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Erectile dysfunction
|Erectile dysfunction
|Classification and external resources
|302.72, 607.84
Erectile dysfunction (ED) or impotence is sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual performance.[1] A penile erection is the hydraulic effect of blood entering and being retained in sponge-like bodies within the penis. The process is often initiated as a result of sexual arousal, when signals are transmitted from the brain to nerves in the penis. The most important organic causes are cardiovascular disease and diabetes, neurological problems (for example, trauma from prostatectomy surgery), hormonal insufficiencies (hypogonadism) and drug side effects.
Psychological impotence is where erection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings (psychological reasons) rather than physical impossibility; this is somewhat less frequent but often can be helped. Notably in psychological impotence, there is a strong response to placebo treatment. Erectile dysfunction can have severe psychological consequences as it can be tied to relationship difficulties and masculine self-image generally.
Besides treating the underlying causes such as potassium deficiency or arsenic contamination of drinking water, the first line treatment of erectile dysfunction consists of a trial of PDE5 inhibitor drugs (the first of which was sildenafil or Viagra). In some cases, treatment can involve prostaglandin tablets in the urethra, injections into the penis, a penile prosthesis, a penis pump or vascular reconstructive surgery.[2]
The Latin term impotentia coeundi describes simple inability to insert the penis into the vagina; it is now mostly replaced by more precise terms, such as erectile dysfunction (ED). The study of erectile dysfunction within medicine is covered by andrology, a sub-field within urology. Research indicates that erectile dysfunction is common, and it is suggested that approximately 40% of males suffer from erectile dysfunction or impotence, at least occasionally.[3]
Signs and symptoms
Erectile dysfunction is characterized by the regular or repeated inability to obtain or maintain an erection. It is analyzed in several ways:
- Obtaining full erections at some times, such as when asleep (when the mind and psychological issues, if any, are less present), tends to suggest that the physical structures are functionally working.
- Other factors leading to erectile dysfunction are diabetes mellitus (causing neuropathy).
- Drugs (anti-depressants (SSRIs[4]) and nicotine are most common)
- Neurogenic disorders[5]
- Cavernosal disorders (Peyronie's disease[6])
- Psychological causes: performance anxiety, stress, mental disorders,[7] psychological problems, negative feelings.[8][not in citation given]
- Surgery[9]
- Aging. It is four times higher in men in their 60s than in men in their 40s.[10]
- Kidney failure
- Diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis (MS). While these two causes have not been proven they're likely suspects as they cause issues with both the blood flow and nervous systems.
- At least one paper has suggested that arsenic poisoning from contaminated well water may be a cause in some regions, perhaps by alteration of voltage gated potassium channels.[11]
- Lifestyle: smoking is a key cause of erectile dysfunction.[12][13] Smoking causes impotence because it promotes arterial narrowing.[14] See also Tobacco and health.
Surgical intervention for a number of conditions may remove anatomical structures necessary to erection, damage nerves, or impair blood supply. Erectile dysfunction is a common complication of treatments for prostate cancer, including prostatectomy and destruction of the prostate by external beam radiation, although the prostate gland itself is not necessary to achieve erection.
ED can also be associated with bicycling due to both neurological and vascular problems due to compression.[15] The increase risk appears to be about 1.7 fold.[16]
A recent study suggests an epidemiological association between chronic periodontitis (periodontal inflammation) and erectile dysfunction,[17] similarly to the association between periodontitis and coronary heart diseases,[18] and cerebrovascular diseases.[19] In all the three conditions (erectile dysfunction, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases), despite the epidemiological association with periodontitis, no causative connection has yet been proven.
February 2011: Men who use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 3 times a day for more than 3 months are at a 22 percent increased risk of erectile dysfunction. A link between NSAID use and erectile dysfunction still existed for different age, race, ethnicity, smoker, diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, coronary diasease and other health problems. But due to benefit of NSAID, it's too early for men to avoid NSAIDs based solely on the research stated at Journal of Urology.[20]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2010)
Penile erection is managed by two mechanisms: the reflex erection, which is achieved by directly touching the penile shaft, and the psychogenic erection, which is achieved by erotic or emotional stimuli. The former uses the peripheral nerves and the lower parts of the spinal cord, whereas the latter uses the limbic system of the brain. In both conditions, an intact neural system is required for a successful and complete erection. Stimulation of the penile shaft by the nervous system leads to the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), which causes the relaxation of smooth muscles of corpora cavernosa (the main erectile tissue of penis), and subsequently penile erection. Additionally, adequate levels of testosterone (produced by the testes) and an intact pituitary gland are required for the development of a healthy erectile system. As can be understood from the mechanisms of a normal erection, impotence may develop due to hormonal deficiency, disorders of the neural system, lack of adequate penile blood supply or psychological problems. Restriction of blood flow can arise from impaired endothelial function due to the usual causes associated with coronary artery disease, but can also be caused by prolonged exposure to bright light.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2010)
There are no formal tests to diagnose erectile dysfunction. Some blood tests are generally done to exclude underlying disease, such as hypogonadism and prolactinoma. Diabetes is considered a disorder, but is also a risk. Impotence is also related to generally poor physical health, poor dietary habits, obesity, and most specifically cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease.
A useful and simple way to distinguish between physiological and psychological impotence is to determine whether the patient ever has an erection. If never, the problem is likely to be physiological; if sometimes (however rarely), it could be physiological or psychological. The current diagnostic and statistical manual of mental diseases (DSM-IV) has included a listing for impotence.
- Duplex ultrasound
- Duplex ultrasound is used to evaluate blood flow, venous leak, signs of atherosclerosis, and scarring or calcification of erectile tissue. Injecting prostaglandin, a hormone-like stimulator produced in the body, induces erection. Ultrasound is then used to see vascular dilation and measure penile blood pressure.
- Penile nerves function
- Tests such as the bulbocavernosus reflex test are used to determine if there is sufficient nerve sensation in the penis. The physician squeezes the glans (head) of the penis, which immediately causes the anus to contract if nerve function is normal. A physician measures the latency between squeeze and contraction by observing the anal sphincter or by feeling it with a gloved finger inserted past the anus.
- Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT)
- It is normal for a man to have five to six erections during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM). Their absence may indicate a problem with nerve function or blood supply in the penis. There are two methods for measuring changes in penile rigidity and circumference during nocturnal erection: snap gauge and strain gauge. A significant proportion of men who have no sexual dysfunction nonetheless do not have regular nocturnal erections.
- Penile biothesiometry
- This test uses electromagnetic vibration to evaluate sensitivity and nerve function in the glans and shaft of the penis.
- Dynamic infusion cavernosometry (DICC)
- technique in which fluid is pumped into the penis at a known rate and pressure. It gives a measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum during an erection.
- Corpus cavernosometry
- Cavernosography measurement of the vascular pressure in the corpus cavernosum. Saline is infused under pressure into the corpus cavernosum with a butterfly needle, and the flow rate needed to maintain an erection indicates the degree of venous leakage. The leaking veins responsible may be visualised by infusing a mixture of saline and x ray contrast medium and performing a cavernosogram.;[21] Digital Subtraction Angiography: In DSA, the images are acquired digitally.
- Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
- This is similar to magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance angiography uses magnetic fields and radio waves to provide detailed images of the blood vessels. Doctors may inject a "contrast agent" into the patient's bloodstream that causes vascular tissues to stand out against other tissues. The contrast agent provides for enhanced information regarding blood supply and vascular anomalies.
