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Review: The KGB Plays Chess
Chess politics is back - in just three days, after a long and memorable election race, we'll finally know if Anatoly Karpov will be the next FIDE President. In truth, politics has always played an important role in the chess world, especially in Russia and the former Soviet Union. The KGB Plays Chess by Boris Gulko, Viktor Korchnoi and others, movingly documents some of the most shocking episodes in Soviet chess politics, in which Karpov was often involved in a rather different role.
The KGB Plays Chess, published this fall by Russell Enterprises, claims, among other things, that Karpov was in fact a KGB agent with the code name "Raul", and was helped in various ways by the Russian secret police to keep his world championship title, which he won by default in 1975, up until the termination of his first match against Kasparov, ten years later.
These claims make it immediately obvious that the book is an important and unique project. It's a collaboration of no less than four authors: GM's Boris Gulko and Viktor Korchnoi, acclaimed Russian journalist Yuri Felshtinsky and former KGB colonel Vladimir Popov. The KGB Plays Chess sheds light on the role and influence of the KGB, the former Soviet secret police, on some of the best chess players of all time. Many of the claims and facts that are in this book are still completely ignored in Russia today.
Polish GM Michal Krasenkow reading the Russian edition of the book in Khanty-Mansiysk. The photo was taken by Vladimir Barsky, who reviewed the book for the German magazine Schach. He says that many Russians are trying to ignore the book altogether.
Boris Gulko, currently living in the USA, is one of the most remarkable chess grandmasters in the history of our game. He and his wife Anna, a WGM herself, were allowed to emigrate from Moscow only in 1986, almost ten years after they first tried to apply for emigration from the Soviet Union. In this period, they were blocked, harrassed and humiliated by the KGB and the Soviet regime in ways Viktor Korchnoi feared when he himself defected from the USSR in 1976 and was declared 'persona non grata' by the communist forces. These 'forces' included many strong chess players, most prominently, Anatoly Karpov, whose reign as Chess World Champion almost fully coincided with Gulko's struggle for freedom.
The book, and especially the lengthy chapter written by Gulko, made a deep impression on me of which I am still recovering. Before revealing some of the truly scandalous and sensational contents of the book, I want to address a few of the book's drawbacks and my solution for them. While I think this book should be read by anyone interested in chess history and politics, I have some problems with the way it is presented to the reader. The first of those is the fact that the chapters are ordered in a way that will, I fear, confuse readers.
GM Boris Gulko | Photo © James F. Perry, posted on Wikipedia under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 license
The core of the book is the story of Boris Gulko and his escape from the clutches of the Soviet system. Therefore, not to begin the book with his story, as is the case in the current edition, is in my view an editorial mistake. The first chapter contains the 'evidence' Popov and Felshtinsky have collected for the things the KGB did to Soviet chess players (and what some of those players did themselves), and clearly it is important to show that the claims Gulko (and Korchnoi and Kasparov) have made in the past can now, for the first time, be confirmed by someone from inside the KGB itself.
The problem is that Popov and Felshtinsky do not know the ins and outs of the chess world well enough (more about this later on), so their story - which is, after all, about the chess world - is at many points highly confusing. They admirably make up for this lack of knowledge by presenting an overload of facts, names and incidents that supposedly stem from the KGB archives and/or Popov's memory. However, no actual evidence (in the form of document scans, archive copies, etc.) is presented in the book. On top of that, there isn't a single footnote refering to existing documents to corroborate the claims the authors make in the book. This is a serious handicap for a chapter that is supposed to be about 'evidence' of some truly shocking 'facts':
Tigran Petrosian, world chess champion, was recruited in 1973 by officer Anatoly Smaznov of the First Department of the Fifth Directorate of the KGB.
Lev Polugaevsky was recruited in 1980 by Lieutenant Colonel Igor Perfiliev of the Eleventh Department of the Fifth Directorate of the KGB.
Rafael Vaganian was recruited in 1983 by the Fifth Department of the Armenian KGB. Vaganian worked with Soviet grandmasters, including trips abroad.
Eduard Gufeld was recruited in 1981 by Igor Perfiliev. (...)
These are some pretty interesting claims, but as is well knows, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. It's largely absent. Apart from this serious lack of concrete evidence (making one suspicious even of claims that are probably factually correct!), Popov and Felshtinsky's style is often not exactly 'factual' but more reminiscent of a genre that has always been popular in Russian literature: novels about (petty) criminals, such as, say, the famous The Twelve Chairs by Ilf and Petrov or Dead Souls by Gogol. Here's an example:
When the first president of the International Olympic Committee, Vitaly Smirnov, learned about this strange appointment, he asked: "Is this the same Gavrilin who cuts salami at Gramov's dacha?" Gavrilin's salami-slicing skills compensated for his general lack of culture and inability to communicate with people. He would shock international sports representatives who visited Moscow before the Goodwill Games in 1984 and in later years by taking a greasy newspaper out of his briefcase, in the car on the way from the airport, and extracting from it a salami, which he would then proceed to slice. After that, his guest would be invited to split a bottle of vodka.
While it is certainly true that anecdotes can sometimes reveal useful background information about important persons, note the somewhat clumsy style of the authors, who effectively use the same salami joke no less than three times in a single paragraph. Not exactly Gogol. Equally clumsy is their knowledge of some well-known (to chess players) facts in the history of chess. Thus, they describe the last phase of first Karpov-Kasparov match as follows: "In what seemed to many to be a hopeless situation for Kasparov, he suddenly started winning game after game." Well, not exactly, and in fact Gulko later on sets the record straight by describing how the match really went in a much more confident (and correct) manner.
Which brings us to my solution for reading the book in an understandable way: start with Chapter Two (Gulko's story, about which more later on) and only after reading this, turn to chapter by Popov and Felshtinsky. It will give you a proper frame of reference and you will also be able to make more sense of the name spaghetti the authors present in the first chapter - which, by the way, is not lacking in shocking facts claims.
