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BACKGROUND: Norovirus is a highly contagious virus. It is also called "food poisoning" or "stomach flu," but is not related to the flu (influenza). The virus can be caught from an infected person, contaminated water or food, or by touching contaminated surfaces. However, there is some evidence for spreading airborne(probably when viruses become airborne from projective vomiting and then land on). It is the most common cause of foodborne-diseases in the United States. Anyone can become infected with norovirus and can have it many times in their life. It can become dangerous for young children and older adults. The virus causes the stomach, intestines, or both to become inflamed, also known as acute gastroenteritis. Norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. It is responsible for 21 million illnesses, contributes to 70 thousand hospitalizations, and 800 deaths. (Source: www.cdc.gov).
SYMPTOMS: Norovirus causes diarrhea, nausea, stomach pain, throwing up, fever, headache, and body aches. The virus often causes patients to throw up or have diarrhea many times a day, putting them at risk for dehydration. Symptoms of dehydration include: dry mouth and throat, decrease in urination, and feeling dizzy when standing. Children who are dehydrated may cry without producing tears and can be unusually sleep or fussy. To prevent dehydration, patients should drink plenty of liquids to replace fluids that have been lost. Sports drinks can help with mild dehydration, but they cannot replace important nutrients and minerals. Oral rehydration fluids are available over the counter and are found to be most helpful for mild dehydration. (Source: www.cdc.gov).
NEW TECHNOLOGY: There is no specific medicine to treat people with the norovirus. The norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is a viral infection, not a bacterial infection. Last year, a nasal spray vaccine was tested on 90 volunteers. One third of those who got the vaccine developed symptoms related to the norovirus. Researchers believe the nasal vaccine only worked against one of the genetic strains of norovirus instead of multiple strains. The new injectable vaccine works against two, resulting in a cross-reaction that provides added protection. In the new study, participants received two injections in their arm of vaccine or placebo four weeks apart. There were no serious side effects related to the use of the vaccine. Researchers used blood tests to check for evidence of virus-fighting antibodies. Compared to placebo, participants of all ages mounted a rapid antibody response. Researchers believe that the new vaccine will result in patients having fewer symptoms than those getting a placebo. (Source: www.webmd.com)
John Treanor, MD, Professor of Medicine, Microbiology, and Immunology, and Chief of Infectious Diseases Division at the University of Rochester Medical Center, talks about a possible vaccine for Norovirus.
What is Norovirus?
Dr. Treanor: Noroviruses are probably the most common infectious cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States. They are very common and they cause a typical illness characterized mostly by vomiting. When you have Norovirus, you know it. You will have very intense vomiting for about 24 hours and sometimes it is accompanied by diarrhea. However, not always and its associated with some fever and some muscle aches. Most people will recovery completely over the next day or two.
How common is it?
Dr. Treanor: It is clearly the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Most people will have an episode or two every year. It seems like perhaps it is more common in people who are living in close circumstances with lots of other people, but everybody is going to get Norovirus or one of the related viruses at some point through their life.
Is it an umbrella term for lots of viruses?
Dr. Treanor: One of the things about this virus is it is very infectious. When you have it, although you recover quickly, you continue to shed it from your body for many days afterwards. It only takes the tiniest dose to infect the next person. So the characteristic of Norovirus is lots of other people get sick; what they call the secondary attack rate is very high because it is so contagious.
Is that why cruise ships have such a problem with it?
Dr. Treanor: Absolutely; any situation where you have people living in close proximity to each other. When a Norovirus outbreak gets started, it is very tough to stop.
How serious is it or how serious can it get?
Dr. Treanor: For most people it is going to be a very self-limited illness, but we have recognized that in older adults, there can even be deaths associated with Norovirus. The CDC estimates, it's not a large number, but something like 700 deaths associated with Norovirus every year, mostly in older people or people with compromised immune systems.