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2013)
Treatment depends on the cause.
Exercise, particularly aerobic exercise during midlife is an effective for preventing ED; exercise as a treatment is under investigation.[22]:6, 18–19
Oral pharmacotherapy and vacuum erection devices are first-line treatments,[22]:20,24 followed by injections of drugs into the penis, and penile implants.[22]:25–26
Oral medication
- Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases constitute a group of enzymes that destroy the cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Phosphodiesterases exist in different molecular forms and are unevenly distributed throughout the body. One of the forms of phosphodiesterase is termed PDE5, and inhibiting PDE5 increases the amount of cGMP available in the blood supply to the penis, thus increasing blood flow. The prescription PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra) and tadalafil (Cialis) are prescription drugs which are taken orally.[22]:20–21
- Alprostadil
Alprostadil in combination with the permeation enhancer DDAIP has been approved in Canada under the brand name Vitaros as a topical cream first line treatment for erectile dysfunction.[23]
The device helps draw blood into the penis by applying negative pressure. This type of device is sometimes referred to as penis pump and may be used just prior to sexual intercourse. Several types of FDA approved vacuum therapy devices are available with a doctor's prescription. When pharmacological methods fail, a purpose-designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the penis to maintain it. These pumps should be distinguished from other penis pumps (supplied without compression rings) which, rather than being used for temporary treatment of impotence, are claimed to increase penis length if used frequently, or vibrate as an aid to masturbation. More drastically, inflatable or rigid penile implants may be fitted surgically.
Injected medication
Another treatment regimen is injection therapy. One of the following drugs is injected into the penis: papaverine, phentolamine, and prostaglandin E1.[22]:25
Often, as a last resort if other treatments have failed, the most common procedure is prosthetic implants which involves the insertion of artificial rods into the penis.[22]:26
Alternative medicine
The FDA does not recommend alternative therapies (i.e. those that have not received FDA approval) to treat sexual dysfunction.[24] Many products are advertised as "herbal viagra" or "natural" sexual enhancement products, but no clinical trials or scientific studies support the effectiveness of these products for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and synthetic chemical compounds similar to sildenafil have been found as adulterants in many of these products.[25][26][27][28][29] The United States Food and Drug Administration has warned consumers that any sexual enhancement product that claims to work as well as prescription products is likely to contain such a contaminant.[30]
|This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2010)
During the late 16th and 17th centuries in France, male impotence was considered a crime, as well as legal grounds for a divorce. The practice, which involved inspection of the complainants by court experts, was declared obscene in 1677.[31]
Dr. John R. Brinkley initiated a boom in male impotence cures in the US in the 1920s and 1930s. His radio programs recommended expensive goat gland implants and "mercurochrome" injections as the path to restored male virility, including operations by surgeon Serge Voronoff.
Modern drug therapy for ED made a significant advance in 1983, when British physiologist Giles Brindley, Ph.D. dropped his trousers and demonstrated to a shocked Urodynamics Society audience his papaverine-induced erection.[32] The drug Brindley injected into his penis was a non-specific vasodilator, an alpha-blocking agent, and the mechanism of action was clearly corporal smooth muscle relaxation. The effect that Brindley discovered established the fundamentals for the later development of specific, safe, orally effective drug therapies.[33][better source needed][34][better source needed]
- Gene therapy
Gene therapy is being developed that would allow for weeks or months long effect, supporting erections. This gene therapy involves injection of a transfer gene, calcium-sensitive potassium channel (hMaxi-K), into the penis.[35][36][37]
- Tx2-6
A study done at the Medical College of Georgia has found that venom from the Brazilian wandering spider contains a toxin, called Tx2-6, that causes erections. Scientists believe that combining this toxin with existing medication such as Viagra may lead to an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction.[38]
- ^ Erectile dysfunction glossary - MUSC Health
- ^ Montague DK, Jarow JP, Broderick GA et al. (July 2005). "Chapter 1: The management of erectile dysfunction: an AUA update". J. Urol. 174 (1): 230–9. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000164463.19239.19. PMID 15947645.
- ^ Schouten BW, Bohnen AM, Groeneveld FP, Dohle GR, Thomas S, Bosch JL (July 2010). "Erectile dysfunction in the community: trends over time in incidence, prevalence, GP consultation and medication use—the Krimpen study: trends in ED". J Sex Med 7 (7): 2547–53. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01849.x. PMID 20497307.
- ^ Delgado, P. L.; Brannan, S. K.; Mallinckrodt, C. H.; Tran, P. V.; McNamara, R. K.; Wang, F.; Watkin, J. G.; Detke, M. J. (2005). "Sexual functioning assessed in 4 double-blind placebo- and paroxetine-controlled trials of duloxetine for major depressive disorder". The Journal of clinical psychiatry 66 (6): 686–692. doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0603. PMID 15960560.
- ^ "Neurogenic Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women". Neurologic Bladder, Bowel and Sexual Dysfunction. Retrieved 2014-03-03.
- ^ "Male Sexual Dysfunction Epidemiology". Erectile dysfunction. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ Tom F. Lue, MD (2006). "Causes of Erectile Dysfunction". Erectile dysfunction. Armenian Health Network, Health.am. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ "Erectile dysfunction". Erectile dysfunction. Mayo Clinic. 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ "Erectile Dysfunction Causes". Erectile Dysfunction. Healthcommunities.com. 1998. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
- ^ "Erectile Dysfunction". Retrieved 2010-07-01.
- ^ Hsieh FI, Hwang TS, Hsieh YC, Lo HC, Su CT, Hsu HS, Chiou HY, Chen CJ (April 2008). "Risk of erectile dysfunction induced by arsenic exposure through well water consumption in Taiwan". Environ Health Perspect. (School of Public Health, Topnotch Stroke Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan) 116 (4): 532–6. doi:10.1289/ehp.10930. PMID 18414639.
- ^ Peate I (2005). "The effects of smoking on the reproductive health of men". Br J Nurs 14 (7): 362–6. PMID 15924009.
- ^ Korenman SG (2004). "Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction". Endocrine 23 (2–3): 87–91. doi:10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087. PMID 15146084.
- ^ Kendirci M, Nowfar S, Hellstrom WJ. (2005). "The impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function". Drugs Today (Barc) 41 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1358/dot.2005.41.1.875779. PMID 15753970.
- ^ Sommer, F; Goldstein, I; Korda, JB (July 2010). "Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: a review.". The journal of sexual medicine 7 (7): 2346–58. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01664.x. PMID 20102446.
- ^ Huang, V; Munarriz, R; Goldstein, I (September 2005). "Bicycle riding and erectile dysfunction: an increase in interest (and concern).". The journal of sexual medicine 2 (5): 596–604. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00099.x. PMID 16422816.
- ^ Zadik Y, Bechor R, Galor S, Justo D, Heruti RJ (April 2009). "Erectile dysfunction might be associated with chronic periodontal disease: two ends of the cardiovascular spectrum". J Sex Med 6 (4): 1111–6. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01141.x. PMID 19170861.
- ^ Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, Beck JD et al. (July 2009). "The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology Editors' Consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease". Am J Cardiol 104 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.05.002. PMID 19576322.
- ^ Khader YS, Albashaireh ZS, Alomari MA (August 2004). "Periodontal diseases and the risk of coronary heart and cerebrovascular diseases: a meta-analysis". J Periodontol 75 (8): 1046–53. doi:10.1902/jop.2004.75.8.1046. PMID 15455730.
- ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 2011-03-01.
- ^ Dawson C, Whitfield H (April 1996). "ABC of urology. Subfertility and male sexual dysfunction". BMJ 312 (7035): 902–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7035.902. PMC 2350600. PMID 8611887.
- ^ a b c d e f Wespes E (chair), et al. Guidelines on Male Sexual Dysfunction: Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. European Association of Urology 2013
- ^ Bujdos, Brian. "New Topical Erectile Dysfunction Drug Vitaros Approved in Canada; Approved Topical Drug Testim Proves Helpful for Erectile Dysfunction". Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ "Dangers of Sexual Enhancement Supplements".
- ^ Gryniewicz, CM; Reepmeyer, JC; Kauffman, JF; Buhse, LF (2009). "Detection of undeclared erectile dysfunction drugs and analogues in dietary supplements by ion mobility spectrometry". Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 49 (3): 601–6. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.12.002. PMID 19150190.
- ^ Choi, Dong Mi; Park, Sangaeh; Yoon, Tae Hyung; Jeong, Hye Kyoung; Pyo, Jae Sung; Park, Janghyun; Kim, Deukjoon; Kwon, Sung Won (2008). "Determination of analogs of sildenafil and vardenafil in foods by column liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry". Journal of AOAC International 91 (3): 580–588. PMID 18567304.
- ^ Reepmeyer, John C.; Woodruff, Jeffrey T. (2007). "Use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and a chemical cleavage reaction for the structure elucidation of a new sildenafil analogue detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 44 (4): 887–893. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.011. PMID 17532168.
- ^ Reepmeyer, John C.; Woodruff, Jeffrey T.; 'Avignon, D. Andre. (2007). "Structure elucidation of a novel analogue of sildenafil detected as an adulterant in an herbal dietary supplement". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 43 (5): 1615–1621. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.11.037. PMID 17207601.
- ^ Enforcement Report for June 30, 2010, United States Food and Drug Administration
- ^ Hidden Risks of Erectile Dysfunction "Treatments" Sold Online, United States Food and Drug Administration, February 21, 2009
- ^ Roach, Mary (2009). Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 149–152. ISBN 9780393334791.
- ^ Klotz, L. (Nov 2005). "How (not) to communicate new scientific information: a memoir of the famous Brindley lecture". BJU Int 96 (7): 956–7. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05797.x. PMID 16225508.
- ^ Brindley G (October 1983). "Cavernosal alpha-blockade: a new technique for investigating and treating erectile impotence". Br J Psychiatry 143 (4): 332–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.143.4.332. PMID 6626852.
- ^ Helgason ÁR, Adolfsson J, Dickman P et al. (1996). "Sexual desire, erection, orgasm and ejaculatory functions and their importance to elderly Swedish men: a population-based study". Age Ageing 25 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1093/ageing/25.4.285. PMID 8831873.
- ^ Emma Hitt (May 29, 2009). "Gene Therapy May Offer Long-Term Impotence Remedy". Reuters Health.
- ^ "Erectile Dysfunction :: Gene therapy for erectile dysfunction shows promise in clinical trial". SpiritIndia. December 1, 2006.
- ^ George J. Christ, Karl-Erik Andersson, Koudy Williams, Weixin Zhao, Ralph D'Agostino Jr., Jay Kaplan, Tamer Aboushwareb, James Yoo, Giulia Calenda, Kelvin P. Davies, Rani S. Sellers, Arnold Melman (December 2009). "Smooth-Muscle–Specific Gene Transfer with the Human Maxi-K Channel Improves Erectile Function and Enhances Sexual Behavior in Atherosclerotic Cynomolgus Monkeys". European Urology 56 (6): 891–1104.
- ^ Hernandez, Vladimir (4 May 2007). "Spider venom could boost sex life". BBC News.
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The use of in-vehicle emergency call (eCall) to deploy emergency assistance will save lives and reduce the social burden of road accidents by improving the notification of such accidents, speeding up the emergency service response and lowering the subsequent effects on fatalities, severity of injuries and traffic flows. eCall is an emergency call either generated manually by vehicle occupants or automatically via activation of in-vehicle sensors when an accident occurs. When activated, the in-vehicle eCall system establishes a 112-voice connection directly with the relevant PSAP (Public Safety Answering Point), which is a public authority or a private eCall centre that operates under the regulation and/or authorisation of a public body. At the same time, a minimum set of data (MSD) – including key information about the accident such as time, location and vehicle description – is sent to the PSAP operator receiving the voice call. The minimum set of data may also contain the link to a potential Service Provider by including its IP address and phone number. If the user is subscribed to a Service Provider, additional information can be sent from the service provider to the PSAP as illustrated below.
Getting immediate information about an accident and pinpointing the exact location of the crash site cut emergency services' response time by 50% in rural and 40% in urban areas. Thanks to this gain in time, eCall is expected to save several hundred lives in the European Union each year, and to mitigate the severity of tens of thousands of injuries. Road accidents cost the EU around €160 billion/ year, but if all cars were equipped with the eCall system, up to €20 billion could be saved annually. eCall will work all over the European Union, plus Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The Russian Federation is developing a similar accident notification system called ERA GLONASS. It is based on the eCall standards. Both sides, the EU and Russia, are working together in order to make eCall and ERA GLONASS interoperable so that eCall will also work in Russia and ERA GLONASS in the EU.
To capture eCall deployment activities report at national level, this concerns the active deployment of the Pan European eCall solution, and Third Part Solution Providers. This will take place in both HeERO and HeERO phase 2 Member State (MS) Pilot sites, but also in non HeERO MS who wish to become early adopters. This task will be coordinated by iMobility Support in collaboration with the HeERO Standardisation Task force. The synchronisation of the existing CEN and ETSI standards that exist for the Pan European 112 eCall solution happens within this context since HeERO validates the standards. The TF will liaise with ESOs to provide feedback. All EU member states are invited to be represented at the EeIP in order to report on their national status of eCall deployment. The status of eCall deployment per member state can be captured from within the EeIP Platform. With support offered to MS who wish to deploy prior to the mandated deadline for eCall deployment. The support can be provided through EeIP Task Force and the experience of the HeERO project. This task will be coordinated by iMobility Support utilising the expertise of the HeERO coordination team and the active participation of the iMobility Support eCall Helpdesk.
ERTICO will provide assistance to the European Commission in organising two European eCall Implementation Platform (EeIP) events. The assistance is in the form of technical input by way of status report on the HeERO project, and a secretariat function for the Chair of the platform. Moreover, iMobility Support will organise and chair two EeIP Task Force meetings per year and facilitate the formulation and dissemination of the identified task force reports commissioned by the EeIP Platform. To provide input to the CEN 278 working Group 15 the task leader will continue to participate in the meetings and actively follow up on the standardisation process as the deployment of eCall evolves towards mandatory fitment by providing technical expertise in the refinement of the established standards. These refinements are reported to the EeIP Platform status report and through CEN.
iMobility Support team
If you want more information on HeERO pilots, please refer to the HeERO website.

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Nancy Folbre is an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She recently edited and contributed to "For Love and Money: Care Provision in the United States."
Some of the most vivid political rhetoric of 2012 reflects a debate that has lasted centuries. Who are the makers and who are the takers? Much economic theory revolves around efforts to distinguish the two. The conceptual effort is motivated by noble intent: presumably, a good economic system encourages making (creating more to go around) and discourages taking (redistributing what others have made).