For instance, both former FIDE President Florencio Campomanes and IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch are mentioned as KGB agents serving the wishes of the Soviet regime. Anatoly Karpov himself, too, was a KGB agent (code name "Raul"). In fact, according to this book, Karpov won both matches against Korchnoi (Baguio 1978 and Merano 1981) because he received help from the KGB. For instance, Korchnoi's son, Igor, was held in prison during both matches. But things were apparently even more extreme than this:
The operational group from the KGB also included poisonous substances experts, whose task it was to monitor Karpov's food intake and bowel movements. Their mission was to prevent anyone from putting anything in Karpov's food that could negatively influence the health of the Soviet world champion. In addition, these experts had in their possession special substances that provoked anxiety, caused sleep disturbances, and raised blood pressure. Agents from the operational group were able covertly to enter the premises occupied by Kortchnoi and his team and to work their lodgings over with these substances.
According to the plan worked out by the KGB, if the match were to take a turn that was unfavorable for Karpov, Korchnoi would be given a toxic substance that caused congestive heart failure leading to death. But this was naturally consided only a last resort - if Karpov started losing. (...) But Korchnoi lived, because he lost.
Korchnoi vs Karpov in 1978
At such moments in the book, a nice photocopy of the actual list of 'poisonous substances' from the experts, or a written order by a KGB official, would have been a nice bonus for readers with a skeptically inclined attitude. Still, even if only 5% of what's in Popov and Felshtinksy's story is true, it's still an absolutely horrific and important account of what playing chess in the Soviet Union under these circumstances was like. Chess players in the free West can only imagine.
Interesting though the first chapter of The KGB Plays Chess is, it's pale compared to the second, written by Boris Gulko. This is probably the most impressive personal life story I've ever read after The Diary of Anne Frank and Celine's Journey to the End of Night. It's difficult to even begin describing what it is, exactly, that's so compelling about this story of despair, hope and, ultimately, triumph. Is it Gulko's cynicism?
My first contact with the KGB probably occured even before my birth. I was born at the beginning of 1947 in Germany, and I don't think that the pregnancy of the wife of an officer in the Soviet occupation forces would have been left unregistered in the annals of the KGB.
Or his anecdotes, impregnated with sharp and deadly observations?
Once, in the autumn of 1976, I was coming back with the Burevestnik Sports Society team from the European Champions' Cup in the Swedish town of Lund. We spent a couple of hours in Copenhagen. In a large bookstore in the center of the city, I asked the sales clerk where I could buy books in Russian. An elderly Danish woman who was standing next to me turned to me and suggested, maliciously: "In Russia." This was an amusing joke. In bookstores in Russia at that time one could only buy ideological garbage.
His ability to combine personal honesty with profound insight?
"Understand," a [Czechoslovakian] labor union activist from a large Ostrava factory explained to me, "we are not against socialism. But we want socialism with a human face."
Socialism was something that I, strictly speaking, couldn't care less about. Chess is a capitalist game. The winner gets one point, the loser zero. There is no hint of egalitarianism. But with a human face! Not with Brezhnev's face, not with Krushchev's face, but with a human face! "Can such a thing be really possible, in the USSR, too?" I thought.
Or perhaps it is Gulko's bitter and reproachful self-reflection that pervades his story.
Yet I was still allowed to travel abroad at that time. Apparently, the fact that I had gone to Sweden and, fool that I was, returned to the USSR, had played a significant role.
Then again, it may be his loving portrayal of the people around him, the fellow "refuseniks" and his description of their way of life.
The wonderful essayist, poet, and prose writer Yuri Karabchievsky became a close friend of ours. Yuri was a pathologically honest and harmonious person. At the time we first met, not a single word of his had been published in the USSR, since he was physically incapable of working with publishers that were under control of censors. But Karabchievsky did not attempt to leave the Soviet Union either, since he felt that he was part of Russian culture. Yuri published his works in the West and earned a living by working as an engineer, an appliance technicial. The KGB did not grab him, most likely, because Karabchievsky was not an anti-Soviet writer; he was simply completely not Soviet, that is, he was honest and harmonious in every letter he wrote.
In the end, what probably most impressed me was Gulko's persistence in trying to "beat" the KGB in ways not unlike the game of chess is played: by constantly changing his strategy, applying various tactical measures and, ultimately, by showing his toughness and his fighting spirit. Gulko resorted to hunger strikes and endlessly attempted to organize demonstrations in Moscow, to mobilize Western chess players and journalists, everything because he believed he had a right: the right to move to another country.
Somewhere halfway his story, I noticed that I was not bothered at all by the lack of concrete 'evidence' in this chapter. Then I understood why: Gulko's is a personal story, not a journalistic effort. That isn't to say the claims he makes aren't true. In fact, I'd say his version is even more reliable than Popov and Felshtinksy's because Gulko stays objective all the time. For example, in the following description of a spontaneous speech he delivers - right inside the lion's den - to plea for the release Igor Korchnoi, note how he can't help agreeing with his biggest enemies about the tournament's organization:
The main unpleasantness was waiting for them at the championship's closing ceremony. In the biggest hall of the Central Chess Club of the USSR, behind a long table, sat the Moscow officials. The hall was full of people. The officials began praising each one another for the tournament's excellent organization, wich was indeed good. At the end of the event, after they finished praising each other and began to relax, I walked up to the table and announced that I wanted to say a few words.
Also, Gulko convincingly describes how paranoia takes over when you're in a situation such as the refuseniks were under the Soviets. "In general, I didn't know anyone whom someone didn't suspect of being an informant." Such candid observations make it easy to believe him on other points - some of which are crass indeed. Especially Karpov - who was a known Soviet supporter at the time - finds himself at the receiving end in this book. The following fragment is striking not only because of its harshness towards the 12th World Champion, but also because it's a great, nuanced description of creativity under the Soviet regime, no doubt easily applicable in other situations:
Anatoly Karpov in those days was extraordinarily influential. He was a unique phenomenon in Soviet life, a genuinely exceptional figure in terms of creativity and at the same time faithful to the Communist Party and the KGB nomenklatura. Good writers were opposed to the government by definition. Only hacks like Safronov or Kochetov were loyal. (...) The great composer of the Soviet period, Dmitri Shostakovich, accepted all kinds of honors and official titles while he lived, but when he died he left behind memoirs that made Soviet officials' skin crawl. The most prominent representative of the scientific world in those days was Andrei Sakharov.
