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|This article centers around "A," the television character. For another version check out "A" (Book Character), or Big A, the leader of the A-Team.
|You're mine now. Kisses!
|General Information
|3 rats previously 4 (named Aria, Spencer, Hanna and Emily)
|Big A
| CeCe Drake
Mona Vanderwaal
Spencer Hastings
Toby Cavanaugh
Lucas Gottesman
Melissa Hastings
Darren Wilden
| Aria Montgomery
Spencer Hastings
|Series Information
|Stealing, Spying, Blackmailing, Threatening
|Series Information
First appearance:
| The First Secret (chronogically)
Pilot (first text)
It Happened 'That Night' (New "A")
Latest appearance:
|A is for Answers
Portrayed By:
"A" is the main antagonist. "A" is an anonymous character who sends threatening messages to Alison DiLaurentis, Aria Montgomery, Spencer Hastings, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and since recently, Mona Vanderwaal. "A," who was previously believed to be one character, is revealed to be more than one person in the Season 2 finale: the "A-Team." Mona was revealed to be the first "A" in "UnmAsked." Her motives were that the Liars "took" Hanna away from her. She gets into a struggle with Spencer, and ends up being sent to Radley for treatment. She is released several months later.
It is revealed that Mona isn't the only "A," and that there are multiple people on this team working together, including a leader. Toby Cavanaugh, Spencer Hastings's boyfriend, was revealed to be the second "A" in the mid-Season 3 finale. However, it has been revealed that Toby's intentions were to protect Spencer.
Mona Vanderwaal was the leader of the "A-Team" until UnmAsked, when an anonymous person in a Red Coat took her place, and dropped Mona down to a lower ranking. It is implied and confirmed by Marlene King that Mona was the "A" tormenting Alison before her disappearance.
Since "A DAngerous GAme," Toby, Mona and Spencer are kicked off of the "A-Team."
It's revealed in "Now You See Me, Now You Don't," CeCe Drake is the evil Red Coat.
There are many theories and speculations around who might be Big A but A is for Answers, the list of possibilities has been narrowed down quite a bit.
"A" both threatens the Liars, and blackmails them. Although they are always threatening all of the girls, "A" individually targets each of the girls over the course of the seasons. To date, we know that five of "A's" identities are: Mona (formerly), Toby (formerly), Spencer (formerly), Lucas (formerly), and CeCe. The messages were all signed with the letter "A" (with only a few exceptions when intended for other eyes), and the fact that the texts contained secrets only Alison would know made the girls think that it was Alison sending the texts. Only when Alison's body was discovered did they realize that it was someone else.
"A" makes appearances as a figure with black leather gloves, a black hood, dark pants, and dark shoes. Throughout the seasons, the story focuses on the mystery of "A." However, CeCe sometimes wears a red coat, hence her nickname, "Red Coat."
These are the "A's" that have or haven't been revealed so far.
"A's" RevealedEdit
- Mona Vanderwaal was the 1st "A" to be revealed. Mona was revealed in 2x25; "UnmAsked."
- Toby Cavanaugh was the 2nd "A" to be revealed. Toby was also the 1st betrAyer and was revealed in 3x12; "The Lady Killer."
- Spencer Hastings was the 3rd "A" to be revealed. Spencer was revealed in 3x23; "I'm Your Puppet."
- Lucas Gottesman was the 4th "A" to be revealed, blackmailed by Mona and revealed by her in 4x01; " 'A' is for A-l-i-v-e"
- Melissa Hastings and Darren Wilden are the 5th and 6th "A" to be revealed (the Queen of Hearts) being blackmailed by someone. Revealed in 4x01.
- CeCe Drake was the 7th "A" to be revealed. CeCe is revealed to have some role in the A-Team in 4x11; "Bring Down the Hoe ", and was revealed to be one of the Red Coats in the following episode, 4x12; "Now You See Me, Now You Don't ".
In "To Kill a Mocking Girl," A is seen listening to Jazz music as he/she prints copies upon copies of Maya and Emily kissing at Noel's cabin party. It is clear that "A" was the one who stole the photos from the photo booth before either girl could get to them.
In "Can You Hear Me Now?" the girls try to avoid "A"'s messages by blocking unwanted emails and calls on their cell phones. "A" still manages to infiltrate though, throwing a crunched up flyer in their direction and later, by breaking into Spencer's home and scrawling a message on her vanity in lipstick. "A" also creepily arranges the broken flowerpot in Spencer's kitchen to look like a tombstone. When Spencer is escorting Wren to his motel room, "A" calls in a song dedication to the radio station, to which Hanna is listening.
In "There's No Place Like Homecoming," "A" custom designs fortune cookies for the girls and somehow slips them into their bags of Chinese take out. "A" also tampers with a Tarot card at the fortune telling booth leaving Spencer a message. At the end of the episode, the black hooded figure is seen vandalizing a Rosewood town sign. The figure sprays paint over the last digit in the population census (the 8 in 7988) and changes it to 7987. It is possible that "A" is referring to Emily but this is unknown.
At the end of "The Homecoming Hangover," "A" is seen pulling the sheets of Toby Cavanaugh's psychological profile out of the water.
In The Perfect Storm "A" torments Emily by reminding her of a letter that she had once written to Alison in an angry mood. "A" slips the letter into a copy of 'Great Expectations' and cues Emily to find it, letting her know that her secret crush on Alison is not so secret. At the end of the episode, the black gloved figure anonymously sends a file to the Rosewood Police Department. The file contains footage of Alison the night she disappeared. Before filling in Anonymous in the top left corner of the envelope, "A" scrawls the letter A then a few seconds later, fills in the remaining letters. This leaves no doubt that "A" and the black gloved figure are one and the same.
In Keep Your Friends Close "A" leads Aria to a poem by Ezra Fitz which is left in Aria's locker. In the same episode at the climax of the episode, Hanna seems to figure out who "A" is while spying in the forest. But before she can reveal the identity of "A", she is run down by a car while running to the other liars and loses consciousness. Just then the girls receive a text from "A" claiming responsibility for the hit and run.
Later on in the hospital in Moments Later Hanna tells the girls that Noel Kahn wrote the message on the back of Ezra's car and he is presumed to be "A". However this is proved untrue when "A" plants the answers to three midterms exams in Noel's locker because he was going to tell the principal that Aria and Ezra were dating. "A" also leaves a message on Hanna's cast, meaning they paid her a secret visit while she was in her hospital room.
In Salt Meets Wound Hanna gets back to her house and Mona decides to throw a "Welcome Back Party" By the end it, the money Ashley had stolen from the bank is missing and "A" can now blackmail Hanna. If she does what they say, Hanna will get her mother's money back. "A" then begins to leave Hanna notes with bills, attached in the most public places including her locker. He/She also continues to taunt her and reiterate that Hanna is under his/her control. In the same episode "A" decides to break up Spencer and Alex by confirming Alex's opportunity to go to Sweden even though Alex did not want to go. Spencer being the only one that knew about this, was blamed. Alex has yet to been seen in the series since. We then see "A" slipping the hundred dollar bills from Hanna's kitchen into a creepy clown piggy bank.
In Know Your Frenemies "A" torments Hanna continuing with the blackmail in exchange for Ashley's stolen money. "A" forces Hanna to consume half a dozen cupcakes at 'Lucky Leons' which "A" pre-orders his/herself. Later "A" decides to give them the entire video of Alison's disappearance. That is when the liars suspect Ian as the murderer of Alison. Right after viewing the video, they chase after "A", but he/she has time to hide in the woods while the girls go back into Spencer's house.
At the end of Careful What U Wish 4 it is revealed that "A" had been among the guests at the school's dance marathon. Acting as a coat check, Ella gives "A" back a pair of black leather gloves and a black jacket, bidding him/her goodnight. Clearly "A" had gone to the dance in order to dictate Hanna her dance instructions for the evening and deliver Hanna's pay check to her coat pockets.
In If At First You Don't Succeed, Lie, Lie Again it becomes clear that "A" had commissioned the bead lady to fashion a fake Alison bracelet and a fake Jenna bracelet, placing the order under Spencer Hastings' name. At the end of the same episode, the eccentric old woman prepares a cup of tea for her house guest. The black gloved figure takes it from her as the lady comments on the beautiful black gloved figure's eyes. She also tells the guest not to worry... she has done everything exactly like the black gloved figure told her to do.
At the end of Je Suis une Amie the black gloved figure is listening to a record playing a French tutorial for English speakers while arranging some clue-like objects - there is a wrench, a pipe, a knife and a rope resembling a noose and a marble box which rests on a candlestick which seems fiddled with somehow. The record skips, repeating "Je Suis" (I am) three times.
In The New Normal "A" calls an exterminator to visit Hanna's house under the pretense of taking care of the infestation in the basement. (In directly letting Hanna know that he/she is aware that Caleb is staying with her). Apparently "A" has a sense of humour. At the end of the episode, the black gloved figure approaches Mrs Potter's grave which reads 1929-2011. He/she places flowers on top of it and walks away.
In the last scene of The Badass Seed (after the trophy fallout) it is presumably showing a room in "A"s house. There are four cages, each containing a white rat, animal feed and a wheel. Each cages has one of name of each liar taped to the top of the cage. The cage labeled 'Spencer' is missing a rat however earlier, "A" had planted a phony trophy with rats blood in the props room compartment in the schools drama room for the liars to find.