Today's Economist
Perspectives from expert contributors.
Yet it is surprisingly hard to create a consensus about these labels, and past disagreements, still unresolved, lurk in the background. History is shaped by contending claims over who is more productive than whom. Powerful groups like to describe themselves as makers rather than takers, partly to glorify themselves and partly to discourage take-backs.
Some ambiguity derives from our basic relationship to nature. Humans started out as takers, not makers, hunting and foraging for food. Even in the harvesting of crops, back-breaking labor counts for little compared with the gifts of soil, sunshine and rain. Modern economic systems still largely rely on fossil fuels, gifts from the past.
Because we don't have to bargain or trade directly with nature, we don't consider it a participant in our economic system. Rather, we compete with other humans for access to nature's bounty. In the competition for territory, resources and political power, taking has proved as indispensable to economic success – if not more so – than making.
Read more…


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Like most people, I am new at this. I am amazed at the pictures, the experiences, and the dedication. If you guys can do it, then so can I.
I started my Body For Life program today. I want to keep a daily diary for the next 84 days. I am going to weight myself and do stats bi-weekly. You will not get beginning and ending photos of me until I am completely done.
As most of you, we learn from each other. We encourage each other and we become a support group for one another. We are all here for the exact same reason. We want to change the way we look and feel inside and out. Let me give you briefly a little bit about me.
I am a 52 year old grandmother. I am a mother of five children. Ages ranging from 32 to 7. My grand-daughter is 6. My husband is 8 years younger than me, so you can see age doesn't mean anything in this family.
About three months ago, I decided to do something for myself. I have spent my entire life, changing diapers, wiping noses, spanking butts, feeding mouths, reading stories, being a shoulder to lean on, cry on, and a cheerleader for my entire family. I was there for the birth of my grand-daughter and cheered my daughter on, I have had 4 home births (loving every one of them) wouldn't change a thing. One baby was born on the kitchen floor, one at Nana's house, two in the family home, one in the hospital.
I would describe myself as someone who has been richly blessed. Maybe not with physical things, but with spiritual, mental and emotional treasures. I love pictures, and have over 600 photo albums of just my family. I believe God and family are the most important things in life. I believe it is our job as parents to help and encourage our children to take up the cause of exercising - and investing in their health. So I guess it is my time to lead by example.
Here are my status for day one - June 4, 2012
175 Weight
42" Bust
13" Left Arm
13" Right Arm
38" Waist
42" Hips
21" Left Thigh
21" Right Thigh
14" Left Calf
14" Right Calf
35% Body Fat
160 Weight
12" Left Arm
12" Right Arm
32" Waist
38" Hips
18" Left Thigh
18" Right Thigh
13" Left Calf
13" Right Calf
185% Body Fat
This morning I woke up at 5:00 a.m. I was at the gym by 5:30. I worked on my upper body portion - chest and arms. Then I did a 20 half run on a tread mill. Came home and had a protein shake, several glasses of water and a cup of coffee. I was a bit shaky walking to the car.
I am going to be a bit more strict on my diet, than the one described in the Body for Life book. I am giving up basically 5 things, for 6 days of each week.On day 7 is my cheat day, which means I can have anything I feel I have missed.
1. Flour
2. Sugar
3. Alcohol
4. Salt
5. Milk
My cheat day will be on Sunday's. So my diet will basically consist of fish, chicken, rice products, vegetables and fruits. What this means is, I am basically giving up all pre-processed, packaged foods. Pre-packaged foods are where the preservatives are at. So here's my take on it, as to why people can't lose weight. If you eat alot of these types of foods, then you are consuming alot of preservatives. Ask yourself what is the job of a perservative? To preserve!!! Right? Well if you gain weight and your are consuming alot of prepackaged foods with high levels of preservatives, then the preservatives are doing their job. They are [reserving your fat, thus making it very hard for you to lose weight. That's my take on it. This is why grandpa and grandma could eat cream on the farm years ago and not gain weight. They ate foods made from scratch, and they worked hard to maintain the farm. If we make our foods from scratch, and exercise, we are basically doing what grandpa and grandma did years ago.
I will continue to post on this forum, as to what I am eating and what I am doing. I have read many forum entries and it seems like people are lost getting started and don't know what to do or eat. If I can I'll post some recipes.
I also hired a personal trainer to help me get started on the program, as I was overwhelmed with the exercises, the counting, the minute in between of rest, so on and so forth. Being day one, I think this was invaluable to feeling like I am getting started off on the right foot.
I would recommend stocking your refrig. with things you can eat. Then get some protein drinks, bars, etc. to carry in your purse. Another good thing to carry in your purse is apples. They travel well, and it is a great snack come mid morning or mid afternoon when you need to eat something. Also, if you use one of those baby formula dispensers, you can put your protein powder in that (in your purse), then carry a shaker, add some water and you have a protein drink quick and easy.
I will continue to post every day, and will share with you what I am doing on a daily basis. I will only provide stats every two weeks. Remember positive thinking, and consistently thinking about reaching your goals - is very important. Do not say I can't do it. Because if you repeat this enough, then you will not achieve your dream of having a better you.
Someone said something to me a long time ago, and it is very true. "Better is it to try and fail, then to do nothing and succeed". Some of you need more than 84 days, but don't be discouraged over this. You just have a different body type than others. Keep your mental goals clearly in mind, ask your family to cheer you on, support you and encourage you, stick with the program. From reading the testimonials, and looking at the pictures - I don't think any of us are going to regret it.
So here's looking at my next 84 days with anticipation and excitement, as I embark on my journey on transforming myself on both from the inside and the out.
DAY TWO - Aerobic Day
Just as a follow up to yesterday. I had a bowl of fresh fruit for lunch. Then a salad with a piece of broiled salmon on it for dinner.
SO, day two in the gym, doing my 20 minute aerobic workout on a tredmill this morning. I'm at the gym by 5:30 and usually home by 6:45 a.m. The nice thing about doing this early morning, is that by the time I get home - everyone else is just waking up. So it's like my workout never happened. It doesn't disrupt my families life one bit. I'm home in time to cook breakfast and get everyone started for the day.
I've been on my new diet now for about 6 days and can really feel the difference. I physically feel slimmer, although I told myself not to weigh or do my stats until two weeks have past. I've read on this forum, where people have weighed themselves daily, and how discouraging that can be. So didn't want to make the same mistake.
For breakfast, I'm usually having oatmeal with fresh fruit, cup of black coffee. For lunch and dinners, I'm trying to stick to fresh vegetables and fruits, with broiled or pan fried chicken or fish (light seasoning). My snacks are either protein bars, shakes or fresh fruit.
The front desk at the gym knows I'm doing the Body for Life program and the two trainers that I have (one for upper body, one for lower body), both bought the "Body for Life" book, to understand what it is that I am trying to accomplish. Both trainers are holding me to the Body for Life program as outlined in the book. The front desk is cheering me on and every time I leave, we mark off a day from the goal of 84. This helps me feel accomplishment. I'm excited to see what my stats will be in two weeks, as I am already feeling changes both inside and out.
DAY THREE - Lower Body Workout
As a follow up to yesterday. For lunch had a Greek salad with lamb meat and olive oil on it. For dinner, had a bowl of fruit. Snacks are protein bars and shakes.