Does it affect infants and toddlers the same? Is it like the flu where it is worse for infants and older people or is Norovirus not as dangerous for infants?
Dr. Treanor: It is really not dangerous for toddlers and infants. However, it does generate a lot of illness and emergency room visits for gastroenteritis, but it usually is resolved by itself eventually.
Since for most people it resolves itself by itself fairly quickly, what is the need for a vaccine? Why were you studying that?
Dr. Treanor: It is a very common illness. When you have it, you are very disabled. It is really tough to get up and go to work or do anything else while you are having Norovirus because you are throwing up every hour. So, although a vaccine would not be designed to prevent deaths due to Norovirus, you could prevent a tremendous amount of disability in this country with a vaccine that was effective. For example, the Department of Defense is very interested in trying to find vaccines or other ways to prevent Norovirus because there have been some major outbreaks of Norovirus in military camps and bases which actually compromises readiness and so this is an important problem for them to control.
Are there lots of different Noroviruses where a vaccine might be similar to a flu, where you might get one every year? Is that the idea?
Dr. Treanor: There are some amazing parallels between the Noroviruses and the flu. One of them is that there does appear to be a form of antigenic change over time with the Noroviruses where the predominant strain is eventually replaced by another strain. So, it is possible that if we were using an effective Norovirus vaccine we might have to update it from time to time.
What has your research shown? What have you studied?
Dr. Treanor: I am involved in a project that involves a lot of investigators in many centers and it is all designed to try and evaluate one particular candidate "virus-like particle" vaccine for Norovirus; which means that the protein is there, but the RNA isn't and so it does not replicate or cause disease. It has been given to people via muscle and also nasally. It can stimulate antibody which in theory should be protective against Norovirus.


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Leathernecks tie a program record with 15 3-pointers in 85-35 win
MACOMB, Ill. – Western Illinois saw seven different players hit a 3-point field goal, totaling 15 on the night, as the Fighting Leathernecks cruised to an 85-35 victory over Clarke on Tuesday night (Nov. 13). The win evened Western's record at 1-1 overall.
The Leathernecks got hot from beyond the arc, especially during the second half hitting 10-of-16. The 15 3-pointers matched a program record set last February versus Oakland. Saule Kontautaite, Charnelle Reed and Sophie Reichelt hit three 3s apiece.
Clarke (counted this game as an exhibition) opened the scoring on a basket by Anna Hahn. Led by 3-pointers from Michele Salvatori and Michelle Maher, Western scored nine straight. The Crusaders closed the gap to 15-10 at the 7:52 mark thanks to a pair of free throws from Breland Prochaska. However, Western used an 11-0 run to pull away and closed out the half on a 20-7 spurt.
Western forced 14 first-half turnovers and held Clarke to 22.2 percent shooting from the field. Rebecca Henricson hit a 3-pointer to start the second half scoring. Ashley Luke scored a basket in the lane then Maher hit another trey to cap an 8-0 run. Kontautaite drained a 3-pointer, Salvatori hit a baseline jumper then Reed scored nine straight of her own extending the lead to 36. Reichelt went 3-for-3 from long distance off the bench, and Western led by as many as 52 when Martyna Kudziela hit a jumper in the lane.
"I thought we had a pretty good effort tonight. Clarke is not a bad NAIA team. We played some games like this last year against similar teams and we didn't have near the same feeling or result. That's kind of why we schedule these games, to have that result," said head coach JD Gravina. We are able to get a lot of kids in and we can build some confidence, especially for the Mizzou game. Overall I thought the intensity was good. The first half we had a couple of lows with our intensity and rebounding. I thought second half are rebounding was better and so was our intensity."
The 50-point margin of victory was the largest since Western defeated Illinois-Springfield by 71 back in December 2005. In three of the last four games (dating back to last year), Western has made at least nine 3-pointers and is averaging 10 made 3s in that span.