In A Person of Interest "A" seems to be messing with Spencer and Toby's heads. The Neumann's bag which Jenna had taken from Ian, is filled with ice on the bed of the motel room that "A" must have rented. A recording of Jenna's flute music is playing on the stereo, whereas Spencer actually thought Jenna was practicing inside. At the end of the episode, the black gloved figure is sitting comfortably in a room somewhere, beside a bowl of popcorn, watching the footage of the girl's reaction to "A"'s text on Spencer's front lawn which let them know that Spencer is now a person of interest in Alison's murder investigation. "A" replays the footage of their surprise over and over again.
At the end of Someone to Watch Over Me we see "A" preparing a gift for Hanna; a glass heart with Hanna's name on it, hand smashed by "A" with a hammer and some crazy glue with a custom made note: Dear Hanna, try putting the pieces back together -A
In Monsters in the End, "A" vandalizes the haunted house by scrawling threatening messages in red paint on the mirrors. At the end of the episode, the black gloved figure is seen swiping the key from underneath Ezra's doormat.
In For Whom the Bell Tolls, "A" saves Spencer from being murdered by Ian, "A" then kills Ian in the process by hanging him. "A" takes Ian's body with him/ her leaving the liars looking delusional when the police come to the church and search for Ian's body.
In It's Alive A plants Ezra's stolen bachelor's diploma in Dr Sullivan's office for the liars to see during their session. At the end of the episode A is seen in Emily's home erasing her computer hard drive (which contains all the videos)
In My Name Is Trouble after Emily tears up the fake Danby letter and tosses it in her trash can, an unharmed replica of the letter gets sent to the Field's residence. Emily scrambles to her trash can to find the torn up letter, but instead finds a letter from A.
In Blind Dates A haunts Emily by sending her a box full of Danby paraphernalia (mugs and sweatshirts bearing the Danby logo) Pam is delighted as the A reference goes over her head. Later on in the episode after Spencer pawns Melissa's engagement ring for what she hopes is only 48 hours, A finds the cash to buy it from the Pawn Shop owner. After Hanna's visit to Dr Sullivan, A trashes the office and leaves a note on the wall saying NOSEY BITCHES DIE. Although the message isn't signed by A, it is pretty obvious based on Ezra's degree and the text message that A ravaged her office after Hanna's visit. At the end of the episode A stages the suicide of Ian Thomas. When the girls run to Melissa's aid, A puts Ian's phone in Spencer's bag and leaves unnoticed. This is the same phone A was using when texting Melissa pretending to be Ian.
In The Devil You Know it is revealed that A wrote Ian's suicide note. A composed the note from old A messages he/she sent to the girls. An also sends a text to Spencer telling her to admit the truth about Melissa's ring or there would be consequences. As Spencer is about to, A calls Ian's phone which Melissa finds and becomes convinced that Spencer was pretending to be Ian. In the same episode, A reveals to the girls via video that Ian may not have killed Alison. It reveals the full video of her and Ian on the night of her disappearance. It shows Ian getting up and walking away from a giggly happy Alison smiling at the camera. They go in search of the projector but A runs away, projector in hand.
"A" doesn't make any moves in Never Letting Go until the very end. She/he tampers with the tapes so that in the middle of the fashion show the screen pictures changes so as to make Alison look like the devil, with fire around and peeling black eyes. The screen flashes "the bitch is dead" and the music changes from sentimental to hellish. The girls flee from the run way as well as Jessica DiLaurentis. Spencer turns it off leaving the audience ill stricken. A later projects a note on the screen only when the liars are left which says "My Dresses, My Games, My Rules". As they leave it becomes clear that the candles at the show are in the formation 'A' Then in his/her room somewhere disclosed A purchases a pair of Tory Burch designer feminine, black boots online. Some fans believe that this means "A" is female but there is no proof that the boots were for himself/herself.
In Surface Tension "A" has a gift basket delivered to Hanna's house, stating the he/she knows that Emily and Hanna are living under the same roof ( Hanna declares the candy crappy) At the end of the episode A is seen using a syringe to siphon liquid Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and neatly release it inside Emily's tube of pain relief cream.
In Save the Date, "A" is seen to be under a sheet at the morgue where Spencer and Aria were earlier to get a look at Alison's autopsy results. He/She also sends Emily a message while she's in the hospital, letting her know that he/she introduced the hormones on her creams.
In Picture This, while Emily is with Samara and her friends, "A" sends her a message ordering her to get Zoey's phone number. Emily obviously had not wanted to, but since "A" had the results that showed the presence of the hormones in her body, she had no choice.
In Touched by an 'A'-ngel, "A" goes after Emily again, targeting her as the weakest link. She spikes her Alpha Bits cereal box to only contain "A's" and leaves her calling card in the plastic capsule meant for cereal box toys. Later, she crashes Emily's massage, giving her the massage instead of the professional without Emily realizing until she sees the letter A etched into the condensation of her water glass. At the end of the day, she takes Emily's psychological therapy session when Emily doesn't show up.
In I Must Confess, it is revealed that "A" had been a consistent patient of Dr. Sullivan. While Dr. Sullivan is perusing the files in her office, a black hooded figure is seen standing outside her window, watching the woman inside. Dr. Sullivan scans "A's" file, which shows that "A" has an obsession with revenge and refers to her enemies as "nosey bitches." The file also states that "A" wouldn't kill him/her self, only others. Dr. Sullivan calls the girls, wishing to tell them who "A" is. They show up to her office, but she is missing, something for which "A" takes credit in a text message. At the end of the episode, the black hooded figure is seen removing a sound device, which had been planted under the bobble head Freud in Dr. Sullivan's office.
In Over My Dead Body, "A" takes a seat opposite Dr. Sullivan in a booth at an unknown diner. Dr. Sullivan tells her captor that she's done everything you've asked. The black gloved figure doesn't reply, rather only hands her a manila envelope. Full of money? Dr. Sullivan looks disgusted and goes. Next, a waitress approaches the table where "A" is sitting, fills her coffee cup and inquires how her pretty-eyed patron is doing.
In the prequel episode, The First Secret, "A" sends Alison two texts, one when she is in the costume store and one at the end. From the second text, it becomes clear that "A" had posed in the doll-mask and burlap cowl while in The Haunted House and possibly also in the costume store. "A" had been the one to fight Alison with a butcher's knife and push her around. Alison had gotten away though when she kneed "A" and ran for it. At the end of the episode, "A" had taken off the mask, but his/her face was not shown; only a cellphone in hand was.
In Through Many Dangers, Toils, and Snares the four girls trick "A" by pretending to fight with each other over "evidence" of "A's" identity, which in reality doesn't exist. They hope this will reveal A's identity to them by forcing "A" to meet them in person. This plan fails, but they come away with "A's" cell phone.
At the beginning of A Hot Piece of A, someone calls the phone from a blocked number. When Emily is volunteering at a crisis center to fill her community service, she reads a transcript that sounds much like the situation that happened with Hanna, Aria, Spencer and Emily. When the person calls back again, Spencer and Emily's boss tells them to listen in and take notes. They realize that the caller is Lucas and he must be a helper for "A." At the end of the episode, "A" is seen fishing Lucas' shoe out of the river that he fell into after Hanna pushed him in.
In Let the Water Hold Me Down, Hanna and Mona get into an argument, resulting in Hanna running into the bathroom crying, she quiets down when she hears someone else enter, after a while she notices the sink is overflowing. She sees a small boat floating in it and a piece of paper that says, "Life is but a dream, Hanna. And I'm your worst nightmare - A". At the end of the episode, "A" is seen climbing some scaffolding and loosening a bolt in the wall of an unknown location, which is later revealed to be the barn in Spencer's house.
In The Blond Leading the Blind, "A" follows his\her orders by hurting Toby because Spencer made out with him. Toby has a broken arm and Spencer ends the relationship. At the end of the episode, "A" is seen cutting up pictures of Spencer/Toby, Aria/Ezra, and Hanna/Caleb, and burning them in a metal trash can. The final picture "A" burns up is not seen.
In A Kiss Before Lying, "A" threatens Hanna to stop Caleb from working on "A's" phone or "A" would expose her mom's secret of stealing money from the bank. At the end of the episode "A" is seen unlocking the drawer of Mr. Hastings' desk, and taking a gun out.
In The Naked Truth, "A" isn't seen until the very end where he/she walks by a sleeping Caleb and takes his laptop out of his bag.
In CTRL: A, "A" leaves a typewritten message on Byron's car, which has the info of Aria and Ezra's date on it. At the end of the episode, "A" is watching Emily through her window as she tries to call Maya.
In Breaking the Code, "A" sends messages to Mona, accusing her of shoplifting, and also a picture of Hanna's mom, Ashley, and Wilden the night the two got together. "A" also sends Mona Hanna's shoplifting report and threatens Mona to give them to the newspaper or she would be filling out a police report. Ashley and Ella, Hanna and Aria's mothers, find "A's" message and reports and become concerned about who "A" is and what "A" is doing. At the end of the episode, a gloved figure is seen shooting with the stolen gun at a target.
At the end of Father Knows Best, "A" is seen putting two quarters into the newspaper holder for the day's copy of the Rosewood Observer. She takes a paper featuring a huge picture of Maya on the cover with the headline "Missing Girl."
