text:
Ruth Iyob, International Peace Academy; Edmond J. Keller, University of California Los Angeles
DRAFT - *Not for Quotation*
Work in Progress
The purpose of this chapter is to critically assess, the respective interests of both the United States and the countries of the Horn of Africa region*, and the interrelationships that have historically grown out of those interests. In addition, the essay attempts to show how the forces of globalization have affected those interests (particularly international terrorism and regional security needs, the national/regional nutritional and human security crises relating to food, water, environmental insecurity). [1] Rather than organizing the discussion into discrete country sections, as much as possible, we attempt to approach our topic in a comparative manner. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the current state of affairs, particularly as this relates to the Horn of Africa and US involvement in the region.
The Horn of Africa and the US: An Introduction
Despite historically never having close relations with any African country, the onset of the Cold War, and the strategic location of Eritrea and Ethiopia astride the Red Sea, led to the US developing a strategic alliance with Ethiopia that lasted for twenty-five years. In fact, after the Second World War, Ethiopia became the cornerstone of US involvement in the Horn of Africa. [2] Following the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, which lasted from 1936 to 1941, the British reinstated Emperor Haile Selassie, and assisted him in administering part of modern-day Ethiopia until 1952. However, after 1943, British influence and involvement in Ethiopia declined rapidly. The Emperor systematically cultivated a relationship with the US, and when the last vestiges of a British presence in Ethiopia disappeared, the US stepped in as Ethiopias main superpower patron.
Beginning with the inclusion of Ethiopia in President Harry Trumans Four Point Program, [3] what developed was a reciprocal relationship between the two countries. The US was interested in gaining a strategic presence in the Horn, and Ethiopia allowed the US to establish a naval base and radio tracking station at Asmara in Eritrea, so as to improve its ability to monitor the telegraphic traffic in the emerging Communist Bloc countries to the northeast. Ethiopia in turn received economic and military assistance from the US. In May 1953 two diplomatic agreements were signed formalizing the relationship between the two countries: The Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement and the Agreement for the Utilization of Defense Installations within the Ethiopian Empire. A significant by-product of this new relationship was the political support Ethiopia received from the US for its claims to Eritrea in the aftermath of the War. [4]
The USs desire to maintain its access and presence in the Horn region, led to the US becoming more deeply involved in Ethiopias domestic affairs than strategic planners had ever imagined. American policy was centered on keeping Haile Selassie in power and on keeping the Horn relatively stable and free from communism. In this way the strategic interests of the US came to intersect historically with Haile Selassies domestic and regional interests. A series of secret agreements between the two governments between 1960 and 1964 resulted in the modernization and dramatic expansion of the Ethiopian military. The stated purpose was to prepare Ethiopia to be able to successfully meet whatever military challenge might come from independent Somalia, which claimed the Ogaden and Haud regions of southeastern Ethiopia. [5]
The US presence in the Horn has to be considered against the backdrop of the Cold War competition between the US and the Soviet Union, particularly in the aftermath of the USSRs pronouncement in the mid-1970s of the Breshniev Doctrine, establishing the Kremlins commitment to support fledgling socialist states. [6] Prior to this time, the US Ethiopia held the balance of power in the Horn, and to the extent that there existed armed conflict in the Horn; it involved armed militants in Eritrea, and Somali irredentists, with the aid of the Government of Somalia. In the mid-1970s, the USSR drew close to Somalia when it proclaimed its commitment to governing on the basis of scientific socialism. And, despite the USs displeasure with the military junta that overthrew Emperor Haile Salassie in 1974 because of its gross violations of human rights, the US felt compelled to draw a line in the sand against the onslaught of communism in the Horn, and continued to maintain a relationship with Ethiopia, despite its turn to the left. However, this changed with the election of Jimmy Carter to the American Presidency in 1976. Carter on assuming office lived up to his promise to withhold military sales and grants to Ethiopia because of its human rights record. This in turn led to a severing of relationships between the two countries in April 1977. In the process the door was left open for the USSR to step in as Ethiopias main superpower patron. The US countered by stepping up its own efforts to woo Somalia away from the Soviets.
From this point on, the US saw it as being in its vital national interest to broaden its access and presence in the Horn. It actively considered direct military assistance to Somalia. However, this assistance never became significant. What did become significant was the indirect military aid the US provided via third party countries in the region that were friendly to the US (e.g. Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Sudan). Also of significance was Carters decision regarding Ethiopia to pursue an encirclement strategy. This strategy was designed to provide countries surrounding Ethiopia with economic and military assistance, and thereby hold communism in the Horn at bay. Kenya, Egypt, Sudan, Somalia, and Oman were asked to allow their territories to be used as staging grounds for the US Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), which could be used to project US military might into the Middle East and Persian Gulf. [7]
In the process of pursuing what they perceived to be their own vital interests, the superpowers contributed to the escalation of a regional arms race in the Horn. While the US and the Soviets competed for clients in the Horn, the Ethiopians and Somalis stepped up their hostilities toward one another. In the process the military capacities of all the countries in the region, except for Djibouti increased significantly between the mid-1970 and mid-1980s. [8] What was also significant by the mid-1980s was the growth in strength and activity of the armed nationalists in Eritrea, and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA), and armed opposition groups inside of Ethiopia and Somalia. This created a widespread sense of physical insecurity in the Horn, which in turn had a devastating effect on human security in the region. Border tensions, civil wars and the natural catastrophe of drought compounded the problems of Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia. The collapse of the Somali state was a manifestation of the multiple and deleterious effects of both the irredentist campaigns against Ethiopia and the civil war.
Shifting Terrains: The End of the Cold War & Political Islam in the Horn
The ending of the Cold War, which coincided with the growth in regional humanitarian and political crises in the Horn, had a ripple effect throughout the whole region. When such domestic problems spill over borders they can become transformed into regional and even potentially global conflicts. The radical transformation of the Sudanese state from a secular one to a theocracy, which came about in 1989, signaled the first shift in the Horn. The collapse of the Somali state and the emergence of a new Eritrean state, both occurring in 1991, were accompanied by political, economic and social convulsions that transformed the basis upon which American alliances had been predicated. Maintaining the territorial integrity of the nation-state, a justification used by both Ethiopia and Somalia, came to be seriously challenged by the emergence of new norms in the early post-Cold War years. Challenges to the sovereignty of these states also came from internal socio-political as well as economic re-configurations of state-society relations which gave rise to militant actions by non-state actors and the rise of shadowy trans-national financial diaspora networks. These diaspora networks , established by exiles of the numerous wars waged by dissidents in the Horn came to re-define the conventional basis for alliances, which previously had been based on the ideological affinities of both local, regional and international actors. With the failure of the majority of postcolonial states to deliver promises of prosperity and equality to their constituencies, political Islam emerged in certain areas as an alternative.
In the Horn this challenge began in the last days of the regime of Jaafar Nimeiri in Sudan in the mid-1980s when the former Socialist leader announced his commitment to govern Sudan according to the principles of strict sharia law. On June 5, 1983 Nimeiri issued Republican Order Number One, abrogating the agreement that had ended the civil war between the North and the South in 1972. [9] He later declared Sudan an Islamic state, but the breadth and depth of this change did not become manifest until the military coup of General Omar Hassan Bashir in 1989, with the backing of the Islamic Brotherhood, under the leadership of Hassan Turabi. [10] The success of the Islamic fundamentalists in Sudan had implications for the Horn as a whole. Sudans call to all Muslims was to rise up against the West and its forms of decadence as well as that of its key allies in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf. This new stance led to a deterioration of US-Sudanese relations and the formulation of a policy to hem in the theocratic state by encouraging the formation of a front-line-state alliance of secular regimes from Horn and East Africa.
Sudan has a population of around 38 million, of which 70 per cent are Moslem. Kenyas population of some 31 million is estimated to include 10% Moslems. The Moslem population of tiny Djibouti (500,000) is estimated to be about 94%. Ninety-nine percent of Somalias population is Moslem, and Eritreas population of 3.5 million is estimated to be half Christian and half Moslem. By far Ethiopia has the largest Moslem population in the Horn. Ethiopias total population is estimated to be 65 million, 45% of this number is Moslem and 50% adhere to the Ethiopian Orthodox religion. Sudan, with its historic legacy of anti-colonial struggle infused with religious nationalism, became the vanguard of Islamic fundamentalism in the Horn and beyond. Its espousal of political Islam as an ideology led it to enter into relationships with well-known terrorists such as Carlos the Jackal and Osama Bin Ladin. It is thus worth noting that the ideological reach of Sudans Islamic fundamentalism had a major impact not only on the politics of the Horn, but it also extended into the global arena. [11] The role of indigenous intellectuals, such as the Sorbonne-trained Hassan Turabi, and the existence of a large number of Sudanese diaspora and their links to Islamic financial networks are factors that need to be understood as this relates to the permeability of Africa by the forces of global terrorism.
Domestic problems of cultural pluralism are more often than not conditioned by poverty, inequality and underdevelopment in these countries and this has at time shad devastating effects. Such is the case in the Sudan where the leadership of the Moslem Brothers is highly educated, but the followers are the poor and the dispossessed. Given the fact that similar conditions exist in all countries of the Horn, the disruptive potential of Islamic fundamental movements is obvious. But, is this the only way in which such movements present the countries of the Horn with potential problems? Also, is this problem demanding of regional or national interest alone, or is there a global dimension that must be considered?
Historical and Political Antecedents to Militant Islam in the Horn of Africa:
The politicization of Islam and the rise of radical clerics both the elite and grass roots levels is a historical feature of postcolonial state-society relations in the Horn of Africa. The intellectual debates of Islamist reformists secular as well as religious and the clerics call for a renewal of Islamic values have been present in these societies since their emergence as independent nation-states. THIS IS INTERESTING BUT IT TAKES US OFF ON A TANGENT.
In the Horn, the emergence of the majority of militant Islamic movements can be understood as responses to the exclusionary policies of the post-colonial regimes. Some, like the Al-Ittahid in Somalia are an inadvertent by-product of the failure of UN policy to bring to closure the chaos which its humanitarian intervention unleashed in the aftermath of the collapse of the state. In Eritrea, the fragmented radical Islamic groupings which later coalesced to form the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement (EIJM) had existed on the periphery of the war for independence. But, it emerged in a militant form with the convergence of the USs attempt to contain theocratic Sudan with Eritreas own policy of prohibiting religiously based political parties. In Ethiopia, where the legal and political status of Muslims had been elevated along with its Afro-Marxist ideology, the emergence of militant groups was accompanied with the disputes between the post-1991 regime and historically marginalized communities.12 These disputes lead to the exodus of dissidents to neighboring countries such as Djibouti, which confronts gargantuan tasks of mediation both at the regional and international levels.
Radical Islam, Regional Alliances and International Terrorism in the Horn:
The demise of the Cold War and its security framework, which had transformed Africa into, polarized spheres of influence of either the US or USSR coincided with the rise of radical Islam in the Horn and the returning mujahadeen from Afghanistan.13 Radical Muslims, supported by the most unlikely patron the United States had ousted the superpowers nemesis. The end result of this unlikely alliance between the multi-national forces of the mujahadeen which included Africans was the exportation of jihad and their acculturation into the shadowy world of international terrorism.14 The new leader of an international network espousing a radical transformation of Islam was a Saudi, Osama Bin Ladin, who upon his return to his homeland was regarded as a threat and stripped of his national citizenship and granted asylum in the Sudan.
Between 1991 and 1996, Bin Laden, set up his organization, Al Qaeda, in the Sudan.15 The Sudans advocacy of radical Islam in 1993 landed Sudan on the list of countries the US claimed to be harboring terrorists.16 Bin Laden claimed to be committed to the purest form of Islam, and asserted that he was prepared to wage a holy war against its enemies, including the US and Israel. Bin Laden developed close relationships with similar groups such as the Egyptian Islamic Group, which was also harbored by Sudan. The trend for Islamic movements that had interests in creating Islamic states in such countries as Egypt, Eritrea and Ethiopia by the early 1990s had become a concern for secular governments. This was made patently evident in 1995 when there was an assassination attempt against Egyptian president, Hosni Mubarak by the Sudan based Islamic Group in Addis Ababa on the occasion of the annual summit of the Organization of African Unity. Subsequently, Egypt and Ethiopia identified three members of that group living in Sudan as having been involved in the plot. However Sudan claimed that these individuals could not be found and therefore could not be extradited to stand trial. From this point on, relations between Sudan and its neighbors in the Horn became strained, and even led Ethiopia and Eritrea, along with Uganda, to support movements attempting to bring down the Bashir government.
