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learning/ teaching scenarios
The Battle for Open [webinar]
As more and more educational institutions embrace the idea of "openness," the debate of open vs. closed is evolving to a more nuanced discussion. This webinar will explore this transition and the ongoing challenges of mainstreaming open education.
SoLAR Concept Paper: Open Learning Analytics
Significant potential exists for analytics to guide learners, educators, administrators, and funders in making learning-related decisions. Learning analytics represent the application of "big data" and analytics in education. This proposal expresses the importance of a planned and integrated approach to developing insightful and easy-to-use learning analytics tools.
The two-year CPDLab project, started in October 2011, aims to improve the quality of ICT-related Continuing Professional Development available to teachers, school leaders and other school staff and help schools become effective learning environments by offering a portfolio of training courses directly related to the needs of teachers in the future classroom.
The CPDLab project is a small, two year project, supported by the Commission's Lifelong Learning Programme as a Comenius Multilateral Project. It will deliver three training courses for teachers in the areas of:
- Interactive Whiteboards: innovative pedagogical use of Interactive Whiteboard technologies in secondary schools.
- E-Safety: improved eSafety policies in secondary schools, addressing issues such as cyber bullying, use of social networks, responsible use of mobile and Internet technologies, etc.
- Future Classroom Scenarios: implementation and dissemination of teaching and learning activities for the future classroom.
The first course modules will be piloted in summer 2012. The fully validated courses will be available from summer 2013.
Rationale for the development of CPDLab Courses
The development of the three courses has been prioritised, to address gaps in the current provision.
A wide range of Interactive Whiteboard courses exist today. Many of these are linked to vendors and are delivered as part of the initial purchase. IWB teacher communities have built up around this training, which encourage the sharing of ideas and these are particularly active within subject disciplines. However, recent research supported by Ministries of Education in European Schoolnet's Interactive Whiteboard Working Group shows that there is a lack of a generic pedagogically-based IWB course.
In e-Safety, there is a wealth of information on the different issues and within each member state there are websites to download relevant information. There are training courses addressing specific issues e.g.: cyber-bullying. Recent research has confirmed there is still limited training for schools on this issue which has contributed to the launching a pilot for a schools' eSafety Label.
The third course is linked to the iTEC project. This four-year, pan-European project is focused on the design of the future classroom. Divided into phases, the project will deliver a range of innovative learning activities and validate these via pilots in over 1,000 classrooms across Europe. The CPDLab project will develop training around these validated learning activities in order to spread and disseminate best practice.
Target groups for CPDLab training
The CPDLab courses are aimed at secondary schools. The main audience for the training will be teachers and trainers involved in continuous professional development within their school, region or country. Some modules will be of more interest to senior management and policy makers and the courses will be designed in a modular style to enable different learning pathways according to the needs of different groups.
Validation and Quality Assurance
Two teacher focus groups, consisting of teachers from each partner country, will contribute to the course development and validation process. The quality assurance process, will receive input and steering from a project Pedagogical Board comprising of experts in each of the areas, with review and critical friend input from an appointed independent evaluation expert.
Delivery of CPDLab training courses
The CPDLab Courses will be delivered as five day training courses, taking advantage of the in-service Comenius funding available for teachers. These courses will be delivered in the Future Classroom Lab, a fully equipped, reconfigurable, teaching and learning space that is part of the European Schoolnet office in Brussels.
The modular design of the courses, will offer the flexibility for various member states to take up all or some of the modules depending on their existing national and regional models. A course catalogue will be translated into the four languages of the project partners – Finnish, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Italian.
CPDLab Courses availability
To accelerate the dissemination and exploitation of the courses being developed, it is hoped that the first modules can be offered in the summer of 2012, following trialling with teacher focus groups and some early pilot training.
- Survey: Oct-Dec 2011
- Course development - phase 1: Jan-Mar 2012
- Course development Focus Group: Apr 2012 - Mar 2013
- Course development - phase 2: Jul 2012 - Jun 2013
- Course validation Focus Group: Jul 2012 - Jun 2013
- Final courses: Jul - Sep 2013
Improving Student Learning symposium 2012
Improving student learning through research and scholarship: 20 years of ISL
The major aim of the Symposium is to provide a forum which brings together those who are primarily researchers into learning in higher education and those who are primarily practitioners concerned more pragmatically with improving their practice, and encourages the sharing of scholarly work and collaborative discussion. But from whichever starting point, papers are only accepted if they take a sufficiently scholarly, research-based approach.
In 2012 we celebrate 20 years of the Improving Student Learning Symposium with a conference theme of 'Improving student learning through research and scholarship: 20 years of ISL' so this year we especially invite participants to submit proposals which reflect back on what we have learnt over the past two decades, or would want to claim we now understand about student learning, and the research evidence that supports it.
As interest in improving the student experience has grown, ISL remains the place to discuss the impact of research findings on our practice. The distinctive format of published papers combined with times set aside for themed discussions is annually welcomed by up to 200 participants from over 15 countries at each conference.
Learning Scenarios. Preparing together for the future of corporate learning
This website and the related workshop use scenario planning as an unique opportunity for those involved in defining strategies for Learning and Development within the workplace to consider potential futures in their field. Participants are examining the external factors shaping corporate learning and work together with industry experts and like-minded peers to create future scenarios that can be used to help them prepare more effectively for new worlds.
Streetlearn: a serious game using Google Streetview
The StreetLearn project has developed and tested a serious game using Google Streetview to create the 3D surroundings of the game. The learner/gamer is a police officer searching for a drugs dealer and his stash. The game is situated in the centre of Amsterdam, the 'grachtengordel', that forms part of the Unesco cultural heritage. While playing the gamer learns about the cultural and historical value of the grachtengordel.
Cost effective
Games often take place in a realistic 3D-environment. Developing these surroundings is much too costly for many educational institutions. But Google Streetview is an open 3D-environment, available for everybody. Is it possible to use Google Streetview for serious games, was the central question for the project Streetlearn. What are the possibilities and limitations of Google Streetview as a 3D-environment for educational purposes. What do teachers need to use this environment for the development of serious games? What are the benefits of the use of Google Streetview as a game environment for eduction?
The Streetlearn project has developed a location-dependent game using Google Streetview. A learning scenario has been written in which the gamers play the role of a police officer hunting for drugsdealers. The gamers receive assignments to find objects, to go to another location, to follow up tips and to answer questions. In the meantime they move through the streets of the centre of Amsterdam, gaining information and acquiring knowledge about their enviroment.
A prototype has been developed and has been made available in Google Streetview. A small group of students Cultural Sciences of the Open Universiteit have played the game. The fist evaluations are posted on the website of Streetlearn. The final evaluation of the project will also appear there.
The Streetlearn project started in June 2011 (see the earlier newsitem) and will end this year. It is co-financed by the SURFnet/Kennisnet innovation programme.
EERJ - European Educational Research Journal
The EERJ publishes articles from a wide range of research on education that illuminate the emerging 'space' of European education, learning and research. This 'space' and its processes are often described as constituting Europeanization and they are relatively new, complex and often puzzling, so there is no standard format for approaching them.
However the EERJ encourages contributions which seek to explore or interrogate Europeanization through the analysis of policy and practice at national or European level, across the fields and sectors of education provision.
Rénovation des salles multimédia en Région Ile de France
La Région Ile-de-France a pour projet de créer et de rénover les salles multimédia au profit des établissements publics locaux d'enseignement pour une durée de trois ans.
Ces salles sont principalement pluridisciplinaires et sont utilisées pour l'enseignement des langues.
Le concept retenu pour la création de nouvelles salles réside dans l'espace multimédia. Ainsi, VXCD Tecnilab a donc été choisie avec la société LogoSapience afin de mener à bien cette opération.
Salle multimédia
LogoSapience développe et commercialise la solution LogoLAB. VXCD Tecnilab, étant un revendeur agréé de LogoSapience, a proposé pour la Région Ile-de- France, la solution LogoLAB.
Elle regroupe un magnétophone et un magnétoscope virtuels numériques de langues. Elle permet entre autre de numériser les sources audio et vidéo et de les stocker sur un serveur. LogoLAB est ainsi utilisée dans une salle multimédia pour effectuer des travaux d'audio actif comparatif (utilisation de deux pistes audio : les pistes professeur et élève), des réaliser des QCM, etc.
VXCD Tecnilab, de son côté à proposer son produit phare IDM Class. Elle est une solution complète de formation interactive permettant de transformer une salle informatique en véritable espace multimédia numérique. IDM Class ajoute de l'interactivité aux formations grâce à ses fonctionnalités : communication, diffusion, création d'activités, envois d'applications et de fichiers, mise en place de groupes de travail, personnalisation du logiciel.
Pour plus d'informations : www.vxcd.fr
Teacher Virtual Campus: Research, Practice, Apply
The aim of the project is to increase virtual mobility among academic staff by facilitating development, management and implementation of virtual research and mobility and by improving their virtual mobility competences.
TeaCamp project contributes to the needs to increase virtual mobility among academic staff by facilitating:
- HE institutions to realize necessary steps to be undertaken to ensure full academic virtual exchange and recognition of academic virtual processes, academic staff to prepare, develop and implement virtual mobility, despite their economic, social and other restraints, researchers to implement transnational research,
- institutions and students to benefit from updated and qualitative curriculum, to ensure availability and ccessibility of qualitative curriculum for various LLL target groups.