In Eye of the Beholder, it is assumed by the girls that "A" was the one who texted Jenna and brought her over to Jason's house, shortly after setting it on fire, with the intention for Jenna to die there. Hanna pulls Jenna out after coming back for Ali's bag Jason gave the Liars. The house blows up, but only the downstairs is damaged. The final scene shows a gloved figure scrummaging through the wreckage from the fire and planting a police badge at the scene.
At the end of If These Dolls Could Talk, Martha tells "A" she kept her end of the deal but the giant mess she has to clean up is much more than she bargained for. "A" hands her an envelope full of money, and gives Seth a lollipop. Seth is seen staring intently at "A."
In UnmAsked, the girls take a room in a motel. They stay in room 1--the same room Alison stayed in while she was alive—while, "A," lurking in the shadows, weaves in and out of their room without the girls ever knowing. She even visits while Hanna is in the shower, though "A's" intentions are unknown. She also spies on them from room 2, where "A" has presumably rented her own room.
At the costume ball, Mona shares with the Liars a story of how Alison, dressed as Vivian Darkbloom, had been spying on someone in a costume shop the week before she died. This prompts Spencer to realize that Alison had been searching for "A" all along and must have rented Room 1 in the motel in order to spy on the person in Room 2 - "A!" Together with Mona, Spencer sneaks the key from the desk and goes into Room 2 to find A's lair. Spencer is freaked out; the room is covered with pictures of all the Liars and Alison. There are Bratz Dolls that resemble each of the five girls perched in "A's" dollhouse.
Then, when Spencer spots a gum wrapper, the same gum that Mona offered her, in Alison's stolen diary, she suddenly becomes suspicious. When she sees the bag of cashmere sweaters, the understanding that Mona is "A" dawns on her. She turns around to confront Mona, who is now wearing her signature black hoodie. Mona knocks her out with a flashlight in return.
Next, Spencer finds herself riding in the front passenger's seat of Mona's car. Mona threatens her to join The "A-Team" or die at gunpoint from Mr. Hastings' stolen gun. Spencer gets Mona to reveal her motive. She is angry at the liars for stealing Hanna, the only friend she ever had. She claims to be over Alison and the way she had treated her. Spencer uses her phone to convey the message to the other liars, and Mona, without knowing it, is caught on video conversation for the other three liars to hear. Hanna is devastated when she learns that Mona is "A". Spencer lets the girls know where Mona is taking her by warning Mona that if she doesn't slow down, she won't make it to Look Out Point.
The girls move fast to go rescue their friend. Hanna catches up to the other two with her car and stops just short of hitting "A" with her car in anger. "A" runs towards Spencer and starts to fight her near the brink of a cliff. The other girls jet out of the car to help, and as a result, Mona falls several feet into a state of unconsciousness.
Later, the police declare "A" alive, and Dr. Sullivan returns to town to comfort the girls, revealing that "A" was threatening her son which forced her to flee. The police take her to a room with a one-way mirror. The girls look on with Dr. Sullivan who reveals that Mona has a personality disorder that causes her to be in a state of hyper-reality and mixed with her high intelligence level, it fueled her feelings of omnipresence and omniscience, while Mona has a monologue inside her head. She is unrepentant, cocky, and reveals that having the girls feeling safe and leaving their windows open and their doors unlocked is exactly what "we" wanted.
Later, Mona is sent to a mental institution. There, someone in a familiar red jacket comes to visit. Mona tells her: "I've done everything you asked me to," suggesting that "A," is in fact, working for someone else and Mona is perhaps part of a team of "A"s.
Season 3 (The A-Team) In It Happened 'That Night', "A" broke into Spencer's car, and littered it with pictures of the girls in front of the open grave, and burying the shovel. Then, "A" sends them all the text, "Mona played with dolls, I play with body parts. Game on, bitches. -A"
In Blood Is The New Black, Emily finds a necklace inside her bag (presumably from "A") that looks like human teeth, spelling "dead girls can't smile." "A" was also seen watching Ella as she grades Emily's test paper. Aria finds another grave present in her locker; a single earring she put into Alison's casket to remember the times they spent together - the earrings represent the one time they trashed her dad's office pretending to be his college-age mistress. Aria then gets a text from "A", threatening to out her to the police if she doesn't tell her dad. At the end, "A" is seen buying various black sweaters and gloves while wearing a red hoodie. The cashier says, "You buying this for a team?" It might refer to the "A-Team"
In Kingdom of the Blind, "A" (one that was wearing a black hoodie) is seen at the end of the episode around a table of teeth, beads, and string. "A" is also pouring a glass of vodka and then puts it into a large freezer with a bag presumably containing Alison's body.
In Birds of a Feather, we see "A" sitting at the Montecito airport, hacking the computer system of the Radley Sanitarium allowing Mona visitors. The speaker says something about boarding for the flight to Philadelphia, and "A" pays and leaves.
In That Girl is Poison, we see "A" after Garrett's mom went to hospital. "A" was watching from the other side of the street with a black hoodie. In the end of the episode we see "A" with Maya's purse, taking things out of it, including some pills that have Maya's name on the bottle.
In The Remains of the "A," Spencer gets a text from "A" telling her Garrett didn't kill Ali and Maya after he was released. "A" is seen placing their ice-cream/sherbet cup on a table and picking up a newspaper with its story headline Garrett's innocence for Ali's murder. We the see "A" circling in red an ad on the Rosewood Observer, about a room for rent, and then taking her/his phone and typing in a number (possibly about the room).
In Crazy, "A" plants the Ouija board and planchette from the flashback on Hanna's kitchen counter. All the letters and numbers are scratched out except the letter 'A'. Underneath the planchette is a note which reads "See how easy it is for me to get your blood". Also "A" placed a voice recorder into the doll that Mona was brushing later in the end of the episode. "A" takes out the voice recorder hearing what Mona, Hanna and Aria said.
In Stolen Kisses, after Spencer enlists Caleb's help to crack the password for Maya's site as he wants to help Hanna and crush the Mona Monster, "A" sends Spencer a text which reads: "Mona's almost gone, Hanna's next" This episode closes with "A" collecting a large sum of money from a bank and taking a mint from a bowl while the teller says: "Just looking at you in that hoodie makes me shiver, I guess summers really over"
At the end of The Kahn Game, we see "A" in a cat obsessed woman's office, who gives them a key to their new apartment - Unit A.
In the episode What Lies Beneath, Emily and Hanna find that Maya was living at the Kahn Cabin after she disappeared. They go to the cabin and find a secret room behind a bookshelf which inside contains a sleeping bag and a bag full of Maya's things such as a knife, clothes and a card Emily gave to Alison. However "A" locks them in this room so Emily begins breaking windows to get out and Hanna ends up getting a flesh wound. When they escape they go around the front of the cabin to see that "A" had spray painted the message "I'm saving you for later" on the walls. At the end of the episode, we see "A" watching the news, which mentions Garrett's trial that will be starting soon. A hangs a hoodie then changes the channel and begins to watch the Wheel of Fortune.
In Single Fright Female, a black gloved figure is seen turning on the jukebox and grooving along to the music while handing a key to another black gloved figure suggesting that there are more than 2 members on the "A-Team."
In The Lady Killer, Toby Cavanaugh is revealed to be another A, but not to the liars. After Mona's done talking to him he leaves with grim look on his face and its implied he has been with them for a while.
In She's Better Now, Toby is seen in a car trying to hit Lucas, who is on a skateboard. Meredith was given a note, telling her to go into the shed..which later caught on fire. It was said by Byron that Meredith thinks that Aria wrote the message (or one of her friends). It could be assumed that Mona wrote the note since Meredith kept Hanna after class and was seen looking at her later on. Either Mona or Toby is later seen tampering with a boy's bike, consequently in him to falling down.
In Mona-Mania, Hanna, Spencer, and Emily go back to the basement to get Ali's diary only to find it swapped with a blank one with a note from "A". A hooded figure was also in the room but got away. The figure was later to be Lucas and he was the one who sit fire to the school shed. It is assumed that "A" tampered with Brad's bike so that Mona could join Academic Decathlon, a club which Spencer is in. They later would compete for the team captain spot, Mona would win as Spencer would become to cocky. Mona, as "A", was revealed to be outside of Byron's office and when he leaves she is talking to someone. Another "A" is shown covering the Caleb look a like mask and the Queen of Hearts mask under some leaves...poorly.
In Misery Loves Company, Toby, in his "A" hoodie, talking to Mona, who is disabling an alarm system, about "tomorrow"'s plans in the "A" lair. "A" set Hanna up for a fake interview in an empty, except for faceless white manikins, bouquet store. When she enters, "A" chases her until she falls down. "A" precedes to leave, with (maybe) unknowingly leaving behind the "A" key. Hanna picks up the key and heads to Spencer's, she also texts Emily to meet her there. Spencer ends up getting the key and later places it in her kitchen counter drawer, in front of Toby. "A" is seen breaking into the Hastings household and looking threw the drawer. "A" hears Spencer's voice and stands still, revealing their face. Toby. When he turns around, she throws the key down, and walks towards her. Toby says her name and she slaps him. He asked how long she knew and she showed him his Radley I.D. card, that was seen earlier in the episode. As Veronica enters the kitchen, Toby leaves. Spencer's goes to Toby's to get him to say it wasn't true, but ends up crying on his doorstep. A hooded figure is seen adjusting the blind's and sitting down at the table, Spencer set up. The hooded figure, Mona, is seen drinking wine, having a piece of lasagna in front of her, listening to music and in the end, seen smiling. It is assumed that Mona changed Toby's locks.
