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Cervical cancer
|Cervical Cancer
|Classification and external resources
Histopathologic image (H&E stain) of carcinoma in situ, stage 0.
|med/324 radio/140
Cervical cancer is a malignant neoplasm arising from cells originating in the cervix uteri. One of the most common symptoms of cervical cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, but in some cases there may be no obvious symptoms until the cancer has progressed to an advanced stage.[1] Treatment usually consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages, and chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in more advanced stages of the disease.
Cancer screening using the Pap smear can identify precancerous and potentially precancerous changes in cervical cells and tissue. Treatment of high-grade changes can prevent the development of cancer in many cases. In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has dramatically reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer.[2]
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to be a necessary factor in the development of almost all cases (90+%) of cervical cancer.[1][3] HPV vaccines effective against the two strains of this large family of viruses that currently cause approximately 70% of cases of cervical cancer have been licensed in the U.S, Canada, Australia, and the EU.[4][5] Since the vaccines only cover some of the cancer-causing ("high-risk") types of HPV, guidelines recommend that women should seek regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination.[6]
The cervix is the narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top of the vagina. Most cervical cancers are squamous cell carcinomas, arising in the squamous (flattened) epithelial cells that line the cervix. Adenocarcinoma, arising in glandular epithelial cells is the second most common type. Very rarely, cancer can arise in other types of cells in the cervix.
- 1 Signs and symptoms
- 2 Causes
- 3 Diagnosis
- 4 Prevention
- 5 Treatment
- 6 Prognosis
- 7 Epidemiology
- 8 History
- 9 Society and culture
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
- 12 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomatic.[1][2] Vaginal bleeding, contact bleeding, or (rarely) a vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. Also, moderate pain during sexual intercourse and vaginal discharge are symptoms of cervical cancer. In advanced disease, metastases may be present in the abdomen, lungs or elsewhere.
Symptoms of advanced cervical cancer may include: loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, swollen legs, heavy bleeding from the vagina, bone fractures, and/or (rarely) leakage of urine or faeces from the vagina.[7]
Infection with some types of human papilloma virus (HPV) is the greatest risk factor for cervical cancer, followed by smoking.[8] Other risk factors include human immunodeficiency virus.[8] Not all of the causes of cervical cancer are known, however, and several other contributing factors have been implicated.[9]
Human papillomavirus[edit]
Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 are the cause of 75% of cervical cancer globally while 31 and 45 are the cause of another 10%.[10][11]
Women who have many sexual partners (or who have sex with men who have had many other partners) have a greater risk.[12][13]
Of the 150-200 types of HPV known,[14][15] 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), 3 as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108).[16]
Genital warts, which are a form of benign tumor of epithelial cells, are also caused by various strains of HPV. However, these serotypes are usually not related to cervical cancer. It is common to have multiple strains at the same time, including those that can cause cervical cancer along with those that cause warts. The medically accepted paradigm, officially endorsed by the American Cancer Society and other organizations, is that a patient must have been infected with HPV to develop cervical cancer, and is hence viewed as a sexually transmitted disease (although many dispute that, technically, it is the causative agent, not the cancer, that is a sexually transmitted disease), but most women infected with high risk HPV will not develop cervical cancer.[17] Use of condoms reduces, but does not always prevent transmission. Likewise, HPV can be transmitted by skin-to-skin-contact with infected areas. In males, there is no commercially available test for HPV, although HPV is thought to grow preferentially in the epithelium of the glans penis, and cleaning of this area may be preventative.[citation needed]
Smoking has also been linked to the development of cervical cancer.[18][19][20] There are a few different ways that smoking can increase the risk of cervical cancer in women which can be by direct and indirect methods of inducing cervical cancer.[18][20][21] A direct way of contracting this cancer is a female smoker has a higher chance of CIN3 occurring which has the potential of forming cervical cancer.[18] When CIN3 lesions lead to cancer, most of them have the assistance of the HPV virus, but that is not always the case which is why it can be considered a direct link to cervical cancer.[21] An indirect means of developing this cancer by smoking is that it can lead to human papillomavirus which can result in cervical cancer.[19] Heavy smoking and long term smoking seem to have more of a risk of getting the CIN3 lesions than lighter smoking or not smoking at all.[22] Although smoking has been linked to cervical cancer, it aids in the development of HPV which is the leading cause of this type of cancer.[20] Also, not only does it aid in the development of HPV, but if the woman is already HPV-positive she is at an even greater likelihood of contracting cervical cancer.[22]
The pap smear can be used as a screening test, but is false negative in up to 50% of cases of cervical cancer.[23][24] Confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or pre-cancer requires a biopsy of the cervix. This is often done through colposcopy, a magnified visual inspection of the cervix aided by using a dilute acetic acid (e.g. vinegar) solution to highlight abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix.[1] Medical devices used for biopsy of the cervix include punch forceps, SpiraBrush CX, SoftBiopsy or Soft-ECC.
Colposcopic impression, the estimate of disease severity based on the visual inspection, forms part of the diagnosis.
Further diagnostic and treatment procedures are loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) and conization, in which the inner lining of the cervix is removed to be examined pathologically. These are carried out if the biopsy confirms severe cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Precancerous lesions[edit]
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the potential precursor to cervical cancer, is often diagnosed on examination of cervical biopsies by a pathologist. For premalignant dysplastic changes, the CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) grading is used.
The naming and histologic classification of cervical carcinoma percursor lesions has changed many times over the 20th century. The World Health Organization classification[25][26] system was descriptive of the lesions, naming them mild, moderate or severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (CIS). The term, Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) was developed to place emphasis on the spectrum of abnormality in these lesions, and to help standardise treatment.[26] It classifies mild dysplasia as CIN1, moderate dysplasia as CIN2, and severe dysplasia and CIS as CIN3. More recently, CIN2 and CIN3 have been combined into CIN2/3. These results are what a pathologist might report from a biopsy.
These should not be confused with the Bethesda System terms for Pap smear (cytopathology) results. Among the Bethesda results: Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) and High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL). An LSIL Pap may correspond to CIN1, and HSIL may correspond to CIN2 and CIN3,[26] however they are results of different tests, and the Pap smear results need not match the histologic findings.
Cancer subtypes[edit]
Histologic subtypes of invasive cervical carcinoma include the following:[27][28] Though squamous cell carcinoma is the cervical cancer with the most incidence, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the cervix has been increasing in recent decades.[1]
- squamous cell carcinoma (about 80-85%[citation needed])
- adenocarcinoma (about 15% of cervical cancers in the UK[25])
- adenosquamous carcinoma
- small cell carcinoma
- neuroendocrine tumour
- glassy cell carcinoma
- villoglandular adenocarcinoma
Non-carcinoma malignancies which can rarely occur in the cervix include
Note that the FIGO stage does not incorporate lymph node involvement in contrast to the TNM staging for most other cancers.
For cases treated surgically, information obtained from the pathologist can be used in assigning a separate pathologic stage but is not to replace the original clinical stage.
Cervical cancer is staged by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system, which is based on clinical examination, rather than surgical findings. It allows only the following diagnostic tests to be used in determining the stage: palpation, inspection, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, proctoscopy, intravenous urography, and X-ray examination of the lungs and skeleton, and cervical conization.
Prevention [edit]
Cervical screening by the Papanicolaou test, or Pap smear, for cervical cancer has been credited with dramatically reducing the number of cases of and mortality from cervical cancer in developed countries.[2] Pap smear screening every 3–5 years with appropriate follow-up can reduce cervical cancer incidence by up to 80%.[29] Abnormal results may suggest the presence of pre cancerous changes allowing examination and possible preventive treatment. If precancerous disease or cervical cancer is detected early, it can be monitored or treated relatively noninvasively, with little impairment of fertility.[citation needed] Personal invitations encouraging women to get screened are effective at increasing the likelihood they will do so. Educational materials also help increase the likelihood women will go for screening, but they are not as effective as invitations.[30]
According to the 2010 European guidelines for cervical cancer screening, the age at which to commence screening ranges between 20–30 years of age, "but preferentially not before age 25 or 30 years", and depends on burden of the disease in the population and the available resources.[31] In the United States the rate of cervical cancer is 0.1% among women under 20 years of age, so the American Cancer Society as well as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists strongly recommend that screening begin at age 21, regardless of age at sexual initiation or other risk-related behaviors.[32][33][34] For healthy women aged 21–29 who have never had an abnormal Pap smear, cervical cancer screening with cervical cytology (Pap smear) should occur every 3 years, regardless of HPV vaccination status.[35] The preferred screening for women aged 30–65 is "co-testing", which includes a combination of cervical cytology screening and HPV testing, every 5 years.[35] However, it is acceptable to screen this age group with a Pap smear alone every 3 years.[35] In women over the age of 65, screening for cervical cancer may be discontinued in the absence of abnormal screening results within the prior 10 years and no history of CIN 2 or higher.[35]
Liquid-based cytology is another potential screening method.[36][37] Although it was probably intended to improve on the accuracy of the Pap test, its main advantage has been to reduce the number of inadequate smears from around 9% to around 1%.[38] This reduces the need to recall women for a further smear. The United States Preventive Services Task Force supports screening every 5 years in those who are between 30 and 65 years when cytology is used in combination with HPV testing.[39]
There are two HPV vaccines (Gardasil and Cervarix) which reduce the risk of cancerous or precancerous changes of the cervix and perineum by about 93%.[40]
HPV vaccines are typically given to women age 9 to 26 as the vaccine is only effective if given before infection occurs. The vaccines have been shown to be effective for at least 4[6] to 6[41] years, and it is believed they will be effective for longer;[42] however, the duration of effectiveness and whether a booster will be needed is unknown. The high cost of this vaccine has been a cause for concern. Several countries have considered (or are considering) programs to fund HPV vaccination.