Only in chess was the Soviet nomenklatura able to raise the kind of crop that had, in effect, been the goal of the Revolution of 1917. Furthermore, Karpov had the right ethnic background - by contrast, way, with the Jewish ideological Communist Botvinnik. And a "faithful" Communist was not at all the same thing as an "ideological" one. (...) In any politicial situation Karpov knew which statement was the right statement. I remember an interview he gave at the time to the magazine Studenchesky Meridian.
Karpov was asked to describe the most memorable event in his life. Any loyal Soviet citizen would have replied, of course, that it was not his first kiss or his victory in the world chess championship (...) buy his meeting with Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (...). Karpov began his answer in exactly this way. But in contrast to an ordinary Soviet person, Karpov did not stop there and continued: "There was another memorable event in my life: the adoption of the New Soviet Constitution of 1977."
Again, a footnote referring to the page on which volume of mentioned magazine this interview can be found would have been nice, but that doesn't mean it is a rather disillusioning (and, after reading this book I suppose, correct) picture of the very same person who's currently running for FIDE President...
Anyway, I guess you should read the stories about Karpov, Korchnoi and Kasparov (and many others) yourself and judge whether you believe all of them or not. Some them annoyingly overlap with what Popov and Felshtinsky write about - but despite an excellent index at the end of the book, the texts themselves don't seem to have been cross-checked for factual consistency. For example, what exactly happened in 1983 during the negotiations of the (postponed) Kasparov-Korchnoi semi-finals is portrayed in three fundamentally different ways by Popov&Felshtinsky, Gulko and Korchnoi (who wrote the lengthy Afterword).
The Russian edition of the book, published in 2009 in Moscow
That said, I think the most memorable part of the book is actually connected to Gulko's own fate. In his constant conflict with the KGB - who bugged his phone and appartment for years and actively followed not only him and his wife, but also members of his family - he also discovers some pretty cool (I thought) things, such as that shouting in public that a certain person is, in fact, a KGB agent, makes the agent run away as quickly as possible: "there were certain rules that they, too, had to obey. Thus, their membership in the 'organization' could not be revealed in public."
As Mikhail Gorbachev comes in power ("a big change from the three half-corpses who had reigned before him") in 1985, Gulko and his wife Anya sense a change in the air and they ultimately seize it - but not before overcoming some terrible ordeals lasting several years, not only including "petty tricks by the KGB", but also, among others, prolonged detention and extreme psychological warfare. One clear but terrible picture emerges from these pages: if you were a chess player (or indeed any other citizen) in those days and you didn't like the Soviet Union or the KGB, then you were in deep, deep shit. Fortunately for him, Gulko's story has a happy end - but (as he points out himself many times) countless Soviet dissident stories do not.
The Afterword by Viktor Korchnoi - probably the most famous chess dissident of all time - is interesting in its own right. Apart from more or less expected sneers towards the usual suspects ("the shameless Campomanes"), it is also full of nuance. For example, Korchnoi is quite forgiving towards KGB colonel Viktor Litvinov, Kasparov's former "manager", who is treated rather less mercifully in other chapters. But look what Korchnoi writes about him:
The [first] world championship match between Karpov and Kasparov would soon begin. I saw the entire Soviet chess machine before me. But the only person who I felt was for Kasparov was Litvinov. And I found a convenient moment, called him aside, and took him for a walk in order to tell him some of my observations about the strong and weak sides of Karpov's game and behavior. A colonel of the KGB and an inveterate enemy of that organization and of the Soviet Union - strolling about London in peaceful conversation!
Naturally, there were snitches who immediately informed about Colonel Litvinov's "dubious behaviour" and he was reprimanded by the high command. My apologies to Litvinov. I did not want to create difficulties for him. But I hope that my comments were useful to Kasparov...
Kasparov's place in The KGB Plays Chess is a minor curious thing itself. All authors praise him to no end. In the final chapter of the book, a (rather mysterious) Letter from Vladimir Popov (to Felshtinsky) is reproduced. It is in part about the situation in Putin's Russia (the letter dates from 2007), but it is also about Kasparov. Popov "officially declares" that "for the entire period of his sports career in the USSR, Kasparov was under constant surveillance by the KGB". While this is at least credible, Popov then goes on in rather populist fashion:
Under surveillance, Kasparov proved himself to be a person of true humanist and democratic convictions, never making any deals with the authorities that went against his own notions. By doing so, he sometimes placed his professional future at risk, but he never compromised his principles. That is just the kind of man he is.
Popov's letter is a strange and somewhat unsatisfactory conclusion to an absolutely gripping read. There are simply too many noteworthy passages to quote them all. This review can only offer a glimpse of what is described, but I hope I've convinced you that you should read this book, even if you do it in a different order than was intended by the publisher. Even if you're not particularly interested in chess politics, be it current or historic, or even the Soviet Union, you should read the second chapter of The KGB Plays Chess as an inspiring testimony of hope, courage and human survival.
3 years 6 months ago
Celine's "Voyage au bout de la nuit" is not a "personal life story", it's a work of fiction,
(partly) inspired on Celine's own life, which is something completely different.
Style was for Celine a matter of the uttermost importance, and it would send shivers down his spine to see his masterpiece in any way comapred or related to diaries or works of journalism,a category to which this book both stylistically and conceptually most certainly belongs.
3 years 6 months ago
Darn, I was trying to get hold of this book in English. It doesn't quite sound like the book I wanted it to be either. What I'd like to see is extensive quotes from the KGB files. In particular I'd like to see material on Keres after the war. Any mention of this period that isn't hearsay?