- Recommendations for institutional regulations for academic staff and student virtual mobility implementation and full academic recognition
- TeaCamp virtual campus with the tools for academic staff to develop curriculum content, to implement virtual mobility, and to evaluate learning results and implement international comparative research
- Curriculum content (based on learning results) developed by each partner institution for international virtual mobility of students, including learning/ teaching scenarios
- Study on virtual mobility for teachers and students based on international comparative research results, using TeaCamp virtual campus tools
- TeaCamp exploitation strategy, based on recommendations and research resultsExtracted from TeaCamp
Extracted from TeaCamp


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North Country Community Calendar
TIP: Click event headline to expand event information
February 9, 2013
Live Birds of Prey Program for All Ages
01:00 pm - 03:00 pm
Where: Paul Smith's College VIC, Paul Smiths, NY
Paul Smith's College VICRoute 30, Paul Smiths, NY [Map]
Phone: (518) 327-6241
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.paulsmiths.edu/vic/
Join Mark Manske of Adirondack Raptors from 1-3 p.m. each Saturday and learn about live birds of prey. Manske will have birds on hand, including several hawks and owls from our region. Free with trail pass.
If you would like to suggest an upcoming event to be listed on this calendar, you can use our event submission form
(You must be registered & logged-in) Event will display to the public following editor approval.
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Featured Events:
Dancing for First-Timers: Foxtrot with Todd Moe
(May 2, 2014, 06:30 pm - 07:30 pm) The Foxtrot took the world by storm in the 40's; learn some vintage moves for the dance floor in this lesson. $20 per couple. Pre-pay & register: 315-265-6860, www.slcartscouncil.org. (SLC Arts Academy, Downtown Snell Hall, 2nd floor, 41 Elm St,Potsdam,NY)
Posting Problem?
Some users posting events using some versions of the Internet Explorer web browser find that their info vanishes when they preview their submission. This can be remedied by using an alternate web browser such as Firefox, Chrome or Safari. If you are not able to submit, and don't have an alternate web browser, email the event information to firstname.lastname@example.com and we will post it for you. Our apologies for the inconvenience.

subset: commoncrawl


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Bannal, basam, Besenginaterkraut, besom, bissom, bream, broom, broom tops, broomtops, browme, brum, common broom, Cystisi scoparii flos, Cystisus scoparius, Cytsus scoprfus, English broom, European broom, genet a balais, Genista andreana, Genista scoparius (Lam.), Ginsterkraut, greem broom, herba spartii scoparii, herbe de genet a balais, herbe de genistae scopariae, herbe de hogweed, hogweed, Irish broom, Irish tops, sarothamni herb, Sarothamnus scoparius (Koch), Sarothamnus vulgaris, Scoparii cacumina, scopari herba, scotch broom top, scotchbroom, sparteine, Spartium scoparium Linn., sumidad de retma de escobas.
Family: Fabaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae.
Note: Not to be confused with Spanish broom (Spartium junceum), which has been associated with severe toxicity, or Butcher's broom (Ruscus aculeatus).
Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), also referred to as broom, is a perennial woody plant native to Europe. The species was introduced as a garden ornamental to North America and now is common across western Canada and California. Scotch broom plants grow up to 10 feet tall with sharply angled branches off the main stem, trifoliate leaves, and bright yellow small flowers. Scotch broom spreads quickly and aggressively at the expense of other plants and trees and is often considered a pest.
Both the flower and herb of scotch broom have been used medicinally. There is very little available scientific evidence about the efficacy or safety of this plant, and most conclusions come from knowledge of its constituents or from traditional use. There is particular concern about the potential toxicity of scotch broom due to the presence of small amounts of the toxic alkaloids sparteine and isosparteine, which are found in both the flowers and herb (above-ground parts). Sparteine has known effects on the electrical conductivity of heart muscle and can potentially cause dangerous heart rhythms or interact with cardiac drugs. Sparteine is also known to cause uterine contractions and should be avoided during pregnancy. Life-threatening adverse effects have been associated with sparteine and therefore scotch broom should be used only under strict medical supervision.
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Fueling my neon obsession but still wanting a fun fall accent, Jodi of One Simple Dream and I brainstormed this AWESOME plaster dipped leaf garland. And I love the way it turned out!
I'll be honest, plaster of paris gives me a little bit of anxiety for some reason but rest assured, this is as easy and manageable as Jodi told me it would be. Sigh.
Here's what you need:
First, you will want to cut the leaves from the garland. Make sure the stem is long enough for you to hold onto for dipping and to tie onto for the garland.
Mix the plaster of paris according to the directions on the package. (We used 1 cup of plaster to a 1/2 cup of cold water which allowed us to dip 20 leaves.) Mix well until all clumps are gone. Also, remember that plaster of paris does not come out of clothing or dish cloths! (Eek! This must have been where my anxiety was?!?)
Dip the leaf in plaster and set on wax paper. Repeat for all leaves and let dry overnight.
If you would like to dip in paint (please do! it looks so much cooler...), we recommend using quart-size cans so that you are able to dip the entire leaf if desired. Make sure the paint is stirred REALLY well. And keep in mind that the leaves are very delicate and no longer bendable.
Dip the leaf was far as you would like and again place on wax paper. Let dry at least 2 hours between colors.
Once you are finished dipping all of your favorite color combinations, I suggest allowing 24 hours for the leaves to completely dry before stringing. Then string the dry, painted leaves onto twine with a knot around the stem. You can also use as a tag for a bottle of wine - or even a gift or place setting! (Chalk paint worked great too!)
Ahhh...I love this fresh take on fall decor!
Photography by Jordi Lee Photography
Ever wonder how you could possibly repurpose all of those old trophies you have packed away in storage?! Inspired by my hoarding of childhood trophies which feature the most eclectic collection of trophy tops - a rabbit, a horse, a soccer player, a cheerleader - I realized that I loved the tops and what they represented (okay, maybe I a little personal validation of my childhood feats?!)
And what better way to make what is old, new again than transform these trophies into fresh and modern wine stoppers! It is so easy that you can even do it just in time for Father's Day!
Here's what you need:
First, pre-drill the cork with the drill bit (a 5/32 bit is what we used). The size of the bit should be just a tad smaller than the threads on the trophy top. Drill 1/2 the length of the cork.
Next (and finally), add just a a dab of Super Glue to the threads of the trophy and screw the top into the cork.
Yahoo! Coolest wine stopper ever complete.
These are as good as gold but how about adding a pop of color?! We painted, dipped and sprayed a few and I'm in love with the results!
When painting with a paint brush, we used Martha Stewart Acrylic Craft Paint in Chipotle from Michaels. Put washi tape on the trophy top to create a nice edge and prevent the paint from bleeding. Paint with a brush. Remove tape and let dry.
To dip paint the trophy, we used Annie Sloan's Chalk Paint in Graphite to create a modern matte finish. I recommend putting some of the paint in a small container and dipping the trophy in the paint to the desired amount. Hang to dry with a paper towel underneath to catch any drips. (Make sure to gently wipe any drips off the bottom of the trophy before they dry!) This horse head is MY FAVE!
If you are opting to spray paint, I recommend finding a scrap piece of wood and drill some holes the size of the threads of the trophy. Place the trophy tops in the holes. Spray with small even strokes. Let dry. We used Rust-Oleum Spray Paint in Chrome to make this football player nice and shiny!
Not only are these wine stoppers a great gift but I would love to use these as part of a centerpiece or table numbers! What a fun way to show off your skillz (even if they are wannabe)...or even cheers to the glory days!
Photo credit: Jordi Lee Photography
Cake plate obsessed, I fell head over heels for these whimsical numbers by IMM Living via Pure Home.
The horse head was a must-have and CANNOT WAIT to use it! But I do love the display with all of the animals together...so fun that they truly do "take the cake!"
Photos courtesy of Pure Home
This spring at the Junk Bonanza, Ki Nassauer wanted to showcase inspiration from her first Flea Market Style Weddings magazine with a Wedding Lab!
I LOVED the thought of this...and was even more thrilled when I was asked to help collaborate! Lucky me to work with Ki Nassauer and her uber creative team who has their finger on the pulse of all things cool and vintage. Now to infuse them into wedding themes...Yipee!
Gathering amazing, talented resources and spotlighting four main themes - Natural Elegance, Modern Glam, Bohemian Romantic and Funky Geographic - we were able to create fresh vignettes full of infinite inspiration for brides and vintage shoppers alike! Ideas that easily went beyond a wedding and translated perfectly to home decor and entertaining!
Natural Elegance
Inspired by her own wedding (which was featured in Flea Market Style Weddings magazine), Clare Hoelderle of The Red Bench Vintage Rental & Design and Avonlea Farm recreated the rustic barn wedding details from her big day. Perfectly charming and a crowd favorite!
Modern Glam
Showcasing a variety of metallics, glossy whites, woodland friends and other accents from nature, Kim Yeager of Lark Nest Design and Jane Hall of Mustard Moon, styled an updated lounge featuring classic vintage glam.
Bohemian Romantic
A whimsical vintage photo op set was designed by Christine Hoffman of Foxglove Market & Studio, making for a fab backdrop for guests and the bridal party!
Funky Geographic
Always a bit obsessed with maps AND chalk art, myself and Jane Hall of Mustard Moon curated some fabulous travel inspiration for those excited for the "world that awaits"...loved all of the details!
Ki was in The Lab signing magazines and chatting it up with the shoppers...
...along with the fun and talented Elizabeth Demos, designer and author of The Vintage Style Wedding, who made the trek from Savannah, GA to shop the Bonanza herself and sign her books and meet the Wedding Lab goers. Loved her and her photographer Jade! (Now I'm excited to plan a visit down to her neck of the woods and check out vintage wedding inspiration Southern style!)
I loved that we were able to showcase other local partners in The Lab...On Solid Ground Vintage Rentals, Andrea's Vintage Bridal, Bear Fox Chalk, Ashley Fox Designs, Printerette Press, Cake Poppin' MN, Upsy-Daisy and Jeff Loves Jessica.