Condoms are thought to offer some protection against cervical cancer.[43] Evidence on whether condoms protect against HPV infection is mixed, but they may protect against genital warts and the precursors to cervical cancer.[43] They also provide protection against other STDs, such as HIV and Chlamydia, which are associated with greater risks of developing cervical cancer.
Condoms may also be useful in treating potentially precancerous changes in the cervix. Exposure to semen appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes (CIN 3), and use of condoms helps to cause these changes to regress and helps clear HPV.[44] One study suggests that prostaglandin in semen may fuel the growth of cervical and uterine tumours and that affected women may benefit from the use of condoms.[45][46]
Vitamin A is associated with a lower risk[47] as is vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene.[48]
The treatment of cervical cancer varies worldwide, largely due to large variances in disease burden in developed and developing nations, access to surgeons skilled in radical pelvic surgery, and the emergence of "fertility sparing therapy" in developed nations. Because cervical cancers are radiosensitive, radiation may be used in all stages where surgical options do not exist.
Microinvasive cancer (stage IA) may be treated by hysterectomy (removal of the whole uterus including part of the vagina). For stage IA2, the lymph nodes are removed as well. Alternatives include local surgical procedures such as a loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP) or cone biopsy.[49] For 1A1 disease, a cone biopsy (aka cervical conization) is considered curative.
If a cone biopsy does not produce clear margins[50] (findings on biopsy showing that the tumor is surrounded by cancer free tissue, suggesting all of the tumor is removed), one more possible treatment option for patients who want to preserve their fertility is a trachelectomy.[51] This attempts to surgically remove the cancer while preserving the ovaries and uterus, providing for a more conservative operation than a hysterectomy. It is a viable option for those in stage I cervical cancer which has not spread; however, it is not yet considered a standard of care,[52] as few doctors are skilled in this procedure. Even the most experienced surgeon cannot promise that a trachelectomy can be performed until after surgical microscopic examination, as the extent of the spread of cancer is unknown. If the surgeon is not able to microscopically confirm clear margins of cervical tissue once the patient is under general anesthesia in the operating room, a hysterectomy may still be needed. This can only be done during the same operation if the patient has given prior consent. Due to the possible risk of cancer spread to the lymph nodes in stage 1b cancers and some stage 1a cancers, the surgeon may also need to remove some lymph nodes from around the uterus for pathologic evaluation.
A radical trachelectomy can be performed abdominally[53] or vaginally[54] and there are conflicting opinions as to which is better.[55] A radical abdominal trachelectomy with lymphadenectomy usually only requires a two to three day hospital stay, and most women recover very quickly (approximately six weeks). Complications are uncommon, although women who are able to conceive after surgery are susceptible to preterm labor and possible late miscarriage.[56] It is generally recommended to wait at least one year before attempting to become pregnant after surgery.[57] Recurrence in the residual cervix is very rare if the cancer has been cleared with the trachelectomy.[52] Yet, it is recommended for patients to practice vigilant prevention and follow up care including pap screenings/colposcopy, with biopsies of the remaining lower uterine segment as needed (every 3–4 months for at least 5 years) to monitor for any recurrence in addition to minimizing any new exposures to HPV through safe sex practices until one is actively trying to conceive.
Early stages (IB1 and IIA less than 4 cm) can be treated with radical hysterectomy with removal of the lymph nodes or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is given as external beam radiotherapy to the pelvis and brachytherapy (internal radiation). Patients treated with surgery who have high risk features found on pathologic examination are given radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy in order to reduce the risk of relapse.
Larger early stage tumors (IB2 and IIA more than 4 cm) may be treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy, hysterectomy (which then usually requires adjuvant radiation therapy), or cisplatin chemotherapy followed by hysterectomy. When cisplatin is present, it is thought to be the most active single agent in periodic diseases.[58]
Advanced stage tumors (IIB-IVA) are treated with radiation therapy and cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
On June 15, 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of a combination of two chemotherapy drugs, hycamtin and cisplatin for women with late-stage (IVB) cervical cancer treatment.[59] Combination treatment has significant risk of neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia side effects. Hycamtin is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.
Prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer. There is a high chance of a survival rate around 100 for women with microscopic forms of cervical cancer.[60] With treatment, the 5-year relative survival rate for the earliest stage of invasive cervical cancer is 92%, and the overall (all stages combined) 5-year survival rate is about 72%. These statistics may be improved when applied to women newly diagnosed, bearing in mind that these outcomes may be partly based on the state of treatment five years ago when the women studied were first diagnosed.[61]
With treatment, 80 to 90% of women with stage I cancer and 60 to 75% of those with stage II cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis. Survival rates decrease to 30 to 40% for women with stage III cancer and 15% or fewer of those with stage IV cancer 5 years after diagnosis.[62]
According to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, survival improves when radiotherapy is combined with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.[63]
As the cancer metastasizes to other parts of the body, prognosis drops dramatically because treatment of local lesions is generally more effective than whole body treatments such as chemotherapy.
Interval evaluation of the patient after therapy is imperative. Recurrent cervical cancer detected at its earliest stages might be successfully treated with surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of the three. Thirty-five percent of patients with invasive cervical cancer have persistent or recurrent disease after treatment.[64]
Average years of potential life lost from cervical cancer are 25.3 (SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2000, National Cancer Institute (NCI)). Approximately 4,600 women were projected to die in 2001 in the US of cervical cancer (DSTD), and the annual incidence was 13,000 in 2002 in the US, as calculated by SEER. Thus the ratio of deaths to incidence is approximately 35.4%.
Regular screening has meant that pre cancerous changes and early stage cervical cancers have been detected and treated early. Figures suggest that cervical screening is saving 5,000 lives each year in the UK by preventing cervical cancer.[65] About 1,000 women per year die of cervical cancer in the UK.
Worldwide, cervical cancer is second most common[67] and the fifth deadliest cancer in women.[68] It affects about 16 per 100,000 women per year and kills about 9 per 100,000 per year.[69] Approximately 80% of cervical cancers occur in developing countries[70] Worldwide, in 2008, it was estimated that there were 473,000 cases of cervical cancer,[71] and in 2010 225,000 deaths.[72]
In the United States, it is only the 8th most common cancer of women. The median age at diagnosis is 48. Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer than the general population.[73] In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died.[2] In 2008 in the US an estimated 11,000 new cases were expected to be diagnosed, and about 3,870 were expected to die of cervical cancer.[61] Among gynecological cancers it ranks behind endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The incidence and mortality in the US are about half those for the rest of the world, which is due in part to the success of screening with the Pap smear.[2] The incidence of new cases of cervical cancer in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004.[74] Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the last 50 years, largely due to widespread Pap smear screening.[67] The annual direct medical cost of cervical cancer prevention and treatment prior to introduction of the HPV vaccine was estimated at $6 billion.[67]
In the European Union, there were about 34,000 new cases per year and over 16,000 deaths due to cervical cancer in 2004.[29]
In the United Kingdom, the age-standardised (European) incidence is 8.5/100,000 per year (2006). It is the twelfth most common cancer in women, accounting for 2% of all female cancers, and is the second most common cancer in the under 35s females, after breast cancer. The UK's European age-standardised mortality is 2.4/100,000 per year (2007) (Cancer Research UK Cervical cancer statistics for the UK).[75] With a 42% reduction from 1988-1997 the NHS implemented screening programme has been highly successful, screening the highest risk age group (25–49 years) every 3 years, and those ages 50–64 every 5 years.
In Canada, an estimated 1,300 women will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2008 and 380 will die.[76]
In Australia, there were 734 cases of cervical cancer (2005). The number of women diagnosed with cervical cancer has dropped on average by 4.5% each year since organised screening began in 1991 (1991–2005).[77] Regular two-yearly Pap tests can reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by up to 90% in Australia, and save 1,200 Australian women dying from the disease each year.[78]
- 400 BCE - Hippocrates: cervical cancer incurable
- 1925 - Hinselmann: invented colposcope
- 1928 - Papanicolaou: developed Papanicolaou technique
- 1941 - Papanicolaou and Trout: Pap smear screening
- 1946 - Ayer: Aylesbury spatula to scrape the cervix, collecting sample for Pap smear
- 1951 - First successful in-vitro cell line, HeLa, derived from biopsy of cervical cancer of Henrietta Lacks
- 1976 - Zur Hausen and Gisam: found HPV DNA in cervical cancer and warts
- 1988 - Bethesda System for reporting Pap results developed
- 2006 - First HPV vaccine FDA approved
Epidemiologists working in the early 20th century noted that cervical cancer behaved like a sexually transmitted disease. In summary:
- Cervical cancer was common in female sex workers.
