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Tigray-Tigrinya people
|Total population
|Regions with significant populations
|United States
|Tigrinya · Amharic · Arabic · Hebrew
|Christianity (Ethiopian · Eritrean)
Sunni Islam · Judaism
|Related ethnic groups
|Agaw · Amhara · Tigre
and other Habesha people
Tigray-Tigrinya are an ethnic group inhabiting the southern and central parts of Eritrea and the northern highlands of Ethiopia's Tigray Region. Prior to 1995, they lived in Ethiopia's former provinces of Tigray, Begemder (Gonder), and Wollo, with the regions within these provinces that they inhabited (e.g. Wolqayt, Tsegede, Tselemti, Raya, Humera) later incorporated into the modern Tigray Region. The Tigray make up approximately 96.6% of the inhabitants of the Tigray Region,4 and comprise 6.1% of Ethiopia's total population, numbering a little over 5.7 million.5 Group members in Eritrea are known as the Tigrinya, where they constitute around 55% of the population,6 at about 3.4 million people. The Tigray-Tigrinya speak Tigrinya, an Afro-Asiatic language belonging to the family's Semitic branch.
Tigray-Tigrinya are not to be confused with the Tigre people who speak Tigre, a closely related Afro-Asiatic language.
All mother tongue speakers of Tigrinya in Eritrea are officially referred to as Bihér-Tigrinya (or simply, Tigrinya). However, some Muslim Tigrinya speakers are known instead as Jeberti.
Historically, the province of Tigray and central Eritrea was where Ethiopian and Eritrean civilization had its origins. The first kingdom to arise was that of D`mt in the 8th century BC. The Aksumite Kingdom, one of the powerful civilizations of the ancient world, was centered there from at least 400 BC to the 10th century AD. Spreading far beyond modern Eritrea and Tigray, it moulded the earliest culture of Eritrea and Ethiopia and left many historical treasures: towering finely carved stelae, the remains of extensive palaces, and the ancient places of worship still vibrant with culture and pageantry.
The Tigray-Tigrinya people are descendants of early Semitic-speaking peoples whose presence in the region spanning central Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, is postulated to have existed from at least 2000 BC, based on linguistic evidence (and known from the 9th century BC from inscriptions).7 According to Ethiopian traditions, the Tigrayan nobility; i.e. that of the Tigray province of Ethiopia, trace their ancestry to the legendary king Menelik I, the child born of the queen of Sheba and King Solomon as do the priests of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Ge'ez ካህን kāhin). Menelik I would become the first king of the Solomonic line of rulers of Ethiopia that ended only with the deposing of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974.
The first possible mention of the group dates from around the 8th to 10th centuries, in which period manuscripts preserving the inscriptions of Cosmas Indicopleustes (fl. 6th century) contain notes on his writings including the mention of a tribe called Tigretes.8
The Tigrinya people are an ethnic group in Eritrea and are referred to as Biher-Tigrinya roughly meaning "Tigrinya people". Most of them live in rural areas in the highland administrative regions of Maekel (Central), Debub (Southern), the eastern fringes of Anseba and Gash Barka regions as well as the western fringes of Semenawi Keyih Bahri (Northern Red Sea). They are small holding farmers largely inhabiting small communal villages. Most Biher-Tigrinya are Christians and members of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church with small minorities of Catholics and Protestants.
The Jeberti Tigrinya speakers in Eritrea who migrated from northern Ethiopia Tigray region specially around Shire; they trace their descent from early Muslim migrants from the Arabian Peninsula to Tigray. The term Jeberti in Eritrea is used as a term for tigrina speaking Muslim who dosen't have any origin land in Eritrea or as a Tigrean migrants and in Ethiopia is also Jeberti sometimes used generically to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the highlands.9
The predominantly Biher-Tigrinya populated urban centers in Eritrea are the capital Asmara, as well as Mendefera, Dekemhare, Adi Keyh, Adi Quala and Senafe. There is also a significant population of Biher-Tigrinya in other cities, including Keren and Massawa.
The Tigray-Tigrinya speak the Tigrinya language as a mother tongue. Also known as Tigray, it belongs to the Ethiopian Semitic sub-group of the Afro-Asiatic family.10 Tigrinya is descended from an ancient Semitic language called Ge'ez, which the modern Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches officially use as a liturgical language. The Tigrinya language is the direct descendant of Ge'ez, unlike Amharic (thought to be descended from a specific dialect or cluster of dialects of Ge'ez) and other southern Ethiopian Semitic languages, though Tigre may share this distinction with Tigrinya (its status is uncertain).
Tigrinya is closely related to the Tigre language, another Afro-Asiatic language spoken by the Tigre people as well as many Beja. Tigrinya and Tigre although close are not mutually intelligible, and while Tigrinya has traditionally been written using the same Ge'ez script (fidel) as Amharic, Tigre has been transcribed mainly using the Arabic script. Attempts by the Eritrean government to have Tigre written using the Ge'ez script has met with some resistance from the predominantly Muslim Tigre people who associate Ge'ez with the Orthodox Church and would prefer the Arabic or the more neutral Latin alphabet. It has also met with the linguistic difficulty of the Ge'ez script being a syllabic system which does not distinguish long vowels from short ones. While this works well for writing Tigrinya or Amharic, which do not rely on vowel length in words, it does complicate writing Tigre, where vowel length sometimes distinguishes one word and its meaning from another. The Ge'ez script evolved from the Epigraphic South Arabian script, whose first inscriptions are from the 8th century BC in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Yemen.
In Ethiopia, Tigrinya is the third most spoken language. The Tigray constitute the fourth largest ethnic group in the country after the Oromo, Amhara and Somali, who also speak Afro-Asiatic languages.11 In Eritrea, Tigrinya is by far the most spoken language, where it is used by around 55% of the population. Tigre is used by around 30% of residents.
Political Situation
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (July 2008)
The Eritrean people, thereamong the Tigrinya speakers mounted a revolt against the status of Eritrea as a province in 1962, which culminated in the defeat of the Derg (Ethiopia's government) in 1991 and independence by referendum in 1993. During the time of the Derg in the 1970s, various movements arose in Tigray and throughout Ethiopia against its persecution. One of these, the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), formed in the mid 1970s, grew disgruntled with the Derg and it became the helm of the EPRDF, created under its guidance (and dominated by the TPLF), the current dominant party.
The way of life evokes images of Bible times. Camels, donkeys, and sheep are everywhere. Fields are plowed using oxen. The Orthodox Church is a central part of the culture for the large majority. The church buildings are constructed on hills. Major celebrations during the year are held around the church, where people gather from villages all around to sing, play games, and observe the unique mass of the church, which includes a procession through the church grounds and environs. The immigrant Muslim minority of the Jeberti however did not traditionally belong to a landowning peasantry as in Eritrea, or serfs and lords as in Tigray, since they are landless.
Coffee is a very important ceremonial drink. The "coffee ceremony" is common to the Tigrians and the Amhara. Beans are roasted on the spot, ground and served thick and rich in tiny ceramic cups with no handles. When the beans are roasted to smoking, they are passed around the table, where the smoke becomes a blessing on the diners.
The highlands receive most of their rainfall during the summer months, much of which goes into tributaries of the Nile, 85% of whose water comes from Ethiopia. The soil has been depleted by many centuries of cultivation, and water is scarce. Using thousand year old methods, farmers plow their fields with oxen, sow seeds and harvest by hand. The harvest is threshed by the feet of animals. In the home, women use wood or the dried dung of farm animals for cooking. Women often work from 12 to 16 hours daily doing domestic duties in addition to cultivating the fields.
Each family—some with eight or more children—must provide all of its own food. Typically, women perform all work necessary to prepare the meals from grinding the grain to roasting the coffee beans. Children carry water in clay pots or jerry cans on their backs. Marriages are monogamous and arranged by contract, involving a dowry given by the bride's family to the couple.
The new couple spends some time in each family's household, before establishing their own home at a location of their choice. Inheritance follows both family lines. Inheritance is determined following a funeral commemoration a year after the death, which may consume most of the deceased's estate.
The country houses are built mostly from rock, dirt, and a few timber poles. The houses blend in easily with the natural surroundings. For many families, the nearest water source is more than a kilometer away from their house. In addition, they must search for fire fuel throughout the surrounding area.
The Tigray-Tigrinya have a rich heritage of music and dance, using drums and stringed instruments tuned to a pentatonic scale. Arts and crafts and secular music are performed by mostly pariah artisan castes. Sacred music and iconic art is performed by monastically trained men.