The Wedding Lab provided a number of firsts for GetMarried (including a TV interview!), plus we had our own little inspiration zone which was super fun to outfit...but I will say that the real rock stars of my space were the vintage pieces shared by Sarah from On Solid Ground Vintage Rentals. The mint mail sorting hutch was to die for...the sprinkling of cool "smalls" coupled with the Bella chair and pink table were more than adorable and the perfect way to represent GetMarried...a huge thank you to Sarah!
I loved meeting so many of the shoppers and GetMarried readers! It was especially a hoot seeing so many play #ispygetmarried...the determination and competitive nature in some was entertaining AND awesome. I looked forward to tracking all of the posted photos of the infamous gold horses placed on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter...all vying for the prize package featuring MY FAVORITE FINDS from the show. (And there were SO many good ones at this show!)
What a ridiculously fun experience - and truly an honor to be a part of this crew...one can only hope that this Wedding Lab was the first of many as we all had lots of ideas for a bigger and better Lab!
And of course, no GetMarried event is ever captured as well (or is as fun) as when my rock star photographer, Jordi of Jordi Lee Photography is in the house! HUGE thanks!
Looking forward to the next Junk Bonanza in September!
Photo credit: Jordi Lee Photography
There is definite power in the flower this year.
As Claude Monet once said,
{ I must have flowers. Always and always. }
I am in OBSESSED with all of the flowers popping up across fashion, home decor and of course, weddings! From bold to ditsy to watercolor to bontanical. Fresh, flirty and fun!
If the Earth truly laughs in flowers, then this is one happy place...
I love fresh flowers but I also love paper so I am digging the concept of The Paper Flower Shop from West Elm.
Handcrafted from paper, these blooms make the perfect home, event or wedding accent...and they will never wilt!
I hear they are expanding the collections throughout the year with nine seasonal varieties. What a wonderful thing to look forward to as I browse the already inspirational shop of West Elm!
Photos courtesy of West Elm
I've been on a quest to find the perfect chalkboard...and stumbling upon these roll-up chalkboards from Wall Lab on Etsy made my day!
I love the old school look with the wood frame and ring pull. AND it has a LEDGE! Yippee!
How great are these rubber-tipped ends to protect your walls from scratches?!? You can even pick a color! Love.
Perfect for a menu, seating chart or just good fun signage anywhere!
Now to just perfect my chalking skills...
Photo credit: Wall Lab via Etsy
Hot on the heels of the Flea Market Style Weddings magazine launch earlier this year, the FMS Wedding Lab will be making its debut at the Spring Junk Bonanza!
Working to bring the pages of FMS Weddings to life, the Wedding Lab will be chock full of vintage-inspired ideas and resources for your upcoming wedding or event! All of this in the heart of the Junk Bonanza in Shakopee, Minnesota.
GetMarried is thrilled to be on-site offering insights on trends, resources and inspiration alongside some of the best in the biz (people AND treasures!)
Elizabeth Demos, the author of "Vintage Wedding Style: More than 25 Simple Project & Endless Inspiration for Your Big Day" will providing her expertise to the Lab and on-site signing her book.
Also helping curate the inspiration is Junk Bonanza vendor and vintage prop stylist, Clare Hoelderle of The Red Bench. Clare's nature-inspired barn reception wedding is featured in the FMS Weddings magazine. Beautiful.
Want more details for the upcoming Wedding Lab?!?...follow GetMarried on Facebook and Twitter to get the latest scoop and giveaways.
Interested in learning more about The Junk Bonanza?!?...get details on the event and tickets here. You can also check out GetMarried's day at the Junk Bonanza from last fall to get a feel for what the round up vibe.
Hope to see you there!!
Photo credit: Junk Bonanza
I have an affection for silhouettes. Such great modern heirlooms to have!
So when I found Simply Silhouettes of Portland, Oregon and their silhouettes, they were a must share item as these go beyond your wedding.
In addition to cake toppers, Simply Silhouettes also have the most adorable framed silhouette options (even for your pet!) along with pillows, chalkboard signs and plates becoming the most memorable event accents and keepsakes. Great gifts.
Photo credit: Simply Silhouettes
Today, tomorrow and the next day, I love, love, love this...
Rooted In Succulents. Enough said. Succulents + Monogram =
Photo credit: Rooted in Succulents via Etsy
A gem of an Etsy shop featuring the sweetest handmade decorations and pretty things. My heart skipped a beat when I saw this adorable pom bouquet. Cuter than cute and a zillion colors to choose from...(okay, maybe just 15 but it looks crazy colorful in the best way possible!)
I would love to wrap my office in this felted garland...
And this charming custom felt cake topper is the icing on the cake of pretty, handmade things!
photo credit: steph loves ben via Etsy
I am a bit obsessed with Minted's new line of party decor supplies.
Minted always ROCKS but when they apply their spot-on indie design to party supplies, they really know how to close the loop when throwing a party. The patterns, the color palettes, the pieces, the wording. Love it!
Perfect party details for any occasion - a birthday or holiday party, a baby or bridal shower or a New Year's Soiree, no matter what party package you choose. See the full collection here.
Chock full of artful goodies - bunting, garland, signs, confetti and even centerpieces and stickers - it's like getting a Pinterest board starter kit in a box!
Photo source: Minted
Oh, hello friend...I have found a new happy place!
Oh Hello Friend has recently reopened their shop with a new format - and I am so excited about the wonderful array of products. Vintage-inspired curiosities at their best. I honestly everything.
The rubber stamp line is ridiculously adorable - and one of my favorites...
Always a blog on my list of Favorite Reads, Oh Hello Friend seems like an old friend...with an awesome shop! It is sure to be a place where I will put things on my wish list as well as get some goodies for those on my gift giving list!
Photo credit: Oh Hello Friend
I melt every time I see the chic, romantic designs from the Etsy shop, The First Snow.
I simply adore the custom cake toppers but The First Snow really knows how to do chalkboard with perfection. LOVE their signage.
Everything is hand-painted then digitally converted for printing. The attention to detail and ability to use custom colors to match your celebration makes for the most charming accents.
Super sweet yet a touch vintage...and a touch rustic.
Photo credit: The First Snow via Etsy
Happy Friday!
And how happy are these hand-painted bowls. I am so excited about my discovery of The Bocket Store on Etsy! What a great way to end the week...
Sometimes there's nothing better than creating a modern, new look for a vintage piece. Each dot is hand painted with love, no doubt. So fresh and cool. I want one...or two!
Dot. Dot. Dot.
What's old is new again...beautifully.
Photo credit: The Bocket Store via Etsy


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Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid concentrated in the brain that maintains memory, learning, concentration, word recall, and mood. PS supports the integrity of cell structures in the brain as well as removing toxins and importing nutrients to the cell. It is used to make a compound called acetylcholine, which the brain uses to manufacture neurotransmitters for communication between cells. PS circulates throughout the central nervous system and builds a healthy infrastructure of communication to promote improved memory and cognitive function.
PS is also found in other cell membranes, such as muscle tissue and cells of the immune system, where it may play both a structural and functional role in muscle metabolism and immune system function.
For your safety, ProHealth's Phosphatidyl Serine formula is derived from soy, rather than bovine brain tissue.
One large study in Italy* followed 494 elderly participants over a 6 month period. The subjects were administered either 300 mg of PS or placebo daily, and the group that took PS performed significantly better in both behavior and mental function than the placebo group.
*Source: Cenacchi T, Bertoldin T, Farina C, et al. Cognitive decline in the elderly: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration. Aging(Milano). 1993;5:123–133.
Note: Do not use if tamper-evident seal is either broken or missing.
Product color may vary from caramel to beige-brown.
Product & Usage Information:


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The LandView® 5 DVD-ROMs (East or West) can be set up to run on a network in a client/server relationship. Installation of a national version of LandView® 5 requires a special National Network DVD-ROM and the LandView® 5 DVD-ROM product.
Availability: Available on DVD only.
Product ID: V1-T00-LV05-22-NET
Price: $90
System Requirements: Approximately 10.4 gigabytes of space are required on the network server for file installation. See Detailed System Requirements for more information.
To Place an Order: LandView® Support -- Geographic Products Management Branch: 301-763-1128


text: At University of Missouri Children's Hospital, toughness comes in all sizes. We have more than 100 doctors in more than 35 pediatric specialties, treating kids and helping them stay healthy - including tough, seven-year-old Shayden, who is fighting cancer. Join Justin and the Mizzou Tigers in cheering him on and supporting the dedicated healthcare team at MU Children's Hospital.


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2008-S Bald Eagle Half Dollar Clad Commemorative - Proof
We provide all our customers with a refund, return and/or exchange policy on everything we sell including all bullion and certified coins. If for any reason you have a problem, please feel free to call our offices. We will always do our best to accommodate you.
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Quantity Notification
Product Description
This commemorative half dollar was issued to mark the recovery of the Bald Eagle species and the 35th anniversary of the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Bald Eagles were removed from the endangered and threatened species list in 2003 after being added to the list in 1967.
This obverse of this half dollar coin features two eaglets and an egg in a bald eagle nest. The reverse shows an image of the bald eagle Challenger with an American flag in the background. Challenger is a non-releasable bald eagle who has been trained to free fly at major events during the National Anthem.
This Proof coin comes with a box and certificate of authenticity.
Unsure how to buy commemorative coins? APMEX makes buying commemoratives online easy with a wide selection of commemoratives for sale. Call our Account Managers today to get started buying commemorative coins!