WOW! I left the gym this morning feeling really shaky. I haven't been eating before I go (as recommended - maximum way to lose fat), and at one point feel wiped out. It seems to pass as I continue my workout. I used a machine today at the gym to work my lower body (legs), I couldn't believe the workout my legs got.
The personal trainer has been a God-send. This allows me to focus on my body and all I do is follow what she tells me to do. She hands me the various weights, counts for me, and clocks my one minute rest periods in between. This allows me to really mentally rest between exercises. I don't have to think about what to do next.
So for any of you wondering whether a trainer is a good idea, I would highly recommend it. I think for me personally, if I did not have the trainer I would probably fail at this. I'm a strong person, but when it comes to pain, I seem to be a quitter. This is where a trainer doesn't let me quit. Another reason my trainer is a God-send........she tells me, "This is the round that counts. Work to exhaustion, to get your results." She pushes me to do those extra reps, when honestly........if it were just me doing it alone, I would probably quit when it got tough.
I know a trainer for many is a bid of money, but this is about investing in my body, my future, my health. Its about feeling better, looking better and building self confidence. So I went ahead, invested in a personal trainer - and do not regret it one single bit.
I can feel the transformation happening for me on the inside, just like they said. I feel my mind becoming stronger, my determination is stronger. My son, said mom, just this morning, "I can already see results mom." Right! (In disbelief) This is what I love about you kids, its that kind of talk that keeps me going.
So, day three, feeling the burn - but in a good way.
DAY FOUR - Aerobic Day
Woke up at 4:00 a.m. with muscle cramps in my feet and legs this morning. I could hardly move. Every muscle in my body hurt - from the top of my head to my toes. I move around this house, like a dieing moaning cow in labor about to give birth to a calf.
My physical trainer said that one of the best things for sore muscles is to soak in a bath of Epson Salts. By 4:00 a.m, I honestly thought I wasn't going to make it to the gym today. Determined to stay the course, I took the advise and soaked in the tub for a half hour. By 5:30 a.m. I was at the gym ready to be beat myself up some more.
I am beginning to notice that it is me and the same people at the gym every morning. I close my eyes to get that last muscle exhaustion and you can feel everyone in the gym cheering me on. At first, the one minute rest period between intervals seems like alot of wasted time. But the heavier the weights you pump, the more reps, that one minutes seems like a ice cream dream cycle on a stick.
So here's to day four, feeling like I've just been ran over by a MAC Truck.
Caribbean Island Girl, Sounds like you are doing great so far. The cramps kind of come with the territory (I know I have them sometimes and I am 54 this year). I use hot/cold water therapy after workouts always. Also I do take the EAS MUscle Armor (orange is my favorite) with the last meal of the day after my workouts to help with the soreness and recovery effort. It does seem to help. I have also heard that when it comes to legs cramps that simplye eating a banana for one of your snacks seems to help (potassium in the banana comes to the rescue somewhat). I don't have a trainer and I am trying to do this without their help and so far getting equal or better results simply by concentrating on form and effort at the gym. (The Triump method...a little Try with a lot of Umph). still if you have a great trainer, then treat them like gold and listen. remember even Hercules needed a good trainer (Phil in the Disney film). Best wishes to you from one in his GOlden Years to another and Keep Moving FOrward!!
DAY FIVE - Upper Body Workout
I literally crawled to the gym this morning. First day I can say I truly did not want to go. But I got up anyway, did not listen to my brain - trying to reason with me on all the reasons to stay home. I just did it. I hurt all over, I'm shaky, and completely exhausted.
Of course, I went go-kart racing with my kids yesterday (my 7 year old beat me!), shopping at Goodwill and Walmart, then to Casa Bonita for dinner (to watch human cliff divers), play arcade games, and went through the scarey Mexican tunnel. My girls were screaming so loud (from all the frights and sounds), that by the time we exited the tunnel everyone was starring at us. Then everyone started laughing (seeing us laugh) and then we couldn't stop laughing - just watching them laugh at us. Got one of those old fashion "dress up" "Cowboy Salon" photos together. It was a great day-evening. I blew my diet on cheap glorified "TV" dinner Mexican food. Up late, so I guess now you know why I literally crawled to the gym.
My personal trainer of course laughing at me this morning, because she could tell I had stayed up late the night before. We did our upper body workout. She says my stance and body positioning during exercises is improving (despite the temporary error in food judgment). Also the the way I hold the weights and do the machines is improving.
Did a 20 minutes of "walking fast" on the tredmill, to work off that cheap disgusting dinner from last night. I regret eating it, but I have about 80 pictures to prove we had the time of our life. Haven't laughed this hard in a long time.
Tonight, my son (Age 30) is picking us up in a white limo, the girls have beads, long "Hannah Montana" wigs, sunglasses, and crowns to wear. My grand-daughter is coming up to join us, as well. Bought "Elvis glasses" for the boys. Luke is going to pick us up in the Limo (all dressed) up and then take us to dinner. I plan on jumping out of the Limo first with my camera and then taking pictures of the kids as the get out of the Limo and go into the restaurant. You might say I'm one of those "Hip Hop" grandma's. Always looking for a fun thing to do with my kids. Now you know why I have so many photo albums.
Day Five, still staying the course - but feeling the burn.
Thanks for the suggestions WPBill, I will use them. I'm new to this weight training thing.
We are all on a team together, striving for the same goal - "To look and feel better."
I come home from the gym each day and my sons are grabbing my upper arms telling me, "We feel improvement. Your seem more firm, and stronger." My girls hug me around the middle and say, "Mom, your getting slimmer". I realize that results do not come that quick, but experiencing my family constantly touching me and telling me they see improvement - is what is keeping me going.
Happy to hear that your workout sessions are going well. I think every person is different, and each person has to do what works for them. I wish I could be a strong person like you. Remain focused and you will reach your goal as well. I want to see pictures when you are done. SMILE
Even at 52-54, we can have the body of people half our age, if we work at it. If I reach my goal (which I will), I will be in best shape of my life. I'm really looking forward to this and all the doors it will open up for me. One door will be "Self Confidence".
My kids and I before breakfast.
Good for you!! I too have 5 kids ages 26-12 so I can relate :) It is awesome to have your family encouraging you along, right?! Stay strong and keep on doing it!
~Nothing changes until SOMETHING changes~
SORRY DIDN'T POST FOR A FEW DAYS - House full of kids, family and company.
DAY SIX & SEVEN - Weekend
Due to total body fatigue, I took the weekend off. My older daughter came up with my grand-daughter. Then the boyfriend showed up with ATV's. Next thing we were hitting the dirt trails in the mountains four wheeling. I tried to stick to my diet, protein bars, meats, vegetables, raw tuna salad if you can believe that.
DAY EIGHT - Lower Body Workout
The alarm went of early today. By the time I hit the gym and started with the trainer, I could really feel that I had taken two days off. I seemed rusty trying to get back into the routine. I swear if my trainer had left me even for one second, I think I would have broken down into tears. I'm really feeling the need to push myself from within. I'm fighting the tendency to want to watch the clock, but then tell myself - focus on your trainer and what she tells you to do next. Eventually my time is up, and I have the satisfaction that I accomplished one more day.
For some reason this workout today is making me feel very emotional. Like I am really having to hold back some tears. Has anyone else experienced this? Perhaps because I am really having to push myself on the inside to keep going.