In Ethiopia, the Tigray Region is 95.6% Ethiopian Orthodox, 4% Muslim, and the remaining .4 are mostly Catholic and Protestant.4 In Eritrea, the Jeberti are Muslim and account for about 10% of the Tigrinya people there. The remaining 90% are Christians, so divided: 73% of the Eritrean Orthodox faith, 10% Roman Catholic and Eastern Catholic (whose mass is held in Ge'ez as opposed to Latin), and 7% belonging to various Protestant and other Christian denominations, the majority of which belong to the (Lutheran) Evangelical Church of Eritrea. These are the government registered (allowed) religions of Eritrea. Meanwhile there are those who profess faith to smaller Evangelical denominations whose rights to worship are currently suspended by the Eritrean government, such as the Pentecostals, Seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses as well as non Christian denominations such as the Bahá'í.
The Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Churches trace their roots back to the Axumite Church founded in the 4th century by Syrian monks. Historically, the Ethiopian and Eritrean churches have had strong ties with the Egyptian Coptic church, where the Egyptian Church appointed the Abuna (archbishop) for the Ethiopian Church (which then incorporated Eritrea) until 1959. The Ethiopian Church gained independence from the Coptic church in 1948 and began anointing its own pope. The Eritrean Orthodox church split from the Ethiopian Orthodox in 1993 and reverted to having its pope in the Coptic Church of Alexandria, Egypt.
Over 6 million Tigrayans are Oriental Orthodox, with one priest for every 92 members—the highest concentration in Ethiopia. The remainder are Muslims. There are many Muslims in Tigray Province, but they generally belong to other ethnic groups than the Tigrayans. The Tigrayans are reported to have fewer than 500 Evangelicals, but there are more Evangelicals among the Tigrinya in Eritrea.
The faith of the church is very intimately woven into the culture of the Christian members of the Tigrinya people and is central to their way of life. In the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox and Catholic churches, Mary is considered a saint, and the Ark of the Covenant (tabot) features prominently in the Orthodox Church. Moreover, the Ge'ez bible preserves many texts considered apocryphal by Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants, such as 1 Enoch, which has only been preserved in Ge'ez.
Church services are conducted in Ge'ez, the ancient language of Ethiopia and Eritrea, just as Latin once was in the Roman Catholic Church, and continues to be the liturgical language.
The Eastern Catholic Church in Eritrea was established in the 16th century by Portuguese and Spanish missionaries who had come to help the Christian Abyssinians fight off a Turkish invasion. Centered in the former Akele Guzai province (the eastern part of the Eritrean highlands) the churches maintained most of the liturgy of the already existing Orthodox Church, including Ge'ez as the liturgical language, with minor differences there-among sharing communion with, and submitting to the authority of the Vatican Pope as opposed to the Pope in Axum.
Roman Catholicism arrived in Eritrea with the advent of Italian colonialism and almost coincided with the arrival of Swedish missionaries who brought Lutheran Christianity to Eritrea at the end of the 19th century. The relationship between these two religions was especially tense as the Roman Catholic Italians resisted and discouraged the spread of Protestantism in their colony and even lay prohibitions and numerous constraints on the activities of the Swedish missionaries. The Roman Catholic Church as an instrument of the colonial authority has held mass in Latin and Italian since its inception, incorporating local languages in its missionary work throughout Eritrea. It initially sought to cater to Italian citizens as well as foster an elite of Eritreans into becoming good Italian subjects. Today the church is a distinctly Eritrean church, although masses continue to be held in Italian and Latin along with local languages there-among Tigrinya and it also caters to the very small Italian and Italo-Eritrean community mainly in Asmara. The Lutheran Church of Eritrea and its Swedish and Eritrean missionaries were the ones who translated the Bible from the dead Ge'ez language only understood by higher clergymen, into the Tigrinya and other local languages and their main goal was to reach and "enlighten" as many people as possible in the world through education. They were instrumental in raising the literacy rate of their community.
Though Christianity in Africa was largely a European import that arrived with colonialism, this is not the case with the Tigrinya people. The ancient Kingdom of Axum that was centered in what is now northern Ethiopia (or Tigray) had intimate connections with the Mediterranean world in which Christianity grew. Christianity arrived in the Horn of Africa in the 4th century, growing dynamically in the pre-existing Jewish/Animistic mixed environment. The Tigrinya people thus converted to Christianity centuries before most of Europe, thereby establishing one of the oldest state churches in the world.
Early in the history of Islam, the Prophet Mohammed's companions found sanctuary in the Kingdom of Axum at the behest of the Axumite King. While some of the Prophet's companions returned to the Arabian Peninsula, others settled permanently in the Horn. The descendants of these early Muslim migrants and those who converted to Islam during the period became known as Jeberti. One of their oldest settlements is said to be Negash, in the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The Sahaba Mosque in the Eritrean port city of Massawa is also said to have been built during the 7th century.
Notable Tigray-Tigrinya people
- Bahr negus Yeshaq, the last Bahr negus (king of the Marine-lands) of Debarwa governing Medri Bahri (now mostly Eritrea)
- Ras Mikael Sehul, Governor of Tigray and Semien
- Dejazmach Kifla Iyasus, Hereditary chief of Enderta
- Ras Wolde Selassie, Governor of Tigray, Gondar and Merebmilash (Eritrea)
- Dejazmach Sabagadis, Governor of Tigray
- Emperor Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia
- Ras Araya Selassie Yohannes, son of Emperor Yohannes IV, Governor of Enderta,Tigray and Wello
- Ras Mengesha Yohannes, son of Emperor Yohannes IV and Prince of Ethiopia
- Ras Gugsa Araya Selassie, son of Ras Araya Sellassie Yohannes, Governor of Eastern Tigray
- Ras Seyoum Mengesha, son of Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Governor of western Tigray
- Prince Mengesha Seyoum, son of Ras Seyoum Mengesha, Governor of Tigray
- Ra'esi Woldemichael Solomon, Governor of Midri Bahri (present day Eritrea) and hero of the Battle of Hazhaz (derived from Hazo Hazo)
- Ras Alula Engida, hero of the Battle of Adwa
- Bahta Hagos, Dejazmach of Akkele Guzay (former Eritrean province)
- Tedla Bairu, Head of State of Eritrea
- General Aman Andom, former President of Ethiopia (first and only Eritrean to be so)
- Tesfaye Gebre Kidan, former President of Ethiopia
- Fisseha Desta, former Vice President of Ethiopia
- Dr.Dejazmach Zewde Gebreselassie,Historian,Diplomat
- Meles Zenawi, former Prime Minister of Ethiopia
- Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea
- Sebhat Ephrem, Defense Minister, Eritrea
- Seyoum Mesfin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ethiopia
- Mesfin Hagos, former Defense Minister, Eritrea
- Estifanos Seyoum, Minister of Finance, Eritrea
- Berhane Ghebrezgabiher, Minister of Industry, Eritrea
- Helen Meles, singer
- Eyasu Berhe, singer
- Miruts Yifter, athlete
- Zeresenay Alemseged, scientist
- Abune Phillipos, Patriarch of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- prof. Kinfe Abraham, professor, historian, Ethiopian diplomat and ambassador at large.
- General Tadesse Werede Tesfay
- General Hayelom Araya, Chief of Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force
- Siye Abraha, former Ethiopian Minister of Defense
- Gebru Asrat, President of Tigray
- Dr.Tewolde Berhan Gebre Egziabher Scientist, Environmentalist12
- Sebhat Guèbrè-Egziabhér, writer,novelist,journalist
- Negadras Gebre hiwot Baykedagn, Economist,statesman and political theorist.
- General Samora Younus, Chief of staff of the Ethiopian defense force.
- Sebhat Nega, a senior figure of TPLF
See also
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ Tigrinya-speaking Jews component 15% from Beta Israel; Anbessa Tefera (2007). "Language". Jewish Communities in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries - Ethiopia. Ben-Zvi Institute. p.73 (Hebrew)
- ^ a b Central Statistical Agency (2008). "TABEL [sic] 5: POPULATION SIZE OF REGIONS BY NATIONS/NATIONALITIES (ETHNIC GROUP) AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE: 2007". Census 2007. Addis Ababa: Central Statistical Agency. p. 66.
- ^ Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities (accessed 22 March 2006)
- ^ "Eritrea". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), pp. 57
- ^ Munro-Hay, Aksum, pp. 187
- ^ Mouton (2009). L'Homme: revue française d'anthropologie 9 (189): 59 [L'Homme: revue française d'anthropologie, Issue 189 L'Homme: revue française d'anthropologie, Issue 189]
|url=missing title (help). Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "Tigrinya". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ "Country Level". 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia. CSA. 13 July 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
- ^ http://www.rightlivelihood.org/egziabher.html
External links
- Orville Jenkins, "Tigrinya People Profile".
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A friend who's heavily involved in politics summed everything up on the morning of Nov. 6, Election Day. "No matter who wins today, 50 percent of Americans are going to wake up ticked off tomorrow," he said. Except he didn't say "ticked." He used more colorful terminology.
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Chicago's McCormick Place and the Washington State Convention & Trade Center in Seattle are rebounding with hardly a bounce from the September 11 tragedy.