@Mark: Keres isn't mentioned in the book, which is really about the seventies and eighties, not the decades before.
@steven: Perhaps Celine's novel is not a life story in the strictest sense, but I'm sure you'll agree it's in the same league as Anne Frank's diary in portraying a particular (non-fictional) world view and 'zeitgeist' in a very impressive manner. This is what I had in mind with my comparison. (Gulko's story, by the way, is certainly not a work of journalism. For instance, most of the dialogues in the book must surely be fiction. All personal life stories are to some degree fictional. I agree there's a difference with Celine but frankly I don't care in this context :-) )
dear arne!
I know that some occasionally criticise or correct your English expression. Next time that happens, you might refer them to this great great sentence:
"One clear but terrible picture emerges from these pages: if you were a chess player (or indeed any other citizen) in those days and you didn't like the Soviet Union or the KGB, then you were in deep, deep shit. "
Bert de Bruut
3 years 6 months ago
Celine's "Journey", nor Anne Frank's book for that matter, is not compared with or related to the book under review in any way, apart from the similar impression these books made on the reviewer.
3 years 6 months ago
"Note the somewhat clumsy style of the authors."
"Not exactly Gogol."
Know thyself.
3 years 6 months ago
My guess is that the main problem of this book relies in the fact that it is not the work of historians. I mean, an historian would never have given such a controversial book without the support of a precise documentation. There, despite my admiration for all these great players, the first thing i notice is that they are all very biaised, which is normal considering what they lived, and some unfortunately known for their paranoical assertions (Korchnoi and Kasparov) : whether it being fair or not, it cast suspicion on this work.
This is a far too much one-sided book, it really lacks an objective authority (such as an historian). I believe that they tought the KGB agent would play this role, but, since you say that he does not bring any proof, i fear that we are compelled to read again 'Anti-chess' or the series 'Modern Chess' about the KK matches. And i personnaly know that russians are really fond of this kind of KGB story, secret soviet conspiracies etc.
At least, Gulko's story seems to be something new.
Anybody knows if somebody ever did neutral and methodic search on chess during the CCCR, not a chess player or somebody not belonging to our world?
1 year 5 months ago
@vladimirOo: You're right, though I don't think anybody can in their right mind deny the general truthfulness of what's said in this book: that the KGB and the Soviet authorities indeed used to do the sort of things they are accused of by the authors.
For what it's worth, it is also largely consistent with descriptions from other creative areas such as music and literature.
What's tougher to evaluate are the concrete accusations in this book: even though there were many secret agents working for the KGB, that surely doesn't prove Karpov was also one of them. And even though I'm sure the KGB has poisoned some of their opponents, it doesn't follow Korchnoi was to be treated in the same way. For this we need a more rigorous kind of evidence than the memories of a former KGB colonel. I find it incomprehensible that the authors of this book (and the publisher) appear not to have noticed this obvious problem.
Coco Loco
3 years 6 months ago
Oh, you want hard proof? Of course. (Former) Officer Anatoly Smaznov of the First Department of the Fifth Directorate of the KGB, could you please make a photocopy of Tigran Petrosian's payroll record for me. Thank you very much.
Germany made the Stasi records public. Last I heard, Russia hadn't quite done so yet.
What about the Hazer Baturinsky? Is this fat pig all over the book like he was all over the Sports Committee?
@Casablanca: of course he is.
For instance, Gulko describes how Baturinsky personally called up players who were paired against Gulko to recommend them to "go all out" because this was "very important" for them. Embarrassed, the players usually offered draws after just a few moves, but Gulko, who was of course unaware of these phone calls, refused and real games were played after all. His conclusion is noteworthy:
"This story demonstrates once more the fecklessness with which the party managed sports. A person cannot run faster, throw farther, or think better because this is important for the triumph of an ideology - an ideology that he might not even share. One can, of course, order someone to lose; but one cannot order anyone to win."
Henk de Jager
3 years 6 months ago
Hmmmm.....Celine´s Voyage au bout de la nuit has biographical elements, but is in its core still a novel and definitely not a life story.
I've not yet read the book (I will purchase it), but Coco Loco is on the right track; as was Arne. Until we have copies or better still the original KGB records, papers, files, etc., we don't have anything but stories...
3 years 6 months ago
Despite the explicit praise, this review leaves me with the impression that the book is a big pile of crap, with Gulko's story mixed in for some decency. Throwing mud around with no factual evidence is pretty low, and even if most of it is true then what about the rest?
"Even if only 5% of what's in Popov and Felshtinksy's story is true..." - No, if you accuse a number of random prominent people from the USSR of contacts with KGB then you should get much higher hit percentage. It was a rule that after a trip aboard, people were contacted by KGB and asked questions. Pretty much everyone turns out to be KGB informant this way.
3 years 6 months ago
And the authors of this gulko-crap will receive some money. Don't choke of the bones of Petrosian, Polugaevsky and Co.
3 years 6 months ago
I was active in chess and FIDE during the whole decade of the seventies, and could tell some very different stories than I've gathered from the reviews.
Karpov was certainly not a member of the KGB after his first defense of his title (which the Soviet Chess Federation stole for him from Bobby Fischer in much the same way that Kirsan stole the last FIDE Presidential election and is attempting to steal this one). Karpov was actually followed by KGB members in the guise of interpreters.
High ranking members of the Federation had real interpreters, one of whom was kept from defecting because her daughter was not allowed to accompany her on any trips to the West.
Campomanes did many things that were suggested by the Soviets, but that was because he did not have the nerves necessary to stand up to the KGB, just as many people now do not have the nerves necessary to stand up to Kirsan Ilyumzhinov. He is, after all, a murderer - and this has a lot of fact behind it. (I know, he did not wield the murder weapons - he only controlled those who did).
I will not buy the book because I do not wish to enrich those who would publish these sour grapes - especially against Karpov at a time when he is running against the rogue who has ruined our FIDE.
