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MAcc Admission Requirements
Admission to the MAcc is only possible AFTER the student is admitted to VSU's Graduate School. Application deadlines are on the VSU Graduate School website. The VSU Graduate School has a minimum GPA requirement of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale. For an applicant whose first language is not English, the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) score is required and considered. For any applicant who has attended a university overseas, the VSU Graduate School requires a transcript evaluation. The VSU Graduate School allows a maximum of six semester credit hours (SCHs) to be transferred from another school. All applicants must take the Graduate Management Admissions Test (GMAT). GMAT and TOEFL (if applicable) tests must be dated within the last two years ending with the application deadline date specified on the VSU Graduate School webpage.
In assessing an applicant's likelihood of successfully completing the MAcc program, the MAcc Director evaluates the entire application packet, including GMAT scores (on the test and on the analytical writing assessment), the undergraduate grade point average, and whether the undergraduate school is AACSB accredited. In addition to the VSU application, the applicant should also include a resume.
An undergraduate degree in accounting is not required for admission, but each MAcc course has one or more prerequisites. An applicant without an undergraduate degree in accounting must complete the VSU courses below with a grade of "C" or better or equivalent courses taken at an AACSB accredited school of business. All applicants must have completed ACCT 3203 – External Reporting or its equivalent.
ACCT 3201 – Intermediate Accounting I
ACCT 3202 – Intermediate Accounting II
ACCT 3203 – External Reporting
ACCT 4410 – Accounting Information Systems
ACCT 4500 – Individual Income Tax
ACCT 4800 – Auditing
The admission formula is stated below:
- A minimum GMAT score of 400 and a minimum undergraduate GPA of 2.5.
- Automatic acceptance for applicants with a GPA and GMAT formula score (GPA X 200 + GMAT) equal to or greater than 1100.
- Undergraduate GPA X 200 + GMAT score must be equal to or greater than 950. These applications will go into an applicant pool and be ranked. After automatic acceptances have been confirmed, applicants will be selected from the pool up to the program limit.
Under certain conditions, undergraduate students are allowed by the VSU Graduate School to take up to nine SCHs for graduate credit without being admitted to the Graduate School. (See ADMISSION CLASSIFICATIONS, 4. Irregular) This will allow a transition period for on-campus students who are in the "bridge" semester, i.e., finishing their undergraduate degree but who want to begin to take MAcc classes. These students must be admitted to the VSU Graduate School and the MAcc program to take more than nine SCHs.


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How To: Create a Repurposed Wine Crate Planter
• To start I drilled holes in the crate, spaced about 1" apart, to allow for drainage, with a standard drill bit.
• Once the holes were drilled, I waterproofed the crate by spraying it with an even coat of Thompson's Waterseal $6, making sure to coat both the inside and outside. I allowed it to dry then repeated the process, after the final coat I left it to dry overnight.
• After the crate was dry I laid down one even layer of river rock to assist in drainage, proper drainage will help prevent root rot as well as keep your container from becoming waterlogged. I then filled the container to about 1.5" from the top with potting soil.
• I chose to use Bonnie plants which come with biodegradable pots that make repotting easy and are environmentally friendly. You soak the plants and pots in water then plant them as usual without removing the pot.
Three months later my crate is still going strong! The clear coat allows for some natural graying of the wood, which gives it a nice patina, but the box is sturdy as ever and the mint is thriving.
Images: Kim Lucian
9 Comments
This is a cute idea! You probably don't need the river rocks though for drainage, if you have so many holes. A piece of landscape fabric or old screen at the bottom would probably work better to stop the soil from washing away. Also, I was wondering whether it's ok to use Thompson's waterseal for growing vegetables? I thought it was untreated wood only, but if this is food safe, then I'd love to try it.
How about tips on where to find the crates.
^^ I was about to ask the same thing! I see so many projects with them, but I have no idea where to get them.
Waterlox is a good product for sealing wood to a waterproof, food-safe finish. I use it on my wood countertops.
I wanna make this so bad!!
I made 3 of these a couple years ago and planted a flower mix in them that attracts bees and butterflies. I love them outside even though they are starting to warp a bit. I get my wine boxes from my neighborhood liquor stores. They have been more than happy to have me take them off their hands!
great idea. plastic lining could work in the way of waterproofing, and packing peanuts for drainage so not as heavy
Wow. Danish oil didn't work. I read that was an option on another blog. I was hopeful that I could recommend that to others. The Thompson's Water Seal sounds good, but I would've been concerned about the chemicals. I'm delighted to hear that everything worked out with it.
I was also really concerned about covering my wine crates with Thompson's Waterproofer since I was going to be planting vegetables for consumption in them. I did some searching and found Earth Safe Finishes Sealer http://amzn.com/B0088LWBSC. No voc, water based, non-toxic, and bpa-free, AND made in the USA! I just painted my crates today, still have to get the dirt but they should be all set up by next weekend!

subset: commoncrawl


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Guest commentary: Big challenges await Obama in Asia
President Obama touches down Wednesday in Japan where he starts an important week-long trip that will also take him to South Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines.
- Apr. 22, 2014
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President Obama touches down Wednesday in Japan where he starts an important week-long trip that will also take him to South Korea, Malaysia and the Philippines.
'I hate all Jews' was Frazier Glenn Miller's mantra, repeated time and again by the well-known white supremacist at rallies, in publications and on the Internet over a period of many years.
Its simple to explain Googles and Facebooks sudden, intense interest in drone technology: An estimated 65 percent of the worlds population today lacks Internet access, and flying robots probably can connect those 4.5 billion potential users to the rest of us.
Press-Gazette Media this week is honoring the recipients of the 21st annual Golden Apple Awards. The six educators and one teaching team who will be honored were whittled down from 1,100 nominations that were sent in this year.
After years of mostly hedging any suggestion that racism has anything to do with President Barack Obama's ferocious opposition, there's a new racial etiquette in town. Top Democrats are slipping off the kid gloves.
The recent decision by the Boy Scouts of America to remove 49-year-old Seattle Scout leader Geoffrey McGrath (an Eagle Scout himself) because of his sexual orientation is unfortunate and wrong-headed.
Green Bay schools see dip in math, reading, reads the news story on the front page April 9. The math dip referred to is a seven-tenths of 1 percent drop in reading and a 1.5 percent drop in math scores from last year. These differences, unless based on a very large number of students, can best be attributed to chance. The number of students tested is not stated.
Those of us on the outside looking in at the state Capitol and the UW Systems cash-flow are eager to learn more about whether the latter is sitting on $1.7 billion in extra money or if lawmakers are simply jumping on an election-year opportunity to announce a second straight two-year tuition freeze.
Vladimir Putin's violent rule and detachment from reality are menacing the globe, but much of the world doesn't recognize it yet.
This Easter, I've been reflecting on the story in the Bible of the two guys walking along the road to a small village called Emmaus, about a seven-mile walk from Jerusalem. What caught my eye was Luke 24:13,
Lake Michigan, beware. Among all the bugs, plants, fish and critters that find their way into the Great Lakes from afar, Asian carp are swimming hard up the threat list.
Dale Schultz tells a story he heard about a recent meeting of Republicans in the state's 6th Congressional District.
With the weather getting warmer, those who thumb their nose at state laws and local law enforcement will be advertising the sale of illegal fireworks.
Congratulations, fellow Christians of Astor Park. We have successfully repelled the invasion of the downtrodden. Jesus himself would have manned the barricades against the threat of lower property values, if he lived here.
After the Green Bay City Council voted to delay the permit for a daytime resource center for homeless on Mason Street, we now learn that it will no longer be opened at all.
On Monday, the Boston Marathon will be run for the first time since the bombings that killed three and injured 264 near the finish line for the race.
The debate over campaign contributions is never-ending for a simple reason: Both sides of the argument have merit.
The Legislature of this great state of Wisconsin has gain failed to put teeth into the drunken-driving laws, thanks to money from the liquor lobby.
It is disturbing/distressing that the Press-Gazette now contains commentary in op-ed section from people employed by Fox News (Kirsten Powers, Jan 16; Charles Krauthammer).
According to Anne Ranft's letter on April 1, the minimum wage should be $15.50. Why not $20, or $30?
Finding a location for a daytime drop-in center for the homeless in downtown Green Bay is proving difficult, and unpopular.
This this garbage is what our politics have become.
We are deeply saddened and disappointed that the Ashwaubenon Village Board is considering killing off many of the approximately 125 deer currently residing within village limits.
I love the Packers. Ticket prices are too high, including other teams. We feel that goes for all members of the Packers making $2 million or more. Anyone making over $2 million should take a 20 percent drop in pay.
Recently there was a letter to the editor ridiculing a belief in global warming and climate change.
There's little question that 'money talks' as long as you can pay a bit more for a better service at a top restaurant or to get a first-class seat while traveling but there's an ongoing First Amendment battle over how loudly it should speak in politics.
April is Autism Awareness Month. I hesitated in writing this because I do not define my children by this fact, though others have. Just as the expression states, 'I am not fat, I have fat,' my children are not autistic, but people living with autism.
I don't know what all the fuss is about getting a grocery store downtown. There's a nice store on Dousman Street called Save-A-Lot.
We believe our public institutions should be transparent. We want to know how our elected lawmakers vote, how workers in public office carry out their duties, how much our federal, state and local government spend and what they spend that money on.
Fifty years later, it's hard to imagine the enactment of the Civil Rights Act by today's polarized Congress. Maybe, as the old saying goes, today's fighting is so vicious because the stakes are so small.
Advocates for action on climate change should seriously consider a carbon tax and dividend.
Walmart's Broadway proposal is concise and offers long-term city benefits. A view of the proposal highlights the scope of its contributions to Green Bay.
If you like to vacation in Wisconsin's northwoods, the latest census estimates showing that 14 of Wisconsin's 16 northernmost counties lost population the past three years can be seen as a positive.
The annual tax filing deadline, which comes Tuesday, provides a good opportunity for tax reform advocates to decry the current law's increasing complexity and inequities, and to urge enactment of a simpler, fairer system.
Like many Wisconsin parents, Julie never thought it could happen to her child. The mother of four from Menomonee Falls lost her 25-year-old son in early 2012 to a heroin overdose.
Wisconsin politics will be even more partisan and contentious with the departure of three moderate state senators who will likely be replaced by more ideological lawmakers. Those retirements do not bode well for harmony at our State Capitol.
When you're in the business of caring for others, you face high expectations from the client, his or her family members, the government and society in general.
One day before the U.S.
Why, oh why, would you choose to glorify teen pregnancy on the front page of the paper? The headline blared out that more funds have been granted to support teen pregnancy.
Several Republicans in the Wisconsin Legislature are members of ALEC, which is a cabal of several large corporations and legislators who secretly draft model bills that profit corporations. Gov.
The #CancelColbert hashtag-tivists have won 'The Colbert Report' will be canceled.
Two months ago, a petition bearing more than 110,000 signatures was delivered to The Washington Post demanding a ban on any article questioning global warming.
Duane W. Maatz's March 30 Guest Commentary warning of food shortages and threats to food safety unless we grant what would be the eighth amnesty to illegal aliens since 1986 is more of the '
Regarding Tom Groenfeldt's letter
In response to Donald Vineburg's March 18 letter, the Koch brothers didn't balance our state's budget, create the $900 million surplus, or put over $200 million into the rainy day fund. Gov. Walker's policies did and he will be re-elected.
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Green Bay Press-Gazette photojournalist Evan Siegle shares his experiences from along the lines of Green Bay Packers games.
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Employee Reunion
|2014 Employee Reunion
Colorado Belle Hotel-Casino
Lisa and I wish to thank all who attended the 2013 Union Pacific Reunion, and welcome those who will be attending in 2014. We thank all who helped us and also the many who donated prizes for the raffle.
All events will be held in the Gallery Room on D deck at the Colorado Belle Hotel in Laughlin, NV the week of March 2, 2014.
There will be a hospitality event on Tuesday, March 4 from 5 p.m. until 7 p.m., with a special price of $3 for well drinks & domestic beer. The banquet will be Wednesday March 5, with a cocktail hour at 5 p.m. and dinner at 6 p.m.. Drink prices will be the same as Tuesday night. Meal choices are Prime Rib ($35), Fillet of Salmon ($28), and Chicken Picatta ($28). Banquet reservations must be made and full payment received by February 26, 2014, and any meal changes must be made by that date.
Rooms may be reserved at the Colorado Belle Hotel-Casino for $22 a night from Sun. March 2nd through Thursday March 6, 2014. Friday March 7 the rate goes up to $50. You must make your own reservation by calling 1-800-677-4837 using group code "Union Pacific Reunion." Room reservations must be made by February 15, 2014, in order to receive these rates. You may cancel any time prior to 48 hours before arrival date with no charge.
There is free RV parking, however no camping is allowed in the parking area. There are no regularly scheduled flights into Bullhead City, Ariz. You can check with Sun City Airlines at 1-800-359-6786 to see what their current schedule is.
Anyone wishing to play golf on Wednesday March 5 should email Randy Derryberry by February 2. Randy has offered to help set up tee times for those who would like to play.
Each year there is a raffle the night of the banquet with items that have been donated, including some that have been hand crafted such as wood-work items and stained glass. Without these generous donations, the prizes would have to be purchased. If you have something to donate, please bring it to the reunion. Revenue from the raffle helps support the reunion, & tickets will be sold Tuesday & Wednesday evenings.
Remember, this is for all present, former, or retired UPRR employees and their families and friends. If you know of anyone who is not on the mailing list, please make a copy of this letter and invite them to join us. We would appreciate this letter being posted at UPRR terminals. These letters will be mailed out to those on the mailing list the first part of January 2014.
Please mark your calendars today & join us for a great time in March.
Alan and Lisa Bower
210 Orchard Ave.
Grand Jct. CO. 81501
(970 ) 250-5474