Since we may have more than one of these coin(s) in stock, you should use this stock photograph as an indicator of the quality of the coin(s) you will receive. Be assured, you will receive the exact date, grade, mint mark and grading service you order whether raw or certified. Our coin(s) will not have toning unless otherwise noted.
APMEX stands behind every coin it sells with a satisfaction guarantee.
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Pembina Co. Prosecutor Disputes Allegations But QuitsVideo report inside
(AP) — Pembina County prosecutor Stuart Askew, whose resignation was accepted Tuesday, argued a move to kick him out of office was built on petty or unproven grievances, including a complaint that Askew sometimes walked his dog past a county commissioner's home.
By: Dale Wetzel, Associated Press
(AP) — Pembina County prosecutor Stuart Askew, whose resignation was accepted Tuesday, argued a move to kick him out of office was built on petty or unproven grievances, including a complaint that Askew sometimes walked his dog past a county commissioner's home.
Meanwhile, the chairman of the Pembina County Commission said the panel would rely on a neighboring state's attorney for legal advice while it looked for someone to appoint as Askew's successor. His term does not end until 2014.
"We are trying to start to move on and get things back to normal," said the commission's chairman, Andy Adamson. The commission held a special meeting Tuesday to accept Askew's resignation, which he submitted late Monday.
"This has consumed a lot of time, with the commissioners and throughout the whole courthouse," Adamson said. "It's been something that's been on our mind ... For a time we didn't have any representation, really, because his office wasn't cooperating with us."
Askew, who has been Pembina County's chief prosecutor since 2005, resigned before Tuesday's scheduled start of a two-day hearing into allegations that he neglected his job, overlooked prosecutions, ignored some requests for legal help and treated county employees with contempt.
"I believe my ability to be an effective state's attorney ... has been irrevocably compromised, through what I believe is no fault of my own," Askew said in his statement.
North Dakota law gives the governor power to remove a number of local officials — including sheriffs, police chiefs, county and city commissioners, school board members and township officers — for neglecting the job, misconduct, gross incompetency and alcoholism.
A group of county residents petitioned Gov. Jack Dalrymple last summer to remove Askew, claiming he was not doing his job as county prosecutor.
A state Bureau of Criminal Investigation probe followed, and Julie Lawyer, an assistant attorney general, signed a complaint against Askew last month. Dalrymple appointed William Hodny, a retired district judge, to hold a hearing in the case and compile a report for his review.
Askew said in a filing Monday that many of the allegations against him were based on "hearsay and rumors," and others were unsubstantiated. He said a number of county employees wrote letters supporting him
He said one complaint was based an argument he had with Linda Schlittenhard, the county's auditor and treasurer, about whether the Pembina County Commission had violated the state's open meetings laws. Schlittenhard claimed Askew yelled at her loudly enough to be heard all over the courthouse, but other employees did not corroborate that account and no charges were ever filed, he said.
One county commissioner, Corene Vaughn, told an investigator Askew walked his dog past her Cavalier home "and appeared to take his time doing so." Askew said he had walked his dog past Vaughn's house but the "implication of her statement is silly."
"There is no question that I do not agree with or get along with Ms. Vaughn," Askew wrote. "However, at no time have I intimidated or harassed her."
Askew said he had not attended some county commission meetings because he preferred getting commissioners' questions by email, rather than in person.
"I find that email allows me the opportunity to know, in advance, the questions so that I may research and provide a reasoned response," he wrote.
Adamson said the commission would rely on Barbara Whelan, the state's attorney in neighboring Walsh County, to fill in while the Pembina County Commission searches for Askew's successor.
He said Askew's statement downplayed reality but added that he did not want to argue the point at length. He noted that Askew's resignation letter referred to 3,000 pages of documentation in his case.
"With that much evidence and that much discovery," Adamson said, "it certainly wasn't just a little petty vendetta between a couple of commissioners and him."
Tags: pembina county, news, askew, updates


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Crisp clean letterpress on 30% post consumer recycled paper. Hand printed on antique letterpresses. Includes one card and on matching envelope. Measures 5.5″ × 4.125″. Inside Blank
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Nanban trade
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2007)
|History of Japan
The Nanban trade (南蛮貿易 Nanban bōeki?, "Southern barbarian trade") or the Nanban trade period (南蛮貿易時代 Nanban bōeki jidai?, "Southern barbarian trade period") in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans - Portuguese explorers, missionaries and merchants - to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1614, under the promulgation of the "Sakoku" Seclusion Edicts.1
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Cultural encounter
- 3 Trade exchanges
- 4 Japan early trade coin and 17th-century commercial trade with Vietnam
- 5 Technological and cultural exchanges
- 6 Decline of Nanban exchanges
- 7 Usages of the word "Nanban"
- 8 Timeline
- 9 Notes
- 10 References
- 11 External links
Nanban (南蛮?, lit. "Southern Barbarian") is a Sino-Japanese word which originally designated people from South Asia and South-East Asia. It followed a Chinese usage in which surrounding "barbarian" people in the four directions had each their own designation, the southern barbarians being called Nanman. In Japan, the word took on a new meaning when it came to designate Europeans, the first of whom were Portuguese, arriving in 1543. The word later came to encompass the Spanish, the Dutch (though these were more commonly known as Kōmō (紅毛?, meaning "Red Hair", c.f. ang mo) and the English.
Cultural encounter
Japanese accounts of Europeans
Following contact with the Portuguese on Tanegashima Isle in 1543, the Japanese were at first rather wary of the newly arrived foreigners. The cultural shock was quite strong, especially due to the fact that Europeans were not able to understand the Japanese writing system nor accustomed to using chopsticks.
- "They eat with their fingers instead of with chopsticks such as we use. They show their feelings without any self-control. They cannot understand the meaning of written characters" (from Boxer, Christian Century).
The Japanese were introduced to several new technologies, cultural practices, whether in the military area (the arquebus, European-style Cuirasses, European ships), religion (Christianity), decorative art, language (integration to Japanese of a Western vocabulary) and culinary: the Portuguese introduced the tempura and above all the valuable refined sugar, creating nanban-gashi (南蛮菓子?), "southern barbarian confectionery", with confectioneries like castella, kompeito, aruheitō, karumera, keiran sōmen, bōro and bisukauto.
Many foreigners were befriended by Japanese rulers, and their ability was sometimes recognized to the point of promoting one to the rank of samurai (William Adams), and giving him a fief in the Miura Peninsula, south of Edo.
European accounts of Japan
Renaissance Europeans were quite fond of Japan's immense richness in precious metals, mainly owing to Marco Polo's accounts of gilded temples and palaces, but also due to the relative abundance of surface ores characteristic of a volcanic country, before large-scale deep-mining became possible in Industrial times. Japan was to become a major exporter of copper and silver during the period.
Japan was also noted for being much more populated and urbanized than any Western country (in the 16th century, Japan had 26 million inhabitants against 16 million for France and 4.5 million for England).3 Buddhist schools in Japan were also larger than Universities in the West, such as Salamanca or Coimbra. At the time, some Europeans became quite fascinated with Japan, some even writing that the Japanese "excel not only all the other Oriental peoples, they surpass the Europeans as well" (Alessandro Valignano, 1584, "Historia del Principio y Progreso de la Compañía de Jesús en las Indias Orientales).
Early European visitors noted the quality of Japanese craftsmanship and metalsmithing. This stems from the fact that Japan itself is rather poor in natural resources found commonly in Europe, especially iron. Thus, the Japanese were famously frugal with their consumable resources; what little they had they used with expert skill though because of this, they had not reached European levels.
Japanese military prowess was also well noted : "A Spanish royal decree of 1609 specifically directed Spanish commanders in the Pacific 'not to risk the reputation of our arms and state against Japanese soldier'" (Giving Up the Gun, Noel Perrin). Troops of Japanese samurai were later employed in the Spice Islands in Southeast Asia by the Dutch to fight off the English.
Trade exchanges
Portuguese trade in the 16th century
Soon after the first contacts in 1543, Portuguese ships started to arrive in Japan. At that time, there were already trade exchanges between Portugal and Goa (since around 1515), consisting of 3 to 4 carracks leaving Lisbon with silver to purchase cotton and spices in India. Out of these, only one carrack went on to China in order to purchase silk, also in exchange for Portuguese silver.
Accordingly, the cargo of the first Portuguese ships (usually about 4 smaller-sized ships every year) arriving in Japan almost entirely consisted of Chinese goods (silk, porcelain). The Japanese were very much looking forward to acquiring such goods, but had been prohibited from any contacts with China by the Emperor of China, as a punishment for wakō pirate raids. The Portuguese therefore found the opportunity to act as intermediaries in Asian trade.
With the foundation of the port of Nagasaki, through the combined initiatives of converted daimyo Ōmura Sumitada and his Portuguese friend and confessor, Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela, in 1571,4 the extent of Portuguese trade and influence in Japan, and particularly in Kyūshū, would increase dramatically for the next thirty on years, even furthering the depth of its foothold on the strategic harbour, after having assisted Sumitada in repelling an attack on the port by the Ryūzōji clan in 1578, which in turn led Sumitada to cede Nagasaki "in perpetuity" to the Society of Jesus two years later.
From the time of the acquisition of Macau in 1557, and their formal recognition as trade partners by the Chinese, the Portuguese Crown started to regulate trade to Japan, by selling to the highest bidder the annual "Capitaincy" to Japan, in effect conferring exclusive trading rights for a single carrack bound for Japan every year. The carracks were very large ships, usually between 1000 and 1500 tons, about double or triple the size of a regular galleon or a large junk.
That trade continued with few interruptions until 1638, when it was prohibited on the ground that the ships were smuggling priests into Japan.