- It was rare in nuns, except for those who had been sexually active before entering the convent. (Rigoni in 1841)
- It was more common in the second wives of men whose first wives had died from cervical cancer.
- It was rare in Jewish women.[79]
- In 1935, Syverton and Berry discovered a relationship between RPV (Rabbit Papillomavirus) and skin cancer in rabbits. (HPV is species-specific and therefore cannot be transmitted to rabbits)
This led to the suspicion that cervical cancer could be caused by a sexually transmitted agent. Initial research in the 1940s and 1950s put the blame on smegma (e.g. Heins et al. 1958).[80] During the 1960s and 1970s it was suspected that infection with herpes simplex virus was the cause of the disease. In summary, HSV was seen as a likely cause[81] because it is known to survive in the female reproductive tract, to be transmitted sexually in a way compatible with known risk factors, such as promiscuity and low socioeconomic status. Herpes viruses were also implicated in other malignant diseases, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Marek's disease and the Lucké renal adenocarcinoma. HSV was recovered from cervical tumour cells.
A description of human papillomavirus (HPV) by electron microscopy was given in 1949, and HPV-DNA was identified in 1963.[citation needed] It was not until the 1980s that HPV was identified in cervical cancer tissue.[82] It has since been demonstrated that HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancers.[5] Specific viral subtypes implicated are HPV 16, 18, 31, 45 and others.
In work that was initiated in the mid 1980s, the HPV vaccine was developed, in parallel, by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center, the University of Rochester, the University of Queensland in Australia, and the U.S. National Cancer Institute.[83] In 2006, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by Merck & Co. under the trade name Gardasil.
Society and culture[edit]
In Australia, Aboriginal women are more than five times more likely to die from cervical cancer than non-Aboriginal women, suggesting that Aboriginal women are less likely to have regular Pap tests.[84] There are several factors that may limit indigenous women from engaging in regular cervical screening practices, including sensitivity in discussing the topic in Aboriginal communities, embarrassment, anxiety and fear about the procedure.[85] Difficulty in accessing screening services (for example, transport difficulties) and a lack of female GPs, trained pap smear providers and trained female Aboriginal Health Workers are also issues.[85]
The Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation (ACCF) was established in 2008 with the vision 'to protect and enhance women's health by eliminating cervical cancer and enabling treatment for women with cervical cancer and related health issues, in Australia and in developing countries.'[86] Ian Frazer, one of the developers of the Gardasil cervical cancer vaccine, is the scientific advisor to ACCF.[87]
Janette Howard, the wife of former Australian Prime Minister John Howard, was diagnosed with cervical cancer in 1996, and first spoke on her battle with the disease in 2006.[88] Many people had assumed Mrs Howard had suffered from breast cancer.[88]
Since 2010, girls in Japan have been eligible to receive the cervical cancer vaccination for free.[89] In June 2013, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare mandated that, before administering the vaccine, medical institutions must inform girls that the Ministry does not recommend it.[89] However, the vaccine is still available at no cost to Japanese girls who choose to accept the vaccination.[89]
Nordic countries[edit]
All of the Nordic countries have cervical cancer screening programs in place.[90] Pap smear was integrated into clinical practice in the Nordic countries in the 1960s.[90]
United States of America[edit]
A 2007 survey of 3,076 American women found only 40% had heard of HPV infection and less than half of those knew it causes cervical cancer.[91]
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- ^ a b Arbyn M, Anttila A, Jordan J, Ronco G, Schenck U, Segnan N, Wiener H, Herbert A, von Karsa L (2010). "European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second Edition—Summary Document". Annals of Oncology 21 (3): 448–458. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp471. PMC 2826099. PMID 20176693.
- ^ Everett, T.; Bryant, A.; Griffin, MF.; Martin-Hirsch, PP.; Forbes, CA.; Jepson, RG. (2011). "Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening". In Everett, Thomas. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5): CD002834. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002834.pub2. PMID 21563135.
- ^ Arbyn, M; Anttila, A; Jordan, J; Ronco, G; Schenck, U; Segnan, N; Wiener, H; Herbert, A; von Karsa, L (Mar 2010). "European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. Second edition--summary document.". Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO 21 (3): 448–58. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp471. PMID 20176693.
- ^ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer". Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Karjane, N; Chelmow, D (June 2013). "New cervical cancer screening guidelines, again". Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America 40 (2): 211–23. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2013.03.001. PMID 23732026.
- ^ "Cervical Cancer Screening Guidelines for Average-Risk Women". Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ a b c d Committee on Practice, Bulletins—Gynecology (Nov 2012). "ACOG Practice Bulletin Number 131: Screening for cervical cancer.". Obstetrics and gynecology 120 (5): 1222–38. PMID 23090560.
- ^ Payne N, Chilcott J, McGoogan E (2000). "Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: a rapid and systematic review". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 4 (18): 1–73. PMID 10932023.
- ^ Karnon, J; Peters, J; Platt, J; Chilcott, J; McGoogan, E; Brewer, N (May 2004). "Liquid-based cytology in cervical screening: an updated rapid and systematic review and economic analysis". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) 8 (20): iii, 1–78. PMID 15147611.
- ^ "Liquid Based Cytology (LBC): NHS Cervical Screening Programme". Retrieved 2010-10-01.
- ^ Moyer, VA; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (Jun 19, 2012). "Screening for cervical cancer: u.s. Preventive services task force recommendation statement". Annals of internal medicine 156 (12): 880–91. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-156-12-201206190-00424. PMID 22711081.
- ^ Medeiros, Lidia Rosi; Rosa, Daniela Dornelles; Da Rosa, Maria Inês; Bozzetti, Mary Clarisse; Zanini, Roselaine Ruviaro (2009). "Efficacy of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer 19 (7): 1166–76. doi:10.1111/IGC.0b013e3181a3d100. PMID 19823051.
- ^ Harper D, Gall S, Naud P, Quint W, Dubin G, Jenkins D, et al (2008). "Sustained immunogenicity and high efficacy against HPV 16/18 related cervical neoplasia: Long-term follow up through 6.4 years in women vaccinated with Cervarix (GSK's HPV-16/18 AS04 candidate vaccine)". Gynecol Oncol 109: 158–159. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.02.017.
- ^ &Na; (Sep 2010). "Committee opinion no. 467: human papillomavirus vaccination". Obstet Gynecol 116 (3): 800–3. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f680c8. PMID 20733476.
- ^ a b Manhart LE, Koutsky LA (2002). "Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection, external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia? A meta-analysis". Sex Transm Dis 29 (11): 725–35. doi:10.1097/00007435-200211000-00018. PMID 12438912.
- ^ Cornelis J.A. Hogewoning, Maaike C.G. Bleeker, et al (2003). "Condom use Promotes the Regression of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Clearance of HPV: Randomized Clinical Trial". International Journal of Cancer 107 (5): 811–816. doi:10.1002/ijc.11474. PMID 14566832.
- ^ "Semen 'may fuel cervical cancer'". BBC. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ "Semen can worsen cervical cancer". Medical Research Council (UK). Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ Zhang X, Dai, B, Zhang, B, Wang, Z (2011). "Vitamin A and risk of cervical cancer: A meta-analysis". Gynecologic oncology 124 (2): 366–73. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.10.012. PMID 22005522.
- ^ Myung, S-K; Ju, W; Kim, SC; Kim, HS; Korean Meta-analysis (KORMA) Study Group (2011). "Vitamin or antioxidant intake (or serum level) and risk of cervical neoplasm: A meta-analysis". BJOG 118 (11): 1285–91. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03032.x. PMID 21749626.
- ^ Erstad, Shannon (2007-01-12). "Cone biopsy (conization) for abnormal cervical cell changes". WebMD. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ Jones WB, Mercer GO, Lewis JL, Rubin SC, Hoskins WJ (1993). "Early invasive carcinoma of the cervix". Gynecol. Oncol. 51 (1): 26–32. doi:10.1006/gyno.1993.1241. PMID 8244170.
- ^ Dolson, Laura (2001). "Trachelectomy". Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ a b Burnett AF (2006). "Radical trachelectomy with laparoscopic lymphadenectomy: review of oncologic and obstetrical outcomes". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 18 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1097/01.gco.0000192968.75190.dc. PMID 16493253.
- ^ Cibula D, Ungár L, Svárovský J, Zivný J, Freitag P (2005). "[Abdominal radical trachelectomy--technique and experience]". Ceska Gynekol (in Czech) 70 (2): 117–22. PMID 15918265.
- ^ Plante M, Renaud MC, Hoskins IA, Roy M (2005). "Vaginal radical trachelectomy: a valuable fertility-preserving option in the management of early-stage cervical cancer. A series of 50 pregnancies and review of the literature". Gynecol. Oncol. 98 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.04.014. PMID 15936061.