The United States was also concerned about the growing influence of terrorist organizations based in Sudan, particularly Al Qaeda. The main concern was for the safety of American embassy personnel in the country. Consequently, the American embassy was shut down. The Sudanese government, guided by Turabi, stayed true to its solidarity with Al Qaedas leader, and facilitated his move to Afghanistan, and sought ways to lessen the harsh effects of the sanctions imposed on it by the UN due to its endorsement of terrorism. Diplomatically, the Sudanese government agreed to turn over Bin Ladin to the US, but in actuality enabled him to move his network to the staunchly anti-American in Afghanistan. [12] From Sudan Bin Laden set up a system of cells that were dispersed throughout the Horn and East Africa. Cell members became active in the local Islamic communities in the countries where they lived. They developed businesses, held jobs, got married, and had children. It was from cells on the coast of Kenya and Tanzania that Al Qaeda launched deadly attacks against US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in 1998. When it was discovered that Al Qaeda had been behind these attacks, the US assumed the complicity of Sudan and launched a cruise missile attack on a factory inside Sudan that was suspected of producing chemicals that could be used in terror attacks. [13]
Al Qaeda cells operated throughout the Horn and East Africa undetected by the various intelligence units of the countries in the region. This was clearly made evident when the Israeli owned Paradise Hotel in Mombassa, Kenya, was hit by a terrorist attack in November 2002. At the same time, terrorists attempted to bring down a plane full of Israeli tourists with a surface to air missile. [14] This drove home the urgency to the governments of the Horn, East Africa and the US, of stepping up the development of the capacity to effectively combat terror in the region. Domestically and regionally, while there was horror at the carnage that the operation entailed there emerged grassroots resentment from impoverished communities who felt victimized by the global wars and counter-wars between the US and its adversaries. The bombing of Nairobi and Dar es Salaam clearly targeted American Embassies. The attempt on Israeli tourists in Mombasa further demonstrated how the Horn had become the site for the proxy battles between the US, its allies and its new enemies.
The emphasis by analysts thus far has been on international terrorism. They have tended to ignore the impact of such issues on local communities and their perceptions of how that relates to US-African relations. Failure to understand local perceptions and responses to the American use of power within their territories has led in some cases to international terrorists gaining footholds among the populace. Curtailing other means of assistance while boosting aid to regimes that are part of Americas coalition against terror fuels local resentment and creates the conditions for a counter-coalition of those who are resentful [15] of being victimized by the strategic priorities of an angry and threatened superpower. In the Horn of Africa, US policy since 2001 has privileged regimes whose interests diverge from the American strategy of combating terrorism but which nevertheless, are utilizing the American mandate and resources to fulfill political ambitions highly contested by their citizens. [16] The unresolved Ethio-Eritrean dispute; the absence of political will to bring the Somali question to closure and the abuses of civilian populations in Darfur, all point to the repercussions of the current focus of US-African policy.
US African Relations in the Post 9/11 Period:
Even though the US has considered the Horn of Africa as a major source of international terrorism for more than a decade, its efforts to combat it did not begin to rise to the level of the threat until after the September 11, 2001 events. In 2002, demonstrating its resolve to develop partnerships with the countries of the Horn and to assist them in developing the capacity to fight terrorism in the region, the US created the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) to be headquartered in Djibouti. This represented a major shift in US policy, as until this time, relations with Djibouti had been minimal. [17] A military base was established for US personnel at Camp Lemonier near the Djibouti International Airport. Some 1,800 troops are based there, but an addition 400 task force troops are aboard the USS Mount Whitney, anchored in the Gulf of Aden. The mission of the CJTF is to gather intelligence on an on-going basis, deter, preempt and disable terrorist threats from wherever they may emanate in the region. Presently, the most serious threats would seem to be found in Somalia and Kenya, and also in Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula. President Bush in June 2003 announced a $100 million package of counter-terrorism measures that were to be disbursed over a 15-month period. Half of these funds were to be spent on costal security programs and other border security programs. [18]
CJTF personnel have been involved throughout the Horn, working as liaisons to governments and their security establishments. US military personnel work closely with counterparts in Ethiopia, Kenya, Eritrea and Djibouti providing counter-terrorism training. [19] In Kenya, for example, assistance is provided under the State Departments Anti-terrorism Assistance program, which has been in place for more than two decades. This is a law enforcement program that includes detection and disarming bombs, post-blast investigation, VIP protection, crisis management exercises and hostage negotiating. [20] In addition to training, the CJTFs work involves information sharing. In the case of Ethiopia, the information shared relates to the long porous border that exists between Ethiopia and Somalia to assist in locating potential places where terrorist may or may not attempt to cross. [21] Cooperation with Djibouti grows in part out of the USs concerns about a threat from the activities of al-Ittihad, a terrorist group based in the former Somalia. As of early April 2004, the labor of the CJTF had begun to bear fruit. In testimony before the US House Sub-committee on Africa, terrorism expert and former US ambassador to South Africa, Princeton Lyman noted that the CJTF had recently reported the arrest of members of terrorist organizations in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Kenya and Djibouti. [22]
The United States now finds itself in a position of not being able to ignore the potential for international terrorist organizations to establish themselves in various parts of the Horn and to either strike the countries in the region or to use there bases there to launch attacks anywhere in the world. [23] This has prompted the passage of anti-terrorist legislation in the countries of the region, and to public pronouncements by the leaders of these countries that they are willing partners in the global war on terror. The US provides technical and military assistance to these countries so as to strengthen their capacity to effectively fight terrorism. The assistance is predicated upon the willingness of each country of the Horn to sign on to the USs strategic priority of combating global terror [24] . Nevertheless, the immediacy of this priority and the alliances that have been consolidated in the 2001-2004 period, also need to be examined from the African perspective. Questions also need to be raised on how US assistance to the regimes of the Horn is being utilized to combat global terror? What is the nexus between the US aid to regimes and security of both states and societies of the region? How will this shift in US policy from the emphasis on democratization and development (1992-2000) to a focus on strengthening states, securing porous borders and building up law enforcement and intelligence capabilities (2001 present)? Does this shift signal a disengagement from democratization and a return to Cold War priorities of ensuring stability and order of allied regimes?
At present, the US is developing significant relationships with the countries of the Horn around regional and global security matters. Given the tenuous nature of human security in the region such relationships seem an absolute necessity. But, in order to be effective these relationships must be complemented by the joint efforts of the US and the countries in the region to tackle the widespread problems of poverty and human insecurity in general.
Poverty and Human Security in the Horn of Africa
The countries of the Horn of Africa are among the poorest in the world. The average per capita income for the countries of sub-Sahara Africa is $450. Among the countries under consideration only Djibouti ($900) is ranked among the lower middle-income countries of the world. [25] The other four range from Kenya ($560) to Sudan ($350) to Eritrea ($160) to Ethiopia ($100). [26] Such grinding poverty is at the heart of the human security dilemma. Poverty is closely related to a myriad of other social problems such a disease, lack of educational opportunity, lack of adequate shelter and food insecurity.
Food insecurity is intimately tied to environmental insecurity, and it is widely believed that these problems must be addressed simultaneously. An effective approach would involve a broad assault on interlinking issues of political insecurity, economic insecurity and a lack of social justice and equity throughout a given society. Food security requires that all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their fundamental dietary needs for a healthy life. [27] Throughout the Horn, this is not the case.
Many people who live in the Horn suffer chronic hunger, malnutrition, and dislocation brought on by natural catastrophes such as drought and flooding, and manmade problems associated with war. [28] Food insecurity is particularly severe in places that are being ravaged, or have recently been ravaged, by civil wars and border conflicts. For example, a 21-year civil war in Sudan created massive human dislocation and human misery in the south of the country.
In 2003-04 Sudan had a record cereal crop, up 63% over the previous years harvest. However, over the same period a new civil war front opened in western Darfur Province where more than 3 million people are affected and more than a million have been driven from their land and into exile as refugees. [29] A recent UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report indicates that people in the region have lost the bulk of their last harvest and the next planting season will not doubt be negatively affected if the conflict continues. [30]
During the 30-year war for independence waged by Eritrean nationalists against Ethiopia, hundreds of thousands of Eritreans were driven into exile in Sudan. Over the past ten years, 100,000 have been repatriated. Most of these returnees will become farmers, but they are immediately confronted with the fact that Eritrea is in the midst of a 4-year drought, and presently 1.9 million people, more than half the population, face food shortages. This compares to 1.1 million who faced a food crisis in the previous year. The root cause of this problem is clearly related to war---the war for independence and the more recent border war with Ethiopia. The border war has been over for four years, but the Eritrean government remains on a war footing, stretching its meager resources in order to be prepared for the potential return to war. This situation naturally affects the ability of the government to address problems of food insecurity and poverty. [31]
Civil unrest in the former Somalia is also at the heart of a current food security crisis. It is estimated that an estimated 123,000 people in the area face a food security crisis, with 95,000 in a critical emergency situation. The main reason for this situation is a serious shortfall in the production of cereal crops. [32] A deeper examination into the food security crises, though, points to the larger issues of the absence of sovereignty, co-ordination of the institutions of governance and the inability of the current regime to obtain regional and international recognition. With sovereignty and the right to rule being contested by different groups, vying for international aid as well as recognition, US policy on Somalia which has tended to focus solely on humanitarian aspects, and to regard Somali society as deviant [33] , points to a tendency not to face up squarely to the failures of its 1992 intervention which culminated in the withdrawal of US and UN forces in 1993-94.
In 2003 Ethiopia experienced its worse drought since the devastating 1984-85
drought and famine, in which a million people died of starvation. In this most recent drought, 14 million people were at risk of famine and malnutrition. This compares to 1-3 million in the average year. The food crisis was the result of interplay of many factors:
Inadequate and erratic rains over short and long rainy seasons, which resulted in widespread crop failure in eastern and southwestern Ethiopia.
Slow recover from the food crisis for 1999/2000 that resulted in the impoverishment of many communities.
Rapid rise in grain prices.
Non-availability of short season produce.
Non-availability of seeds.
Significant livestock deaths and poor terms of trade for livestock.
Deterioration in the nutritional status of those people living in the affected area. [34]
During the border conflict with Eritrea, the donor community did not respond as readily as needed to the food security needs of Ethiopia. Although its relations with donors by 2003 had improved, other factors have placed a drag on development and consequently food security (e.g. Ethiopias heavy debt burden, tensions over the final demarcation of the border between Ethiopia and Eritrea, the slow pace of trade liberalization, and charges of continued violations of human rights by the EPRDF government.).
Given the warming of relations between Ethiopia and the US, how has the US responded to the current crisis of food security in Ethiopia? In late October 2002, the US declared a disaster as a result of the continuing drought situation. The USAID Famine Early Warning System has noted a 17-year trend of insufficient rainfall in Ethiopia that has had a negative impact on crop production. [35] In 2003, the US provided Ethiopia with almost a half billion dollars in food aid, accounting for half of the total donor contributions. However, this must be considered against the backdrop of Ethiopias non-food development assistance needs. Over the same period the US provided Ethiopia with only $55 million in non-humanitarian assistance, and only $6 million of this was for agricultural development. [36]