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GEOGRAPHYLocation: Southeastern Europe,
Borders: Romania, the Black Sea, Turkey, Greece, Macedonia and Serbia.
Area: 110,993 sq. km (42,672 sq. miles)
Climate: Continental-Mediterranean
Terrain: Mostly mountainous with lowlands in the north and southeast. Rila and Pirin are alpine mountains exceeding 2,900 m above sea-level. Stara Planina Mountain, also called the Balkan range and origin of the namesake Balkan Peninsula, is the longest mountain range, dividing the country into Northern and Southern Bulgaria.
Highest peak: Musala (2,925 m/9600 ft), Rila Mountain
POPULATIONPopulation: 7.9 million (2001 est.)
Pop. Growth Rate: -5.1 per 1,000 population (2000)
Capital City: Sofia (1.2 million)
Large Cities: Plovdiv (342,500), Varna (299,800), Bourgas (195,255), and Rousse (166,467)
Ethnic Groups: Bulgarian 82%, Turk 8.7%, and Roma 6.9% (2001 est.)
Religions: Christian Orthodox 83.5%, Muslim 13%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, and Jewish 0.8% (1992)
Adult Literacy Rate: 98.2%
Health: Infant mortality rate - 13.3/1,000. Life expectancy - males 71 years, females 67 years (2000)
GOVERNMENTGovernment Type: Parliamentary democracy
Constitution: Adopted July 12, 1991
National Holiday: Independence Day, March 3 (1878)
Administrative Territorial Arrangement: 28 regions and 262 municipalities
HISTORYBulgaria's history dates back more than 3,000 years and includes periods of Thracian, Roman, and Byzantine influence. The state of Bulgaria has existed for more than 13 centuries. The name "Bulgaria" comes from the Bulgars, a Turkic people that migrated from the steppe north of the Black Sea, conquered the Slavic tribes, and founded the First Bulgarian Kingdom in 681 AD. The Bulgars assimilated into the larger Slavic population, a process facilitated by the adoption of Orthodox Christianity by King Boris I in the 9th Century. The creation of the Cyrillic script in 855 and the establishment of Christianity as a state religion in 864 gave a powerful impetus for the country's cultural development. Under King Simeon I, Bulgaria reached the height of its power, and its capital, Preslav, was said to rival Constantinople in the vigor of its commercial and intellectual life. The First Bulgarian Kingdom fell to the Byzantines in 1018. The Second Bulgarian Kingdom, established in 1185 at Veliko Tarnovo, reinstated the borders and another "golden age" began, during which Bulgaria's territory bordered three seas: the Black Sea, the Adriatic, and the Aegean. In 1396, after a long war and fierce resistance, the country fell under Ottoman rule. The early 18th Century marked the beginning of the Bulgarian Revival period, characterized by the flourishing of the Bulgarian church, literature, and culture. After an unsuccessful revolution in 1876, Bulgaria regained independence in 1878, as a result of the Russian-Turkish Liberation War. Following the Berlin Congress of 1878, the state was divided into three parts. After the successful unification uprising in 1885, the country restored its territorial integrity and started building its state institutions. As an ally to Germany in World War I and the Axis powers in World War II Bulgaria had to bear the hardships of a difficult first half to the 20th century. In 1945 the Communist Party took power and proclaimed Bulgaria a "People's Republic." In 1989, the country underwent a peaceful transition from autocratic communist rule to a democratic system of governance. A new Parliament was elected in June 1990, after the first free democratic elections in 50 years.
BULGARIAN CULTURAL TREASURESRila Monastery, located in the heart of the Rila Mountain, is the largest Bulgarian monastery, it's founded in the 10th Century and is listed by UNESCO for World Cultural Heritage.
Kazanluk Thracian Cupola Tomb dating from the end of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd Century BCE, contains unique murals - the only surviving monuments of Hellenic painting, also included in the list of World Cultural Heritage.
Varna's ancient necropolis which revealed evidence of the first European civilization and the world's oldest gold dated 4600-4200 BCE.
St. Alexander Nevski Cathedral in Sofia is the largest Christian Orthodox cathedral on Balkan Peninsula.
The Rotunda of St. George is the oldest building in Sofia. Three layers of frescoes have been discovered, the earliest dating back to the 10th century.
St. Sofia Church is the oldest Christian Orthodox church in Sofia, built during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in 527-565. In the 14th Century, the church gave its name to the city.
Boyana Church -- One of Bulgaria's most significant historical treasures dating back to the 13th Century. It is on UNESCO's World Heritage list. Most remarkable are the murals, painted by an unknown artist, which exhibit a new humanistic tendency in medieval art. A total of 240 realistic figures, depicting realistic figures of typical Bulgarian life at the time, are displayed in biblical scenes on the walls of the church.
FOLKLOREThe extended time technique is perhaps the most distinguishing feature of the Bulgarian folk song (most expressively used in the Rodopi region). Non-existent in the rest of European music, the diverse time combinations based on the extended time make Bulgarian music unique and entrancing.
Unique Bulgarian Musical Instuments:
Typical Bulgarian instruments are the caval (an end-blown flute), the duduk (whistle flute), the kaba gaida (bagpipe); the gadulka (bowed stringed instrument); and the tupan (double-headed cylindrical drum).
Did you know that… Both the Voyager-1 and Voyager-2 spaceships carry a Bulgarian folk song from the Rodopi region as a message to other civilizations.
BULGARIAN FOLK FESTIVALS AND CUSTOMSThe Martenitsa: On March 1st, Bulgarians put on their clothes (or on their wrist) tiny red and white trimmings known as martenitsas, and wish each other health and happiness with "Chestita Baba Marta" ("Happy Grandma March"). Martenitsas are made of twined red and white threads, formed in various figures, and are named after the month of March ("Marta" in Bulgarian). This is an ancient Bulgarian pagan tradition that symbolizes the end of the cold winter and the arrival of the spring. According to an ancient legend, martenitsas bring health, happiness, and longevity. They are worn continuously until the
sight of the first stork, and are then hung on a blossoming tree.
The Festival of Roses: The Festival of Roses is celebrated during the first half of June in the Valley of Roses (in Central Bulgaria around the cities of Kazanluk and Karlovo). It represents a festive folklore gathering, accompanied with mass rose-picking.
Did you know that…
*Rose picking starts before dawn, while roses are still glistening with dew, preserving the precious fragrance.
*2,000 petals are needed for a single gram of rose attar.
*70% of the rose attar on the international market comes from Bulgaria.
Koukeri (The Day of the Mummers): The Koukeri ritual is a prespring holiday held on the first Sunday before Lent. It marks the beginning of the spring calendar with mummer games performed only by men. The koukeri's masks and garments are colorful, covered with beads, ribbons, and woolen tassels. They are sometimes made of hides. The mummers all wear bells around their waists, with wooden swords in hand. The ritual has the characteristics of a theatrical performance or a carnival. An important element is the symbolic plowing and sowing – a token of a rich harvest. The heavy swaying movements of the leading mummer are meant to represent wheat heavy with grain, while the bells tied around the mummers' waists are intended to drive away evil forces and sickness.
Bulgarian government has granted access to US aircraft to Bulgaria's airspace for the purposes of antiterrorist operations. In order to facilitate and speed up the transit procedure required by the Bulgarian Constitution, we have proposed to the US side to conclude a special bilateral Agreement on Transit of US Forces on the same terms as the Agreement on the Transit of NATO Forces, signed between Bulgaria and NATO on 21 March 2001.
Bulgaria took additional measures for tightening arms export control and trade with dual use goods. Special attention is being paid on the risks of deviation of such deliveries to terrorist organizations.
Thorough review and strict appliance of all sanctions against countries on whose territory terrorist related structures and organizations are active was conducted. Bulgaria is party in 13 conventions for fight against terrorism in addition to the UN convention on combat financing of terrorism and the International convention on combating the bomb terrorism.
The Ministry of Finance had undertaken, through its Bureau of Financial Investigation, a number of concrete measures for tracking and cutting all possible financial assets and sources of terrorist groups on Bulgarian territory. Thus, on the basis on the lists of persons involved in terrorist activity provided by the US intelligence agencies, orders had been issued to all Bulgarian commercial banks and financial institutions to check and freeze any possible accounts or assets possessed by persons on the lists. A similar order had been issued to the Customs Agency for tracking and checking on any possible customs records that those persons might have in Bulgaria. Strict measures for tightening border and customs controls had been enforced. Bulgarian border police were instructed to check any possible border crossing record of these individuals and to detain them in the case of an attempt to cross the Bulgarian border.
Direct communication line between US Department of State and Bulgarian Government had been established for exchange of information related to terrorism.
The Government adopted a National Plan to Combat Terrorism, which includes comprehensive measures on national level, implementing UNSC resolutions 1368 and 1373.