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Office HoursMonday through Friday,
8:30 am - 5:30 pm
How to Reach Us
200 I Street, SE
5th Floor
Washington, DC 20003
Phone: (202) 727-2277Fax: (202) 727-6857TTY: 711
FOIA Information
Agency Performance
Website: http://octo.dc.gov
Rob ManciniChief Technology Officer
Ask the Agency
October 28, 2009
Story at a Glance
(Washington, DC) The Department of Commerce's National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) today announced that it has awarded grants to fund broadband mapping and planning activities in the District of Columbia. The program, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, will increase broadband access and adoption through better data collection and broadband planning. The data will be displayed in NTIA's national broadband map, a tool that will inform policymakers' efforts and provide consumers with improved information on the broadband Internet services available to them.
"This program will advance efforts to expand broadband access and adoption nationwide, which is vital to job creation and economic recovery," said Assistant Secretary for Communications and Information and NTIA Administrator Lawrence E. Strickling. "NTIA will continue to provide guidance to applicants where necessary to help them improve their proposed projects, so that all states and territories can soon participate in this initiative."
NTIA has awarded the District of Columbia Office of the Chief Technology Officer (OCTO) approximately $993,000 for broadband data collection and mapping activities over a two-year period and $500,000 for broadband planning activities over a five-year period for the District of Columbia, bringing the total grant award to nearly $1.5 million. OCTO is the designated entity for the District of Columbia.
The District of Columbia is a densely developed urban area enjoying a thriving market for broadband services. District residents and businesses can choose among multiple fixed line and wireless broadband providers. Yet, even in the nation's Capital, many Americans are missing opportunities to learn, interact, and transact because they are not online or are using outmoded technology.
The District's policy goal is to enable all residents and businesses to access and adopt broadband services. Specifically, the District's goal for Broadband Data Improvement Act (BDIA) related funds is to establish and sustain a common source of data, allowing all stakeholders (federal, District, private, and nonprofit) to effectively improve the accessibility and encourage the adoption of broadband.
This will be accomplished by:
"The District's broadband efforts are critical to the administration's overall goal of bridging the digital divide," said Washington, DC Acting Chief Technology Officer, Bryan Sivak. "The NTIA grant provides a huge opportunity for OCTO to explore the most innovative paths to citywide connectivity. I am confident these funds will make an impact on the lives of District residents, businesses and visitors."
The State Broadband Data and Development Grant Program is a matching grant program that implements the joint purposes of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and the Broadband Data Improvement Act. The program will provide grants to assist states or their designees in gathering and verifying state-specific data on the availability, speed, location, and technology type of broadband services. The data they collect and compile will also be used to develop publicly available state-wide broadband maps and to inform the comprehensive, interactive, and searchable national broadband map that NTIA is required by the Recovery Act to create and make publicly available by February 17, 2011.
The national broadband map will publicly display the geographic areas where broadband service is available; the technology used to provide the service; the speeds of the service; and broadband service availability at public schools, libraries, hospitals, colleges, universities, and public buildings. The national map will also be searchable by address and show the broadband providers offering service in the corresponding census block or street segment.


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Source - Finance
Asian Development Bank and Gates Foundation set up new sanitation trust fund
05 Sep 13
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have set up a joint trust fund to expand non-sewered sanitation and septage management solutions across Asia. The Gates Foundation will invest US$ 15 million into the new Sanitation Financing Partnership Trust Fund, which will leverage more than US$ 28 million in investments from ADB by 2017.
Spanish water fund for Latin America drops to US$ 15 million in 2012
25 Jun 12
The total budget for the Spanish Water and Sanitation Cooperation Fund for Latin America and the Caribbean is forecast to be 15 million Euros this year compared to 150 million Euros in 2011. As part of its austerity measures, Spain is cutting its development aid budget by 75%, which will include cancelling all non-emergency aid to Latin America in 2012.
HSBC launches US$ 100 million water partnership with WaterAid, WWF and Earthwatch
13 Jun 12
British multinational bank HSBC has launched a new US$ 100 million, five year partnership with WaterAid, WWF and the Earthwatch Institute. The HSBC Water Programme will bring safe water and improved sanitation to over a million people; tackle water risks in river basins; and raise awareness about the global water challenge. The programme is backed-up by a report commissioned by HSBC, which highlights "the powerful economic rationale for improving access to freshwater and sanitation, at a time when total aid for water access and sanitation has actually declined".
Netherlands: water escapes ODA cuts in 2012
23 Sep 11
The Netherlands will increase overseas development aid (ODA) in the water sector next year despite an overall cut of € 958 million in ODA. Total spending for integrated water resources management (IWRM), water and sanitation in 2012 will amount to € 181 million, which is € 54 million more than in 2011.
Sanitation: global financing facility seeking partners
16 Dec 10
With the launch of its web site and social media channels, the World Sanitation Financing Facility (WSSF) hopes to attract more technical and financial consortium partners.
UNICEF: why are health and water divided over subsidies?
03 Dec 10
UNICEF has been asking itself why different approaches to user fees and subsidies are promoted and operated in different areas of work central to its focus on children and parents. Why for example, if user fees are so important in water, has the health sector been promoting free distribution of mosquito nets and vaccines and services such as antenatal checks? Why is free primary school education seen as important, if free sanitation is not.
India, Maharashtra: surcharge on mineral water to pay for rural water supply
22 Jul 10
Maharashtra state hopes to generate an extra US$ 171 million to improve rural water supply through a one Rupee surcharge on bottled mineral water.
India: government approves increase in unit costs for school toilets
22 Jul 10
The Indian government has approved a 60-100% increase in unit costs for school and kindergarten toilets being constructed under the Total Sanitation Campaign. The government hopes the revision will speed up construction so that all the rural government schools and kindergartens get sanitation facilities by March 2011.
Crowdsourcing: innovative web site offers cash for water solutions
19 Jan 10
An open innovation marketplace uses "crowdsourcing" to solve water and sanitation challenges in exchange for the opportunity to earn cash awards.
Microfinance: local entrepreneurs in Bangladesh provide affordable sanitation
13 Nov 09
With access to microcredit, local small entrepreneurs can now produce and market a range of affordable sanitation options for households, thanks to a pilot project supported by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP).


