of men for the army (mandatory military service was already in effect in Paraguay), subjected them to intensive military training, and had fortifications built at the mouth of the Río Paraguay. He directed a program to build armed riverboats. Solano Lopez started the build up in this period, but there had been a history of armed conflicts with Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil.
Diplomatically, Solano López was allied with Uruguay's ruling Blanco Party. After 1864, the Colorado Party in Uruguay became allied with Brazil and Argentina.[22]
In 1864 President López thought that the balance of power was threatened when Brazil became involved in Uruguay's internal politics and the struggle for leadership. Some historians argue that this was the cause of his declaring war on Brazil, and not the expansionist intentions.[citation needed] Argentina initially stayed neutral. López doubted Argentina's neutrality since it had given Brazilian ships permission to navigate in the Argentine rivers in the Plate region, the same rights as to Paraguay, which shared the river. As Paraguay considered Argentina's neutrality to favor Brazil, it sent its forces to invade Corrientes Province of Argentina when Mitre rejected the request that Solano López be allowed to move his troops through Argentine territory to fight in Uruguay against Brazil. Argentina declared war after Solano López moved his troops into Corrientes province.
Politics of the Río de la Plata[edit]
Since Brazil and Argentina had become independent, the fight between Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro for hegemony in the Río de la Plata profoundly marked the diplomatic and political relations among the countries of the region.[23]
Brazil, under the rule of the Portuguese, was the first country to recognize the independence of Paraguay, in 1811. While Argentina was ruled by Juan Manuel Rosas (1829–1852), a common enemy of both Brazil and Paraguay, Brazil contributed to the improvement of the fortifications and development of the Paraguayan army, sending officials and technical help to Asunción. As no roads linked the province of Mato Grosso to Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian ships needed to travel through Paraguayan territory, going up the Río Paraguay to arrive at Cuiabá. Many times, however, Brazil had difficulty obtaining permission from the government in Asunción to sail those waterways.
Brazil carried out three political and military interventions in Uruguay: in 1851, against Manuel Oribe to fight Argentine influence in the country; in 1855, at the request of the Uruguayan government and Venancio Flores, leader of the Colorados, who were traditionally supported by the Brazilian empire; and in 1864, against Atanásio Aguirre. This last intervention would light the fuse for the Paraguayan War.
Intervention against Aguirre[edit]
In April 1864 Brazil sent a diplomatic mission to Uruguay, led by José Antônio Saraiva, to demand payment for the damages caused to gaucho farmers in border conflicts with Uruguayan farmers. Uruguayan president Atanásio Aguirre, of the National Party, refused the Brazilian demands.
Solano López offered himself as mediator, but was turned down by Brazil. López subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Brazil in August 1864 and declared that the occupation of Uruguay by Brazilian troops would be an attack on the equilibrium of the Río de la Plata region.
On October 12 Brazilian troops invaded Uruguay. The followers of Colorado party leader Venancio Flores, who had the support of Argentina, united with the Brazilian troops and deposed Aguirre.[24]
Course of the war[edit]
Conflict begins[edit]
When attacked by Brazil, the Uruguayan Blancos asked for help from Paraguay. With the intention of showing his (Solano López's) disagreement with Brazilian actions against Uruguayan Blancos, on November 12, 1864, the Paraguayan ship Tacuarí captured the Brazilian ship Marquês de Olinda, which had sailed up the Río Paraguay to the province of Mato Grosso.[25] Paraguay declared war on Brazil on December 13 and on Argentina three months later, on March 18, 1865. Uruguay, already governed by Venancio Flores, aligned itself with Brazil and Argentina.
At the beginning of the war, the military force of the Triple Alliance was inferior to that of Paraguay, which included—according to some historians—more than 60,000 well-trained men—38,000 of whom were currently under arms—and a naval squadron of 23 steamboats (vapores) and five river-navigating ships, among them the Tacuarí, a gunboat.[26] Its artillery included about 400 cannons. However, recent studies have shown a different picture. Although the Paraguayan army had somewhere between 70,000 and 100,000 men at the beginning of the conflict, they were badly equipped. Most of the infantry armaments consisted of inaccurate smooth-bore muskets and carbines, slow to reload and with short range. The artillery was similarly in bad shape. Military officers had no training or experience and there was no command system, as all decisions were made by López. Food, ammunition and armament were scarce and logistics and hospital care were deficient or nonexistent.[27]
The armies of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were far smaller than the Paraguayan forces. Argentina had approximately 8,500 regular troops and a naval squadron of four vapores and one goleta. Uruguay entered the war with fewer than 2,000 men and no navy. Many of Brazil's 16,000 troops were located in its southern garrisons.[28] The Brazilian advantage, though, was in its navy, comprising 42 ships with 239 cannons and about 4,000 well-trained crew. A great part of the squadron had already met in the Rio de la Plata basin, where it had acted, under the Marquis of Tamandaré, in the intervention against Aguirre.
Brazil, however, was unprepared to fight a war. Its army was disorganized. The "troops" used in the interventions in Uruguay were composed merely of the armed contingents of gaucho politicians and some National Guard staff. Even though the Brazilian version of the war say that the infantry who fought in the Paraguayan War were not professional soldiers but volunteers, the so-called Voluntários da Pátria, the Argentinian revisionism and Paraguay version argue that the Brazilian infantry was composed mainly of slaves who received the promise of free land if they took part of the war. The army was heavily recruited from the landless, largely black, underclass.[29] The cavalry was formed from the National Guard of Rio Grande do Sul. From the end of 1864 to 1870 about 146,000 Brazilians fought in the war, while 18,000 members of the National Guard stayed behind in Brazilian territory to defend it. The Brazilian forces actively engaged in the war consisted of 10,025 army soldiers stationed in Uruguayan territory in 1864, 2,047 that were in the province of Mato Grosso, 55,985 Fatherland Volunteers, 60,009 National Guards, 8,570 ex-slaves who had been freed to be sent to war, and 9,177 navy personnel.[30]
Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance in Buenos Aires on May 1, 1865. They named Bartolomé Mitre, president of Argentina, as supreme commander of the allied forces.[31]
Paraguayan offensive[edit]
During the first phase of the war Paraguay took the initiative. The armies of López dictated the location of initial battles—invading Mato Grosso in the north in December 1864, Rio Grande do Sul in the south in the first months of 1865, and the Argentine province of Corrientes. Two separate Paraguayan forces invaded Mato Grosso simultaneously. Five thousand troops, transported in ten ships and commanded by Col. Vicente Barrios, went up the Río Paraguay and attacked the fort of Nova Coimbra. The Brazilian garrison of 155 men resisted for three days under the command of Lt. Col. Hermenegildo de Albuquerque Porto Carrero, later baron of Fort Coimbra. When the munitions were exhausted, the defenders abandoned the fort and withdrew up the river towards Corumbá on board the gunship Anhambaí. After they occupied the empty fort, the Paraguayans advanced north, taking the cities of Albuquerque and Corumbá in January 1865.
The second Paraguayan column, led by Col. Francisco Isidoro Resquín and including 4000 men, penetrated a region south of Mato Grosso and sent a detachment to attack the military frontier post of Dourados. The detachment, led by Maj. Martín Urbieta, encountered tough resistance on December 29, 1864, from Lt. Antonio João Ribeiro and his 16 men, who were all eventually killed. The Paraguayans continued to Nioaque and Miranda, defeating the troops of Col. José Dias da Silva. Coxim was taken in April 1865.
The Paraguayan forces, despite their victories, did not continue to Cuiabá, the capital of the province. Augusto Leverger had fortified the camp of Melgaço to protect Cuiabá. The main objective was to distract the attention of the Brazilian government to the north, as the war would lead to the south, closer to the Río de la Plata estuary. The invasion of Mato Grosso was a diversionary tactic.
The invasion of Corrientes and Rio Grande do Sul was the second phase of the Paraguayan offensive. To raise the support of the Uruguayan Blancos, the Paraguayans had to travel through Argentine territory. In March 1865 López asked the Argentine government's permission for an army of 25,000 men (led by Gen. Wenceslao Robles) to travel through the province of Corrientes. Argentine President—Bartolomé Mitre refused, as he was a member of the Alliance and ally of Brazil in the intervention in Uruguay. On March 18, 1865, having seen that Argentina permitted Brazilian troops though its territory, Paraguay declared war against Mitre. A Paraguayan squadron coming down the Río Paraná trapped Argentine ships in the port of Corrientes. Immediately, Gen. Robles' troops took the city.
By invading Corrientes, López had hoped to gain the support of the powerful Argentine caudillo Justo José de Urquiza, governor of the provinces of Corrientes and Entre Ríos, who was known to be the chief federalist hostile to Mitre and to the government of Buenos Aires.[31] However, Urquiza remained ambivalent toward this effort and did not declare for Paraguay.[citation needed] The forces advanced approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) south before ultimately ending the offensive in failure.
Along with Robles' troops, a force of 10,000 soldiers under Lt. Col. Antonio de la Cruz Estigarriba crossed the Argentine border south of Encarnación in May 1865, driving for Rio Grande do Sul. They traveled down Río Uruguay and took the town of São Borja on June 12. Uruguaiana, to the south, was taken on August 5 with little resistance. The Brazilian reaction was yet to come.
Reaction of Brazil[edit]
Brazil sent an expedition to fight the invaders in Mato Grosso. A column of 2,780 men led by Col. Manuel Pedro Drago left Uberaba in Minas Gerais in April 1865, and arrived at Coxim in December after a difficult march of more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) through four provinces. However, Paraguay had abandoned Coxim by December. Drago arrived at Miranda in September 1866, and Paraguay had left once again. In January 1867 Col. Carlos de Morais Camisão assumed command of the column, now with only 1,680 men, and decided to invade Paraguayan territory, which he penetrated as far as Laguna. The Paraguayan cavalry forced the expedition to retreat.
Despite the efforts of Col. Camisão's troops and the resistance in the region, which succeeded in liberating Corumbá in June 1867, Mato Grosso remained under Paraguayan control. The Brazilians withdrew in April 1868, moving their troops to the main theatre of operations, in the south of Paraguay. Communications in the Río de la Plata basin were solely by river; few roads existed. Whoever controlled the rivers would win the war, so Paraguay had built fortifications on the banks of the lower end of Río Paraguay.
The naval battle of Riachuelo occurred on June 11, 1865. The Brazilian fleet commanded by Adm. Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva won, destroying the powerful Paraguayan navy and preventing the Paraguayans from permanently occupying Argentine territory. Practically, the battle decided the outcome of the war in favour of the Triple Alliance. From that point on, it controlled the waters of the Río de la Plata basin up to the entrance to Paraguay.[32]
While López ordered the retreat of the forces that occupied Corrientes, the Paraguayan troops that invaded São Borja advanced, taking Itaqui and Uruguaiana. A separate division (3,200 men) that continued towards Uruguay, under the command of Maj. Pedro Duarte, was defeated by Flores in the bloody Battle of Jataí on the banks of the Río Uruguay.
The allied troops united under the command of Mitre in the camp of Concordia, in the Argentine province of Entre Ríos, with Field Marshal Manuel Luís Osório at the front of the Brazilian troops. Some of the troops, commanded by Lt. Gen. Manuel Marques de Sousa, baron of Porto Alegre, left to reinforce Uruguaiana. The Paraguayans yielded on September 18, 1865.
In the subsequent months, the Paraguayans were driven out of the cities of Corrientes and San Cosme, the only Argentine territory still in Paraguayan possession. By the end of 1865, the Triple Alliance was on the offensive. Its armies numbered more than 50,000 men and prepared to invade Paraguay.
On September 12, 1866, López invited Mitre to a conference in Yatayty Cora. He had realized that the war was lost and was ready to sign a peace treaty with the Allies.[33] No agreement was reached, though, since Mitre's conditions for signing the treaty were that every article of the secret Treaty of the Triple Alliance was to be carried out, a condition that López refused.[33] Article 6 of the treaty made truce or peace nearly impossible, as it stipulated that the war was to continue until the then government ceased to be, which meant the death or removal of López.