3 years 6 months ago
Also fisher spoken about tough time he had on candidates tournaments because soviet players quickly drew their games and arranging their games, so definitely KGB was very strong player
3 years 6 months ago
Perhaps Korchnoi's Chess is My Life (published in the 80s I believe) would be a good compliment to this book. In it, he gives detailed description of some of the things he had to endure in the Soviet Union as aomeone unpopular with the authorities.
From what I remember, Korchnoi describes Karpov as a person who did not shy from utilizing the privileges offered to him by the Soviet system. At the same time, he does not portray Karpov as a malicious person but a skillful politician. He also makes it clear that Karpov really wanted to play Fischer for the title, and the match was sabotaged against his wishes.
3 years 6 months ago
I agree with inky . It's obiuse that policy have a mane role in other event all over the world such professional sport that containing so match many ,attribute and acceptability . It not only in chess also in many of other popular sports like football...
But it not means that youe most Lose to Live!
In recent situations it's a very suspicious movment to destroy karpov authority.
No doubt that is one of best world chess players for many years and his victories not by accommodation with KGB.It's very geat BLUFF!!
3 years 6 months ago
Actually Felshtinksy is Western trained historian with a PhD in History. The lack of any citations of evidence to back up the claims is a very poor job on his part.
Mephisto Hellström
3 years 6 months ago
Dear Arne,
Thanx for the review!
(Maybe nice to know for your german-reading audience that this book was already in print since December 2009 with the title: 'Der KGB setzt matt: Wie der sowjetische Geheimdienst die Schachwelt manipulierte'?)
Thank you for a great article Arne. Keep up the great work! I have ordered the book and plan to start with chapter 2.
Perhaps Fischer was justified in his fear of the Soviets attempting to harm him. I'd like to think his rabid anti-semetic rants were a cover to ward the Soviets off, but I doubt it.
3 years 6 months ago
I'm with jussu on this.
Looks like a big missed opportunity to me from reading this review. Even if there are some grains of truth in the book; if one cannot make the distinction between fact and fiction the whole thing becomes useless.
@test, jussu: Gulko's chapter - the biggest chunk of the book - is most certainly not useless, nor is it a 'pile of crap'. There are different standards for life stories and journalistic efforts. Read the piece by Gulko and then let me know if you still think what you're saying now.
3 years 6 months ago
"According to the plan worked out by the KGB, if the match were to take a turn that was unfavorable for Karpov, Korchnoi would be given a toxic substance that caused congestive heart failure leading to death. But this was naturally consided only a last resort – if Karpov started losing. (…) But Korchnoi lived, because he lost."
So why didn't they kill Korchnoi when the score was 5-5? One more win and he would have been World Champion.
3 years 6 months ago
There is no doubt that the KGB had a strong hand in Soviet chess, but lets not pretend that Jews where somehow victims of the Soviet Union. Jews created the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union slaughtered millions of it's own citizens, mostly Christians.
In the end, the Soviet Union was like Frankenstein's monster, turning on it's creator i.e. the Jewish intellectuals. Let's not forget how Jewish players like Botvinnik profited from the KGB's influence in chess. The 1948 Championship Tournament is the perfect example. If you're going to write a book about the KGB's influence in Soviet Chess you cannot leave out the fact that Botvinnik was the Communist regime's biggest supporter among the Soviet Grandmasters and the biggest beneficiary of the KGB's "dirty tricks" .
@call_me_ishmael: "lets not pretend that Jews where somehow victims of the Soviet Union"
Who's pretending this? And who's "leaving out facts"? I suggest you read the book first before criticizing it.
I will never read this book simply because I have met Gulko. I have never met a more detestable person in my life.
@CAL/Daniel: What specifically did GM Gulko do or say that caused you to find him detestable?
He seems kind, gentle and intelligent to me. Both he and his wife appear to be wonderful people. And their chess games are beautiful and instructive.
I met him at the US Championship. I greeted him and asked for his signature. I complimented him on his beautiful win. He threw my pen to the ground and told me to (expletive deleted) off. Thats hardly a nice thing to say to a person who was previous a fan BEFORE they met the a-hole whose chess they were admiring.
No that was not a nice thing to say.
Perhaps he was having a bad day. I know that when I say mean things and regret them later I feel badly. I try to remember that mean and hateful words can hurt, and once out of my mouth I cannot retrieve them. One cannot put the toothpaste back into the tube.
Maybe if you forgive his rudeness and let it go good things will come your way.
Good things will come my way just by avoiding him, in the states its common knowledge that the one thing VK and BG share is their terrible attitude towards people. They are genuine jerks.
Well thankfully my experiences were different. I met VK in Amsterdam and he graciously took a photo with my grandson and was very sweet. I met Gulko in New Jersey USA and he spoke at a childrens chess lecture. At that time he seemed nice. They both have been through a lot of bad things in life.
If it is common knowledge in the states that they share a terrible attitude toward people you should certainly avoid them.
3 years 6 months ago
@CAL Daniel
If its such common knowledge in the states that they are genuine jerks...how come you were such a fan...sounds like a little ingenuity on your part.
As an analogy to your pointless statement
Solzhenitsyn didn't have much of a reputation for his social skills in the states either.
What exactly would that have to do with the extent of his KGB problems is beyond me.
I imagine that many who have been oppressed may lose some of their Joie de vivre and maybe even more so feelings of bonhomie to their fellow man.
I have not read the book, do not intend to, and have no opinion on its merits.
Quite simply Jo, at the time I was very new to chess having only played it 6months. I was unaware of the 'common knowledge' until the incident occurred. When I relayed the incident to my friends, the answer was always "didn't you know he was an a-hole?"
As to the merit of the book, I would have trouble believing ANYONE that makes such claims as these without evidence. The review Arne has done indicates there is no evidence whatsoever only 4 people's words that we are supposed to take as fact. I would never take anything Gulko says ever as a fact in regards to people that have oppressed him (hasn't anyone ever heard of the word 'bias?' let alone select memory bias?).