Donors and the Ethiopian government alike realize that Ethiopias problems associated with chronic famine are never going to be adequately addressed unless the underlying causes of this problem (e.g. poverty, poor health care, poor education, poor infrastructure, water, roads, soil erosion, etc.) are simultaneously addressed. [37] One Ethiopian official, Dr. Tewolde Egziabher of the Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority, recently asserted that the Western donor community was in part responsible for the slow progress the country was making toward food self-sufficiency. For example, he said, Western governments and international financial institutions insist that government get out of the business of controlling the food supply and leave this task for the private sector. In the process, the Ethiopian government is said to be prevented from building granaries and food depots that could store grain from one year to the next. [38]
The gap between US humanitarian assistance to Ethiopia and developmental assistance is obvious to even the casual observer. As noted earlier, what seems to drive US involvement in Ethiopia has more to do with the USs perceived national security interests related to international terrorist threats. On the other hand, Ethiopia has developmental needs at least equal to its security needs. Ethiopia receives about a billion dollars a year in development assistance from all sources. It is estimated that in order to begin to see real progress, the country would need to receive at least $5 billion in international development assistance each year. [39]
In the context of the changed global environment since the end of the Cold War, the Horn of Africa has assumed a renewed sense of importance in the foreign policy circles of the United States. The ongoing threats to international peace and security that continue to characterize the Middle East and Persian Gulf regions demand increased vigilance and strategic planning on the part of the US if it is to adequately address the challenges of international terrorism and other threats to national security. International terrorism finds fertile ground in countries such as the ones located in the Horn of Africa that are plagued by chronic poverty, underdevelopment and social inequalities. It is in the interest of the US to deny international terror the opportunity to use poor countries as incubators for their destructive agenda. Given the current circumstances, it is in the interest of both the US and the countries of the Horn to enter into a partnership that is of mutual benefit. The countries of the region recognize the enhanced vulnerabilities they face in the face of international terrorism, poverty, underdevelopment and social inequalities.
Currently, the US is working with several countries in the Horn to improve their capabilities to root out and fight international terror in their neighborhood. Military and police officials are acquiring new skills, equipment and technological known-how for this effort. There is also coordination with the USs own anti-terror activities in the region. At the same time, while increased attention is being paid to halt the spread of international terror in the Horn, much less is being done to address the problems of poverty, underdevelopment and social inequalities. To be sure, the problems in these areas are enormous, and not as easy to address as is the military and intelligence challenges of international terrorism. But, unless there is a concerted effort on the part of international donors such as the US to commit levels material, technical and human resources that are sufficient to meet these multiple human security challenges, the root causes of domestic conflict and international terrorism in the region will continue to be major drags on development and democracy. Even if the international community makes the necessary commitments to adequately address these problems, not much progress will be made unless political and economic elites in the region demonstrate the political will, backed up by good governance and effective policymaking.
* Although the definition of The Horn of Africa is contested terrain, for our purposes we define it to include Sudan, Djibouti, the former Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Kenya. Technically Kenya is not normally considered to be in the Horn, but it is a significant regional hegemon that has interests in political and other dynamics in the region because of their possible implications for Kenya.
[1] The HIV/AIDS challenge to African security is related to this, and will be extensively dealt with in Chapter___, HIV/AIDS in Africa and the Convergence of US and African Security Challenges.
[2] See, Harold Marcus. Ethiopia, Great Britain and the United States 1941-74. Berkeley, CA: University of California Pres, 1983.
[3] See Jonathan B. Bingham, Shirt-Sleeve Diplomacy: Point 4 in Action. New York: The John Day Co., 1953.
[4] Eritrea was on Italian colony from 1890-1941; an occupied territory administered by the British from 1941-1952; and a unit federated with the Ethiopian Empire from 1952-1962.
[5] See, David Newsom, Testimony, in Hearings before the US Senate Subcommittee on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Ethiopia, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1970. The US also supplied Ethiopia with counter-insurgency training and on-the-ground advisers in connection with helping suppress the Eritrean Movement for national independence after 1962. See, George W. Bader, Testimony, in Hearings before the US Senate Subcommittee on US Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad: Ethiopia, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1970.
[6] See, Jeffrey Lefebvre, Moscows Cold War and Post-Cold War Policies in Africa, in Edmond J. Keller and Donald Rothchild, eds. Africa in the New International Order: Rethinking State Sovereignty and Regional Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner, 1996, p 208.
[7] See, Henry Jackson. From the Congo to SOWETO: US Foreign Policy Towards Africa since 1960. New York: William Morrow, 1982. Separate agreements were signed with each country. Kenya at the time had a mutual defense agreement with Ethiopia, and the agreement with the US was seen by Kenya a more of a hedge against the communist threat.
[8] The size of the Ethiopian military grew from 54,000 in 1977 to more than 300,000 a decade later; by 1991, the Ethiopian army was estimated at more than 600,000 troops. Somalias army swelled from about 32,000 in 1977 to 65,000 in 1987. See, International Institute for Strategic Studies. The Military Balance. 1976/77-1989/90.
[9] International Crisis Group. God, Oil, and Country: Changing the Logic of War in Sudan. Brussels: ICG, 2002, pp 48-68.
[10] After Bashirs regime took power and established an Islamic regime in Sudan, thousands of young Muslim faithful came to study in Sudanese universities and to train in military camps. Turabis influence has spread well beyond the borders of Sudan. He is said to be the architect of Islamic movements in Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Nigeria, Chad, Afghanistan and even Ethiopia. See Juergensmeyer, loc.cit., p 48.
[11] See, David H. Shinn, The Horn of Africa and International Terrorism, Special Lectures: The Elliott School of International Affairs, (January 29,2002).
12 It is interesting to note that the majority of militant Islamic groups in the Horn have, since 9/11 been accused by their official governments of being part of the global network of terror, even though very few of such groups have prioritized the call to global jihad. Rather, their motivation seems to be as much (if not more) political and directed at resisting their ruling elites consolidation of power using their alliances with the American superpower.
13 Jean-Charles Brisard and Guillaume Dasquie Forbidden Truth: U.S. Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for Bin Laden, New York: Thunders Mouth Press, 2002, pp. 23-36.
14 The New Jackals, 1999 WE NEED A COMPLETE CITATION.
15 See, Princeton Lyman and J. Stephen Morrison, The Theorist Threat in Africa, Foreign Affairs (January/February 2004), p 77.
16 For years, Sudan had permitted groups perceived by Israel to be terrorist organizations such as Hizbollah, the Eritrean Islamic Jihad, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Islamic Group have offices in the country. Rather than considering these groups to be terrorist organizations, Sudan abided by them as fighters for the Arab cause.
[12] The Sudanese offer to turn Bin Ladin to the US is said to be a concocted fable according to Richard A. Clarke. For details see, Against All Enemies: Inside Americas War on Terror, New York: Free Press, 2004, pp. 140-142.
[13] It was later revealed that the plant was actually producing aspirin. See, David Shinn, loc.cit., p 3.
[14] See Gilbert Khadiagala, Kenya: Haven or Helpless Victim of Terrorism, United State Institute of Peace Special Report: Terrorism in the Horn of Africa, Special Report 113 (January 2004). Khadiagala notes that the core of the leadership of the Kenyan cell is made up of citizens of the Gulf states, Somalia, Pakistan, and the Comoro Island. As in other cells, these individuals have assimilated into the local cultures of coastal communities.
[15] Olivier Roy makes a very important point that has not been given due attention. He points out that there is an Islam of resentment which is the basis for acculturation. We concur with the author in his assertion that Islamism is a discourse of protest and adaptation, thus of transition. We would argue that if local discourse and perceptions are left unexamined, vast majorities of moderate Africans may join the coalition of the resentful leaving American interests to be handled by discredited regimes. This is dangerous because the efforts to build up local intelligence to be used in the war for terror depends greatly on the willingness of inhabitants to cooperate with state / intelligence authorities. The bombing of Mombasa provides an excellent reminder. For details see The Failure of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994. (pp. 198-199)
[16] For a comparative discussion of possible repercussions on US policies, drawn from the Middle East, see Joseph S. Nye, Jr. The Decline of Americas Soft Power: Why Washington Should Worry, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 83, No. 3, May/June 2004, pp. 18-19
[17] To establish this relationship, the US invested $8.7 million. See, Andrew England, US Officer vows that the US-led task force will eradicate terrorism in Horn of Africa, Associate Press Worldstream, December 17, 2002.
[18] The US campaign against international terrorism in Africa recently opened a new front in the Sahel, a region that military official fear could become the next base for Al Qaeda. Special operations forces are training military units from Mauritania to the Horn, and providing them with pickup trucks, radios and global-positioning equipment. See, Craig S. Smith, US Training African Forces to Uproot Terrorists, New York Times, (March 11, 2004).
[19] Significantly, such a close relationship has not developed in the collapsed state of Somalia. The reason given is that there is no viable government there.
[20] See, Jim Fisher-Thompson, Africa Countering Terrorism with US Help, Official Tells Congress, US State Department NEWS (April 2, 2004).
[21] See, Ethiopia: US force commander in Horn of Africa interviewed. UN Integrated Regional Information Network, Nairobi (February 21, 2003).
[22] See, Jim Fisher-Thompson, Africa Countering Terrorism With US Help, Official Tells Congress, US State Department NEWS (April 2, 2004).
[23] Even Sudan has been attempting to demonstrate its commitment to anti-terrorism in hopes of normalizing relations with the US.
[24] See African Policy The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/infocus/africa/
[25] Per capita income for lower middle-income countries range from $736 to $2,935.
[26] World Development Indicators database. World Bank, July 2003.
[27] L. A. Thrupp. Critical Links: Food Security and the Environment in the Greater Horn of Africa. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 1999, pp2-7.
[28] It should be noted that poor and malnourished people are extremely susceptible to diseases such as HIV/AIDS, cholera, measles, malaria and tuberculosis.
[29] In an effort to explain Sudans food insecurity one has to factor in corruption in the food distribution process as well as the lack of easy access to credit for individual farmers and farm communities.
[30] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Press Release: Better Harvests Improve Sub-Saharan Africas Food Supplies but Millions Still Need Food Assistance. Washington, DC: FAO, April 7, 2004
[31] See, Raymond Thibodeaux, Bittersweet Homecoming for Thousands of Eritean Refugees, voanews.com, April 4, 2004.
[32] See, UN FAO. Press Release, loc cit.
[33] Peter Little D. Somalia: Economy Without A State, James Currey & Indiana University Press, 2003, p. 167.
[34] See, Sue Lautze, Yacob Aklilu, Angela Raven-Roberts, Helen Young, Girma Kebede, Jennifer Leaning, Risk and Vulnerability in Ethiopia: Learning from the Past, Responding to the Present, Preparing for the Future, Medford, MA: Feinstein International Famine Center, June 2003, p21; and, USAID. Food Security Crisis in Ethiopia and Eritrea, http://usaid.gov/press/release/2002
[35] See, US Agency for International Development, USAID Ethiopia Drought Fact Sheet #15 (FY) 2003, 27 August 2003.
[36] See, CARE, Breaking the cycle in Ethiopia: CARE reaffirms commitment to overcome poverty, 6 August 2003.
[37] Ibid. The President of CARE in August 2003 asserted, With adequate resources, we can break the cycle of poverty in Ethiopia. We can help farmers and pastoral communities to recover from the current acute crisis by providing food assistance, seeds, tools, veterinary medicines and livestock. And if donors provide funds for projects with five-to-ten year timeframes, we can also address the roots of Ethiopias poverty and vulnerability.
[38] See, Barry Mason, World Hunger Report: 842 million starve in the midst of plenty, Axis of Logic: Poverty/World Hunger, March 29, 2004.
[39] Professor Jeffrey Sachs, Head of the Columbia University Earth Institute and the UN Millennium Project, has argued that instead of donor assistance being doled out without any consideration of the real needs of the country, the equation should be turned around and based not on what donors are willing to give but on what the real needs of the country are. See, Ethiopia: Interview with Jeffrey Sachs, UN Special adviser on Millenium Goals. IRINnews.org, http://irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=35634
Published: Friday, April 30, 2004
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Facebook Delivers Big Surprise: $646m Payoff By Mobile Biz
By Computer Daily News | Friday | 26/07/2013
SAN FRANCISCO - To the surprise of many critics, Facebook's mobile business appears to be booming. Delivering its Q2 report, the social network said that it made 41 percent of its US$1.6 billion advertising revenue, or roughly $656 million, from mobile connections.
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Crystal Balls – Online Puzzle Game
Crystal Balls is yet another 'match three' online puzzle game.
Object is to stack as many as possible balls with matching colors and gain points. Stack three or more matching colors balls horizontally, vertically or diagonally to clear them from the game grid. Happy Puzzling!
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Category: All Puzzles