After the conference, the allies marched into Paraguayan territory, reaching the defensive line of Curupayty. Trusting in their numerical superiority and the possibility of attacking the flank of the defensive line through the Paraguay River by using the Brazilian ships, the Allies made a frontal assault on the defensive line, supported by the flank fire of the battleships. But the Paraguayans, commanded by general José E. Díaz, stood strong in their positions, set up for a defensive battle. They inflicted tremendous damage on the Allied troops. The Battle of Curupayty resulted in an almost catastrophic defeat for the Allied forces; they lost over 10,000 men in total casualties, including dead and wounded, against a few 100 losses by Paraguay. The Allied command was changed after this.
Caxias in command[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (February 2014)
Assigned on October 10, 1866 to command the Brazilian forces, Marshal Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Marquis and, later, Duke of Caxias, arrived in Paraguay in November, finding the Brazilian army practically paralyzed. The contingent of Argentines and Uruguayans, devastated by disease, were cut off from the rest of the allied army. Mitre and Flores returned to their respective countries because of difficult internal political conditions. Tamandaré was replaced in command by Admiral Joaquim José Inácio, future Viscount of Inhaúma. Osório organized a 5,000-strong third Corps of the Brazilian army in Rio Grande do Sul. In Mitre's absence, Caxias assumed general command and restructured the army.
Between November 1866 and July 1867, Caxias organized a health corps (to give aid to the endless number of injured soldiers and to fight the epidemic of cholera) and a system of supply of the troops. Military operations were limited to skirmishing with the Paraguayans and bombarding Curupaity. López took advantage of the disorganization of the enemy to reinforce his stronghold in Humaitá.
The march to outflank the left wing of the Paraguayan fortifications constituted the basis of Caxias's tactics. Caxias wanted to bypass the Paraguayan strongholds, cut the connections between Asunción and Humaitá, and finally encircle the Paraguayans. To this end, Caxias marched to Tuiu-Cuê. But Mitre, who had retaken command in August 1867, insisted on attacking the right wing, a strategy that had previously been disastrous in Curupaity. Under his orders the Brazilian squadron forced its way past Curupaity but was forced to stop at Humaitá. New splits in the high command arose: Mitre wanted to continue, but the Brazilians instead captured São Solano, Pike and Tayi, isolating Humaitá from Asunción. López reacted by attacking the rearguard of the allies in Tuyutí, but suffered further defeats.
With the removal of Mitre in January 1868, Caxias reassumed supreme command and decided to bypass Curupaity and Humaitá, carried out with success by the squadron commanded by Captain Delfim Carlos de Carvalho, later Baron of Passagem. Humaitá fell on 25 July after a long siege.
En route to Asunción, Caxias's army went 200 kilometres (120 mi) north to Palmas, stopping at the Piquissiri river. There López had concentrated 18,000 Paraguayans in a fortified line that exploited the terrain and supported the forts of Angostura and Itá-Ibaté. Resigned to frontal combat, Caxias ordered the so-called Piquissiri manoeuvre. While a squadron attacked Angostura, Caxias made the army cross to the west side of the river. He ordered the construction of a road in the swamps of the Chaco along which the troops advanced to the northeast. At Villeta, the army crossed the river again, between Asunción and Piquissiri, behind the fortified Paraguayan line. Instead of advancing to the capital, already evacuated and bombarded, Caxias went south and attacked the Paraguayans from the rear.
Caxias had won a series of victories in December 1868, when he went back south to take Piquissiri from the rear, capturing Itororó, Avaí, Lomas Valentinas and Angostura. On December 24 the three new commanders of the Triple Alliance (Caxias, the Argentine Juan Andrés Gelly y Obes, and the Uruguayan Enrique Castro) sent a note to Solano López asking for surrender, but López refused and fled to Cerro Leon.
Asunción was occupied on January 1, 1869 by commands of Colonel Hermes Ernesto da Fonseca, father of the future Marshal Hermes da Fonseca. On the fifth day, Caxias entered the city with the rest of the army, and 13 days later left his command.
End of the war[edit]
Command of Count d'Eu[edit]
The son-in-law of the Emperor Dom Pedro II, Luís Filipe Gastão de Orléans, Count d'Eu, was nominated to direct the final phase of the military operations in Paraguay. He sought not just a total rout of Paraguay, but also the strengthening of the Brazilian Empire. In August 1869, the Triple Alliance installed a provisional government in Asunción headed by Paraguayan Cirilo Antonio Rivarola.
Solano López organized the resistance in the mountain range northeast of Asunción. At the head of 21,000 men, Count d'Eu led the campaign against the Paraguayan resistance, the Campaign of the Mountain Range, which lasted over a year. The most important battles were the battles of Piribebuy and of Acosta Ñu, in which more than 5,000 Paraguayans died.
Death of López[edit]
Two detachments were sent in pursuit of Solano López, who was accompanied by 200 men in the forests in the north. On March 1, 1870, the troops of General José Antônio Correia da Câmara surprised the last Paraguayan camp in Cerro Corá. During the ensuing battle, López was wounded and separated from the remainder of his army. Too weak to walk, he was escorted by his aide and a pair of officers, who led him to the banks of the Aquidaban-nigui River. The officers left Lopez and his aide there while they looked for reinforcements. Before they returned, General Câmara arrived with a small number of soldiers. Though he offered to permit López to surrender and guaranteed his life, López refused. Shouting "¡Muero por mi patria!" ("I die for my homeland!"), he tried to attack Câmara with his sword. He was quickly killed by Câmara's men, bringing an end to the long conflict.[34]
At the end of the war and with Paraguay suffering severe shortages of weapons and supplies, López reacted with draconian attempts to keep order, ordering troops to kill any combatant, including officers, who talked of surrender.[35] As a result, paranoia prevailed in the army, and soldiers fought to the bitter end in a resistance movement that resulted in more destruction in the country.[35] Paraguay suffered massive casualties, and the war's disruption, including disease, also cost civilian fatalities. Some historians estimate the nation lost the majority of its population by the end of the war.
The specific numbers of casualties are hotly disputed. It has been estimated that 300,000 Paraguayans, mostly civilians, died. According to one estimate, the prewar population was approximately 525,000 (a survey of 14 estimates varied between 300,000 and 1,337,000; see F. Chartrain : "L'Eglise et les partis dans la vie politique du Paraguay depuis l'Indépendance", Paris I University, "Doctorat d'Etat", 1972, pp. 134–135. Shaw's calculation, based on an 1879 census and the military forces, gives between 700,000 and 800,000 inhabitants). An 1871 census recorded 221,079 inhabitants, of which 106,254 were female, 86,079 were children, with no indication of sex or upper age limit; and 28,746 were male. Considering the local situation, such casualty figures are a very rough estimate; many men and boys fled during the war to the countryside and forests. Accurate casualty numbers may never be determined. It has been reported that up to 90% of the male population was killed, though Shaw notes this figure is without support.[35]
A 1999 study by Thomas Whigham from the University of Georgia, published in the Latin American Research Review under the title "The Paraguayan Rosetta Stone: New Evidence on the Demographics of the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870," and later expanded in the 2002 essay titled "Refining the Numbers: A Response to Reber and Kleinpenning," has a methodology to yield more accurate figures. Based on a census carried out after the war ended, in 1870-1871, Whigham concluded that 150,000–160,000 Paraguayan people had survived, of whom only 28,000 were adult males. This leaves a woman/man ratio of 4 to 1, while in the most devastated areas of the nation, the ratio was as high as 20 to 1.[36]
To establish the population before the war, Whigham used an 1846 census and calculated, based on a population growth rate of 1.7% to 2.5% annually (which was the standard rate at that time), that the immediately pre-war Paraguayan population in 1864 was approximately 420,000–450,000. In total, 60% to 70% of the population died as a result of the war.[36]Steven Pinker noted the deaths of more than 60% of the population made the Paraguayan War proportionally the most destructive war in modern times.[8][page needed]
Of the approximately 123,000 Brazilians who fought in the Paraguayan War, the best estimates are that around 50,000 men died. Uruguay had about 5,600 men under arms (some of whom were foreigners), of whom about 3,100 died.
The high rates of mortality were not all due to armed conflict. As was common before antibiotics were developed, disease caused more deaths than did war wounds. Bad food and poor sanitation contributed to the outbreak of disease among troops and civilians. Many deaths are believed to have been caused by cholera. Among the Brazilians, two-thirds of the war dead died either in a hospital or on the march. At the beginning of the conflict, most of the Brazilian soldiers came from the north and northeast regions of their country; the change from a hot climate to a colder one, along with restricted food rations, may have contributed to weakening them and lowering their resistance. As entire battalions of Brazilians were recorded as dying after drinking water from rivers, historians believe that cholera, transmitted in the water, was the most likely chief cause of death during the war.[citation needed]
Consequences of the war[edit]
During the war the Brazilian army took complete control of Paraguayan territory and occupied the country for six years after the final defeat in 1870. In part this was to prevent the annexation of even more territory by Argentina, which had wanted to seize the entire Chaco region. During this time, Brazil and Argentina had strong tensions, with the threat of armed conflict between them.
During the wartime sacking of Asunción, Brazilian soldiers carried off war trophies. Among the spoils taken was the "Christian" cannon, named because it was cast from church bells of Asunción melted down for the war. In addition, officials ordered that the Paraguayan national archives be packed up and transferred to the National library in Rio de Janeiro. They have been held virtually unavailable to research by scholars.[37]
- Paraguay suffered the downfall of its government, loss of territories, and huge population losses and property damage. These resulted in an economic crisis. For years after the war, Paraguayan development was slow. Some sources claim it lost nearly 69% of the population, but recent study claims it was nearer 30%.
- In Brazil the war exposed the fragility of the Empire, and dissociated the monarchy with the army. The Brazilian army became a new and influential force in national life. It developed as a strong national institution that, with the war, gained tradition and internal cohesion. The Army would take a significant role in the later development of the history of the country. Nearly 50,000 deaths resulted, most by sickness and the harsh climate.
As in other countries, "wartime recruitment of slaves in the Americas rarely implied a complete rejection of slavery and usually acknowledged masters' rights over their property." [39] Brazil compensated owners who freed slaves for the purpose of fighting in the war, on the condition that the freedmen immediately enlist. It also impressed slaves from owners when needing manpower, and paid compensation. In areas near the conflict, slaves took advantage of wartime conditions to escape, and some fugitive slaves volunteered for the army. Together these effects undermined the institution of slavery. But, the military also upheld owners' property rights, as it returned at least 36 fugitive slaves to owners who could satisfy its requirement for legal proof. Significantly, slavery was not officially ended until the early 1880s.[39]
The economic depression and the strengthening of the army later played a large role in the deposition of the emperor Dom Pedro II and the republican proclamation in 1889. General Deodoro da Fonseca became the first Brazilian president.
Brazil spent close to 614 thousand réis (the Brazilian currency at the time), which were gained from the following sources:
|réis, thousands
|Foreign loans
|Domestic loans
|Paper emission
|Title emission
Due to the war, Brazil ran a deficit between 1870 and 1880, which was finally paid off. At the time foreign loans were not significant sources of funds.[38]
- Following the war, Argentina faced many federalist revolts against the national government. Economically it benefitted from having sold supplies to the Brazilian army, but the war overall decreased the national treasure. The national action contributed to the consolidaton of the centralized government after revolutions were put down, and the growth in influence of Army leadership. It resulted in nearly 30,000 deaths.
- Uruguay had lesser effects, although it suffered the deaths of nearly 5,000 soldiers.
