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"I am Loki Scar-Lip, Loki Skywalker, Loki Giant's Child, Loki Lie-Smith. I am Loki, who is fire and wit and hate. I am Loki. And I will be under an obligation to no one."
I thought this was a great issue! Brilliantly written by Dan, I had no idea anything was wrong until the reveal. It reminded me a bit of The Twilight Zone. Very nicely done.
Also, who is Richard Elson??? What else has he done? The art was tremendous! It was sort of like a cross between John Romita Sr. and Mark Bagley. I want to see more from him!
"Women... they come and go, but the Jonah is eternal." - ViewtifulJC
PPl here think really low of Mary Jane.
Like she will not notice that its not Peter.
I'm loving the hell out of this story and some of the posts on here by Ravin Ray, Stillanerd and co are almost as entertaining. The switch happnened before 698, of course that would explain Pete suddenly wanting to get back with MJ, dressing in a suit and the 'Ladies' wink. I think Dan Slott is kinda a genius, I havn't been this excited by a story in a long time. I am so buying Superior Spider-Man. And I agree MJ will figure out it's not Pete, no way will they do it.
possible spoiler:
1. at last moment doc oct returns to his own body. dies screaming. peter is back in his body but retires as spider-man. other individual takes the role of spider-man
2. peter and doc oct battles inside the mind of peter's body. result of death of doc oct's body. octavius has nowhere to go
peter parker is still spider-man but with mind of both peter and doc oct trapped inside. superior spider-man is born : mind of peter and oct acting as partners and enemies
while oct suggests for ruthless measure(such as killing the villains) peter struggles to cross the line. they have control of the body each time when one other has the upper hand.
3. doc oct is gone permanently. however the damage is done. peter is not the same as he is. he is now more ruthless and more aggressive. he actually thinks of killing villains, not pulling punches, letting them to die by not saving them as he would have. he becomes more selfish thinks about only want he wants : little responsibility more opportunity.
The Spider-Man balloon for this year's Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is gonna take on a whole new meaning. Somebody oughta shout, "DOC OCK!" when it passes by them.
Johnny Storm was dead; who is this resurrected Johnny Storm?
"Here, hold my Annihilus " Johnny Storm, Fantastic Four #601
I thought the story was well written and well executed. However, the concept is not original and little disappointing. I mean, this concept has been done several times over. I remember a Twilight Zone episode where a ventriloquist switched bodies with the dummy. Skeleton key is a movie with a similar concept where a much older woman switches bodies with a young attractive woman. Hopefully, there will be some added twist or wrinkle to the story to actual make it an original concept. If this concept had never ever been done before, then I definitely would have called it brilliant. On another note, the artwork was great and I would love to see Elson take over art duties in place of Ramos in the future. It was really a breath of fresh air in comparison.
My thoughts exactly. Nicely done but i really don't see why some people are going crazy about it.
That's actually quite a common twist in comics.
I'm really not sure what to make of this development. I didn't think it was terribly shocking, but I think it's still a novel concept. It definitely has the potential to take Spider-Man into some exciting new areas. However, that all depends on how it plays out. It could go many different ways right now. So long as Peter Parker is still around in some form during Superior Spider-man, I don't think Marvel is going to extremes. I'm going to wait until #700 comes out before I decide to be outraged or not.
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When I became a man I put away childish things, including the fear of childishness and the desire to be very grown up.-C.S.Lewis


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A 29-year-old Shamong, New Jersey man was charged in connection to the death of a toddler last month, investigators in Burlington County announced Wednesday.
Burlington County Prosecutor Robert D. Bernardi says Steven Donaldson was charged with one count of Murder. Donaldson surrendered Tuesday and was released later that day after posting bail.
Police say Donaldson was caring for 1-year-old Claudia on February 12 at his girlfriend's Cinnaminson home while she was at work. Around 8 p.m., police say Donaldson called 911 to report Claudia had stopped breathing.
The toddler was pronounced dead at Kennedy University Hospital in Cherry Hill.
According to investigators, an autopsy revealed she died from blunt force trauma to the head.
In a statement, Donaldson's attorney Craig R. Mitnick says the toddler, Claudia, "accidentally fell onto the hardwood floor of the Cinnaminson residence."
The statement continued to read: "Donaldson immediately called 911 and attempted to resuscitate the child with the assistance of 911 emergency personnel. Tragically, the child was pronounced dead shortly after the fall."
The attorney says Donaldson "in no way intentionally or purposefully hurt the 12-month-old child."
FOX 13 / WTVT-TV3213 West Kennedy Blvd.Tampa, Florida 33609Main: (813) 876-1313Newsroom: (813) 870-9630Fax: (813) 871-3135

subset: commoncrawl


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Nine of 10 commonly sold "thyroid support" pills carry "risky" levels of thyroid hormone, a Mayo study finds. But if not spiked with prescription drugs, supplements of dried animal thyroid glands are legal, an industry group says.
Click here to read the full story.
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


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By Ross King
Penguin, 318 pages, 2003
Biographer Ross King did the almost impossible: write a bad book about Michelangelo, history's greatest artist.
King recalls every obscure artist of the era, their character, hometown, who they were apprenticed to, their principal works and where the art is located. He writes at length about Raphael paintings, mentions many architects and their buildings and details constant wars. Needless digressions.
The book is jammed with conjecture: "probably," "quite possibly," "presumably," "seems to have," "must have been" and "would certainly have."
The book is too long by 50 pages. It is poorly edited with clichés like "a ripe old age," "at the drop of a hat" and "washed down with wine." It contains unedited phrases like "reverted back" and the annoying use of many unnecessary of courses.
King keeps noting that Michelangelo was temperamental. Many artists are.
He says Michelangelo was arrogant with Pope Julius II, his patron. He should have been. He was a great artist, Julius merely one of the worst "bad popes."
Julius was corrupt, obscenely wealthy, holder of vast acreage, sired children and dallied with mistresses, several of whom gave him syphilis. Benvenuto Cellini, wonderful, boasting autobiographer during the 16th century, wrote that syphilis was "fond of priests, especially rich priests.")
Among other sins of the "Supreme Pontiff': he indulged in simony, led papal armies in battle and held dominion over 1 million people.
Michelangelo's rival for the title of the world's greatest artist, Leonardo da Vinci, left so many of his projects unfinished or never started. Leonardo's one great achievement: "The Last Supper" in Milan. In contrast, look at Michelangelo's record:
• Glorious sculptures of the "Pietà" in the Vatican, "David" in Florence and the sculpture of Moses for the tomb of Julius in Rome. And the incredible frescoes on the "pope's ceiling," the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.
• 300 poems, including a sonnet tribute to Dante: "Ne'er walked the earth a greater man than he."
The biggest failing of King's book is its shoddy art. Sketches and pictures are often so murky they should not have been printed. But what is much worse: King's book about Michelangelo is without pictures of his incredibly beautiful "Pietà" and monumental "David."
Michelangelo's ceiling is perhaps the single greatest work of art ever. But even here King fails. His picture of it is cramped. He does not include its best panel, the powerful "The Last Judgment." That panel is packed with the drama of Charon, the ferryman gatekeeper of hell.
His body is huge, powerful, his ears gigantic and pointed. He's a menacing figure with an oar held behind his head, ready to beat those reluctant sinners going to Hades after being ferried across the river Styx. Charon's bulging eyes are threatening.
Dante in the "Inferno" describes him: "Charon, the devil, with eyes of glowing coal … with an oar strikes the laggard sinners." (Mark Musa translation.) The panel is a hideous embodiment of tortured souls arriving on the shore of Hell.
Dan Brown in his novel, "Inferno," noting that Michelangelo was under Medici tutelage while living in the family palace as an adolescent in Florence, called him "the Medici's greatest gift to humankind." Fiction, yes, but Brown's history is impeccable.
Jake Highton is an emeritus journalism professor at the University of Nevada, Reno