BULGARIAN PARTICIPATION IN OIF:On November 7, 2002 the National Assembly approved the Government's decision to support coalition action against Iraq. Bulgarian support included: over-flight rights and the transit of U.S. and coalition forces; basing for up to 18 U.S. aircraft at Sarafovo Airport near Burgas, Bulgaria and the offer to deploy Bulgarian units to the theater of operations.
On May 2003, implementing the decision of the Council of Ministers, approved by the National Assembly a Bulgarian infantry battalion was included in the Multinational Force supporting security in Iraq. In August 2003, 478 Bulgarian troops from the First Bulgarian infantry battalion went to Iraq - 69 officers, 109 non-commissioned officers and 300 professional soldiers, including 13 women. Bulgarian contingent was included in the MND-CS under Polish command with the tasks to maintain the order and assist the restoration of civilian sites in the region of the town of Karbala.
On 22 August 2003, Bulgarian infantry battalion in Iraq with all its personnel, equipment and property, accepted the regions for deployment in the area of dislocation, which was assigned to it in the vicinity of the town of Karbala. Bulgarian officers and non-commissioned officers from the Headquarters of the Polish division in the town of Babil and an officer and non-commissioned officer included in the united command were deployed and began to fulfill their professional duties. September 15th Soldiers from Bulgarian infantry battalion in Iraq started the training of Iraqi citizens who were going to serve in the structures of "Iraqi citizens' protection army". October 31st two more repaired schools and a kindergarten were officially opened. Military Governor LTC Petko Marinov donated school accessories for the children. Projects for improving the security of a number of police departments including that in Al Balda, from where the half of Karbala is being governed, were realized with Bulgarian participation.
For their efforts in supporting everyday life of the local population, the 1st Bulgarian contingent received a positive assessment on the part of the head of the American administration in Iraq, Paul Bremmer. That activity had been covered by the Iraqi mass media, while in "Al Hor" school the local authorities put up memorial bas-reliefs of gratitude for the Bulgarian soldiers. The Iraqi Minister of health wrote a letter of thanks and gratitude to our servicemen. On 30 January 2004, the official ceremony on the Rotation of the First with the Second infantry battalion was conducted.
January 2004. In the course of the past six months, the servicemen of the First infantry battalion passed more than 400 000 km, rendered harmless more that 2 200 combat supplies, established more than 200 control check points, escorted more than 900 echelons, and the patrols were thousands in number. The staff of the first and the second infantry battalion in Iraq continued to fulfill the activities from the rotation plan. The servicemen from the second Bulgarian battalion started to patrol on the streets of Karbala as well as their area of responsibilities. Experienced officers, sergeants and soldiers from the first contingent were assisting them. Alongside with patrolling, escorting and protection Bulgarian battalion in Karbala was carrying out tasks related to providing assistance to the local population. Up to that period, five months upon the decision of the military Commandant of the city Lieutenant Colonel Petko Marinov a total sum of $520,754 granted by the Temporary Coalition Administration had been utilized. It was invested in reconstruction of 40 sites in the area of the city of Karbala and its surroundings in order to improve the electricity and water supplies, education and sport. 14 projects in the area of education, one in the area of electrification, two in the area of the water supply, two for improving security and one in the area of sports had been funded. Among the most important projects were: equipment for the "Al Husein" hospital in Karbala, reconstruction of "Al Hor", "Al Rshad", "Al Bahdja" and "Al Tahadum" schools. The classrooms had been furnished and the "Sumer" kindergarten playground in Karbala was built. The city stadium in Karbala was restored and the electricity supply facility in the town of Al Hindia was refurbished. Two water wells were built in the town of Ain Al Tamur /The spring of the dates/. The wells have a number of pipes and help the population earn their living through growing which is the main source of income. The civil-military projects in the area of Al Hindiya, completed by the Second infantry battalion in Iraq, are the first examples of state assistance for many years. The representatives of the local authorities, as well as religious and party leaders of the region, have marked that fact at a meeting with the battalion commander LtC Petko Lilov. The meeting was conducted on 27 June 2004 in the Town Hall of the town. High assessments about Bulgarian management's positive effect to the zone of responsibility were given at the meeting. These assessments contributed to earning a special attitude to Bulgarian servicemen. A $ 190,000 project started: renovation of Al Hindiya town center, improvement of the transportation system and strengthening the control over the entrance and exit thoroughfares and through the strategic bridge began.
July 2004. All activities on replacing the second with third infantry battalion of Bulgarian army in Iraq have been completed. All documents and reports by the commanders and officials of the two contingents have been signed. The Chairman of Rotation Commission, brigadier general Stefan Vasilev, has also signed the basic document. A working conference had been conducted, guided by the Chief of General Staff of Bulgarian Armed Forses, General Nikola Kolev. At the conference, the situation in the zone of responsibility of Third infantry battalion in Karbala, as well as the tasks from the beginning of the mission had been discussed. Specific measures to increase the security of personnel of the contingent, camp "Kilo" and the guarded sites, as well as improving the interaction and work with the authorities, local population and the religious leaders had been identified at the meeting. General Staff leaders discussed the initiative to start a donation campaign intended to assist the population and the children in Karbala for the beginning of the new school year. In August 2004 the training of Third infantry battalion in Iraq on utilizing "Hammer" HMMWVs, which Bulgarian contingent received from the American army, had been successfully completed. Officers from the contingent continued the training of Iraqi National Guards battalion. By that time the preparation for acquiring sergeant's positions were completed. In September 2004 a commission, part of the Third infantry battalion, approved the allocation of financial means for the restoration of "Ali Maari" primary school in the town of Al Khairat. These financial means, amounting to $47,000 were used to repair the roof of the school, the windows of the building were changed, and three new rooms for the first grader were built. Bulgarian servicemen made a donation of victuals and one ton of bottled mineral water for two homes for old people in Karbala. The joint effort with Iraqi National Guard battalion continued with the implementation of projects related to improving battalion's transportation and communication assets, as well as improving the conditions in the barracks of Iraqi guards.
In October 2004, the Minister of defense Nikolay Svinarov signed an organizational order for re-dislocation of Bulgarian contingent from Karbala to Diwaniah. He visited Iraq and thanked the troops for their professionalism and adequate reactions in difficult situations. Bulgarian Minister of Defense had meetings with multinational forces in Iraq commander General George Casey and with General Andrei Eckert, commander of the Polish contingent, in which Bulgarian battalion was embedded. Approximately 30 civil-military projects at an approximate value $2,500,000 were utilized with the assistance of Bulgarian servicemen from the First, Second and Third infantry battalion in the province of Karbala. The projects were for restoration of schools, kindergartens, hospitals, and infrastructure sites. The major ones among them are: renovation of the center of the town of Karbala and improvement of the organization of transport in the town with total value of $190,000; restoration of transport thoroughfares and construction of a bridge in the town of Al Hindiah which valued $180,000; repair work on the basic school in the town of Al Hairat for $47,000.
In December 2004 the 4th Bulgarian Infantry Battalion was stationed in Diwanyah. The rotation with the 5th Battalion was in May 2005. 4th and 5th Bulgarian Infantry Battalion successfully fulfilled its mission in Diwanyah. Soldiers patrolled the Tampa highway, organized convoys, escorted people and cargo, and performed tasks related to the mutual activities of the military transition team and 1st battalion of the IA (in engineering and medical responses, and live-fire exercises). Their daily activities guaranteed the security of military personnel. They also protected the checkpoints where people and vehicles passed in and out of the base, checking for — and clearing the Tampa highway of — improvised explosive devices and car bombs. The outcomes were heartening. Doctors from the battalion's Unified Medical Point were providing medical aid to citizens who sought their assistance. In the Kadisia district, Bulgarian contingents improved civil-military cooperation, leading to better education, health care, security and rehabilitation of the city infrastructure. In Afaq's Kadisia district, a repaired and refurbished petrol station was opened, a USD $25,000 project which will serve the thousands of people living in the city and province. One of the primary tasks of the Battalion Command was establishing and maintaining contacts with local authorities. Meetings with representatives of the municipal authorities, the media, the Union of Businessmen and the University of Diwanyah were organized on a regular basis. The result was good relations with these institutions that declared Bulgarian soldiers are perceived as friends. Bulgarian Soldiers from Multi-National Division Central-South held a ceremony to commemorate the completion of a school renovation project near Ad Diwaniyah. 24. Soldiers from Bulgaria's 3rd Battle Group renovated classrooms, electrical wiring and plumbing. Renovations at the school in Al Farazdk, near Afak, also included a new fence for the school.
Only two months after the Bulgarian peacekeeping contingent returned home from Diwania, the National Assembly voted through a new mission to Iraq. Since 1 of April 2006, a Bulgarian Guard Company has been performing the new mission, focuses on security provision for Ashraf refugee camp, Diyala Province. The rotation period of the mission is six months.
BULGARIA'S CURRENT PARTICIPATION IN OIF:Currently Bulgaria participates in OIF with more than 150 military personnel mainly by providing staff and security for Temporary Interview and Processing Facility, Ashraf Camp, Diyala Province.