Interpretation of the causes of the war and its aftermath has been a controversial topic in the histories of participating countries, especially in Paraguay. There it has been considered either a fearless struggle for the rights of a smaller nation against the aggressions of more powerful neighbours, or a foolish attempt to fight an unwinnable war that almost destroyed the nation. People of Argentina have their own internal disputes over interpretations of the war: many Argentinians think the conflict was Mitre's war of conquest, and not a response to aggression. They note that Mitre used the Argentine Navy to deny access to the Río de la Plata to Brazilian ships in early 1865, thus starting the war. People in Argentina note that Solano López, mistakenly believing he would have Mitre's support, had seized the chance to attack Brazil at that time.[citation needed]
In Brazil, many have believed that the United Kingdom financed the allies against Paraguay, and that British imperialism was the catalyst for the war. The academic consensus is that no evidence supports this thesis. From 1863 to 1865, Brazil and the UK had an extended diplomatic crisis and, five months after the war started, cut off relations. In 1864, a British diplomat sent a letter to Solano Lopez asking him to avoid hostilities in the region. There is no evidence that Britain forced the allies to attack Paraguay.[citation needed]
In December 1975, after presidents Ernesto Geisel and Alfredo Stroessner signed a treaty of friendship and co-operation[40] in Asunción, the Brazilian government returned some of its spoils of war to Paraguay, but has kept others. In April 2013, Paraguay renewed demands for the return of the "Christian" cannon. Brasil has had this on display at the former military garrison, now used as the National History Museum, and says that it is part of its history as well.[37]
Territorial changes and treaties[edit]
Following Paraguay's defeat in 1870, Argentina sought to enforce one of the secret clauses of the Triple Alliance Treaty, which would have permitted it to annex a large portion of the Gran Chaco region. This area was rich in quebracho wood (a product used in the tanning of leather). The Argentine negotiators proposed to Brazil that Paraguay should be divided in two, with each of the victors incorporating half into its territory. The Brazilian government, however, wanted to maintain Paraguay as a buffer with Argentina. Accordingly, it rejected the Argentine proposal to annex Paraguay in its entirety.
Eventually the post-war border between Paraguay and Argentina was resolved through long negotiations, completed February 3, 1876. This treaty granted Argentina roughly a third of the area it had originally desired. Argentina became the strongest of the River Plate countries. During the campaign, the provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes had supplied Brazilian troops with cattle, foodstuffs and other products.
When the two parties could not reach consensus on the fate of the area between the Río Verde and the main branch of Río Pilcomayo, US President Rutherford B. Hayes was asked to arbitrate. He declared it should remain part of Paraguay. (The Paraguayan department Presidente Hayes was named for him as a result.)
Brazil signed a separate peace treaty with Paraguay on January 9, 1872, in which it obtained freedom of navigation on the Río Paraguay. Brazil also retained the borders it had claimed before the war.[41]
In total, Argentina and Brazil annexed about 140,000 square kilometers (54,054 sq mi) of Paraguayan territory: Argentina took much of the Misiones region and part of the Chaco between the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers, an area that today constitutes the province of Formosa. Brazil enlarged its Mato Grosso province by claiming territories whose control had been disputed with Paraguay before the war. Both demanded a large indemnity, which Paraguay paid for the next century. This hobbled its development. In 1943, after Paraguay had paid nearly all of the indemnity to Brazil, the latter's president Getúlio Vargas cancelled the remainder of the debt.
Meanwhile, the Colorados gained political control of Uruguay and retained it until 1958.
Effects on yerba mate industry[edit]
Since colonial times, yerba mate had been a major cash crop for Paraguay. Until the war, it had generated significant revenues for the country. The war caused a sharp drop in harvesting of yerba mate in Paraguay, reportedly by as much as 95% between 1865 and 1867.[42] Soldiers from all sides used yerba mate to diminish hunger pains and alleviate combat anxiety.[43]
After the war concluded in 1870, Paraguay was ruined economically and by population losses. Much of the 156,415 square kilometers (60,392 sq mi) lost by Paraguay to Argentina and Brazil was rich in yerba mate, so by the end of the 19th century, Brazil became the leading producer of the crop.[43] Foreign entrepreneurs entered the Paraguayan market and took control of its remaining yerba mate production and industry.[42]
Media depictions[edit]
- Carlos de Oliveira Gomes, A Solidão Segundo Solano López, Civilização Brasileira, 1980;[44] Círculo do Livro, 1982.
- Joseph Eskenazi Pernidji and Mauricio Eskenazi e Pernidji. Homens e Mulheres na Guerra do Paraguai. Imago, 2003.
- Lily Tuck. The News From Paraguay. Harper Perennial, 2004.
- DORATIOTO, Francisco. Maldita guerra. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.
- Argentino hasta la muerte, by Fernando Ayala, Argentina (1971).
- Cerro Cora, by Guillermo Vera, Paraguay (1978).
- Netto perde sua alma, by Beto Souza and Tabajara Ruas, Brazil (2001).
- Guerra do Brasil, documentary by Sylvio Back, Brazil (1987).
- Cándido López - Los campos de batalla, documentary by José Luis García, Argentina (2005).
- The Paraguayan War, documentary by Denis Wright, Brazil (2009).
See also[edit]
- List of Wars involving Brazil
- List of battles of the Paraguayan War
- Paraguayan War casualties
- Treaty of the Triple Alliance
- Women in the Paraguayan War
- ^ Testimonios de la Guerra Grande y Muerte del Mariscal López by Julio César Frutos
- ^ Ñorairõ Guasu, 1864 guive 1870 peve by Guido Rodríguez Alcalá. Secretaría Nacional de Cultura, 28 May 2011 (Spanish)
- ^ a b Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (2004). "I die with my country:" Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. ISBN 978-0-8032-2762-0, p. 16 Quote: "During the 1960s, revisionists influenced by both left-wing dependency theory and, paradoxically, an older, right-wing nationalism (especially in Argentina) focused on Britain's role in the region. They saw the war as a plot hatched in London to open up a supposedly wealthy Paraguay to the international economy. With more enthusiasm than evidence revisionists presented the loans contracted in London by Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil as proof of the insidious role of foreign capital... Little evidence for these allegations about Britain's role has emerged, and the one serious study to analyze this question has found nothing in the documentary base to confirm the revisionist claim."
- ^ Miguel Angel Centeno, Blood and Debt: War and the Nation-State in Latin America, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1957. Page 55.
- ^ Byron Farwell, The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View, New York: WW Norton, 2001. p. 824.
- ^ An early 20th century estimate is that from the prewar population of 1,337,437, the population fell to 221,709 (28,746 men, 106,254 women, 86,079 children) by the end of the war (War and the Breed, David Starr Jordan, p. 164. Boston, 1915; Applied Genetics, Paul Popenoe, New York: Macmillan Company, 1918)
- ^ Jürg Meister, Francisco Solano López Nationalheld oder Kriegsverbrecher?, Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1987. 345, 355, 454–5. ISBN 3-7648-1491-8
- ^ a b Pinker, Steven (2011). Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-312201-2.
- ^ Historia de las relaciones exteriores de la República Argentina (notes from CEMA University, in Spanish, and references therein)
- ^ Historical Statistics of the World Economy: 1-2008 AD by Angus Maddison
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 331.
- ^ PJ O'Rourke, Give War a Chance, New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Page 47.
- ^ "Carlos Antonio López", Library of Congress Country Studies, December 1988. URL accessed December 30, 2005.
- ^ Page 630 from The Encyclopedia of World History Sixth Edition, Peter N. Stearns (general editor), © 2001 The Houghton Mifflin Company, at Bartleby.com.
- ^ Robert Cowley, The Reader's Encyclopedia to Military History. New York, New York: Houston Mifflin, 1996. Page 479.
- ^ Galeano, Eduardo. "Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent," Monthly Review Press, 1997
- ^ Chiavenatto,Julio José. Genocídio Americano: A Guerra do Paraguai, Editora Brasiliense, SP. Brasil, 1979
- ^ Historia General de las relaciones internacionales de la República Argentina (Spanish)
- ^ Salles 2003, p. 14.
- ^ a b c Historia General de las relaciones internacionales de la República Argentina(Spanish)
- ^ "TRATADO DE LAS PUNTAS DEL ROSARIO (Guerra del Paraguay)", La Gazeta (Spanish)
- ^ Scheina 2003, pp. 313–4.
- ^ Whigham 2002, p. 118.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 314.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 313.
- ^ Scheina 2003, pp. 315–7.
- ^ Salles 2003, p. 18.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 318.
- ^ Wilson 2004, p. [page needed].
- ^ Salles 2003, p. 38.
- ^ a b Scheina 2003, p. 319.
- ^ Scheina 2003, p. 320.
- ^ a b Vasconsellos 1970, p. 108.
- ^ Bareiro, p. 90.
- ^ a b c Shaw 2005, p. 30.
- ^ a b "Holocausto paraguayo en Guerra del '70". abc accessdate=2009-10-26.
- ^ a b Isabel Fleck, "Paraguai exige do Brasil a volta do "Cristão", trazido como troféu de guerra" (Paraguay has demanded Brazil return the "Christian", taken as a war trophy), Folha de S. Paulo, 18 April 2013, accessed 1 July 2013
- ^ a b DORATIOTO, Francisco, Maldita Guerra, Companhia das Letras, 2002
- ^ a b Kraay, Hendrik (1996). "'The Shelter of the Uniform': The Brazilian Army and Runaway Slaves, 1800–1888". Journal of Social History 29 (3): 637–657. JSTOR 3788949.
- ^ "Treaty of friendship and co-operation 4 December 1975". Retrieved 2013-05-10.
- ^ Vasconsellos 1970, pp. 78, 110–114.
- ^ a b Blinn Reber, Vera. Yerba Mate in Nineteenth Century Paraguay, 1985.
- ^ a b Folch, Christine (2010). "Stimulating Consumption: Yerba Mate Myths, Markets, and Meanings from Conquest to Present". Comparative Studies in Society and History 52 (1): 6–36. doi:10.1017/S0010417509990314.
- ^ gojaba.com
- Hooker, Terry D. (2008). The Paraguayan War. Nottingham: Foundry Books. ISBN 1-901543-15-3.
- Kolinski, Charles J. (1965). Independence or Death! The story of the Paraguayan War. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press.
- Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas L. (2004). I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870. Dexter, Michigan: Thomson-Shore. ISBN 978-0-8032-2762-0.
- Leuchars, Chris (2002). To the Bitter End: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-32365-8.
- Whigham, Thomas L. (2002). The Paraguayan War: Causes and Early Conduct 1. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-4786-4.
- Box, Pelham Horton (1967). The origins of the Paraguayan War. New York: Russel & Russel.
- Abente, Diego (1987). "The War of the Triple Alliance". Latin American Research Review 22 (2): 47–69.
- Bareiro, Missing or empty
- Encyclopædia Britannica. http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9058388
- Hardy, Osgood (Oct 1919). "South American Alliances: Some Political and Geographical Considerations". Geographical Review 8 (4/5): 259–265. doi:10.2307/207840.
- Leuchars, Chris (2002). To the Bitter End: Paraguay and the War of the Triple Alliance. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Peñalba, José Alfredo Fornos (Apr 1982). "Draft Dodgers, War Resisters and Turbulent Gauchos: The War of the Triple Alliance against Paraguay". The Americas 38 (4): 463–479. doi:10.2307/981208. JSTOR 981208.
- Salles, Ricardo (2003). Guerra do Paraguai: Memórias & Imagens (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Bibilioteca Nacional.
- Scheina, Robert (2003). Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899. Dulles, Virginia: Brassey's.
- Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. Power Mad! [Šílenství mocných] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. ISBN 978-80-7359-002-4.
- Vasconsellos, Victor N. (1970). Resumen de Historia del Paraguay. Delimitaciones Territoriales. Asunción, Paraguay: Industria Grafica Comuneros.
- Whigham, Thomas (2002). The Paraguayan War. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
- Williams, John Hoyt (April 2000). "The Battle of Tuyuti". Military History 17 (1): 58.
- Wilson, Peter (May 2004). "Latin America's Total War". History Today 54 (5). ISSN 0018-2753.
External links[edit]
Media related to Paraguayan War at Wikimedia Commons This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
- Campanha do Paraguay : commando em chefe de S. A. o Sr. Marechal de Exercito, Conde d'Eu – Official Report of the Empire of Brazil 1869 -(Portuguese)
- Paraguay: War of the Triple Alliance, 1988, Country Studies, US Library of Congress
- The War of Paraguay, Brasil Escola website (Portuguese)
- "The War of Paraguay", História do Brasil, 2004-2011, Sua Pesquisa.com website (Portuguese)
- 'Paraguay de Antes' (old photos & pics) (Spanish)
- Cerro Corá in Google Maps
- Gary Brecher, "Paraguay: A Brief History Of National Suicide", The Exile, 26 December 2007
- Timeline of the War of the Triple Alliance, Website on the war
- Ulysses Narciso, "War of the Triple Alliance", The South American Military History Webpage, personal website at GeoCities
- Paraguayan War
- Military history of South America
- Conflicts in 1864
- Conflicts in 1870
- 19th-century conflicts
- Warfare of the Industrial era
- Military history of Latin America
- Wars involving Argentina
- Wars involving Brazil
- Wars involving Paraguay
- Wars involving Uruguay
- 1864 in Brazil
- 1870 in Brazil
- 1864 in Paraguay
- 1870 in Paraguay
- 1864 in Uruguay
- 1870 in Uruguay
- 1864 in Argentina
- 1870 in Argentina