Portuguese trade was progressively more and more challenged by Chinese smugglers on junks, Japanese Red Seal Ships from around 1592 (about ten ships every year), Spanish ships from Manila from around 1600 (about one ship a year), the Dutch from 1609, the English from 1613 (about one ship per year).
Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves
After the Portuguese first made contact with Japan in 1543, a large scale slave trade developed in which Portuguese purchased Japanese as slaves in Japan and sold them to various locations overseas, including Portugal itself, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.56 Many documents mention the large slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slaves are believed to be the first of their nation to end up in Europe, and the Portuguese purchased large amounts of Japanese slave girls to bring to Portugal for sexual purposes, as noted by the Church in 1555. King Sebastian feared that it was having a negative effect on Catholic proselytization since the slave trade in Japanese was growing to massive proporations, so he commanded that it be banned in 157178
Japanese slave women were even sold as concubines to black African crewmembers, along with their European counterrparts serving on Portuguese ships trading in Japan, mentioned by Luis Cerqueira, a Portuguese Jesuit, in a 1598 document.9 Japanese slaves were brought by the Portuguese to Macau, where some of them not only ended up being enslaved to Portuguese, but as slaves to other slaves, with the Portuguese owning Malay and African slaves, who in turn owned Japanese slaves of their own.1011
Hideyoshi was so disgusted that his own Japanese people were being sold en masse into slavery on Kyushu, that he wrote a letter to Jesuit Vice-Provincial Gaspar Coelho on 24 July 1587 to demand the Portuguese, Siamese (Thai), and Cambodians stop purchasing and enslaving Japanese and return Japanese slaves who ended up as far as India.121314 Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this slave trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result.1516
Some Korean slaves were bought by the Portuguese and brought back to Portugal from Japan, where they had been among the tens of thousands of Korean prisoners of war transported to Japan during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98).1718 Historians pointed out that at the same time Hideyoshi expressed his indignation and outrage at the Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves, he himself was engaging in a mass slave trade of Korean prisoners of war in Japan.1920
Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the large slave community in 1578, although most of the slaves were blacks.2122232425
The Portuguese "highly regarded" asian slaves like Chinese and Japanese, much more "than slaves from sub-Saharan Africa".2627 The Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese and Japanese slaves which is why they favored them more.28293031
In 1595 a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese and Japanese slaves.32
Dutch involvement
The Dutch, who, rather than "Nanban" were called "Kōmō" (Jp:紅毛, lit. "Red Hair") by the Japanese, first arrived in Japan in 1600, on board the Liefde ("liefde" meaning "love"). Their pilot was William Adams, the first Englishman to reach Japan.
In 1605, two of the Liefde's crew were sent to Pattani by Tokugawa Ieyasu, to invite Dutch trade to Japan. The head of the Pattani Dutch trading post, Victor Sprinckel, refused on the ground that he was too busy dealing with Portuguese opposition in Southeast Asia. In 1609 however, the Dutchman Jacques Specx arrived with two ships in Hirado, and through Adams obtained trading privileges from Ieyasu.
The Dutch also engaged in piracy and naval combat to weaken Portuguese and Spanish shipping in the Pacific, and ultimately became the only westerners to be allowed access to Japan from the small enclave of Dejima after 1638 and for the next two centuries.
Japan early trade coin and 17th-century commercial trade with Vietnam
Historical background
There was no historical record to document exactly when the Japanese started trading with Vietnam. Vietnamese historians only knew that Chinese merchants traded with the Vietnamese a couple hundred years before the Japanese. According to Professor Hasebe Gakuji and Professor Aoyagi Yogi from a recent archaeological expedition in Japan, fragments of Vietnamese ceramic were found in a northern part of Kyūshū island. Among them was a wooden plate with character showing the date 1330 on it. It is unknown whether Vietnamese sailed to Kyushu or Japanese to Vietnam. Another possibility is that Chinese and Japanese acted as middle men and traded these goods northward. Vietnamese history records showed that when Lord Nguyễn Hoàng founded Hội An port at the beginning of the 17th century, hundreds of Japanese residents were already there.
Early Vietnamese official records documented the first contact between the Japanese and the Viets occurred in 1585. Lord Nguyễn Hoàng's sixth son led a squadron of more than ten ships to Cua Viet seaport where he destroyed two of the pirates' ships of Kenki, a Japanese pirate mistaken for a Westerner. Later in 1599, Kenki's ship had been wrecked in the ThuanAn seaport and captured by Lord Nguyễn Hoàng's general. In 1601, Lord Nguyễn Hoàng sent the first official letter to Tokugawa Shogunate apologizing for his attacking the ship belonging to Kenki, a Japanese merchant, and to praise for the amicable friendship between the two countries.
Tracing back through history, there were good explanations for the Japanese wanting to trade with the Viets. Since the Tang dynasty in the 8th century, Chinese merchants had already crossed the open ocean to Japan, Champa, and Java for commercial trade. And in the 12th century, the Japanese merchants began sailing to China with the same purpose. During the Ming dynasty in the 16th century, trade friction between Japan and China mounted as Japanese pirates attacked many Chinese seaports. The Ming banned its citizens from trading abroad with foreigners, especially the Japanese regardless of whether they are honest Japanese merchants or pirates and applied the embargo policy towards Japanese ships. During that period, Japan desperately needed high-quality Chinese raw silk for their royal Court and war materials for their army. Therefore when direct trade with China was becoming increasingly difficult, the Japanese merchants alternatively turned south towards Vietnamese ports, neutral trading sites with Chinese merchants. That may explain why Hội An in Cochinchina and Phố Hiến, Ke Cho in Tonkin became prosperous for several decades during the 17th century.
Shuinsen policy of Tokugawa Shogunate
In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the Hideyori loyalists in the battle of Sekigahara. Three years later, Ieyasu was appointed Shogun by the emperor. It marked the beginning of the Edo era and the Tokugawa Shogunate ruled Japan for over 250 years. The Shogun often exchanged correspondence with Lord Nguyễn Hoàng. The commercial trade between the two countries prospered during this period.
According to Professor Kawamoto Kuniye, in the Gaiban Tsuuho - a collection of official diplomatic documents of trade between Japan and other countries from 1599 to 1764, in a reply to Lord Nguyễn Hoàng in the 10th month of the year 1601 Ieyasu stated that 'In the future, ships visiting your country from our country are to be certified by the seal shown on this letter, and ships not carrying the seal should not be deemed lawful'. Hence the Shuinsen (朱印船 "Red-Seal Ships"?) policy came into effect. Any Japanese merchant ship carrying the red seal of Tokugawa must be considered as the Shogun's representative to trade with foreign countries. The powerful Shuinsen trade license, by the authority of the Shogun, was issued only to the noble families in Japan such as Chaya, Araki Store, Phuramoto, Suminnokura.
Professor Iwao Seichi has traced the number of Japanese red-seal ships clearing for the Great Viet and found that at least 124 ships visited both Tonkin and Cochinchina in the period from 1604 to 1635, besides the number of ships which did not have license or arrived before 1604. The Viet rulers successfully achieved commercial trade with Japan in the 17th century.
|Number of ships in year
Every year, during the month of January through March, when the favorable northeast wind for sailing south was blowing, Japanese ships with heavy loads of silver and copper arrived at the Viets river-ports. In Hội An, to handle the large influx of Japanese, the local authority set up a Japanese town quarter, Nihomachi. And the Chinese merchants had a nearby town quarter as well. They exchanged goods with each other or with the locals in open market fair. The Japanese preferred Chinese or Vietnamese raw silk, sugar, spices, and sandalwood. In the early 17th century, Christoforo Borri who lived in Hội An noted about the profit from the trade 'This Calamba (sandal wood) where it is gathered, is valued 5 ducats the pound; yet at the Port of Cochinchina it yields more; and scarcely to be had under 16 ducats the pound: and being transported to Japan, it is valued at 200 ducats the pound ... with a piece of such greatness that a man lay his head on it, as on a pillow, the Japanese will give 300 or 400 ducats the pound'. When the southeast trade wind blew during July, August, the fleet of merchant ships began to leave the Great Viets heading home. In the Inner Region, Chaya Shirojiro was the most famous merchant who bought fine silk, sandalwood, calamba and sold copper coins, silver, bronze to Nguyễn Lord.
Amicable friendship between Japan and Great Viet
The friendship between the two countries developed quickly at both the national and the local level. Nguyễn Lord and Tokugawa exchanged letters and gifts annually through Japanese merchants. In 1604, Lord Nguyễn Hoàng even took the initiative to adopt Hunamoto Yabeiji, a Japanese merchant. Later on, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên, Lord Nguyễn Hoàng's son, tried to improve upon the relationship even further. According to Phan Khoang in Viet Su, Xu Dang Trong ("Vietnamese History, the Inner Tegion"), Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên married his daughter, Princess Ngoc Khoa, to Araki Shutaro, another Japanese merchant. Lord Nguyen even permitted Araki to have a royal Vietnamese name, Nguyen Taro, called Hien Hung. Nguyễn Lord also wrote to some other Japanese merchants, Honda Kouzukenosuke and Chaya Shiro Jiro, encouraging them to pursue trading in the Inner Region.