"The review Arne has done indicates there is no evidence whatsoever only 4 people's words that we are supposed to take as fact."
That's not true, CalDaniel. Many things are facts and can be easily checked from looking at other sources. The only thing I have trouble with are the extraordinary claims and the fact that there are no footnotes to point to the actual references. But the fact that the footnotes aren't there (quite inconvenient) doesn't mean things cannot be checked in principle, or haven't been checked by the editors.
3 years 6 months ago
I think the main question is what it means when we're told that for example Polugaevsky was "recruited by the KGB". Did Polu torture dissidents in a basement in Moscow, or did he submit a report on his recent tournament? Or is he just to be found on some obscure list?
Is there any elaboration in the book on what these grandmasters actually were performing for the KGB, if they ever did?
@Zooty: According to the authors, most of the chess players that had ties with the KGB were "informants", i.e. they passed sensitive information on to the KGB about chess players who were under "surveillance". It's all a little vague and unspecific, although I do not doubt that there must indeed have been chess players who did pass information about their colleagues to the authorities, just like there were informants among musicians, artists, scientists, etc.
Well Arne, you're review inspired me to purchase the book. I eagerly look forward to the chance to form my own opinion. I've collected a number of books on Soviet Chess Politics and have written a paper on the subject. Certainly the book won't be boring!
I'd be interested in your opinion once you have read it, noyb.
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Amy Morton and Tracy Letts are currently going head to head in the 50th-anniversary production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? at the Booth Theatre. Were Word of Mouth panelists Fernando, Elissa and Yiping happy to join the party?
The Broadway cast performs the title song of "Mamma Mia!"January 26, 2010
Sex, songs and erotic literature! Audiences are in hysterics at off-Broadway's newest parody of the Fifty Shades of Grey series, and star Laurie Gardner dropped by to explain why Cuff Me is a can't-miss night of comedy!May 28, 2013
Daniel Radcliffe is back on Broadway in Martin McDonagh's hilarious and heartbreaking The Cripple of Inishmaan. We caught up with him to find out about what he had to say about his character, tips for watching the show and his Broadway future.April 2, 2014
Chantel Riley has dreamed of playing Nala since she first saw The Lion King movie. Now, she embraces her Broadway transformation into the "strong and powerful" lioness. See the history behind her makeup and how the role helped her grow.November 9, 2012
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How to Make Your Own Herbal Spice Smoke Blends
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Discover how to make your own effective, 100% legal and safe herbal spice smoke blends for personal use or just make them for the fun of it. In today's market, it is real easy to accidentally get your hands on some powerful and dangerous herbal blends. Some of them are not even legal even though the packaging states otherwise. Some contain very dangerous chemicals and still claim to be 100% natural. The only way to have a 100% legal, yet effective and safe herbal smoke blend is to actually make it yourself. The herbs are relatively cheap and easy to find, especially with the internet as a resource for connections. There is a lot to know about each ingredient that goes into an herbal blend. These secret ingredients have been guarded from the general public to make a select few companies rich… very rich. I will demonstrate how you can get creative and design the perfect herbal smoke blend for your personal needs the safe and legal way.
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We are still looking for volunteers. We have had several new volunteers sign-up, which we are very excited about, but we can always use more. If you are interested, please come to our next meeting! We look forward to seeing you!
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This June, the PKD community will unite in Kansas City for three days of relationship building, education and fun. Join us as we hear from experts in the field, including Gregory G. Germino, M.D. of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) at the National Institutes of Health and leading ARPKD expert Lisa Guay-Woodford, M.D. Whether you are a PKD patient, caregiver or family member we know you will walk away from the Convention with new connections, friends and practical tips for managing your health or supporting a loved one.
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The following article will get your Rackspace email account setup on your iPhone using an IMAP connection. An IMAP connection allows you to access and manage your email directly from Rackspace servers. Any changes made on your device will be replicated on the server. Let's take a look at how tp set this up:
1. From the home screen on your device tap Settings, and then Mail, Contacts, Calendars.
2. You'll then tap Add Account, Tap Other and then Add Mail Account.
3. The "New Account" screen will appear and you'll then Enter in the following information in the fields provided, and then tap the Save button.
4. After your account has been looked up, you'll then select IMAP located at the top and then enter in both the Incoming Mail Server and Outgoing Mail Server fields with the following information:
5. After you've entered in all the information, tap Save and the device will then verify your settings. After you've been verified, you'll then be take to the Mail & Notes screen.
Mapping your folders allows you to synchronize email across all your devices, email clients and the web. By default, some email clients and mobile devices create their own folders for Sent, Trash, Spam etc. You can map your sent, deleted, and spam messages to their proper folders as will as access any sub-folders you've created by following the procedure below:
1. After you've set up your mail account, go back to your home screen and Tap your Mail icon.
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The ACP Depression Care Guide is an evidence-based resource that provides concise, practical information, strategies, and tools to enable busy clinicians to reduce the treatment gaps that exist for depression care in a manner tailored to their own practice settings.
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These programs aim to assist parents in helping children manage their weight and live healthy lifestyles with specific activities and milestones.
Healthier Generation
Better Choices, Better Health - Diabetes is a six-week online workshop teaches individuals with diabetes self-management skills and techniques to more effectively manage their diabetes, overcome challenges, and improve their health. The workshop provides tips and tools to create and track weekly plans to improve health; monitor blood sugar, food, medication, and exercise; and an outlet to discuss problems and solutions with other participants.
National Council on Aging (NCOA)
This resource helps you by providing nutritional tracking tools and fitness plans to help you reach your weight goals.
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This website provides checklists, daily tips to manage diabetes, videos, and stories from others dealing with diabetes.
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and American College of Endocrinology (ACE)
This quit smoking program helps you re-learn your life without cigarettes. The EX Plan helps you see quitting not as one big war, but as a number of little battles you can actually win. Includes tools to chart your progress and set your quit smoking date.