In Dead to Me, Spencer goes to the new "A" liar, only to find it empty - in pictures wise. Emily has a flashback revealing that she stood over the grave, while "A" was digging up Alison's body. When she wouldn't stop yelling at them to stop, "A" got out of the grave and covered her mouth to shut her up. Emily also sees a women in a red coat watching. "A" is seen buying Whiskey and showing the clerk, Kyle, his/her ID, but right as the ID is about to come out of A's wallet, the scene fades out.
In What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted, It was revealed that "A" placed the Whiskey on Jason's porch and was watching him and Emily. "A" tempered with the elevator which end in Jason getting hurt. "A" has four bottles of Whiskey with the girls faces on them. He/She places an empty one in the middle and gives it a spin. It originally lands on Aria, but another "A" turns it around to land on Spencer. The other "A" sets down two glasses and pours them a glass of Whiskey.
In Hot Water, Spencer notices the Big A spying on her, but disappears before Spencer can follow her. Later, one of the "minor A's" in a black hoodie is seen walking past Spencer's bathroom, while she is the shower. When Spencer tries to leave, she sees the message "A" left for her, and that "A" placed a plunger in between the handles of the shower. Aria would found her just before Spencer can pass out, and saves her. At the end of the episode, "A" is turning on a record and cuts the stems from a handful of roses, which he/she place on a wreath. The words "Deepest Sympathy" are on it.
In Will The Circle Be Unbroken, Mona gives Spencer a second chance to join the "A-Team."
In I'm Your Puppet, It is revealed that Spencer accepted Mona's offer and was the one who took Malcolm.
In The "A" Train, "A" is seen looking over plans for the Halloween Train.
|The truth won't set you free. I'm going to bury you with it.
— A in "'A' is for A-l-i-v-e"
In "'A' is for A-l-i-v-e," it is revealed by Mona through a video that Melissa and Darren were the Queen of Hearts on the Halloween train. Darren's face is shown but just as Melissa's is about to be revealed, "A" begins deleting all of Mona's files.
It is also reveled that "A" gave five little girls dolls of the liars. The girls tell the liars that their friend Alison gave them the dolls.
"A" sends Toby a text to have him bring the lair in exchange for information about his mother.
At Darren's funeral, a woman dressed in black with a veil over her face is in attendance. She sits behind Jenna and Nigel during the service. Afterwards, she quickly gets into a limo and leaves.
She is later shown in a lair. She lifts the veil revealing an "Ali mask." When she turns to the side, the left side of the mask has burn marks.
In "Bring Down the Hoe," it is revealed that CeCe Drake is on the A-Team.
In "Now You See Me, Now You Don't," it is revealed that CeCe Drake is actually Red Coat and that there are two Red Coat's. One is supposedly Alison DiLaurentis. However, this is Alisons disguise to hide from A. It will possibly be explored in Grave New World.
In "A is for Answers," it was revealed that the first 'A' Mona had helped Ali when she ran away from Carla Grunwald. Mona used her powers of persuasion and manipulation to convince Ali that she should dissapear. In the room next to where Mona is nursing Ali back to health we see Mona in A's lair humming and stroking a doll whilst saying 'pretty girl'.
Later on in present day 'A' is searching for the liars and Ali there are shots as 'A' tries to reach the girls with a gun. 'A' breaks a glass window with the gun and then whilst chasing the girls shoots a door open. Furthermore he chases the girls and fires some shots while leaning out of a window to the fire escape, however he/she misses. They then dissapear whilst the girls are running up the stairs, however they come back through a door on the roof just as Ezra also appears. Ezra attempts to tackle 'A' whilst the gun is being shot, the gun then falls from 'A's hands and Hanna is able to retrieve it. Hanna and Aria demand that 'A' takes off their mask however 'A' has other plans and jumps from the current building to another then looks back at the girls and leaves with his/her mask still intact. We find out that 'A' has shot Ezra when Ezra collapses with a gunshot wound.
At the end of the episode we see 'A' dragging a presumably dead Mrs. Dilaurentis to a grave and burying her.
"A" poses as Alison in her text messages. After Alison's funeral, she says "I'm still here." When the girls are preparing a memorial for Alison in "Please, Do Talk About Me When I'm Gone," she says that she will be watching like Tom Sawyer - who was also presumed to be dead and had spied on his own memorial service. In the first episode, she tells Emily, "I've been replaced," referring to Maya; clearly "A" knows that Emily loved Alison. "A" even explicitly says "A" is for Alison in "Know Your Frenemies." When Spencer becomes a person of interest in Alison's death, "A" refers to it as "my death".
In "UnmAsked," one of the "A's" is revealed to be Mona. In a monologue in Mona's mind, we hear that this is originally what "they" wanted. We learn that "A" is not working alone when a visitor arrives to see Mona in the mental institution. This visitor wears a red coat, much like Vivian Darkbloom's, and Mona says, "I did everything you asked me to."
In "The Lady Killer," another one of the "A's" is revealed to be Toby.
In "I'm Your Puppet," Spencer joined the "A-Team" making her the third "A."
In "Bring Down the Hoe," CeCe is revealed to be one of the A's and in "Now You See Me, Now You Don't," she is revealed to be Red Coat for the A-Team.
Multiple IdentitiesEdit
Throughout the series the Liars were lead to believe that "A" is a single person. However, there may have been hints that multiple people could be in on it. In "UnmAsked," it is learned that "A" is working with a partner, possibly a series of people. The dramatic irony is that the Liars have not found this out yet.
To date the only known identities of "A" is Mona Vanderwaal, Toby Cavanaugh and Spencer Hastings. However, it is revealed at the end of the episode that Mona and Toby are simply workers for the stranger in the coat. Which many think could be Vivian Darkbloom, Alison's alter ego.
It is speculated that this unknown individual may be Jenna Marshall because during UnmAsked, she meets an unseen person in the park and hands them an unknown item with the instructions "you know what to do." Some believe this person to be the same person who visits Mona at the end. This might make sense if Mona and Jenna formed a friendship after Halloween 2008, as alluded to in "The First Secret."
Before Ian is pushed to his death in the church, he says "What are you doing here!?" indicating he knew his assailant. If this was "A," "A" saved Spencer's life.
It is confirmed during Season 3 that there is more than one "A," and producers confirmed that "A" is a team of people. This team is controlled by the Big A. The next identity of a member of The "A-Team" was revealed to be Toby Cavanaugh in "The Lady Killer."
In "Dead To Me," Emily remembers an event from "It Happened 'That Night'" which consists of her watching an "A" dig up Alison's grave. Big A is also overlooking this. You see "A" struggling with the shovel, and her head turns upward in a quick motion, revealing long, brown hair coming out of the hood, revealing that this A is female. It is speculated that this could be Mona, but she was locked up in Radley at this point, though it is made evident age could escape.
Psychiatric FileEdit
Physician: Dr. Rollins
Patient DOB: 10/8/1994
- Overpowering feelings of revenge and anger management.
- No desire to kill themself, only others.
- [...] prone to sudden outbursts of anger and aggression. Client seems confused about the nature of [...]; assumes it is their job to "police" and monitor all activity in the neighborhood that [...] us." Often refers to unnamed adversaries as "nosey bitches."
- [...] "impulse control" [...] Perhaps the driving force behind recent problems. May have [...] their own omnipotence. Client appears to demonstrate the ability to [...]
- [...] demonstrates a total [...] Client becomes agitated [...]
It is all but confirmed that this was Mona's patient file.
- In the episode "The Lady Killer," The betrAyer and 2nd member of the "A-Team" is revealed to be Toby. Multiple endings were shot to avoid the real one from being leaked. Alternate's for the betrAyer role were Caleb and Paige. These alternate endings will be on the Season 3 DVD.
- It was highly hinted at by Oliver Goldstick that Shana is an adjunct for the team. Which is why she is listed as A.
- The first appearances listed in the character info boxes are for their reveals. For A's appearances see A's biography. For the first appearances of the characters as individuals see their individual pages.
- When Aria, Spencer, Hanna and Emily start therapy, Dr. Sullivan states that she cannot tell the police - or anyone else what is said in the therapy sessions unless she believes that they are a danger to themselves or to others. In the files that Dr. Sullivan is searching in I Must Confess, it states that "A" is more than willing to hurt other people, has an obsession with revenge, and even refers to the Pretty Little Liars as "Nosey Bitches."
- Mona was clearly horseback riding with Hanna at the time "A" gave Emily a massage in "Touched By an 'A'-ngel," indicating Mona had a helper (Mona reveals this to be Lucas in "'A' is for A-l-i-v-e"). Toby was with Spencer helping her look through Ian's things at the time, so he did not give Emily the massage. This likely indicates there is a third member of the "A-Team." Since there is never any record of Big A physically taking out the "A" actions, it is safe to assume that there are at least 4 members on the "A"-Team.
- In "This Is A Dark Ride" since there was two known members on the halloween train. There was a 3 third unknown member wearing the Queen of Hearts costume who sedated Aria, then trapped her in a wooden coffin with a dead Garrett Reynolds (who the fans suspect that Toby killed). Also, when Aria was being pushed off a train, you could clearly hear a female and male voice encouraging a reluctant second male voice to help push. If the Mona and Toby were two of the people, there has to be at least one more male member on the "A-Team."