Reed led all scorers with 16 points followed by 15 from Kontautaite. Maher also scored in double-figures with 10, in addition to her game-high six assists and four steals. Luke grabbed 10 rebounds and finished with seven points. Twelve different Leathernecks scored a point.
Western shot 46.4 percent overall, and was 51.7 accurate from beyond the arc. The Leathernecks also held a 52-30 edge on the glass. It was the first time since playing Judson two years ago the team grabbed at least 50 rebounds. The 26 assists were also the most since dishing out 25 at Centenary in January 2008.
"We had some fun. It was neat to see all five freshmen out there on the court together; it was neat how we were all sharing the ball. I thought we moved the ball better than we have in our previous three games so I think we're seeing some improvement," said Gravina.
Clarke finished 24.6 percent from the field and was 1-of-11 from 3-point range. Prochaska led the scoring with seven points while Katelyn Hoppman grabbed eight rebounds.
The Leathernecks close out a three-game in five-day stretch on Thursday night (Nov. 15), traveling to Missouri. Tipoff is scheduled for 7 p.m.
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With new grilling recipes, tasty treats and fun cupcakes, cook up some sizzling summer recipes for your loved ones! To kick off the festivities for your next get-together, visit our summer drinks and summer parties section.
From turkey burgers to armadillo potatoes, these recipes are perfect for family gatherings in the great outdoors.
Celebrate the birth of your country with Mickey, Minnie, and all of your Disney friends.
When you're sending out invitations to your 4th of July party this year, don't forget to invite Mickey, Donald, and Goofy. Make your Independence Day magical with all your favorite Disney friends.
No matter your age, everyone loves a summer soiree. These delicious mocktail recipes are sure to be a hit with the kids, and an even bigger hit with adults (if you want to splash in a little grown-up addition). Two, for the price of one… Cheers!
Whether you're sitting around the campfire or having a BBQ at home, these desserts will help you get the most out of grilling season.
From corkscrew to couscous these dishes are perfect for lunch, dinner and parties. Plus, your kids will love them.
Take advantage of these summer months to gather the family around that backyard barbecue. Explore delicious, healthy grilling recipes for chicken, seafood, pork, veggies and more.
Transport yourself to a tropical paradise with my fruit of choice - juicy pineapple!
From delectable cakes and cupcakes to healthy fruit options, check out our collection of summer desserts!
Chicken is good fried, baked, roasted, stir-fried, and just about any other way you can prepare meat, but we think grilling it is the tastiest. That's why we've put together this list of the best ways to do so.
So simple yet delicious, these desserts celebrate all that summer berries have to offer. Any one of these recipes are the perfect way to end a backyard cookout!
View delicious summer recipes from easy-to-make salads to hearty dishes for the grill!


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|It has been suggested that Mathematical statistics be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2013.
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.[1] It deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.[1] When analyzing data, it is possible to use one or both of statistics methodologies: descriptive and inferential statistics in the analysis data.[2]
- 1 Scope
- 2 History
- 3 Overview
- 4 Statistical methods
- 4.1 Experimental and observational studies
- 4.2 Levels of measurement
- 4.3 Key terms used in statistics
- 4.4 Examples
- 5 Specialized disciplines
- 6 Statistical computing
- 7 Misuse
- 8 Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts
- 9 See also
- 10 References
Statistics is described as a mathematical body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data,[3] or as a branch of mathematics[4] concerned with collecting and interpreting data. Because of its empirical roots and its focus on applications, statistics is typically considered a distinct mathematical science rather than as a branch of mathematics.[5][6] Some tasks a statistician may involve are less mathematical; for example, ensuring that data collection is undertaken in a way that produces valid conclusions, coding data, or reporting results in ways comprehensible to those who must use them.
Statisticians improve data quality by developing specific experiment designs and survey samples. Statistics itself also provides tools for prediction and forecasting the use of data through statistical models. Statistics is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines, including natural and social sciences, government, and business. Statistical consultants can help organizations and companies that don't have in-house expertise relevant to their particular questions.