text: I saw Elvis live in concert three times. 1974, 1976 & 1977 at the Philadelphia Spectrum. It can only be described as a religous event. When Elvis took the stage you were truely mesmerized. You sat on the edge of your seat and never blinked an eye in fear of missing something. When the opening bars of Can't Help Fallin In Love began, you knew the end was near. You felt saddened and exausted at the same time. You knew when Elvis walked off that stage, he wasn't coming back for an encore. Now its time to leave the venue and while walking to your car, your smile returns and your energy level rises. You know you had just witnessed and had been in the presence of the King, and he had just performed especially for you.


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Canton >Food & Dining > Fuji
4631 Everhard Rd NW, Canton, OH | Directions 4471840.856282 -81.436174
Great food & entertainment – I've been to a few hibatchi restaurants over the years, and Fuji has had some of the most entertaining chefs I've seen. The friendly fun atmosphere is only outshined by the quality of the food. Another thing I like is that you can choose to sit at a private table, away from the hibatchi grills, and have a more intimate dining experience.
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What You Should Know About Social Networking and Your Job
On June 2, 2010 By Josh Lee July 24, 2010
Despite the efforts of Quit Facebook Day, social networking sites are wildly popular. Sites like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, and MySpace are increasingly utilized by twenty-somethings that are now entering the workforce. Unfortunately, a large portion of these users are unaware that they are one "I Hate My Job" post away from becoming unemployed. [...]Continue Reading →
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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
TY for the b.d. wishes....
AKbear90's birthday today!!!! wish him a happy 100 th!!!
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days, that's real commitment. May 2014 bring you and yours peace and joy. .YB.
Congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 500 consecutive days! Good Luck on reaching your next milestone!! Warren :)
Didn't realize there was a temp sensor on tranny's...neat.
My dad said Sunday that the weather there these past few days reminded him of the Blizzard of '78!
Thx 4 the 'accept'. I'm hearing it's -15F there today. Ugh. It's headed our way. Winds out of the West are bad now. +9F @ the moment.
I grew up in Point Place...want 2 B bud's for 2014?
to each & every gas buddy........we wish you a very Happy New Year.......may the new year be blessed & prosperous for you.....
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Fever Blisters and Canker Sores
Fever blisters and canker sores are painful oral abrasions. A fever blister is an eruption of the skin appearing on the lips, gums, and other parts of the mouth. Sometimes these blisters can even appear inside the nose. Canker sores are ulcers and are commonly located on the inside of the mouth. These ulcer-like sores are yellow and white in color. A fever blister, unlike a canker sore, is very contagious. Canker sores cannot be spread from one person to another. In most cases, neither fever blisters nor canker sores require a doctor's visit, though there are exceptions.
Common Underlying Causes of Fever Blisters and Canker Sores
Fever Blisters
The primary cause of a fever blister is the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two types of HSV; type 1 is typically the cause of oral herpes (fever blisters), while type 2 causes genital herpes. However, either type may affect the oral tissues. Each fever blister contains fluid with the virus inside. The herpes simplex virus can be spread from one person to another through kissing, drinking or eating after others, and touching other peoples' hands that have come into contact with the blister. After your blister goes away, the virus continues to live inside the body forever. Some factors may increase the frequency of outbreaks. These "triggers" include:
- overexposure of sun
- lower immune functioning or illness, such as cold
- periods of high stress
Canker Sores
The actual cause of a canker sore is unknown. Some common "triggers" and contributing factors of canker sores include:
- hormone changes just before menstruation
- an abrasion inside the mouth
- consumption of hot beverages or foods
- intestinal conditions, like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
- vitamin B12 deficiencies
- chemotherapy treatment
When To Seek Medical Attention
Fever blisters and canker sores are not typically emergency situations, as these sores go away after a few days to a couple of weeks. However, recurrent and frequent canker sores may be indicative of a serious underlying medical condition, such as oral cancer. If the sores do not go away after a few days or worsen, seeking prompt medical attention may improve your prognosis. Also, if you are unsure whether you have the herpes simplex virus, seeking immediate testing can help you determine whether or not you are contagious.
Addressing and Easing Symptoms
If preventative home health options, such as those below, do not lessen the symptoms of your fever blister or canker sore, see your doctor to rule out more serious conditions and to receive additional treatment options.
Home Health Options
There are a number of actions that you can take at home to lessen the symptoms of your fever blisters or canker sores.
Fever Blisters
- An over-the-counter painkiller, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, may help relieve some pain.
- Place ice on your blister to help numb the area and reduce any discomfort.
- Over-the-counter medications that contain docosanol, such as Abreva, can be used to help treat and shorten the duration of your blisters. Applying this consistently may help dry out these blisters.
Canker Sores
- Nonprescription topical medications with benzocaine and mouth rinses may help temporarily relieve pain.
- Get adequate vitamin B12 by consuming dairy products, fish, and shellfish may help reduce your risk of developing more canker sores.
- Avoid acidic, hot, and spicy foods, as these may worsen your symptoms.
- Limit the consumption of foods that can stick to the sides of cheeks or gums, such as chewing gum, candy, and potato chips.
What Happens at the Doctor's Office
Your doctor will likely take an inventory of your symptoms, as well as a complete medical history. Additionally, he or she will examine your mouth and any oral sores. To diagnose whether you have a fever blister or a canker sore, your physician may run some tests.
Fever Blisters
You doctor can test the fluid from your blister for the herpes simplex virus. If the virus is present, your doctor can prescribe medication that is more powerful than the over-the-counter treatments to reduce the duration of these symptoms and the frequency with which they occur. Research shows that certain prescription antiviral medications are the most effective form of treatment for both types of HSV. There are several medications available that may be administered orally (pills) or by injection:
- Acyclovir
- Famciclovir
- Valacyclovir
When taken on a daily basis, these medications can lessen the frequency of outbreaks and make them less severe. They may also help prevent an infected person from spreading the virus to others.
Canker Sores
A medical doctor or dentist can examine the inside of your mouth to confirm a canker sore diagnosis. If a more serious medical condition is suspected, your doctor may order a complete blood count test to determine if nutritional deficiencies or an underlying medical condition are present. Your physician or dentist may prescribe an antibiotic to speed up your recovery. Also, he or she might recommend a prescription mouthwash with tetracycline to relieve pain and speed up the recovery.
Consequences of Untreated Fever Blisters or Canker Sores
Fever blisters and canker sores are not typically serious conditions. However, obtaining a diagnosis of the herpes simplex virus for your fever blister can inform you of the contagious nature of your sore. This information can prevent you from spreading the virus to others. Persistent canker sores may rarely indicate a serious underlying medical condition, such as oral cancer or other oral condition. Seeking prompt medical advice may improve your prognosis.
Preventing Fever Blisters and Canker Sores
There are several actions that you can take to prevent fever blisters and canker sores. Listed below are some preventative methods that may lessen the frequency of these oral sores.
Fever Blisters
- Take measures to prevent contracting the herpes simplex virus, such as: not drinking or eating after others; washing your hands frequently; avoiding contact with sores or hands that may have touched the sores
- Avoid overexposure of the sun.
- Wear a sunscreen lip balm to protect your lips from the sun.
Canker Sores
- Consuming foods rich in vitamin B12, such as milk and fish, may help reduce your risk of developing a canker sore.
- Ingesting zinc and garlic may reduce the frequency of canker sores.
- Practice good oral hygiene by brushing your teeth after eating, flossing, and rinsing with mouthwash.
- Avoid foods that you know can cause an allergic reaction.
- Avoid extremely acidic foods.
- Stop smoking, as smoking is linked to an increased occurrence of mouth sores.


