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Defeat Diabetes
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Madeira Beach, FL 33708
Diabetes Doubling Before MotherhoodPosted: Tuesday, April 29, 2008
The number of pregnant women with pre-existing diabetes has more than doubled in seven years, a California study found, a troubling trend that means health risks for both mothers and newborns. And the number of diabetic teenagers giving birth grew fivefold during the same period, according to the study, the largest of its kind. This comes from a new study published in Diabetes Care.
While previous studies have looked exclusively at gestational diabetes (diabetes that develops during pregnancy, then usually disappears after the baby is born), this is the largest and most diverse study to examine pre-pregnancy type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which is more dangerous than gestational diabetes and potentially harder to treat, as well as gestational diabetes.
Researchers at Kaiser Permanente's Department of Research & Evaluation in Pasadena looked at 175,249 women who gave birth in 11 Kaiser Permanente hospitals in Southern California between 1999 and 2005. Researchers found that there were twice as many births to women with diabetes in 2005 as there were in 1999. Fifty-two percent of the women in the study were Hispanic, 26 percent were White, 11 percent were Asian/Pacific Islanders and 10 percent were African-American.
This study found significant jumps in pre-pregnancy diabetes in every age, racial and ethnic group:
"More young women are entering their reproductive years with diabetes, in part due to the fact that our society has become more overweight and obese," said lead author Jean M. Lawrence, ScD, MPH, MSSA, a research scientist at Kaiser Permanente's Department of Research & Evaluation. "While we currently don't know how to prevent type 1 diabetes, the steps to reducing risk of type 2 diabetes must start before childbearing years: healthy eating, active living and maintaining a healthy weight. These habits should begin in childhood and continue through adulthood."
Given that two-thirds of Americans are overweight or obese, and nearly 15 million children are overweight or obese, these study findings are especially relevant.
The health risks of having diabetes before becoming pregnant are greater to mother and baby than gestational diabetes, which occurs in 8 percent of pregnancies. Gestational diabetes occurs when pregnancy triggers insulin resistance in the second trimester and raises a woman's blood glucose level and is associated with larger babies, childhood obesity, and increased maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Women with pre-existing diabetes are more likely to have miscarriages, stillbirths, and babies with birth defects because they may have elevated blood sugar during the critical first trimester of pregnancy when the infants' organs are developing.
"My advice to women who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes and are thinking about becoming pregnant is: work with your health care professional to get your blood sugar in good control. If you are pre-diabetic or have type 2 diabetes and are overweight, work on reducing your weight by a few pounds before becoming pregnant," Lawrence said. "And women with gestational diabetes should have their blood sugar level tested after they've given birth to make sure it returns to normal."
Limiting obesity is the best way to reduce the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes in young women, says study co-author David Sacks, MD, a Kaiser Permanente perinatologist who specializes in maternal fetal medicine and treats up to 50 diabetic moms-to-be a year. "We've become a more sedentary and obese society so naturally type 2 diabetes has risen too. For Latina women, the risk is even higher for developing type 2 diabetes, so it's really important to defy family history and work on achieving a healthy weight."
Source: Diabetes In Control: published online Monday in the journal Diabetes Care.
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Thank you for supporting the University of North Dakota College of Arts & Sciences. Whether it is a one-time gift, or you choose to make a monthly or yearly donation, your generosity makes a difference. Giving online is a safe, simple and time efficient way to donate through the Foundation. Though it will only take a few minutes to donate, your gift will impact the University for years to come.
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Mayville Doppler Radar gets UpdateMayville, ND (WDAY TV) -- Changes are coming to the way storms are tracked on Doppler Radar. The National Weather Service is upgrading Dopplers across the country, and this week, it's the Mayville radar's turn.
Changes are coming to the way storms are tracked on Doppler Radar. The National Weather Service is upgrading Dopplers across the country, and this week, it's the Mayville radar's turn.
With the current radar this beam is only in the horizontal. With the new radar called dual polarization or dual poll that wave will go out in both the vertical and horizontal.
The vertical component will allow a measurement of the size of rain or hail. This will give meteorologists a better picture of exactly what is falling out of the sky.
Greg Gust/National Weather Service: "Whether it's hail whether it's rain and how big, a wet hail stone shows up real loud on the radar and so it looks like a lot more water than is really there."
This means more accuracy for flash flooding events. And better warnings for thunderstorms with hail
Gust: "Right now we see big hail up in the top of the cloud, 40,000 ft up in the air, if it's falling through heavy rain, how much of that is going to survive."
And while dual-pole doppler doesn't drastically improve the ability to see most tornados for a few specific cases it will be a huge asset.
When tornados are rain wrapped or occur at night and cant be confirmed by spotters, the new dual pole will be better at picking up the actual debris being lifted into the air and that will lead to better warnings.
Gust: "So to actually put out radar confirmed tornado would be a possibility out of there."
And for winter weather the new doppler will offer better insight into the atmosphere as well.
John Wheeler/StormTRACKER Meteorologist: "Because it's able to tell the shape of the droplet or the snowflake, we'll be able to get a real good idea about where the differences in a winter storm between rain and snow, right now all we can do is estimate that based on ground temperatures."
This upgrade to the doppler is just one more tool in the ever expanding weather forecasting arsenal.
The Mayville doppler will be down for 5 or 6 days while the installation is taking place.
Tags: north dakota, rob kupec, weather, mayville, reporters, news, updates


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Schalke put Huntelaar talks on hold
Bundesliga outfit Schalke have revealed talks with striker Klaas-Jan Huntelaar over a contract extension will not continue until the mid-season break.
By ESPNSTAR.com staff
The Netherlands international's current deal expires at the end of this season and the Royal Blues are understood to be desperate to keep him at the Veltins-Arena.
However, general manager Horst Heldt has now revealed negotiations will not continue till December as the player is yet to decide if he wants to remain in Gelsenkirchen.
"We have made the decision not to hold any talks until December and wait [to see] how things develop," he told Sport1. "That's what the player wants and I can live with that.
"I have the feeling that Klaas-Jan is not ready to make a decision on his future at the moment. We want to give him the time he needs to make a well-thought decision.
"My goal is to convince him to stay with Schalke. We will re-open talks either in December or January. I demand a quick decision at that point, though."
Huntelaar joined Schalke at the start of the 2010/11 season and scored an astonishing 48 goals in 47 games in all competition last term.


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With a smiley face and dot print, plus supersoft fleece construction, this girls' SO robe is a sunny essential. In pink.
Product Features
- Sash tie
- Long sleeves
Fabric & Care
- Polyester
- Machine wash
- Garment is flame resistant
- Imported


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The Nylabone Puzzle Bone toy provides a soft nylon material for chewing entertainment. It has moveable links so the dog can chew on more area of the toy for hours of amusement. It is great for fetching or just simple chewing. Vets recommend this toy because it helps clean the teeth and massage the gums. The nylon is very durable for years of fun.
PetiteOur Price: $4.37


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Find the mean, median, and mode of a set of data displayed in a stem-and-leaf plot.
Presents a way of visualizing data distributions by using a stem and leaf plot.
Practice Stem and Leaf Plots, Mean, Median, and Mode questions
With this KWL Chart, reflect on your prior knowledge of a concept, come up with questions you're curious about, and come up with answers from the reading.
Learn how to show occurrences of certain things through graphical representation.


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Leave a lasting Mark in this foam trucker hat from KR3W featuring a 3D embroidered logo on the cap, four back mesh panels and a flat bill!
- 60% Polyester/40% Nylon
- KR3W 5-panel foam trucker hat
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A scientist is a person who works in science. A scientist tries to understand how our world, or other things, work. Scientists are people who make observations, ask questions and do extensive research work in finding the answers to these questions.
About[change | edit source]
Scientists work for governments, companies, schools and research institutes. Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists. Scientists often make experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups. Scientific work is also carried out in laboratories. Scientists are more likely to be atheists than the rest of the general population.
Types of scientists[change | edit source]
Scientists can work in different areas of science. Here are some examples:
- Scientists that study physics are physicists.
- Scientists that study chemistry are chemists.
- Scientists that study biology are biologists
- Scientists that study rocks are geologists
Science is the study of all things both living and non-living in the environment around us. Scientists use experiments and tests to figure out, for example, if something is metal or not.
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KASPRZAK, Ann, 83, of Weirton, passed away Saturday, February 9, 2013. Visitation will be 2-4 and 7-9 p.m. Monday at the Greco-Hertnick Funeral Home, 3219 Main St., Weirton.
Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated 10 a.m. Tuesday at Sacred Heart of Mary Church. Interment will be in St. Paul Cemetery.