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text:
I am a huge Michigan State fan and my bias said they should be #2, but their strength of schedule went to crap. I cannot and will not say whether we could have beat FSU or Auburn. I would like to think the defense would at least have made it a good game. Michigan State being number 3 wasn't their fault or a knock on them, it was the Big Ten's fault.
Florida State No. 1 in final AP Poll after beating Auburn in BCS championship game
Florida State (14-0) capped an undefeated campaign with a 34-31 victory over Auburn in the BCS title game, officially bringing an end to the 2013 college football season. With all of the results in the books, it's time to see how the rankings shook out. The final AP Poll was released early on Tuesday morning — and it certainly included a few surprises.
The Seminoles finished No. 1, followed by Auburn, Michigan State, South Carolina and Missouri, in succession. The full poll is listed below, with first-place votes in parentheses.
1. Florida State (60)
2. Auburn
3. Michigan State
4. South Carolina
5. Missouri
6. Oklahoma
7. Alabama
8. Clemson
9. Oregon
11. Stanford
12. Ohio State
13. Baylor
15. Louisville
17. Oklahoma State
18. Texas A&M
20. Notre Dame
21. Arizona State
22. Wisconsin
23. Duke
24. Vanderbilt
25. Washington
A few closing thoughts:
• Florida State captured its third AP national title. That ties the Seminoles for the ninth-most titles of all-time, with Florida and Texas.
• Clemson (11-2) may have knocked off Ohio State in the Orange Bowl, but it still couldn't finish as the top-ranked program in its own state. South Carolina (11-2), which dispatched Wisconsin 34-24 in the Capital One Bowl on New Year's Day, came in at No. 4. The Tigers finished at No. 8. The final rankings will likely come as welcome news to Gamecocks coach Steve Spurrier, who hasn't been afraid to take a few jabs at Clemson coach Dabo Swinney.
• Despite clinching the school's highest-ever AP Poll finish, UCF (12-1), which defeated Baylor 52-42 in the Fiesta Bowl, seems ranked a bit low at No. 10. Quarterback Blake Bortles and company's sole loss came to South Carolina on Sept. 28. The American Athletic Conference champs beat Louisville 38-35 on Oct. 18.
Agree or disagree with the final poll? Let us know in the comments below.
As a Mizzou fan, we could make a convincing argument for being 4th and ahead of South Carolina. We went 12-2 vs. 11-2, won the SEC East, beat A&M and Okie St. and played Auburn pretty tough (down just a field goal coming into the 4th). And they lost to Tennesee and Georgia, teams we beat up on. Yes, they beat us (without James Franklin), but we were 1 play from being 12-0 coming into the SEC title game. I'd say we had the better season (and beat the better bowl opponent).
You MSU fans need to quit whining. When you get in a conference that has top quality teams, like the SEC, (The Elite of collage football) and actually have to play true contenders, then you can start complaining. MSU could not have beaten Auburn this year. Nine of their games were against top 25 teams, when they played them. How many did MSU play.
Let me see, 1st place beats 2nd place, 3rd place loses, 4th place beats 5th place, and 4th place only moves ahead of 3rd place loser, does make sense. Michigan State should be #2.
Out of the previous 15 BCS championship games, the losing team fell out of the final top 2 AP Poll positions 9 times. Four times a #1 ranking fell to a #2 ranking after a championship loss ('02 Miami, '05 USC, '06 OSU, 11 'LSU). Only twice has a #2 ranked team held their #2 AP Ranking after a loss before this year. VA Tech in 1999 and Texas in 2009.
I'll say it again, MSU gets no respect.
If the team ranking is a 'fix', does that mean recruiting class rankings are fixed too? They seem to be closely related; teams with strong recruiting classes seem to have better results. Now that I think about it, the NFL draft board must be fixed too...
Did the QB rape a white, black or Oriental girl?
Nebraska lost out on being #25 by two points; ended up ranked #26. Thanks to Nate Sandel for ranking Georgia (whom Nebraska BEAT in the Gator Bowl) #19 and Nebraska only #25. Also want to thank Chris Fowler and Andy Staples for not even ranking Nebraska. The AP Poll has, and always will be, biased against Huskers. USA Today Coaches Poll (ranked Huskers #25) is better poll.
To be smart about this topic, you need to look at 2 factors: 1) The motivation of the teams; the Buckeyes & BAMA had no real reason to win, their National Championship hopes were already crushed. 2) How teams won or lost their respective games; Auburn won 3 games on the last play of the game. No trite: "better lucky, than good" posts. Please don't hate on BAMA or the SEC, it shows your single digit IQ; BAMA has not played a game without National Title importance since they lost to Utah (another bowl game that did NOT matter) First Place or First Loser...
THIS IS GLORIFIED PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING, MICHIGAN STATE SHOULD BE 2 nd NEEDS TO BE 75TH AT BEST
The CON/nonsense continues... the bumrush to stack half the SEC into ratings, regardless of losses and scheduling fixes. The SEC is good, with 'some' great teams, but simply not this many this high... and its been the same BS for 4 yrs now. The coming playoff system 'should' finally retard this abuse... at least a little.
Why is Notre Dame ranked? C'mon Man!
@si_ncaaf SEC is remains the strongest conference as they have 7 teams in the final top 25 rankings and 4 teams out of the top 7 are SEC.
The SEC might be the best conference but it doesn't mean any particular SEC team is better than any other team. The problem is that the sportswriters have become lazy and let "SEC" decide who is better as an easy to way to ranking individual teams.
Actually last night's BCS was NFL caliber playoff IMHO....complete with NFL caliber officiating
How dare they rank Johnny "future HOF" Touchdown so low !!! LOL
MSU's performance should have got it into the #2 spot and Auburn with 2 losses into at least 3rd spot.
This bowl season should put to rest any notions of inviting conference also-rans to participate in the four-team playoff. You can't identify the "best" teams when practically none of them have played a significant cross-conference game in two and a half months. Alabama is a case in point - people assumed they would have had a spot in a four-way, but the Oklahoma game showed what a mistake that would have been.
All you can do is identify the most deserving - and those have to be conference champs. There might be room for at-large invites in an eight-team playoff, but a four-team setup is too small for anyone but champions. If Notre Dame wants to be considered, let them join a conference.
Let's see how the ESPN Propaganda cash machine spins this. Oh, those NFL caliber Suck EC defenses. How many points did the might 'Bama roll over for?
mcmilch agree that SEC will have to play their way in. will be the real test of if they are for real or not as a conference. But, did get three teams in top 10. Were these guys wrong? http://www.sportswatch.com/college-football-sec-football-overrated/
Next year no more talk About 1&2 loss SEC teams having the "god given" right to play in the title. You will have to win baby no more talk!
@mponeil15 Inexcusable that a one-loss MSU team who dominated the Rose Bowl is behind a two-loss Auburn team, regardless of well they played
@DanielAndersonYou SEC fans need to stop gloating. The SEC has the most influential sports outlet (ESPN) quite literally invested in it's success (the SEC Network), so it's no wonder that the SEC magically had 4 teams in the preseason top 10 this past season. That all but ensured that they could have 2 of those still in the top 10 at the end of the season, along with a couple more that can move their way up because they get to play these "elite" teams that are given the honor by the media before they even play their first game.
Historically, the SEC has had average success in non-conference play, which is really the only way to judge a conference as a whole. To use Auburn's membership in the SEC to infer that they would have somehow magically beat Michigan State is ridiculous. MSU and Auburn both had great seasons and played great teams, and
personally, I think if they fought it out it would have been a great
game. I could see an argument for either of them in the number 2 spot, but it's clear to me that MSU had to play better and work harder for their ounce of respect, while Auburn was free to tack on one more loss and one fewer win simply because they belong to a conference that is subjectively viewed as superior.
@DanielAnderson I think MSU could have beaten Auburn this season because MSU had the best defense in the nation this season. When you put that defense up against a team that should have rolled over them (Stanford), MSU came up with the big plays and won that game. The simple fact is MSU could have beaten any team in the country based on their defense. The lack of offensive power may have cost them games to a lot of teams.
I think the only reason Auburn stayed ahead of MSU was the game came down to the final minute against FSU. Had FSU beaten Auburn by more than 8 points (1 score), MSU likely jumps to 2 with Auburn #3.
I would add, the 1999 and 2009 games were clashes between unbeaten teams. The losing team was guaranteed to have a no worse record than the #3 team.
Two loss Auburn is the first BCS Era team to have a worse record than the #3 team.
@Robert96 the purpose of that post was what?
@Ephraim66 Couldn't BELIEVE Georgia was ranked AHEAD of Nebraska! Nebraska just BEAT THEM in a freaking bowl game!! Sheesh!
@VoiceoReasonCorrect me if I'm wrong, but isn't motivation and a "will to win" (no matter who is on the schedule each week) characteristics of great teams? If 'Bama lost to Oklahoma and the Buckeyes lost to Clemson due to lack of effort, isn't that worse than winning games because of good fortune?
Notre Dame should be 75th at best, how can you have 5 SEC teams in top 7 after a solid but unspectacular bowl effort.
@Chessmaster Hey Chessmaster, you seem like a smart person. Do you 'buy into' all the "Media is promoting the SEC" talk? Why would the media care about the SEC more than any other conference? The media is known for having a "big city, coastal" bias, so why would they change that notion for college football? There is no logic there...
@Chessmastertheir bowl record speaks for itself. What other conference distinguished itself this bowl season? Only one I saw who did as well was ACC. And a couple did not show well like the Big 10 (what else is new?), and PAC12. If not for OU's win, Big 12 was a disaster. Georgia does not get a bunch of key players hurt, and they win easily. Add up each conference's bowl record. Think you will see why the SEC continues to deliver. Other conferences pass around who is 2nd best each year, except for Big 10, and the SEC just keeps on pumping out the bowl wins, inter-conference wins. Want to really get depressed about the dominance, look at the NFL Draft lists.
Ummm, I think "winning in the bowl game", for the most part, is what the sports writers are using.
As I note above, AU mostly dominated FSU for the majority of that game. FSU did what it took to win, so kudos to them... but AU, a clear underdog, more than amply showed why they belonged there, too. Any honest assessment of the progress of that game shows it could readily have gone either way. So AU certainly deserved to remain in 2nd.
Alabama lost, and clearly it wasn't close, so they dropped from 3rd to 7th, which is actually pretty typical poll drop for something that wasn't a total embarrassment. And all the other SEC teams in the top 25 won their bowl games.
@JamesDunncould have happened had their entire conference not been embarrassing in Dec and January. Only other bowl win was NE against a totally injury depleted GA team. When you can finish .500 as a conference, that might work to give your team the #2 ranking, or had FSU beaten Auburn soundly, would have helped that, too. Beating Stanford was nice, but I saw the Notre Dame/Stanford game and Stanford was not impressive at all. Do like your coach, but Auburn was one pass away from being National Champs, the only team that gave FSU a game. Note that Clemson, who could not compete with FSU, beat Ohio St. Think those are the things stopping any perception of high quality for the Big 10. Going to have to run the table to finish 1 or 2. Strength of schedule just kills your conference's #1 team for now.
@JamesDunnExactly! I even think MSU would have beat FSU. But, FSU went undefeated so they deserve the #1 spot.
@zeebaneighbaor beat all the Big 10 teams on their schedule, like someone does every year inside the Big 10. Name a very good team MSU beat. I saw Stanford barely beat ND, so they are suspect. Ohio St could not beat Clemson, who FSU, trounced. Wisconsin could not beat SC, likely the 4th or 5th best SEC team. If anyone deserved #2 ahead of Auburn it is OU. They beat a good team.
@mcmilchcheck bowl records for every conference over past 8 years. This thing next year will be 4 conference winners, so someone will get left out. Based on recent embarrassments in nat'l title games, and too many 1 and 2 win bowl years, appears that that setting up to be the Big 10. This year, would have been SEC, Big 12, Big 10 and ACC. Now, I can hear the PAC12 screaming, so maybe they have a point and take the place of the Big 12 or Big 10. No way Auburn and FSU were "given" anything, they both learned where they were, and then entertained us with a super game. More than I can say about title games of SEC vs. Big 10. you do recall those, right?
@ryanmoUM @mponeil15 That's what you get for playing in a weak Big-10 conference.
@UnassumingLocalGuy @VoiceoReason I think that is how it is supposed to be, every competitor should have a 'will to win'; you are correct. The BAMA team was expected to three-peat, when they lost to AU, other factors took over. My guess is that his linemen might have gotten a little tired of hearing about how great AJ was all the time, with them getting little to no attention. Winning leads to apathy, narcissism, and other negative characteristic. I love Saban, but next year will be tough. Same thing for OSU, once the title hopes were over, "who care's" took over. What was consistent about the OSU and BAMA losses? No motivation and lack of blocking. Carlos Hyde had two tackles for loss all year and 3 in the first quarter...
@JoshPeller"Notre Dame should be 75th at best, how can you have 5 SEC teams in top 7 after a solid but unspectacular bowl effort. "
First -- can you count? 5 is not the same as 4. Just to call attention to this error.
Second -- On what planet is 7 wins out of 10 games -- and one of those three losses a buzzer-beater down to the wire loss -- an "unspectacular" bowl effort? Most conferences would be happy to have THREE teams in the bowls. The SEC had TEN. And 7 out of 10 wins even though the presence of AU in the NC game "imbalanced" their opponent -- USC was not better than 4th, and arguably 5th, in the SEC -- but played the #3 team in the Big Lebenty-Seven.
As a Gator, I'm hardly an AU homer, and damned sure not an FSU homer -- but, if "Alabama was the better team in the Iron Bowl, AU just got lucky with their kick return", what does that say about FSU's win?
No, that's not an effort to deny FSU its win. I'm just saying if you heard people say AU was "lucky" and said nothing, then why so silent NOW after FSU did much the same thing? Auburn mostly dominated FSU for the majority of that game -- but, as with the Iron Bowl, FSU did do what it needed to keep the game close, made the plays it needed to win in the end. But AU more than amply showed it had every business being in that game -- much more so than Alabama did vs. OU.
FSU won, pure and simple. Luck is always a part of the game, as are "if..."s.
@VoiceoReason@ChessmasterThere are about 2.25 billion dollars in revenue waiting for ESPN in their 15 year deal with the SEC in launching the SEC Network. That's a lot of logic. Also, ESPN has the rights to air all BCS games so ESPN will definitely make more money if SEC teams are in BCS bowls. Next year there will be a 4-team playoff which, considering the useless and overly-important pre-season rankings, will give the SEC an even greater chance of winning the National Championship. Somehow I doubt that was an accident.
Indeed -- 7 of 10 wins and one damned-near 6th **consecutive** NC win... yeah, it really SUCKS to be in the SEC. It's all a put up job by the media.
That envious green color, CM, does not suit you.
@RRhodes4@JamesDunn"Do like your coach, but Auburn was one pass away from being National Champs, the only team that gave FSU a game."
Or one kick. They missed that stupid chip-shot FG, too. And one good block in that kick return and who knows what follows, too?
FSU won -- no dispute -- but AU showed that they had every right to be there. As RR notes, they are the only team that FSU played so far who seriously challenged FSU. And arguing that MSU might have beaten FSU is blowing smoke, you have nothing to base that on. MSU did not manhandle OSU, who did get soundly beaten by Clemson, a team that FSU just trashed... and the SEC's #4 or #5 team, USC, also beat them. No, "games are not transitive" -- but the SEC's 70% bowl record shows they aren't just a 1 or 2 team league, any more this year than years in the past. In fact, MSU is the only team in the entire conference with a good record against ranked teams.
@RRhodes4 @zeebaneighba I am a huge Michigan State fan and my bias said they should be #2, but their strength of schedule went to crap. I'm cannot and will not say whether we could have beat FSU or Auburn. I would like to think the defense would at least made it a good game. Michigan State being number 3 wasn't their fault or a knock on them, it was the Big Ten's fault.
Nonsense SC's D line was shredded by the Wisconsin running game until the injured QB stopped any aerial threat
@UleNotknow@mponeil15Seeing as the only game MSU played between this poll and the last one was defeating the Pac-12 champion Stanford, this may be the most meaningless conference dig ever.
To be smart about this topic, you need to look at 2 factors: 1) The motivation of the teams; the Buckeyes & BAMA had no real reason to win, their National Championship hopes were already crushed. 2) How teams won or lost their respective games; Auburn won 3 games on the last play of the game. BAMA has not played a game without National Title importance since they lost to Utah (another bowl game that did NOT matter)
@VoiceoReason @OBloodyhell @JoshPeller Someone didn't watch the sugar bowl
@OBloodyhell @JoshPeller BAMA would have beat FSU...
@UnassumingLocalGuy @OBloodyhell @RRhodes4 @JamesDunn If the team ranking is a 'fix', does that mean recruiting class rankings are fixed too? They seem to be closely related; teams with strong recruiting classes seem to have better results. Now that I think about it, the NFL draft board must be fixed too...
Says: "Games are not transitive" after arguing his point on that very logic.
And to be fair, when half of your conference teams are ranked, it makes it a bit easier to have more teams with a "good record against ranked teams."
@RRhodes4 @zeebaneighba sorry I meant to say I not I'm
@ScottNillissen@UleNotknow@mponeil15who won, Scott?