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Searcher kicks us off on Day Two, with an autoimmunity overview, then we are into immunology and cytokines, we hear from Susan Levine and the allergy-related signatures study done with Lipkin et. al, a talk about paravirus B-19, Mady Hornig from CFI with more research, John Chia who...
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Discussion in 'General ME/CFS Discussion' started by bel canto, Jan 9, 2014.


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Less is more for Julian Hakes. The London-based architect-turned-footwear designer takes minimalism to new heights with his futuristic, $195, soleless Mojito heel, which was unveiled to the U.S. last week as part of Hakes' venture with Highline United.
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Andre Airich Named Moe's Athlete of the Week
DAHLONEGA, GA – Senior second baseman Andre Airich
has been named the Moe's Southwest Grill North Georgia
Athlete of the Week after leading the Saints to four wins last week
the sports information office announced on Monday morning.
Airich hit .476 last week with 10 runs batted in to lead the Saints to four wins, including a three-game weekend sweep over Montevallo. The senior tallied three hits and a run batted in against Carson-Newman in a two-game mid-week series against the Eagles, before exploding with seven hits in three games, including nine runs batted in.
He belted his fourth home run of the season in the first inning of the second game, a three-run blast to give the Saints a three-run lead in the 7-3 victory. He had an on-base percentage of .560, and was perfect in the field, recording 11 putouts without an error at second base.
North Georgia, currently ranked 17th in the nation, return to action on Tuesday afternoon, traveling to West Georgia for a matchup against the Wolves. First pitch is set for 5:00 p.m. in Carrollton, Georgia.