Combat Camera
CENTCOM Photos
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The Innovation Center hosted a gathering of students and companies to discuss summer opportunities working on innovative projects. The topics included quantifying energy savings from geothermal power, the use of social media to encourage people to go green, and VOIP and videoconferencing technology.
Excellus, 5linx, and E. Van Hee Energy sent company representatives to discuss opportunities for teams over the summer interested in working on a research-based project.
Excellus pitched an idea for boosting data center profitability and reducing environmental impact. The company is looking for teams to help research methods of decreasing the energy consumption, saving the company money..
A majority of energy consumed in a data center is used by air conditioning units to keep the servers cool, and increase hardware lifespan. Many green data center ides focus on reducing the amount of cooling, usually taking advantage of natural features of the region.
5linx looked for teams to attempt to find other consumer applications for their video phone devices other than video chat. Van Hee Energy also looked for other ways to leverage their base technology-geothermal energy-to help grow their business. By leveraging social media to help customers and investors show how they've used geothermal technology to reduce their impact on the environment and save themselves money as well, real-time, and visually.
The Storytelling team interviewed John Schull after RIT 4.8 for a few insights on the happenings from the event:


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Nick Hornby talks to Penguin Online about the domestic male, the Booker Prize and his average day...
Penguin: I'm always rather amazed when people talk about your books as being jolly accounts of popular culture. There are a lot of potential disasters for your characters and they're hanging on by the skin of their teeth.
NH: Somebody said that it was the "comedy of depression." I think it is why a certain group of people respond so strongly to the books, all the characters are depressed.
I think you actually use the word depression in all the books?
I guess there are an awful lot of people out there who do feel depressed and don't find that low level depression reflected in many books that they read. Literature is usually much more crisis-focused.
You wouldn't describe your books as "domestic," but you write about daily lives and ordinary things, which maybe one doesn't get in a lot of books.
I don't mind my books being described as domestic at all. It was very much an impetus when I started writing. I read a lot books by women and identified with them much more because I lived a domestic life - and most of us do - and that really wasn't reflected in any of the books written by men. It seemed odd to me that most of us bring up families and go to work and yet the books our male representatives are writing about huge things in history and people on the edge. Of course we have a need for those books, but there did seem to be a bit of a hole where no one was writing about what actually happened.
Was that reflected in your own reading? Who are the writers you admire most?
At the time that I started writing I had just discovered the books of Anne Tyler and Lorrie Moore. I'd never read a book that more precisely articulated what I wanted to do than Anne Tyler's Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant. There were some depressed and lost characters and a lot of humour, and I just felt this is what I want to be when I grow up. I had read two Lorrie Moore books, Self Help and Like Life, just before Fever Pitch came out. Again they had very sharp humour but were incredibly accessible and I think it was something particularly at the time that had been lost from contemporary British fiction.
Were not reading the British writers' books?
Yes. If you have a short-list of six Booker Prize books, people read the one that wins. Because it won the other five are completely disregarded and this is somehow supposed to be representative of our literary culture. I do think in the 1980s there was a huge gap between best-selling books and literature, and there really wasn't anything in between.
For me Roddy Doyle was an important part of that. When I read The Commitments it was simple and funny. It was about things I understood and you could see a great rush of identification with Roddy's books.
You've mentioned the Booker Prize. Do you think that awards such as this misrepresent literature and the kinds of books that are out there?
I think that the Booker Prize sets a tone of a certain kind of literary writer. As a young writer you're looking at two polarities that you don't really like the look of. There was the Jackie Collins stuff on one side, and there was this very difficult, dark, inaccessible literature on the other.
I think there is a general desire to read good books. People read books on the way to work and before they go to bed. We've all had that terrible feeling that you're making no impression on a novel at all and you're 30 pages in and there's 472 pages left and you've been reading it for three weeks already. I think the Americans have always understood that once you have a price on the back of your book there is some kind of contract you're entering into.
Yes, and American authors do have that pop-culture feeding in too.
It seemed obvious to me that popular culture is an important part of all our lives and it should have some kind of reflection in the books we are reading. I've never understood why people didn't describe or just mention what TV programmes people were watching, I've always suspected it's something to do with having an eye on posterity.
Take us through an average day in the life of Nick Hornby.
I wander to my office, a small flat just round the corner from home. I smoke, mess round on the Internet, email, and, eventually, start writing—usually just when it's time to pick up my son from school.
What's on your bedside table?
Back copies of The New Yorker, Andrew Rawnsley's book about New Labour, the new Michael Chabon novel and indigestion tablets.
What was the last film you saw?
At the time of the interview You Can Count On Me, which I loved to bits.
You are now the pop critic for The New Yorker — could you see yourself ever living there?
My domestic circumstances wouldn't allow it at the moment, but I'd love to live in the US for a while at some stage — San Francisco is the place I'd choose.
What are you working on next?
I'm having a go at co-writing a screenplay, with Emma Thompson. She was shown the first draft of something I'd written, and she was so smart about what was wrong with it that I suggested we do it together. We did a bit of plotting last summer, but we haven't started the actual writing yet. I'm looking forward to it.
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The Evergreen DIG was established in May 2009 at the first Evergreen International Conference, where members of the Evergreen community committed to developing single-source, standards-based documentation for Evergreen. Since then, the DIG has been actively working toward that goal.
We welcome new participants and invite anyone interested to attend meetings, volunteer for tasks, and join the discussion lists. There's a role for everyone!
The preferred format for documentation submissions is AsciiDoc for documentation for 2.2 and later. AsciiDoc is much easier to format than XML. for Information on AsciiDoc, see:
In addition you can find some examples in our repository to serve as templates for your AsciiDoc documents:
While it is not necessary for you to install AsciiDoc on your machine for authoring, it does help you to verify proper AsciiDoc syntax. If you wish to install AsciiDoc, see:
If you are Authoring documentation for Evergreen 2.1 or earlier, DocBook XML is the preferred format. However, we will accept documementation in any format!


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Department of International and Interdisciplinary Studies
209 Elizabeth AvenueHonors House/Morehead State UniversityMorehead, KY 40351Phone: 606-783-2582Fax: 606-783-5088E-mail: email@example.com
Morehead State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.
Geography is a diverse discipline which applies itself to many different skills. For more career information, visit the Association of American Geographers website at http www.aag.org.
Admission to Morehead State University (see MSU admission requirements).
Program Requirements for the Geography Minor are:
209 Elizabeth Avenue
Primary Phone: 606-783-2582
E-mail: Dr. Philip Krummrich, ChairE-mail: Dr. Jason Holcomb, Associate Professor of Geography
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150 University Blvd. Morehead, KY 40351 • 1.800.585.6781
MSU is an affirmative action, equal opportunity, educational institution.


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|Product #: PS-BL200
Rookie Perplexus offers newcomers to Perplexus a 3-dimensional puzzle challenge like no other. 75 barriers to your successs draw you into the action. This puzzle maze twists and turns, takes you in and out, down dips and around winding spirals. Guide the metal ball toward the maze finish. Manuever surpirising routes of challenge that test your hand-eye coordination, focus and perseverance. 6.5 inches in diameter, Perplexus Rookie is filled with layers of detailed maze structures. A shelter finish keeps the ball in place at the end to secure success. Develops motor and dexterity skills. Improves hand-eye coordination and spatial relations. Recommended minimum age - 4 years.
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Defeat Diabetes
150 153rd Ave,
Suite 300
Madeira Beach, FL 33708
Diabetes Drug Also Reduces InflammationPosted: Saturday, November 05, 2011
A GLP-1 drug prescribed to help patients with type 2 diabetes improve blood-sugar control also has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect, and the effect was observed within 2 hours following a single dose.
Dr. Paresh Dandona, a professor at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, said the study of the drug exenatide, or Byetta, was designed after past observations indicated an anti-inflammatory effect, reducing plasma C-reactive protein levels, triglycerides and systolic blood pressure.
Dandona, the senior author, said in a statement that, "Our most important finding was this rapid, anti-inflammatory effect, which may lead to the inhibition of atherosclerosis, the major cause of heart attacks, strokes and gangrene in diabetics."
It was noteworthy the anti-inflammatory effect occurred independently of weight loss over the 12-week study period.
Dr. Ajay Chaudhuri said obesity is an inflammatory state and adipose tissue contributes to inflammation. If a person loses weight it can lead to an anti-inflammatory effect.
Chaudhuri, the lead author, said, "The fact that the drug caused this dramatic and comprehensive anti-inflammatory effect independent of weight loss shows that it is a primary action of the drug and is not dependent upon weight loss." "Even more importantly, a short-lived anti-inflammatory effect was observed within 2 hours following a single injection of 5 micrograms of the drug. This coincides with the peak concentration of the drug after the injection. Such a rapid and dramatic effect is rare."
Source: http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11716&catid=53&Itemid=8, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nov. 2011.