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Nathan Ake captained Netherlands Under 17s to the European title in Slovenia on Wednesday evening, the Dutch emerging victorious after a shootout against Germany.
The Chelsea man, playing in an unfamiliar midfield role during these Championships, got to lift the trophy in Ljubljana following the 5-4 penalties victory, in which he converted his side's second spot kick.
The game had ended 1-1, with Holland only netting an equaliser in injury time after Germany had taken a lead early in the second half.
It represents a fantastic end to a superb season for Ake, who also contributed to Chelsea's FA Youth Cup win despite being absent for last week's second leg in Blackburn.
With a youngster having already picked up a medal, members of the senior squad will now be hoping to do the same in Poland and Ukraine this summer.


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2-way black Mariner outdoor speaker pair (MARINER 51 BLACK)
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text: Two loose dogs attack sheep at NDSU research barnFargo, ND (WDAY TV)-- NDSU students and employees stumbled onto a horrifying scene inside a research barn this morning. Two loose dogs, somehow, got inside a pen full of sheep and attacked the flock. Tonight, a dozen of the sheep are dead.


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This quote is about possibilities
Search on Google Books to find citations of this quotation.
George Leonard (July 3, 1729 July 26, 1819) was an American lawyer, jurst, and politician from Norton, Massachusetts. Besides serice on state court benches and in both houses of the state legislature, he represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House of Representatives.
I'm female, say nothing