DAY NINE - Aerobic Day
This morning was a little easier. Although, I will be honest, I am having to force myself to go. I haven't gotten to the point yet, where I actually look forward to this. My trainer says it will come, its just all part of the adjustment.
Here's my take on it. The first week, appeared to me to be truly physical. Your muscles hurt, your body hurt, everything about what you did this week hurt. Just to bend over, sit down, stand up, and roll over, everything hurt. The second week appears to be more mental - at least for me. My body is no longer sore, but I am having to mentally push myself to go to the gym each morning - because I am feeling exhausted mentally.
I am finding that I need to re-evaluate why I am doing this. Reminding myself of all the reasons why I started this, and then re-enforcing the determination to carry on.
I find that I am truly thankful when a workout period ends. I come home, get my protein shake, stand under a hot shower for what seems like eternity.
The trainers did some basic endurance testing on me before we started, and I basically failed everything (if that tells you anything about me at all). They will do this same testing at the end of the challenge, so I can see how far I've come in my endurance and recovery rates.
So here's to Day Nine, feeling mentally exhausted like I can't do another day.
I believe you can continue on with the program. afterall you have a great "pit crew" to back you in your efforts and a fantastic reason to succeed as well. Do it for you and for them as well. Have you thought of trying the EAS Muscle Armor drink after your more tough workouts? It does seem to help a bit with the soreness and stiffness as well and keep the muscle you gain from being lost. Also, I hope you are getting enough rest and recovery time between the weeks and days as well. Seven to eight hours rest can do wonders for the energy levels. Best wishes to you, keep in touch with us.
This is me (black & white jacket) with my grand-daughter in front of me (age 6), my 32 year old daughter, and my 7 year old daughter in front.
Thanks for Bill for the recommendation on the protein drink. I will order some and try. I came home from gym and soaked in an Epson bath this morning, which really helped. Really liked what one woman said in a post I read on Body for Life. She did the challenge, as a gift to her children. I guess I feel very much the same way.
DAY TEN - Upper Body Workout
After last weekend dirt biking, my older daughter and I had a girl's talk. Told her all about my Body for Life challenge. Showed her the book, discussed what I was doing and what I wanted to accomplish. She was so impressed, that she went home and my mother called yesterday afternoon to say, "Guess what? Heidi joined a gym and hired a personal trainer!"
Well my workout this morning was great (as always). But I'll be real honest...........I don't get up yet, and get all excited about going to the gym. They say that feeling is coming, but I'm not there yet. I basically just get up, get dressed and go. If I think about it, my brain starts giving me all these reasons why staying home can be justified. So shut your brain off and just do what you know you're suppose to do. That is my advice at the moment.
This week, I'm feeling alot of overall body muscle fatigue. I know I'm improving, but feeling exhausted (in a good way), if that makes any sense. Seems like it takes me a couple of hours after a work out (hot bath/shower, eat, coffee) before I feel like I'm back to my old self. BUT HEY, something is working - found myself dancing to a tune on the radio while making breakfast this morning and FEELING GREAT!
It seems to me, that exercises I could do easily last week, I am struggling with this week. The sore feeling is gone for the most part, unless I tap into muscles I haven't used in awhile.
Here's a question I would like to throw out to the group. The Body for Life book, I think said not to eat before a workout. My trainer is telling me she doesn't agree with that. You basically (come morning), are at the end of your overnight fasting period and then you do this extreme workout with no energy - because your body has been in resting mode all night. If you eat something small before a workout, then it kick starts your metabolism and this helps you with your energy for your workout. This is why most people get that shaky feeling during workouts - thus says my trainer. Is that correct?
I've tried working out on an empty stomach, and I've tried working out with something small (like protein bar) to eat. I don't know which one is better. So any advice from someone who has done it both ways and feels one way is better than an other - I would really appreciation the input.
© Abbott Laboratories,2013


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Harvey Krautschun, Class of '72 and his wife Joy Proctor-Krautschun, Class of '73, have announced they are donating one million dollars to Black Hills State University.
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Bayside Hideaway Jamaica Court (upper unit) in Mission Bay
- bedrooms 3
- baths 2
- sleeps 8
- pool no
- hot tub no
- pets allowed yes
- type House
- community Mission Beach
rates (USD)
/ night
$ 1,680 - $ 2,450 / week
vacation rental description
This quiet hideaway is just steps from beautiful Mission Bay and directly across the street from the famous Mission Beach. This 3 bedroom 2 bath duplex is perfect for family and friends to enjoy. The kitchen is fully equipped to handle your cooking needs and the brand new barbeque on the patio is perfect for a cookout! Our master bedroom has a queen size bed, walk in closet, full bath, and ceiling fan to keep you cool. We have another queen size bedroom with ceiling fan, as well as a room with one full and one twin trundle bed. These two rooms share an outdoor balcony with a table and chairs to lounge on. There is a full bath next to these rooms. The living room has a comfy full size sofa sleeper for two. We have a spacious laundry room in the unit as well! One covered car port is located in the back of the duplex. The unit below is also available for rent, perfect for a family reunion! We have boogie boards, beach toys, and beach chairs available at the unit for our renters as well.
vacation rental location
property availability
- dates with deals
- unavailable dates
Last modified on 04-22-2014 at 6:24 PM.
email owner view full calendar
Sheila Steverson (858) 270-9900
house rental amenities
Our home comes equipped with so many amenities! Everything you would need to make
this a true home away from home experience. Washer/dryer, linens provided, 1 covered carport next to it. 1 queen size bed and a 2 twin beds, full size sofa sleeper, pack n play, and air mattress if needed. HDTV/cable, Free Wifi, CD/DVD player, and stereo.
Fully equipped kitchen with all utensils needed. Dishwasher, refrigerator, and
microwave. Charcoal BBQ and patio furniture for all to enjoy!
All rooms have ceiling fan. We provide surf boards, boogie boards, sand toys, beach chairs, and beach towels. We also provide complimentary wine, beer, sparkling, and flat water.
activities and attractions in Mission Bay San Diego Area
Activities that are close by are golf, tennis, Belmont Park (theme park), San Diego Zoo, San Diego Safari Park, Seaworld, shopping, sightseeing, restaurants, rafting on the bay, kayaking, sailing, boating, waterskiing, parasailing, jet skiing, swimming,
snorkeling/diving, surfing, windsurfing, biking, fishing, fitness center/gym,
health/beauty spa. Basketball court, cinemas, museums, horseshoes, miniature
golf, shuffleboard and hot air ballooning....not to mention the best part! THis unit is just steps away from beautiful beaches perfect for soaking up the warm Sann Diego sun.