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Roller Skating is a wonderful sport that enables athletes to choose different ways of developing their athletic skills. Whether Speed, Hockey or Figure skating, athletes strive for their best performance. When they qualify for a World Team, we want to be able to send them expense paid to that competition. Right now we are unable to do that.
Consequently, USA Roller Sports, a 501(c)3 organization is seeking the assistance of philanthropic grants and donations from interested skating friends to create an endowment that will ensure these athletes can have their expenses met.
We hope that those people who care about the sport or people within the sport will consider a tax deductible donation to ensure the continuous involvement of talented athletes to compete in International Competition.
Please consider helping our athletes at whatever level you feel you can support given your life circumstances.
The purpose of the endowment is to perpetually fund the International Travel of USA Roller Sports Athletes.
Gifts to this fund are restricted and cannot be used for any purpose other than our World Team Athletes. The net fair market value of your gift can be considered as a charitable contribution for income tax purposes. Acknowledgement of your gift will be provided by USA Roller Sports.
Persons or organizations donating resources to the endowment fund will be recognized in USA Roller Sports publications.
What is an endowment?
An endowment fund is very similar to a trust. Gifts are made to the fund which increases its principal. Only the earnings may be spent. An annual "harvest" of these earnings will be used to perpetually fund international travel for our Junior and Senior World Class Team athletes.
Thus far we have raised approx $40,000 toward our goal. We are seeking grant money to assist with building the endowment but we must demonstrate that our own membership believes in the program and contributes at least 5% of the necessary funds.
A very generous figure judge, Evelyn Fisher, donated one quarter of her estate to this fund. Evelyn's untimely death in 2009 was a major loss to the sport, but her contributions will live on in perpetuity.
Jack and Nancy Becker have made an $11,000 cash donation We understand that economic times are challenging but ask that you consider donating to this fund as one of your yearly considerations. We all donate to charities that are important to ourselves or our values. We give $10 to Girl Scouts or donate to Salvation Army kettles during the holidays. Skating is an important segment of your life and hope you will consider a donation to this deserving cause. No gift is too small.
The following people within our sport throughout all disciplines have donated to this endowment: (Starred (*) indicates GOLD Level)
Click Here For World Team Endowment Fund Donation Form
Gold Level - $1000 - The highest level of generous donation receives all the benefits of the Silver and Bronze levels plus a World Team Jacket or World Meet Pass.
Silver Level - $500 - A most generous level of support for the USA Roller Sports Teams. Receive all of the benefits of the Bronze Level plus a free ticket to World Class Night(s) at the National Championships.
Bronze Level - $250 - The entry level of generous support for this special program receives a team pin, T-shirt, invitation to the World Team reception and photo.
Strike a Match - $45 - A commitment from all participants to support Roller Sports Athletes by matching the yearly Membership Card fee. Receive the World Team pin as a token of our appreciation.