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Hello all! I'm on a little buying spree. So i'm currently away. If you like to buy an item. Great just remember that if will not ship out until February 10 2014 otherwise please add my store to your Favorites and come again. Thank you for looking, Michael
Ta Die For
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Is the Operating System Dead Weight?
Posted by: Aaron Delp
Cloud Applications, cloud computing, Cloud Management, Cloud Operations, Consolidation, DevOps, Open Clouds, PaaS
There seems to be an interesting trend developing in the PaaS (Platform as a Service) community that I want to write about a bit this morning. What if we didn't need a a "heavy" Operating System in our cloud computing environments? What if we took a page out of the old switches and routers...


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Institutional clients of Russell may request access to ClientLINK. Access is typically granted within 3-5 business days.
If you have any questions or need assistance, please call 800-455-3782.
The information and material in this web site are intended primarily for use by plan sponsors and other institutional investors with an agreement with Russell Trust Company ("RTC") or some other Russell entity ("clients").
The information provided herein may be displayed and printed for your personal use only. You may not reproduce, retransmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish, broadcast, or circulate the information to anyone, without the express consent of Russell Investment Group. Nothing contained in this material is intended to constitute legal, tax, securities, or investment advice, nor an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, nor a solicitation of any type. The general information contained in this publication should not be acted upon without obtaining specific legal, tax, and investment advice from a licensed professional.