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Living: When The Bell Rings10:34 am | November 29, 2012
While traveling recently, I was surprised to hear the radio announcer say, "This is your station for continuous Christmas music!" My first reaction was to ask why were they playing Christmas music two weeks before Thanksgiving. The next words I heard were, "Silver bells, silver bells, it's Christmas time in the city …" I stopped asking questions and began to think about the wonderful world of bells. It is interesting how bells can send a message without saying a word.
I remember visiting in Philadelphia and looking at the Liberty Bell. It didn't say anything but I got the message. It reminded me of living in America where I am free. On my grandmother's farm there was a dinner bell. It was mounted on a poll with a rope to ring, and when she rang it the men came in from the fields. The cow bell told the farm family where the cows were. The school bell rang and it was time for classes. The door bell rings and announces that someone is at the door.
In many ways bells have given way to buzzers and the pretty sounds of electronic devices, but I still like the sound of the bell. Occasionally you may hear the sound of a church bell. I like to go back to a church which was located on the side of the mountain overlooking a beautiful valley. Inside the front door was the bell rope dangling from the ceiling. Promptly at 9:30 on Sunday morning, the caretaker rang the bell to remind the folks that it was time for Sunday school and worship. At 11 a.m. a teenage boy took pride in ringing the bell for worship. As the sound floated across the valley, everyone knew what it meant. At other times a sad message was sent, and the tolling of the bell reminded the community of a death.
During the Christmas season, there are other bells which send a message. One of my favorites is a hand bell choir. I am fascinated by the choir as they ring the bells. There are big bells and small ones, and they blend together into one beautiful sound. One can almost hear the familiar words of the Christmas carols as they are played.
In Old Testament days, Aaron had golden bells dangling from the hem of his priestly robe when he entered the holy place. (Exodus 28:33) Perhaps God liked the sound of bells, and He sent a message to Aaron when he was approaching the Most Holy place. We are approaching a holy time, the celebration of the birth of Jesus, the Most Holy One. I have decided the radio announcer was right. It is time to begin ringing the Christmas bells.


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"We're determined to make 2014 the year that immigration reform is finally enacted."
Chamber of Commerce: Only Permanent Democratic Party Rule Can Solve Entitlements Crisis
January 9, 2014 by Daniel Greenfield 11 Comments
Filed Under: The Point Tagged With: amnesty for illegal aliens, united states chamber of commerce
Clueless On How To Create Jobs
December 4, 2009 by Joseph Klein Leave a Comment
Fresh after rolling out his surge-and-withdraw Afghanistan strategy, President Obama held a forum at the White House to seek new ideas on how to solve the job crisis and to create jobs. He needs them. Everything that he has tried so far has failed. His team of czars and economic advisors is like the gang who could not [...]
Filed Under: NewsReal Blog Tagged With: Administration, Afghanistan, american car, Bill, bump, car, cash, conservative ideas, crisis, economic advisors, everything, federal budget deficit, federation of independent business, forum, Fresh, gang, house, hundred million, idea, japanese car makers, job, Mr. President. Sack, national federation of independent business, new car sales, new jobs, November, Office, ofo, plan, political hacks, President Obama, program, rate, record, Reilly, reilly factor, sector, social engineers, Stimulus, Stimulus Plan, strategy, Tax, team, Unemployment, unemployment rate, united states chamber, united states chamber of commerce, White, world experience


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|Have a Question? Toll Free 800-316-2207
Premier Program
Discounts & Upgraded Service
Learn More »
|Number of Legs: 4
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Table Top Finish: Natural
|Leg Material: Hardwood
|Table Base Finish: Natural
|Green Guard Certified: Yes
|Table Top Material: Wood
|Table Base Material: Wood
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Non Toxic: Yes
|Table Design: Writing Table
|Table Shape: Rectangular
|Table Legs: Yes
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Eco-Friendly: Yes
|Product Care: Provided in the assembly instructions
Questions & Answers
ECR4Kids Kids Table
ernest koth
bnos malke belz from brooklyn ny 11218
this table is a very strong good preschool table, we are very happy with it. it is durable and long lasting.
Great little table
Jane Smith from Franklin, TN– Verified Buyer
Legs were time consuming to put on as there are two big bolts for each leg and a very small wrench. Used my own, more substantial wrench which made the job a little easier. This table will NEVER come apart though and is sturdy, sturdy, sturdy...perfect for little boys !
Beautiful and great quality
Vilma Rodriguez from Eagle, ID– Verified Buyer
Very sturdy. I use it for my one year old as a working space. It is still a little tall for him but should be great by hte end of the Summer.
A sturdy, great table~
Laraine Ely from Guide Rock, NE– Verified Buyer
I bought this table for my two grandsons to use when they come to my house. It is a beautiful table! Very sturdy. I did put a coat of varnish on top to protect it even more, especially since my grandsons like to color with markers. They ate at it when we had our family barbeque and it worked great! It is large enough that they can set up fences with toy animals in them and have a little zoo. Love it!
Sonji from Sheridan, AR– Verified Buyer
I was very Pleased with This Product!
Love it
Renee from Greenville, TX– Verified Buyer
Easy to assemble. My three year old and I both fit at the table comfortably for art time. She has spilled acrylic paint on the table and it just wipes up, even after it is dry. The paint stained some of the grain, but that's no big deal for us since we got it specifically to do art projects etc. on. She likes to use it with her play kitchen as well, since it looks a lot like our dinner table. We will probably be ordering taller legs as she starts school and has homework, or maybe even a larger one of this exact same model. I'm pleased with my purchase and look forward to many years of enjoyment from it.
Love it!
Nana Lisa from Edmonton, KY– Verified Buyer
I ordered this table for my grandkids to use while at my house and it is perfect!It arrived quickly,in great condition and assembly was super easy.Looks nice and is very sturdy.Grandkids range in age from 2-9 yrs.Would reccomend to anyone.Very satisfied with purchase.
Great Table
GC from Cleveland, Ohio– Verified Buyer
Handsome. Durable. Easy to assemble.
Perfect activity table!
Luca's mom from Tulsa, OK– Verified Buyer
I absolutely LOVE this well-made, beautiful multi-functional table. My son uses it for arts and crafts, free play and even snacks. It's sturdy, well-made and I love the natural wood finish. Replaceable table legs are even available once your child grows taller. I HIGHLY recommend it!
none from st. john's, newfoundland
legs come loose very easily
Combining their responsibility to the community and their desire to be environmentally conscious, they have a program to reduce (or better yet, re-use) what they would normally dispose of... Early Childhood Resources has eliminated almost all of their cardboard waste by implementing commercial cardboard shredding equipment in its facilities to convert cardboard destined for the landfill into some of the best packing material available.
Competition typically demands lower costs and with it, labor intense jobs are being exported faster and faster every year. Early Childhood Resources, being committed to "Maximum Value," balances the demands from the marketplace with the practicality and social values of finding ways to maximize the capabilities of those in our community with developmental disabilities, and want to work! The program provides a stimulating and developmentally enriching environment. These individuals gain valuable social and work skills while earning competitive wages, and creating "Maximum Value" in their products.


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7 Jun, 2010
Mentor Graphics is excited to announce the launch of their new fast field solver for IC design, Calibre xACT 3D http://www.mentor.com/calibre-xact. This new tool is based Mentor Graphics' acquisition of Pextra Corporation last year. This deterministic field solver has break-through performance, and excellent scalability, which enables the efficient use of multiple CPUs to achieve the fast turn-around-time. … Read More