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Harry Truman hung the "do-nothing" label on the 80th Congress, which served from 1946 until 1948. At the very least, the 112th Congress gave the 80th a run for its money.
The recently concluded session passed the fewest laws of any on record. Worse than the 112th Congress' historically low productivity was the abysmal way it did its job. This week's disjointed and poorly executed fiscal cliff bill is but the freshest example of do-nothingness.


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HOME NHL Chicago Blackhawks Gear Chicago Blackhawks Shorts & Pants Chicago Blackhawks Shorts & Pants Ladies (11 items) Product ID: 450659
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Ladies, put a classic finishing touch on your Blackhawks game day wardrobe with these Capri pants from Original Retro Brand, featuring a distressed throwback logo on the left hip!
- 100% Cotton fabric
- Lightweight Capri pants
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- Officially licensed NHL product
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"The legalization of the termination of pregnancy is none other than the authorization given to an adult, with the approval of an established law, to take the lives of children yet unborn and thus incapable of defending themselves. It is difficult to imagine a more unjust situation, and it is very difficult to speak of obsession in a matter such as this, where we are dealing with a fundamental imperative of every good conscience — the defense of the right to life of an innocent and defenseless human being."
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"I expect to die in bed, my successor will die in prison and his successor will die a martyr in the public square. His successor will pick up the shards of a ruined society and slowly help rebuild civilization, as the church has done so often in human history."
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- Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 1824. ME 16:73
Daily Archives: 7 October 2012
Your Sunday Sermon Notes
Was there a good point your heard in the sermon at Mass for Sunday?
Let us know!
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Posted in SESSIUNCULA 58 Comments
Autumn Sighs
Autumn Sighs
By Cyril Robert
In pensive mood I trod
My garden plot one day;
October's smile was weary so!
It's green was gloomy gray.
Where are the strains of summer gone?
Its sun the livelong day?
With sudden sadness I then thought
On how all human things decay.
Two … Continue reading
Posted in SESSIUNCULA Tagged October, Our Lady of the Rosary 4 Comments
WDTPRS POLL: Do you pray the Rosary and add the "Fatima Prayer"?
Let's return to an oldie-POLL for today's beautiful feast.
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I get many requests by email asking for prayers. Many requests are heart-achingly grave and urgent.
We should support each other in works of mercy.
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Posted in SESSIUNCULA, Urgent Prayer Requests 26 Comments
Chinese priests and nuns forced into government "study classes"
The UK's best Catholic weekly, The Catholic Herald, has a piece online which gives a glimpse of the Church in the USA during Pres. Obama's third term. Obama would probably love to have, I am sure, an American Patriotic Catholic Association … Continue reading
Another hurtful article by Nicole Winfield of AP about the SSPX
In his interview with the National Catholic Register, posted online in two parts on 2 and 4 October, the Prefect of the CDF, Archbishop Gerhard Müller said of the dealings of Rome and the SSPX:
"I believe that these problems will be resolved … Continue reading
Posted in Biased Media Coverage, SSPX Tagged AP, Archbp. Müller, Associated Press, Nicole Winfield, SSPX 9 Comments


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Academics Jonathan Mack - Psychology/Educational Psychology
Teaching Philosophy
Jonathan has taught psychology for more than twenty years. He was a professor at the College of Old Westbury of the State University of New York. Like Marlboro, the College at Old Westbury places special emphasis on interdisciplinary studies, the uniqueness of the individual learning process, and the importance of social change.
"I'm delighted to have the opportunity to teach at Marlboro," Jonathan says, "It's a unique environment that fosters the educational values in which I believe."
Research Interests
Jonathan's approach to psychology and education stems from his interest in how people struggle to achieve their potential for creativity, integrity, intimacy and community, and to search for meaning in the face of society's pressures.
After completing his doctorate in Clinical Psychology at NYU, Jonathan taught psychology at the University of Chile during the upheaval of Salvador Allende's presidency. While in Chile, Jonathan also became involved in community organizing, worked with a literacy program for Chile's indigenous population and made a documentary film. When he returned, he worked with Head Start programs and with adolescents in residential placements.
B.A. University of California, Berkeley; Ph.D., Clinical Psychology, New York University; Marlboro College 2008 -


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Summer Arts Festival guarantees family fun on Father's Day weekend Events include Crazy Days in downtown Vermillion by M. Jill Karolevitz Vermillion�s annual Summer Arts Festival will feature family fun on Father�s Day weekend, June 17-18.
Festival activities will be held at the Old Main Quadrangular on the campus of The University of South Dakota.
A wide variety of events, featuring live music, arts and crafts, children�s activities, horse-and-buggy rides and food, run from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. Saturday and 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sunday.
At the center of the festival is its live music, and other performing arts, which open at 10:45 a.m. Saturday and 11:30 a.m. on Sunday.
Featured acts include:
? Plaid and Tan Pipes and Drums;
? River City Ragtime Band;
? Folk music by Ann Zimmerman, Bob Bovee and Gail Heil and Dennis Warner;
? Freshwater Pearls Puppet Show;
? Bluegrass music by Art Stevenson and High Water;
? All That Jazz with the Rolf Olson Quintet;
? Folk and Celtic music by Greenwood Tree;
? The blues by T. Wilson King, playing acoustic and bottleneck guitar;
? Discovery Mime Theatre.
�This is a family festival in all aspects,� said Randy Harper. �The exceptional part of it is its high quality, original artwork, and professional regional musicians, performing music that appeals to all ages.�
Children will also find plenty to do at the festival, getting involved with a variety of activities as their parents wander through the arts and crafts booths.
A supervised children�s activity tent will give kids the chance to create their own artwork, as well as have their photo taken and make a frame for it to give to their dads for Father�s Day.
Artists from a five-state region will display and sell their handmade works during the festival. These displays will include sculpture, oil and watercolor paintings, pottery, wood carving and more. Whether people are buying or just browsing, the artists� work will be exhibited for festival goers both Saturday and Sunday.
Another special feature will be demonstrations by various artists, including blacksmithing, basket weaving and candle and glassworks, along with hands-on demonstrations of tie dyeing and Raku pottery.
No one will go away from the festival hungry as a variety of tantalizing treats will be offered by food vendors. Ice cream, barbecues, funnel cakes, corn dogs, cotton candy, teriyaki sticks and kettle corn are just a few of the food offerings vendors will have on hand.
A special feature of the festival this year will be horse-and-buggy rides starting at the Shrine to Music Museum through the historic Vermillion district.
�Holding the arts festival on Father�s Day weekend will give families a chance for quality time together,� Harper said. �This is a great place to come.�
In the evening, The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) � 37 plays in 97 minutes � will be presented in Farber Hall at 8 p.m.
Vermillion area merchants will also be involved in Crazy Days on Saturday, following a Wizard of Oz theme this year. Special activities include:
? Sidewalk Crazy Days sales throughout Vermillion, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m.;
? Vintage tractor/car display, downtown, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.;
? Wizard of Oz kiddie parade, beginning in the First National Bank parking lot, 11 a.m.;
? Street dance, featuring the Clay Creek Deaf Cowboy Band in the CorTrust Bank parking lot, 9 p.m. to 1 a.m.
Other activities include a space-walk jumping tent sponsored by Hy-Vee, a farmer�s market, mini golf sponsored by UCC, a Rotary rummage sale, face painting, hot dog and popcorn stands by various church youth groups, Flags Unlimited, paper marbling demonstrations by Pressing Matters, wood crafts by John Weber, Rainbow of Crafts by Chad and Linda Donovan, music by Matt Williams, various food vendors and an Optimists beer garden during the street dance.
Harper noted that both the Vermillion Arts Festival and Crazy Days depend on a multitude of volunteers for their success.
�The festival grows every year and we appreciate what people of this community do to make both events happen,� he said. �Without the support of community people, merchants and The University of South Dakota, none of this would happen.�


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Welcome to Hazel Chatmans world.
Over her 16 years as the bathrooms summer caretaker, Ms. Chatman has built a layer of kitsch and warmth over the comfort stations sterile metal-and-tile bones, transforming a utilitarian space with 24 toilets and 6 sinks into one of the most unexpected public bathrooms in the city.
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John Erwin (left) of Anna battles with Scott Bratt from Leonard for a rebound during Thursday night's game at the 52nd Annual Leonard Holiday Tournament.
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Leaf Composting Sacks
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- Summary
The easiest way we've found to compost leaves and clippings is to rake them into this jute bag, then set it aside. There's no need to turn, shred or rotate the leaves—once they've decomposed, simply dig the entire bag into the soil.
- Requires no turning, amendments or heating.
- Keeps raked leaves and clippings contained.
- Biodegradable jute becomes part of the soil conditioner.
- Takes approx. 1 year to decompose.
- 21 1/2" wide, 35 1/2" high.
- 14.11 oz.
- Includes 2 bags.
- Designed by a company in Sheffield, England, renowned for its high-quality gardening tools.
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Ria and Tizzy would LOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOVE! to play with Toto!
Ria and Tizzy Dress Up by Hummie~, on Flickr
Cody doesn't play much anymore but he loves to be with company!
Created with Fresh Start by Simple Girl Scraps
Proudly Creating for: Kathy Winters, CathyK Designs, Simple Girl Scraps, Crescent Moon Designs
Ladybug Scraps, The Scrappy Kat, Little Rad Trio, and Susan Godfrey Designs
We once had a yorkie, named Marbles. He was Toto is the dance studio's performance of The Wizard of Oz. My DD was the Tinman. I will have to look for photos.
Proud CT member of the GingerScrap Designers: SeaTroutScraps, LittleRadTrio, CreatedByJill, SusanGodfrey, Lissykay and *yeah*
Here is my Fur baby, Stryder. He is a 5 month old Papillon! He will be your Friend Toto!
Wife to 1 Great Husband
Mom to 3 Awesome Girls and 1 Terrific Boy
Laramie - that's probably the best way. I'll have to upload photos of my babies.
DOH! I have scrapped Sammy a time or three or five or ten... LOL. So here is his one year comparison.. Toto will find him very playful. Also.. I offer up my grand puppy Daxter.. who loves to dig!!
Of course I am in reverse order. I am so nervous!! Waiting to see about immunity...who got it!


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I have jailbroken my 3GS (old bootrom) on IOS 4.3.1 (8G4) with baseband 05.13.04.
I have been struggling for more than 2 weeks to unlock it with ultrasn0w 1.2.5
without success since there are always errors when installing ultrasnow....(difficult to read since the screen is scrolling)
I try to restore it with Itunes 10.5.2 without any success.
All I want is to be able to use it in future as a phone whatever the IOS or the baseband,
provided I keep my GPS running.
Thanks for helping me. (since no way I can buy another iphone)