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Our World at 7 Billion: Impact
The 7th billionth person is estimated to be born today, and over the past seven days, we have been exploring the things this person will need to live a happy, healthy, and empowered life.
We have written about the importance of universal access to sexual and reproductive health services, sexual rights, protections against gender-based violence, maternal health services and access to safe abortion services, programs that meet youth needs, and HIV testing, treatment and care.
Last year, our member associations provided more than 26 million vital health services, including contraception and cervical cancer screenings. At the same time, we worked with donor governments and agencies to ensure that global policies and programs reflect the real-life needs of individuals and families throughout the region.
As we celebrate the birth of the 7th billionth person, we join with our partners throughout the Latin America and the Caribbean in wishing her or him a happy—and safe—sexual life.
Join us in celebrating this milestone—click on the slideshow below to find out how IPPF/WHR has helped the billions who came before secure the rights and health services every person deserves.


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SHEPHERDSTOWN - Six hundred and sixty-one students were named to the Dean's List at Shepherd University for the fall semester.
Among those named to the Dean's List is Victoria C. Young of Philippi.
To be eligible for the Dean's List, a student must maintain a 3.4 grade point average for the semester and carry at least 15 hours of course work or be in a professional teaching block.
Located in West Virginia's Eastern Panhandle, Shepherd University is a public liberal arts university. Shepherd is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association and a member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges.


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John Lewis Wool Rich Plain Single Ply Carpet, Light Grey
- Brand
- John Lewis
- Carpet Range
- Wool Rich Twist Plain - Single Ply
- Eligible for International Delivery
- Grading Information This indicates the level of domestic wear the carpet is designed to withstand.
- Medium Domestic Wear for 32oz, Very Heavy Domestic Wear for all other weights
- Made in the UK
- Material
- 80% wool, 15% polypropylene, 5% polyester
- Pile Weight Information Traditionally measured in ounces per square yard, this weight can be an indication of the quality of a carpet.
- 50oz
- Pile Weights Available In Store
- 32oz, 40oz, 2 Ply 50oz, 60oz
- Tog Information A tog rating measures thermal insulation.
- 1.25
- Type
- Twist
Product information
Get a head start in planning your home décor by ordering a carpet swatch from our selected online range.
You'll find our full assortment of up to 65 carpets available to buy in store, along with our expert Partners to guide you through your decision. With over 1,000 colours to choose from, there's a carpet to suit every room and every requirement.
Wool yarn can be relied upon to be bring wonderful warmth to a carpet, with a premium look and feel that's also easy to clean. This twist carpet is exceptionally hardwearing due to the addition of durable nylon and polyester, which also add richness and depth to the colour.
Delivery in 7 days from our supplier
- £3.00
International delivery not available
We want you to be happy with your purchase. If you're not, just return the products to us or to one of our shops. Unless faulty, we'd like this to be within 90 days of purchase. Exceptions apply to certain products - find out more about our refund policy.
Depending on the type of product, you can make free returns via our shops, Royal Mail (or courier collection for large or heavy items), Collect+ or via MyHermes.
Q & As
Find the carpet that's right for your home and lifestyle
UK delivery:
£3.00 Standard UK delivery within 7 days
International delivery not available:
Free swatch:
View and order swatches for this product.


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Narrow your search
The company stops allowing developers to submit new applications or updates for the mobile operating systems.
A Finnish startup created by former Nokia executives is hoping to break through with their fledgling mobile operating system.
Nokia's ditched operating system has leapt out if its grave, thanks to Finnish startup Jolla.
MeeGo, the ill-fated operating system that graced the Nokia N9, has been put to rest and replaced by something called Tizen.
The Korean consumer electronics giant says MeeGo is an open-source project that cannot be a target of acquisition.
A group of former Nokia employees is resurrecting the ill-fated MeeGo, previously seen only on the doomed Nokia N9.
Finnish startup Jolla will use the Meego operating system, which Nokia developed with Intel but abandoned for Microsoft's Windows Phone platform.
The translucent software is made by Jolla, a company founded by ex-Nokia employees, and will fight Android.


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REVIEW OF THE YEAR: September (From Chard & Ilminster News)
Get involved! Send your photos, video, news & views by texting CI NEWS to 80360 or email us
REVIEW OF THE YEAR: September
12:00pm Tuesday 31st December 2013 in News
SARAH Haskins (centre) with the Deputy Mayor of Chard, Cllr Garry Shortland, town crier Stuart Cumming and supporters of the Sue Ryder charity.
THE manager of the Sue Ryder charity shop in Chard showed she had plenty of mowing power.
While mechanical machines may be the normal method of cutting grass, Sarah Haskins mowed her way across the pitch at Chard Rugby Club with just a hand mower.
It may have taken her several hours of hard work - but it was worth it in the end with all money being raised going towards Sue Ryder's national Ride for Ryder appeal.
The Deputy Mayor, Cllr Garry Shortland, said: "Sarah is an inspiration to the people of Chard - well done and it was an honour to start you off."
AN ARMED robbery shocked the people of Ilminster after a gun-wielding man confronted a security guard.
The raider and his accomplice, who was parked in a get-away car, made off with a 'significant amount of money' in the incident outside the Spar shop and petrol station in Station Road.
Shocked witnesses included staff and customers, none of whom were injured in the robbery.
John McKinnon, who owns the Spar shop, said: "The fact that everyone is safe is the only redeeming feature about the matter.
"It's very much a community store and we are so grateful to customers for their support."
Comments are closed on this article.


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Rozi's Wine & Liquor House Inc.
14900 Detroit Ave.
Rozi's Manager Bill Barak gave us the rundown between the two general classifications of Christmas-time beers, Christmas or spiced and winter warmers. "Winter warmers are scotch ales or strong ales. Basically they are heavier more malty. They warm your belly. They are thick and thus take longer to get through.
"Then you have your Christmas beers which are spice beers. The actual classification is spice or vegetable beers is the broad style." In his opinion Ohio is the leader of the spice beers as far as Christmas ales go. There really aren't other areas that produce it or produce it as well as we do, he said.
Winter warmer craft beer selection: Breckenridge Christmas Ale, Southern Tier Old Man Winter Ale, Great Divide Hibernation Ale, St. Bernardus Christmas Ale from Belgium.
Spice holiday beer selection: First and foremost is Great Lakes Christmas Ale; Fathead North Olmsted has Holly Jolly Christmas Ale, and Brew Kettle in Strongsville, which is actually called a winter warmer but he classifies it as a spice beer. Southern Tier 2XMAS, and 12 Dogs of Christmas Ale produced in Akron.
Favorite holiday beer: "Mine of the spice beers is Fat Heads Holly Jolly. It is not over spiced, so I prefer it as I am not generally the biggest spice beer fan. As far as winter warmers my personal favorite is St. Bernardus Christmas Ale from Belgium. If it has any spice it is light, it's chewy gnarly. It takes a while to get through so you can sip it."
Special Beer Tasting Event: Rozi's Wine & Liquor House Inc. will host a beer tasting Dec. 7, from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. On tap will be at least eight different beers of the holiday season, and Richard Read of Griffin Cider Works in Westlake will offer tastings of his spiced mulling cider.
Warehouse Beverage
4364 Mayfield Road
South Euclid
Co-owner Paul Speyer is transitioning to Christmas themed beers from the autumn beers. At the moment Warehouse Beverage, which he owns with his brothers Mike and Al, has more than 30 Christmas beers. He expects to get at least 70 craft beer labels representing holiday brews once the season gets in full swing. Check out their Facebook page for updates on new arrivals and detailed characteristics of current products.
Fall craft beer selection: Limited quantities of Rogue Chatoe Pumpkin Patch Ale, Hoppin' Frog Double Pumpkin, and Shipyard Smashed Pumpkin from New England.
Christmas craft beer selection: Great Lakes Christmas Ale, North Coast Winter Time Ale, Brooklyn Winter Ale. The hot ones of the moment are Fat Head's Holly Jolly Christmas Ale, Southern Tier 2XMAS and Tröegs The Mad Elf Holiday Ale. New arrivals include Innis & Gunn Winter Beer from Scotland and Bell's Christmas Ale.
Favorite holiday beer: "My favorite beer is an open beer," he joked. "But seriously I like the winter ales which are fuller bodied heartier beer. I like the spiced beers too, but to drink on a regular basis I prefer the more maltier beer. For me it is more about the beer than the spice when it comes to Christmas beers. The experience of drinking craft beer is fun and knowing what's what or who's who."
Buckeye Beer Engine
15315 Madison Ave.
Come mid-December Buckeye Beer Engine will be overflowing with Belgium Christmas beers. "Belgium beers are brewed from centuries old recipes, passed down through generations of families and businesses. They are known throughout the world for their high quality. These recipes have proved the test of time," said General Manager Mike Frohlich. Domestic drafts will be on hand too.
Christmas craft beer selection: From Belgium Scaldis Brewery, Noel, Delirium's Noel, Brasserie Dupont's Avec Le Bons, and a Christmas beer from Brasserie De La Senne. Domestic drafts include Anchor Steam from Anchor Brewing of San Francisco, and Ommegang Adoration Special Winter Ale from New York. Their parent company, Buckeye Brewing Co. will introduce their holiday-themed Christmas Girl on Dec. 1.
Favorite holiday beer: "My favorite I would have to stay with a Belgium beer. I think Delirium Noel could possible be one of my favorites, it is usually one of the best ranked beers in the world. The brewery itself has a phenomenal world-wide recognition," said Frohlich. "It's darker in color, but will pick up tastes of caramel, cherries, bubble gum, usually has a lot carbonation to it."
The Brew Kettle Taproom and Smokehouse
8377 Pearl Rd.
"For a successful holiday beer season, the hope is to sell your last glass on Christmas Eve," said Chris McKim, owner of the Brew Kettle Production Works and The Brew Kettle Taproom and Smokehouse. To stay on point, they will be brewing the seasonal drink throughout the month of December.
Their in-house Winter Warmer straddles the line of pint glass beer and specialty glass beer. "But I think it is more of a pint glass beer," said McKim. The light amber ale was made with local honey, sweet orange peel, a touch of sweet lemon peel, cinnamon and ginger. "It doesn't overwhelm the pallet with spice. So we make sure it is a very drinkable beer."
Winter Warmer is on draft at The Brew Kettle and available in exclusive beer bars and stores in Ohio, including Heinen's, Giant Eagle, Winking Lizard Tavern and Melt Bar and Grilled.
Griffin Cider Works
24945 Detroit Rd.
Is cider beer? "Cider is made like wine, but the way you drink it is beer," said Richard Read, owner of Griffin Cider Works. Originally from the United Kingdom the classification of cider depends on where you're from and how you drink it, he said.
His festive holiday cider, Smoking Burley, is an apple-based version of an English country-side recipe his family has used for several generations to make wine. His cider adaptation was inspired by the celebratory libation, Smoking Bishop, drunk by the main characters in the Charles Dickens classic "A Christmas Carol." Traditionally made with wine, his dry English-style cider version is mulled with a special spice blend and infused with oranges. The high-end craft cider can be made with Burley Man or Griffin original. "This holiday drink is for the cider enthusiasts.," said Griffin as it includes at-home instructions for infusing the spice blend and baked oranges. So turn on the oven and fire up fruit.
Griffin Cider Works products are available Heinen's, Buehler's Fresh Foods, Whole Foods, Giant Eagle, Earth Fare, and Mustard Seed.