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|National Park Service
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Thomas Point Shoal Light Station
National Historic Landmark Study
by Ralph Eshelman
Designated January 20, 1999
NPS photos by Candace Clifford, 1995 & 1998
| Present and
Historic Physical Appearance
Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse is a hexagonal-shaped, 1½-story, wood balloon framed "cottage," built over a steel frame deck mounted to a wrought-iron screwpile foundation. On the north side of the lighthouse is a steel icebreaker set on a steel pile tripod. The lighthouse is located approximately 1½ miles southeast of Thomas Point near the entrance to the South River, middle Chesapeake Bay, western shore, near Annapolis, Maryland. Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse remains as built in 1875 with only minor alterations. Owned by the U.S. Coast Guard, access to the station is via boat.
Existing structure
The foundation consists of a central wrought-iron screwpile surrounded by six perimeter wrought-iron screwpiles spaced at 60-degree intervals. On both the ebb and flow side of the foundation a single fender pile is driven, connected to the foundation by horizontal spandrel channels and then riprap rock piled over it to serve as an ice break. All seven piles are 10-inch- diameter wrought-iron screwpiles set vertical in the bottom and screwed 11 feet, 6 inches into the bottom. At a later date three connected screwpiles were driven on the northern side of the foundation to serve as an ice fender to break up ice flows so as not to damage the screwpile foundation. Approximately 2 feet above mean tide level, horizontal iron spandrels forming the framing are attached to the fender screwpiles which are made up of back-to-back 11_-inch-wide C-channels with 2¾-inch flanges hammer riveted together. All the remaining spandrels are made of rolled wrought-iron I-beams 12-inches deep with 6½-inch-wide flanges on the top and bottom. These I-beams may date from some 1921 iron work replacement, as they are less corroded and slightly deeper in depth, not making a perfect fit with the sockets of the "shoulder" joint. The spandrels are joined to the top of each screwpile at a "shoulder" or a cast-iron knuckle which caps the vertical perimeter screwpiles. They are fitted with a plate for bolting it to the horizontal channels which radiate from the central screwpile and spandrels which run between each of the perimeter screwpiles. The central pile has a six slotted "shoulder" to receive the six radial channel beams. The radial channel beams are braced laterally with a specially cast "X" shaped iron piece which is bolted midspan. These all appear to be original. Above the lower horizontal frames and into each "shoulder," a cast-iron column continues upward. The perimeter columns are set at a 60-degree tilt toward the central column.
On top of the columns are mounted another set of "shoulders" which receive another set of radial channel beams and spandrels. The I-beam spandrels are marked "Phoenix Iron, Philadelphia." On average, 2-inch-diameter tie rods for diagonal bracing cross every tangential face as well as run radially from the central column. They are connected to the frame by a clevis assembly held in place with a 1-inch cotter pin at the top and the bottom. These tie rods can be adjusted by a turnbuckle located _ of the way up the rod. All the cast-iron foundation is painted a dark red/brown, though much is rusted through.
Originally, the lower platform located within the spider foundation was used for storage of fuel and livestock when the lighthouse was manned. Wooden 3- by 12-inch members run radially from a "shoulder" clamped on the central column and are fastened to hanger rods attached to the iron beams on the first level deck. The wood deck consists of 3- by 12-inch timbers laid flat and parallel to the hexagonal shape of the perimeter spandrels. The underside of the first level framing is covered with ½-inch plywood battened at the joists.
A wooden hexagonal-shaped cottage, 18 feet on a side, 35-feet in diameter, is built upon the upper set of iron beams that run between the perimeter of the raked columns. On top of each perimeter column, a radial beam which is seated on the central column extends 5 feet outboard creating a cantilever around the entire foundation. Wood spandrels clear span the radial beams. The exterior (cantilevered) deck is framed with 4-foot-long joists between the perimeter iron beam and the wood spandrel. The interior deck frames rest on the iron radial and perimeter beams.
The cottage is sheathed with wooden horizontal German molded lap siding. The cottage is painted white with grey decks and drab olive window and door trim. There are two sets of davits for launching small craft. All are made of metal and able to pivot from supports attached to the cottage siding and gallery deck. They are painted a light yellow-tan. The davit pair on the west side is still operational, while the pair on the east side has had the winch drum removed. A group of four piles has been driven in the water on this side of the lighthouse, presumably to assist in tying up a vessel. In addition, a single davit for hoisting supplies is located just to the west of the privy. The roof is painted red.
The bedroom walls have been covered with painted plywood paneling with thin battens covering the joints. The floor is covered with carpeting. The interior doors, window casings and sash appear to be original. The exterior door is probably not original. The bathroom is equipped with an incinerator toilet, sink, shower, and heater. The walls are covered with plywood paneling. The day room contains the control monitor system equipment, switch-gear, double rack of batteries and other electrical equipment. The floor is covered with carpet and the walls and ceiling covered with plywood. The kitchen is equipped with a sink, stove, and cabinets. In the pantry area the original beaded tongue-and-grove wall paneling is extant. The fenestration consists of six-over-six windows on the first level.
The second level of the cottage is accessed by a spiral wooden staircase winding around a central wooden column. The stairwell is hexagonal-shaped and sided with vertical tongue-and-groove beaded variable-width wall paneling. The stair treads and risers appear to be original. At the top of the stairs to the second-level is an graceful curved wooden railing cap. Just inside the entrance to the bedroom from the stairs is a hatch which allowed for raising and lowering of stores without having to use the narrow spiraling stairwell. The bedroom appears to have all original wall and ceiling paneling. Under the carpeted floor is the original random-width flooring. The beaded "Philadelphia" boards on the walls and ceiling, casement-type windows, sash, and casework are all original. The second room, where the fog signal striking mechanism would have been located, has original floors, wall and ceiling paneling, just like the bedroom. There are storage closets all around the outside walls under the eaves of the roof. There are six dormer windows, one on each side of the structure. Each window consists of a single pane, though photographs suggest they were originally four-pane single-sash windows in each of the second- level dormers. Window screens are attached by hinges to the inside of the windows.
The fourth-order octagonal lantern is accessed by a wooden ship's ladder which is fitted with an iron rail on the left side. The lantern parapet walls are cast iron, the interior sheathed with vertical beaded board below the sills and above a 14-inch-high wooden baseboard. Within each of four of the parapet walls is a ventilator with brass regulator. An external ventilator ball and lightning rod surmounts the lantern roof peak which is made of standing seam sheet metal. The roof was described as copper in 1938. Inside, the roof ceiling is lined with galvanized sheet metal and the smoke funnel is still intact. There are six glass panes set in cast-iron lantern frames. Gredell reports that somewhere on the frame is the inscription "Atlantic Steam Engine Works, Brooklyn, New York, 1875," but this was not found during a 1995 visit. The lantern and lantern gallery are painted black. Historic photographs show the upper gallery balustrade was painted white in 1885, but it is now painted black.
Historic Integrity
The screwpile foundation is original except for replacements for pieces broken by ice. The wooden gallery rails retain their original ornamented pattern. The privy is intact. All the interior wooden wall paneling, floors, and ceilings are original though some are covered by plywood. The water tank funnels are intact; the only known example to survive in their original state. All the windows are original or have had appropriate replacements. All the interior doors appear to be original or at least early replacements. The exterior door does not appear to be original. This light station has the highest degree of historic integrity of any operational station in Maryland.
Previously Existing Structures
The 1875 station replaced an onshore station established in 1825. The original stone tower, similar to Donahoo's Concord Point and Pooles Island lighthouse towers, was built onshore at the tip of Thomas Point. It was a round tower 30 feet tall, 18 feet across at the base, and 9 feet in diameter at the top. The tower wall was 3 feet thick at the base decreasing to 20 inches in thickness at the top. A stone keepers quarters was built near the tower, 24 by 20 feet in plan. It consisted of two rooms, each with a fireplace and a common chimney. Attached was a kitchen 14 by 12 feet in plan, containing a fireplace and an oven with an iron door. Though a fog signal is known to have been used on Thomas Point, its design and placement is unknown. A well, lined with brick or stone, fitted with a pump or windlass and iron bucket and a privy were called for in the original construction contract.[2]
The tower, rebuilt by Lewis, finally fell down on February 28, 1894. The original land had eroded from 7 acres to about 2 usable acres and was now separated from the mainland by a narrow strip of water. It was sold in 1914 for $426 to Garnett Y. Clark of Ellicott City, Maryland, just over $100 less than the original 1824 purchase price. None of the structures from the earlier land-based station survive.
Statement of Historic Significance
Thomas Point Shoal Light Station is the last unaltered screwpile, cottage-type lighthouse on its original foundation in the United States. Screwpile foundation technology greatly improved the U.S. aids to navigation system in that it allowed lighthouses to be built in offshore locations that previously could only be marked by bouys or expensive lightships. Perhaps as many as 100 spider-like screwpile lighthouses were built throughout the Carolina sounds, the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, along the Gulf of Mexico, and one even at Maumee Bay on Lake Erie in Ohio. Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse replaced a land-based station in 1875. The last manned lighthouse on the Chesapeake Bay from 1964 [3] until automation in 1986, it continues to serve as an active aid to navigation in 1998.
The preceding statement of significance is based on the more detailed statements that follow[4]
Development and Importance of Screwpile Foundation Lighthouses
Politics, need, cost, location, and geography of the site, as well as technology available at the time of construction influenced lighthouse designs. Before the mid-19th century, lighthouse construction technology required solid rock or other stable foundation soils; however, onshore towers sometimes proved inadequate to warn ships off a shoal located offshore. In some locations a lighted buoy or lightship solved this problem. In addition, riverine and estuarine environments often had unstable muddy and/or sandy bottoms which could not support heavy masonry towers. In areas such as the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River delta, and the coral reefs of the Florida Keys, the development of newer technology using screwpile, caisson, and skeletal tower lighthouse construction was essential to adequately light the marine hazards.
Unlike heavy masonry foundations, the pile foundation lighthouse utilized the principle of least resistance. Waves would pass through rather than crash against the foundation. To increase the holding power of the pile, a screw-like flange was fastened to the bottom of the pile and wound like a screw into the substrate. There are two principal screwpile lighthouse types, one which uses a low spider-like foundation and a small cottage-type house used for rivers, bays, and sounds, and the other whose foundation supports a tall coastal tower.
Development of the Pile Foundation
A Quaker and wealthy Liverpool, England, merchant, John Phillips, erected a lighthouse in 1773 on Smalls Rock, in the British Channel off the west coast of Wales. Instead of hiring an engineer to design the structure, he chose a musical instrument maker, Henry Whiteside, who built the lighthouse on piles rather than using the conventional masonry tower. Phillips' choice and Whiteside's design were to prove revolutionary. Construction began in June 1775, and, when finished, the lighthouse consisted of nine oak posts each 24 inches in diameter and 40 feet in length with a small two-story octagonal wooden cabin built on top. The first floor was where the keepers lived and the top floor housed the light. It stood for 85 years, but more importantly, proved the principle of least resistance (waves would tend to pass through as opposed to crash against the foundation) for the design of lighthouse structures built in waveswept locations.[5]