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text:
Garbage collection (computer science)
In computer science, garbage collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector, or just collector, attempts to reclaim garbage, or memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by the program. Garbage collection was invented by John McCarthy around 1959 to solve problems in Lisp.[1][2]
Garbage collection is often portrayed as the opposite of manual memory management, which requires the programmer to specify which objects to deallocate and return to the memory system. However, many systems use a combination of approaches, including other techniques such as stack allocation and region inference.
Garbage collection, like other memory management techniques, may take a significant proportion of total processing time in a program and can thus have significant influence on performance.
Resources other than memory, such as network sockets, database handles, user interaction windows, and file and device descriptors, are not typically handled by garbage collection. Methods used to manage such resources, particularly destructors, may suffice to manage memory as well, leaving no need for GC. Some GC systems allow such other resources to be associated with a region of memory that, when collected, causes the other resource to be reclaimed; this is called finalization. Finalization may introduce complications limiting its usability, such as intolerable latency between disuse and reclaim of especially limited resources, or a lack of control over which thread performs the work of reclaiming.
- 1 Principles
- 2 Tracing garbage collectors
- 2.1 Reachability of an object
- 2.2 Strong and weak references
- 2.3 Weak collections
- 2.4 Basic algorithm
- 2.5 Implementation strategies
- 2.6 Performance implications
- 2.7 Determinism
- 2.8 Real-time garbage collection
- 3 Reference counting
- 4 Escape analysis
- 5 Compile-time
- 6 Availability
- 7 Limited environments
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2013)
The basic principles of garbage collection are:
- Find data objects in a program that cannot be accessed in the future.
- Reclaim the resources used by those objects.
Many computer languages require garbage collection, either as part of the language specification (e.g., Java, C#, and most scripting languages) or effectively for practical implementation (e.g., formal languages like lambda calculus); these are said to be garbage collected languages. Other languages were designed for use with manual memory management, but have garbage collected implementations available (e.g., C, C++). Some languages, like Ada, Modula-3, and C++/CLI allow both garbage collection and manual memory management to co-exist in the same application by using separate heaps for collected and manually managed objects; others, like D, are garbage collected but allow the user to manually delete objects and also entirely disable garbage collection when speed is required. While integrating garbage collection into the language's compiler and runtime system enables a much wider choice of methods,[citation needed] post hoc GC systems exist, including some that do not require recompilation. (Post-hoc GC is sometimes distinguished as litter collection.) The garbage collector will almost always be closely integrated with the memory allocator.
Garbage collection frees the programmer from manually dealing with memory deallocation. As a result, certain categories of bugs are eliminated or substantially reduced:
- Dangling pointer bugs, which occur when a piece of memory is freed while there are still pointers to it, and one of those pointers is dereferenced. By then the memory may have been re-assigned to another use, with unpredictable results.
- Double free bugs, which occur when the program tries to free a region of memory that has already been freed, and perhaps already been allocated again.
- Certain kinds of memory leaks, in which a program fails to free memory occupied by objects that have become unreachable, which can lead to memory exhaustion. (Garbage collection typically does not deal with the unbounded accumulation of data that is reachable, but that will actually not be used by the program.)
- Efficient implementations of persistent data structures
Some of the bugs addressed by garbage collection can have security implications.
Typically, garbage collection has certain disadvantages:
- Garbage collection consumes computing resources in deciding which memory to free, even though the programmer may have already known this information. The penalty for the convenience of not annotating object lifetime manually in the source code is overhead, which can lead to decreased or uneven performance. Interaction with memory hierarchy effects can make this overhead intolerable in circumstances that are hard to predict or to detect in routine testing.
- The moment when the garbage is actually collected can be unpredictable, resulting in stalls scattered throughout a session. Unpredictable stalls can be unacceptable in real-time environments, in transaction processing, or in interactive programs. Incremental, concurrent, and real-time garbage collectors address these problems, with varying trade-offs.
- Non-deterministic GC is incompatible with RAII based management of non-GCed resources.[citation needed] As a result, the need for explicit manual resource management (release/close) for non-GCed resources becomes transitive to composition. That is: in a non-deterministic GC system, if a resource or a resource-like object requires manual resource management (release/close), and this object is used as 'part of' another object, then the composed object will also become a resource-like object that itself requires manual resource management (release/close).
Tracing garbage collectors[edit]
Tracing garbage collectors are the most common type of garbage collector. They first determine which objects are reachable (or potentially reachable), and then discard all remaining objects.
Reachability of an object[edit]
Informally, an object is reachable if it is referenced by at least one variable in the program, either directly or through references from other reachable objects. More precisely, objects can be reachable in only two ways:
- A distinguished set of objects are assumed to be reachable: these are known as the roots. Typically, these include all the objects referenced from anywhere in the call stack (that is, all local variables and parameters in the functions currently being invoked), and any global variables.
- Anything referenced from a reachable object is itself reachable; more formally, reachability is a transitive closure.
The reachability definition of "garbage" is not optimal, insofar as the last time a program uses an object could be long before that object falls out of the environment scope. A distinction is sometimes drawn between syntactic garbage, those objects the program cannot possibly reach, and semantic garbage, those objects the program will in fact never again use. For example:
Object x = new Foo(); Object y = new Bar(); x = new Quux(); /* at this point, we know that the Foo object * originally assigned to x will never be * accessed: it is syntactic garbage */ if(x.check_something()) { x.do_something(y); } System.exit(0); /* in the above block, y *could* be semantic garbage, * but we won't know until x.check_something() returns * some value -- if it returns at all */
The problem of precisely identifying semantic garbage can easily be shown to be partially decidable: a program that allocates an object X, runs an arbitrary input program P, and uses X if and only if P finishes would require a semantic garbage collector to solve the halting problem. Although conservative heuristic methods for semantic garbage detection remain an active research area, essentially all practical garbage collectors focus on syntactic garbage.[citation needed]
Another complication with this approach is that, in languages with both reference types and unboxed value types, the garbage collector needs to somehow be able to distinguish which variables on the stack or fields in an object are regular values and which are references: in memory, an integer and a reference might look alike. The garbage collector then needs to know whether to treat the element as a reference and follow it, or whether it is a primitive value. One common solution is the use of tagged pointers.
Strong and weak references[edit]
The garbage collector can reclaim only objects that have no references pointing to them either directly or indirectly from the root set. However, some programs require weak references, which should be usable for as long as the object exists but should not prolong its lifetime. In discussions about weak references, ordinary references are sometimes called strong references. An object is eligible for garbage collection if there are no strong (i.e. ordinary) references to it, even though there still might be some weak references to it.
A weak reference is not merely just any pointer to the object that a garbage collector does not care about. The term is usually reserved for a properly managed category of special reference objects which are safe to use even after the object disappears because they lapse to a safe value. An unsafe reference that is not known to the garbage collector will simply remain dangling by continuing to refer to the address where the object previously resided. This is not a weak reference.
In some implementations, weak references are divided into subcategories. For example, the Java Virtual Machine provides three forms of weak references, namely soft references,[3] phantom references,[4] and regular weak references.[5] A softly referenced object is only eligible for reclamation, if the garbage collector decides that the program is low on memory. Unlike a soft reference or a regular weak reference, a phantom reference does not provide access to the object that it references. Instead, a phantom reference is a mechanism that allows the garbage collector to notify the program when the referenced object has become phantom reachable. An object is phantom reachable, if it still resides in memory and it is referenced by a phantom reference, but its finalizer has already executed. Similarly, Microsoft.NET provides two subcategories of weak references,[6] namely long weak references (tracks resurrection) and short weak references.
Weak collections[edit]
Data structures can also be devised which have weak tracking features. For instance, weak hash tables are useful. Like a regular hash table, a weak hash table maintains an association between pairs of objects, where each pair is understood to be a key and value. However, the hash table does not actually maintain a strong reference on these objects. A special behavior takes place when either the key or value or both become garbage: the hash table entry is spontaneously deleted. There exist further refinements such as hash tables which have only weak keys (value references are ordinary, strong references) or only weak values (key references are strong).
Weak hash tables are important for maintaining associations between objects, such that the objects engaged in the association can still become garbage if nothing in the program refers to them any longer (other than the associating hash table).
The use of a regular hash table for such a purpose could lead to a "logical memory leak": the accumulation of reachable data which the program does not need and will not use.
Basic algorithm[edit]
Tracing collectors are so called because they trace through the working set of memory. These garbage collectors perform collection in cycles. A cycle is started when the collector decides (or is notified) that it needs to reclaim memory, which happens most often when the system is low on memory[citation needed]. The original method involves a naïve mark-and-sweep in which the entire memory set is touched several times.
Naïve mark-and-sweep[edit]
In the naive mark-and-sweep method, each object in memory has a flag (typically a single bit) reserved for garbage collection use only. This flag is always cleared, except during the collection cycle. The first stage of collection does a tree traversal of the entire 'root set', marking each object that is pointed to as being 'in-use'. All objects that those objects point to, and so on, are marked as well, so that every object that is ultimately pointed to from the root set is marked. Finally, all memory is scanned from start to finish, examining all free or used blocks; those with the in-use flag still cleared are not reachable by any program or data, and their memory is freed. (For objects which are marked in-use, the in-use flag is cleared again, preparing for the next cycle.)
This method has several disadvantages, the most notable being that the entire system must be suspended during collection; no mutation of the working set can be allowed. This will cause programs to 'freeze' periodically (and generally unpredictably), making real-time and time-critical applications impossible. In addition, the entire working memory must be examined, much of it twice, potentially causing problems in paged memory systems.
Tri-color marking[edit]
Because of these pitfalls, most modern tracing garbage collectors implement some variant of the tri-color marking abstraction, but simple collectors (such as the mark-and-sweep collector) often do not make this abstraction explicit. Tri-color marking works as described below.
Three sets are created – white, black and gray:
- The white set, or condemned set, is the set of objects that are candidates for having their memory recycled.
- The black set is the set of objects that can be shown to have no outgoing references to objects in the white set, and to be reachable from the root. Objects in the black set are not candidates for recycling; in many implementations, the black set starts as empty.
- The gray set contains all objects reachable from the root but yet to be scanned for references to "white" objects. Since they are known to be reachable from the root, they cannot be garbage-collected and will end up in the black set after being scanned. The gray set is initialised to the set of objects which are directly referenced at the root level; typically all other objects are initially placed in the white set.
These three sets partition the memory; every object in the system, including the root set, is in precisely one set. The algorithm then executes the following:
- Pick an object from the gray set.
- "Blacken" this object (move it to the black set) by graying all the white objects it references. This confirms that neither this object nor any object it references can be garbage-collected.
- Repeat the former until the gray set is empty.
- When there are no more objects in the gray set, the scan has finished; the "black" objects have been shown to be reachable from the root, while the "white" objects have been shown to be unreachable and can be garbage-collected.
Since all objects not immediately reachable from the root are typically assigned to the white set, and objects can only move from white to gray and from gray to black, the algorithm preserves an important invariant – no black object points directly to a white object. This ensures that the white objects can be safely destroyed once the gray set is empty. (Some variations on the algorithm do not preserve the tri-color invariant but use a modified form for which all the important properties hold.)
The tri-color method has an important advantage – it can be performed "on-the-fly", without halting the system for significant periods of time. This is accomplished by marking objects as they are allocated and during mutation, maintaining the various sets. By monitoring the size of the sets, the system can perform garbage collection periodically, rather than as needed. Also, the need to touch the entire working set on each cycle is avoided.
Implementation strategies[edit]
In order to implement the basic tri-colour algorithm, several important design decisions must be made, which can significantly affect the performance characteristics of the garbage collector.
Moving vs. non-moving[edit]
Once the unreachable set has been determined, the garbage collector may simply release the unreachable objects and leave everything else as it is, or it may copy some or all of the reachable objects into a new area of memory, updating all references to those objects as needed. These are called "non-moving" and "moving" (or, alternatively, "non-compacting" and "compacting") garbage collectors, respectively.
At first, a moving GC strategy may seem inefficient and costly compared to the non-moving approach, since much more work would appear to be required on each cycle. In fact, however, the moving GC strategy leads to several performance advantages, both during the garbage collection cycle itself and during actual program execution:
- No additional work is required to reclaim the space freed by dead objects; the entire region of memory from which reachable objects were moved can be considered free space. In contrast, a non-moving GC must visit each unreachable object and somehow record that the memory it alone occupied is available.
- Similarly, new objects can be allocated very quickly. Since large contiguous regions of memory are usually made available by the moving GC strategy, new objects can be allocated by simply incrementing a 'free memory' pointer. A non-moving strategy may, after some time, lead to a heavily fragmented heap, requiring expensive consultation of "free lists" of small available blocks of memory in order to allocate new objects.
- If an appropriate traversal order is used (such as cdr-first for list conses), objects that refer to each other frequently can be moved very close to each other in memory, increasing the likelihood that they will be located in the same cache line or virtual memory page. This can significantly speed up access to these objects through these references.
One disadvantage of a moving garbage collector is that it only allows access through references that are managed by the garbage collected environment, and does not allow pointer arithmetic. This is because any native pointers to objects will be invalidated when the garbage collector moves the object (they become dangling pointers). For interoperability with native code, the garbage collector must copy the object contents to a location outside of the garbage collected region of memory. An alternative approach is to pin the object in memory, preventing the garbage collector from moving it and allowing the memory to be directly shared with native pointers (and possibly allowing pointer arithmetic).[7]
Copying vs. mark-and-sweep vs. mark-and-don't-sweep[edit]
To further refine the distinction, tracing collectors can also be divided by considering how the three sets of objects (white, grey, and black) are maintained during a collection cycle.
The most straightforward approach is the semi-space collector, which dates to 1969. In this moving GC scheme, memory is partitioned into a "from space" and "to space". Initially, objects are allocated into "to space" until they become full and a collection is triggered. At the start of a collection, the "to space" becomes the "from space", and vice versa. The objects reachable from the root set are copied from the "from space" to the "to space". These objects are scanned in turn, and all objects that they point to are copied into "to space", until all reachable objects have been copied into "to space". Once the program continues execution, new objects are once again allocated in the "to space" until it is once again full and the process is repeated. This approach has the advantage of conceptual simplicity (the three object color sets are implicitly constructed during the copying process), but the disadvantage that a (possibly) very large contiguous region of free memory is necessarily required on every collection cycle. This technique is also known as stop-and-copy. Cheney's algorithm is an improvement on the semi-space collector.
A mark and sweep garbage collector maintains a bit (or two) with each object to record whether it is white or black; the grey set is either maintained as a separate list (such as the process stack) or using another bit. As the reference tree is traversed during a collection cycle (the "mark" phase), these bits are manipulated by the collector to reflect the current state. A final "sweep" of the memory areas then frees white objects. The mark and sweep strategy has the advantage that, once the unreachable set is determined, either a moving or non-moving collection strategy can be pursued; this choice of strategy can even be made at runtime, as available memory permits. It has the disadvantage of "bloating" objects by a small amount.
A mark and don't sweep garbage collector, like the mark-and-sweep, maintains a bit with each object to record whether it is white or black; the gray set is either maintained as a separate list (such as the process stack) or using another bit. There are two key differences here. First, black and white mean different things than they do in the mark and sweep collector. In a "mark and don't sweep" system, all reachable objects are always black. An object is marked black at the time it is allocated, and it will stay black even if it becomes unreachable. A white object is unused memory and may be allocated. Second, the interpretation of the black/white bit can change. Initially, the black/white bit may have the sense of (0=white, 1=black). If an allocation operation ever fails to find any available (white) memory, that means all objects are marked used (black). The sense of the black/white bit is then inverted (for example, 0=black, 1=white). Everything becomes white. This momentarily breaks the invariant that reachable objects are black, but a full marking phase follows immediately, to mark them black again. Once this is done, all unreachable memory is white. No "sweep" phase is necessary.