Statistical methods can summarize or describe a collection of data. This is called descriptive statistics. This is particularly useful in communicating the results of experiments and research. In addition, data patterns may be modeled in a way that accounts for randomness and uncertainty in the observations.
These models can be used to draw inferences about the process or population under study—a practice called inferential statistics. Inference is a vital element of scientific advance, since it provides a way to draw conclusions from data that are subject to random variation. To prove the propositions being investigated further, the conclusions are tested as well, as part of the scientific method. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the new data tend to provide more information as to the truth of the proposition.
"Applied statistics" comprises descriptive statistics and the application of inferential statistics.[7][verification needed] Theoretical statistics concerns both the logical arguments underlying justification of approaches to statistical inference, as well encompassing mathematical statistics. Mathematical statistics includes not only the manipulation of probability distributions necessary for deriving results related to methods of estimation and inference, but also various aspects of computational statistics and the design of experiments.
Statistics is closely related to probability theory, with which it is often grouped. The difference is, roughly, that probability theory starts from the given parameters of a total population to deduce probabilities that pertain to samples. Statistical inference, however, moves in the opposite direction—inductively inferring from samples to the parameters of a larger or total population. Statistics has many ties to machine learning and data mining.
Statistical methods date back at least to the 5th century BC.
Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt.[8] Early applications of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and social sciences.
Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of the probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat. Mathematical probability theory arose from the study of games of chance, although the concept of probability was already examined in medieval law and by philosophers such as Juan Caramuel.[9] The method of least squares was first described by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1805.
The modern field of statistics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century in three stages.[10] The first wave, at the turn of the century, was led by the work of Sir Francis Galton and Karl Pearson, who transformed statistics into a rigorous mathematical discipline used for analysis, not just in science, but in industry and politics as well. Galton's contributions to the field included introducing the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression and the application of these methods to the study of the variety of human characteristics - height, weight, eyelash length among others.[11] Pearson developed the Correlation coefficient, defined as a product-moment,[12] the method of moments for the fitting of distributions to samples and the Pearson's system of continuous curves, among many other things.[13] Galton and Pearson founded Biometrika as the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry, and the latter founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London.[14]
The second wave of the 1910s and 20s was initiated by William Gosset, and reached its culmination in the insights of Sir Ronald Fisher, who wrote the textbooks that were to define the academic discipline in universities around the world. Fisher's most important publications were his 1916 seminal paper The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance and his classic 1925 work Statistical Methods for Research Workers. His paper was the first to use the statistical term, variance. He developed rigorous experimental models and also originated the concepts of sufficiency, ancillary statistics, Fisher's linear discriminator and Fisher information.[15]
The final wave, which mainly saw the refinement and expansion of earlier developments, emerged from the collaborative work between Egon Pearson and Jerzy Neyman in the 1930s. They introduced the concepts of "Type II" error, power of a test and confidence intervals. Jerzy Neyman in 1934 showed that stratified random sampling was in general a better method of estimation than purposive (quota) sampling.[16] Today, statistical methods are applied in all fields that involve decision making, for making accurate inferences from a collated body of data and for making decisions in the face of uncertainty based on statistical methodology. The use of modern computers has expedited large-scale statistical computations, and has also made possible new methods that are impractical to perform manually.
In applying statistics to a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is necessary to begin with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as "all persons living in a country" or "every atom composing a crystal". A population can also be composed of observations of a process at various times, with the data from each observation serving as a different member of the overall group. Data collected about this kind of "population" constitutes what is called a time series.
For practical reasons, a chosen subset of the population called a sample is studied—as opposed to compiling data about the entire group (an operation called census). Once a sample that is representative of the population is determined, data is collected for the sample members in an observational or experimental setting. This data can then be subjected to statistical analysis, serving two related purposes: description and inference.
- Descriptive statistics summarize the population data by describing what was observed in the sample numerically or graphically. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data types (like heights or weights), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing categorical data (like race).