- In Dead To Me, Emily recalls remembering another event from That Night. She saw an "A-Team" member trying to open Alison's coffin while the Big A watched and supervised (?). When the black hooded person turned around, you could clearly see long brown hair. If this was not Mona, then there would have to be at least five members of the "A-Team": Mona, Toby, the female from Emily's flashback, the male who helped push Aria off the train and finally: the Big "A".
- So a reasonable estimate is that there are at least 4-5 members on the "A-Team," including the leader.
- "A" carries around Vivian Darkbloom's driver license and uses it
- Red Coat was revealed in 4x12. It has been revealed to be 2 red coats. One being Cece Drake, and the other being Ali (presumably).
- "A" is left-handed.
- In an interview for ABC Family, Oliver Goldstick and Marlene King discuss "A," clearly referring to "A" as a she multiple times.
- "A" often uses Wizard of Oz references, custom designing a fortune cookie that reads "Lions and tigers and bitches, oh my!" (from "Lions and tigers and bears, oh my") and There's No Place Like Homecoming. (Dorothy's words at the end of the film: There's No Place Like Home.") In Can You Hear Me Now? "A" sends a flier towards the Pretty Little Liars that reads, "Ding Dong, the Bitch is Dead," a reprisal of the film's song "Ding Dong, the Witch is Dead."
- "A" is extremely talented at hacking into computers and databases.
- Money must not be a problem for "A" to come by, because "A" can afford extravagant pieces.
- In For Whom the Bell Tolls, it is believed by fans that Toby was the 'A' that saved Spencer from Ian following the end of The Lady Killer and was one who gave Emily that call towards the end of "The Lady Killer."
- In the same episode, Mona revealed that The "A-Team" was plotting to frame Paige prior to Nate/Lyndon disclosing he murdered Maya.
- Mona and Toby seem to be following the orders of another person, therefore neither is the leader of the "A-Team."
- Toby, while definitely a part of the "A-Team," may not be "Big A," only another member of the team.
- While "A" exists in both the books and TV series, in the books, the two "A's" are not affiliated with each other whereas the "A's" in the TV series seem to all be connected.
- In the interview promo, Mona tells Toby that she isn't the one calling the shots
- In the season 2 finale, UnmAsked, it was said that A was supposed to be revealed. After Mona was revealed to be A, we see a person in a red coat visiting her at the end in Radley. Mona looks up, and says, "I did everything you've asked me to do." This tells us that Mona is in fact not the real A, but simply working for A. This seems contradictory, considering that that A was supposed to be revealed in the episode, and that moments after the finale, Marlene King tweeted that Mona is indeed A. It is possible that the show's writers were being cyrptic when they said: "A will be revealed" and that "Mona is indeed A". One could say that Mona (and Toby) is A at "face value" since she has physically done everything that A has done to the liars. However, she is simply a worker for the true A, and that it is the real A (the person in the red coat) who was telling Mona what to do, the one who controls the A- team and the one who calls the shots. It seems as if a new -A team member will be revealed every summer/spring finale, and that the "Big A" will be revealed in the series finale.
- In Seasons 1 and 2, multiple people have commented on A's pretty eyes.
- Big A, the leader of the "A-Team" has been revealed to be a female in the new sneak peek for Misery Loves Company.
- In Misery Loves Company, Mona says that we're all set for "tomorrow" after she hacks into someone's alarm system to turn it off. "Tomorrow" could indicate the plan for Toby to be found out since he felt like they were "rushing this."
- It has been revealed by Janel Parrish (Mona Vanderwaal) that Red Coat will be revealed in Season 4, Episode 13.
- Throughout 3A, it is possible that there were more than one "A" doing the dirty deeds. This is thought because the episode before Cece Drake came to town, A rents an apartment. In addition, in Single Fright Female one A gives an apartment key to another A.
- Many fans believe that Cece, Mona, Lucas and Toby were acting as "A" in Season 3A
A's ExpensesEdit
First A:
- A long-term rental room in a motel. (UnmAsked)
- A presumably designed "Black Swan" dress (UnmAsked)
- A large amount of money in an envelope for the doll maker. (If These Dolls Could Talk)
- Numerous cell phone's with a talk and text plan (Costing Approx. $2 per day of use, plus initial purchase fee) Specifics revealed in Let the Water Hold Me Down from the packaging.
- Four custom-made pull-string porcelain dolls that "A" can program to repeat specially designed voice messages as well as four gold nameplate necklaces for the dolls. Over My Dead Body (Although, it is revealed in A Hot Piece of A that the dolls may have belonged to some Hastings ancestor, and may have been found in The Hastings' Cabin.)
- Therapy sessions with Dr. Sullivan. (Touched by an 'A'-ngel)
- A $450 pair of designer Tory Burch boots (ordered online). (Never Letting Go)
- Melissa's diamond ring from the pawn broker (approx. $7000). (My Name Is Trouble)
- A complete set of dark room equipment (unless stolen). (Picture This)
- Multiple boxes of AlphaBits cereal. (Touched by an 'A'-ngel)
- A gift basket for Hanna and Emily delivered to Hanna's door (with stuff dolls and candy). (Surface Tension)
- A box of syringes and a bottle of Human Growth Hormone (HGH). (Surface Tension)
- A box of Danby paraphernalia (mug, sweatshirt) shipped to Emily's house. (Blind Dates)
- Two custom-designed beaded bracelets ('Alison' and 'Jenna') (Approx. $72). (To Kill a Mocking Girl)
- A fake marble trophy. (The Badass Seed)
- Sustaining three (previously four) pet rats. (The Badass Seed)
- "A" seemed to have rented a room in the Rosewood Motel for at least one night. (A Person of Interest)
- Owns high-tech equipment, including surveillance cameras, room bugs, and a projector. (Numerous occasions shown, however prominent in I Must Confess & The Devil You Know.)
- Half a dozen custom-designed cupcakes (for Hanna). (Know Your Frenemies)
- A ticket to an art opening in Philadelphia (for Hanna). (If At First You Don't Succeed, Lie, Lie Again)
- Custom-designed fortune cookies (for the girls before homecoming). (There's No Place Like Homecoming)
- Zombie Killer costume. (The First Secret)
Second A:
- Leather gloves and multiple black hoodies. (Blood Is The New Black)
- A large deep freezer large enough to hold a body/corpse. (Kingdom of the Blind)
- A bottle of Vodka. (Kingdom of the Blind)
- Plane tickets to Montecito, CA and back to Philadelphia, PA.
- An apartment to rent. (The Remains of the "A")
- $50,000 in cash (Stolen Kisses)
- Two Tickets for the Halloween Ghost Train Party (The Lady Killer)
- Queen of Hearts costume $179.99 (seen on This Is A Dark Ride, price shown in Hot Water)
- A gift basket with an "It's A Boy" balloon attached (She's Better Now)
- About 100 bottles of Whiskey (Dead To Me/What Becomes Of The Broken Hearted).
- Four bobbleheads that resemble the liars
- An RV (rented)
- Possible pilot lessons and a plane or plane ride (A dAngerous gAme)
- Construction manual and gift card (Crash and Burn, Girl!)
Spencer: It's like I hear "A" laughing in my head.
Hanna: If Ian didn't kill Ali, did "A"?
Aria: "A" knows everything.
Emily: If that bitch is 'A', then this could be a trap.
Alison: You know, I really should do something about that "A." That bitch is genuinely getting on my nerves.
Mona/A [to Spencer]: You're not the only genius in this car. You bitches underestimated me.
A: I'm still here bitches,and i know everything.
A: Mona played with dolls, I play with body parts. Game on, bitches.
A: Lions and tigers and bitches oh my! There's no place like homecoming. See you there.
A: You'll get your $$$ back if you do what I say. Sweet dreams.
Toby [about "A"]: It's always felt like a 'she,' hasn't it?


text:
From Truck Used to Promote HIV/AIDS Awareness
Thursday, October 02, 2008
MEXICO CITY Missing in Mexico: 5,000 condoms, sound equipment and a motor used to inflate a giant prophylactic, all stolen from a "condom-mobile" used to promote HIV/AIDS awareness.
The coordinator of an HIV/AIDS awareness tour, Polo Gomez, said the truck was taken Sunday from its parking spot in front of a friend's house in Mexico City.
It was recovered Wednesday in a shopping mall parking lot in a northern suburb - minus the condoms and the equipment. Gomez said the thieves left some 800 HIV tests and a 23-foot inflatable prophylactic, which were also in the vehicle.
The truck wasn't hard to locate. It features painted images of a peeled banana, the exposed part shaped like a condom, and a shirtless man saying: "I protect myself. Do you?"