Generational GC (ephemeral GC)[edit]
It has been empirically observed that in many programs, the most recently created objects are also those most likely to become unreachable quickly (known as infant mortality or the generational hypothesis). A generational GC (also known as ephemeral GC) divides objects into generations and, on most cycles, will place only the objects of a subset of generations into the initial white (condemned) set. Furthermore, the runtime system maintains knowledge of when references cross generations by observing the creation and overwriting of references. When the garbage collector runs, it may be able to use this knowledge to prove that some objects in the initial white set are unreachable without having to traverse the entire reference tree. If the generational hypothesis holds, this results in much faster collection cycles while still reclaiming most unreachable objects.
In order to implement this concept, many generational garbage collectors use separate memory regions for different ages of objects. When a region becomes full, those few objects that are referenced from older memory regions are promoted to the next highest region, and the entire region can then be overwritten with fresh objects. This technique permits very fast incremental garbage collection, since the garbage collection of only one region at a time is all that is typically required.
Generational garbage collection is a heuristic approach, and some unreachable objects may not be reclaimed on each cycle. It may therefore occasionally be necessary to perform a full mark and sweep or copying garbage collection to reclaim all available space. In fact, runtime systems for modern programming languages (such as Java and the .NET Framework) usually use some hybrid of the various strategies that have been described thus far; for example, most collection cycles might look only at a few generations, while occasionally a mark-and-sweep is performed, and even more rarely a full copying is performed to combat fragmentation. The terms "minor cycle" and "major cycle" are sometimes used to describe these different levels of collector aggression.
Stop-the-world vs. incremental vs. concurrent[edit]
Simple stop-the-world garbage collectors completely halt execution of the program to run a collection cycle, thus guaranteeing that new objects are not allocated and objects do not suddenly become unreachable while the collector is running.
This has the obvious disadvantage that the program can perform no useful work while a collection cycle is running (sometimes called the "embarrassing pause"). Stop-the-world garbage collection is therefore mainly suitable for non-interactive programs. Its advantage is that it is both simpler to implement and faster than incremental garbage collection.
Incremental and concurrent garbage collectors are designed to reduce this disruption by interleaving their work with activity from the main program. Incremental garbage collectors perform the garbage collection cycle in discrete phases, with program execution permitted between each phase (and sometimes during some phases). Concurrent garbage collectors do not stop program execution at all, except perhaps briefly when the program's execution stack is scanned. However, the sum of the incremental phases takes longer to complete than one batch garbage collection pass, so these garbage collectors may yield lower total throughput.
Careful design is necessary with these techniques to ensure that the main program does not interfere with the garbage collector and vice versa; for example, when the program needs to allocate a new object, the runtime system may either need to suspend it until the collection cycle is complete, or somehow notify the garbage collector that there exists a new, reachable object.
Precise vs. conservative and internal pointers[edit]
Some collectors can correctly identify all pointers (references) in an object; these are called precise (also exact or accurate) collectors, the opposite being a conservative or partly conservative collector. Conservative collectors assume that any bit pattern in memory could be a pointer if, interpreted as a pointer, it would point into an allocated object. Conservative collectors may produce false positives, where unused memory is not released because of improper pointer identification. This is not always a problem in practice unless the program handles a lot of data that could easily be misidentified as a pointer. False positives are generally less problematic on 64-bit systems than on 32-bit systems because the range of valid memory addresses tends to be a tiny fraction of the range of 64-bit values. Thus, an arbitrary 64-bit pattern is unlikely to mimic a valid pointer. A false negative can also happen if pointers are "hidden", for example by the XOR trick. Whether a precise collector is practical usually depends on the type safety properties of the programming language in question. An example for which a conservative garbage collector would be needed is the C language, which allows typed (non-void) pointers to be type cast into untyped (void) pointers, and vice versa.
A related issue concerns internal pointers, or pointers to fields within an object. If the semantics of a language allow internal pointers, then there may be many different addresses that can refer to parts of the same object, which complicates determining whether an object is garbage or not. An example for this is the C++ language, in which multiple inheritance can cause pointers to base objects to have different addresses. In a tightly optimized program, the corresponding pointer to the object itself may have been overwritten in its register, so such internal pointers need to be scanned.
Performance implications[edit]
Tracing garbage collectors require some implicit runtime overhead that may be beyond the control of the programmer, and can sometimes lead to performance problems. For example, commonly used stop-the-world garbage collectors, which pause program execution at arbitrary times, may make garbage collection inappropriate for some embedded systems, high-performance server software, and applications with real-time needs.
- Manual heap allocation
- search for best/first-fit block of sufficient size
- free list maintenance
- Garbage collection
- locate reachable objects
- copy reachable objects for moving collectors
- read/write barriers for incremental collectors
- search for best/first-fit block and free list maintenance for non-moving collectors
It is difficult to compare the two cases directly, as their behavior depends on the situation. For example, in the best case for a garbage collecting system, allocation just increments a pointer, but in the best case for manual heap allocation, the allocator maintains freelists of specific sizes and allocation only requires following a pointer. However, this size segregation usually cause a large degree of external fragmentation, which can have an adverse impact on cache behaviour. Memory allocation in a garbage collected language may be implemented using heap allocation behind the scenes (rather than simply incrementing a pointer), so the performance advantages listed above don't necessarily apply in this case. In some situations, most notably embedded systems, it is possible to avoid both garbage collection and heap management overhead by preallocating pools of memory and using a custom, lightweight scheme for allocation/deallocation.[8]
The overhead of write barriers is more likely to be noticeable in an imperative-style program which frequently writes pointers into existing data structures than in a functional-style program which constructs data only once and never changes them.
Some advances in garbage collection can be understood as reactions to performance issues. Early collectors were stop-the-world collectors, but the performance of this approach was distracting in interactive applications. Incremental collection avoided this disruption, but at the cost of decreased efficiency due to the need for barriers. Generational collection techniques are used with both stop-the-world and incremental collectors to increase performance; the trade-off is that some garbage is not detected as such for longer than normal.
- Tracing garbage collection is not deterministic in the timing of object finalization. An object which becomes eligible for garbage collection will usually be cleaned up eventually, but there is no guarantee when (or even if) that will happen. This is an issue for program correctness when objects are tied to non-memory resources, whose release is an externally visible program behavior, such as closing a network connection, releasing a device or closing a file. One garbage collection technique which provides determinism in this regard is reference counting.
- Garbage collection can have a nondeterministic impact on execution time, by potentially introducing pauses into the execution of a program which are not correlated with the algorithm being processed. Under tracing garbage collection, the request to allocate a new object can sometimes return quickly and at other times trigger a lengthy garbage collection cycle. Under reference counting, whereas allocation of objects is usually fast, decrementing a reference is nondeterministic, since a reference may reach zero, triggering recursion to decrement the reference counts of other objects which that object holds.
Real-time garbage collection[edit]
While garbage collection is generally nondeterministic, it is possible to use it in hard real-time systems. A real-time garbage collector should guarantee that even in the worst case it will dedicate a certain number of computational resources to mutator threads. Constraints imposed on a real-time garbage collector are usually either work based or time based. A time based constraint would look like: within each time window of duration T, mutator threads should be allowed to run at least for Tm time. For work based analysis, MMU (minimal mutator utilization)[9] is usually used as a real-time constraint for the garbage collection algorithm.
One of the first implementations of hard real-time garbage collection for the JVM was based on the Metronome algorithm,[10] whose commercial implementation is available as part of the IBM WebSphere Real Time.[11] Another hard real-time garbage collection algorithm is Staccado, available in the IBM's J9 JVM, which also provides scalability to large multiprocessor architectures, while bringing various advantages over Metronome and other algorithms which, on the contrary, require specialized hardware.[12]
Reference counting[edit]
Reference counting is a form of garbage collection whereby each object has a count of the number of references to it. Garbage is identified by having a reference count of zero. An object's reference count is incremented when a reference to it is created, and decremented when a reference is destroyed. The object's memory is reclaimed when the count reaches zero.
Compared to tracing garbage collection, reference counting guarantees that objects are destroyed as soon as they become unreachable (assuming that there are no reference cycles), and usually only accesses memory which is either in CPU caches, in objects to be freed, or directly pointed by those, and thus tends to not have significant negative side effects on CPU cache and virtual memory operation.
There are some disadvantages to reference counting:
- If two or more objects refer to each other, they can create a cycle whereby neither will be collected as their mutual references never let their reference counts become zero. Some garbage collection systems using reference counting (like the one in CPython) use specific cycle-detecting algorithms to deal with this issue.[13] Another strategy is to use weak references for the "backpointers" which create cycles. Under reference counting, a weak reference is similar to a weak reference under a tracing garbage collector. It is a special reference object whose existence does not increment the reference count of the referent object. Furthermore, a weak reference is safe in that when the referent object becomes garbage, any weak reference to it lapses, rather than being permitted to remain dangling, meaning that it turns into a predictable value, such as a null reference.
- In naive implementations, each assignment of a reference and each reference falling out of scope often require modifications of one or more reference counters. However, in the common case, when a reference is copied from an outer scope variable into an inner scope variable, such that the lifetime of the inner variable is bounded by the lifetime of the outer one, the reference incrementing can be eliminated. The outer variable "owns" the reference. In the programming language C++, this technique is readily implemented and demonstrated with the use of
constreferences. Reference counting in C++ is usually implemented using "smart pointers" whose constructors, destructors and assignment operators manage the references. A smart pointer can be passed by reference to a function, which avoids the need to copy-construct a new smart pointer (which would increase the reference count on entry into the function and decrease it on exit). Instead the function receives a reference to the smart pointer which is produced inexpensively.
- When used in a multithreaded environment, these modifications (increment and decrement) may need to be atomic operations such as compare-and-swap, at least for any objects which are shared, or potentially shared among multiple threads. Atomic operations are expensive on a multiprocessor, and even more expensive if they have to be emulated with software algorithms. It is possible to avoid this issue by adding per-thread or per-CPU reference counts and only accessing the global reference count when the local reference counts become or are no longer zero (or, alternatively, using a binary tree of reference counts, or even giving up deterministic destruction in exchange for not having a global reference count at all), but this adds significant memory overhead and thus tends to be only useful in special cases (it's used, for example, in the reference counting of Linux kernel modules).
- Naive implementations of reference counting do not in general provide real-time behavior, because any pointer assignment can potentially cause a number of objects bounded only by total allocated memory size to be recursively freed while the thread is unable to perform other work. It is possible to avoid this issue by delegating the freeing of objects whose reference count dropped to zero to other threads, at the cost of extra overhead.
Escape analysis[edit]
Escape analysis can be used to convert heap allocations to stack allocations, thus reducing the amount of work needed to be done by the garbage collector. This is done using a compile-time analysis to determine whether an object allocated within a function is not accessible outside of it (i.e. escape) to other functions or threads. In such a case the object may be allocated directly on the thread stack and released when the function returns, reducing its potential garbage collection overhead.
Compile-time garbage collection is a form of static analysis allowing memory to be reused and reclaimed based on invariants known during compilation. This form of garbage collection has been studied in the Mercury programming language[14]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2013)
Generally speaking, higher-level programming languages are more likely to have garbage collection as a standard feature. In languages that do not have built in garbage collection, it can often be added through a library, as with the Boehm garbage collector for C (for "nearly all programs") and C++. This approach is not without drawbacks, such as changing object creation and destruction mechanisms.
Most functional programming languages, such as ML, Haskell, and APL, have garbage collection built in. Lisp is especially notable as both the first functional programming language and the first language to introduce garbage collection.
Other dynamic languages, such as Ruby (but not Perl 5, or PHP, which use reference counting), also tend to use GC. Object-oriented programming languages such as Smalltalk, Java and ECMAScript usually provide integrated garbage collection. Notable exceptions are C++ and Delphi which have destructors. Objective-C has not traditionally had it, but Objective-C 2.0 as implemented by Apple for Mac OS X used a runtime collector developed in-house, which was deprecated by LLVM's automatic reference counter, a compile-time garbage collector. The GNUstep project uses a Boehm collector.
Historically, languages intended for beginners, such as BASIC and Logo, have often used garbage collection for heap-allocated variable-length data types, such as strings and lists, so as not to burden programmers with manual memory management. On early microcomputers, with their limited memory and slow processors, BASIC garbage collection could often cause apparently random, inexplicable pauses in the midst of program operation.
Some BASIC interpreters, such as Applesoft BASIC on the Apple II family, repeatedly scanned the string descriptors for the string having the highest address in order to compact it toward high memory, resulting in O(N*N) performance, which could introduce minutes-long pauses in the execution of string-intensive programs. A replacement garbage collector for Applesoft BASIC published in Call-A.P.P.L.E. (January 1981, pages 40–45, Randy Wigginton) identified a group of strings in every pass over the heap, which cut collection time dramatically. BASIC.System, released with ProDOS in 1983, provided a windowing garbage collector for BASIC that reduced most collections to a fraction of a second.
Limited environments[edit]
Garbage collection is rarely used on embedded or real-time systems because of the perceived need for very tight control over the use of limited resources. However, garbage collectors compatible with such limited environments have been developed.[15] The Microsoft .NET Micro Framework and Java Platform, Micro Edition are embedded software platforms that, like their larger cousins, include garbage collection.
See also[edit]
- ^ "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine". Portal.acm.org. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ "Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine, Part I". Retrieved 29 May 2009.
- ^ "Class SoftReference<T>". Java™ Platform Standard Ed. 7. Oracle. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Class PhantomReference<T>". Java™ Platform Standard Ed. 7. Oracle. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Class WeakReference<T>". Java™ Platform Standard Ed. 7. Oracle. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Weak References". .NET Framework 4.5. Microsoft. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Copying and Pinning". Msdn2.microsoft.com. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
- ^ "Memory allocation in embedded systems". Eros-os.org. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ Cheng, Perry; Blelloch, Guy E. (22 June 2001). "A parallel, real-time garbage collector". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 36 (5): 125–136. doi:10.1145/381694.378823.
- ^ "The Metronome: A Simpler Approach to Garbage Collection in Real-Time Systems".
- ^ "Real-time Java, Part 4: Real-time garbage collection".
- ^ McCloskey, Bill; Bacon, David F.; Cheng, Perry; Grove, David (22 February 2008). "Staccato: A Parallel and Concurrent Real-time Compacting Garbage Collector for Multiprocessors". Retrieved 11 March 2014.
- ^ "Reference Counts". Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008. "While Python uses the traditional reference counting implementation, it also offers a cycle detector that works to detect reference cycles."
- ^ "Compile-time garbage collection for the declarative language Mercury".
- ^ "Wei Fu and Carl Hauser, "A Real-Time Garbage Collection Framework for Embedded Systems". ACM SCOPES '05, 2005". Portal.acm.org. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Further reading[edit]
- Jones, Richard; Hosking, Antony; Moss, Eliot (19 August 2011). The Garbage Collection Handbook: The Art of Automatic Memory Management. CRC Applied Algorithms and Data Structures Series. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 1-4200-8279-5.
- Jones, Richard; Lins, Rafael D. (1996). Garbage Collection: Algorithms for Automatic Dynamic Memory Management. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-94148-4.
- Wilson, Paul R.; Johnstone, M. S.; Neely, M.; Boles, D. (1995). "Dynamic Storage Allocation: A Survey and Critical Review". International Workshop on Memory Management.
- Wilson, Paul R. (1992). "Uniprocessor Garbage Collection Techniques". IWMM '92 Proceedings of the International Workshop on Memory Management (Springer-Verlag).
External links[edit]
- The Memory Management Reference
- The Very Basics of Garbage Collection
- Java SE 6 HotSpot™ Virtual Machine Garbage Collection Tuning
- A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects
- TinyGC - an independent implementation of the BoehmGC API
- Conservative Garbage Collection Implementation for C Language
- MeixnerGC - an incremental mark and sweep garbage collector for C++ using smart pointers