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- Weight: 0.89


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Worst Foods in Your Fridge
You know you're courting nutritional disaster if you order the fettucine alfredo or double bacon cheeseburger when you're eating out. But what about unhealthy foods right in your own refrigerator? If you're like most of us, it probably holds some basic food products that are adding extra calories, salt, fat, and/or sugar to your everyday diet -- perhaps without you even realizing it.
Four Great Summer Rice Dishes
How Many Calories In An Egg?
Does Eat Raw Eggs Nutritious?
Nine Tips to Avoiding Overeating
Best Summer Diets For The Bikini Body
Eat Your Fruit Salad In Summer Days!
To make my top 6 list of unhealthiest foods, the products had to be commonplace, and they had to be high in trans fats, saturated fat, sugar, and/or salt.
The Most Common Baby Skin Care Problems
Eight Types of Healthy Food You Do Not Eat
Food Recommendations For Depression
10 Essential Foods You Should Include In Your Weight Gain Diet
Here's my list:


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Bark Bars Cookie Bars
Looks like a candy bar but made just for your dog
Four flavors of Bark Bar cookies in clever pop culture candy bar packaging. Unlike the candy bars humans crave, these natural Cookie Bars contain NO chocolate. No animal by-products, no artificial flavors, no added salt, food colors or chemical preservatives are used. The bars are "scored" making it a snap to break into bite-sized pieces. Choose from Peanut Butter and Carob Chip, Creamy Peanut Butter, Luscious Carob or Honey and Oats.
1.5 oz each
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How to Flirt With an Older Man
- Next1 of 7Glo
- Previous Next2 of 7Denzel Washington, Robert Smith/Ipa Press/Retna Ltd.
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Olderman_v02a1 of 7how to flirt with an older man
Mind The Age Gap2 of 7
By YourTango
Yes, you're younger than he is. He knows it; you know it. So if you're feeling self-conscious about it, address the issue directly. If he likes you, he won't mind. If he's hung up on it, then he's not the right guy for you.
Be Yourself3 of 7
As you accumulate years, you get to know yourself better and get more comfortable in your own skin. He's probably past the insecure game-playing phase that people go through to protect their delicate, young egos. No need to overthink it too much' just talk to him like he's a regular guy — not an Older Man — and you'll do great.
Own Your Age4 of 7
There's no need to pretend to know about things you don't: He's not expecting you to remember the '70s or to have experience raising kids or paying a mortgage. If you feel out of your element, say so. If you don't want to say so, ask him questions. You can't go wrong asking people about themselves — especially men.
ON WONDERWALL: See More Pics of George Clooney
But, Don't Rely On Your Youth5 of 7
Yes, youth is attractive — and he may love your unlined skin and shiny hair — but don't get cocky; the older you get, the more you realize that real relationships need connection on a more-than-physical level.
ON YOURTANGO: Why Older Men Make Great Boyfriends
Don't Assume He's Rich6 of 7
He probably makes more money than you, but he probably also has more to pay for, especially if he has kids from a previous relationship, or owns a car or a house.
ON YOURTANGO: 4 Tricks To Instantly Connect With Anyone
Ask Him For Advice7 of 7
And take the advice seriously. He'll be flattered that you want his guidance, and he has a lot more life experience than you, so he probably knows what he's talking about.
ON YOURTANGO: 5 Men Not To Date
- How to Overcome a Creative Block
- 10 Style Staples Every 30-Year-Old Should Own
- Lorde's Makeup Collaboration
- 19 Beauty Tricks That Will Change Your Life
- Designers Reveal Their Guilty Decor Pleasures
- 10 Ways To Refresh Your White Button-Down
- Glo's Latest Obsession: Daily Floral Finds


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Think Like a Man Movie Reviews
Think Like a Man
Release Date: Apr 06, 2012
Genre: Comedy
Rating: (PG-13)
User reviews on Think Like a Man
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I wasn't really looking forward to seeing this movie but my boyfriend insisted (as he usually does, since he's the movie buff in the relationship) and I'm glad I went along. It's supposed to be based on the relationship advice book by comedian Steve Harvey but it's really funny and relatable to anyone who's ever been in a relationship. I thought it would be strictly a set of old sexist gender observations (the title is kind of misleading) but in the end it's about how men get as crazed in the head as women about relationships. We just never get to see it on television or in the movies. Hollywood is always telling us that women are always more invested and that men are fine just being as they are: this movie shows that that is not always the case. And thank god for that!
My husband dragged me to see this because of . . . well, the title! He thought it was hilarious. Before we went, though, I did some research and found out that it's based on a best selling self-help book by someone named Steve Harvey who used to have a TV show. It's like how they took that book "He's Just Not That Into You" and turned it into a movie starring Drew Barrymore.
I'll be honest and say that the movie was quite funny and I think it hit the nail right on the head in terms of how men and women behave and how they relate to each other. There are several storylines in the movie and I generally don't like it when they do that but in this movie it works. I especially like the way the men end up feeding on each other's fears and sabotage all the brotherly confidences they have in each other. It's nice for once to see a group of men losing their cool while the women stay calm and collected. A great date movie.
The movie was funny but the only problem that i got was people TALKING AND TELLING THE MOVIE
Best movie I have seen in a long time! I have never laughed so much in any movie.
I really enjoyed this movie, cracked me up!!!!!
I liked this film and i think it is worth seeing in the theaters if you are looking for a good romantic comedy. I found the film to be funny, interesting and very relatable. I was engaged throughout the whole film and that rarely happens when i watch rom-coms. I think it is a well made and well paced film with very talented and likable cast. The cast had great chemistry between them and everybody in the film shined and that is pretty rare. Overall, i was entertained by this film and i think that it will appeal to a large audience.
Movie was hilarious!! I enjoyed it! We all need a little humor in our lives; we see enough drama on the daily news!!! Good job, Steve. Your point is well taken. Hopefully, ladies (and men) got the message. Ladies have more power than they think they do and must learn to set standards for themselves. It's all about expectations and what one is willing to accept!
"Think Like A Man" is a much better movie than I was expecting from a film based on a self-help book written by Steve Harvey. In the book, Harvey spoke to the ladies, telling them how men think so the fairer sex could turn the tables and get what they want. The movie takes the types laid out in the book (the mama's boy, the player, etc.), and pairs them with their female opposite. The movie throws in an interesting twist, where the ladies read the book, and use that to manipulate the guys. The guys find out about this, and then try to turn the tables on the ladies. Of course, this is a romantic comedy made for date night, so when the guys turn the tables, they become extra sensitive. There's nothing edgy here, and there's a little too much selling of the actual book (Harvey appears on a TV show hocking the book, and the movie sometimes feels like an infomercial). But the cast is really really good, and very funny at times. It's a date movie that most guys shouldn't feel embarrassed about seeing.
Well i personally have not seen this film yet, but on the commercials it seems pretty kinda funny. I will be watching it tonight so i hope i enjoy it !


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This fall, the Business Career Center will be improving the way we review and critique student resumes and cover letters. The resume and cover letter reviews will now be conducted in person with a BCC staff member so you can receive immediate feedback rather than wait for one business day.
One of our goals in the BCC is to empower you with the knowledge and understanding of what constitutes an outstanding resume and cover letter that will get you the internship or job you want. With this change, you can have your questions regarding these important job search documents answered and explained by a BCC staff member. This change will replace the 1-day resume/cover letter drop off service.
To implement this change, the BCC will be increasing drop-in advising hours. Beginning on Thursday, September 2nd drop-in advising will be available every day from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. during the academic year. Extended drop-in hours will also be offered the week before the Fall Career and Internship Fair, which is scheduled for Wednesday, September 15th.
In addition, students may schedule an advising appointment with an advisor. This way, you are able to come to the BCC, meet with a BCC staff member during drop-in advising or through a scheduled appointment with your career advisor to discuss your resume and cover letter in detail to better understand the techniques and rationale we are employing to make your internship and career search documents the best they can be.
The BCC believes that this new in-person service will better serve and educate you on the job search process. We want you to utilize the knowledge and skills you have learned from meeting with your advisor for future job searches, especially once you have graduated and the BCC is no longer available to you. Having obtained this valuable knowledge in your advising appointments thrughout your time in the Wisconsin School of Business will give you a distinct advantage in guiding your career throughout the years.
Please contact the BCC at 608.262.2550 or stop in 3290 Grainger Hall if you have questions. We look forward to working with and educating you on lifelong job search skills and preparing you for a successful future.