- ^ Roy M, Plante M, Renaud MC, Têtu B (1996). "Vaginal radical hysterectomy versus abdominal radical hysterectomy in the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer". Gynecol. Oncol. 62 (3): 336–9. doi:10.1006/gyno.1996.0245. PMID 8812529.
- ^ Dargent D, Martin X, Sacchetoni A, Mathevet P (2000). "Laparoscopic vaginal radical trachelectomy: a treatment to preserve the fertility of cervical carcinoma patients". Cancer 88 (8): 1877–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000415)88:8<1877::AID-CNCR17>3.0.CO;2-W. PMID 10760765.
- ^ Schlaerth JB, Spirtos NM, Schlaerth AC (2003). "Radical trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine preservation in the treatment of cervical cancer". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 188 (1): 29–34. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.124. PMID 12548192.
- ^ Waggoner, Steven E (2003). "Cervical Cancer". The Lancet 361 (9376): 2217–25. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13778-6.
- ^ "FDA Approves First Drug Treatment for Late-Stage Cervical Cancer". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ "Cervical Cancer". Encyclopedia of Women's Health.
- ^ a b "What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer?". American Cancer Society. 2006-08-04. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
- ^ "Cervical Cancer". Cervical Cancer: Cancers of the Female Reproductive System: Merck Manual Home Edition. Merck Manual Home Edition. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ^ Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology (2002). "ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and treatment of cervical carcinomas, number 35, May 2002". Obstetrics and gynecology 99 (5 Pt 1): 855–67. PMID 11978302.
- ^ "Cervical Cancer". Cervical Cancer: Pathology, Symptoms and Signs, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. Armenian Health Network, Health.am.
- ^ "Cervical cancer statistics and prognosis". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- ^ "WHO Disease and injury country estimates". World Health Organization. 2009. Retrieved Nov 11, 2009.
- ^ a b c Armstrong EP (April 2010). "Prophylaxis of Cervical Cancer and Related Cervical Disease: A Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccination Against Oncogenic HPV Types". Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 16 (3): 217–30. PMID 20331326.
- ^ World Health Organization (February 2006). "Fact sheet No. 297: Cancer". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ "GLOBOCAN 2002 database: summary table by cancer". Archived from the original on 2008-06-16. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Kent, A. (2010). "HPV Vaccination and Testing". Reviews in obstetrics and gynecology 3 (1): 33–34. PMC 2876324. PMID 20508781.
- ^ "NCCC National Cervical Cancer Coalition". Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-07-01.
- ^ Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
- ^ Howlader (November 10, 2011). "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ SEER cancer statistics
- ^ http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/cervix/mortality/[full citation needed]
- ^ MacDonald N, Stanbrook MB, Hébert PC (September 2008). "Human papillomavirus vaccine risk and reality". CMAJ (in French) 179 (6): 503, 505. doi:10.1503/cmaj.081238. PMC 2527393. PMID 18762616.
- ^ "Incidence and mortality rates".
- ^ http://www.papscreen.org.au/
- ^ Menczer J (2003). "The low incidence of cervical cancer in Jewish women: has the puzzle finally been solved?" (PDF). Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 5 (2): 120–3. PMID 12674663.
- ^ Heins Jr HC, EJ Dennis, HR Pratt-Thomas (1958). "The possible role of smegma in carcinoma of the cervix". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 76 (4): 726–33. PMID 13583012.
- ^ Alexander ER, EJ Dennis, HR Pratt-Thomas (1973). "Possible Etiologies of Cancer of the Cervix Other Than Herpesvirus". Cancer Research 33 (6): 1485–90. PMID 4352386.
- ^ Dürst M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, zur Hausen H (1983). "A papillomavirus DNA from a cervical carcinoma and its prevalence in cancer biopsy samples from different geographic regions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (12): 3812–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.12.3812. PMC 394142. PMID 6304740..
- ^ McNeil C (April 2006). "Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (7): 433. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj144. PMID 16595773. PMID 16595773
- ^ Cancer Institute NSW (2013). "Information about cervical screening for Aboriginal women". NSW Government. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013.
- ^ a b Mary-Anne Romano (17 October 2011). "Aboriginal cervical cancer rates parallel health inequity". Science Network Western Australia. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013.
- ^ Australin Cervical Cancer Foundation. "Vision and Mission". Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
- ^ Australin Cervical Cancer Foundation. "Our People". Australian Cervical Cancer Foundation. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013.
- ^ a b Gillian Bradford (16 October 2006). "Janette Howard speaks on her battle with cervical cancer". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012.
- ^ a b c The Asahi Shimbun (15 June 2013). "Health ministry withdraws recommendation for cervical cancer vaccine". The Asahi Shimbun.
- ^ a b Nygård, Mari (2011). "Screening for cervical cancer: When theory meets reality". BMC Cancer 11: 240. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-11-240. PMC 3146446. PMID 21668947.
- ^ Tiro JA, Meissner HI, Kobrin S, Chollette V (2007). "What do women in the U.S. know about human papillomavirus and cervical cancer?". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 16 (2): 288–94. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0756. PMID 17267388.
Further reading[edit]
- Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, Zahaf T, Innis B, Naud P, De Carvalho NS, Roteli-Martins CM, Teixeira J, Blatter MM, Korn AP, Quint W, Dubin G (2004). "Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet 364 (9447): 1757–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17398-4. PMID 15541448.
- Peto J, C Gilham, O Fletcher, FE Matthews (2004). "The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK". Lancet 364 (9430): 249–56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16674-9. PMID 15262102.
External links[edit]


text:
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16 Free Educational Apps for Kids
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Stack the States Lite
The iPhone Mom — a popular app-review website written by a mom for moms — calls this "a fantastic educational app that's also a hoot!" The quizzes and games help kids learn about state shapes, capitals, abbreviations, bordering states, flags, and more. Who knew geography could be so fun! Note that you can only "earn" five states in the free version, so if your child gets hooked on filling up the map, you'll need to buy the full version for 99 cents.
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For iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch
Next: WWF Together

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Mine is done, now I need to just get to the post office, maybe today ;)
I gots my stuff to make mine.
mine will be in the mail by Monday....
Proudly Creating for
Ginger Scraps CT - Connie Prince - Luv Ewe - Little Rad Trio - Amy Martin - Sas Designs
Guesting for Little Butterfly Wings
Now....hopefully the ideas in my head look as awesome once I get them done!! LOL Hoping to ship mine out on Friday


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text:
New York Public Library
Coordinates: 40°45′10″N 73°58′54″W / 40.75270°N 73.98180°W
|New York Public Library
|New York City, New York, United States
|Items collected
|Gutenberg Bible
|Access and use
|Population served
|3,457,523 (Manhattan, The Bronx and Staten Island)
19,465,197 (State)
|Other information
|Ann Thornton[2]
President and CEO, Anthony Marx[3]
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items, the New York Public Library is the second largest public library in the United States (and third largest in the world), behind only the Library of Congress. It is an independently managed, nonprofit corporation operating with both private and public financing. The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx and Staten Island and it has affiliations with academic and professional libraries in the metropolitan area of New York State. The City of New York's other two boroughs, Brooklyn and Queens, are served by the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Borough Public Library, respectively. The branch libraries are open to the general public and consist of research libraries and circulating libraries.
The library originated in the 19th century, and its founding and roots are the amalgamation of grass-roots libraries, social libraries of bibliophiles and the wealthy, and from philanthropy of the wealthiest Americans of their age.
- 1 History
- 2 Branch libraries
- 3 Services
- 4 In popular culture
- 5 Other New York City library systems
- 6 See also
- 7 Notes
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
At the behest of Joseph Cogswell, John Jacob Astor placed a codicil in his will to bequeath $400,000 (equivalent of $10.9 million in 2013) for the creation of a public library.[4] After Astor's death in 1848, the resulting board of trustees executed the will's conditions and constructed the Astor Library in 1854 in the East Village.[5] The library created was a free, reference library, as its books were not permitted to circulate.[6] By 1872, the Astor Library was a "major reference and research resource",[7] but, "Popular it certainly is not, and, so greatly is it lacking in the essentials of a public library, that its stores might almost as well be under lock and key, for any access the masses of the people can get thereto".[8]
An act of the New York State Legislature incorporated the Lenox Library in 1870.[9] The library was built on Fifth Avenue, between 70th and 71st street, in 1877 and to it, bibliophile and philanthropist James Lenox donated a vast collection of his Americana, art works, manuscripts, and rare books,[10] including the first Gutenberg Bible in the New World.[7] At its inception, the library charged admission and did not permit physical access to any literary items.[11]
Former Governor of New York and presidential candidate Samuel J. Tilden felt that a library with city-wide reach was required, and upon his death in 1886, he bequeathed the bulk of his fortune—about $2.4 million (equivalent of $63 million in 2013)—to "establish and maintain a free library and reading room in the city of New York".[7] This money would sit untouched in a trust for several years, until John Bigelow, a New York attorney, and trustee of the Tilden fortune, came up with an idea to merge two of the city's largest libraries.