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A Taste of Paradise
Kona Coffee is more than a world-renowned taste sensation; it's a window into the heart of Hawaii
Paul Chutkow
From the Print Edition:
Susan Lucci, Sep/Oct 99
It all began one morning at Starbucks.
"A latte, please."
"Grande, venti or tall?"
"Uh, grande.""Soy milk or regular?"
"No-fat, low-fat or whole?"
"Uh, no."
"OK, one grande latte. No foam, no frills. Next."
How far we've come from the good old cup of joe. How far we've come even from the days when a coffee lover's biggest conundrum was espresso, cappuccino, latte or mocha. Today, on any given morning at Starbucks or its like, people order concoctions such as almond espressos and hazelnut lattes, vanilla macchiatos and mocha Irish creme frappes. Now, to each his own. Best of luck to the millions of people across America who love those tarted-up flavors and soda-fountain treats. But I am not among them.
On this particular morning, I just lost my patience for Starbucks and its brand of rigmarole. Call me cranky if you like. Or even a curmudgeon. But as I sat there, watching, listening, sipping my latte, one thought alone kept gnawing to the fore. Amidst all the pomp and glitter of what I call today's "high coffee chic," amidst all of Starbucks' marketing brilliance and pizzazz, where's the respect for the original bean? In their shops and packaging, Starbucks and its ilk love to seduce us with enticing labels and exotic locales: Sumatra. Ethiopia. Costa Rica. Jamaica. These regions do produce magnificent coffees. Like their counterparts in the world of wine--Bordeaux, Burgundy, Tuscany, Napa--these regions and their coffee growers have labored for generations, to work the soil, tend their plants, refine their craft and bring forth beans of the highest quality, character, delicacy and nuance of taste. But then what happens?
In countless shops across America, those prized beans, the fruit of all that labor and love, are being blended with syrups and tossed into milk shakes. Gad! To my mind, you might as well take a Margaux and mix it with Coke. Yes, call me cranky or even a curmudgeon. But in today's world, what's a coffee purist to do? Well, I thought, let's head to Hawaii.
The sight is stunning. From the air, Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, two of the volcanic mountains that form the the Big Island of Hawaii, thrust up out of the ocean, godlike in their grandeur. Along the southwestern slopes of Mauna Loa and Mount Hualalai, hidden somewhere in all the volcanic mountain's lava and greenery, is a coffee lover's paradise: a group of farms that for more than a century have hand-cultivated pearls, small crops of gourmet beans that are among the most treasured in the world. "I think the Kona coffee has a richer flavor than any other, be it grown where it may and call it by what name you please," Mark Twain wrote in 1866, and his judgment holds firm today.
The Hawaiian islands, with their warm, moist South Seas clime and rich volcanic soils, are the only place in the United States where coffee grows and thrives. While the islands of Maui and Kauai produce some very good coffees, Kona is clearly the best. Among professional coffee traders and true aficionados, and in "cupping contests" held around the globe, Kona always comes out ranking among the chosen few--in price, too. Though its cost varies according to the caprice of the coffee market, Kona in its pure, unblended form often sells retail for upwards of $25 to $30 a pound. Only Jamaica's famous Blue Mountain and a few reserve coffees consistently command as much, or a few dollars more.
So for coffee purists, what makes pure Kona so special? What kind of craft and artistry go into the creation of an exceptional bean? And in the art of making a great cup of coffee, how much is in the style of roasting and the mode of preparation, and how much is in the quality of the original bean? The whole point of this journey, of course, was to search for some answers--and have a great time as well.
The plan was simple: By day, I would meander through the farms and roasteries of the Kona coast, exploring, tasting, talking with growers and seeing their work firsthand. By night, I would go out and get a taste and feel for the island and its people.
To me, these were not separate endeavors; they were intimately linked. Both led to larger questions I wanted to explore. As you come to understand when you spend time in Bordeaux, Tuscany or the Napa Valley, the finest grapes and the finest wines are not just taste sensations. They are eloquent expressions of their climate and soil--and of the character of the people and culture from which they spring. So, now as we touched down, I couldn't help but wonder: Is there something equivalent for the finest of coffees? Does the soul of Hawaii make its way to the cup?
Norman Sakata has a marvelous face. He is small and wiry and amazingly fit, and his presence is a sprightly combination of seasoned wisdom and childlike humor and delight. He was born and raised on the Big Island--the biggest of Hawaii's eight primary islands--and lives in the beautiful hills above Kailua-Kona, the main town of the Kona coast. Sakata, 73, worked for 32 years for the state of Hawaii, seeing to various regulatory matters and administering state vocational exams. But he maintained a deeper passion: coffee. He runs the family coffee business. So if you're looking for an ideal pathway into the history, lore and defining culture of Kona and its coffee, if you want to find someone who has lived it all right down to the roots, Norman Sakata is the man to see.
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August 14, 2009
our work: solay
We just got this stationery back from the printer for Solay Counseling & Research Center. This project was interesting because I had to [very carefully] figure out how to replicate the multiply effect as a two color print job. It was also exciting to print on the envelope flap. Now we just have to get the website launched!
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A student's inside view of the happenings of the Webster City Lynx homecoming spirit week. Students dress in themes each day, take part in decorating the school and vote for their King and Queen.
Created by the staff of The Paw at the Webster City High School and by the staff of The Daily Freeman-Journal newspaper in Webster City, Iowa.


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Please enter your travel dates.
Deluxe Room
City Room (Horizon)
Tropical resort-style hotel in urban setting
Stroll to shopping
Located in Mandaluyong, a flourishing commercial district of metro Manila, this two-tower tropical resort-style hotel is within two blocks of both the Shangri-La Plaza and the SM Mega Mall.
Tropical garden pool
The centerpiece of the Edsa Shangri-La, Manila is its tropical garden and large freeform pool. Tennis courts, a fitness center, health club, spa, and massage rooms round out the recreational offerings.
Complimentary wireless Internet
Divided between two wings, the 632 guestrooms all have city views, and are outfitted with décor reflecting the tropical garden theme. Each room offers complimentary wireless Internet.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Renovations & Closures
- Details
- The hotel will be renovating from 6 August 2013 to 31 March 2014 (completion date subject to change). The following areas are affected:
Renovation work will only be conducted during business hours. Every effort will be made to minimize noise and disturbance.
- Select guestrooms
Hotel Amenities
- General
The Edsa Shangri-La has a large freeform pool in a tropical garden setting that separates its two tower blocks. Tennis courts, a fully equipped fitness center, and a comprehensive health club that includes massage rooms, and the full-service CHI. the Spa which offers massages and a steam room, add to the resort-style atmosphere. There is also a range of dining options, a business center, and large conference facilities that include two ballrooms. On-site shopping includes three jewelry stores, a florist, men's and women's fashion boutiques, and a whisky and cigar shop.
Valet parking:
Complimentary valet parking in a secure, undercover garage is offered to all guests.
Fees are subject to change without prior notice.
The Edsa Shangri-La has two ballrooms and 3,000 square meters (32,300 square feet) of conference space. Its comprehensive business center offers Internet access and a full range of business, secretarial, and translation services. Click the link below for more details.
Business center: Located on the lobby level of the Tower Wing, the Edsa Shangri-La's business center offers a full range of business, meeting, and secretarial services. Other services include binding, message delivery, cell phone battery charge, business cards, photocopying, faxing, and typing. Fee(s) subject to change without notice.
Internet access: The business center at the Edsa Shangri-La has computer terminals with complimentary high-speed Internet access. The public areas of the hotel (including lobby, restaurants, and conference areas) have complimentary wireless Internet access.
Conference/function room(s): The Tower Wing of the Edsa Shangri-La, reached via escalator from the lobby, has numerous meeting rooms adjoining long, wide corridors suitable for booths. The Isla Ballroom is 1,056 square meters (11,362 square feet) and holds 1,400 people in theatre style, 750 in classroom style, and 890 for banquets. There are a further eight meeting rooms and a boardroom seating 20. The Garden Wing's conference facilities are more grand and ornate, with breakout areas overlooking the tropical gardens and most rooms benefiting from floor-to-ceiling windows. The Garden Ballroom (which can be divided into four areas) is 415 square meters (4,465 square feet) and holds 400 people in theatre style, 280 for banquets, and 220 in classroom formation. On the floor below, four further meeting rooms range in size from 70–150 square meters (753–1,614 square feet) and can be sub-divided. They hold 50–160 people in theatre style, 36–80 for banquets, and 25–60 in classroom formation.