Meanwhile the relationship between Japan and the Outer Region did not improve much. Before 1635, fewer Japanese ships arrived in Tonkin and Japanese merchants set up trade offices in Phố Hiến and Thăng Long. The most famous Japanese merchant in the Outer Region was Suminokura Kyoi, who sold copper coins, arms and silver to Lord Trinh and bought fine silk. Until Tokugawa promulgated the closed-door Sakoku (鎖国?, "chained country") policy in 1635, and Japanese merchants were forbidden to go abroad, a number of Japanese merchants decided to stay and moved to the Outer Region to settle permanently. The Dutch, as their best intermediaries with the Vietnamese merchants, hired those who were familiar with Vietnamese customs, experienced in trade and spoke the local language fluently. Because the relationship between the Dutch and Nguyễn Lord was poor, the Dutch maintained more frequent contacts with Trinh Lord. According to Dumoutier, some Japanese had a close relationship with the Court. He mentioned a Japanese lady, Ouroussan, who became a beloved concubine of King Le Than Tong.
Japanese merchants were at ease with the natives in the region. They mixed with the Vietnamese people and adopted local customs gradually. A great number of Japanese merchants married local people and donated money to repair or build Buddhist pagodas and bridges. Connecting the ancient town of HoiAn's Tran Phu street and Nguyen thi Minh Khai street, the Japanese bridge also named "the Bridge-shaped Pagoda" remains the best symbol of the Japanese-Vietnamese friendship.
Imported Japanese coin trade in the 17th century
To understand why Japanese merchants brought copper coins to the Viets for trade in the 17th century, one should review the monetary history of Japan. Japan was originally rich in natural resources of precious metals such as silver, gold and copper. As early as the beginning of the 8th century, gold, silver and copper coins not only existed but also were minted in Japan. These coins were made for reward more than for use as a means of exchange. In those days, Japan was still in the stage of barter economy. From the 12th century to 1587, Japan stopped minting and sent goods to China to exchange for Chinese copper coins, as demand for coins gradually increased. In the 15th century Ashikaga Shogunate sent many requests to the Ming dynasty in China for a supply of copper coins. Therefore the Toraisen, an imported coin from China, and such coins as Jia Ding Tung Pao ("Katei Tsuho" in Japanese) of the Sung, Hong Wu Tung Pao ("Kobu Tsuho") and Yung Lo Tung Pao ("Eiraku Tsuho") of the Ming circulated throughout Japan. Meanwhile the supply of Toraisen was still not enough to fulfill the demand for money due to the expansion of commercial trade. To fill the gap, the nobles introduced Shichusen, a privately minted Japanese coin. In the 16th century, cracked or worn out Toraisen and poor-quality Shichusen were called Bitasen ("poor-quality coins"). People began to select coins and to refuse the face value of Bitasen. In the Tokugawa period, the exchange ratio between the Toraisen and Bitasen was 4 to 1. The Shogun wanted to resolve the monetary disorder, to monopolize the right to mint coins and to standardize Japanese currency. In 1608, Tokugawa prohibited the circulation of Bitasen, including the imported Chinese coins. He promoted the production of gold, silver, and copper mines and the application of sophisticated Chinese technology to refine the metal. Gold and silver coins and bar as well as the Tensho Tsuho, Genna Tsuho and Kanei Tsuho began to replace the old coins.
Japanese merchants got the bright idea of buying these devalued and banned coins at a low price in Japan and selling them to the foreign merchants, then to other countries, making huge profits. In that period, Nguyễn Lords were in conflict with Trịnh Lords. The southern Nguyen ruler needed copper to cast cannon for the war. And in 1651, Prince Yung Ming in China required Nagasaki to provide copper coins as well. The local authority in Nagasaki began to cast the Yung Li Tung Pao for the Ming. Near the end of the 17th century, Lord Nghia (Nguyen Phuc Tran) asked Tokugawa to provide copper coins on his behalf. Japanese coin export was very profitable for the merchants and the Shogunate. However, after several requests by the local government and repeated rejections by the Shogunate, Tokugawa finally permitted Nagasaki to cast coins for trade only from the 2nd year of Manji (1659) to the 2nd year of Jokyo (1685). According to Kristof Glamann in the Dutch Asiatic trade 1620–1740, the VOC vessels also shipped the Nagasaki coins to the Netherlands, in Europe, on their way back home.
In Tonkin, the Japanese trade coins were circulated or were melted to make utensils as well. Alexandre de Rhodes, the French priest who lived in the Outer Region in 1627, stated in his book that the current coin in Tonkin consisted of large copper coin brought in from Japan and small coin minted locally. Large coins were circulated everywhere, but small coins were used only in the capital and four surrounding districts. The value of the local coin varied depending on the quantities of large cash brought in each year but was normally priced at 10 small cash to 6 large cash.
|Some details in the Register of the British East India Company showed the busy activity of coin trade in Phố Hiến, Tonkin
|August 22, 1672
|3 Dutch ships arrived from Batavia bringing 6 million Japanese cash and 1000 tael of silver
|April 7, 1675
|1 Chinese junk arrived from Japan with copper cash and silver
|June 17, 1675
|1 Dutch ship arrived from Batavia with 80 chests of Japanese cash
|February 23, 1676
|2 Chinese junks arrived from Japan bringing silver and cash
Meanwhile Cochinchina did not have natural resources for casting coin and Nguyễn Lords desperately needed copper during the wartime. Japan was the main source of copper in the region, followed by China and Batavia. Later, after the fighting with Trinh Nguyen was over, the southern Nguyen ruler's need for copper for trading became increasingly important. The VOC Registers provided some details about the coin trade business. From 1633 to 1637, VOC imported 105,834 strings of cash coin, each string having about 960 coins. The total of imported coins to Cochinchina was 101,600,640 coins for the five-year period. Dr. A van Aelst gave more details: 1,250,000 Yung Lo Tung Pao coins and 1,000,000,00 Kanei Tsuho coins. When the Japanese closed-door policy came into effect, Japanese merchants transferred their stock of 200 tons of cash coins to the Dutch to ensure a continuous supply.
Was the amount of imported copper coins into Cochinchina tremendous? That was the reason why Lê Quý Đôn complained in his book Phu Bien Tap Luc that 'The Nguyễn wasted a lot of copper. They even used copper to make nails, door hinges.'.
Tracing back to the Register Record of the VOC, we could see the profit margin of the coin trade in the 17th century. During 1635–1636, one string of cash coins valued 1 liang of silver in Japan could be priced at 10.5 liang in the Great Viet.
Nagasaki coins
Without mentioning the Bitasen coins like Eiraku Tsuho that the Japanese brought to the Great Viet, there were three kinds of Nagasaki coins:
- Nagasaki YungLi coin (Nagasaki Eiryaku Sen)
- Nagasaki Five Element coin (Nagasaki Gogyo Sen)
- Nagasaki trade coins (Nagasaki Boeki Sen).
The Nagasaki YungLi coins were copied from the Chinese Yung Li coin and used on Taiwan. Yung Li was the reign title of Prince Yung Ming, who was enthroned in Kwang Tung after the Ching captured Peking. The Prince sent an order to Nagasaki for copper coins. The Nagasaki Five Elements coins were cast to wish good luck to Teiseiko, who defected to Taiwan. There were five types of this coin: Four Metal ("Kin Sen"), Four Wood ("Moku Sen"), Four Water ("Sui Sen"), Four Fire ("Ka Sen") and Four Earth ("Do Sen").
The Nagasaki trade coins, as well as silver and gold bar and raw copper, were used for trade between the Japanese and the Great Viet in the 17th century. According to Kristof Glamann in 'Dutch Asiatic trade 1620–1740,' in 1621, the Japanese copper coins were shipped to the Netherlands for testing in Amsterdam. The result did not meet with expectations.
The most common Nagasaki trade coins were found with the inscription Yuan Feng Tung Pao ("Genho Tsuho" in Japanese). There were about 40 versions of Genho Tsuho Nagasaki coins. Some had the character "Feng" smaller than the others. Some were written in orthodox style, or grass style (Gyo Sho Genho), or seal-script style (Cho Kan Ho Genho).
The inscriptions of Nagasaki trade coins were copied from the Sung dynasty's reign title. The diameter of Nagasaki trade coins was about 24 mm. However there were special characteristics differentiating Sung's coins and Nagasaki coins. The prominent feature of Nagasaki coins was the large square hole with the side about 7mm to 8mm, the rim of the hole being very straight and neat. The second important feature was the simplicity of characters on the coin. Sometimes the stroke was so simple that it made the coin unique, for example, the character "Feng" of Genho Tsuho in grass style. The rust of oxidized copper on Nagasaki coins sometimes made them look different in color than Chinese coins. Perhaps the combination of alloys in Japanese coins played an important role in this feature.
The Xian Fu Yuan Pao ("Shofu Genho" in Japanese) were commonly used as the Genho Tsuho. Their characters were in a clockwise direction. Other Japanese trade coins written in orthodox style, such as Jia You Tung Pao ("Kayu Tsuho"), Xi Ning Yuan Pao ("Kinei Genho"), Tian Sheng Yuan Pao ("Tensei Genho") and Huang Sung Tung Pao, were found in Vietnamese territory.
According to Ta Chi Dai Truong in Nhung Bai Da Su Viet ("The Vietnamese Unofficial History"), the Tai Ping Tong Pao ("Taisei Tsuho" in Japanese) with either the character "Bun" ("Van" in Vietnamese) or the dot and crescent on the reverse side, was considered a Nagasaki trade coin.
Several Japanese trade coins were written in seal script style, such as Zhi Ping Yuan Pao ("Jihei Genho"), Shao Sheng Yuan Pao ("Shosei Genho") and Xi Ning Yuan Pao ("Kinei Genho").
According to Lê Hoàn Hung in Saigon and François Thierry in France, there were Vietnamese copies of Nagasaki trade coins. Based on several years of collecting Vietnam cash coin, Hung stated that the most common Vietnamese copy was Genho Tsuho and that the calligraphy of the character "Feng" of the copied version was poor. Other copied versions were small and thin. François recently informed me about his study in the alloy of Nagasaki trade coins and coins, mentioned in Phu Bien Tap Luc ("Miscellaneous Records of Pacification in the Border Area"). His research was scheduled for publication in 1999.