Both the Astor and Lenox Libraries were struggling financially.[7] Although New York City already had numerous libraries in the 19th century, almost all of them were privately funded and many charged admission or usage fees.[citation needed] On May 23, 1895, Bigelow and representatives of the two libraries agreed to create "The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations". The plan was hailed as an example of private philanthropy for the public good.[7] The newly established library consolidated with the grass-roots New York Free Circulating Library, in February 1901.[12]
In March, Andrew Carnegie tentatively agreed to donate $5.2 million (equivalent of $147 million in 2013) to construct sixty-five branch libraries, with the requirement that they be maintained by the City of New York.[13] The Brooklyn and Queens public library systems, which predated the consolidation of New York City, eschewed the grants offered to them and did not join the NYPL system because they felt that they would not be treated equally with their Manhattan and Bronx counterparts.[citation needed] Later in 1901 Carnegie formally signed a contract with the City of New York to transfer his donation to the city to then allow it to justify purchasing the land to house the libraries.[14] The NYPL Board of trustees hired consultants, and then accepted their recommendation that a very limited amount of architectural firms be hired to build the Carnegie libraries so as to assure uniformity of appearance and to minimize cost. Consequently, the trustees hired McKim, Mead & White, Carrère and Hastings, and Walter Cook to design all the branch libraries.[15]
Collection development[edit]
The famous New York author Washington Irving was a close friend of Astor for decades and helped the philanthropist design the Astor Library. Irving served as President of the library's Board of Trustees from 1848 until his death in 1859, shaping the libraries collecting policies with his strong sensibility regarding European intellectual life.[16] Subsequently the Library hired nationally prominent experts to guide its collections policies; they reported directly to directors John Shaw Billings (who also developed the National Library of Medicine), Edwin H. Anderson, Harry Miller Lydenberg, Franklin F. Hopper, Ralph A. Beals, and Edward Freehafer (1954–70).[17] They emphasized expertise, objectivity and a very broad world-wide range of knowledge in acquiring, preserving, organizing, and making available to the general population nearly 12 million books and 26.5 million additional items.[18] The directors in turn reported to an elite board of trustees, chiefly elderly, well-educated, philanthropic, predominantly Protestant, upper-class white men with commanding positions in American society. They saw their role as protecting the library's autonomy from politicians as well as bestowing upon it status, resources, and prudent care.[19]
Representative of many major decisions was the purchase in 1931 of the private library of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847–1909), uncle of the last tsar. This was one of the largest acquisition of Russian books and photographic materials, and was made possible by the Soviet government's policy of selling its cultural collections abroad for gold.[20]
The military made heavy use of the Library's map and book collections in the world wars. For example, the Map Division's chief Walter Ristow became head of the geography section of the War Department's New York Office of Military Intelligence from 1942 to 1945. Ristow and his staff discovered copied and loaned thousands of strategic, rare or unique maps to war agencies in need of information not available through other sources.[21]
Main branch building[edit]
The organizers of the New York Public Library, wanting an imposing main branch, chose a central site available at the two-block section of Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd streets, then occupied by the no-longer-needed Croton Reservoir. Dr. John Shaw Billings, the first director of the library, created an initial design which became the basis of the new building (now known as the Schwarzman Building) on Fifth Avenue. Billings's plan called for a huge reading room on top of seven floors of bookstacks combined with a system that was designed to get books into the hands of library users as fast as possible.[7] Following a competition among the city's most prominent architects, Carrère and Hastings was selected to design and construct the building.[22] The cornerstone was laid in May 1902,[23] and the building's completion was expected to be in three years.[citation needed] In 1910, 75 miles (121 km) of shelves were installed, and it took a year to move and install the books that were in the Astor and Lenox libraries.[7]
On May 23, 1911, the main branch of the New York Public Library was officially opened in a ceremony presided over by President William Howard Taft. After a dedication ceremony, the library was open to the general public that day.[24] The library had cost $9 million to build and its collection consisted of more than 1,000,000 volumes.[25] The library structure was a Beaux-Arts design and was the largest marble structure up to that time in the United States.[26] It included two stone lions guarding the entrance were sculpted by E. C. Potter.[27] Its main reading room was contemporaneously the largest of its kind in the world at 77 feet (23.5 m) wide by 295 feet (89.9 m) long, with 50 feet (15.2 m) high ceilings.[23] It is lined with thousands of reference books on open shelves along the floor level and along the balcony. The New York Public Library instantly became one of the nation's largest libraries and a vital part of the intellectual life of America.[citation needed] Dr. Harry Miller Lydenberg served as director between 1934–1941.[28]
[[Fil:new york public library 1948.jpg|thumb|left|"Patience" and "Fortitude", the "Library Lion" statues, in the snowstorm of Dec. 1948]]
The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965.[29] Over the decades, the library system added branch libraries, and the research collection expanded until, by the 1970s, it was clear the collection eventually would outgrow the existing structure. In the 1980s the central research library added more than 125,000 square feet (12,000 m2) of space and literally miles of bookshelf space to its already vast storage capacity to make room for future acquisitions. This expansion required a major construction project in which Bryant Park, directly west of the library, was closed to the public and excavated. The new library facilities were built below ground level and the park was restored above it.
In the three decades before 2007, the building's interior was gradually renovated.[26] On December 20, 2007, the library announced it would undertake a three-year, $50 million renovation of the building exterior, which has suffered damage from weathering and pollution.[30] The renovation was completed on time, and on February 2, 2011 the refurbished facade was unveiled.[31] The restoration design was overseen by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., whose previous projects include the Metropolitan Museum of Art's limestone facades and the American Museum of Natural History, made of granite.[32] These renovations were underwritten by a $100-million gift from philanthropist Stephen A. Schwarzman, whose name will be inscribed at the bottom of the columns which frame the building's entrances.[33] Today the main reading room is equipped with computers with access to library collections and the Internet and docking facilities for laptops. There are special rooms for notable authors and scholars, many of whom have done important research and writing at the Library.[7]
Other research branches[edit]
Even though the central research library on 42nd Street had expanded its capacity, in the 1990s the decision was made to remove that portion of the research collection devoted to science, technology, and business to a new location. The new location was the abandoned B. Altman department store on 34th Street. In 1995, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the library, the $100 million Science, Industry and Business Library (SIBL), designed by Gwathmey Siegel & Associates of Manhattan, finally opened to the public. Upon the creation of the SIBL, the central research library on 42nd Street was renamed the Humanities and Social Sciences Library.
Today there are four research libraries that comprise the NYPL's research library system which hold approximately 44,000,000 items. Total item holdings, including the collections of the Branch Libraries, are 50.6 million. The Humanities and Social Sciences Library on 42nd Street is still the heart of the NYPL's research library system, but the SIBL, with approximately 2 million volumes and 60,000 periodicals, is the nation's largest public library devoted solely to science and business.[34] The NYPL's two other research libraries are the Schomburg Center for Research and Black Culture, located at 135th Street and Lenox Avenue in Harlem and the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, located at Lincoln Center. In addition to their reference collections, the Library for the Performing Arts and the SIBL also have circulating components that are administered as ordinary branch libraries.
Recent history[edit]
Unlike most other libraries, such as the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library was not created by government statute. From the earliest days of the New York Public Library, a tradition of partnership of city government with private philanthropy began, which continues to this day.[7] As of 2010, the research libraries in the system are largely funded with private money, and the branch or circulating libraries are financed primarily with city government funds. Until 2009, the research and branch libraries operated almost entirely as separate systems, but that year various operations were merged. By early 2010, the NYPL staff had been reduced by about 16 percent, in part through the consolidations.[35]
In 2010, as part of the consolidation program, the NYPL moved various back-office operations to the new Library Services Center building in Long Island City using a former warehouse renovated for $50 million. In the basement, a new, $2.3 million book sorter uses bar codes on library items to sort them for delivery to 132 branch libraries. At two-thirds the length of a football field, the machine is the largest of its kind in the world, according to library officials. Books located in one branch and requested from another go through the sorter, which cut the previous waiting time by at least a day. Together with 14 library employees, the machine can sort 7,500 items an hour (or 125 a minute). On the first floor of the Library Services Center is an ordering and cataloging office; on the second, the digital imaging department (formerly at the Main Branch building) and the manuscripts and archives division, where the air is kept cooler; on the third, the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation Division, with a staff of 10 (as of 2010) but designed for as many as 30 employees.[35]
The NYPL maintains a force of NYC special patrolmen who provide security and protection to various libraries and NYPL special investigators who oversee security operations at the library facilities. These officials have on-duty arrest authority granted by NYS penal law; however, some library branches use contracted security guards for security.