vacation rental rates
January 4 to March 16: $250/night or $1,750/week (Friday/Saturday: $275/night)
March 17 to May 22: $275/night or $1,925/week (Friday/Saturday: $295/night)
Memorial Day (5/23 – 6/10): $325/night or $2,275/week
June 11 – 30: $325/night or $2,275/week (Friday/Saturday: $350/night)
4thof July (7/1 – 7/8): $350/night or $2,450/week
July 9 to 31: $350/night or $2,450/week (Friday/Saturday: $375/night)
August: $325/night or $2,275/week (Friday/Saturday: $350/night)
Labor Day (8/28 – 9/3): $325/night or $2,275/week
September 4 to October 31: $300/night or $2,100/week (Friday/Saturday: $325/night)
November 1 to 23: $240/night or $1,680/week (Friday/Saturday: $265/night)
Thanksgiving (11/24-12/1): $350/night or $2,450/week
December 2 to 19: $240/night or $1,680/week (Friday/Saturday: $265/night)
Christmas & New Years (12/20 – 1/3): $300/night or $2,100/week
Sheila Steverson (858) 270-9900
accepted payment methods
Prior to paying a reservation deposit, always verify payment instructions by calling the phone number displayed on this listing page. By contacting the owner directly and paying by an approved method - credit card, paypal, check or bank transfer - your reservation payment will be protected up to $1,000.Learn more in our Security Center
Top things to do in Mission Bay
- Paddle boarding
- Boating and wakeboarding
- Bike riding on the boardwalk
- Shopping on Mission Blvd
- Day on the sand
Top things to do on a budget
- Volleyball and horseshoes on the sands
- Picnic on the bay or at the beach
- Hikes on the Torrey Pine Trails
- Museums at Balboa Park
- Bike riding on the boardwalk
Top things to do with a family
- Day at the bay and beach
- Day at Seaworld or the Zoo
- Day at Belmont Park
- Bike riding on the boardwalk
- Seaworld Fireworks on the bay
Sheila Steverson , owner


text:
Neither team punted in the first half. Greensboro tried and failed to convert on fourth down three times. The Bulldogs missed their first fourth down attempt, and quarterback Chris Strott quickly heard from Smith, then converted twice and scored on their next possession. A three-touchdown explosion late in the second quarter earned Piedmont some breathing room and the Bulldogs eventually downed the Raiders 46-18.
Piedmont kept its record spotless at 7-0 and likely protected its Class 3A No. 1 ranking in next week's Alabama Sports Writers Association poll. Greensboro, which fell to 5-2, earned a full measure of respect from the Piedmont coaches and players.
"They're extremely talented," Smith said of the Raiders. "I think that team has a chance to make a little noise in the south half (of the playoffs)."
Piedmont puts its 6-0 Region 6 record on the line at Saks Friday. Smith said the Wildcats' 29-19 loss to Weaver, that dropped Saks to 6-1 in Region 6, did nothing to diminish the importance to the game.
"Changes absolutely nothing," he said. "Clint Smith's going to tell his guys, 'We beat Piedmont, we're the region champions,' and that's just what I told our guys, 'We beat Saks, we're the region champions.' We've just go to focus and get ready for Saks."
In the first minute of play, the Raiders recovered a Piedmont fumble at the Piedmont 30-yard line. Junior quarterback Quante Brown completed his first four passes, overcoming two false start penalties, and Greensboro scored four minutes into the game on a 5-yard pass from Brown to Jevontey Smith. After the hot start, it took the Raiders more than 30 minutes of game time to cross Piedmont's goal line again. By then, the Bulldogs had built a 32-6 advantage.
Greensboro coach Curtis Graves said Piedmont's ability to convert on third and even fourth downs, keeping his defense on the field, was one factor in the turnaround.
"They also played physical with us, punched us in the mouth," Graves said. "That's the first time that's happened since Bibb County (a loss in Week 1.)"
Trailing 6-0, Piedmont needed only six plays, all on the ground, to go 70 yards and take the lead for good. Consecutive carries for 17 and 38 yards by Sarandon Dunbar took the ball to the 3 and Jamie Major tallied the first of his three rushing touchdowns from there. Dillion Terry, who was 5-for-5 on extra points and added a 30-yard field goal, made it 7-6 with 5:22 still to play in the first quarter.
"We felt like we could get some runs on them but Sarandon is about the only guy we've got that can match their quickness," Smith said. "He gave us a good change up from Jamie and Dalton (Riffey)."
Dunbar finished as the leading ground gainer with 10 carries for 134 yards.
It was still 7-6 when Piedmont held on downs at the Piedmont 28 and began a six-minute scoring drive. The score came on a fourth-and-2 call that sent Strott rolling to the left then flipping the ball to Riffey in the flat coming out of the backfield. Riffey got the first down and more, scoring from 20 yards out when he slipped away from an arm tackle inside the 5.
Greensboro drew a roughing the passer penalty on the play. Kicking off from the Greensboro 45, the Bulldogs went for an onside kick. The football careened away from several players before Piedmont's Sloan Garner recovered at the Greensboro 32. Four plays later, Riffey scored again — this time on a 14-yard run and Piedmont led 21-6.
Brown threw three consecutive incomplete passes, the Raiders drew another 5-yard penalty and Smith called for Piedmont's punt block play. The rush flushed Brown into a scramble that ended on the Greensboro 34, seven yards short of a new set of downs with 1:03 left in the half.
Dunbar picked up 31 yards on the first play and Piedmont milked the clock. Major scored on a 2-yard run with five seconds to spare. Greensboro was offside before the kick. Closer to the goal, Piedmont added two more points on a pass from Strott to Riffey.
"That little three-touchdown flurry in the last five minutes was the difference in the ball game," Smith said.
Terry opened the second half scoring with his field goal with 3:20 left in the third. Brown's 9-yard pass to Willie Parker made it 32-12 two minutes later. In the fourth quarter, Major scored on a 49-yard run up the middle then Brown and Parker combined again from 12 yards out to cut Piedmont's lead to 39-18. Dunbar added the final touchdown on a 4-yard run with 4:49 to go.
Brown was 14-for-33 for 147 yards with two interceptions. He netted 88 yards on 17 carries but his teammates added only 41 more rushing yards.
Strott completed six of his 13 attempts for 66 yards without a turnover. Major finished with 91 yards rushing, Strott 53 and Riffey 49.


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VenTECH Standing Wraps
Professional's Choice
An easy solution to wrapping now the VenTECH technology. Plush poly fleece leg bandage with ventilated neoprene exterior and secure hook and loop closure. Great for treating injuries or strains and can be used for shipping.
Sizes: 12", 14" or 16"
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What is Immunocal?
What does Immunocal do?
How does Immunocal work?
Why is glutathione important?
Do healthy people need glutathione?
Which illnesses may be affected by raising glutathione?
Who should avoid Immunocal?
Who should be cautious with Immunocal?
Are there side-effects and what do I do about them?
How much should I take and when should I take it?
How do I prepare or mix Immunocal?
How do I store Immunocal?
What is Immunocal Platinum?
What is Immunocal?
Immunocal is an all-natural non-prescription health product available worldwide. This special protein holds many national and international patents and is medically recognized in the Physicians' Desk Reference ("PDR" U.S.A.) and Compendium of Pharmaceutical Specialties ("CPS" Canada). It has undergone over 30 years of research and has been taken safely and effectively by millions of individuals.Top of Page
What does Immunocal do?
Immunocal acts in two ways it is a very high quality protein that provides all the amino acids your body needs, and, more critically, it raises a substance in your body called glutathione. Glutathione plays many roles in your body, the four most important of which can be summarized by the acronym:
A – Antioxidant: Glutathione is the body's "Master Antioxidant"
I – Immune System: Glutathione is critical for immune function
D – Detoxification: Glutathione is your cell's key detoxification enzyme
E2– Glutathione contributes to your overall energy at many levels
How does Immunocal work?
The Natural Health Products Directorate of Health Canada has issued an NPN (Natural Product Number) for the specific health claim Immunocal is a natural source of the glutathione precursor cysteine for the maintenance of a strong immune system. (NPN-80004370)
Immunocal contains specific fragile proteins that supply your body with the building blocks needed for the production of glutathione in your cells. These building blocks are called precursors and glutathione precursors are relatively rare in our normal diets. Unfortunately, eating glutathione itself does not effectively raise glutathione in the cells; this is why we need the precursors.Top of Page
Why is glutathione important?