The first iron straightpile lighthouse built in the United States was on Minots Ledge, a dangerous ledge off the coast of Cohasset, Massachusetts, visible only at low tide. Shortly after a severe storm swept the lighthouse off the ledge, an inspection revealed the piles were broken at a juncture where lower bracing should have been placed. Surviving examples of straightpile lighthouses include: South Pass (Range Rear) Lighthouse (1881), Louisiana; Oyster Bay (Bayou) Lighthouse (1903), Louisiana; and Oakland Harbor Lighthouse (1903), California (concrete- piles).
Development of Screwpile Foundation
Another Englishman, Alexander Mitchell, invented the screwpile, a major improvement over the standard straightpile construction type. A talented mathematician, he pursued a career in engineering even though he became blind in 1820 at age 20. With his son, he patented his wrought-iron screwpile design in the 1830s which he described as follows,
He further stated that his screwpile was a device for "obtaining a much greater holding power than was possible by any pole or mooring then in use." William Johnstone, harbor master at Glasgow stated in a letter to Mitchell and his son on May 7, 1837,
In 1838 Mitchell combined his wrought-iron screwpile moorings with Whiteside's pile construction technique and built the first screwpile lighthouse foundation at Maplin Sands. Mitchell screwed the piles into the sea bottom where he left them to "ascertain if any changes would occur, from the action of the sea or other causes" before completing the lighthouse structure. In the meantime, he and his son began construction in 1839 on the Fleetwood on Wyre screwpile lighthouse at the mouth of the Wyre, a harbor in Lancashire, England. Mitchell used 36-inch-diameter, 48-foot-long "balks of Baltic timber" on whose bottoms were attached 16- foot-long wrought-iron piles with three-foot diameter screws. The screwpiles were inclined toward the center as in Whiteside's standard pile design. Wyre was completed in March and first lighted on June 6, 1840. Mitchell then returned to Maplin Sands and completed that screwpile structure which was first lighted in February 1841.[8]
Mitchell later noted, "by reason of the various descriptions of sea-worms which everywhere infest our coast" wrought-iron piles were necessary. This led to his next and best remembered achievement, the Maplin Sands Lighthouse. In partnership with James Walker who was responsible for the superstructure, Mitchell contracted with the Trinity Corporation (England's lighthouse authority) to build a lighthouse at the mouth of the Thames River, an area subjected to high winds, strong currents, and consisting of a soft bottom. Completed in 1841, this structure was the first lighthouse to be built upon a screwpile foundation made entirely of iron. The hexagonal dwelling was supported by one central and eight surrounding iron piles, either 5 or 6 inches in diameter, each tipped with a 4-foot-diameter flanged screw and each turned 22 feet into the sandy bottom. Unlike the Wyre Lighthouse, these piles were screwed vertically into the bottom, and capped with hollow cast iron columns which not only formed the foundation but supported the dwelling as well. The Maplin Sands Lighthouse became a prototype for other screwpile lighthouses.[9]
The first mention of Mitchell's screwpile invention in the United States may be in an 1842 report on buoys written by engineer I.W.P. Lewis,
Screwpile Lighthouses in the U.S.
Congress was willing to give the screwpile technique a try at Flynn's Knoll in New York Harbor, but the project died with little support outside of Congress; most people believed nothing more than a buoy was needed. The first screwpile lighthouse built in the United States was at Brandywine Shoal, Delaware Bay, an area served by a lightship since 1823 and an ordinary straightpile lighthouse which stood briefly there in 1828 until destroyed by ice. Major Hartman Bache, a distinguished engineer of the Army Corps of Topographical Engineers, began work in 1848 and completed the task in 1850; construction cost $53,317. Alexander Mitchell served as consultant. The screwpiles were turned by a 4-foot capstan worked by 30 men. To protect the structure from ice floes an ice-breaker consisting of a pier of 30 iron screwpiles, 23 feet long and 5 inches in diameter, were screwed down into the bottom and interconnected at their heads above water reinforcing them together. This cost an additional $11,485.[11]
Major Bache also built the second screwpile lighthouse in the United States with construction of the Pungoteague River Lighthouse (1854), built in Chesapeake Bay. Pungoteague Lighthouse, completed next, was made of seven hollow iron piles sunk 10 feet, 8 inches, into the bottom and connected by spider-web braces and cross-braces between each screwpile. It lasted only 459 days when it was destroyed by a heavy ice floe on February 2, 1856. As a result, in 1857 the Brandywine Shoal Lighthouse was further protected by an additional "fence" and riprap of stone. Pungoteague River was followed by Deep Water Shoals, White Shoals, and Point of Shoals, all on the James River, Virginia. Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse, also built in Chesapeake Bay, was made with solid metal piles and completed in 1855.[12]
The screwpile lighthouse construction technique became especially popular after the American Civil War when the Lighthouse Board adopted a policy to replace inside (bays, sounds, and rivers) light vessels with screwpile lighthouses.[13] This was particularly true for lighthouses built in ice-free, shallow, slow-moving sheltered waters, where soft bottom shoals stood too far offshore to be protected by the more traditional onshore lighthouse structure. Examples of screwpile lighthouses built to replace lightships include: Roanoke River (1867), Harbor Island Bar (1867), Southwest Point Royal Shoal (1867), Long Point Shoal (1867), Brant Island (1867), and Horseshoe Shoal (1868), all in North Carolina; Upper Cedar Point (1867), Lower Cedar Point (1867), and Janes Island (1867), all Maryland (Potomac River politically belongs to Maryland); and Windmill Point (1869), Virginia. None of these exist today.
Screwpile-type lighthouses were relatively inexpensive, easy to construct, and comparatively quick to build. A temporary platform or stage was constructed to facilitate the work. The typical screwpile lighthouse was square or hexagonal in plan. The hexagonal plan consisted of a central pile which was set first and then the six or eight perimeter piles were screwed in place around it. Occasionally, two additional fender piles were set, one on each of the ebb and flow sides of the structure for additional stability against ice such as was the case for the Bowlers Rock Lighthouse (1868), the Smith Point Lighthouse (1868), the Windmill Point Lighthouse (1869), the York Spit Lighthouse (1870), and the Tue Marshes Lighthouse (1875), all once located in Virginia and now dismantled. The York Spit Lighthouse had two extensions built over these additional piles, one for the placement of a fog signal and the other as a landing deck fitted with davits to accommodate a station boat. For the 14 or so screwpile lighthouses with rectangular or square plans, the piles were placed vertically around the perimeter of the structure, not in an incline as was typical of the hexagonal design foundations. Care was taken to ensure proper position and plumbness of each screwpile. This was often done by using a jig especially made for the job varying by the desired distance from the central pile, and angle of incline if any. Once in place, any deviation was corrected by the temporary placement of blocks and tackles fastened to the tops of the screwpiles until connecting pieces could be fitted. In addition to turning the screwpiles by hand using a capstan, horses and donkeys were sometimes employed, as well as water jets. Piles were then cut off at the uniform elevation of the lowest pile, capped with cast- iron socket castings, and reinforced with horizontal, radial, and perimeter girders to stiffen the assembly. Further stability was added by the placement of rolled iron diagonals running both tangentially and radially between the piles and girders.[14]
Upon this spider-like cast-iron foundation six spandrel and six radial beams support the keepers quarters and lantern, which was usually built of wood so as not to overload the foundation (the only exceptions known are the Brandywine Shoal Lighthouse (1848), Delaware Bay, and the Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse (1855) which had a cylindrical iron keepers quarters described above).[15] The typical hexagonal keepers quarters was a wooden framed 1½-story cottage with horizontal clapboard siding and a metal roof. The first floor was divided into a sitting room, kitchen, store room, and sleeping room. A central enclosed spiral staircase connects the first floor to the second half story where a sleeping room, oil room, and storage area were located. The interior walls and ceilings were of finished tongue-and-groove beaded board paneling. The circular stairwell continued to the lantern room which was surrounded by an exterior deck and railing. The lantern room had glass panels set in cast-iron mullions covered with vertical tongue- and-groove on the inside and sheet metal on the outside.
At least six, and no doubt more, screwpile lighthouses were built by first driving wooden piles, then slipping a cast-iron screw sleeve over them, and then screwing the sleeve into the bottom. This variation of the screwpile foundation was probably less expensive and an easier method to drive piles. The iron sleeves also protected the wooden pile from shipworm damage. Examples of screwpile lighthouses using this cast-iron screw sleeve method include: White Shoals Lighthouse (1855), Virginia; Hooper Strait Lighthouse (first) (1867), Maryland; York River Spit Lighthouse (1870), Virginia; Wolf Trap Lighthouse (1870), Virginia; Choptank River Lighthouse (1871), Maryland; and Pages Rock Lighthouse (1893), Virginia.[16]
Cottage-type Screwpile Lighthouses
There are two principal types of screwpile lighthouses: the spider-like, cottage-type and exposed skeletal tower type. The spider-like, cottage type screwpile lighthouse consisted of the screwpile foundations built over open water upon which a wooden cottage for the keepers quarters was constructed. Initially the cottage was a one-story building surmounted by a lantern room, but the later 1½-story cottage surmounted by a lantern room described above became more popular. Perhaps as many as 100 spider-like, cottage-type (1½-story wooden dwelling) screwpile lighthouses were built throughout the Carolina sounds, the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, along the Gulf of Mexico, and one even built at Maumee Bay, Lake Erie, Ohio.[17] However, the Chesapeake, with 42, has the distinction of having the most spider-like, cottage-type screwpile lighthouse structures of any area in the world.[18] At least 15 were built in North Carolina.[19]
The cottages were almost uniformly hexagonal in shape though there were at least 16 exceptions. The Roanoke River Lighthouse (1867), North Carolina, and the New Canal Lighthouse (1901), Louisiana, both have square keepers quarters, and both moved to shore; Roanoke River is now used as a home, and New Canal as an active aid to navigation. These two are apparently the only square cottages from a screwpile-type lighthouse to survive in the United States.[20] The other 14 exceptions, none of which exist today, include: Harbor Island Lighthouse (1867), North Carolina;[21]Upper Cedar Point Lighthouse (1867), Potomac River, Maryland, screwpile foundation survives;[22] Lower Cedar Point Lighthouse (1867), Potomac River, Maryland, and destroyed by a fire in 1893;[23] Somers Cove Lighthouse (1867), entrance to Crisfield, Maryland, screwpile foundation survives;[24] Hooper Strait Lighthouse (first) (1867), between Bloodsworth and Hooper Island, Maryland;[25] Bowlers Rock Lighthouse (1868), about 30 miles up the Rappahannock River, of Virginia;[26] Horn Island Lighthouse (1874), located off the coast of Mississippi;[27] Tue Marshes Lighthouse (1875), located at the mouth of the York River, Virginia, screwpile foundation survives;[28] Great Shoals Lighthouse (1884), Chesapeake Bay near Wicomico River, Maryland;[29] Old Plantation Flats Lighthouse (1886), located southwest of Capes Charles;[30] Killick Shoal Lighthouse (1886), near the southern entrance of Chincoteaque Bay, Virginia;[31] Cobb Point Bar Lighthouse (1889), entrance to Wicomico River, Maryland;[32] and Tangier Sound Lighthouse (1890), southeast of Tangier Island, Virginia.[33] The Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse (1855), on Patapsco River, Maryland, relocated to the inner harbor of Baltimore in 1988, consists of a screwpile foundation surmounted with a cylindrical iron plated keepers quarters.[34] The second Northwest Passage Lighthouse (1879), Florida, had a square cottage, but a straightpile-type foundation.[35]
Demise of the Screwpile Lighthouse