In February 2013, it was announced that the New York Public Library and the Brooklyn Public Library would merge their technical services departments. The new department would be called Book Ops. The decision was prompted in part by a meeting with the mayor's office who suggested that merging certain activities would result in savings. The proposed merger anticipates a saving to the Brooklyn Public Library of $2 million and $1.5 million to the New York Public Library. Although not part of the immediate merger, it is expected that the Queens Library will eventually share some resources with the other city libraries.[36]
The contraction of services and collections has been a continuing source of controversy since 2004 when David Ferriero was named the Andrew W. Mellon Director and Chief Executive of the Research Libraries.[37] NYPL had engaged consultants Booz Allen Hamilton to survey the institution, and Ferriero endorsed the survey's report as a big step "in the process of reinventing the library".[38] The consolidation program has resulted in the elimination of subjects such as the Asian and Middle East Division (formerly named Oriental Division) as well as the Slavic and Baltic Division.[39]
A number of innovations in recent years have not been without detractors.
NYPL announced participation in the Google Books Library Project, which involves a series of agreements between Google and major international libraries through which a collection of its public domain books will be scanned in their entirety and made available for free to the public online.[40] The negotiations between the two partners called for each to project guesses about ways that libraries are likely to expand in the future.[41] According to the terms of the agreement, the data cannot be crawled or harvested by any other search engine; no downloading or redistribution is allowed. The partners and a wider community of research libraries can share the content.[42]
The sale of the separately endowed former Donnell Library in midtown has not been without its critics.[43] The elimination of Donnell also meant the dissolution of children's, young adult and foreign language collections. The Donnell Media Center was also dismantled, with parts of its collections redistributed,[44] to make way for a luxury hotel.
These changes have been justified as the road to new collaborations and new synergy,[45] however, restructuring has meant that several veteran librarians with institutional memory have left and age-level specialists in the boroughs have been cut back.[46]
Branch libraries[edit]
See: List of New York Public Library Branches for more details on each Branch.
The New York Public Library system maintains its commitment to being a public lending library through its branch libraries in The Bronx, Manhattan and Staten Island, including the Mid-Manhattan Library, The Andrew Heiskell Braille and Talking Book Library, the circulating collections of the Science, Industry and Business Library, and the circulating collections of the Library for the Performing Arts. The branch libraries comprise the third largest library in the United States.[47] These circulating libraries offer a wide range of collections, programs, and services, including the renowned Picture Collection at Mid-Manhattan Library and the Media Center at Donnell.
Of its libraries, 35 are in Manhattan, 34 are in the Bronx, and 12 are in Staten Island.
Currently, the New York Public Library consists of 87 libraries: four non-lending research libraries, four main lending libraries, a library for the blind and physically challenged, and 77 neighborhood branch libraries in the three boroughs served. All libraries in the NYPL system may be used free of charge by all visitors. As of 2010, the research collections contain 44,507,623 items (books, videotapes, maps, etc.). The Branch Libraries contain 8,438,775 items.[48] Together the collections total nearly 53 million items, a number surpassed only by the Library of Congress and the British Library.
Taken as a whole the three library systems in the city have 209 branches with 63 million items in their collections.
ASK NYPL[edit]
Since 1968, Telephone Reference has been an integral part of The New York Public Library's reference services, although it existed long before in a limited way. Now known as ASK NYPL,[49] the service provides answers by phone and online via chat and e-mail 24 hours a day, seven days per week. Library users can ask reference questions in Spanish and English and seek help at anytime through online chat via the Library's website. Through participation in an international cooperative, the Library receives support answering questions outside regular hours.
The service fulfilled nearly 70,000 requests for information in 2007. Inquiries range from the serious and life-changing (a New Orleans resident who lost his birth certificate in Katrina needing to know how to obtain a copy; it turns out he was born in Brooklyn), to the fun or even off-the-wall (a short-story writer researching the history of Gorgonzola cheese). In 1992 a selection of unusual and entertaining questions and answers from ASK NYPL was the source for Book of Answers: The New York Public Library Telephone Reference Service's Most Unusual and Entertaining Questions, a popular volume published by Fireside Books. National and international questioners have included scores of newspaper reporters, authors, celebrities, professors, secretaries, CEOs, and everyone in between.
In 2008, The New York Public Library's ASK NYPL reference service introduced two enhancements that improve and expand the service.
The Library recently launched 917-ASK-NYPL, a new easier to remember telephone number for Library information and for asking reference questions. Every day, except Sundays and holidays, between 9:00 am and 6:00 pm EST/EDT, anyone, of any age, from anywhere in the world can telephone 917-275-6975 and ask a question. The library staff will not answer crossword or contest questions, do children's homework, or answer philosophical speculations.[50]
The New York Public Library website provides access to the library's catalogs, online collections and subscription databases, and has information about the library's free events, exhibitions, computer classes and English as a Second Language classes.[51] The two online catalogs, LEO[52] (which searches the circulating collections) and CATNYP (which searches the research collections) allow users to search the library's holdings of books, journals and other materials. The LEO system allows cardholders to request books from any branch and have them delivered to any branch.
The NYPL gives cardholders free access from home[53] to thousands of current and historical magazines, newspapers, journals and reference books in subscription databases, including EBSCOhost,[54] which contains full text of major magazines; full text of the New York Times[55] (1995–present), Gale's Ready Reference Shelf[56] which includes the Encyclopedia of Associations and periodical indexes, Books in Print;[57] and Ulrich's Periodicals Directory.[58]
The NYPL Digital Gallery[59] is a database of over 700,000 images digitized from the library's collections. The Digital Gallery was named one of Time Magazine's 50 Coolest Websites of 2005[60] and Best Research Site of 2006[61] by an international panel of museum professionals.
Other databases available only from within the library include Nature, IEEE and Wiley science journals, Wall Street Journal archives, and Factiva.[62]
A new NYPL strategy adopted in 2006 anticipated merging branch and research libraries into "One NYPL". The organizational change anticipated a unified online catalog for all the collections, as well as one card for both branch and research libraries.[44]
Despite public relations' assurances, the 2009 website and online-catalog transition did not proceed smoothly, with patrons and staff equally at a loss for how to work effectively with the new system. Reassuring press releases followed the initial implementation, and notices were posted in branch and research libraries.[63] Further revision to the catalog and library interfaces have been made subsequently.
In popular culture[edit]
The historian David McCullough has described the New York Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in the United States, the others being the Library of Congress, the Boston Public Library, and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale.[64][verification needed]
- Film
- The NYPL has appeared in feature films. It serves as the backdrop for a central plot development in the 2002 film Spider-Man and a location in the 2004 apocalyptic science fiction film The Day After Tomorrow. In the 1978 film The Wiz, Dorothy and Toto stumble across it, one of its lions comes to life, and joins them on their journey out of Oz.
- It is also featured prominently in the 1984 film Ghostbusters with three of the titular protagonists encountering the ghost of a librarian named Eleanor Twitty, who becomes violent when approached. Her origins and the library's prominent standing are explored in the video game sequel, Ghostbusters: The Video Game. In May 2010, the library invited comedy group Improv Everywhere to put on a brief performance in the main reading room based on Ghostbusters as a promotional stunt.[65]
- Other films in which the library appears include 42nd Street (1933), Portrait of Jennie (1948), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), You're a Big Boy Now (1966), A Boy Named Charlie Brown (1969), Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Chapter Two (1979), Escape from New York (1981), Prizzi's Honor (1985), Regarding Henry (1991), The Thomas Crown Affair (1999), The Time Machine (2002), and Sex and the City (2008).[66]
- A thinly disguised NYPL is the employer of a librarian with access to many mythical objects imparting magical powers for fighting evil in a series of films starring Noah Wyle. The first of the series is The Librarian: Quest for the Spear.
- NYPL is featured in the 1972 Alice Cooper rock/pop video for Elected.
- NYPL is featured in 2013 film Oblivion starring Tom Cruise although only shown as a ruble remnant of post-Apocalypse war, but it names can barely be seen and its interior is recognizable.
- Television
- It was in the pilot episode of the ABC series Traveler as the Drexler Museum of Art.
- The animated television series Futurama has Fry confronting a giant brain there in the episode "The Day the Earth Stood Stupid".
- In an episode of Seinfeld, Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards) dates an NYPL librarian, Jerry Seinfeld is accosted by a library cop (Philip Baker Hall) for late fees, and George Costanza (Jason Alexander) encounters his high school gym teacher living homeless on its steps.
- It is the setting for much of "The Persistence of Memory", the eleventh part of Carl Sagan's Cosmos TV series.
- Literature
- Lynne Sharon Schwartz's The Writing on the Wall (2005) features a language researcher at NYPL who grapples with her past following the September 11, 2001, attacks.
- Cynthia Ozick's 2004 novel Heir to the Glimmering World, set just prior to World War II, involves a refugee-scholar from Hitler's Germany researching the Karaite Jews at NYPL.
- In the 1996 novel Contest by Matthew Reilly, the NYPL is the setting for an intergalactic gladiatorial fight that results in the building's total destruction.
- In the 1984 murder mystery by Jane Smiley, Duplicate Keys, an NYPL librarian stumbles on two dead bodies, c. 1930.
- In Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides, the main character visits the NYPL to look up her condition in the dictionary.
- Allen Kurzweil's The Grand Complication is the story of an NYPL librarian whose research skills are put to work finding a missing museum object.