From 1633, even as the Tokugawa Shogunate banned Japanese traders from going abroad, trade between Japan and other Asian countries flourished. After the closure of Japan, Dutch ships, and Chinese junks from Southeast Asian ports were still permitted to visit Nagasaki. The main Japanese supplier turned over his stock of copper coins for Cochinchina to the Dutch East India company. The Japanese Sakoku policy was not primarily a policy of economic isolation, however trade was in decline as long as regulations restricting silver export (until 1685) and then copper export (until 1715) were strictly applied. Silver and copper acted as stimulus to trade in Asia at that time. When the export of these metals was restricted, the copper coin trade declined rapidly and trading overseas in Asia went into a deep slump.
At the beginning of the 18th century, English and Spanish merchants seldom visited the Great Viet because they realized that the profit was not as significant as it had been in the past. Englishmen found that the cotton market in India was more promising. The Malayan peninsula and West Java lost their monopoly on the spice market because these products could be found in Africa and South America as well. The overseas trade in the Great Viet was reduced significantly. The declining period of Phố Hiến, Hội An ports and Cachao came into existence. Both the Inner Region and the Outer Region of the Great Viet saw unpleasant economic hardship. A series of famine, natural disaster and epidemic led to the collapse of both Trinh Nguyen regimes before the rise of the great Tây Sơn.
Technological and cultural exchanges
Tanegashima guns
The Japanese were interested in Portuguese hand-held guns. The first two Europeans to reach Japan in the year 1543 were the Portuguese traders António da Mota and Francisco Zeimoto (Fernão Mendes Pinto claimed to have arrived on this ship as well, but this is in direct conflict with other data he presents.), arriving on a Chinese ship at the southern island of Tanegashima where they introduced hand-held guns for trade. The Japanese were already familiar with gunpowder weaponry (invented by, and transmitted from China), and had been using basic Chinese originated guns and cannon tubes called "Teppō" (鉄砲 "Iron cannon") for around 270 years before the arrival of the Portuguese. In comparison, the Portuguese guns were light, had a matchlock firing mechanism, and were easy to aim. Because the Portuguese-made firearms were introduced into Tanegashima, the arquebus was ultimately called Tanegashima in Japan. At that time, Japan was in the middle of a civil war called the Sengoku period (Period of the country at war).
Within a year after the first trade in guns, Japanese swordsmiths and ironsmiths managed to reproduce the matchlock mechanism and mass-produce the Portuguese guns. Barely fifty years later, "by the end of the 16th century, guns were almost certainly more common in Japan than in any other country in the world", its armies equipped with a number of guns dwarfing any contemporary army in Europe (Perrin). The guns were strongly instrumental in the unification of Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, as well as in the invasion of Korea in 1592 and 1597. The Famous Daimyo who virtually unified Japan, Oda Nobunaga, made extensive use of guns (arquebus) playing a key role in the Battle of Nagashino, dramatised in Akira Kurosawa's 1980 film Kagemusha (Shadow Warrior).
Red seal ships
European ships (galleons) were also quite influential in the Japanese shipbuilding industry and actually stimulated many Japanese ventures abroad.
The Bakufu established a system of commercial ventures on licensed ships called red seal ships (朱印船 shuinsen?), which sailed throughout East and Southeast Asia for trade. These ships incorporated many elements of galleon design, such as sails, rudder, and gun disposition. They brought to Southeast Asian ports many Japanese traders and adventurers, who sometimes became quite influential in local affairs, such as the adventurer Yamada Nagamasa in Siam, or later became Japanese popular icons, such as Tenjiku Tokubei.
By the beginning of the 17th century, the Bakufu had built, usually with the help of foreign experts, several ships of purely Nanban design, such as the galleon San Juan Bautista, which crossed the Pacific two times on embassies to Nueva España (Mexico).
Catholicism in Japan
With the arrival of the leading Jesuit Francis Xavier in 1549, Catholicism progressively developed as a major religious force in Japan. Although the tolerance of Western "padres" was initially linked to trade, Catholics could claim around 200,000 converts by the end of the 16th century, mainly located in the southern island of Kyūshū. The Jesuit managed to obtain jurisdiction over the trading city of Nagasaki.
The first reaction from the kampaku Hideyoshi came in 1587, when he promulgated the interdiction of Christianity and ordered the departure of all "padres". This resolution was not followed upon however (only 3 out of 130 Jesuits left Japan), and the Jesuits were essentially able to pursue their activities. Hideyoshi had written that
- "1. Japan is a country of the Gods, and for the padres to come hither and preach a devilish law, is a reprehensible and devilish thing ...
- 2. For the padres to come to Japan and convert people to their creed, destroying Shinto and Buddhist temples to this end, is a hitherto unseen and unheard-of thing ... to stir the canaille to commit outrages of this sort is something deserving of severe punishment." (From Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan)
Hideyoshi's reaction to Christianity proved stronger when a shipwrecked Spanish galleon brought Franciscans to Japan in 1597. Twenty-six Christians (6 Franciscans, 17 of their Japanese neophytes, and 3 Japanese Jesuit lay brothers - included by mistake-) were crucified in Nagasaki on February 5, 1597. It seems Hideyoshi's decision was taken following encouragements by the Jesuits to eliminate the rival order, his being informed by the Spanish that military conquest usually followed Catholic proselytism, and by his own desire to take over the cargo of the ship. Although close to a hundred churches were destroyed, most of the Jesuits remained in Japan.
The final blow came with Tokugawa Ieyasu's firm interdiction of Christianity in 1614, which led to underground activities by the Jesuits and to their participation in Hideyori's revolt in the Siege of Osaka (1614–15). Repression of Catholicism became virulent after Ieyasu's death in 1616, leading to the torturing and killing of around 2,000 Christians (70 westerners and the rest Japanese) and the apostasy of the remaining 200-300,000. The last major reaction of the Christians in Japan was the Shimabara rebellion in 1637. Thereafter, Catholicism in Japan was driven underground as the so-called "Hidden Christians".
Other Nanban influences
The Nanban also had various other influences:
- Nanbandō (南蛮胴) designates a type of cuirass covering the trunk in one piece, a design imported from Europe.
- Nanbanbijutsu (南蛮美術) generally describes Japanese art with Nanban themes or influenced by Nanban designs.
- Nanbanga (南蛮画) designates the numerous pictorial representations that were made of the new foreigners and defines a whole style category in Japanese art (See Namban art and an example at:[1] or [2])
- Nanbannuri (南蛮塗り) describes lacquers decorated in the Portuguese style, which were very popular items from the late 16th century (See example at: [3]).
- Nanbangashi (南蛮菓子) is a variety of sweets derived from Portuguese or Spanish recipes. The most popular sweets are "Kasutera" (カステラ), named after Castile, and "Kompeito" (金平糖 こんぺいとう), from the Portuguese word "confeito" ("sugar candy"). These "Southern barbarian" sweets are on sale in many Japanese supermarkets today.
- Nanbanji (南蛮寺?) was the first Christian church in Kyoto. With support from Nobunaga Oda, the Jesuit Padre Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino established this church in 1576. Eleven years later (1587), Nanbanji was destroyed by Hideyoshi Toyotomi. Currently, The bell is preserved as "Nanbanji-no-kane" (the Bell of Nanbanji) at Shunkoin temple in Kyoto.Shunkoin Temple
Decline of Nanban exchanges
After the country was pacified and unified by Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1603 however, Japan progressively closed itself to the outside world, mainly because of the rise of Christianity.
By 1650, except for the trade outpost of Dejima in Nagasaki, for the Netherlands, and some trade with China, foreigners were subject to the death penalty, and Christian converts were persecuted. Guns were almost completely eradicated to revert to the more "civilized" sword. Travel abroad and the building of large ships were also prohibited. Thence started a period of seclusion, peace, prosperity and mild progress known as the Edo period.
The "barbarians" would come back 250 years later, strengthened by industrialization, and end Japan's isolation with the forcible opening of Japan to trade by an American military fleet under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry in 1854.
Usages of the word "Nanban"
The term "Nanban" did not disappear from common usage until the Meiji restoration, when Japan decided to Westernize radically in order to better resist the West and essentially stopped considering the West as fundamentally uncivilized. Words like "Yōfu" (洋風 "western style") and "Obeifu" (欧米風 "European-American style)" replaced "Nanban" in most usages.
Still, the exact principle of westernization was Wakon-Yōsai (和魂洋才 "Japanese spirit Western talent"), implying that, although technology may be more advanced in the West, Japanese spirit is better than the West's. Hence though the West may be lacking, it has its strong points, which takes the affront out of calling it "barbarian."
Today the word "Nanban" is only used in a historical context, and is essentially felt as picturesque and affectionate. It can sometimes be used jokingly to refer to Western people or civilization in a cultured manner.
There is an area where Nanban is used exclusively to refer to a certain style, and that is cooking and the names of dishes. Nanban dishes are not American or European, but an odd variety not using soy sauce or miso but rather curry powder and vinegar as their flavoring, a characteristic derived from Indo-Portuguese Goan cuisine. Some of these dishes resemble Southeast Asian cuisines but are so heavily changed to fit Japanese tastes like ramen that they should be considered separate.
- 1543 - Portuguese sailors (among them possibly Fernão Mendes Pinto) arrive in Tanegashima and transmit the arquebus.
- 1549 - St Francis Xavier arrives in Kagoshima.
- 1557 - Establishment of Macau by the Portuguese. Dispatch of annual trading ships to Japan.