These relatively lightweight structures were occasionally destroyed by moving ice. This was the case with the Maumee Bay Range Lighthouse, Lake Erie, Ohio, destroyed by ice during its first winter; Janes Island Lighthouse (1867), Maryland, destroyed by ice on January 20, 1879; and Love Point Lighthouse (1872), Maryland, which had several of its screwpiles severed by ice in its first winter.[36] The keepers at these two last stations apparently deserted their stations during these instances which prompted the Office of the Lighthouse Inspector for the Fifth District, in which these stations are located, to issue the following warning in 1879,
Ice problems to screwpile lighthouses continued over the years. The cottage of the Sharps Island Lighthouse (1866), Maryland, was torn from the foundation, lifted on its side, and carried by heavy ice for 16 hours before it grounded on land on February 10, 1881.[38] The Wolf Trap Lighthouse (1870), Virginia, met a similar fate in January 22, 1893, when it was destroyed by ice and discovered the following day 20 miles to the south with only the lantern room visible above the ice.[39] The Lighthouse Board soon installed large amounts of stone rip-rap around these structures in the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays to protect their investments. Other enemies of the screwpile lighthouse were fire, fast-flowing water that could scour bottoms and undermine foundations, and even collision by vessels.[40]
The beginning of the end of screwpile cottage type lighthouses came in 1894 when the Lighthouse Board stated in its annual report,
Many of the screwpile lighthouses in the Chesapeake Bay were replaced with lighthouses using the more durable caisson foundation which came into use during the last quarter of the 19th century. The last spider-like, cottage-type screwpile lighthouse built was Ragged Point Lighthouse (1910), Maryland (waters of Maryland but closer to Virginia shore), constructed in the Potomac River near Chesapeake Bay.[42]
Other Surviving Screwpile Lighthouses
In addition to Thomas Point Shoal, other existing screwpile cottage-type lighthouses include Hooper Strait (1879), Maryland; Drum Point (1883), Maryland; and Half Moon Reef (1858), Texas; all of which have been moved ashore. Also moved ashore, Seven Foot Knoll Lighthouse (1855), Maryland, is believed to be the oldest surviving screwpile lighthouse in the United States; however, only the screwpile foundation above the waterline was moved. The portion of the piles below the waterline are still in place in the Chesapeake Bay. Mobile Middle Bay Lighthouse (1905), Mobile Harbor, Alabama, is a screwpile, cottage-type lighthouse, but the cottage was destroyed in an 1916 hurricane and the present cottage is a 1984 reproduction of the Hooper Straight Lighthouse. Many lighthouses in the Florida Keys including Carysfort Reef Lighthouse (1852), have screwpile foundations supporting a skeletal tower and do not fall under the cottage-type classification. Similarly, the Southwest Reef Lighthouse (1858), Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, has a screwpile foundation but not a cottage-type keepers quarter on top. There are several additional former screwpile lighthouse sites where the screwpile foundations are still present, some with modern beacons fabricated on top; examples include Southwest Point Royal Shoal Lighthouse (1887), North Carolina; and Rebecca Shoal Lighthouse (1886), Florida.[43]
Construction and Operational History of Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse
The need for a lighthouse at Thomas Point was stated in 1823:
Congress appropriated $6,500 for the lighthouse on May 26, 1824. Jeremiah T. Chase sold a 7- acre parcel of land at Thomas Point to the government for $529.69 in 1824. John Donahoo of Havre de Grace, Maryland, and Simon Frieze of Port Deposit, Maryland, were awarded the contract to build the lighthouse for $5,626. (Donahoo built a total of 12 lighthouses on the Chesapeake Bay.) Mr. Bovis of Baltimore supplied the lighting apparatus which consisted of 13 lamps with 16-inch-diameter reflectors. Built on a high bank 100 feet from the edge, continual erosion forced the Lighthouse Establishment to place stone along the bank; however, the bank had eroded to within 15 feet of the tower by 1838 and only a few feet from the tower by 1840. In 1838 the Lighthouse Establishment noted that "rain, in windy weather, beats through the old masonry of the tower, flooding the inside of the structure, and frequently damaging the material in charge of the keeper." The tower was torn down by Winslow Lewis and rebuilt in 1840 behind the keeper's dwelling and raised 3 feet so the light would be clearly visible from behind the dwelling's chimney. Lewis re-used the old materials from the first tower and charged only $2,000 to rebuild the tower. A fifth-order Fresnel lens was installed on May 15, 1855. This lens was replaced with a fourth order in 1857.[45]
The shoal a mile and a quarter offshore from where the Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse had been built, over time, had enlarged and forced vessels of deep draft to lie even farther offshore. Though the shoal was also marked by an inadequate buoy, the onshore lighthouse and fog bell became even less effective in warning larger vessels from running onto the expanding shoal. The Lighthouse Board in their 1872 annual report stated, "its present location is such that little use can be made of it at night, and in times of thick or foggy weather it is utterly useless." In addition, the existing tower was deterioratingleaking badly and flooding during rains. Congress appropriated $20,000 on March 3, 1873, for a replacement screwpile lighthouse offshore.[46]
The Lighthouse Board wanted to build a steadier caisson-type lighthouse because of ice problems associated with similarly located screwpile lighthouses elsewhere in the Chesapeake Bay and requested an additional $25,000. When funding was not approved, they decided to build a much less expensive screwpile cottage-type lighthouse. The screwpile structure was built on five acres of submerged land conveyed by the State of Maryland to the Federal Government on October 28, 1874. Congress appropriated an additional $15,000 to complete the lighthouse on March 3, 1875. The old shore tower was taken out of service and the new lighthouse was commissioned on November 20, 1875. The new lighthouse was built on 10-inch wrought-iron piles and was fitted with a third-and-one-half-order lens exhibiting a red flash every 20 seconds.[47]
The concerns of the Lighthouse Board about ice problems proved valid in 1877 when the shore tower had to be briefly re-lit when vibrations or "oscillary motion" from ice floes in the Bay caused the screwpile lighthouse lens to overturn. A fourth-order Fresnel lens was installed to replace the damaged lens. The screwpiles were pushed out of perpendicular about one inch to the foot and the lower spur pile was broken from the horizontal braces. The superstructure was not damaged. To protect the lighthouse from similar ice damage, a triangle of three wrought-iron screwpiles connected by double channel iron beams and surmounted by heavy cast-iron caps, securely bolted together was built about 90 feet north of the lighthouse. The ice breaker deflected ice moving down the Chesapeake Bay from the north. In 1883 the cast-iron socket on the northeast corner pile was damaged by ice. It was strengthened by heavy wrought-iron bands securely bolted to the old iron. The iron steps leading to the water landing were also repaired. In 1886 over 1,400 cubic yards of riprap stone were placed around the screwpile foundation to provide additional protection from ice. In 1887 another 200 cubic yards of riprap were added to replace stone carried away by the action of the ice and currents on the north and west sides. The main gallery deck was repaired and a new trap door installed the same year.[48]
In 1896 a new lightning rod was installed and four new water tanks supplied to replace the old ones. In 1899 new fourth-order lamps were supplied. The illuminant was changed from oil wick to incandescent oil-vapor in 1913. In 1918 ice broke two piles, damaged others, and destroyed the landing ladders. During an August 23, 1933, hurricane, nearly a ton of coal was washed from the damaged coal bin on the lower supply platform, and despite water being driven "in every crease and crack," no structural harm resulted.
In 1919 two contracts were awarded, one to place riprap around the station and the second to repair iron work at the station. Six-hundred tons of riprap were placed around the north and south fender piles or "ice breakers" in 1920. The metal work was not completed until 1921. A "spray hood" was installed in 1931, but the exact purpose for its use is unknown. A Kohler Generator was installed in 1933 for $2,500. The light was changed to electric on August 30, 1934, with two Aladdin lamps kept as backups. In 1938 the light characteristic was a two-second flash followed by a 13-second eclipse; the fog signal diaphone giving a 2-second blast every 13 seconds. A Gamewell striker which could give three strokes every 30 seconds stood standby. The bell was a standard 1000-pound bell.
The station carried an 18-foot "motor boat" powered by a Lathrop engine and a 16-foot "skiff," both hung from davits. A radiobeacon was installed on March 1, 1953. Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse was outfitted with a Radio Direction Calibration Service beacon on May 15, 1963.
During the Coast Guard operation of the light station, four men alternated duty. Each man served 21 days on and 7 days off, with three men living at the station at one time. By the 1970s a crew of only three men served; 14 days on and 7 days off with only two men living at the station at one time. Every Tuesday when the rotation shifted, the new man brought the incoming mail and groceries for the week and the leaving man took the outgoing mail and garbage.[49]
By 1964, Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse was the only manned light station on the Chesapeake Bay (excluding Cape Henry Lighthouse). There was no telephone but communication to shore was possible by radio. Fresh water was caught by the gutter downspout system and stored in two 1,400-gallon tanks. Water could be replenished in times of drought by a Coast Guard buoy tender. Mail at one time was kept in a leather pouch which hung by the front door and was exchanged with the first vessel to visit. Today a wooden box hangs on the inside wall by the entrance door and labeled in paint "Outgoing Mail USCG." About 1971 the toilet was changed to an "Incinomode," an electrically super heated toilet which incinerates waste.[50]
When the Coast Guard announced plans to demolish the lighthouse in the early 1980s, a public outcry ensued. "The Lighthouse Foundation, Inc." a non-profit organization, headed by Rodney Little, Director of the Maryland Historical Trust, was formed to save the historic lighthouse. Politicians at the state and federal level were lobbied, many who then took the lead in the fight to save the lighthouse. Several federal and state politicians visited the Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse in October 1974. Their efforts were successful, when the last manned lighthouse within the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake Bay, was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Coast Guard considered renting the lighthouse to a civilian in an effort to keep the light station operational and to protect it from vandalism without further cost to the Coast Guard. At least 68 applications were received, but the Coast Guard decided against the idea in favor of automation in 1986 at a cost of $172,000. Automation, they estimated, would reduce the operational costs from $38,000 to $5,000 per year. The lighthouse was "hardened" to protect it from vandalism, including replacing the glass with bullet-proof LEXAN® and having the station alarmed. The nearby Smithsonian Environmental Research Institute, at Edgewater, Maryland, had expressed interest in using Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse as part of their educational programming.[51]
Vandalism was reported in 1984. In 1985 a C-MAN, NOAA automatic weather gathering system was installed on the southwest side of the upper gallery deck. On September 5, 1986, the lighthouse was completely automated. The lighthouse uses a 300mm acrylic lens with lamps powered by solar panels. Rated at 6,000 candlepower, the white light sector is visible 11.9 miles. The two red sectors are rated at 1,300 candlepower visible at a distance of nine miles. The fog signal is also solar powered, audible for half a mile when conditions warrant. Some structural beams and tie rods were replaced in 1992, and the lighthouse cleaned, and painted by USCGC Red Cedar in 1993.[52]
The last unaltered screwpile, cottage-type lighthouse on its original foundation in the United States, Thomas Point Shoal Light Station continues to serve as an aid to navigation and a popular landmark to boaters on the Chesapeake Bay. In 1998, the Chesapeake Bay Lighthouse Society was exploring the possibility of undertaking the preservation of the structure for the U.S. Coast Guard with the possibility of leasing it as a bed and breakfast.
1. This section is based on visit to lighthouse on May 5, 1995; and "Chesapeake Bay Lighthouses," Gredell & Associates: Structural Engineers (1991), pp.121- 136.
2. Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse bid of Joshua Turner February 15, 1825, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1825-52, National Archives, Washington D.C.
3. Generally the year of automation or decommissioning is used to end the period of significance for light stations, but since 1986 would bring the period of significance into a too recent time period, 1964 is being used.