- Lawrence Blochman's 1942 mystery Death Walks in Marble Halls features a murder committed using a brass spindle from a catalog drawer.
- A lightly fictionalized portrait of the Jewish Division's[67] first chief, Abraham Solomon Freidus,[68] is found in a chapter of Abraham Cahan's The Rise of David Levinsky (1917).
- Linda Fairstein's Lethal Legacy (2009) is mainly centered around the library.
- Laura Ruby's The Chaos King centers around the library.
- Smaller mentions of the library can be found in:
- Henry Sydnor Harrison's V.V.'s Eyes (1913)
- P. G. Wodehouse's A Damsel in Distress (1919)
- Christopher Morley's short story "Owd Bob" in his humor book Mince Pie (1919)
- James Baldwin's Go Tell It On the Mountain (1953)
- Bernard Malamud's short story "The German Refugee" (in his Complete Stories [1997]; originally published in the Saturday Evening Post in 1963)
- Stephen King's Firestarter (1980)
- Beatrice Joy Chute's The Good Woman (1986)
- Sarah Schulman's Girls, Visions and Everything (1986)
- Isaac Bashevis Singer's posthumous Shadows on the Hudson (1998)
- Poetry
Both branches and the central building have been immortalized in numerous poems, including:
- Richard Eberhart's "Reading Room, The New York Public Library" (in his Collected Poems, 1930–1986 [1988])
- Arthur Guiterman's "The Book Line; Rivington Street Branch, New York Public Library" (in his Ballads of Old New York [1920])
- Lawrence Ferlinghetti's "Library Scene, Manhattan" (in his How to Paint Sunlight [2001])
- Muriel Rukeyser's "Nuns in the Wind" (in The Collected Poems of Muriel Rukeyser [2005])
- Paul Blackburn's "Graffiti" (in The Collected Poems of Paul Blackburn [1985])
- E.B. White's "Reading Room" (Poems and Sketches of E.B. White [1981])
- Susan Thomas' "New York Public Library" (the anthology American Diaspora [2001])
- Aaron Zeitlin's poem about going to the library, included in his 2-volume Ale lider un poemes [Complete Lyrics and Poems] (1967 and 1970)
- Other
- Excerpts from several of the many memoirs and essays mentioning the New York Public Library are included in the anthology Reading Rooms (1991), including reminiscences by Alfred Kazin, Henry Miller, and Kate Simon.
- A replica of the library is also featured in Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Florida
Other New York City library systems[edit]
The New York Public Library, serving Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island, is one of three separate and independent public library systems in New York City. The other two library systems are the Brooklyn Public Library and the Queens Borough Public Library.
According to the latest Mayor's Management Report, New York City's three public library systems had a total library circulation of 35 million broken down as follows: the NYPL and BPL (with 143 branches combined) had a circulation of 15 million, and the Queens system had a circulation of 20 million through its 62 branch libraries. Altogether the three library systems hosted 37 million visitors in 2006.
Other libraries in New York City, some of which can be used by the public, are listed in the Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers.[69]
See also[edit]
- Education in New York City
- Google Books Library Project
- List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
- Benjamin Miller Collection NYPL Collection of Postage Stamps
- Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs
- List of New York Public Library Branches
- ^ a b "New York Public Library General Fact Sheet" (PDF). Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Contact List – The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
- ^ "Dr. Anthony W. Marx". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 556–563.
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 563–573.
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 573–574.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of the New York Public Library". nypl.org. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
- ^ "Editorial: Free Public Libraries". The New York Times. January 14, 1872. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library: Part III". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 688. ; A Superb Gift
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library: Part III". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 685–689.
- ^ Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library". Bulletin of the New York Public Library: Part III 20: 690, 694–695.
- ^ "Lent Eleven Million Books". New-York Tribune. April 14, 1901. p. 16.
- ^ "Carnegie Offers City Big Gift". New-York Tribune. March 16, 1901. pp. 1–2.
- ^ "Library Plans All Right Now: Carnegie Approves Controller Coler Contracts". The Evening World. September 9, 1901. p. 3.; Carnegie Approves the Contracts, Mr. Carnegie's Libraries (New York Times September 10, 1901)
- ^ Van Slyck (1995), pp. 113–114
- ^ Andrew Myers, "Washington Irving and the Astor Library," Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 1968, Vol. 72 Issue 6, pp 378–399
- ^ Gilbert W. Chapman, "Edward G. Freehafer: An Appreciation," Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 1970, Vol. 74 Issue 10, pp 625–628
- ^ Phyllis Dain, "'A Coral Island': A Century of Collection Development in the Research Libraries of the New York Public Library," Biblion, 1995, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 5–75
- ^ Phyllis Dain, "Public Library Governance and a Changing New York City," Libraries & Culture, March 1991, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 219–250
- ^ Edward Kasinec, and Robert H. Davis, Jr., "Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich (1847–1909) and His Library," Journal of the History of Collections, 1990, Vol. 2 Issue 2, pp 135–142
- ^ Alice C. Hudson, "The Library's Map Division Goes to War, 1941–45," Biblion, 1995, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 126–147
- ^ "Public Library Plans". New-York Tribune. December 5, 1897. p. 13.; 'Winners of the Prize'
- ^ a b "The New York Public Library". The Sun. April 9, 1911. p. 9.
- ^ "50,000 People at the Dedication of the City's Great Library; Taft and Dix Take Part". The Evening World. May 23, 1911. p. 1.; New Public Library Formally Dedicated
- ^ "Our New Library Dedicated". The New York Sun. May 24, 1911. p. 5.
- ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (December 20, 2007). "A Centennial Face-Lift for a Beaux-Arts Gem". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^ "Sculptor Potter Hurt". The Evening World. November 2, 1911. p. 9.; cf. Cupid Turns Him from Study of Theology to Art, The Library Lions
- ^ Dain, Phyllis (October 1977). "Harry M. Lydenberg and American Library Resources: A Study in Modern Library Leadership". The Library Quarterly 47 (4): 451–469. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
- ^ "New York Public Library". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 16, 2007.
- ^ "The New York Public Library Will Restore its Fifth Avenue Building's Historic Facade / Project to be Completed in Time for Building's 2011 Centennial," 2007-12-20, at the New York Public Library Web site, accessed December 20, 2007.
- ^ "New York Public Library gets a ,0M facelift for 100th birthday," New York Daily News, 2011-02-02, accessed February 5, 2011.
- ^ Robin Pogrebin, "A Centennial Face-Lift for a Beaux-Arts Gem," New York Times accessed March 30, 2009.
- ^ Marc Santora, "After Big Gift, a New Name for the Library," New York Public Library website, April 23, 2008.
- ^ "Science, Industry and Business Library", June 19, 2003 Press Release, New York Public Library. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
- ^ a b Taylor, Kate, "That Mighty Sorting Machine Is Certainly One for the Books", article, New York Times, April 21, 2010, retrieved same day
- ^ Meredith Schwartz, "NYPL, Brooklyn Merge Technical Services," Library Journal February 22, 2013.
- ^ Norman Oder, "One NYPL," Many Questions, Library Journal, November 1, 2007.
- ^ Oder, Norman. "NYPL Reorganization Coming", Library Journal (October 1, 2007). Vol. 132, Issue 16, p. 12.
- ^ Sherman, Scott (December 19, 2011). "Upheaval at the New York Public Library". The Nation.
- ^ New York Public Library + Google
- ^ Rothstein, Edward. "If Books Are on Google, Who Gains and Who Loses?" New York Times. November 14, 2005.
- ^ Library and Information Technology Association, "Contracting for Content in a Digital World"
- ^ Chan, Sewell. "Sale of Former Donnell Library Is Back on Track", New York Times. July 9, 2009.
- ^ a b LeClerc, Paul. "Answers About the New York Public Library, Part 3", New York Times. December 12, 2008.
- ^ Oder, Norman. "NYPL: Synergy on the Way?" Library Journal (February 1, 2005), Vol. 130, Issue 2
- ^ "NYPL head = Natl. archivist; New Catalog, Restructuring", Library Journal (August 1, 2009, Vol. 134, Issue 13.
- ^ "American Library Association: The Nation's Largest Libraries". Ala.org. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
- ^ "2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Annualreports.nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library. "Get Help / Ask NYPL | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "Library Phone Answerers Survive the Internet". The New York Times. June 19, 2006.
- ^ The New York Public Library. "Welcome to The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "New York Public Library Catalog". Leopac.nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Articles and Databases | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ "NYPL Digital Gallery | Home". Digitalgallery.nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Best of the Web: Categories: Research (Best Research Site)". Archimuse.com. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ Slotnik, Daniel E. "Library System Resolves Catalog Problems", New York Times. July 20, 2009.
- ^ "Simon & Schuster:David McCullough". Archived from the original on September 29, 2006. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
- ^ "Who You Gonna Call?". Improv Everywhere. 2010-05-18. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Selected Movies and Television Shows Filmed at The New York Public Library | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ The New York Public Library (2012-11-13). "Directory of Special Libraries and Information Centers | The New York Public Library". Nypl.org. Retrieved 2012-11-24.