- 1570 - Japanese pirates occupy parts of Taiwan, from where they prey on China.
- 1571 - Daimyo Ōmura Sumitada assists the Portuguese in establishing the port of Nagasaki.
- 1575 - Battle of Nagashino, where firearms are used extensively.
- 1577 - First Japanese ships travel to Cochinchina, southern Vietnam.
- 1579 - The Jesuit Alessandro Valignano arrives in Japan.
- 1580 - Ōmura Sumitada cedes Nagasaki "in perpetuity" to the Society of Jesus.
- 1580 - Franciscans from Japan escape to Vietnam.
- 1584 - Mancio Ito arrives in Lisbon with three other Japanese, accompanied by a Jesuit father.
- 1588 - Hideyoshi prohibits piracy.
- 1592 - Japan invades Korea in the Seven-Year War with an army of 160.000.
- - First known mention of Red Seal Ships.
- 1597 - Martyrdom of 26 Christians (essentially Franciscans) in Nagasaki.
- 1598 - Death of Hideyoshi.
- 1600 - Arrival of William Adams on the Liefde.
- - The Battle of Sekigahara unites Japan under Tokugawa Ieyasu.
- 1602 - Dutch warships attack the Portuguese carrack Santa Catarina near Portuguese Malacca.
- 1603 - Establishment of Edo as the seat of Bakufu government.
- - Establishment of the English factory (trading post) at Bantam, Java.
- - Nippo Jisho Japanese to Portuguese dictionary is published by Jesuits in Nagasaki, containing entries for 32,293 Japanese words in Portuguese.
- 1605 - Two of William Adams's shipmates are sent to Pattani by Tokugawa Ieyasu, to invite Dutch trade to Japan.
- 1609 - The Dutch open a trading factory in Hirado.
- 1612 - Yamada Nagamasa settles in Ayutthaya, Siam.
- 1613 - England opens a trading factory in Hirado.
- - Hasekura Tsunenaga leaves for his embassy to the Americas and Europe. He returns in 1620.
- 1614 - Expulsion of the Jesuits from Japan. Prohibition of Christianity.
- 1615 - Japanese Jesuits start to proselytise in Vietnam.
- 1616 - Death of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
- 1622 - Mass martyrdom of Christians.
- - Death of Hasekura Tsunenaga.
- 1623 - The English close their factory at Hirado, because of unprofitability.
- - Yamada Nagamasa sails from Siam to Japan, with an Ambassador of the Siamese king Songtham. He returns to Siam in 1626.
- - Prohibition of trade with the Spanish Philippines.
- 1624 - Interruption of diplomatic relations with Spain.
- - Japanese Jesuits start to proselytise in Siam.
- 1628 - Destruction of Takagi Sakuemon's (高木作右衛門) Red Seal ship in Ayutthaya, Siam, by a Spanish fleet. Portuguese trade in Japan is prohibited for 3 years as a reprisal.
- 1632 - Death of Tokugawa Hidetada.
- 1634 - On orders of shogun Iemitsu, Dejima artificial island is built to constrain Portuguese merchants living in Nagasaki.
- 1637 - Shimabara Rebellion by Christian peasants.
- 1638 - Definitive prohibition of trade with Portugal as result of Shimabara Rebellion blamed on Catholic intrigues.
- 1641 - The Dutch trading factory is moved from Hirado to Dejima island.
- ^ Frequently referred to today in scholarship as kaikin, or "maritime restrictions", more accurately reflecting the booming trade that continued during this period and the fact that Japan was far from "closed" or "secluded."
- ^ Noel Perrin "Giving up the gun", p.7 ISBN 978-0-87923-773-8
- ^ Noel Perrin, "Giving up the gun"
- ^ Boxer, The Christian Century In Japan 1549–1650, p. 100–101
- ^ HOFFMAN, MICHAEL (May 26, 2013). "The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ "Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn't know ...". Japan Probe. May 10, 2007. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
- ^ Nelson, Thomas (Winter 2004). "Monumenta Nipponica (Slavery in Medieval Japan)". Vol. 59 (No. 4). Sophia University. p. 463. JSTOR 25066328.
- ^ Monumenta Nipponica: Studies on Japanese Culture, Past and Present, Volume 59, Issues 3-4. Jōchi Daigaku. Sophia University. 2004. p. 463. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Michael Weiner, ed. (2004). Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorites (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 408. ISBN 0-415-20857-2. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ed. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 479. ISBN 0-19-517055-5. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, ed. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 0-19-533770-0. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Monumenta Nipponica. Jōchi Daigaku. Sophia University. 2004. p. 465. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2013). Religion in Japanese History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-231-51509-X. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Donald Calman (2013). Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism. Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 1-134-91843-7. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Gopal Kshetry (2008). FOREIGNERS IN JAPAN: A Historical Perspective. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1-4691-0244-7. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ J F Moran, J. F. Moran (2012). Japanese and the Jesuits. Routledge. ISBN 1-134-88112-6. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan, ed. (2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective (reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 277. ISBN 0-521-52750-3. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Gavan McCormack (2001). Reflections on Modern Japanese History in the Context of the Concept of "genocide" (Issue 2001, Part 1 of Occasional papers in Japanese studies). Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. Harvard University, Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. p. 18. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Olof G. Lidin (2002). Tanegashima - The Arrival of Europe in Japan. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 1-135-78871-5. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Amy Stanley (2012). Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan. Volume 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes. Matthew H. Sommer. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-95238-3. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Jonathan D. Spence (1985). The memory palace of Matteo Ricci (illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin Books. p. 208. ISBN 0-14-008098-8. Retrieved 2012-05-05. "countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese"
- ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. ISBN 85-268-0436-7. Retrieved 2012-05-05. "Idéias e costumes da China podem ter-nos chegado também através de escravos chineses, de uns poucos dos quais sabe-se da presença no Brasil de começos do Setecentos.17 Mas não deve ter sido através desses raros infelizes que a influência chinesa nos atingiu, mesmo porque escravos chineses (e também japoneses) já existiam aos montes em Lisboa por volta de 1578, quando Filippo Sassetti visitou a cidade,18 apenas suplantados em número pelos africanos. Parece aliás que aos últimos cabia o trabalho pesado, ficando reservadas aos chins tarefas e funções mais amenas, inclusive a de em certos casos secretariar autoridades civis, religiosas e militares."
- ^ Jeanette Pinto (1992). Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. Retrieved 2012-05-05. "ing Chinese as slaves, since they are found to be very loyal, intelligent and hard working' ... their culinary bent was also evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks."
- ^ Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). 2, illustrated, reprint. p. 225. Retrieved 2012-05-05. "be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ..."
- ^ José Roberto Teixeira Leite (1999). A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras (in Portuguese). UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. p. 19. ISBN 85-268-0436-7. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Paul Finkelman (1998). Paul Finkelman, Joseph Calder Miller, ed. Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 2. Macmillan Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan. p. 737. ISBN 0-02-864781-5. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Finkelman & Miller 1998, p. 737
- ^ Duarte de Sande (2012). Derek Massarella, ed. Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590). Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society (Issue 25 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 1-4094-7223-X. ISSN 0072-9396. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ A. C. de C. M. Saunders (1982). A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441–1555. Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-521-23150-7. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Jeanette Pinto (1992). Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510–1842. Himalaya Pub. House. p. 18. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Charles Ralph Boxer (1968). Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770 (2, illustrated, reprint ed.). Oxford U.P. p. 225. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ Dias 2007, p. 71
- ^ "Histoire du Japon", p. 72, Michel Vie, ISBN 2-13-052893-7
- Giving Up the Gun, Noel Perrin, David R. Godine Publisher, Boston. ISBN 0-87923-773-2
- Samurai, Mitsuo Kure, Tuttle publishing, Tokyo. ISBN 0-8048-3287-0
- The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy. Development and Technology in Asia from 1540 to the Pacific War, Christopher Howe, The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35485-7
- Yoshitomo Okamoto, The Namban Art of Japan, translated by Ronald K. Jones, Weatherhill/Heibonsha, New York & Tokyo, 1972
- José Yamashiro, Choque luso no Japão dos séculos XVI e XVII, Ibrasa, 1989
- Armando Martins Janeira, O impacto português sobre a civilização japonesa, Publicações Dom Quixote, Lisboa, 1970
- Wenceslau de Moraes, Relance da história do Japão, 2ª ed., Parceria A. M. Pereira Ltda, Lisboa, 1972
- The Christian Century in Japan (1951), Charles Ralph Boxer
- They came to Japan, an anthology of European reports on Japan, 1543–1640, ed. by Michael Cooper, University of California press, 1995
- João Rodrigues's Account of Sixteenth-Century Japan, ed. by Michael Cooper, London: The Hakluyt Society, 2001 (ISBN 0-904180-73-5)
- Dias, Maria Suzette Fernandes (2007), Legacies of slavery: comparative perspectives, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, p. 238, ISBN 1-84718-111-2
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nanban.
- Nanban folding screens
- Nanban art (Japanese)
- Japanese Art and Western Influence
- Shunkoin Temple the Bell of Nanbanji
- Japan Mint: 2005 International Coin Design Competition, Jury's Special Award -- "The Meeting of Cultures" by Vitor Santos (Portugal)
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Uwatec By ScubaPro Galileo Sol/Luna/Terra Wrist Strap Set - Black
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Mixed martial arts fighter Michael McBride will be the featured guest at the Stonecroft Women's Connection guest night, 6 p.m. Oct. 23 at Tea Thyme, 2021 Sixth Ave. S.
McBride, an undefeated cage fighter gone professional, will tell why he took up MMA. He has been a featured speaker at Rotary, Kiwanis and DARE programs in Webster City.
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