text:
Referendum 74 Approved
Referendum 74, which legalizes gay marriage, is officially approved by Washington voters and the opposition has conceded.
Preserve Marriage Washington issued a statement today saying that while they're disappointed with the results, they will quote, "continue to educate citizens that real marriage is the union of one man and one woman."
Gay marriage will become legal in Washington on December 6th, with marriages starting as soon as December 9th.


text:
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13553 SW K-4 Highway, P.O. Box 235
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The Barns @ Timber Creek B&B offers lodging in a beautifully restored wooden barn. Five guest rooms can accommodate up to 15 people. The Stone Barn is available for receptions, parties, events, ... More
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text:
FHP announces new commander
Date: July 2, 2009
by: Pam McTeer | News Editor
The Florida Highway Patrol troop that oversees Manatee and Sarasota counties has a new commander.
On July 1, FHP Patrol Director Col. John Czernis announced that Maj. Brent Coates will be assuming the reigns for Troop F, which also covers Charlotte, Collier, Glades, Hendry, Lee, DeSoto, Hardee and Highlands counties.
Coates has spent 26 years with the patrol, and has demonstrated his ability to lead during the past year and a half while commanding Troop K, overseeing FHP enforcement on the Florida Turnpike.
"I have full confidence that he will bring the same dedication and professionalism to the troop in Southwest Florida," Czernis said.
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- Apr
22 Manatee PAL Golf Classic
8:00 am - 6:00 pm
- May
2 Spring Women's Conference with nat'l recording artist, Candy Pfeifer
6:30 pm - 9:30 pm
- May
2 2nd annual Glow Run
7:00 pm - 10:00 pm
- May
9 2nd annual DeBartolo Family Foundation All-In For ALS Casino Night
6:30 pm
Lakewood crowns students
Lakewood Ranch High School juniors Connor Jones and Kristen Mendez became school royalty March 31, after being named Mr. Mustang and Miss Lakewood Ranch.
MTI takes top awards
The Manatee Technical Institute Postsecondary Chapter of HOSA, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America, dominated the Postsecondary-Collegiate Division at the HOSA State Leadership Conference April 3 through April 6, in Lake Buena Vista.
Schooled on Jazz
Students at Haile Middle School kept the audience's toes tapping April 8, during the school's Night of Jazz event.