Further reading[edit]
- Chapman, Carleton B. Order out of Chaos: John Shaw Billings and America's Coming of Age (1994)
- Dain, Phyllis. The New York Public Library: A History of Its Founding and Early Years (1973)
- Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library: Part I". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 555–619.
- Harry Miller Lydenberg (July and August 1916). "History of the New York Public Library: Part III". Bulletin of the New York Public Library 20: 685–734.
- Myers, Andrew B. The Worlds of Washington Irving: 1783–1859 (1974)
- Reed, Henry Hope. The New York Public Library: Its Architecture and Decoration (1986)
- Van Slyck, Abigail A. (1995). Free to All: Carnegie Libraries & American Culture, 1890–1920. Chicago: IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-85031-5.
- Reference Books
- Harris, Michael H. and Davis, Donald G. Jr. (1978). American Library History: a bibliography. Austin: University of Texas ISBN 0-292-70332-5
- Davis, Donald G. Jr and Tucker, John Mark (1989). American Library History: a comprehensive guide to the literature. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc. ISBN 0-87436-142-7
External links[edit]
|This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (November 2012)
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Public Library.
|Wikipedia Cultural Embassy for
New York Public Library
- NYPL Research Libraries
- LIVE from the NYPL
- Databases and Indexes Online From Home
- NYPL Digital Collections
- Picture Collection Online
- NYPL Best of Reference
- NYPL Treasures Video series
- The Life of Samuel J. Tilden
- NYPL for the Performing Arts
- The New York Public Library at 100 — slideshow by Life magazine
- New York Public Library collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Teachinghistory.org review of NYPL website American Shores
- Texts on Wikisource:
- Great Public Library Plan 1895-03-02
- Great Libraries Combine 1895-03-03
- For the Public Library: Plans of Carrere & Hastings Adopted by the Board of Estimate 1897-12-02
- Merged with Public Library 1901-01-09
- A General Library Act Introduced 1901-04-10
- Carnegie Bill Passed 1901-04-10
- Library Enabling Act Goes to Mayor 1901-04-10
- Directors of Brooklyn Public Library Give a Dinner for its President 1901-04-11
- Charter Hearings Today 1901-04-13
- None Oppose Library Bill 1901-04-16
- Urges City to Accept Carnegie Gift 1901-04-17
- Work of Assembly and Senate 1901-04-18
- Carnegie Library Bill Signed 1901-04-28
- This is What "Carnegie Did" 1901-10-27
- Considering Plans for Sites of the Carnegie Branches in the Several Boroughs 1901-05-08
- The New York Public Library 1911-04-09


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Customer Reviews
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A majority of the recent criticism has been about the empty seats in the choice section of Lawlor Events Center for home basketball games. While UNR claims that it has sold more than 9,000 season tickets, the average per game attendance this year has dipped to more than 7,000 - about a thousand less than last year.
UNR eliminated walk-up sales this year and that has irritated locals more than anything since northern Nevada has always been a "same day" area for local sports and entertainment events. The rationale was that if fans didn't want to buy "season" or advance tickets then they could listen on the radio.
Another of UNR's excuses, a school that continually seems to cry "poor mouth," is that there is a cost in same-day sales due to the extra hires that must be put in the box office. Recently, Athletic Director Cary Groth did admit publicly that one of the reasons for the lack of attendance in the lower level, prime seating is the fact that UNR hands out more than 1,000 complimentary tickets.
After taking over as athletic director, Groth raised ticket prices for the home basketball games and instituted a "preferential" policy for nearby garage parking. In defense of that move, it must be noted that when Groth was being recruited for her present job, she attended several Nevada home basketball games during the golden Fazekas era and she may have reckoned that the almost-capacity crowds were a fact of life at Lawlor. If she had researched the attendance figures, she would have found that when the Silver and Blue was fielding less-than-championship-caliber teams, only the most loyal of Pack fans were half-filling Lawlor. Those fans of yesteryear are now priced out of attendance or languishing high in the nosebleed sections.
With the athletic department's large staff, perhaps AD Groth can find someone to help her figure out a solution to what has become her most vexing problem.
Another issue Groth has to quickly address, according to many of the letters from the discontented and disenfranchised, is the quality of the public address system during home games. The announcer has been roundly scorched as has been the ear-splitting and almost deafening hip-hop music that blares out at mostly inappropriate times.
Another sore point has been the mediocre halftime entertainment. With an abundance of professional acts in the area at all times it would seem fairly easy to secure some top-flight halftime performers.
Another constant complaint from loyal fans is the rise in prices and the downslide in quality of the concession stands at Lawlor. Recently, a constant attendee of some 30 years journeyed to a beer kiosk at halftime and was informed that they had "run out" of beer.
While former coach Trent Johnson and current coach Mark Fox have vastly improved the quality of the Nevada teams they have headed up it seems their efforts have been short-changed by the ineptitude of the athletic department administration.
Don't look for things to improve this season.
Celebrity corner
Thanks to cable TV and last Sunday's wintery weather, many of the entertainers that used to frequent this area could be seen on the tube. Top of the list was "ol' blue eyes" Frank Sinatra, who was starring in a 1954 flick opposite Doris Day, entitled "Young at Heart." That particular year marked the re-ascension of Frank as a major star, since it followed his Oscar-winning stint in "From Here to Eternity." Several years prior to "Eternity," Frank had made his Nevada stage debut at Reno's Riverside Hotel showroom.
At a low point in his career and personal life at that time, Sinatra was playing to audiences numbering about 50 in the 250-seat Riverside showroom. All that changed after his Oscar win and he became the most significant figure in show business for the next four decades. He appeared many times in Reno and Tahoe and one of his most famous visits was during his son's kidnapping in 1963.
Another Reno favorite, Eli Wallach, due to his role in "The Misfits," was on Sunday in a 2006 film, "The Holiday." Even at his advanced age, Wallach is still able to steal every scene in which he appears. Another regular visitor to Reno, this time as a boxer turned actor, Archie Moore, had a feature role last Sunday in a Charles Bronson starrer, "Breakheart Pass."
It is still interesting to see old Reno personalities in old films.
Harry Spencer is a Reno freelance writer.


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Chesley Bonestell Revisited – Watercolour and Acrylic
Chesley Bonestell (1888 – 1986) painted imaginary scenes of the planets. His illustrations were said to have inspired the American Space programme and much of what he painted has turned out to be fact. He collaborated with well known, science fiction authors and this is from the book, "Beyond Jupiter" by Arthur C. Clarke where his work helped to describe how interplanetary travel would be possible by using the gravity of Solar System bodies to "slingshot" probes. If you have never looked at his work you are in for a treat. Try these links for starters:
This scene is after "Saturn from its largest moon, Titan, 760,00 miles away" from the aforementioned book.
His notes say that"The sky is blue since Titan is large enough to retain an atmosphere"


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Series 6 Episode 1
Taterhead Is Our Love Child
Charlie fears he may have a son.
Charlie Sheen and Jon Cryer star in the Emmy® Award-nominated "Two and a Half Men," a comedy about men, women, sex, dating, divorce, mothers, single parenthood, sibling relations, surrogate families, money and, most importantly, love.
Suitable only for 15 years and over
Charlie fears he may have a son.
Alan lends Charlie money and then attempts to get it back.
Charlie fears he may have a son.
Charlie romances Alan's sweet receptionist as Alan anxiously awaits disaster.
The guys bump into Jake's former teacher, who has now become a stripper.
When Judith kicks Herb to the curb, Alan comes knocking.
Alan tries to escape Judith's grasp as Charlie and Herb go on the prowl.
Charlie's new girlfriend asks him to spend the night at her place.
Jake disappears with the daughter of Charlie's neighbour.
Evelyn offers to pay for Jake's college education.
EMILIO ESTEVEZ and JAMES EARL JONES guest star.
CAROL KANE guest stars as Alan's receptionist's mother.
Judith is pregnant with a baby girl and Alan is convinced that he is the father
Melissa invites Alan to live with her and her mom.
Charlie finds himself in couples counseling.
Charlie has to hide a naked woman before Chelsea arrives.
Charlie tells Chelsea that he loves her, but doesn't get the response he expects
Chelsea gets sick and Charlie wants nothing to do with her.
Charlie spends a night of alcohol-fueled debauchery.
Evelyn gets between Chelsea and Charlie after they meet.
Chelsea sends Alan on a blind date with her friend Rose.
Charlie reluctantly agrees to let Chelsea move in.
Alan and Chelsea become best friends; and Charlie likes it.
Charlie questions his relationship when he meets Mia again.


text:
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April 18, 2014
Love the smart dark grey colour!
April 12, 2014
Had similar product previously but due to damage needed replacing. simple but effective.
March 21, 2014
Third shop i'd been in to find one of these and at mw it was exactly what i wanted, the right size and a good looking product: whats more, it was 'buy one, get one free'. yay!
March 18, 2014
Keep water very cold through out the day
March 14, 2014
Lid is a bit fiddle but it's normal for this style
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