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Greater Oklahoma City is in the geographic center of North America equidistant from the east and west coasts and major trade partners of Canada and Mexico. The ten county region is at the crossroads of the U.S., sitting at the heart of three major national highways on the NAFTA corridor.
There's a reason Greater Oklahoma City is such a great place for business: Location. The ten county region is positioned within a day's drive of the rapidly-growing south-central region (OK, TX, AR, LA) projected to grow more than 44% during the next 25 years.
Explore the counties and cities of Greater Oklahoma City including major employers and higher education. The ten county region boasts an average commute time of 20 minutes and a skilled workforce over half a million strong.
"There is a great workforce here. It's a great place to raise a family... between the school system and the people of this state."
- Ed Evans, Stelera Wireless
OKLAHOMA CITY -- Chad Richison expects to stay plenty busy in 2009. While layoffs and bankruptcies abound, Richison said he will increase his work force by nearly 20 percent before the first leaves turn orange in autumn.
His Oklahoma City-based payroll company, Paycom, has expanded into 12 markets and Richison has his eye on taking the 10-year-old company public -- eventually.
Paycom offers Web-based payroll and human resource services. The company has offices in Dallas, Denver and Chicago, and has added Tampa, Fla.; Austin, Texas; Houston; Charlotte, N.C.; and Phoenix. Richison said the company had some business in those areas and opened offices with its existing local managers.
There are about 130 Paycom employees in Oklahoma City and 250 nationwide. Richison said by the end of the summer he plans to have 150 Oklahoma City employees and 300 company-wide.
"We've been growing at a pretty steady pace for three or four years," he said.
Roy Williams, president and CEO of the Greater Oklahoma City Chamber, said many companies are weathering the storm and even prospering in Oklahoma City where new jobs are still being added.
"We find a number of companies here that are adding 10, 100 or a couple of hundred," he said.
Williams said some companies with a national presence, like Paycom, are also doing well.
"It's a reflection of some of the positive economic activity here but sometimes it's a reflection of their national business," he said.
In 2009 Williams said large companies in Oklahoma City may add a few jobs, but he expects to see growth at smaller companies like Richison's.
Richison said Paycom adds 300 to 400 new accounts each month, primarily from small to medium-sized companies with anywhere from 30 to about 4,000 employees.
But much of the new business is not from companies new to outsourcing their payroll. Richison said his staff has mostly lured business from away competitors, including industry giant Automatic Data Processing Inc.
In 2007 Richison sold a majority share of the privately held company to private equity investment firm Carson, Anderson & Stowe. That left Paycom debt-free. Richison wants to take the company public, but he is in no hurry.
"We're obviously going to go public in a time that makes sense for us to do so," he said. "We're not going to go public just to say we're a public company."


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Globally Inspired Bedrooms: Soft & Serene
Of course nothing beats actually visiting the homeland responsible for beautiful ethnic prints. However, with the trend continuing to boom, there are plenty of stateside retail options while you save up for your next trip around the world. For beautiful block printed textiles with timeless appeal, Les Indiennes and John Robshaw are hard to beat. However, even mainstream retailers like West Elm and Urban Outfitters are offering handmade ethnic wares.
What are your favorite finds in the global craze?
(Images: 1. The Marion House Book via Design*Sponge, 2. House Beautiful, 3. House Beautiful, 4. Elle Decor, 5. Leah Moss for Apartment Therapy, 6. Design*Sponge, 7. Leah Moss for Apartment Therapy, 8. West Elm, 9. Les Indiennes)
6 Comments
My favorite find in the "global craze" is the Eames chair. It has the sort of ethnic ware that I have gained more appreciation for since visiting the homeland responsible for the beautiful ethnic ware.
Just kidding. Eames chairs don't really appeal to me.
I just ordered handmade Indian pillowcases from the National Geographic store. I also have some pillows from them. Highly recommended!
This is my favorite design style! It creates such an "escape" for me. I so did not know National Geo had a store with home accessories. I need to check that out. I love also that global is not one thing. Anyone can mismatch elements from their own custom travel guide.
So far in my home I've brought in Africa, polynesian, European (french, english colonial), cuban, the Amazon...
I had no idea that bringing interesting pieces for my home back from my travels was considered its own "Relaxed Global" trend! It took me years to accumulate :)
@Pestle Finally someone else who isn't gaga over Eames chairs! (I've got total respect for the his work though).
I think the best part of this trend is when you can visit the places the items are from and support the local craft or buy from outlets that do.
They don't look particularly global to me...


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All items are sent first class royal mail(monday,wednesday and friday,items paid for before 11am on these days will be posted that day) to try and ensure fast delivery.Postage prices also include packaging and i will recycle packaging wherever possible for eviromental purposes.
I offer combined postage if you would like to buy more than one item, when you have purchased your items please wait before paying as i will send a revised invoice. Thank you.
If at all you are not happy with your item or service provided please do not hesitate to get in contact with me as i am happy to resolve the problem.


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Movie Madness!
It's a real challenge for the Puzzle Lady when a serial killer starts copying the classic Cary Grant movie, Arsenic and Old Lace. Cora knows the movie backwards and forwards. What's confusing her are the crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles the kller keeps dropping into the plot!
"Feisty Cora Felton...is at her cantankerous, obfuscating, trouble-stirring best in Hall's delightful 14th Bakerhaven romp." - Publishers Weekly
"Clever, manipulative Cora provides laughs and an ingenuous mystery." - Kirkus
"Cora's zaniness rubs off on everyone, to the delight of fans old and new."- Booklist
"Puzzle master Hall again produces a clever whodunit laced with humor and an amateur sleuth at once endearing and infuriating. Readers will have fun filling in the squares of this rollicking mystery!" - Richmond Times-Dispatch
Stanley's in trouble!
For once the ambulance chaising PI's got real private eye work, staking out a motel to catch his client's cheating husband. Only the husband isn't cheating, he's been shot dead, and the police show up just in time to catch Stanley with the body. To beat a murder rap Stanley will have to resort to jumping bail, impersonating a police officer, and appropriating a murder weapon from a sassy Jersey Girl who keeps trying to distract him by ripping her clothes off.
Stanley Hasting...enjoyable 18th caper...Hall's always amusing wordplay compliments Hasting's Closeau-like investigative techniques.. - Publishers Weekly
"This is the 18th installment in Parnell Hall's long-lived and enjoyable Stanley Haastings series...The whole novel is told through dialogue--not so easy a trick. The writers who are really excellent at this make it look simple--Robert B Parker and Steve Hamilton spring to mind. Hall shares that gift...As Stanley lurches and jolts toward a final "aha" moment in a crowded courtroom, you'll be rooting for him to come out, more or less, on top." - Mystery Scene
"Mr. Hall does to the private eye formula is very funny, but it is not frivolous. His puzzles, for all their manic nonsense, are fiendish constructions of sound logic." - New York Times
Home | Books | Puzzles | Songs | Press Room | Mailing List | Copyright © 2007 Parnell Hall. All rights reserved.


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"Being able to witness such a caring staff... can only be described as one of my best experiences, both professionally and personally.
Foothills Community Resident
Our dear nurses, housekeepers, cafeteria workers, administrators, and maintenance men – you all became part of our family the 1st day we arrived. Thank you!
Daughter of PCSC Resident
Thank you for your tender loving care during our time in rehab. We had major medical problems. You pulled us through them and we will be eternally grateful to you.
Clinton Community Resident
Medicare A patients receiving therapy at PCSC now have the benefit of a cutting-edge software program called RightTrack™, which helps patients and their families stay motivated and encouraged throughout the rehabilitation process.


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The infamous TJX Hacker sentenced to 20 years in prison, with further sentencing to be announced.
Posted in General Tagged 20 years sentence, hacker, indentity theft, prison, TJX


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Save Up to 50% on "For Dummies" Books
Lighthearted but not lightweight, For Dummies books are great references not only for tackling new subjects but also for brushing up on subjects with which you're already familiar. Get results while saving up to 50%. See more.
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Select a datex
Enjoy the spectacular panoramas over Lake Rotorua and the city as you ride in a gondola to the top of Mount Ngongotaha. At the summit, you can choose to take the gondola back down the mountain or go for an exciting luge ride on one of three purpose-built tracks.
Mount Ngongotaha is located only 6 miles (10 km) from the center of Rotorua and offers a great day out. Board the gondola for an approximately 10-minute climb to the 1,597-foot (487-meter) summit, where you'll find amazing views over the city, Lake Rotorua and surrounding areas. At the top, take some time to soak up the views before re-boarding the gondola for the downward ride.
Or, add a bit of excitement to your day by selecting the optional luge ride. You'll whiz down the mountain on a three-wheeled cart, which has a unique braking and steering system that makes it fun and easy. There are three luge tracks to choose from, with six entry points: the scenic route with a leisurely 1.2-mile (2-kilometer) ride through a redwood forest; the intermediate track with chicanes, a tunnel and fabulous views over the city and lake; or the advanced track with tight turns, dips and a tunnel for a thrilling, adrenaline-pumping ride. Getting up and down a mountain has never been so much fun!
If you choose the Luge Option, you can ride the luge five times, and a chairlift will take you back to the top of the mountain between rides.
Schedule details
Rotorua Gondola and Luge
Select a month to view a calendar of availability and departure details.
Departure Point:Fairy Springs Road, Rotorua
Departure Time:
- November to March
9:00am to 8:00pm
April to October
9:00am to 5:00pm (Luge)
9:00am to 7.30pm (Gondola)
Return Details:Returns to original departure point
Pricing information
Click the link below to check pricing & availability on your preferred travel date. Our pricing is constantly updated to ensure you always receive the lowest price possible.
Tour options:
Gondola to the top of Mount Ngongotaha and return
Gondola to the top of the mountain with 5 luge rides on three different tracks, with chairlift ride to the start point included
Additional information
Rotorua Gondola
- Round-trip gondola ride to Mount Ngongotaha
- 5 luge rides on choice of three tracks (if option selected)
- Use of chairlift (if Luge Option selected)
- Hotel pickup and drop off
- Food and drinks
Additional Information:
- Confirmation will be received at time of booking
- Minimum age is 10 years to ride the advanced luge track
- Safety helmets and instructions provided to all luge riders
- Children under 6 years can ride in tandem with adult
Voucher Info:
You can present either a paper or an electronic voucher for this activity. What's this?
Local Operator Information:
Complete Operator information, including local telephone numbers at your destination, are included on your Confirmation Voucher. Our Product Managers select only the most experienced and reliable operators in each destination, removing the guesswork for you, and ensuring your peace of mind.