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amphotericin/lipid complex - injection, Abelcet, Ambisome, Amphotec
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Medication Uses | How To Use | Side Effects | Precautions | Drug Interactions | Overdose | Notes | Missed Dose | Storage
USES: This medication is used to treat a variety of serious fungal infections. It is often used in patients who cannot tolerate or who do not respond to the regular amphotericin treatment. It works by stopping the growth of fungi.
HOW TO USE: This medication is given into a vein by a health care professional. Follow all instructions for proper mixing and dilution with the correct IV fluid. Before using the mixed IV solution, check it visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. If you have questions about the use of this medication, consult the pharmacist.This medication is usually given once a day over 2 hours.Dosage is based on your medical condition, weight, and response to therapy.It may be necessary to continue this medication for several weeks to several months in order to treat certain infections. Stopping the medication too early may result in a return of the infection.Inform your doctor if your condition persists or worsens.
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Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan
OutlineTop of page
Editor's notes
Translated from the French original by Michael Black
Full text
- 2 M. Griaule, 1948, "L'Alliance cathartique", Africa, vol. XVIII, p. 242.
"Speech, whether insulting or flattering, beneficial or injurious, carries life force above all; in all its uses it retains the constant quality of being language".
(M. Griaule)2
1A man, who is Han, arrives at a stall run by Hui (Chinese Muslims). The man suddenly makes some remarks which Huis consider to be insulting and bursts out laughing. The young daughter of the stallholder, who is only 17, is furious and dismayed. She knows that such remarks could set off a brawl involving several hundred people. Turning to her father, she is amazed to see him laughing as well. What's going on? She cannot understand the situation, she has never seen this man before, he is not a friend of the family. Then her father says, to reassure her: "Don't worry, it's normal, between his village and ours it's been like this for hundreds of years, they're harmless (meiyou nao) jokes (mawanr)".
- 3 See for example M. Mauss, 1927-28, "Parenté à plaisanteries", Annuaire de l'Ecole Pratique des Haut (...)
- 4 Among them J. Y. Loude et V. Lièvre, 1984, Solstice païen, Paris, Presses de la Renaissance. Partic (...)
- 5 For example: Fei Xiaotong, 1947 (first edn. 1939), Peasant Life in China: a Field Study and Country (...)
- 6 Bianco Lucien and Hue Chang Ming, 1995, "Xiedou et traditions: le retour des vendettas paysannes", (...)
- 7 Among works in Chinese: Bai Shouyi, 1952, Huimin qiyi (Hui Uprisings), Shanghai, Shenzhou guoguangs (...)
2This form of alliance, usually called a "parenté à plaisanteries" or "cathartic alliance", is not unknown to anthropologists; this type of relationship is well attested to in Western Africa 3 and other areas of the world 4, but does not appear in the literature on China. There is no reference to it either in the older or in more recent books on village life. These deal mainly with village and lineage organisation 5 or with situations of conflict between villages 6. Where relationships between Chinese Muslims (the Hui) and the Han are concerned, studies have concentrated on the Hui identity, on the deep roots of Muslims in China, on the conflicts which have taken place over the centuries with the state and the Han/Hui?, as well as between the Hui themselves 7.
- 8 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, 1940, op. cit, p. 196.
3What we call here joking relationships do not concern relations between individuals connected by marriage, but rather the specific relations between members of different villages who do not necessarily know each other. This is why we use the term relationships rather than kinship, even though, as we shall see, the symbolism of relationship by marriage lies at the heart of the subject. This specific relationship is expressed through insulting, sometimes coarse words, or abnormal attitudes, without producing violent reactions. In a way, in the words of the English anthropologist, Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown, "the relationship is one of permitted disrespect" 8.
- 9 We asked the question as well to Muslim and non-Muslim families living in Hong Kong, originally fro (...)
- 10 This was already the case with our study of women's mosques. E. Allès, 2000, op. cit., ch. XII et X (...)
4It was in the year 2000, in the province of Henan, that for the first time in China we were told of these kaiwanxiao de guanxi (joking relationships) and were able to observe manifestations of them. In 2002 and 2003, we carried out a series of studies in two directions. On the one hand we sought other examples in areas which are homogenously Han, or contain other minorities. We chose Hunan, more specifically a mountainous area where relations between villages have not always been easy, and Guangxi, where a number of minorities live. In neither case did we find anything resembling joking relationships. On the other hand, a further series of studies was carried out in Hui villages on their relationships with their Han neighbours in various regions (Hainan, Yunnan, Xinjiang) without further conclusive results 9. The province of Henan and its northern section was therefore the main focus 10 of studies carried out in March and July 2003, in about ten villages.
- 11 Bo'ai xianzhi (monograph of the xian of Bo'ai), 1994; Yanshi xianzhi (monograph of the xian of Yans (...)
- 12 "They assumed on the one hand that Chinese writing was disconnected from speech, and on the other t (...)
- 13 V. Alleton (éd.), 1997, op.cit.; see also, J. Levi , 1995, "La voix et l'encre, la chaussure et la (...)
5There are virtually no writings on the history of these alliances. The local monographs we were able to consult, produced over the last twenty years, are completely silent on the subject 11; a few traces are to be found on steles in ancestral temples, or in genealogies (jiapu). The main part is transmitted by word and gesture. On this subject we should like to point out that, because of their fascination with Chinese writing, Westerners have long neglected the role of speech in China 12. Being undervalued, speech was unable to attain the nobility of writing and could not carry as powerful a meaning. In the last few years, linguists, anthropologists and historians have called into question this very Western vision of the contrast between the oral and the written, and have reassessed the place they assigned to speech 13.
I. Words, gestures and attitudes
- 14 Terms of kinship are widely used in China in order to signify a respectful proximity, without there (...)
- 15 A neologism which arrived from Japan at the end of the nineteenth century, the word minzu is polyse (...)
6First of all we must specify that the joking relationships observed or described by villagers (both Han and Hui) concern only men; women are completely excluded from them. They generally know of the existence of these kinds of relationships, they may be present, but they never actively participate. The terms we have found are always linked to the terminology of kinship 14. What makes these terms insulting is the fact that they are used between people from two groups who are supposedly unable to have any links of kinship by alliance, because they are of different religions; in our day people talk of the difference of "minzu" (nationality) 15. Besides these words connected to the terminology of kinship, there are others, probably spoken more spontaneously, which are called "dirty" (zang) by those who use them, and to which this researcher, being both female and foreign, could not gain access, either orally or in writing, all the more so as these expressions are generally in dialect. Sometimes the gesture is sufficiently evocative. One can imagine what these expressions are, coarseness being as popular in China as it is in the rest of the world. The only indication given is that they must not concern the interlocutor's mother or daughter. Educated circles cannot use them nor even provide any examples of them, retired professors (both Han and Hui) emphasise the lack of culture in peasant circles (meiyou wenhua) to explain these differences of language. The most common term is gufu: uncle (husband of the father's sister). For example:
7A Han says to a Hui (or the other way round): "jiao wo gufu!" (Call me uncle), the Hui answers: "bu jiao, weishenme jiao ni gufu!" (No, why should I call you uncle).
8Or else "gufu, gufu lai le!" (Uncle's coming!), "gufu zai…(name of the Hui or Han village)" (Your uncle is from…). In response the Hui or the Han will answer with an insult or make a significantly insulting gesture.
- 16 On the place and the role of the uterine uncle, see the general literature on the subject. For exam (...)
- 17 Die is a familiar term for father, the addition of gan (dry, dried out) means that there is no bloo (...)
9The other terms are jiujiu: uncle (the mother's brother) 16 or lao gan die (dry father) 17.
10For example:
- 18 This is a common expression in China and also a way of saying hello.
11"Jiujiu ni qu nar?" (Where are you going, uncle?) 18, "Xiao jiu le!" (Little uncle!). Where the word jiujiu is concerned, some state that it is only used by the Hui to a Han, others only the opposite.
12"Oh! lao gan die!" (Hey, dry father!) between two people who meet. This term is used by both Han and Hui.
13As far as we know, the terms of address involved in joking relationships do not take into account the generations of individuals. That is to say that the terms gufu, jiujiu or laogandie are used equally by young and old, whatever the age of the interlocutor. These terms of address, which in ordinary circumstances are unremarkable, become insulting between a Han and a Hui, for they affirm the existence of an unacceptable and unimaginable kinship between the interested parties, either because one is Muslim and the other not, or because they belong to two different minzu. Moreover the term gufu marks a form of superiority, for it affirms that the speaker belongs to a generation older than that of his interlocutor. Pursuing the idea further, the use of a kinship term in this context suggests the idea of a conversion, since there can be kinship only between members of the same religion, and nobody will accept such an idea since religious belonging is transmitted within patrilineage.
14We should also note that the words gufu and jiujiu designate people whose children could marry. This refers to marriage between first cousins, a match which one could consider as being preferential in China, at least until it was proscribed by the new marriage law passed in 1981. Where the relationship with the maternal uncle (jiujiu) is concerned, we have observed on many occasions the important role the latter plays for his nephew or niece, particularly his accompanying role in difficult situations, and his role in mediation. Among the Hui, for example, the maternal uncle is present at the moment of his niece's marriage; also, in areas where the Hui practise circumcision, the jiujiu will be close to his uterine nephew for the occasion. Among Hui and Han alike, the maternal uncle can intervene when a conflict arises between a father and his child. Moreover, it is not unusual in China for a joking relationship to be established between brother- and sister-in-law, which makes it possible to maintain a certain emotional distance and to divert potential conflicts within a family.
15In joking relationships, the man who pronounces the insulting expressions will pass his hand across his face or the back of his neck, and then let his arm fall suddenly to his side in order to demonstrate clearly that he is not being serious. Sometimes the men jostle or thump each other, their bodies tangling in an imaginary struggle. These joking relationships can happen on any occasion, there is no favoured place or time. However it seems that these encounters are often linked to the bustle of market days. They are a way of being recognised or of starting a conversation in a joking mode. Finally, these occasions seem to have been more frequent before the 1960s.
16Among the kinds of behaviour quoted, stories are told of lack of consideration, of abnormal behaviour which would be likened to theft in normal times. For example, a Hui relates: "We would go into a Han village and take grapes off a stall, eat them and laughing, leave without paying, there wasn't any fighting!". Or again "One day someone from (Han) village X came into one of the eating-houses in our Hui village and ate everything that took his fancy. When he'd finished, he stood up to leave, and the owner came over to settle up. It was then that the customer made himself recognised and began to laugh, there was a playful scuffle and he left.".
17Reference to the idea of alliance prevents any violence or bloodshed, and imposes the obligation of hospitality as if it were a member of the family.
II - Legends and foundation narratives
- 19 Which makes necessary a systematic checking in each village.
- 20 This was during the Republican period (1911-1949). The Hui in this case use an expression used by t (...)
18The inhabitants of a particular area know exactly with which village they have joking relationships. Sometimes they may mention such relationships between other villages while often making mistakes 19. Some say that these relationships really became important during the first half of the twentieth century and particularly during the period of "great Han chauvinism" (dahan zhuyi) 20. However the origins of these relationships remain largely unknown to them. "This has been going on forever, for hundreds of years". A Hui says: "Even if we don't know why, we can't forget" (wang bu liao). A young man adds: "The old know — we don't!".
- 21 Obviously, as soon as one leaves the area concerned, the name of the village in question is unknown (...)