- 24-hour front desk
- Air-conditioned public areas
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 632
- Number of floors - 32
- ATM/banking
- Audiovisual equipment
- Babysitting or childcare
- Ballroom(s)
- Banquet facilities
- Bar/lounge
- Beauty services
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Business center
- Cell phone/mobile rental
- Coffee shop or café
- Complimentary newspapers in lobby
- Computer rental
- Concierge desk
- Currency exchange
- Doorman/doorwoman
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Event catering
- Exhibit space
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Hair salon
- Free Wi-Fi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Garden
- Elevator/lift
- Health club
- Luggage storage
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Massage - spa treatment room(s)
- Multilingual staff
- Free self parking
- Free valet parking
- Poolside bar
- Porter/bellhop
- Room service (24 hours)
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free secure covered parking
- Year Built 1992
- Number of meeting/conference rooms - 16
- Sauna
- Secretarial services
- Security guard
- Shopping on site
- Spa tub
- Swimming pool - outdoor
- Technology helpdesk
- Tour assistance
- Translation services
- Wedding services
- Full-service health spa
- Designated smoking areas
- Laundry facilities
- Tennis on site
- Steam room
- Swimming pool - children's
- Internet
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi, Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free Wi-Fi, Free wired high-speed Internet
- Parking
Free secure covered parking , Free self parking, Free valet parking
- Room Amenities
- Premium TV channels
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Complimentary newspaper
- Phone
- Direct-dial phone
- Complimentary bottled water
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Refrigerator
- Daily housekeeping
- Turndown service
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- In-room massage available
- Slippers
- Shower/tub combination
- In-room childcare (surcharge)
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Free Wi-Fi
- In-room safe
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Cable TV service
- Dining
Heat - Located on lobby level. Informal dining with large bay windows overlooking tropical gardens. Buffet and à la carte menus. Range of Western and International cuisines at various cooking islands in food-hall style. Open daily from 6 AM - midnight.
Paparazzi - Bistro-style à la carte Italian food, with additional antipasti buffet Monday through Friday at lunchtime. Wood paneling, displays of wine. Located on mezzanine level. Open daily for lunch and dinner.
Summer Palace - Cantonese cuisine, including wide range of appetizers and Dim Sum on Sundays. Tables separated by Chinese screens with displays of ceramics. Traditional décor offset by modern abstract art. Windows overlook tropical gardens. Located on mezzanine level. Open daily for lunch and dinner.
Senju - Traditional Japanese cuisine, including sushi, sashimi, and teppanyaki. Polished wood floors, bamboo décor, displays of teapots. Private rooms available. Located on mezzanine level. Open daily for lunch and dinner.
e's - Mezzanine-level bar with terrace. Bar food, beers, wines, and signature drinks. Armchairs and low tables. Dart board. Open Monday to Saturday until late.
Lobby Lounge - Located off the lobby, with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking tropical gardens. Continental breakfasts, high teas, snacks, and beverages. Live entertainment in the evenings. Decorated in greens and pinks, with garden theme. Groups of armchairs and sofas at low tables. Open daily from early morning until late evening.
The Bakeshop - Freshly baked bread, rolls, pastries, and deli foods. Tea and coffee. Located off the lobby, open daily mid-morning to early evening.
Pool Bar - Tropical garden setting by swimming pool. Snacks, fresh juice, and other beverages. Open daily mid-morning to early evening.
- Recreation
The Edsa Shangri-La has a large freeform swimming pool in a tropical garden setting. The hotel also has two all-weather, floodlit tennis courts. A fully equipped fitness center benefits from natural light. The fitness center is attached to the health center and full service CHI, The Spa, which includes sauna, steam room, and spa bath, as well as massage rooms and a relaxation lounge.
Many of the city's large shopping malls provide various forms of air-conditioned recreation, including children's playgrounds, ice rinks, bowling alleys, and sports centers. Within the city, there are some limited opportunities for rowing and sailing on Manila Bay. There are also several golf courses within the metropolitan area, including Manila Golf & Country Club and Intramuros Golf Club. Closest to the Edsa Shangri-La (4 km or 2.5 miles) is the Wack-Wack Golf & Country Club.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golf - driving range nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Ice skating nearby
- Running track/path nearby
- Playground nearby
- Basketball on site
- Swimming on site
- Spa
- Hot stone massage
- Steam room in spa
- Couples treatment rooms
- Body wraps
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Sauna in spa
- Spa tub in spa
- Massages
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
- Accessibility
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
Policies & Fees
- Check-in
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out
Check-out time is noon
- Payment types
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, JCB International, MasterCard, Visa
- General
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Fees
- The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service, check-in, or check-out.
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
- Breakfast fee: PHP 1463.62 per person (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: PHP 2995 per vehicle (one way)
- Early check-in fee: PHP 7000
- Late check-out fee: PHP 7000
- Deposit: PHP 2500 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: PHP 1500 per night
- Additional Details
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.


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Is there any possible way to bypass the RAM checks on the Snow leopard DVD? the only reason I can't install is because I have 512MB of RAM..
I have a Gateway 838GM.
My specs are...
Computer: Gateway 838GM | 9.5.0 Vodoo Kernel |2.0 RC3 Chameleon Bootloader | Processor:Intel Pentium 4 630 / 3 GHz | RAM: 512MB / 4GB Max, 2 DDR Channels | OS: Vista Ultimate 32BIT, OSx86 iPC 10.5.6 | Mainboard Chipset: Intel 915G Express | Graphics Card:Integrated Intel GMA 900 | Video Memory: Dynamic Video Memory Technology 3.0 | Audio:ALC 860 |Card Reader:8 in 1 Integrated(Fully Functional) | Hard Drives:1x 200GB SATA(Vista), 1x 320GB SATA(OS X) Both Internal
Also any tips on installing or anything would be greatly accepted!


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User Reviews & Ratings - Levemir SubQ
Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of Levemir SubQ.
Overall User Ratings37 Total User Reviews
User Reviews
Learn about
User Reviews
Reviewer: tex, 65-74 Male on Treatment for 2 to less than 5 years (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My wife has been on Levemir for about 3 years.20 units at 8:pm & 23 units at 8:am. blood sugar 80 to 120 depending on exercise and calories.
found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes | No
Reviewer: Saphyre Star, 55-64 Female on Treatment for 1 to 6 months (Patient)
Ease of Use
My sugars are all over the place from 95 up to 540. Can't stand the burning and the red lumps and itching at injection site. There is a discount card that Levemir and lantus gives you. Also, I switched to Target instead of Walmart. Walmart did not know how to use the discount card and argued with me. The discount card is used after your co pay and saves alot of money.
found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes | No
Reviewer: 55-64 Male on Treatment for 10 years or more (Patient)
Ease of Use
Have been on insulin since 1991. 61 year old male. Use R insulin as bolus and Lantus 100 units at bedtime as basal. Worked well. Insuror would not pay for Lantus so switched to Levemir. Might as well be injecting water. No apparent effectiveness. Trying to control with R, but does not work well.
found this review helpful.
Was this review helpful? Yes | No
Reviewer: Frank, 55-64 Male on Treatment for 2 to less than 5 years (Patient)
Ease of Use
Have used both Levemir and Lantus. I find no difference in effectiveness. I take 15 units once a day and Humalog at each meal 3-5 units. Also take 2000 mg of metformin. HbA1c stable at around 7.2. Normally in the 100 to 200 range. Only over 200 if I eat a big meal or large snack. No problems with going too low. Works good for me.
found this review helpful.
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Reviewer: tideflash, 45-54 Male on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Patient)
Ease of Use
I have been using levimer for 8 months. I also use glimiperide and metformin pills. When I went on Levimer my blood sugar readings were as high as 390. Now they range from 114 average and as low as 85 if I have a very small meal in the evening. My weight has only fluctuated a few pounds. The injections using a needle and vial are usually okay but rarely will hurt if I inject into a harder muscul ... Show Full Comment
found this review helpful.
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There has been some encouraging news over the past day from the family of double-lung-transplant patient Sarah Murnaghan.
The 10-year-old's mom says her daughter is on the path to recovery, but it will be a slow one.
"Sarah is making small steps in a positive direction," her mother stated in a Facebook post Wednesday.
She noted that Sarah needed 100 percent oxygen over the weekend, but she's now down to 50 percent.
"Her X-rays show more air in the affected lung," Janet Ruddock Murnaghan wrote. "Her vent support is still very high. Overall we are cautiously optimistic."
Sarah underwent two double lung transplants last month. She developed pneumonia over the weekend.
Last night, her mom said on Facebook that doctors had determined what was causing the pneumonia. They're now treating Sarah with antibiotics.
The young cystic fibrosis patient's story attracted national attention when her parents sued the government to have her placed on the adult transplant list.
Flames are tearing through a South Jersey forest right now, and this wildfire is only expected to grow.
KMSP-TV11358 Viking DriveEden Prairie, MN 55344
Phone: (952) 944-9999Fax: (952) 942-0455


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White and Associates / First Citizens Insurance is a full service independent insurance agency staffed by highly trained insurance professionals equipped with a wide variety of products and services necessary to good financial management. As an independent agent, we have access to a wide variety of specialized coverage that allows us to offer customers a personalized insurance plan that best fits their needs.