text:
Lost Frequencies - Are You With Me (Feat. Easton Corbin)
by Lost Frequencies
#DeepHouse | Lost Frequencies - Are You With Me (Feat. Easton Corbin)
#Adlibitum & Lost Frequencies decided that you will spend a great day :)
Enjoy it !!!
Heard It From A Friend
by LoLo
#Pop | LoLo - Heard It From A Friend
Also featured on Panic! At The Disco's single "Miss Jackson" http://snd.sc/12s5rH8
Tove Lo Habits
#Pop | Tove Lo - Habits
One Time
#R&B #Hip-Hop #Blues | Marian Hill - One Time
The final single from our debut EP, Play, coming March 4th.
FACEBOOK - www.facebook.com/MarianHillMusic
TWITTER @MarianHillMusic
Cover artwork by Zach Bell
1 Walk Away
#Folk #Rock | The Steel Wheels - Walk Away
Postiljonen - Atlantis
#Dream #Pop | Postiljonen - Atlantis
Postiljonen is a dream pop trio deriving from Scandinavia. The band emerged quietly back in September 2011 and is composed of Norwegian vocalist Mia Bøe alongside Swedish multi-instrumentalists Daniel Sjörs and Joel Nyström Holm.
After releasing a handful of online only singles in their native Scandinavia (including the heartbreaking interpretation of Whitney Houston's classic 'How Will I Know', renamed here to 'All That We Had Is Lost') the trio have managed to create a highly characteristic sound, where ethereal and alluring vocals are interwoven in a mystical, ambient, dreamy and lovable expression. They have been compared to the likes of M83, Air France, Sigur Ros, jj and Cocteau Twins.
Taking inspiration from old black and white movies, the golden 80s, Balearic scenery, sleepless summer nights and describe themselves as nostalgic daydreamers, all of which mirrors beautifully within Skyer's ten songs.
Featuring singles 'Supreme' and Atlantis', Skyer is summery pop music at its best; made for lazy days and dreamy nights.
Skyer is released on July 22 2013.
Florence and the Machine - Addicted to Love (Dimond Saints Remix)
#Chill #Electronic | Florence + The Machine - Addicted To Love (Dimond Saints Remix)
Dimond Saints are An-Ten-Nae & Releece's new project. Stay tuned for a debut album early 2014.
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Day to Ball (feat. Yungstar & Big Moe)
by D-Gotti
album Street Sermon
#Throwback #Rap #HipHop | D-Gotti - Day To Ball (feat. Yungstar & Big Moe)
Rick Ross Feat. Jay Z- The Devil Is A Lie (Dirty)
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Dizzy Wright - Still Movin
#HipHop #Rap | Dizzy Wright - 'Still Movin'
Dizzy Wright
Produced by
Directed by Zack Warren @therealpaulyz
Edited by Eric Longden @ericlongden
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RedCurb Media, RedCurbMedia.com
Funk Volume
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Dope beat..
Metronomy - I'm Aquarius
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The first single from the new album "Love Letters"
I'm Aquarius - Out Now
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Zane Lowe - Hottest Record In The World - 11.11.13
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from the upcoming album "The Blow" out October 1 (Kanine Records).
Pre-order the CD or LP: http://bit.ly/12FD8KC
#Blues #Rock | Mofro - 'Florabama'


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One of the oldest names in the automobile industry the Studebaker Company was formed in 1852 as a wagon manufacturer. By the late twenties... More
The Studebaker President Speedster was a halo car designed to drum up interest in the entire Studebaker lineup with its innovative features. Sold in... More


text:
Under New York law, members of the state police can't accept such gifts.
So state police officials are seeking the public's help in finding the woman who gave the money to Trooper Christopher Maniscalco in the Albany suburb of Guilderland on Sunday. They say they want the woman to tell them where she would like the donation to go.
Police say the woman told Maniscalco she had seen him doing a good job and wanted to say Merry Christmas and thank you. Officials say it wasn't until after his shift ended that the trooper opened the card and saw the money.
(Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


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NOTRE DAME - Notre Dame is sitting in the seat the every team in the nation envies right now. Ranked #1, late in season, in control of their own destiny.
Over the past 14 years, since the BCS as we know it began, twelve of the 14 teams who sat in the #1 spot with two weeks to go, have played for the national championship.
It's a good sign for Notre Dame as they prepare for USC. But not the only sign.
"Notre Dame has a unique tradition: On Grace Hall they have #1 illuminated at night. You'd have to be livin' in Elkhart to not see it, and our guys don't live in Elkhart", Brian Kelly said Tuesday.
"It's a lot better when that light's on, than when it's not on... But does it effect the way they come to work every day? No, it does not."
In his own words, Brian Kelly's task this week is the same as it's been all season long. Getting his team to focus on themselves, and not the chaos fluttering all around them.
Playing with the pressure of being number one, this late in the year, can take it's toll. Just ask Alabama and Kansas State.
But Brian Kelly feels that being at Notre Dame prepares a team for the pressures of number one, unlike any place in the country.
"We wear that (pressure) every game we play. So number one for us? USC will play their very best, because they're playing number one. I don't think kids change when they're number one. They go to work the same way, practice the same way. The other teams will play their very best, but we get that every week anyway. We get the absolute best from our opponents each and every week, so for us, it's business as usual."