19Some old people, retired teachers or village cadres, recount, with local variations, the following legend: "All that began under the Tang dynasty. Some Hui soldiers came from far away, from Arabia (Tianfang); they had come to support the Emperor of the Tang. After the victory, some remained and became mandarins (dang guan). But they had come without women, they were sad, they were bored!". It is at this point that the versions diverge. In some, despite the misgivings of his entourage, one of the great mandarins of the time, a native of (Han) village X, decided to give his daughter to one of the Hui, who had become an officer. Ever since, all the Hui of China know that village 21, because it was the site of the first marriage between Han and Hui, and since that time there has been mutual joking. In other versions, the Emperor decided to give the most beautiful woman in the (Han) village X to one of them, who settled in the Hui village.
- 22 The Mongols dominated the north of the country after the fall of Beijing in 1215.
20We should note that these legends fall within the framework of the foundation narratives of the Hui minzu (nationality): Arab and Persian Muslims, soldiers, scientists and merchants, came during the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1277) dynasties and founded lines by marrying Han women; this was how the Hui minzu arose. Han mothers symbolise belonging to the Chinese world, while Hui fathers justify the existence of a foreign religion and the creation of a different minzu. General works on the history of the Hui in China always refer to this outline, although many of them subsequently emphasise the coming of large numbers of Muslims from Central and Western Asia during the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1277-1368) 22.
- 23 We here summarise the legend collected in 1979 in Wuzhong in Ningxia. Li Shujiang, Luckert Karl W., (...)
- 24 The text speaks of Huihe soldiers. This is the generally accepted version of the origins of the wor (...)
- 25 The imperial capital of the time, now Xi'an.
- 26 The compilers of these legends note that this is undoubtedly a reference to the nine wives which th (...)
21The best-known narrative on the subject relates, in substance 23, that during the revolt of An Lushan, the Emperor Xuanzong, in a difficult position, called on Hui soldiers 24, thus winning the battle. He then told them to stay in Chang'an 25, and three of them did so. But they had neither wives nor children with them, they were homesick and wanted to leave the capital. This worried the Emperor and his ministers suggested that the only way to keep them was to marry them off. But no Han father would have agreed to give his daughter to a Hui soldier. So the Emperor allowed the Hui soldiers to take their wives by force, which they did at the Lantern Festival. With the Emperor's permission, and on condition that they remained in Chang'an, they each took nine wives 26.
- 27 In the course of a conversation, reference was made to the case of a marriage, but it seems the peo (...)
22While the local legends all refer to a founding marriage, there are no marriages between the villages involved 27. In explanation of this fact, the villagers specify: "it is impossible because the minzu is different, the customs are different".
- 28 A popular dance in Northern China. Cf. F. Graezer, 1999, "The Yangge in Contemporary China. Popular (...)
- 29 The stele was inscribed in 2001.
- 30 The Ming dynasty reigned from 1368 to 1644.
23Joking relationships involve only two villages at a time. However friendly relations can be maintained with other villages, without taking the form of this specific relationship. We observed that, in one case, a Hui village has a joking relationship with a Han village, as well as good relations with another Han village. With the latter, exchanges at New Year replace insults or jokes. One side (the Hui) give demonstrations of martial arts (wushu) in the Han village and the Han perform dances yangge 28 in the Hui village. This is no doubt an unusual situation because the two villages are practically on opposite sides of a road to each other. In this case, understanding is based on services rendered. We quote here the basic elements of the narrative engraved on a stele 29 in the ancestral temple of the Han village concerned: more than 500 years ago, the Chen family had been honoured by the Ming Emperor 30 and their ancestor was a high mandarin (zuojun). One of his descendants was named magistrate of the area. At the time, the people of the Hui village came to buy and sell cattle and sheep. They had to cross the territory and had many problems with the customs post over taxes and levies. Thanks to the intervention of the magistrate, the difficulties were resolved, and thus began the friendship between the two villages.
24On the Hui side, some of the village elders relate another version of the origins of this friendship, which is not, however, engraved on a stele. They explain that at the end of the Ming dynasty and at the beginning of the Qing (1644), the villages formed two "she" (groups of families) who together worked the fields near a river which now flows between the two villages. Friendship was forged in the difficulties of the time and that is why one speaks of "sheqin" (kinship by association) to describe this relationship. In the Hui village, the younger generations (those aged under about 50) adhere to the written version. This difference of interpretation is probably attributable to events which took place during the Republican period, which we will return to below, of which the older villagers have painful memories.
- 31 This narrative is partly engraved on a stele set up in the village school, and is presented as the (...)
- 32 After the overthrow of the Ming by the Qing, the region, like many others in China, became the scen (...)
- 33 The reference to the colour red, symbol of marriage in China, reinforces the image.
25We should mention another example of cordial relations, which do not concern a whole village but a branch of a Han lineage which has become Hui 31. It is said that it all began, long ago, with a friendship and a marriage. Two men farmed together an area situated at the edge of their respective village territories. They got along very well and had become good friends. One day the wind rose and a thunderstorm arrived. The two men took shelter in a ditch (gou) of red earth. They talked and agreed to marry their children to each other. One, the Han, had a son, and the other, the Hui, a daughter. Two boys were born of this union. Unfortunately at the end of the Ming dynasty and the beginning of the Qing (1644), disturbances came to the region, and the men were enrolled in the army 32. There was no way of resisting. So the mother took her two sons and went to stay with her two brothers in her home village, which was Hui. This is how this branch became Hui and everyone remembers the "Red Earth Ditch" agreement which today symbolises the idea of marriage 33. Every New Year, the Hui members meet with the Han branches of this lineage in the home village, where there are celebrations around the ancestral temple.
26This narrative shows a situation which is the opposite of the traditionally accepted model of a Han woman marrying a Hui man. The woman is expected naturally to adopt her husband's religion. In Hui discourse, marriage between a Hui woman and a Han man is theoretically impossible unless he converts to Islam, which seems presumably unlikely. In fact it is a situation we have observed on many occasions in the towns of Eastern China.
- 34 Most Chinese villages have always combined crafts and trade with agriculture.
- 35 In the Han village, near the river, a stele was erected in 1999 which relates some aspects of this (...)
27Joking relationships also sometimes manifest themselves by mutual help between villages. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Hui villagers went to the edge of an allied Han village in order to wash in the river the sheepskins which were the craft supplement essential to the survival of the village 34. The Han, for their part, could come and sell their produce in the Hui village. In the 1970s, the same village made a gift to its Han ally of a machine which would make it possible to increase its production of flour. At the end of the 1990s, the Hui village, having prospered, contributed financially to the repair of the main road and to the construction of a secondary school in the Han village, which has remained poor 35.
28During our research, we observed the economic dimension of this distinctive relationship, whether this involves a business or other activity. We have just mentioned the use of the water of a river. In other places the Hui came, and still come, to the village to buy live cattle and sheep for their meat trade; the Hui are reputed for this profession. In other cases, it can be the presence of Hui who have opened a restaurant, or are carrying on other businesses in the market of a Han village.
III - Some elements of local history
29It is also necessary to look at local history, which was particularly violent during the early twentieth century. However, we must first localise the area concerned according to joking relationships. We have been able to observe relationships of this kind between villages in several cantons along a road from Luoyang to the provincial capital, Zhengzhou. Many of these villages lie north of the Yellow River, and some south of it. Distances between allied villages average 10 to 20 kilometres by road and sometimes less across the fields. These villages are in some cases separated by other Han villages, with whom the Hui do not have good relations, as we shall see. According to our observations, the Han villages do not have this kind of relationship, and further to the east of the province, it does not seem that similar situations exist between Hui and Han.
- 36 The stele of the women's mosque in Xiguan gives as the date of construction the period of Yongle of (...)
- 37 A peasant movement organised as a secret society which, for over ten years (1851-1863), struggled a (...)
30If we take the construction of mosques as an indicator of relative prosperity, the Hui in this region built a good number of them in the nineteenth century. Some are very ancient, such as that in Bo'ai or those in the village of Xiguan, situated west of the city, which date back to the end of the Yuan dynasty or the beginning of the Ming (late fourteenth and early fifteenth century) 36. It seems that at that time, each village had a mosque for men and one for women. However, owing to the long period of peace under the Qing dynasty and the increase in the population during the eighteenth century, the Muslim lineages which formed and increased in number, each founded their own mosque during the nineteenth century. The major Muslim revolts in the middle of the nineteenth century which involved the Hui in Shaanxi, Gansu and Yunnan, as well as the Uyghurs in Xinjiang, do not seem to have had any direct effect on this region of the central plain. However the revolt of the Nian 37 in Shandong had some repercussions, as did the repression of the revolt of the Taiping which took place a little further south. Moreover, the frequent rises in the water levels of the Yellow River caused serious flooding and food shortages were recurrent.
- 38 This information on adoption by the Hui was given to us by the Han women in the villages in questio (...)
31The Hui's relations with their Han neighbours declined seriously during the time of the warlords, and in the 1930s, with the Japanese invasion and occupation. Some Han in the region tell of how, as children, they had acquired the habit of throwing stones at any Hui who approached the road situated between the Han and Hui villages, which obliged the Hui to stoop in order to be able to pass. It was no doubt a way of expressing their resentment at the prosperity of certain Hui villages at the time, and perhaps also a reaction to the practice the Hui had of adopting Han children born out of wedlock, and particularly girls, whom the families in the neighbouring villages did not want and would abandon 38. In any case, whatever the reasons, such incidents increased during the time of the warlords. Here are two examples which left a profound impression.
- 39 On the Red Spears Society: R. Slawinski, "Les Piques Rouges et la révolution chinoise de 1925-1927" (...)
32The first, which took place in the district of Bo'ai, recalls the pogroms in Russia or in Central Europe. A large number of peasant self-defence militias had been constituted in the early 1920s in reaction to the bands of looters who were plundering the region, at a time when the trade in arms and drugs was a highly profitable activity. These militias, organised as secret societies, subsequently opposed the warlords and fought against the exorbitant taxes the latter sought to impose. However, as is often the case, these groups finally turned to crime. In 1927, Henan became the centre of these groups organised in networks of villages which belonged to the Red Spears Society (hongqianghui) 39.
- 40 Bo'ai xianzhi, 1994, pp. 18-19.
- 41 They are said to have numbered in the whole of the province of Henan at least 398,000 members. R. S (...)
- 42 This is no doubt a generic term for the various societies which were created in the wake of the Red (...)
- 43 The nationalist troops of the Guomindang who were marching north in order to reunite the country.
- 44 E. Allès, 2000, op. cit., pp. 167-168.
33In Bo'ai, a local monograph 40 reports that a group of this society was created in 1925, and had more than 500 members in 1927 41. In the same year, the Multicoloured Spears Society (huaqianghui) had more than one thousand 42. According to the same source, in 1927, the Red Spears Society decided to oppose the Hui, and set up in a village near the Hui village of Daxinzhuang. Clashes (xiedou) became more and more numerous and took a tragic turn that year. It is not known how things began, but the village of Daxinzhuang was attacked by groups from all the surrounding Han villages. The Hui of the district came to the rescue and violent battles lasted several weeks. It was the arrival of beifa 43 troops which put an end to the confrontation 44.
- 45 For a detailed history of these events and the song in memory of this massacre see E. Allès, 2000, (...)
34The second incident is more closely linked to the prevarication and the greed of the local Han authorities of the time. The Hui village of Sanpo, through its two activities of sheepskin production and farming, was reputed to have a comfortable income for the time. Many times over the local authorities had raised various taxes. But in April 1943, probably because the villagers refused to pay any more, troops organised by the local Guomindang district leader who was seeking to extort further funds from them, surrounded the village. There was a sudden attack and a terrible massacre: in a single night there were 110 dead, 400 houses set alight, the mosques burned and several hundred families plundered 45.