- Inferential statistics uses patterns in the sample data to draw inferences about the population represented, accounting for randomness. These inferences may take the form of: answering yes/no questions about the data (hypothesis testing), estimating numerical characteristics of the data (estimation), describing associations within the data (correlation) and modeling relationships within the data (for example, using regression analysis). Inference can extend to forecasting, prediction and estimation of unobserved values either in or associated with the population being studied; it can include extrapolation and interpolation of time series or spatial data, and can also include data mining.[17]
"... it is only the manipulation of uncertainty that interests us. We are not concerned with the matter that is uncertain. Thus we do not study the mechanism of rain; only whether it will rain."
The concept of correlation is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a data set often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or confounding variable. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. (See Correlation does not imply causation.)
To use a sample as a guide to an entire population, it is important that it truly represent the overall population. Representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. A major problem lies in determining the extent that the sample chosen is actually representative. Statistics offers methods to estimate and correct for any random trending within the sample and data collection procedures. There are also methods of experimental design for experiments that can lessen these issues at the outset of a study, strengthening its capability to discern truths about the population.
Randomness is studied using the mathematical discipline of probability theory. Probability is used in "mathematical statistics" (alternatively, "statistical theory") to study the sampling distributions of sample statistics and, more generally, the properties of statistical procedures. The use of any statistical method is valid when the system or population under consideration satisfies the assumptions of the method.
Misuse of statistics can produce subtle, but serious errors in description and interpretation—subtle in the sense that even experienced professionals make such errors, and serious in the sense that they can lead to devastating decision errors. For instance, social policy, medical practice, and the reliability of structures like bridges all rely on the proper use of statistics. See below for further discussion.
Even when statistical techniques are correctly applied, the results can be difficult to interpret for those lacking expertise. The statistical significance of a trend in the data—which measures the extent to which a trend could be caused by random variation in the sample—may or may not agree with an intuitive sense of its significance. The set of basic statistical skills (and skepticism) that people need to deal with information in their everyday lives properly is referred to as statistical literacy.
Statistical methods[edit]
Experimental and observational studies[edit]
A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality, and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on dependent variables or response. There are two major types of causal statistical studies: experimental studies and observational studies. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the two types lies in how the study is actually conducted. Each can be very effective. An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.
The basic steps of a statistical experiment are:
- Planning the research, including finding the number of replicates of the study, using the following information: preliminary estimates regarding the size of treatment effects, alternative hypotheses, and the estimated experimental variability. Consideration of the selection of experimental subjects and the ethics of research is necessary. Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects.
- Design of experiments, using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables, and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the experimental protocol that shall guide the performance of the experiment and that specifies the primary analysis of the experimental data.
- Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol.
- Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study.
- Documenting and presenting the results of the study.
Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous Hawthorne study examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the assembly line workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a control group and blindness. The Hawthorne effect refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.[citation needed]
Observational study[edit]
An example of an observational study is one that explores the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a case-control study, and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group.
Levels of measurement[edit]
Various attempts have been made to produce a taxonomy of levels of measurement. The psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens defined nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Nominal measurements do not have meaningful rank order among values, and permit any one-to-one transformation. Ordinal measurements have imprecise differences between consecutive values, but have a meaningful order to those values, and permit any order-preserving transformation. Interval measurements have meaningful distances between measurements defined, but the zero value is arbitrary (as in the case with longitude and temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit), and permit any linear transformation. Ratio measurements have both a meaningful zero value and the distances between different measurements defined, and permit any rescaling transformation.
Because variables conforming only to nominal or ordinal measurements cannot be reasonably measured numerically, sometimes they are grouped together as categorical variables, whereas ratio and interval measurements are grouped together as quantitative variables, which can be either discrete or continuous, due to their numerical nature.