After the theft received widespread media coverage, residents phoned police with the vehicle's whereabouts, Gomez said.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
17 April 2014
Protected Planet News: Inspiring News for conservation
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3 April 2014 Protected Planet News: Inspiring News for conservation
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7 March 2014 Protected Planet Meso America and BIOPAMA
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National Parks of Montenegro becomes new IUCN member; Tursujuq National Park, Canada; Esperanza Sancho; EPIC Senegal case study: Strengthening local climate change adaptation strategies in West Africa; Contribute to the BIOPAMA Regional Observatory in West and Central Africa; Marine Mediterranean Protected Areas; Dinaric Arc 'Big Win' agreement strides forward. View Full Newsletter
7 February Protected Planet News: Wetlands and Europe
IUCN welcomes Total's 'no-go' commitment in World Heritage Sites ; WPC: Stay involved in the world's most important protected areas event; A World Heritage sanctuary for the world's most threatened cat - Doñana National Park, Spain; A young conservation champion for Pakistan - Aziz Ahmed; MoorFutures - how regional carbon credits from peatland rewetting can help nature conservation in protected areas; Free World Heritage app; BIOPAMA to engage new cadre of Conservation Officers in Fiji; New brochure details IUCN's Commissions and inspiring people leading them; IV Mesoamerican Congress on Protected Areas; Help design the Young Professionals Group logo. View full Newsletter
24 January Global Protected Area News
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10 January IUCN World Heritage News
Welcome to 2014 with a free trip around the most beautiful places on earth; World Parks Congress logo, call for content and roles; World Heritage: beacons of inspiration; Experts advise IUCN on its position for 2014 World Heritage nominations; El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage site, Mexico; Jim Thorsell: from pioneer to veteran of IUCN's work on World Heritage; The road for entrepreneurship in African World Heritage sites; Linking Landscapes: Exploring the relationships between World Heritage cultural landscapes and IUCN protected areas; Mesoamerican Congress on Protected Areas; The WILD side of World Heritage. View full Newsletter
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BIOPAMA gains momentum at Pacific Islands Fora; WPC stay connected on social media; Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati; Nelson Mandela; Updated version of DOPA Explorer released; Christine Mentzel - BIOPAMA's importance for the NBSAP process in Eastern and Southern Africa; Natural Solutions: Protected areas protecting people as a tool for disaster risk reduction; Developing a Shared Vision for Improving Access to Information for Protected Areas Management in the Caribbean; Introducing Hyacinth Armstrong-Vaughn, BIOPAMA focal point for the Caribbean; Contribute before the end of the year to PARKS. View full newsletter
22 November 2013 Pacific and Oceania Special Edition
Asia Parks Congress concludes with pledge for new era in protected area collaboration; WPC registration now open; The terrestrial biodiversity jewel of Polynesia-Micronesia - Sovi Protected Area, Fiji; Collecting hope for marine protected areas – Elin Kelsey; From discussion to action in Disaster Risk Reduction at the Asia Parks Congress; BIOPAMA to contribute to upcoming Pacific fora; Myanmar seeks global standards to conserve its natural heritage; 9th Pacific Island Conference on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas; The legal aspects of connectivity conservation; Workshop steps up refinement of protected area professional competences. View full newsletter
8 November 2013 Asia Parks Congress Special Edition
New parks rises from the ashes of the great eastern Japan earthquake and tsunami 7 days left before registration to WPC Paem Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia Dr. Shekhar Kumar Niraj Enhancing Sustainable Resource Management Capacity in Thailand Asia Parks Congress BIOPAMA addresses capacity development needs at marine conference Parks Journal 19.2 European Development Days No time to lose for our planet's "blue heart"
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25 October 2013
Coastal forum confirmsnature-based solutions are key for climate change adaptation,&World nearing 3% of ocean protection, Regional PA network established in the Caribbean, IUCN Goodwill Ambassador from Japan joins APC efforts, Shiretoko National Park, Japan, BIOPAMA raises awareness at African forestry and wildlife gathering, Do oceans have universal value?? IUCN identifies gaps in marine World Heritage, Guidelines for applying protected area management categories, 9th Pacific Islands Conference on Nature Conservation and Protected Areas, Fiji, 2-6 December 2013,"A global movement of protected areas supporters comes to life", Wild-10
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11 October WH Special Edition
5 Million for the largest and deepest UNESCO World Heritage Site, WPC 2014 Information brochure available, Asia Parks Congress on facebook, Chengjian Fossil Site, China,Tanja Rosen,Two dams stopped after IUCN advises against World Heritage Nomination,Keeping the outstanding exceptional: the future of World Heritage in Australia,Pacific World Heritage Workshop,Yakushima
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27 September 2013
Columbia makes history with huge expansion of largest national park; Registration countdown underway for IUCN WPC 2014; Why nature needs half - a preview of the next issue of PARKS journal; Kaziranga National Park, India; New publication: Social and Economic Benefits of Protected Areas - An assessment guide; BIOPAMA website goes live; Participate in Wild 10 resolutions; Report on the Professionalising PA management workshop
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Ocean elders tap WCPA and IUCN for new advisors;IN MEMORIUM: Farewell, Françoise Buehenne-Guilmin; WPC MOU signed;A bird droppings biodiversity paradise – the Guano Islands and Capes National Reserve System, Peru;Dr Grazia Borrini-Feyerabend – Global Coordinator of the ICCA Consortium and principal author of Governance of Protected Areas - From understanding to action, the newest of IUCN's Best Practice in Protected Area Guidelines; Governance of protected areas – From understanding to action; Introducing Tony O'Keeffe, new BIOPAMA focal point for the Pacific; World Forum on Natural Capital, 21 - 22 November 2013, Edinburgh, Scotland
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23 August 2013
Thailand observes its first World Ranger Day; Register now for the Asia Parks Congress; Read an interview with Bob Peart; Wood Buffalo National Park, Canada; Call for biodiversity conservation projects in the Indo-Burma Hotspot; Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas and climate change; Third International Marine Protected Areas Congress, 21-25 October 2013, Marseille, France
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15 August 2013
Iraq's first national park announced; IUCN World Parks Congress 2014 website goes live; IUCN celebrates World Ranger Day, as Prince William salutes park rangers' "brave and tireless work"; The Serengeti of the East - East Daurian Steppe, Mongolia; New private protected area study underway; Europarc Conference 2013, 9-13 October, Debrecen, Hungary; Protected Areas as a Legitimate Land Use; Logo Competition
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26 July 2013 BIOPAMA special edition
Efforts to establish World's largest marine protected area in Antarctica postponed … again; About BIOPAMA; BIOPAMA looks ahead to the forthcoming IUCN World Parks Congress 2014; Capacity development in West and Central Africa through training in protected areas management; Lesotho and South Africa's Transboundary World Heritage wonder: Maloti-Drakensberg Park; Key initiatives build bridges for protected areas management in the Caribbean; African Forestry and Wildlife Committee, 30 Sept - 4 Oct, 2013
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12 July 2013 World Heritage special edition
222 natural World Heritage Sites to protect; IUCN experts at the UNESCO World Heritage Committee; Five Natural Wonders Declared World Heritage; Tim Badman - IUCN World Heritage Programme Director; Terrestrial biodiversity and the World Heritage List - in English and French; WILD10, Salamanca, Spain 4-10 October; Getting involved in the State of World Heritage
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17 June 2013
Decision time for World Heritage; European Protected Area Capacity Development and the 6th IUCN World Parks Congress; Maja Vasilijevic; Madagascar's Marine Jewel - the Barren Isles Archipelago; IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2013; The Second Protected Areas National Congress of Ecuador; Key steps to guide decisions in BIOPAMA Eastern and Southern African Region
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31 May 2013
From risk to opportunity: reducing the risk of disasters the natural way; IUCN's WPC team is on board; Alistair Morrison – Director-General, Department of Conservation, New Zealand; Reserva Natural de las Aves El Paujil - an Avian paradise; Climate in the Parks: Innovative climate change education in parks; Register now for a course on Planning & Managing Tourism in Protected Areas; New JRC Project Leader for BIOPAMA
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18 April 2013
Why you should come to Cambodia this June; New terrestrial gaps study to be unveiled; The World Heritage Convention: back on the right track?; Dialogue between the mining sector and World Heritage sites in Africa; A training bridge between nature and culture; New guidance is available on the World Heritage criterion; Do you hold first-hand knowledge on natural and mixed World Heritage Sites?