- 46 We did surveys in the region during this period and nobody at that time mentioned such relations, n (...)
35After 1949 relations between the Hui villages and neighbouring Han villages became more peaceful. Nevertheless, when collective work needed to be carried out, such as repairing the roads, the local cadres managed to assemble the Hui crews with those of their respective allied Han villages. They thus avoided any fighting breaking out. However, while some individuals remembered this alliance, it had somewhat lapsed during the previous thirty years. Some could remember as children having seen Han allies in their village, but nothing since. In the early 1990s, nobody spoke of it 46. In fact, the steles erected date from 1999 and 2001.
- 47 Cf. L. Bianco et Hua Chang Ming, 1995, op. cit.
- 48 Violence broke out in a village in Shandong in December 2000. A butcher who sold pork and other mea (...)
36Since the reforms, conflicts between Han villages 47 and between Hui and Han have begun again, in Henan as elsewhere. These are often clashes in the markets, usually minor. But in 1992, in the small town of Yuanyang, north of Zhengzhou (the provincial capital), a confrontation took on disquieting proportions. After a fight in the market and the profanation of the mosque, violent clashes lasted several days. There were several deaths, and the intervention of the army was needed to restore order. One could quote other examples of increased tension between Han and Hui in other regions 48, which are a general phenomenon and are not accompanied by joking relationships.
- 49 A slogan of the Cultural Revolution which is regularly re-used, especially since, in the last few y (...)
- 50 Dru Gladney, 1991, op. cit., p. 2; L. Cherif-Chebbi, 1991, "Contre les Rushdie chinois. Le réveil d (...)
- 51 The most recent case of this sort took place in June 2003: the July issue of the famous literary ma (...)
37In this context, also marked by the difficulties encountered by the central government in the management of peripheral territories such as Tibet and Xinjiang, the authorities have relaunched the slogan of "unity of the nationalities" (minzu tuanjie) 49. One can therefore understand the wish of local authorities, whether Han or Hui, to utilise everything which might calm things down. As in the Republican period, the Hui react quickly to anything which might appear to be insulting. In order to avoid a repetition of demonstrations similar to those against a book entitled Sexual Morals 50, the Chinese authorities respond quickly and favourably when the Hui demand the banning of a publication; this fits into the political framework of the status of minzu and of the protection of minorities 51.
38Thus while the reforms have reawoken conflicts, they have at the same time made it possible for the members of each community to revive a part of their history and to re-establish old connections. But as is often the case in China, these memories are also instrumentalised by the authorities.
IV - Some interpretations
39We must now understand the internal motivations of these relationships, of which we had no knowledge until now. Before attempting any interpretation, and in the absence of any possible comparisons with other Chinese regions, we would like to take a detour via Africa, where descriptions of these sorts of relationships are ancient and numerous.
- 52 D. Paulme, 1939, op. cit., p. 435. The author spells mangu with a simple "u", while M. Griaule spel (...)
40The Chinese examples observed do not present such an elaborate system (since they do not incorporate such wide-ranging services and obligations) as that which is described in the alliance between Dogon and Bozo known as Mangou; in particular the reversal of the ordinary rules of politeness at the moment of the end of mourning ceremonies, or the role played by conciliation. But there are a number of points in common. The first manifestation of this form of relationship takes the form, as in China, of insult. "The most appreciated insults are also those which would inevitably lead to a brawl, if one were not Mangu" 52.
- 53 M. Griaule, 1948, p. 247.
- 54 Allusion to the cult of Lébé.
- 55 The Bozo are Muslims.
41M. Griaule 53 relates: "No restraint is observed, even on religious subjects (…) The Bozo accuses his partner's religious leader of having had himself licked by a great snake and of never washing 54. The other retorts that the Bozo 55 are "evil creatures of the water", a veiled allusion to the fact that they are said to be water spirits who have become impure".
- 56 M. Griaule, pp. 252-253. Simplified versions of these myths are also described by D. Paulme.
- 57 D. Paulme, 1939, p. 442.
42The origin narratives of this specific relationship refer, as in China, to a service rendered or a blood relationship. M. Griaule presents two narratives 56: "The most common version relates a famine which broke out in ancient times, during which the Bozo and the Dogon died in large numbers. One day, a Bozo (or Dogon) chief seeing a Dogon (or Bozo) child about to die, cut a piece of flesh from his calf and, having roasted it, gave it to the unfortunate, who recovered". "Another narrative is more explicit and brings out an initial relationship between Bozo and Dogon. The spirit of water (…) which was female (…) gave birth to a daughter. Rising to the surface later, she saw some children of the same family, with the same mother and father as the Dogon, to whom she gave her daughter. "Your daughter is beautiful, they answered. You are the woman of the water and you are going back to it. We will keep your daughter". They called her Sorogonn, a word which means "those who can live as easily in the water as on the surface of the earth" and which is now given to the Bozo. They took the girl to a village in Mandé; she gave birth there at the same time as a Dogon woman and died soon after, while her husband was on a journey. The Dogon woman adopted the orphan which she breastfed like her own, and during a famine, she cut off part of her thigh to feed both children. Then the husband of the woman Sorogonn returned and said to the other woman: "You have been good to my child and I do not know how to repay you. Since my child has eaten your flesh, it will not be able to marry yours nor do harm to any of your race. We have become gara (mangou)". Even more explicit, D. Paulme relates 57 "The ancestor of the Peul and that of the blacksmiths came to this country together from Mecca. The blacksmith was married and had daughters. The Peul did not even have a wife. The blacksmith is said to have given him one of his daughters in marriage, assuring him that it was to be the last and only marriage between their two clans".
- 58 M. Griaule recounts following case: two Dogon adolescents from the south of the subdivision of Band (...)
- 59 D. Paulme, 1939, p. 436.
- 60 M. Griaule, 1948, p. 243.
43The partners in this relationship cannot do each other harm and owe each other assistance and hospitality 58. "Blows are forbidden between Mangu. (…) blood must not flow in front of them (Mangu)" 59. According to M. Griaule, "the breaking of such bans brings about an impurity which places the individual concerned in an irresolvable situation from the religious point of view, purification being almost impossible" 60.
- 61 H. Labouret, 1929, pp. 252-253.
44This specific relationship is accompanied, in Africa as in China, by the ban on intermarriage. For the Han and the Hui, the friendly relations which exist between villages connected by joking relationships forbid and make impossible any matrimonial alliance, while it can exist between Han and Hui who are not members of these villages. Finally the economic character of the relationship constitutes another point. It translates in Africa into the exchange of services and obligatory presents 61, and in China by commercial links.
45Thus from the observation of Chinese phenomena and the comparison with African experience, four main elements appear: the prohibition of intermarriage, insults, friendly relations, and the creation of peaceful areas.
- 62 M. Griaule says himself that he takes no position on this question and therefore does not tackle it (...)
- 63 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, 1933, op. cit.
- 64 D. Paulme, 1939, p. 440.
- 65 D. Paulme, 1939, p. 443.
- 66 Radcliffe-Brown, 1952, op. cit., p. 112.
46– The prohibition of intermarriage. Joking relationships are accompanied by the ban on marriage between members of the villages concerned. When a marriage occurs, writes Denise Paulme 62 who herself relies for her demonstration on the description of blood kinship by E.E. Evans-Pritchard 63, "there is what one can call a "blood service" rendered by the parents of the wife to the parents of the husband, by the female side to the male" 64. D. Paulme suggests a mechanism analogous to that of the blood relationship: "the originating act of the alliance thus takes on the character of an exception, or even of an offence, which makes it all the more memorable; if it had been repeated with impunity, it would have lost all efficacy" 65. For his part, Radcliffe-Brown develops the idea of a sanction act and considers that "The prohibition against interfaçage maintains this separation by preventing the creation of relations of kinésique between members of the two groups" 66. He adds "The "friendship" appears in the prohibition, under supernatural sanction, against the shedding of the blood of a member of the allied people".
47In the light of these analyses, one may consider that the ban on reproducing the founding event which was the marriage between a Hui man and a Han woman, distinguishes the specific relationship between the Han and Hui villages concerned by joking relationships. This may be a way of sanctioning the relationship of alliance or of friendship (to which we will return) which cannot be of the same nature as that which exists in the kinship relations between Hui or even, in specific conditions, with other Han.
- 67 Radcliffe-Brown, 1940, p. 197.
- 68 M. Griaule, 1948, p. 254.
- 69 M. Griaule, 1948, p. 252.
- 70 M. Griaule, 1948, p. 253.
48– Insults. Radcliffe-Brown, in his desire to build a general theory of what the joking relationship represents does not really address the meaning and the exact role of the insult. He situates the phenomenon more as an alternative to extreme respect 67. M. Griaule's analysis refers to a specific situation, that of the Dogon. From Dogon mythology and cosmogony, he concludes that invective in this case is cathartic: it makes it possible both to relieve and to be relieved. It is a permanent means of purification 68. He explains: "When the Bozo pronounced the formula (the oath), part of the force (nyama) which was in him passed in his words, breath and mist, entered the ear of the Dogon blacksmith, and by a complex circuit, reached his liver. This mechanism was in all ways comparable to that of the impregnation of women by the word, with the difference that, in the latter case, the end result is the womb" 69. He continues "the Mangou can say anything, for each has a little of the other's nyama and it is to this part that each one speaks, that is to say to himself: therefore there are no repercussions. It is the part of nyama deposited in the other which is brought into action when there is meeting and insult" 70.
49A comparison with the Chinese situation would require a lengthy study of widely different aspects, but from this description it seems useful to retain the idea that agreed insult is the way to control violence.
- 71 Radcliffe-Brown, 1952, p. 111.
- 72 Radcliffe-Brown, 1952, p. 110.
50– Friendship. Radcliffe-Brown expands particularly on the aspect of friendship, introducing a distinction between friendship and solidarity: he puts forward the idea of "a relation neither of solidarity nor of hostility but of "friendship" in which the separateness of the group is emphasised, but open conflict between the groups or the members on the two sides is avoided by establishing a relation in which they may insult each other without giving or taking offence"71. He emphasises the distinction to be made with relations of solidarity which impose complex systems of obligation 72.
51Where the situation between Han and Hui is concerned, the terms employed to express this relation are biaoxiongdi (first cousin on the mother's side) and pengyou (friend), tamen shi hao pengyou (they are good friends, real friends). The term xiongdi (brothers) which usually expresses relations of solidarity between individuals or between groups is not used at all in this kind of situation. Neither is it the kind of relationship which obliges blood relatives of the same generation and beyond to intervene in case of disagreement with neighbours. Acts of solidarity or mutual help in joking relationships are merely selective. Moreover they concern the group as a whole, whereas, on the contrary, insults are exchanged only between individuals. The reference to insult and to the notion of friendship brings us to our last point.
- 73 In Henan, some Hui were members of Sun Yat-sen's organisation, the Tongmenghui. Cf Allès E., 2000. (...)
52– The creation of peaceful areas. In Chinese history, situations of violence happen daily: if it is not the violence of arms, it is that of natural catastrophe, flood or famine. Tensions run high between the Han and the Hui. Although the Hui have participated in the same forms of popular organisation as the Han inside secret societies 73, this does not make possible the resolution of conflicts in daily life. In fact the specific form of relationship which is the joking relationship has made it possible through agreed insult to control violence and has undoubtedly facilitated the creation of pacified areas where the Hui could carry on their economic activities. Situated far enough away to allow an opening up of Hui villages, they constituted areas of mutual help and peace at the most critical moments.
Electronic reference
Élisabeth Allès, « Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan », China Perspectives [Online], 49 | september-october 2003, Online since 31 July 2006, connection on 24 April 2014. URL : http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/649Top of page
© All rights reservedTop of page