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The meaning of the name Lionel is Lion
The origin of the name Lionel is English
Notes: Lionel Hampton, musician.
People who like the name Lionel also like:
Liam, Henry, Silas, Charles, Gabriel, Alexander, Felix
Penelope, Charlotte, Alice, Caroline, Adelaide, Emily, Genevieve


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Power and utility projects can be complex and can introduce exposure to risk. Measuring project success includes delivery of anticipated benefits, organizational acceptance, and regulatory compliance. Gate assessments provide visibility into project status that help to reduce risk through a phased evaluation approach tailored to the project type.
Today's business environment is continually changing. In this new environment, agility has emerged as a key driver for enhancing shareholder value and ensuring sustainability. To achieve agility, organizations are engaged in complex initiatives that are expected to efficiently deliver strategic and tactical business benefits to multiple stakeholders without compromising the integrity of the existing environment or violating compliance requirements.


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Buyer's GuideGo to Buyer's Guide
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2014 Buick Regal Review
How do you regain traction for a very good car? The current Regal was introduced onto a crowded field, sandwiched between two classes. On one side is the popular family mid-sized sedan segment. The other side is the premium compact sedan market. Both represent strong polar magnets for consumers looking to spend in the $30,000-40,000... read more
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Good driving skills are essential, but motorcycle safety begins when you walk into the showroom.... read more
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1-in-4 Car Crashes Involve Cell Phone-Distracted Drivers The 2014 edition of the National Safety Council's... read more
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The Clark to Present Aston Magna Concert Series
For Immediate Release
June 17, 2008
The internationally renowned Aston Magna will perform in a series of three concerts at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute on June 29, July 6, and July 13, at 3 pm. Tickets for the series of three concerts is $105. Single tickets are $40 ($30 members of the Clark or senior citizens). Up to two children, ages six to twelve, may attend the concerts free with each paid adult ticket. For information and tickets, call Aston Magna at 413-528-3595.
The Boston Globe described Aston Magna as "out on the cutting edge of its art." Under the direction of Daniel Stepner, artistic director, Aston Magna's performances aim to interpret the music of the past as the composer imagined it. Aston Magna has been recognized internationally for nearly three decades for its contributions to the popularization of early music performed using historically accurate instruments and performance practices.
Kicking off the series on June 29 will be a program of "The Young Mendelssohn" including the String Symphony in B Minor; Quintet in A Major; and Octet in E-flat Major. July 6 will feature the "Music from Thomas Jefferson's Library" program with works by Geminiani, Maria Cosway, Mozart, J.C. Bach, Francis Hopkinson, and Thomas Arne, all composers Jefferson heard or played. July 13 concludes the series with "Complete Art of the Fugue by J.S. Bach."
The Clark is located at 225 South Street in Williamstown, MA. The galleries are open Tuesday through Sunday, 10 am to 5 pm (daily in July and August). Admission June 1 through October 31 is $12.50 for adults, free for children 18 and under, members, and students with valid ID. Admission is free November through May. For more information, call 413-458-2303 or visit www.clarkart.edu.


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Up To 30% Off Personalized Mother's Day Gifts
Plus, Free Economy Shipping On Orders Over $65
Use Coupon Code: FRSHIP65 at checkout.
Not to be used in conjunction with other offers. We reserve the right to limit or exclude certain items from promotion at our sole discretion. Not valid on items within the Corporate store. We reserve the right to cancel this promotion at any time without notice. Offer valid for economy shipping within the contiguous United States only. Surcharges on some oversized items may still apply. Offer valid thru April 20, 2014.
Customer Testimonial
I have been one of your shoppers for a few years now and your work never ceases to amaze me. The items I recently purchased are going to be greatly received by my family members. I can't say I like...
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Thought I would share this Photo that I found on FaceBook....
Thought I would share this Photo that I found on FaceBook....
I have seen some very uneak and intresting mounts latley... Need to Win the Power Ball to have A Big Trophey Room and the money to have mounts like this.
Very unique trophy indeed. You are right, there has been some interesting stuff out there lately.
Where did you see this? This exact mount is for sale at one of my suppliers here in Reno. It's a very awesome mount.
Hahahah well I answered my own question. You said face book. There also is another by the same artist. Ill try and get a pic
I have seen it in person. It's a beast of a mount and awesome looking.
Sent from my iPhone using tapatalk
2013 spyder turbo, 70lbs black out
Limbdriver Pro V, Tight spot quiver, Single pin Hogg Father, Fuse carbon blade.
Carter Squeeze me release, Easton FMJ's
AKA: Velvet Feather
That is a great mount! Looks very expensive.
-NRA Life Member
-Wild Sheep Foundation, <1 club
I believe it's in the $20k range if your interested.


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Walking Corpse
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Gavin Reid
Director Threat Research, Cisco Security Intelligence Operations
Leader, Cisco CSIRT and Cisco TRAC
Gavin Reid is deeply committed to advancing security intelligence technology and helping groups in the security community to better share information and operationalize protection from cybersecurity threats. For more than two decades, Reid has closely observed and interacted directly with both the security & hacking community, and regularly shares his expertise on the evolution of hacking over the Internet with the security community and industry, and through academic forums. He also regularly lectures across the public and private sectors on computer forensics, incident response, intrusion detection/prevention, and Cisco security incident response capabilities.
Cisco SIO
Director of Threat Research for Security Intelligence Operations (SIO) at Cisco, Reid has personally overseen all major security incidents at Cisco and Cisco-owned corporations over the last decade. He leads a team that researches advanced cybersecurity threats and develops new data analytics technologies that help discover and remediate these threats. He is particularly focused on working with his team to find new ways to extract value from Cisco SIO's big data stores to create actionable threat intelligence that can help Cisco enhance and develop new security products, and improve Internet security not only for Cisco customers, but all users.
CSIRT and TRAC
Among Reid's contributions to Cisco, which he joined in 1999, is the creation of the Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). This global team of information security professionals is responsible for 24/7 monitoring, investigation, and response to cybersecurity incidents. Reid strategically guides the CSIRT team, which actively manages computer security risk for Cisco-owned businesses through proactive threat assessment and analysis, mitigation planning, incident detection, and response.
Reid also handpicked members of the Cisco Threat Research and Communications (TRAC) team, which includes some of the most experienced, knowledgeable threat researchers and analysts at Cisco – and in the industry. The core mission of TRAC is to contribute to the state of the art of threat defense. The team's work is intended not only to continually enhance the quality and efficacy of Cisco's security products, but also, provide actionable intelligence that can help all Internet users defend against both known and emerging web-based threats. Reid provides strategic guidance to the two highly collaborative specialist teams that comprise Cisco TRAC: Cisco TRAC – Analysis and Cisco TRAC – Outreach.
More about Gavin Reid …
As a contributing member of the computer security community, Reid supports security training with the community and chairs the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) working group responsible for the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS). CVSS is an open industry standard for rating IT security vulnerabilities that helps organizations prioritize and coordinate a joint response to computer security risks.
Reid, who has an Active Security Clearance, previously worked for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), where he oversaw IT Security at the Johnston Space Center in Houston, Texas. Today, Reid lives in North Carolina, USA, and when not working with leaders in the vanguard of information security or hackers in the computer underground, takes time to indulge in his other passions: playing guitar and skateboarding.


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Cathy Osman, professor of art at Marlboro College,
exhibits recent paintings
Cathy Osman, professor of painting and drawing at Marlboro College, will show recent paintings at the Marlboro College Graduate Center from Friday, January 6 through Sunday, February 19, 2006. The Graduate School is located at 28 Vernon Street in Brattleboro and is open Monday through Thursday 9 a.m. to 12 p.m., or by appointment.
Osman's paintings reflect a lifelong interest in transforming the landscape and references she loves into a language of marks and gestures. Ponds and their surrounding vegetation are her current inspiration. Influences on Osman's work include Asian painting with which she had special contact during a visit to Vietnam last May and June. Osman frequently paints on non-traditional surfaces; most recently, she has been enjoying using drafting Mylar, which captures and suffuses her colors with light.
For more information, please contact the Graduate Center at 802-258-9200.


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Traffic along State Road 261 in Warrick County will change come Monday morning. It's the halfway point of construction along the roadway.
INDOT spokesperson Cher Elliott says the southbound lanes of 261 are finally complete, and that they will now turn to construction on the northbound lanes.
Elliott says throughout the construction project, drivers have been directed to use the northbound lanes to move to and from town. Now, she says the opposite will take place, as drivers will now use the newly-constructed southbound lanes.
"As motorists are leaving in town here, or the 66 intersection, you're going to notice that you're being transitioned to the left, where you're use to seeing oncoming traffic come to you. And then southbound traffic is just going to go ahead and shift all the way over to the right-hand side as they come into town," said Elliott.
Elliott says this entire project is still moving ahead, as scheduled and is expected to be complete by 2014.
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