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This guide contains easy-to-understand charts and worksheets to help you track your diabetes health and work with your doctor to develop a plan to maintain a healthy heart. It is available in English and Spanish. En español
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The ICIC Resource Library offers resources and teaching tools designed for leading and managing efforts to improve health systems to benefit the chronically ill.
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Let's Go! is a nationally recognized childhood obesity prevention program that works to increase physical activity and healthy eating for children from birth to 18 through policy and environmental changes.
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This website offers teens free nutrition, health, and fitness tools, along with support and resources that help teens achieve their health goals.
This website helps you set, track, and achieve goals to live a healthier lifestyle.
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President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
The Virtual Lifestyle Management program (VLM) is an online version of the Diabetes Prevention Program. It is designed to help you lose weight and become more active by incorporating healthy habits into your daily routine. It provides tools to set goals and track and manage progress. You will also receive guidance and coaching from an experienced health care professional.
DPS Health
This online weight management program combines proven scientific research with online technology. It is ideal for motivated individuals, as well as motivated employers and their teams, who wish to reduce weight, improve health, and build a culture of personal well-being at home and at the workplace.
Vtrim Online
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2012 February 27
Milan Fall 2012: Salvatore Ferragamo, Missoni, Aquilano.Rimondi, Marni
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(MILAN) Salvatore Ferragamo
Massimiliano Giornetti continues to prove his way with women, and his Fall effort for Ferragamo demonstrated a new breadth in his offerings and a deepening of his technique. The collection kicked off with a military story, featuring double-breasted, brass-buttoned coats with the requisite detailing, like panels of leather. Showing a penchant for harder lines, Giornetti then threw in some lace with the velvet and leather pencil skirts and cropped, loose trousers. A romantic peasant dress moment, featuring metallic embroidery, tiered skirts, and an off-the-shoulder silhouette, foreshadowed the final lace looks in gilt and black. Opulent luxury, characterized by restraint: such is the style of the new Ferragamo.
A country girl in the city must be a theme that Angela Missoni can relate to, because her hybridized Fall collection was among her most winning in recent memory. Heavy use of leather and fur, coupled with an earthy palette of sienna, bone, slate, and all sorts of blues, nodded to Missoni's own particular take on the warrior chic trend that has been sweeping certain runways. A leaner silhouette, characterized by a slim pant, below-the-knee pencil skirt, and body-con sheath, was further streamlined with a narrow empire-waisted belt used on a variety of looks. Aline Weber sported an especially great overcoat in a bluish blanket stripe with a wide fox collar that was just one standout in Missoni's ever-strengthening outerwear category. But the bravest of office-bound chicettes will have the most fun with a knit cerulean turtleneck and matching-ish jacket—it, too, trimmed in fur. Work it!
Courtly chic! Tommaso Aquilano and Roberto Rimondi capitalized on one of F12's emerging trends—the printed pantsuit—with a brocade-heavy collection that emphasized the art of dressing up. These designers aren't inclined to show bravado, but their technical prowess in both patternmaking and embellishment revealed themselves in full force. A final series of great-looking black dresses—mostly mini, and glittering with jeweled embroidery—are destined for a red carpet near you in the near future.
With the H&M stuff destined for city streets, Consuelo Castiglioni is officially having a moment. No wonder she opted for a petit departure. Her streamlined Fall collection was reminiscent of the swinging sixties (pastel hoisery, colorblocked separates) decked out with the classic Marni touches (full sleeves, great outerwear, embellishment) the masses are bound to love. Pajama dressing made a cameo, as did colored mink (a rust/sand vest with a tangerine skirt was especially fetching). The black-and-gold motif, one of Milan's major statements (to say nothing of Jessica Chastain's Oscar dress) remains en runway in full force.


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- Home /
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- Membrane Flush Kit
BRS 4 Stage Value RO/DI System - 75GPD$129.99 As low as: $123.99
Dual Inline TDS Meter DM-1 - HM Digital$29.99 As low as: $28.99
Auto Shut Off Kit for Reverse Osmosis Systems$24.99 As low as: $23.99
Air Filled Pressure Gauge 1-100 PSI$12.99 As low as: $12.49
Great Product Great Price! By Charles on 3/3/14Charles would recommend this product to a friendI have gotten these for all of my friends that are serious about the RO!
Must have for rodi By Gary on 2/23/14Gary would recommend this product to a friendA must have on a rodi unit. This valve flushes ro membrane and extends the life.
Great Product By Steve on 2/13/14Steve would recommend this product to a friendA great addition to my RODI system. Helps to prolong the life of the RO membrane.
easy install By Alabama Reef on 1/28/14Alabama Reef would recommend this product to a friendvery easy to install, I had the small flow restrictor that goes in the drain line. took about 5 minutes total to get it installed.
Perfect and easy use By Redneck reefer on 1/23/14Redneck reefer would recommend this product to a friendBought this to upgrade my existing rodi unit was easy to install and use and top quality
Easy to install, great product By Nick Club on 12/17/13Nick Club would recommend this product to a friendworks perfect, keeps my membrane clean and super easy to install. A must have for any ro/di system.
Use Frequently By Frank on 11/24/13Frank would recommend this product to a friendI added a flush kit to my RO unit and it has definitely increased the longevity of both my membrane and my di resin. I flush my membrane before every use.
Order It By Cameron on 10/5/13Cameron would recommend this product to a friendDefinitely needed for any RO system. Even if it extends the life of the membrane a few months it is worth it as the membrane is the most expensive of the filters.
Excellent product By Mike on 8/23/13Mike would recommend this product to a friendFollowed install video and installed in minutes. Super easy!
Super easy By Chris on 8/2/13Chris would recommend this product to a friendIt's so easy to install, it actually takes longer to watch the video than it actually takes to install it. I ordered it from Canada and it was painless. Ordered it on a Thursday and received it on the following Thursday. Very happy with the service.