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Center Channel Speakers
OSD Audio IW525 Custom Series In-Wall Center Channel LCR Speaker (Off-White, 1)
The OSD-IW525 may be classified as an entry level LCR (left, center, right) speaker and it does have an entry level price; however, nothing about this in-wall speaker is ordinary. With dual polypropylene woofers and a pivoting silk dome tweeter, the IW525 astonishes customers with its rich, crisp sound quality. It's no secret that OSD can offer the best deals on quality product, so...
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Football will be taking over New Orleans in the next few days. Mayor Mitch Landrieu and others are asking the public to plan for heavy traffic and massive crowds.
The Saints are getting ready for tomorrow's first-round playoff game with the Detroit Lions, while crowds continue celebrating ahead of Monday's BCS Championship. Mayor Landrieu says residents must be prepared to accommodate the quarter-million visitors.
Originally published on Sat June 23, 2012 11:14 am
Former Penn State defensive coordinator Gerald "Jerry" Sandusky was found guilty of sexual abuse, convicted of 45 out of 48 counts on Friday, June 22. He was accused of sexually abusing 10 boys over a 15-year period in a scandal that has rocked the university's community. Several alleged victims have testified in the trial, which began on June 11.
Saturday evening UNO's club football team played it's first and only home game of the year against the Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville Cougars, in front of a crowd of 3700. WWNO's Travis Leger was there.