4. For additional information, please refer to the "Summary Context Statement for NHL Lighthouse Nominations."
5. Layne Bergin, "Screwpile Lighthouses: From Britain to the Bay," The Keeper's Log (Summer, 1987), p. 11.
6. quote given in Bergin, p. 11.
7. quotes given in Bergin, p. 11.
8. Henry Gonzalez, "Screwpile Lighthouse, Part 1: Origins," Chesapeake Lights (Fall 1997, volume IX, issue 4) pp. 4 and 6; quotes from Alexander Mitchell, "On Submarine Foundation, particularly the Screw-pile & Moorings" a paper given before the Institute of Civil Engineers, 22 February 1848, reprinted by the Nautical Research Center; and Bergin, pp. 11-12.
9. Bergin, p. 12; Douglas B. Hague and Rosemary Christie, Lighthouses: Their Architecture, History and Archeology (Wales: Gamer Press, 1975), and John Naish, Seamarks: Their History and Development (London, Stanford Maritime), 1985. p. 127. Note, Naish gives the date of completion of the Maplin Sands Lighthouse as 1836 on page 127 and 1848 on page 128, F. Ross Holland, Jr., America's Lighthouses: An Illustrated History (New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1988 edition) p. 99 gives the date 1838, Bergin gives the date 1841, and Hague and Christie gives the date 1838 on page 221 and 1841 on page 137. These various dates may reflect the experimental nature of several adaptations in the development of the screwpile type lighthouse at Maplin Sands, but also reflect the tendency for the British to use starting date of construction while Americans use the date of the first lighting.
10. quote in Bergin, p. 12
11. Arnold B. Johnson, The Modern Lighthouse Service (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office), 1889, p. 26; Holland (1972), p. 99; Bergin, pp. 12-13; and Putnam, p. 84.
12. Bergin, p. 13; Holland (1988), p. 99; F. Ross Holland, Jr., "Lighthouses" (draft National Historic Landmark Context Theme Study, 1993), p. 34; and Robert de Gast, The Lighthouses of the Chesapeake (Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore), 1993, p. 169.
13. Holland (1988), p. 128.
14. "Chesapeake Bay Lighthouses," Gredell & Associates: Structural Engineers (Wilmington, Delaware, 1991), pp. 9-10; file on copy at the National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
15. "Chesapeake Bay Lighthouses," Gredell & Associates: Structural Engineers (Wilmington, Delaware, 1991), p. 9, copy in files at Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
16. de Gast, pp. 23, 39, 127, 152, 153, and 164; Richard Bowman Cohen, "Once There Was Light,"volume 27, number 1 (Virginia Cavalcade, summer 1977), p. 12; and Holland, "Chesapeake Bay Lighthouses," chapter 3, pp. 24-25 and chapter 5, p. 11. Note Holland's Benoni Point Lighthouse is the same as the Choptank River Lighthouse.
17. Robert L. Scheina, "The Evolution of the Lighthouse Tower," in U.S. Lighthouse Service Bicentennial, a U.S. Lighthouse Society Event Souvenir Program (Newport, Rhode Island, September 21-24), 1989. pp. 20-21; and Clifford, p. 372.
18. Ralph E. Eshelman, A History of Drum Point Lighthouse (Solomons, Maryland, Calvert Marine Museum, 1978), p. 1.
19. David Stick, North Carolina Lighthouses (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh, 1980), pp. 60-61.
20. Nancy and Don Kohr, "The Lost Light of Roanoke," Lighthouse Digest (November, 1994), 3(2):3; Shirleyan Phelps, "Remembering Good Times at Lighthouse," (Lighthouse Digest, June, 1995), 4(6):28-29; and Clifford, pp. 80 and 372.
21. Stick, p. 59.
22. Clifford, p. 368; de Gast, p. 158; Orlando Ridout, "Background Briefing on Maryland Lighthouses" (ms on file at the Maryland Historical Trust, Crownsville, Maryland, no date), no page numbers; and Holland, "Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay," chapter 3, p. 18.
23. Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History, chapter 3, p. 18; and de Gast, p. 156.
24. de Gast, p. 167; Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History, chapter 3, p. 19.
25. Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History, chapter 3, p. 17; and de Gast, p. 127.
26. Cohen, p. 14 (note the captions for Bowlers Rock and Wolf Trap Shoal lighthouses are reversed); de Gast, p. 154; and Clifford, p. 373.
27. George Worthylake, "Only Yesterday: Horn Island," The Keeper's Log, volume XII, number 2,(Winter 1966), p. 33.
28. Cohen, p. 11; de Gast, p. 152; and Clifford, p. 374.
29. Clifford, p. 368; de Gast, p. 165; and Ridout, n.p.
30. Cohen, p. 17; de Gast, p. 170; and Clifford, p. 374.
31. Cohen, p. 19; Clifford, p. 374; Cohen spells it Killick and Clifford spells it Killock.
32. Clifford, p. 368; de Gast, p. 158; and Ridout, n.p.
33. Cohen, p. 16; de Gast, p. 168; and Clifford, p. 374.
34. Clifford, p. 131; and de Gast, p. 91.
35. Dean, p. 117.
36. de Gast, pp. 163 and 167.
37. Hand written "circular" from Silas W. Terry, Inspector Fifth District to lighthouse keepers, February 17, 1879, original in archives of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels, Maryland, reference number 67-48-2A, copy in National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
38. de Gast, p. 131.
39. de Gast, p. 39.
40. Scheina, p. 19.
41. U.S. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1894 (Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894).
42. Holland (1993), p. 8. Holland gives no name for this lighthouse but Ragged Point is the only lighthouse listed for 1910 in Clifford p. 368 and de Gast p. 156.
43. Clifford, pp. 1, 83, 126, 128, 134 and 309; and Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History, chapter 5, p. 15.
44. William B. Barney letter to Stephen Pleasonton, Baltimore, December 22, 1823, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1819-24.
45. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1855; 1858; 1868; and 1869; Fifth Auditor's Office, Lighthouse Letters, volume 12, p. 209, volume 13, pp. 323, 459, volume 14, p. 419, volume 15, pp. 445, 446, 480, and volume 17, p. 38; de Gast, p. 79; William Barney letter to Stephen Pleasonton, Baltimore, February 18 1825, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1825-52; and Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History Crownsville, chapter 1, pp. 16-18, chapter 4, p. 37, and chapter 6, pp. 1-2. de Gast, p. 79, states Dohohoo's inexperience and poor workmanship was responsible for the rebuild of the tower, not erosion. Linda Turbyville, Bay Beacons: Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay (Eastwind Publishing: Annapolis, 1995), p. 40 repeats inexperience as the cause for the tower rebuild. This, however, is not what the Lighthouse Establishment indicates in its reports which praise Donahoo. Erosion was the reason for the rebuild. de Gast also states the rebuild cost was $2,500 while Holland states $2,000.
46. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1872; and 1873.
47. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1874; and 1875.
48. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1877; 1883; 1886; 1887; 1896; and 1899; Holland, Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History, chapter 5 p. 3; log book quote from H.F.G. Bryant, keeper at Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse; and National Archives photograph 26-LG-25-54 taken August 18, 1885 by Major Jared A. Smith of the Corps of Army Engineers, shows the ice breaker in place; copy of photo in Thomas Point Shoal Light file, National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
49. Linda Turbyville, Bay Beacons: Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay (Eastwind Publishing: Annapolis, 1995), pp. 42-43; and Patricia Rossey letter to Bill Morrison, August 19, 1992, copy in Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse file, National Maritime Initiative, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
50. Thomas Point Shoal Light file, and Milton Hartig oral communication with Ralph Eshelman, February 9, 1995, USCG facility, Curtis Bay, Baltimore, Maryland. Hartig states there were three cedar water tanks at the station but they have since been removed.
51. New Release by Congresswoman Marjorie Holt, April 5, 1975; "Good View Guaranteed In Lighthouse for Rent," New York Times (April 26, 1984); and Bob Grieser, "Thomas Point is Manned No More," Chesapeake Bay Magazine (September 1986), pp. 26-37. There are numerous newspaper clippings and press releases related to this issue, copies of which are in the Thomas Point Light file, National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
52. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1913, p. 45, 1919, p. 52, 1920, p. 46, and 1921, p. 50; "Description of Thomas Point Light Station, March 26, 1938," copy in Thomas Point Shoal Light file, National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.; de Gast, p. 79; USCG Work Order Book from the Lazaretto Depot, archives of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels, Maryland (catalog number CBMM 68-110-21); and New York Times (April 26, 1984) 111:1; The 1,000-pound fog bell and compressed gas striker (catalog number CBMM 68-42-1), Gamewell Number 3 fog bell striker (CBMM 81-4-1), and Aladdin mantle lamp (CBMM 81-14-1) used as a backup light from Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse were loaned to the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels, Maryland, and are now displayed at the Hooper Straight Lighthouse.
Major Bibliographical References
Barney, William B., letter to Stephen Pleasonton, Baltimore, December 22, 1823, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1819-24; and William Barney letter to Stephen Pleasonton, Baltimore, February 18 1825, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1825-52, National Archives.
Bergin, Layne, "Screwpile Lighthouses: From Britain to the Bay," The Keeper's Log (Summer 1987).
"Chesapeake Bay Lighthouses," Gredell & Associates: Structural Engineers (1991).
Clifford, Candace, 1994 Inventory of Historic Light Stations, National Maritime Initiative, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1994.
Cohen, Richard Bowman, "Once There Was Light,"volume 27, number 1, Virginia Cavalcade (Summer 1977).
Dean, Love, Lighthouses of the Florida Keys, Historic Florida Keys Foundation, Inc., Key West, Florida, 1992.
de Gast, Robert, The Lighthouses of the Chesapeake (Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore, 1993).
Douglas, Hague B. and Rosemary Christie, Lighthouses: Their Architecture, History and Archeology (Wales: Gamer Press, 1975).
Eshelman, Ralph E., A History of Drum Point Lighthouse (Solomons, Maryland, Calvert Marine Museum, 1978).
________ "American Lighthouse Construction Types," (unpublished draft, 1996).
Gonzalez, Henry, "Screwpile Lighthouses, Part I: Origins," Chesapeake Lights (Fall 1997, volume IX, issue 4).
_________ "Screwpile Lighthouses, Part II: Growth & Demise," Chesapeake Lights (Winter, 1998, issue number 1).
Grieser, Bob, "Thomas Point is Manned No More," Chesapeake Bay Magazine (September 1986).
Holland, F. Ross Jr., Lighthouses: An Illustrated History (New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1988 edition).
_______ "Lighthouses," (unpublished draft "Maritime Heritage of the National Historic Landmark Theme Context Study for Lighthouses," 1993).
_______ Maryland Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay: An Illustrated History Crownsville, Maryland Historical Trust: in press.
Johnson, Arnold B., The Modern Lighthouse Service (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1889).
Kohr, Nancy and Don Kohr, "The Lost Light of Roanoke," Lighthouse Digest (November 1994).
Mitchell, Alexander, "On Submarine Foundation, particularly the Screw-pile & Moorings" a paper given before the Institute of Civil Engineers, 22 February 1848, reprinted by the Nautical Research Center, Petaluma, California.
"Mobile Bay Lighthouse: Restored," Port of Mobile, reprinted in The Keeper's Log (Spring 1986).
Naish, John, Seamarks: Their History and Development (London: Stanford Maritime, 1985).
Phelps, Shirleyan, "Remembering Good Times at Lighthouse," Lighthouse Digest (June 1995).
Putnam, George R., Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1933).
Ridout, Orlando, "Background Briefing on Maryland Lighthouses" (ms on file at the Maryland Historical Trust, Crownsville, Maryland, no date), no page numbers.
Scheina, Robert L., "The Evolution of the Lighthouse Tower," in U.S. Lighthouse Service Bicentennial, a U.S. Lighthouse Society Event Souvenir Program (Newport, Rhode Island, September 21-24, 1989).
Stick, David, North Carolina Lighthouses (North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and History, Raleigh, 1980)
Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse bid of Joshua Turner February 15, 1825, Lighthouse Superintendent's Correspondence, Baltimore, 1825-52, National Archives, Washington D.C.
Terry, Silas W., Hand written "circular," Inspector Fifth District to lighthouse keepers, February 17, 1879, original in archives of the Chesapeake Bay Maritime Museum, St. Michaels, Maryland, reference number 67-48-2A; copy in National Maritime Initiative Office, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
Turbyville, Linda, Bay Beacons: Lighthouses of the Chesapeake Bay (Annapolis: Eastwind Publishing, 1995).
U.S. Lighthouse Board, Annual Report, 1855; 1858; 1868; 1869 and 1894 (Washington, Government Printing Office), 1855, 1858, 1868, 1869 and 1894.
Worthylake, George, "Only Yesterday: Horn Island," The Keeper's Log, volume XII, number 2, (Winter 1966).