Solid By David on 7/14/13David would recommend this product to a friendJust as expected. This items is well built and a must have for any RO unit.
Great idea, simple and easy By Steve D on 6/3/13Steve D would recommend this product to a friendThis flow-restrictor bypass valve placed inline with the wastewater output tubing works great to allow temporary full flow over and past the RO membrane to help flush out excess solids.
Great idea, very easy to simply plug in the appropriate flow-restrictor and install.
RO Upgrades - Pressure Gauges, Meters, and Flush KitsPressure gauges, flush kits and TDS meters are eas ...
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Membrane Flush Kit Installation InstructionsToday's video demonstrates how to install a BRS fl ...
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How to: Installing a Membrane Flush KitSee how easy it is to install a membrane flush kit ...
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Ask a Question About 'Membrane Flush Kit'
Previously Asked Questions
by JOHN on February 18, 2014, @11:32 AM
Is install the same for a BRS 5 stage with water saver upgrade?
Bulk Reef Supply Hey John,
It sure is! It still just installs at the flow restrictor on your unit, nothing changes and it will then flush both membranes.
by Julio on March 8, 2014, @3:00 AM
How long would you suggest we flush before and after use?
Bulk Reef Supply Hi Julio,
Just 3-5 Minutes would be great!
by Chris on April 15, 2014, @7:41 AM
A while ago I purchased the 150GPD RO Upgrade Kit, and the flush kit, but recently noticed that when the flush value us open, to flush the membrane, that I still have water going through the "clean" lines, a good bit. My guess is that I don't have it installed correctly. I assume the flush kit should be after the second membrane, is that correct? Or do I need a second flush kit? If this is correct, should I have that much water going through the clean line when the flush value is open?
Bulk Reef Supply Hey Chris,
As long as the flush kit is installed around the flow restrictor on the waste water line (which would be out of the second membrane) there isn't anything to worry about. If you have high enough water pressure its possible that you would still produce some product water during the process, but not as much as when your in normal operation.
by Casey on April 22, 2014, @2:50 PM
Do I leave the faucet on while flushing the membrane?
Bulk Reef Supply Hi Casey,
If you mean your water supply that is feeding the membrane, yes you want to leave the water supply turned on while you are flushing the membrane.
RO Membrane flush kits increase the flow to the membrane by bypassing the flow restrictor. This helps flush deposits and increase the usable life of the RO membrane. BulkReefSupply.com recommends flushing the membrane before and after each use or every few weeks as part of regular reverse osmosis system maintenance.
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The Xerox WorkCentre PRO-232 is a reliable printer, scanner, fax machine, and copier, all in one unit. This is a heavy-duty office device to help complete any monochrome job with ease from one machine. This imaging system will be able to complete 125,000 impressions each month giving offices the capability to keep printing. It will print with adequate resolutions of 600 x 600 dpi and can be adjusted for images and graphics to an interpolated 4800 x 600 dpi. This machine will be able to produce around 32 pages per minute with a short warm-up time. It contains one uniquely shaped toner cartridge for Xerox that is easy to replace with its fitting design. Users can also connect and share projects on this corporate printer through a fast Ethernet interface.
The Xerox WorkCentre PRO 232 toner cartridges will eject onto Laser Dry Electrostatic Transfers which give projects resistance to water and smudging. This all-in-one office printer also has multiple paper handling trays including 2 large 500 Sheet trays and a 100 sheet bypass tray, ideal for printing onto specialty paper. In addition this printer comes with an optional 50 page Automatic Document Feeder to copy, scan, or fax multiple pages unassisted. It also has finishing capabilities such as stapling and even Standard Automatic Trayless Duplexing which will enable the office to create 2 sided printouts. The Xerox WorkCentre PRO 232 also contains a Walkup Fax (one-line and two-line options) with LAN Fax, Internet Fax, and Network Server Fax Enablement for the ultimate in fax versatility.
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Top 10 world's largest airline companies
A series of mergers over the last decade has created a group of mega-airlines that reach almost every corner of the globe. Here are the world's largest airline companies based on the number of miles their passengers flew in 2010, according to AP calculations on International Air Transport Association data:
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Cool off & dine out in Dover
Affordable shopping options are conveniently located near the Firefly Music Festival area including Target, Acme, Wal-Mart and much more. Most stores offer propane tanks, bags of ice and anything else you may need to pack for spening severl days outdoors. Dick's Sporting Goods offers anything you may need while camping. Use the below listings to search for shopping locations.


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Discuss! ...and stuff.
Looks like JV might be ready for the game, according to Doug Smith and Eric Koreen.
Let the battle of Drummond and Val begin.
Discuss! ...and stuff.
Looks like JV might be ready for the game, according to Doug Smith and Eric Koreen.
Let the battle of Drummond and Val begin.
NEVER FORGET... NUMERO OCHO 👌 #saluteJose
JV vs. Drummond will be a race to see who fouls out first I want to see how our platoon of Davis, Amir and JV stack up against an up and coming stud like Monroe. So happy basketball is back.
might actually stay up for this one... 6 hours ahead sucks
"Analytics has a place. It cant be the be all end all. Im still trying to figure out when the Oakland Athletics won a championship with all the analytics they have."
Coach Hollins, who is a better basketball mind than you are.
@RaptorsPR: JV is a go for tonight. DC tells media there will probably be a minutes limit on Jonas for tonight. #raptors
Awesome so pumped!
Hope JV gets at least 15 minutes. I am most interested in seeing his positioning on offence and his help defence under his own basket.
let's have a bet on how many fouls flying V has by the end of the night.
i'm going with 4 fouls in 15 minutes of playing time.
sticking with 4 fouls
Today is the day of lowering expectations for this young guy, at last.
It will be fun to see the enthusiasm he brings, and if the team feeds off it
Will this game be aired on TV? or on FirstRow?
Available on the Raptors Channel, NBA Canada.
JV warming up at the palace..
Felt like this was important enough to share
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