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Friday, August 10, 2012
U17 Regional Championships
ILCA-NA District 6 Grand Prix
It all got started August 7th at the Royal Vancouver Yacht Club in BC.
Registered now are 102 boats...126 sailors from 4 provinces and the US! More sailors are arriving through Friday and Saturday morning in time for Race 1 start time on Saturday. The 3 courses will see Laser Radials, 420s, Optimist Dinghies, Lasers and 29ers out racing in English Bay.
Thursday saw 40 Opti sailors and a few others out training under the coaching leadership provided by BC Sailing. Check on current registrants and keep ontop of the news, results and photos as submitted through this annual event.....on 2012 Sail West site and on Facebook!


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My name is
Tyler Lee
and you have found my little home on the internet. I'm a graphic / webdesigner and recent graduate of the University of Texas at Austin. This is my portfolio. Make sure to check out a small
gallery of my work,
and if you have any questions you can find the answers on the
page or go ahead and
drop me a line.
Thanks for stopping by!
Summer 2012:
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What more do you need to know about that?


text:
Lake Cliffe 1Bdrm Condo Overlooking Lake Dillon in Dillon
- bedrooms 1
- baths 1
- sleeps 4
- pool yes
- hot tub yes
- pets allowed no
- type Condo
- community Lake Cliffe
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 360 - $ 840 / week
vacation rental description
This one bedroom condominium was equipped and furnished specially for
vacation rentals. The unit is perfect for groups of one to four who
are looking for all the fun and beauty that only Summit County has
to offer.
Dillon is in the center of the Summit County playground. This unit
is uniquely quiet because of its excellent construction and poured
concrete floors. Unlike other Dillon condominiums, the stairways are
concrete which lessens outside noise from neighbors coming and
Overlooking sparkling Lake Dillon, you will immediately realize that
there is no more perfect location for recreation and relaxation than
right here - you have truly found a home away from home.
People that come to Summit County choose this area over any other
place in the world. The reason they always return is because of the
ideal location, natural beauty, recreational options, and great
prices. We are conveniently located just five minutes from
Interstate 70 and 70 miles from Denver.
vacation rental location
property availability
- dates with deals
- unavailable dates
Last modified on 04-22-2014 at 12:00 PM.
email owner view full calendar
Burnett 970-668-0956
condo rental amenities
Amenities: Broadband High Speed Internet Access, Fireplace,
Cable 22" TV, VCR, DVD/CD Player, Full Kitchen, Microwave,
Dishwasher, New Full Size Refrigerator, Ice Maker, Jenn Air
Oven/Range/Grill, Blender, Coffee Maker, Separate Shower & Tub,
Queen Size Bed in addition to Comfortable Queen Size Sleeper/Sofa,
New Gas
Grill on Private Patio, Linens, Coin-Op Washer/Dryer in Building, 2
Hot Tubs, Sauna, and Pool in Club House, Parking just outside the
front door, No Smoking, No Pets, Large selection of books and
magazines to help you feel at home.
activities and attractions in Dillon Colorado
Activities (on site or nearby): SKIING-25 miles From Vail, 10 miles
From Breckenridge, Copper, & Arapahoe Basin, & 5 miles From
Keystone; BIKING-Single Track Trails & Paved Paths That Connect
Breckenridge, Copper, & Vail; BOWLING; CINEMA; DILLON AMPHITHEATER
w/ Theater, Sunday Church Svcs., Concerts, & Nature Nights During
Summer; DILLON MARINA w/ Sailboat, Pontoon & Kayak Rentals ; FISHING-
Rod, Fly, & Ice Fishing; GOLF-4 Courses; GROCERY STORE Nearby;
HIKING/WALKING-Summit County Is 80% National Forest w/ Many Trails &
Three 14er Peaks; HORSEBACK RIDING; HUNTING; CROSS COUNTRY SKIING @
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SHOPPING-Silverthorne Outlet Stores; SIGHTSEEING; SILVERTHORNE REC
CENTER w/ Racquetball, Gyms, Pools, & Fitness Equipment;
SNOWMOBILING; TENNIS COURTS; SUMMIT STAGE-Free Transportation To The
Ski Resorts & Most Other Locations; WILDLIFE VIEWING
vacation rental rates
Rates (in US Dollars): Personal Currency Assistant�
$140 Dec 20-Jan 4
$130 June 27-July 6, Feb. 14-Mar 30, Dec 13-19
$120 Jan 31-Feb 14
$100 Jan 5-31, Jun 21-28, July 7-Aug 10
$90 Aug 10-Sept 1
$80 Mar 30-Apr 20, May 23-25, Nov 26-Dec 12
$70 May 30-Jun 27, Sept 1-28
$60 Apr 20-May 23, May 25-30, Sept 28-Nov 26
We require a 2 night minimum. $200 security/damage is required.
Burnett 970-668-0956
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.Learn more in our Security Center
Top things to do in Dillon
- Ski and Snowboard
- Hike and Sail
- Golf
- Bowl
- Shop
Top things to do on a budget
- Hike
- Sight See
- Read on the Patio overlooking Lake
- Bike
- Fly Fish
Top things to do with a family
- Movies
- Silverthorne Recreation Center
- Restaurants
- Kayak on the Lake
- Walk on Bike Paths
Burnett , owner


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Hi there--
We've been practicing EC with our daughter since ~6 months. She generally goes in the potty when we take her, but she also uses her diaper. Whenever we ask her if she has to go, she almost always says no, but when we take her to the potty she ends up going anyway. We are planning on transitioning to underwear in a few months (she is now 19 months) with hopes that she will be more communicative about when she has to go. Does anyone have any tips on how to get my child to be more proactive with the potty versus waiting for us to take her? She is quite verbal, so she definitely has the ability to tell us, she is just choosing not to. Also, when she goes poo in her diaper (~30-40% of the time--she poops in the potty ~60-70% of the time), she is not going into a corner or anything like that, she will just poo in her diaper while she is playing. Is that a sign that she's not ready? Thanks in advance for the help.


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Spices & Herbs
Spices & Herbs
We bring in the highest quality pure spices and herbs from all over the world -- from here in Washington State, all the way to Madagascar. They are kept as whole as possible and ground to order within 24 hours of shipment (unless you want to keep them whole and grind at home for maximum freshness).
There is a one-ounce minimum order per spice and we have a range of sizes available in both bags and airtight glass jars. We have two sizes of jars available: a round half cup and a square one cup.


text:
Announcing ComBlu Inc.
The new year brought some exciting changes. We officially merged our two organizations—ComBlu LLC and HLB Communications Inc.— into a single entity: ComBlu Inc.
Why? Because of the synergies created by combining the strengths of the two organizations.
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Our clients today need all of the above. They want to work with a single organization that knows how to mesh these skills into a powerful ecosystem that engages stakeholders, creates better experiences, generates influence and builds powerful communities of interest using both social and traditional tools.


text:
Killer black maxi skirt featuring a high waist and front slits. Detachable belt with button closures, zip closure at back. Mega stretch fabric, partially lined. By Nasty Gal.
*Shell: Rayon/Spandex Blend; Lining: 100% Polyester
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*Model is wearing size small
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text:
I don't understand you Tom. You get really upset by EA's stupid weapon promotion, but when a commenter talks about it being OK to own guns as long as you only use them for protection and with training, that's alright?
Is there an actual real reason for assault rifles to be commercially available? Tell me one good reason why anyone would need to have a gun in their home!


text:
Aurora woman's dismembered body dumped in Glenwood Springs
Victim's name: Janine Johler, 38
Where body found: In apple orchard near Glenwood Springs
Investigative agency: Garfield County Sheriff's Office
Date missing: May 7, 2009
Suspect: none identified
The mystery began on a warm June 12, 2009 day in an apple orchard about five miles west of Glenwood Springs.
A teen-age boy who worked for the orchard owned by Kirstie Steiner found something wrapped in plastic buried under a stack of branches.
A dismembered woman's body was inside a tattered plastic bag.
It was obvious that animals had been tearing at the bag to get at the woman's remains.
Not all of her remains were recovered at the dump site, according to a report by the FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension Program.
The location where someone had dumped the body was about 20 feet off of Canyon Creek Road and about a quarter mile from Interstate 70.
A criminal investigation was begun. The Garfield County Sheriff's Office scoured the orchard.


text:
The text messages or phone calls to Magic power forward Tobias Harris come weekly from the legend.
He often receives them after games from the 60-year-old man in Texas. Generations apart, they have little in common but basketball.
"He's cool," Harris said. "Probably the coolest guy I know."
- Bio | E-mail | Recent columns
Of course he's cool.
Harris knows him as "Ice."
He's George "Ice Man" Gervin — family friend, willing mentor, master of the finger roll and hall of famer.
Harris, 20, has been working on his game with Gervin since he was about 13, through high school, college and NBA levels.
"The advice Ice gives me is really on point, on key," Harris said. "The main thing he tells me is to have fun. You have fun, the game comes more naturally to you."
Their connection was inevitable. Harris' father, Torrel, a former player at Duquesne, struck up a friendship with Gervin decades ago. He eventually became his agent, representing Ice Man late in his post-NBA career overseas.
"I've known the family a long time," Gervin said by phone from San Antonio, where he played 12 years for the Spurs of the ABA/NBA. "Tobias can play, man. He understands the game. He loves the game. I'm proud of him."
Tobias has stayed at Gervin's home in San Antonio while training at the George Gervin Fitness and Wellness Center in San Antonio. He worked out with him last summer — going through drills and toiling at Gervin's rebounding machine — and expects to return this offseason.
Appearing in 12 consecutive all-star games, Gervin was a 6-foot-7 lanky and long-armed four-time scoring champion. Jerry West once said Gervin was one of the few players he'd pay to see play.
Tobias watched tapes of Ice Man in his prime and scouted him on ESPN Classic games.
"Ice could score the ball in so many ways. One of the things he's teaching me is to be unguardable," Harris said after making his first start Friday night since arriving in late February from the Bucks.
After averaging double figures through seven games, his debut in the lineup was largely forgettable: seven points on 2-of-8 shooting and eight rebounds.
"I'll probably speak to Ice after a night like tonight and see what he has to say," Harris said. "I'm sure it will be, 'Get back on the page and get ready for the next game.' "
When Tobias fell out of the rotation in Milwaukee this season, Gervin told him, " 'Young fella, man, your time is going to come.' Hopefully, it helped him and then — boom! — he gets a chance with the Magic."
Learning from the hands-on Ice Man for Tobias is akin to getting swing tips from Jack Nicklaus.
Harris said Gervin has taught him how to play in the post and attack defensive weakness. Mostly, the Ice Man stresses fundamentals, simplicity and patience.
"Just the basics, the simple stuff," Harris said. "He tells me you're not going to be the player you can be in a week. It takes time."