text:
Three-block section of downtown to be open to pedestrians Friday
Main Street from First to Fourth Street will open to pedestrians beginning Friday evening. To celebrate the occasion, a block party will take place on the site of the first phase of the…
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PLANTING POTATOES … The asparagus is gone to seed. The snow is melted on all but the distant peaks. It feels like it won't freeze again till next winter (good luck!) … But years of planting over 50 varieties of Solanum tuberosum have led me to a late May/early June scenario for putting my spud crop into the ground at Cloud Acre's 7000 feet. It was a particularly challenging task this year since my acre of land spent last spring/summer/fall going completely feral. Weeds proliferated, after years of careful thinning. Potato fields laid fallow. Weren't mowed, rototilled or sown with cover crops. The pond pump hasn't worked in three years … But of late a change in family relationships has led to a lot of time alone, and it's been wonderful to work my fields, sculpture paths in my jungles of quackgrass, watch the pond fill up to overflowing. The coyote willow are flourishing. The introduced elms forming elegant vases of shade … I want to especially thank Peter Pitts and Steve McHugh for answering my call last year, when I was doing hospice for my dad, and growing seed potatoes for me. The blessing (and the bane) of potatoes is that they are clones. You grow direct copies of tubers with last year's crop. If you grow potatoes from seed, varieties can cross. But clonal crops don't cross … The trouble is, you have to keep growing varieties each year, or you lose your seed – as potatoes only store a year. After developing my seed stock to some 49 varieties – some no longer available from seed sellers like Ronniger's or Milk Farm, it would have been disaster not to grow. I took most of my seed to California, and grew a crop there (although I had to abandon it in July and come back to harvest it in November). But Peter had his gardeners grow big bags of selected varieties of heirloom spuds from my seed stock (and his potatoes were HUGE and very healthy). Steve did the same, although his spuds were more like mine – small and rugged, having survived insufficient attention, drought and other adversities. Still, thanks to Peter and Steve, Cloud Acre is once again in the business of growing heirloom seed potatoes. Thank you both … And my front porch has a (small) box of potato seed left over, as long as they last. First come, first served. Free to all.
HAZARDOUS DAY … Kudos to Kathy Green who was part of a group of citizens catalyzed by Betsy McKinney of ReStore Our World, who pressed local governments to address the issue of recycling hazardous wastes. Which was one of the first task forces formed by the Intergovernmental council of governments under the leadership of former mayors John Pryor and Davis Watson. I was proud to serve as first chair of that IG Recycling Task Force. And with great support from Joan May, Dave Schneck, Nina Kothe, Kris Holstrom, Denise Mongan, Jonathan Greenspan and a score of others we piggy-backed a hazardous waste day onto the annual town cleanup and expanded it to a general cleanup for all town and county residents in the region. Later task force members Joanna Kanow and Michelle Haynes (Green Party, Norwood Town Council) teamed up with Deb Dion, Brendon Wells and Chris Trosper of Bruin Waste to keep recyclables and hazardous waste from getting dumped into our regional landfills like citizens here had been doing for a hundred years -- until government stepped in to provide a service the private sector was unable to …This year I hauled two years worth of toxic paint, mercury lightbulbs and dead batteries to the high school dropoff site (thank you Telluride School Board) where Chris Smith had a well-oiled crew processing wastes, and Lita Bilotti had done good publicity. I'd saved up a lot of stuff to dispose of. However, thanks to the Sheridan Opera House yard sale and the recyclables at the town cleanup station out by the edge of the valley floor wetlands (accessed through Shandoka), my polka-dotted red Amanitamobile drove back to Norwood with more stuff than I came with. Guess I'm just a recyclist by nature … But we shouldn't get too smug flaunting our PC Sustainability mantle. Scanning the minutes from a Recycling Task Force meeting of Jan. 31, 2006, I find myself sharing Denise's frustration – why can't we come up with better incentives to move citizen behavior in a more sustainable direction? … Denise Mongan expressed frustration that there is no emphasis in this country on reducing and re-using, as there is on the efforts to clean up post-consumer waste. Everyone agreed. Something to think about: How can we incentivize better consumerism? … But mostly I wanted to point out one of the good news items we ought to be proud of as a community – where government partners with the people (mostly volunteers) to do the right thing by the environment … And to praise Kathy Green, who was there helping out at the towns/county annual recycling and computer disposal site this year (computers have toxic metals and hazardous compounds wired into them). This isn't the first recycling program she's helped build. But, as most know in our community, it's rarely one person alone that gets good things done. More often it's a team of locals willing to pitch in and expand on a good idea. Kathy Green just happens to be a member of a lot of those teams.
CRDC … The Colorado Rural Development Council, in partnership with the Colorado Rural Workforce Consortium and the Colorado Workforce Development Council, is proud to present the first ever, Annual Report on the Status of Rural Colorado. Check it out at < HYPERLINK "http://www.ruralcolorado.org" www.ruralcolorado.org> … I think it will be a great way to educate "urban" Colorado on the importance of "rural" Colorado to the entire state. Kudos to to my old buddy Clarke Becker, CRDC's executive director … The 2009 Colorado Entrepreneurship MarketPlace will be in Grand Junction on October 9th, sponsored by CRDC. Watch for details!
Fort Juniper, Midsummer
Scything down the overgrowth
around the cabin, my sweat drops in rhythm
to the swing of each swing of the blade.
The sprinkling of sap pelts
the understory of birch and oak
from the towering branches of white pine.
An amber rain falls through the simmer of wind
from the canopy in the sunlight.
When I stop to rest, and lean
on the scythe's handle, I inhale
the sweetness of the fragrance released
by the fallen sheaves of cut swale—
listen to the lucid notes
of a thrush's song honey the air.
-Wally Swist


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So about a week ago Jeff and I canoed one of the local rivers, my first time ever. Words cannot express the beauty – and I bet this week was even better, with all the dogwoods and red buds in bloom since then.
We have to thank Riverview Resort for the wonderful afternoon we had. They were the best in explaining what to do and why. And, of course, shuttling us to the drop off point!
Remember, though, we are between two wonderful rivers (White and Kings) and not far from another incredible canoeing adventure, the Buffalo River! This is a very easy activity for everyone to enjoy, with or without experience. Come experience the beautiful Ozark mountains from a completely different view than the shops and restaurants.
We are looking forward to going again soon, perhaps to the Kings River, to the east. I'm looking for a life vest in Sophie's size…
Call us and we'll make all the arrangements for you, when you come stay at the Bridgeford House Bed and Breakfast.
Warmest regards,
Jeff and Nadara (Sam) Feldman – and Sophie, too!


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AUSTIN -- Former President George W. Bush is recovering after surgery Tuesday morning to put a stent in his heart. Doctors discovered a blockage in an artery Monday during the 67-year-old's annual checkup. The surgery took place at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas. A spokesman says Bush experienced no complications during surgery and is eager to return home.
Over the years heart stent procedures have become fairly routine. They're now minimally invasive but provide a significant advantage to anyone suffering from coronary artery disease.
News of President Bush's heart stent procedure spread quickly at St. David's North Austin Medical Center.
"Whenever you hear about a stent in somebody that used to lead our nation it definitely causes you to take a step back and think about it," said Joseph Imsais, M.D. of cardiology.
Heart disease causes blood vessels to narrow or become clogged, limiting blood flow.
"When there's a narrowing in the artery, that can lead to chest pressure and shortness of breath," said Imsais. "Down the line that can lead to heart muscle damage or even heart attacks."
Doctors insert a stent, or small wire tube, to prop open the artery where the the blockage occurs.
"We inflate a balloon temporarily to open up that artery," said Imsais. "We remove a balloon, and we place a permanent metal stent to kind of prop that artery open and to keep it open and prevent further problems in the future."
President Bush is an avid runner. Although now 67, his 2006 medical exam revealed only a low risk for coronary artery disease.
"The bottom line is once we're over the age of 50, both men and women have a real risk of that," said Imsais.
"Stents these days are almost preventative maintenance for people," said Sherry Neyman, M.D., of obstetrics and gynecology.
Neyman trained at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas where Bush underwent his physical that revealed the blockage.
"It shows that even for someone who is very physically fit heart disease is multi-factorial," she said. "Perhaps there are family issues, so it's important to look for the silent issues that contribute to heart disease. I wish him well, and I'm glad they found things early before he had a heart attack or something related to a clogged artery or something."
Doctors say the heart stent procedure only takes about an hour and the risks are very low. Recently KVUE reported on a new, dissolving stent. A clinical trial is currently taking place in Austin and across the country to test it. Click here for more information.