Glutathione is an essential component of your cells, with low glutathione levels, cells cannot perform many of their functions properly. Although glutathione functions in dozens of roles in our metabolism, the major functions can be summarized in four areas:
- It is the major antioxidant produced by the body. Antioxidants such as vitamins C or E cannot be made by your body and in fact could not work properly if glutathione were not present.
- Our immune systems depend on a steady supply of glutathione. Without it, our immune defenses become weakened.
- It is important in detoxifying many substances including heavy metals, breakdown products of cigarettes and automobile exhaust, many cancer-causing agents, and a multitude of pollutants and toxins we encounter on a daily basis.
- The major source of energy produced in our cells is derived from tiny structures called mitochondria. These mitochondria would literally burn up without the presence of glutathione.
Do healthy people need glutathione?
Optimal glutathione levels are important for everyone. Although you are hopefully in good health right now, glutathione levels fall as we age, and are lowered by a great number of very common illnesses. There is a constant demand for glutathione in our daily life; stress, pollution and infectious disease are all causes of glutathione depletion. For those that exercise regularly, glutathione is especially important to replenish to avoid injury, improve recovery time and keep your immune system strong.Top of Page
Which illnesses may be affected by raising glutathione?
Many disease states are characterized by low glutathione levels. Immunocal has been developed as a strategy to help sustain glutathione levels. Glutathione deficiency states include, but are not limited to: AIDS and cancer muscle wasting, chemical and infectious hepatitis, radiation poisoning, malnutrition states, strong physical stress, and acetaminophen toxicity. Many other problems including cardiovascular, lung, digestive and kidney disorders are associated with glutathione deficiency and are cited in numerous medical references.Top of Page
Who should avoid Immunocal?
People who have a specific allergy to milk proteins (this is different from lactose intolerance) need to avoid this product. People who are taking immunosuppressive medication in the case of organ transplants should not take this product.Top of Page
Who should be cautious with Immunocal?
People who are on a protein-restricted diet need to calculate into their daily equation 9 grams of protein per pouch and should not exceed their daily protein limit. Keep in mind that Immunocal has a very high biological value as a protein and will supply an excellent source of amino acids for those individuals who may be challenged nutritionally.Top of Page
Are there side effects and what do I do about them?
Abdominal cramps and bloating can occasionally occur. This is usually corrected by increasing your fluid intake. Rarely, some individuals may experience a rash with this product. Although this may indicate an allergy, it may represent a detoxification reaction. In both cases, discontinuing the product should resolve the symptom. If any symptoms are severe or persistent, contact your health care practitioner.Top of Page
How much should I take and when should I take it?
As a natural source of the glutathione cysteine precursor for the maintenance of the good health, 10 grams per day (one pouch) is recommended. As a natural source of the glutathione cysteine precursor for the maintenance of a strong immune system, 20 grams per day is recommended (two pouches). Clinical trials in patients with AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome have used 30 - 40 grams per day without ill effect.
Immunocal is best administered on an empty stomach or with a light meal. Concomitant intake of another high protein load may adversely affect absorption.Top of Page
How do I prepare or mix Immunocal?
The proteins in Immunocal are very fragile. Do not heat this product or add it to hot liquids. Do not use a high-powered blender to mix. Heat and severe mechanical action will break down the protein and diminish the usefulness of the product.
Immunocal is a dehydrated powder. It must be rehydrated with liquids before use. If left standing too long after mixing, the usefulness of the product may be reduced. It is generally recommended to consume the product within 30 minutes of mixing. Special low-speed blenders or mixing cups can be made available through Immunotec Inc.'s distribution networks.
Using the Immunotec hand mixer:
- Fill a glass or container with 180-240 ml (6-8 oz) of your favorite juice or liquid*. Add Immunocal - you'll find it easiest to first squeeze the pouch to fit the container - and mix until blended.
Using the Immunotec shaker:
- Pour 60 ml (2 oz) of liquid to the fill line. Add 1-2 pouches of Immunocal. Seal and shake for 10-15 seconds. Add more liquid and drink immediately.
Or choose an alternative method that suits your personal preferences and lifestyle:
- Empty one pouch of product into a small container, add 2 tablespoons of your favorite juice or liquid and make a gravy-like paste. Add 180-240 ml (6-8 oz) of juice or liquid, stir and drink.
- Add the product to applesauce or yogurt.
*Certain liquids create more foam than others: orange juice is recommended.Top of Page
How do I store Immunocal?
Try to keep Immunocal in a cool dry place. Avoid prolonged exposure to hot environments. Refrigeration will prolong the life of the product but is optional.Top of Page
What is Immunocal Platinum?
More Valuable than GOLD!
Immunocal has been Immunotec's flagship product for years. Immunocals' action is based on the benefits of raising glutathione. The wealth of research on glutathione and the aging process speaks for itself. What is it about the "Platinum" formulation that takes this a step further? Let's examine this closer.
The major impact on your health that Immunocal bestows is by providing the building blocks or "precursors" for your cells to be able to make glutathione. This is a technology that we continue to refine. Both Immunocal and Immunocal Platinum represent the only patented protein proven to do this. In the development of Immunocal Platinum, we have looked very carefully both at protein metabolism and at potential components of whey proteins that relate to aging. Two separate formulations have been added to Immunocal – CMP™* and RMF.
CMP (Cytokine Modulating Peptides)
Cytokines are little molecules that the immune system uses to regulate inflammation. Inflammation plays a role not only in issues like aches and pains, but also in cardiovascular and neurological health. Inflammation has been pointed to as one of the key factors driving the aging process. What CMP does, is "turn down the volume" on these cytokines.
*CMP is a trademark of Glanbia LLC.
RMF (Redox Modulating Formula)
RMF is an exclusive development from Immunotec's research and development team mastered by Dr. Wulf Dröge. The major objective here was to decrease the amount of acid formed in the body (important to the kidneys), and as a second benefit, reduces the amount of calcium lost (important in bone health).
Who should take Platinum?
We all should take Platinum. Although it was initially developed with the "Baby-Boomers" and geriatric populations in mind, it became clear that there were benefits for overweight individuals, athletic individuals, people with circulation challenges and others. Certainly, good old Immunocal has proven benefits for all these groups, but Platinum represents the next generation in immune enhancement and will become the new standard in the immune health market. The recommended serving size is unchanged from Immunocal and it can be combined with Immunocal as desired.
Turn a triple into a HOME RUN!
Immunocal Platinum provides a triple action on your immune health – Raising glutathione represents Preventative immunity, the cytokine modulating proteins representing Reparative Immunity. Attention to the proper acid-base balance helps lead to Sustained Immunity. Turn this triple into a homer by topping it off with the other supplements your health professional may recommend to you!Top of Page
Immunotec Patents
Immunotec has been one of the nations top innovators among nutrition companies in the direct selling industry based on the strength and breadth of its patent portfolio.
These patents represent a scientific chronology of the discovery and innovative thinking by Dr. Bounous and his team of researchers over the past four decades.
The patents describe the biological effect of Immunocal on the immune response in a number of human conditions using both in-vivo and human trials.Top of Page
Immunocal®, Immunocal® Platinum, Immunotec Inc., and the Immunotec logo are registered trademarks of Immunotec Inc.