Visit the website!
Insurance products are sold through White and Associates/First Citizens Insurance LLC, a licensed insurance agency and subsidiary of First Citizens National Bank. Insurance products/investments are: NOT A DEPOSIT; NOT FDIC INSURED; NOT INSURED BY ANY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AGENCY (Except for Federal Crop Insurance or Federal Flood Insurance); NOT GUARANTEED BY THE BANK; MAY LOSE VALUE. You are not obligated to purchase insurance from First Citizens National Bank or its subsidiaries in order to obtain credit from First Citizens National Bank.
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text:
- Critic & User
- Videos &
- Codes
& FAQs
- Gameplay
- Similar
Game Details
- Release Date 1/11/2006
- Publisher Nintendo
- Platform DS
- Genre Music/Dance
- Number of Players 1
Game Description
Create your own undersea symphony with this innovative experience based on the striking style of Japanese multimedia artist Toshio Iwai. Electroplankton is not so much a game. It's an interactive meld of art and music, and you're in complete control. You'll learn how to use ten different species of Electroplankton, micro-sized creatures capable of producing big music and bigger fun! Each type of Electroplankton, such as Marine-Snow, has distinct musical capabilities. Interact with the Electroplankton, in unique environments for each type, using the DS stylus. Tap Electroplankton on different parts of the screen to produce different sounds, then swirl them all together into a flying flurry of sight and sound!
Critic Reviews
GamesRadar Review (6.0 out of 10)
Electroplankton The most accidentally interesting game ever? What happens when Nintendo puts together a completely nutso piece of musical software that's so out of the ordinary it's not even carried on retail store shelves? After playing with a gaggle of fish-like...more
User Reviews
Average Member Rating: 6.5 out of 10
Good for what it is.. (7 out of 10)
posted by Cymrix (OLYMPIA, WA) on Aug 18, 2006
Member since Aug 2006
4 out of 4 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Member since Aug 2006
4 out of 4 gamers (100%) found this review helpful
Like a lot of others have said, this is not really a game. Or more specifically not a "typical" game. But it is quite easy to get caught up in the colors and sound. Especailly if you have a good set of head phones. The biggest draw backs for me where -Not enough variety per electoplankton. It ...more
Specs & Requirements
Modes Mini-Games
Similar Games
- New Super Mario Bros.Release 5/16/2006
- Phoenix Wright: Ace AttorneyRelease 10/12/2005
- Animal Crossing: Wild WorldRelease 12/6/2005


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1. Location: Tacoma, Wa
2. Favorite Current Seahawk: Lenard Weaver
3. Favorite Former/all time Seahawk: Paul Moyer
4 Other teams in the NFL you root for: NONE
5. Other sports you enjoy? What other sporting teams do you root for: Mariners, Sonics, University of Alabama
Welcome to the forum Ttown.
Member of the Owlluminati!
Location: Seattle
Favorite Current Seahawk: Marcus Trufant
Favorite Former Seahawk: Jerramy Stevens (not)
Other NFL Teams I root for: Eagles, and anyone playing the cowboys
Other teams: Mariners will always be #1
My Oh My
The Slipper Still Fits
sorry my favorite former seahawk: Mack Strong
My Oh My
The Slipper Still Fits
Location:anaheim, California
Favorite Current Seahawk: Julian Peterson
Favorite Former Seahawk: steve hutch
Other NFL Team I root for: Whoever is left in the playoffs on west coast
Other sports i enjoy:Baseball(angels)
Well hello... Glad to see some sorta life around here haha.
(on a side note - should be fun watchin Ms and Angels battle it out)
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Loacation: Klamath Falls, Oregon
Favorite Seahawk: Lofa Tatupu
Fav Former Hawk: Steve Largent
All The Other Teams Are The Enemy!
Also Like The St. Luis Cardinals(baseball) And The Portland Trailblazers
Location: Seattle, WA forever, Tallahassee FL during school
Favorite Hawk: All/Marcus Trufant
Favorite Former Hawk: Steve Largent (named after him) and Mack Strong
Other Teams I root for: All other teams are the enemy....but I don't mind pullin for the Texans and Ravens when it has NO negative effect on the Hawks
Other Sports: Basketball (Sonics), Baseball (Mariners), Hockey
1. Location: Eugene, OR
2. Favorite Current Seahawk: Marcus Trufant
3. Favorite Former/all time Seahawk: Curt Warner
4 Other teams in the NFL you root for: sorry, strictly a member of the 12th man
5. Other sports you enjoy? What other sporting teams do you root for: Seattle Mariners, Portland Trailblazers, Colorado Avalanche, Oregon State Beavers and Louisville Caridinals
1. Location: innisfil ontario
2. Favorite Current Seahawk: shaun (of course please dont let him go ) if hes gone walt hass or lofa
3. Favorite Former/all time Seahawk: largent easly
4 Other teams in the NFL you root for: none
5. Other sports you enjoy? What other sporting teams do you root for: bball
houston rockets all the way
Glad to have all of ya on board.
Location: Everett, WA
Favorite Hawk: Kerney
Favorite Former Hawk: Mack Strong, if you look up the terms: Loyalty, hard work and discipline you will find a pic of Mack
Other Teams I root for: I follow the strick "Band Wagon" rules when it comes to the playoffs: You must root for your own team, if they don't make it or get beat then you must root for your division, if they are out you must root for your conference in the Superbowl...and last year i found myself rooting for everyteam that played the Pats, I hate the Pats and Billicheat
Other Sports: Baseball (Mariners), College Football (UW) but none the less i love college football its the last time you see football played for the purity and true love for the game, College Baseball, College Softball
Welcome to the Seahawks Forum.
1. Location:Boston, ENGLAND
2. Favorite Current Seahawk: Lofa Tatupu
3. Favorite Former/all time Seahawk:Steve Largent
4 Other teams in the NFL you root for:like to see the dolphins do well
5. Other sports you enjoy? What other sporting teams do you root for:NBA-Denver Nuggets, Soccer Boston Utd
6. Anything else you care to share: Love the hawks
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An interesting blog entry by the local newspaper. While most folks here believe an edge rusher...wxwax 04-19-2014 02:01 AM
Rejected again by Judge Brody. She also ruled against the players' motion for class action status....Patrick Sullivan 04-16-2014 03:49 PM
Harbs and hypocrisy are good friends. Don't look for him to take a stand on this. Baalke & York may...Patrick Sullivan 04-16-2014 08:04 AM
After Jim Harbaugh gave his "Above Reproach" speech about the Seahawks and their Adderall issues,...SpartaChris 04-15-2014 02:23 PM
Thankfully my water logged keyboard still seems to work or I'd be asking you for a replacement.edave 04-14-2014 10:38 PM
I also won't be surprised when it is later revealed that somehow, someway Pete Carrol was...Hoser 04-14-2014 05:31 PM
For the record...Aldon Smith could be the second coming of Osama Bin Laden and so long as he makes...Hoser 04-14-2014 05:21 PM
No doubt...that's why I keep calling him a knucklehead. In fact I started a thread dedicated to...Hoser 04-14-2014 03:21 PM
I get what you are saying, but the pattern here does not suggest one high profile investigation and...Rich Gapinski 04-14-2014 03:03 PM
The boys of Buccos Bruce are competing for my home league championship. It is the fifth year of our league's operation and it's my first championship game. I'm trotting out:
QB--Colin Kaepernick
WR--Calvin Johnson, Randall Cobb, Eric Decker
RB--Adrian Peterson, Demarco Murray
TE--Jason Witten
W/R/T--Steve Smith
K--Jason Hanson
DST--Green Bay
I decided to leave the Law Firm, who's been good to me the last few weeks, on the bench against the Steelers. My impression of the Bengals is that they can get a little pass-happy in close games (this may be wrong, it's just my feeling having watched a few of their games) and the Steelers are a bad run match-up anyway. Perhaps more controversially, I'm choosing Kaepernick over Eli. Other notables on the bench include Josh Gordon and the Arizona and Chicago defenses. (It's a deep league and I'm set everywhere else, so I've been carrying several defenses most of the year.)
My opponent is running out Tom Brady, Dez Bryant, and Brandon Marshall, which should make him more than dangerous. His roster isn't as impressive as mine (at least this season), but guys like Anquan Boldin, Knowshon Moreno, Pierre Thomas, even Larry Fitzgerald... a touchdown here or there, and this guy will be much tighter than I would like. Oh, and he has the Pats' defense against Jacksonville. So, that's money in the bank, too.
Best of luck to everyone else in a championship.
Good luck 6! I agree with choosing Steve Smith over Lawfirm in the flex. Smith and Newton are on a roll together. I'd probably roll with Chicago's defense over GB's, but both are excellent plays this week. The Kaepernick over Eli decision is interesting, but Kaepernick does feel safer at this point, especially since he can add 30-50 yards on the ground.
Nice start last night with Megatron.