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22 March 2013
PARKS paper reveals progress on management effectivenss targets; Sydney is ideal to host the IUCN World Parks Congress; Sukianto Lusli, Augus Budi Utomo and Yusup Cahyadin; Pinnacles National Park USA; Sacred Species and Sites : Advances in biocultural conservation ;Nick Cox, BIOPAMA Project Manager; Official website for IMPAC
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8 March 2013
First Asia Parks Congress strives for protected area connections, the World Parks Congress needs your input, Dr Namkhai Bandi,Vashlovani Protected Areas: Cradle of the Caucasus, Ecological Restoration for protected areas - in English and in French, A BIOPAMA champion in the Pacific, IMPAC3 - Call for Papers
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22 February 2013
Support capacity development in Eastern and Southern Africa say WCPA Regional Vice Chair, Moses Mapesa WPC Logo approved Peter Cochrane Elk Island National Park, Canada Parks, Peace and Biodiversity publication BIOPAMA bolsters progress on capacity development for protected areas in the Pacific and West Africa Sustainable Ocean Summit Balkan Green Belt Capacity Building Workshop
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8 February 2013
New Ramsar Wetlands in Brazil, WPC Leaders wanted, Manuai Matawai, Hustai NP Mongolia,Protected Areas Governance and Management E-book newsletter,BIOPAMA The Caribbean Regional Workshop – from planning to action,CITES,IUCN experts deliberate defining degraded lands
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25 January 2013
Leaders wanted for IUCN World Parks Congress 2014, Julia Miranda Londoño, Arnavon Islands,MPA Guidelines,BIOPAMA 2nd Year,Asia Parks Congress, MEDPan
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11 January 2013
IUCN World Parks Congress build up underway, Graeme Kelleher OceanElder, Sydney Harbour National Park, PAs in Europe, What's new and who is who in BIOPAMA?, Mountains under watch
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14 December 2012
Australia creates world largest network of marine reserves; Francesco Framarin, 41 years for the bearded vulture; Iguaçu NP Brazil; Parks 18.2; ESARO workshop; IPBES; WDPA workshops
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30 November 2012,
IUCN supports Cook Islands to create the world's largest marine park,Bob Debus - The Australia National Wildlife Corridors Plan, Butrinti National Park, Albania World Heritage Site,Protected area literature database,18th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC,Christine Mentzel ESARO focal point for BIOPAMA
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16 November 2012,
PAs in many WCC resolutions: Julia Marton-Lefèvre - Speech on PAs; Pukaskwa NP, Canada; Initiating effective transboundary conservation;WILD 10 Call for abstracts; Béatrice Chataigner, PACO focal point for BIOPAMA
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2 November 2012
Decision at CBD COP 11 cites major role for IUCN GPAP and WCPA in moving protected areas agenda forward, Oscar Loayza: Receiving the Kenton Miller award brings complete happiness, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Conserving Dryland Biodiversity, World Ranger Congress,
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19 October 2012
Protected Areas presented as Natural Solutions at CBD COP 11, Protected Areas lose a champion: Rob Milne, Western Ghats, India, Protected Planet Report, Europarc Conference 2012, BIOPAMA : Sara Whitmee
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5 October 2012
First woman to receive the Young Conservationist Award : Elisangela Sales Dos Santos, Changing the way we look at protected areas - Ernesto Enkerkin Hoeflich, Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Canada, PARKS: The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Protected Areas Day at COP-11, BIOPAMA moved forward at the IUCN World Conservation Congress
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Skip to Content
Home > Wellness > Health Library > Atopic Dermatitis: Taking Care of Your Skin
Good skin care is an essential part of
controlling the itch and rash of
atopic dermatitis. To help prevent a cycle of
itching, scratching, and rash, you can:
Atopic dermatitis is a
long-lasting (chronic) skin condition that causes intense itching and then a
red, raised
rash. It usually develops in early childhood and
continues into the teen years. Adults also may have it or have milder symptoms
than they did as children, along with sensitive-skin problems.
you have atopic dermatitis, your skin is very sensitive to irritants and is
prone to becoming itchy and developing a rash. Scratching may seem to relieve
the itch. But scratching often results in a rash and leads to a self-perpetuating cycle
of itching, scratching, and rash.
Scratching helps soothe atopic dermatitis
Although scratching is the most natural
response to an itch, it is also the most damaging. With each scratch, the skin
becomes more
inflamed and damaged, making the itch worse than
before. Over time, the skin can become raw and infected or thick and leathery
(lichenification), either of which makes it harder for
the skin to heal.
Continue to Why?
Skin affected by atopic
dermatitis (atopic skin) must be kept well hydrated. Although researchers have
yet to fully understand the causes of atopic dermatitis, it is known that skin
dryness plays a big part in symptoms getting worse.
Dry, atopic skin:
Keeping the skin hydrated makes atopic skin:
After I find the right medicine for atopic
dermatitis, I won't have to be so careful about skin care.
Keeping skin well lubricated and hydrated is
important when treating atopic dermatitis. For medicine to be effective, it
must be well absorbed by healthy, moisturized skin. Sometimes good skin care is
all that is needed to control a mild itch and rash.
Continue to How?
Good skin care is an
essential part of controlling the itch and rash of
atopic dermatitis. To help prevent a cycle of
scratching, itching, and rash, keep your skin hydrated and identify and avoid
skin irritants.
To care for your
Moisturizers include Aquaphor, Eucerin, or Purpose. Or you may want to try a skin barrier repair moisturizer, such as CeraVe or TriCeram, that can help with burning, itching, and redness. For severe dryness,
try petroleum jelly, mineral oil, or an all-vegetable shortening such as
Try to avoid skin
irritants, such as:
Daily washing with soap and water is an important part
of skin care for atopic dermatitis.
While soaking in clean, lukewarm water is important
for hydrating the skin, soaking too long or washing with soap removes the
skin's layer of natural oils.
Continue to Where?
To learn more about skin care for atopic
dermatitis, talk to your:
If you would like to learn more about skin care for atopic
dermatitis, the following resources are available:
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) provides information
about the care of skin. You can locate a dermatologist in your
area by using their "Find a Dermatologist" tool. Or you can read the latest news in dermatology. "SPOT Skin Cancer" is the AAD's program to reduce deaths from melanoma. There is also a link called "Skin Conditions" that has information about many common skin problems.
The U.S. National Eczema Association for Science and
Education works to improve the health and quality of life of people living with
atopic dermatitis/eczema.
This Web site from the American Academy of Dermatology provides information on the treatment and management of skin diseases. There are links to information about acne, actinic keratoses, eczema, psoriasis, rosacea, skin cancer, and aging skin. There are also links to other resources, such as how to find a dermatologist in your area.
Return to topic:
Atopic Dermatitis
Last Revised:
April 17, 2012
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Amy McMichael, MD - Dermatology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise, Incorporated disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use.
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In light of today's energy costs and demand for production reliability, it's more important than ever to incorporate a proactive steam trap station management program in your overall steam system management program. Here are some "must-do" and "must-have" elements associated with this comprehensive approach.
A steam trap station failure rate must be below 3% annually. To achieve this type of reliability, root-cause-analysis methodologies must be part of your program. We simply can no longer accept failures of more than 3% with station components: The cost is too high. Today, plant operation mandates that a steam trap station should provide a reliable service life of at least six years.
Why "steam trap station management" instead of "steam trap management?" A trap is just one component in a proper steam trap station arrangement. Reviewing a trap by itself—instead of as part of an entire steam trap station—can hamper effective steam operations.
Poor steam trap station management is a major cause of energy-dollar losses and significantly increases emissions in today's steam system operations. A successful steam trap station management program can identify defective steam valves and steam traps, as well as strainer and blowdown valve failures. Additionally, with this information, the amount of energy and emission impacts for each valve or trap failure can be calculated. Benefits of effective steam trap station management include:
Today, a steam trap station should have a reliable service life of at least six years.
A 16-step program for success
The return on investment (ROI) from a complete and integrated steam trap station management program typically takes less than 12 months. As you review the steps to success, keep in mind that Step #1—one of the most important items on your "must-do" list—is to ensure that all personnel understand their roles in this success. Now consider the remaining 15.
Step #2. Identify all components in a steam trap station.
Step #3. Build a steam trap station management team.
Be sure to include personnel from all levels of the organization on this team:
Step #4. Determine desired end results.
Step #5. Select a steam team leader.
The team leader has a number of responsibilities, including, but not limited to:
Step #6. Determine specific items for the team to address.
Include timetables/schedules, where appropriate.
A trap is just one component in a proper steam trap station arrangement. Looking at the trap by itself, instead of as part of an entire station, can hamper effective steam operations.
Step #7. Develop a training roadmap for plant personnel on various aspects of the steam system and its operation.
Examples of topics include:
Step #8. Track the steam trap stations in a database.
Do you know where your steam trap stations are located? All such stations need to be designated with a unique identification code. Critical information should be recorded on each station for future reference and entered into a database system for proper analysis. Examples of the information to be recorded during a steam trap station survey include:
Step #9. Benchmark steam trap station performance.
A steam trap station survey can be performed either by company personnel or outsourced to an experienced firm. The survey should cover all elements listed here (and more to meet plant requirements). The information must be gathered on each steam trap station. If plant staff conducts the audit, auditing personnel should be certified as Level I or Level II Steam Trap Examiners.
Step #10. Use proper tools to test steam traps.*
The typical tools used for testing steam traps include the following:
(*Important Note: All of these tools require training of the person assigned to do the task.)
Step #11. Conduct in-depth testing and evaluation of existing steam trap stations to establish benchmarks.
Add all components, including steam traps, isolation valves, letdown stations, etc., to a database. Steam profiling or a steam balance is typically added into the program to help users understand the dynamics of the steam and condensate system.
Step #12. Review the benchmark data.
Analyze results from Step #10, then set a roadmap for correction. Review data from the steam trap station study to identify unreliable components and deficient installations. The goal of the process is to obtain a 3% failure rate in the steam trap station population. The results of the analysis will provide necessary information on the steam trap stations that are leading to the highest energy losses, which, in turn, will help set the correction roadmap. All failed steam trap station components will be collected and factored into the root cause analysis.
Step #13. Perform a root-cause analysis (RCA).
RCA is a method of problem-solving aimed at identifying the root causes of problems or events that result in the failure of the steam trap station components. The practice of RCA is predicated on the belief that problems in the steam system are best solved by attempting to address, correct or eliminate root causes, as opposed to merely addressing the problem by changing out the component with the same or similar component. The result of the latter action is that the failure will occur again.
By directing corrective measures based on the RCA, failure recurrence can more likely be prevented. It is, however, recognized that complete prevention of the failure by one corrective action is not always possible. Conversely, several effective corrective measures (methods) may address the root cause of a problem. Thus, RCA is often considered an iterative process—and frequently viewed as a tool of continuous improvement. Still, RCA is one of the most powerful tools in a steam trap management program.