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Martha Stewart Crafts™ Stencil-Painted Flower Charger
This project turns an ordinary charger plate into a fantastic piece of spring or Easter décor!
Craft Time: 30-60 minutes
Uses Recycled Items: No
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Material List
- Spring Charger – Green
- Martha Stewart Crafts™ Paint – Bubble Gum, Wedding Cake and Pesto
- Martha Stewart Crafts™ Stencil – Holiday Icons and On the Farm
- Stencil Brush
- Pouncer
Project Instructions
Stencil bunny around edge of charger using a pouncer. Allow to dry.
Add pink dots with pouncer.
Stencil flowers as pictured.


text:
Commencement ceremonies begin this week ... so it's not too late. Check out the complete list in the May-June 2010 issue of Rochester Review and make sure you haven't missed anything.
Did we leave something off the list? Let us know what you think every Rochester student absolutely, positively has to do before graduation.


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Demystifying USAJobs and the Federal Job Search Process
Are you overwhelmed by the Federal job search process or feeling frustrated by the difficulty of navigating through USAJobs? If so, consider watching this interactive webinar which will help demystify the Federal job search process. This free one-hour online session will include a walk-through of USAJobs specific to the RPCV population. By learning which positions you are eligible for and how to correctly complete your online application/resume to spotlight your related skills set, you will become more confident in your Federal job search process and increase your chances of landing a Federal job.Event Website Links
Please click here to view the webinar.Contact Information
RPCV Career Center
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(formerly Hotline)
An interactive board of employment and educational opportunities for returned Peace Corps Volunteers.
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News reports tell us there are still small towns that do stupid stuff; but Section 5 (along with entire law, maybe) needs to be thrown out.We have Blacks in the WH, the Supreme Court, Congress and 4-stars in the military.Now if the 47 percenters would stop whining and grow a work ethic, America could restore itself.
Oh, look--what a coincidence! The states affected by Sect. 5 tend to vote Republican! Imagine that! The regime slumps toward its totalitarian dream!
This will be another loss because the Supreme Court is stacked. There are 4 democrate party operatives, 3 constitutional conservatives, swing man Kennedy, and John Roberts who will make things up as he goes along.
Maybe they should review enforcing those laws regarding parking your horse and buggy in front of government buildings and women wearing patent leather shoes in public.Oh, and if you drive at night through rural Pennsylvania, state law requires that you stop every mile to send up a rocket signal. But if you live in Pittsburgh, you better know that there is an ordinance against sweeping dirt under the rug!!I mean, honestly, aren't these laws just as relevent and timely???
Voting Rights? Don't every dead person, felon, Mickey Mouse, and anyone else that happens to be in the country vote already?
A law affecting only certain "states with a history of voter discrimination" is necessarily a bad law. No, I don´t support "voter suppression." But I am uncompromisingly against "one law for me, another for thee."Like, to Coulter-ishly pull an example out of the air, insider-trading laws that give Congress exemption from securities laws that would put you or me in jail pronto. Or exempt Congress from Obamacare. Gee, the same "suspects!"Further -- what "voting rights"? There´s no "right" to vote, no matter what Leftist troublemakers and uber-moron Michael Moore claim.
I can´t imagine the SC overturning all of it or Section 5 now.Won´t Roberts just say Congress has the power to repeal it so he will leave it to them?Washington is loathe to give up any power at all. And provisions that allows it to pee on the states are favorites.
As I recall, Roberts actually invited the case. I am pretty sure that he will vote to get rid of the old law. I assume that four others will join him. Maybe that is why Holder is possibly leaving. His days of filing racist lawsuits could be numbered.Hey, our luck has got to change sometime.
Don´t count on it. After all, these very same states are the ones who want voter ID which demonrats oppose because it affects the dead vote, the cartoon character vote, the pet vote, etc.


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The time is here for Alchemy Improv Comedy's first show at Coffee Underground. We are pleased to announce that our first storyteller will be Jeremiah Dew, or as he is fondly known in Greenville, JDew.
JDew is the Director of Fun for the Greenville Drive, and the on-court hype guy for Clemson Tigers basketball. He has performed for over 2 million people at live events including stage plays, comedy, television, and sporting events. He also runs a video production and entertainment company called Gamemaster Media.
Come out this Friday to see our first show inspired by JDew's stories. Doors open at 9pm and the show starts at 9:30pm. Tickets can be bought online or at the door with cash or credit.


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