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Conveniently located on the ground level in the inner courtyard of The Tokyo Midtown shopping center, this comfortable and trendy cafe is the perfect stop whether you're craving an early cappuccino and a freshly baked croissant or an afternoon pick-me-up snack.
Enjoy on premise or to take-out, if you wish.
Operating hours:
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Mental health is such a tough thing to even comprehend for most people. Yeah the mental health system needs to be looked at, but not just in the USA, in the UK too.
I'm currently writing a book ( there's a little blurb here http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXIAI3iqhLY ) that is hopefully set to inspire, motivate and educate when it comes to mental health illnesses. I think the first step is to stop making it such a massive taboo subject! Half of the people I know, even friends of mine, wouldn't share a single link to do with my book or project because they don't want to be tarred with the same brush. It's such a shame that people don't realise the implications.


text: adam levine By Ricky Woods March 10, 2011 11:47 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More from Mix 94.9 Exclusive Interview With Christina Perri On In The Mix With HK Largest Game of Jenga Ever Played [VIDEO] One Direction Are More Swoon-Worthy Than Ever in 'You & I' Video Lady Gaga Has Wisdom Teeth Removed, See Swollen Selfie [PHOTO] Best of the Web


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For immediate release – 12/06/13Director of Communications Rita Elliott, 815-226-3374Rockford, Ill., — Classes for the spring 2014 semester begin on Tuesday, January 21 at Rockford University and there is still time to enroll. Rockford University serves students in all levels of education including undergraduate (bachelor's degree), graduate (master's level), adult accelerated degree completion, transfer students, international students, and veterans (Yellow Ribbon GI Education Enhancement Program).
The next start date for the degree completion program to earn a Bachelor of Science in Management Studies (BSMS) degree begins February 12, 2014. The accelerated degree completion program is designed to provide a quality educational experience for adult learners in an accelerated format. The program also provides a tuition-covered option for qualified adults who have been out of work for at least 18 months and will cover any remaining tuition after all eligible state and federal student aid is applied. Qualified applicants must be Illinois residents 25 years of age and older who have been unemployed for at least 18 months, have some transferable college credit, but have not already earned a bachelor's degree.
The Master of Business Administration (MBA) and Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) programs allow students to take up to four courses before formally enrolling in the program and offer flexible options for working adults. The MAT program offers several certifications and endorsements in areas like special education, reading specialist, instructional strategies and bi-lingual education. There is also a variety of options available to degreed professionals who may wish to enter the teaching profession. The Master of Business Administration (MBA) program covers a variety of functional areas including as accounting, economics, finance, management and marketing. Students can choose a concentration in disciplines such as MBA/CPA, public and not-for-profit management, entrepreneurship or management.
Contact the Rockford University Office of Admission at 815-226-4050 or 800-892-2984, or email to firstname.lastname@example.com for more information about applying for undergraduate classes. You may also apply online at http://www.rockford.edu/?ApplyNowAll.
Contact the Rockford University Graduate Office at 815-226-4040 today if interested in MBA or MAT courses.
Visit www.rockford.edu for more information.
3/21/2014 » 4/25/2014Jeremy Long: Personal Allegories
4/3/2014 » 4/24/2014NICNE Certificate in Nonprofit Management - Course 5
4/24/2014EDP: Seminar #4 - Team Building and Team Dynamics
4/30/2014PYSK Talks: Staci Hoste
4/30/2014NICNE Leadership Cafe
4/21/2014 Rockford University Alumnus Sunil Puri among those inducted into Sigma Beta Delta Honor Society
4/18/2014Assistant Professor of Nursing Cheryl Troxel receives special recognition
4/15/2014Rockford University students win awards at University of Illinois - Rockford Annual Research Day
4/10/2014United States Poet Laureate Natasha Trethewey culminates University's spring forum series
4/10/2014"Defining Sport" topic of third annual Sports Studies Symposium


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1. Is this a new install or did some thing happen over the years.
Some possibility's
1. Old units can corrode some leaving the holes too small.
2. Used units may be configured for LP instead of NG
3. It's the way it's supposed to be.
I have a AO smith conservationalist Gold Series 50gal NG water tank.
Got it NOS, in anyevent, the adjustment for the air intake to the burner consists of a screw and a rotateable metal cover that either covers up or opens up the airway.
The issue is that it says in the manual to adjust till the flame burns blue, well I can;t get the flame to burn blue...at least not all blue like on my gas stove.
The actual flame from the cast iron burner when its on is pretty impressive as far as size goes.
As I cover the air intake the flame is more blue but not all...wide open air causes more yellow and red...
Even with the air control closed off, there is an opening that is always open so it is impossible to cut off all the air to the appliance.
My question is I think , is it acceptable to adjust it till its as much blue as possible and leave it at that, or are there other adjustments that can be made to increase the efficency of the flame....
This tank is from the series Conversationist with a Gold Label on the front..40000BTU burner, multiple settings on the hot-hotter-hottest settings..
R16 insulation, etc etc..I believe the current model that cross references for this is the XGV50.
Thank you in advance for your assistance.
Last edited by fishman777; 05-20-2008 at 07:13 PM.
1. Is this a new install or did some thing happen over the years.
Some possibility's
1. Old units can corrode some leaving the holes too small.
2. Used units may be configured for LP instead of NG
3. It's the way it's supposed to be.
Important note I dont know man made laws, just laws of physics
Disclaimer: I'm a big fan of Darwin awards.
There is something wrong with your description. The flame should get bluer as the air port is opened, and go to yellow as the air is reduced.
I am sorry, I did have it backwards....What I ment was is there a way to increase the air flow to the burner?
I will check the burner closer as well...
this was installed by a professional installer..
I will also make sure there are no obstructions that were missed..
Usually the only heaters with cast iron burners are LP versions. There is no way to increase the air once the shutter is completely open. You have to reduce the amount of gas. Are you in Denver or some other high altitude area?
I am in UpState NY...20 miles from the canadian border.
Adirondack Mts...roughly 1500 feet above sea level where I live.
It is definatly a cast Iron burner, double checked it this am.
I also opened the air way as much as possible and I will see what the does.
It may be just clearing out some debris?
it appears to be getting better(smoother?)
Is this a new installation? If so, does the heater have the FVIR sealed combustion chamber?
This is a new install, however the tank is a 2002 brand new in the box.
It does not have a sealed combustion chamber, basicly if you get down on the floor you can take the cover thats there off and look right at the flame.
there is a door that can be opened as well that gives you more access.
I would think to service the burner or removal etc.
I currently have it with the air intake wide open and it seems to be alright.
As I do, I checked and rechecked the heater...I am not as sure as Iwas in a previous post that the burner is cast iron.
Its metal of some sort but I am not sure and it does not say in the manual.
However, I adjusted the air intake, essentially open, and also adjusted the temp setting. Once I got those two settled it seems to be much better now.
The flame is 85-90% blue which I can live with.
No soot buildup on chimney or inside the combustion chamber, granted its only 2 days in but if it were to be an issue I assume that you could see the beginngs even at this early stage.
I think its going to work out fine, am I safe to proceed along this line?>


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Additional Categories:
Mfg.: Lockwood
Model: Lockwood CA36-RR5-PT-SD-R
Room Service Meal Delivery Cart With Pass Through Doors
This cart is designed for use in any food service operation where plated or prepared food needs to be transported to the service location.
Some of the features are:
Meal delivery cart, solid pass through doors, (10) tray capacity, 5" tray supports on removable inner panels, holds 14" x 18", 15" x 20" or 15-3/4" x 20-1/2" tray sizes, drain holes, ergonomic push handle, perimeter bumper, 8" high tech swivel casters, aluminum construction, NSF
This is a used item and there are scratches,dings,nicks and small dents from use. The rubber bumpers have some damage and may need to be replaced. The door hinge brackets may be loose.
This item weighs 95 lbs. but we have added 50 lbs. to the weight for packing and shipping.