Step #14. Evaluate steam trap stations in a selected area.
Based on the RCA, you may want to re-evaluate steam trap station vendors—to determine which of them can best meet your plant's requirements. The team leader should determine 6-10 steam trap stations for evaluation purposes. Select locations where it's easy to monitor the stations' performance. The following suggestions can help simplify the evaluation process:
Take time to consider all the parameters and to evaluate the dynamics of the system while making the correct sizing and selection of the steam trap. Steam trap sizing is not just a selection based upon pipe size—it also involves sizing of the internal diameter of the steam trap discharge orifice. For low-pressure commercial heating systems, manufacturers have developed traps whose pipe size relates directly to the steam trap capacity (orifice size). For industrial steam traps, though, this is typically NOT the case.
A 2" steam trap can have the same capacity as a steam trap with ½" connections. Only following the determination of the condensate capacity, maximum orifice pressure rating, operating steam pressure, pressure differential, and steam trap model can the pipe size or connections be selected.
• Steam line drip leg, unit heater, tracer or other small condensate loads will use a thermostatic design steam trap.
• Process applications (heat exchanger, reboiler, reactor, etc.) will use a free float: float and thermostatic design steam trap.
Step #15. Update your established standards for steam trap station installation.
After the RCA, the plant may need to update its trap installation and connection standards to help reduce the steam trap station failure rate. A high percentage of such is due to an incorrect steam trap installation. (See sidebar for where to obtain standards.)
Step #16. Take all benchmark data (after the corrections) and continue the steam trap station program on a PM schedule.
Do not let the program stop. It MUST go on, based on the timeframes shown here:
It's a safe bet that fuel costs for producing steam will only be going up from here on out. Now's a good time to begin a proactive steam trap station program. These 16 steps to steam system success are a good place to start. They'll help you be a true manager of the steam, instead of letting the steam manage you. MT
Where Can You Get Steam Trap Standards?
The Swagelok Energy Advisors (SEA) Website has standard installation prints, which can be provided in AutoCAD format upon request. Standards allow plant personnel to better understand the operation of each steam trap station and proper installation techniques. This will help eliminate repair or replacement costs due to incorrect installation.
To obtain these standards and/or to learn more about SEA's services, click here.


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1003 CEDAR St, Santa Cruz, CA | Directions 9506036.975156 -122.027896
Daily, noon - 1am
GOOD TIMES – Bottle service is excellent, and not too too pricey. The service was great a little crowded but they got their job done. Bartender mixed me a couple of her own specialty drinks and they were fabulous! It?s packed on Saturdays so if you hate big crowds it isn?t the place for you, but I loved every minute of it.
Red Rum – I like this place I always say that when I see the red restaurant/room. The atmosphere is quirky but at least they have a fireplace and a lot of seating, couches are old too. I liked my martini the only problem is the service. I sat down with friends and after 15 minutes went to the bar to order, they weren't that busy i think but maybe it was an off night. Don't sit near a window you will be chilled like me in my a halter you don't think about this getting ready. Try the drinks but do what you want.
Good for after work drinks and dinner, very crowded on weekend evenings – The food was better than expected. If you get there early (5-6ish) there is room to sit and relax while sipping creative drinks, it gets very crowded and very hot as the evening goes on.
Well... – good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good good.
Fun place to start your night – This is a great place to start your night & catch up with friends before you head out to the real bars/clubs. If you get there early enough or act like a hawk you can swoop in and get your own table. The drinks are strong which is always a plus!! Try a Grateful Dead.. enjoy = ) Also, theres a FREE jukebox with an awesome mix of music! It can get a bit smokey sometimes, but its one of the few places you can smoke inside... or at least.. get away with it.
Too Packed – The atmosphere is nice, the dim red lights and the low music, but get there super early or you will not be able to sit down, and don't expect to get a drink
red room service red in face – Nice place to visit, but do not expect exception serive. Half of the staffs' attitude is poor and getting a drink when they are busy is nearly impossible. Better places in town to spend your cash.
Another Good Red Room – I've been to many Red Rooms (no, they're not a chain) over the years, and this remains one of my favorites even though it's not done up all fabulous like the one in SF. It's just a cool place to hang out and have a drink off the beaten path of Pac Ave. The tables are plentiful, though it's always fun to sit at the bar as well.
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Checkered Rooster Area Rugs 22 23
Checkered Area Rooster Rug This is the second Checkered Area Rooster rug that we have purchased from Frontgate. Nine years ago we purchased the same item for the area in front of our kitchen sink. That rug was comfortable to stand on and matched our kitchen decor perfectly. When our first rug started to fray around the edges we decided to see if it was still available. Fortunately it was. Since this rug lasted nine years, I would say the rug wears well. Obviously, I would buy this rug again. March 27, 2014
Just As Described I'm pleased with this purchase. The colors are eye catching and tasteful and the small size I ordered covers the designated space well. An additional plus is that the rug was received earlier than the estimated delivery date. It will take some time before I know how durable it is. January 6, 2014
love my new rug I am a rooster nut and I love my new rooster rug I bought for my kitchen. I bought the larger size and it looks beautiful in front of my sink area. I searched hard and long for the perfect rug for my home and this rug made me a totally satisfied customer - Thank you Frontgate! July 10, 2013
Makes a statement I put this rug (large size) in front of my stove in my french country kitchen and it looks great. Just what the kitchen needed. Bold color's and comfy on the feet. Spilled food wipes off easily. April 16, 2013
Beautiful but Different When I received this rug, I expected it to look like the picture (1 rooster). However, when I unrolled the rug, there were 2 roosters, not 1. I don't know whether the size of the rug determines how many roosters will appear. The rug is attractive and well-made and enhances my kitchen. I am very satisfied with my purchase. March 8, 2013
Yikes!! Bought this rug about one year ago - and loved it. Just had it professionally cleaned for the first time [as is recommended by the label on the back of the rug] and it disintegrated!! If you buy this rug for it's charm, keep it in a low-traffic area where it may never require cleaning! April 23, 2012
not same rug Please bring back the larger size. This rug is too small . I previously bought 3 of these rugs and the larger size, 24X36 , was much nicer April 9, 2012
Quality made ... rich colors Excellent quality, hooked rug, with vibrant colors. We had previously bought 3' X 8' Rooster rugs from same manufacturer and have been pleased with them. Like most hooked rugs, they wear like iron. Always expensive but, in this case, worth it. March 26, 2012


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More news
our climate is not for sale
During the UN climate talks in Durban, 2011, we released this briefing on the threat of carbon market expansion during the climate talks.
Our position on forest certification schemes
Friends of the Earth International strongly rejects certification of large-scale tree plantations and does not support any forest certification scheme at a global level. This page sets out the reasons why.
Senseless Arrests Reign in Sarawak, Malaysia
Sahabat Alam Malaysia / Friends of the Earth Malaysia have expressed their concerns to the authorities regarding the intimidation and persecution of indigenous leaders in Sarawak. In the latest incident a community activist from the Indigenous Iban tribe was arrested and charged with attempted murder.


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In May, Portland, OR's new Fifth Avenue Suites Hotel opens downtown with 82 guest rooms, 135 550-square-foot suites, and four grand suites. The property is being constructed in the 1912 Lipman Wolfe building, most recently a department store, and will offer 4,500 square feet of meeting space as well as a fitness center and spa.
Tropical Florida has a new property: The Key West Hilton Resort & Marina opened in January overlooking the Gulf of Mexico, with 178 guest rooms and 5,200 square feet of meeting space. The resort provides shuttle service to Sunset Key, a private island 500 yards off the coast with a sand beach and beach club.


text:
A luxury Dubai business hotel that never fails to impress For group agendas that succeed on the ultimate balance between work and play, Dubai offers an ideal destination to achieve it. At The Ritz-Carlton, Dubai International Financial Centre, meeting planners will discover one of the Middle East's most dynamic business hotels near the Dubai Convention Centre, with an exceptional selection of meeting space perfect for both corporate and social events. Featuring one of the largest ballrooms on Sheikh Zayed Road with a private entrance, eight separate meeting rooms filled with natural light, and unique outdoor spaces to take advantage of Dubai's hospitable climate, the hotel also complements every event with legendary Ritz-Carlton service to ensure every meeting is flawless.
This luxury business hotel in DIFC also features:
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Ideacity | Dec 19, 2012 | 10:51
Adam Cohen on music and manhood
Singer songwriter Adam Cohen had his world turned upside down with the birth of his first son. In this session from ideacity 2005, Cohen performs his original song "Like a Man", in which he sets the stage for his son's path to adulthood.


text: 69 Cougar XR-7, R-code, 4-speed, ram air, 3.91 Detroit Locker, lime gold green, black vinyl top, am/fm stereo, PDB, PS, export brace, Monte Carlo bar, ballanced & blueprinted 427 short block. Period correct engine bay including hoses, wires, distributor and carb. Never wrecked, no rust all original sheet metal. 15" Magnum 500's plus 5 restored original 14" styled steel wheels with trim rings (4). Older restoration. Street driven show winner: best paint, best engine, AACA 1st in class & Sponsor's Choice. Not a trailor queen! Deluxe Marti Report 1 of 1. Wilmington, NC. Call Greg at 910-262-2262 or e-mail email@example.com. MCA 52038