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Austin >Beauty > Perez Salon
5311 S. Congress, Austin, TX | Directions 7874530.207396 -97.773432
Tues-Fri 10am-7pm
Sat 8am-6pm
Neighborhoods: South Congress, East Congress
This is for the owner of Perez Salon.I don't think you handled the complaint or comment regarding 'don't ask for Anna' properly.The owner complains about that the customer is not being mature enough to bring the complaint to their attention and is hiding behind the internet.Not every customer brings a complaint to an owner.I was looking for a place to get a hair cut and I wont be coming to Perez Salon.Not because of what this person wrote although if it were me i would be very upset as well but because of the how the owner handled it.They have courses in small business's.I mean this with sincerity and not hatefulness and think this might help with owners business,customer relations,employee relations etc.It may cost some money now but its an investment for the future. I wish owner all the best.If you read the other web sites on the hair business's others write how hard it is to find a good hair cuts and not have to spend a lot of money while others have spent a lot of money and have gotten bad hair cuts so i was really looking for a hair salon like everyone else and came across this. Hope things work out.
BEST PLACE EVER – I had an absolute great experience at the salon with alex she did such an amazing job and I have been eager to go back and get a re-touch on my color and highlights., she has the best cutting skills I have yet seen the only thing I did not like was two of the employees that work there. The first time I went one of the girls was wearing inappropriate clothing for a salon (mini shorts and a V-neck shirt) she's the only one that stood out the most and on top of that she was using foul language with another employee there that later when I returned she was gone (the best thing that shop could have done) Still this girl has not changed and thats the only thing I did not like., the owner is totally down to earth and he has one of the best personalities.,
If you happen to go; ask for alex..I guaranty you will not regret it!
DO NOT ASK FOR ANNA – Perez Hair salon use to be the most amazing place to get your hair done, all of their stylist we're nice and well educated until yesterday when i went to go get my hair done they moved into this tiny little house next door to the old salon and there is not only 3 stylist, no place to move, and Anna is the worst hair stylist ever! She was using foul language as she was cutting my hair, made me feel uncomtroable, told her i didn't want my bangs cut more than past my eyebrows, SHE BUTCHERED ME! They are soo short and now i have to wait 3 moths or so to grow out. Customers if you are reading this, don't go back or you will regret it.
We are so sorry that you had a bad experience with Ana, however , i dont recall you bringing the problem up to management or bringing it to our attention. In the future if you ever have any bad experience PLEASE let us know so we can correct the problem ASAP> It just saddens us that you dont have the maturity to bring your problem to the floor instead of hiding behind the internet to make your comments. As for the location of the Salon, we did move to the small house next door as you realize we are in an Economic Depression and i will have you know that the clients enjoy the UNITY and feeling of being more one on one with our clients (Friends). I also spoke to the hairstylist you mentioned in your comment and corrected the problem. ..Thank YOU
Great staff! – I had tried to go from brunette to blonde myself and it did not turn out well. I had a photo shoot in a few days and I needed a complete over hall on my hair. I found Perez's SoCo Salon on citysearch, it was in my budget and they did color correction so I gave it a shot. I lucked out since they had one opening later that day.
A few hours later and my hair looked amazing! I haven't found a salon that I liked since moving to Austin and now I have found it! Great staff, excellent work, and affordable prices! This is a true hair salon gem for those of us that can't afford 6th street salon prices.
I highly recommend!!!
Stylist friendy like family! – When I called I knew my experience was going to be great, the person over the phone was funny and made me that much more comfortable about going to a new salon. The price was affordable but a little more than i had expected. The staff was overwhelmingly nice and I couldn't ask for anything better, but the favorite of all was the cut I got from Ana she was nice and very skilled. I LOVED my cut and will come back soon to get a trim ^-^
My husband's hair turned out great – My husband is a local Austin musician who recently went to Perez for cut and straightening with really awesome results! Thank you for making him look so great!
Perfect Styling – What I pictured in my mind is exactly what I left with! Thank you!
Unbelievable Sevice! – I came to Perez Salon today in need of extreme hair help! I recently purchased a hair extension piece that sure did not match the color of my hair. It was quite sad indeed!
Nevertheless, I knew that the right salon could match and color my hair to this new piece and that is exactly what they did!
After careful examination of color charts and enlisting my opinion, my stylist colored and styled my hair PERFECTLY!
I could not be more impressed with their services at this salon. I would highly recommend this salon and all of its services to anyone who wants to look truly amazing at fantastic prices!
Thank you, Perez Salon!
Friendly, best salon I've been to – First let me start by saying that before coming here, I would normally cut my own hair. I've been doing it for most of my life. I'm over 30 so there you go (I know how to cut hair ). Now that's not to say that I do it to save money or I don't care how my hair turns out...I'm just saying that most of the places that I've been to, well I go back home and usually finish the job. I've been coming here now for over a year and I haven't had to finish the job. Also, now that my self-help is now behind me...no more cleaning up all that hair.
I love this place! – You can get a great haircut or color at a very reasonable price. I used to go to an expensive salon but no more! They get a lot of walkins here so make sure to set up an appointment if you want speedy service. They have a TV and tons of magazines for while you're waiting and everyone is really nice. They recently remodeled the place so it looks great, too. I just love Katya my hairdresser there. She is the best!!
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Welcome Guest, click here to register
Roasted here in Maine to perfection.
Our favorite coffee, roasted locally, it is the only one we use.
Wake-up to a delicious brew. Carefully roasted Arabica beans are made just for us right here on the Coast of Maine. Each bag contains 10 oz. of Coastal Morning Coffee, a wonderful mellow brew that is perfect for morning coffee. This whole bean blend will soon become your favorite.
Coffee Beans


text: I think this depends on the brand you have and how it was installed. I've seen some ingenious installations before in a plenum that involved custom work. I've also seen some scary setups that resulted in condensate running back into the furnace instead of out the condensate hose. Some brands use a coil box that screws right to the furnace itself, leaving very little gap between the coil and the furnace. Condensate trays can vary as well based on the shape of the coil.


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At deviantART we are really big fans of our iPhones. I am a big fan of this message board because people really know the ins and outs of the iPhone. Today we launched a new web based application for browsing art, films and literature on the iPhone and iPod touch.
We really wanted to bring our Art content to the iPhone so we have built an optimized web based application to browse the entire collection of artwork at deviantART. The mobile site has been optimized to display our library of over 55 million works of art ranging from Paintings, Photos, Digital Art and Drawings to Short Films and Poetry. The mobile deviantART site works similarly to the way that Facebook works on iPhone. Our Short Films even stream back in high quality just like the integrated Youtube application. We used a lot of cool iPhone Webkit custom CSS and other features to make this feel as much like an integrated app as possible. It has been built to work quickly both on EDGE networks and on WiFi and uses both vertical and horizontal orientations of the phone. When the new firmware comes out, you will also be able to download any image on dA as a wallpaper.
To access the mobile optimized site you just have to visit www.deviantART.com from an iPhone or Ipod Touch.
More information can be found here:
We are really proud of this application and we would love to hear your feedback.
Mike Halpert


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NolaPro is a free Cloud Accounting suite that can be securely run from your PC. Refine and manage your business with its flexible and powerful Customer tracking, Billing, Payables, General Ledger, and Reporting features. Optional modules include Inventory Control, Service/Labor Order management, POS/Fulfillment Order support, a B2B Web portal, eCom Shopping Cart, vTiger add-on, Employee Timeclock, QuickBooks converter, development API, and many more. White Label partner revenue versions are available for CPAs, VARs, and consultants. For international users, it offers multi-currency, VAT/GST support, multi-language capability, and currency, decimal, and temperature flexibility. However NolaPro's customization is its best feature. It can be modified upon request to fit any industry spec or business requirement, as well as integrated with most 3rd party applications to provide backend accounting support. Secure Business Cloud hosting and a Linux version are also available.
openpom is a Web interface based on NDO for Nagios or Icinga. It allows you to view almost everything about Nagios or Icinga in a single page: alert, ack, downtime, comment. You can also interact with Nagios or Icinga through ack, downtime, comment, disable, and reset buttons. You can filter on hosts and services states (such as critical, warning, unknown, ok, or outage). The status popin allows you to display graphs, either the ones from Nagios (trends.cgi) or custom ones based on RRD (such as pnp4nagios).
Probus is a Web framework for developing in PHP5. This framework is based on the MVC pattern. It has excellent support data caching and provides convenient AJAX support. This framework supports the following features: Many programming patterns can be used, include MVC. A simple command-line tool is used to generate projects. Standard plugins are included for AJAX, RSS, and form validation. It is simple create new plugins for Probus. Its database abstraction layer supports MySQL, PgSQL, MSSQL, Oracle, and many others. It automatically caches data. Its configuration system uses YAML syntax. Components can be used from external frameworks such as Zend Framework, symfony, Code Igniter, Kohana, and CakePHP.
Nx2 is a somewhat complex Web application that acts as a frontend to music databases. Based on XUL, it runs in Gecko based browsers such as Firefox. Built on this idea is a client/server model where several Nx2 frontends can connect to each other, creating a way to link together databases on different networks.
AS2Secure is a PHP library that allows you to send and receive AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) messages from partners. The project is split into two parts: a client to send one or more documents to a partner and a server to receive one or more documents from a partner. Its main features are asyncronous and syncronous MDN, partner setup, digital signatures, message encryption, secure transport (using OpenSSL), support for SSL client authentication, and multiple attachments (AS2 1.2).
KeyOS is an integrated IT management platform compliant with the principles behind ISO 20000. Easily expandable through a plugins system, it provides a wide set of management consoles and dashboards, and interoperability with other tools used by system administrators. It provides a Windows and Linux agent to provide inventory and monitoring of hardware assets, a Centreon-Nagios connector, monitoring for anti-virus and backup programs, remote assistance, a help-desk and ticketing system with request routing, escalation, and SLA management, VoIP integration, automated translation, time-sheets, and intervention reports, and more.
A multiplatform Modbus library.
A Trac appliance that is easy to use and lightweight.