Other categorizations have been proposed. For example, Mosteller and Tukey (1977)[19] distinguished grades, ranks, counted fractions, counts, amounts, and balances. Nelder (1990)[20] described continuous counts, continuous ratios, count ratios, and categorical modes of data. See also Chrisman (1998),[21] van den Berg (1991).[22]
The issue of whether or not it is appropriate to apply different kinds of statistical methods to data obtained from different kinds of measurement procedures is complicated by issues concerning the transformation of variables and the precise interpretation of research questions. "The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values which are not invariant under some transformations. Whether or not a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer" (Hand, 2004, p. 82).[23]
Key terms used in statistics[edit]
Statistics, estimators and pivotal quantities[edit]
Consider n independent identically distributed (iid) random variables with a given probability distribution: standard statistical inference and estimation theory defines a random sample as the random vector given by the column vector of these iid variables.[24] The population being examined is described by a probability distribution which may have unknown parameters.
A statistic is random variable which is a function of the random sample, but not a function of unknown parameters. The probability distribution of the statistics, though, may have unknown parameters.
Consider now a function of the unknown parameter: an estimator is a statistic used to estimate such function. Commonly used estimators include sample mean, unbiased sample variance and sample covariance.
A random variable which is a function of the random sample and of the unknown parameter, but whose probability distribution does not depend on the unknown parameter is called a pivotal quantity or pivot. Widely used pivots include the z-score, the chi square statistic and Student's t-value.
Between two estimators of a given parameter, the one with lower mean squared error is said to be more efficient. Furthermore an estimator is said to be unbiased if it's expected value is equal to the true value of the unknown parameter which is being estimated and asymptotically unbiased if its expected value converges at the limit to the true value of such parameter.
Other desirable properties for estimators include: UMVUE estimators which have the lowest variance for all possible values of the parameter to be estimated (this is usually an easier property to verify than efficiency) and consistent estimators which converges in probability to the true value of such parameter.
This still leaves the question of how to obtain estimators in a given situation and carry the computation, several methods have been proposed: the method of moments, the maximum likelihood method, the least squares method and the more recent method of estimating equations.
Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis[edit]
Interpretation of statistical information can often involve the development of a null hypothesis in that the assumption is that whatever is proposed as a cause has no effect on the variable being measured.
The best illustration for a novice is the predicament encountered by a jury trial. The null hypothesis, H0, asserts that the defendant is innocent, whereas the alternative hypothesis, H1, asserts that the defendant is guilty. The indictment comes because of suspicion of the guilt. The H0 (status quo) stands in opposition to H1 and is maintained unless H1 is supported by evidence "beyond a reasonable doubt". However, "failure to reject H0" in this case does not imply innocence, but merely that the evidence was insufficient to convict. So the jury does not necessarily accept H0 but fails to reject H0. While one can not "prove" a null hypothesis, one can test how close it is to being true with a power test, which tests for type II errors.
What statisticians call a alternative hypothesis is simply an hypothesis which contradicts the null hypothesis.
Working from a null hypothesis two basic forms of error are recognized:
- Type I errors where the null hypothesis is falsely rejected giving a "false positive".
- Type II errors where the null hypothesis fails to be rejected and an actual difference between populations is missed giving a "false negative".
Standard deviation refers to the extent to which individual observations in a sample differ from a central value, such as the sample or population mean, while Standard error refers to an estimate of difference between sample mean and population mean.
A statistical error is the amount by which an observation differs from its expected value, a residual is the amount an observation differs from the value the estimator of the expected value assumes on a given sample (also called prediction).
Mean squared error is used for obtaining efficient estimators, a widely used class of estimators. Root mean square error is simply the square root of mean squared error.
Many statistical methods seek to minimize the residual sum of squares, and these are called "methods of least squares" in contrast to Least absolute deviations. The later gives equal weight to small and big errors, while the former gives more weight to large errors. Residual sum of squares is also differentiable, which provides a handy property for doing regression. Least squares applied to linear regression is called ordinary least squares method and least squares applied to nonlinear regression is called non-linear least squares. Also in a linear regression model the non deterministic part of the model is called error term, disturbance or more simply noise.
Measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as random (noise) or systematic (bias), but other important types of errors (e.g., blunder, such as when an analyst reports incorrect units) can also be important. The presence of missing data and/or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to adress these problems.[25]
Interval estimation[edit]
Most studies only sample part of a population, so results don't fully represent the whole population. Any estimates obtained from the sample only approximate the population value. Confidence intervals allow statisticians to express how closely the sample estimate matches the true value in the whole population. Often they are expressed as 95% confidence intervals. Formally, a 95% confidence interval for a value is a range where, if the sampling and analysis were repeated under the same conditions (yielding a different dataset), the interval would include the true (population) value in 95% of all possible cases. This does not imply that the probability that the true value is in the confidence interval is 95%. From the frequentist perspective, such a claim does not even make sense, as the true value is not a random variable. Either the true value is or is not within the given interval. However, it is true that, before any data are sampled and given a plan for how to construct the confidence interval, the probability is 95% that the yet-to-be-calculated interval will cover the true value: at this point, the limits of the interval are yet-to-be-observed random variables. One approach that does yield an interval that can be interpreted as having a given probability of containing the true value is to use a credible interval from Bayesian statistics: this approach depends on a different way of interpreting what is meant by "probability", that is as a Bayesian probability.
In principle confidence intervals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. An interval can be asymmetrical because it works as lower or upper bound for a parameter (left-sided interval or right sided interval), but it can also be asymmetrical because the two sided interval is built violating symmetry around the estimate. Sometimes the bounds for a confidence interval are reached asymptotically and these are used to approximate the true bounds.
|This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but the sources of this section remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (May 2012)
Statistics rarely give a simple Yes/No type answer to the question asked of them. Interpretation often comes down to the level of statistical significance applied to the numbers and often refers to the probability of a value accurately rejecting the null hypothesis (sometimes referred to as the p-value).
Referring to statistical significance does not necessarily mean that the overall result is significant in real world terms. For example, in a large study of a drug it may be shown that the drug has a statistically significant but very small beneficial effect, such that the drug is unlikely to help the patient noticeably.
Criticisms arise because the hypothesis testing approach forces one hypothesis (the null hypothesis) to be "favored," and can also seem to exaggerate the importance of minor differences in large studies. A difference that is highly statistically significant can still be of no practical significance, but it is possible to properly formulate tests in account for this. (See also criticism of hypothesis testing.)
One response involves going beyond reporting only the significance level to include the p-value when reporting whether a hypothesis is rejected or accepted. The p-value, however, does not indicate the size of the effect. A better and increasingly common approach is to report confidence intervals. Although these are produced from the same calculations as those of hypothesis tests or p-values, they describe both the size of the effect and the uncertainty surrounding it.
Some well-known statistical tests and procedures are:
Specialized disciplines[edit]
Statistical techniques are used in a wide range of types of scientific and social research, including: biostatistics, computational biology, computational sociology, network biology, social science, sociology and social research. Some fields of inquiry use applied statistics so extensively that they have specialized terminology. These disciplines include:
- Actuarial science (assesses risk in the insurance and finance industries)
- Applied information economics
- Biostatistics
- Business statistics
- Chemometrics (for analysis of data from chemistry)
- Data mining (applying statistics and pattern recognition to discover knowledge from data)
- Demography
- Econometrics
- Energy statistics
- Engineering statistics
- Epidemiology
- Geography and Geographic Information Systems, specifically in Spatial analysis
- Image processing
- Psychological statistics
- Reliability engineering
- Social statistics
In addition, there are particular types of statistical analysis that have also developed their own specialised terminology and methodology:
- Bootstrap & Jackknife Resampling
- Multivariate statistics
- Statistical classification
- Statistical surveys
- Structured data analysis (statistics)
- Structural equation modelling
- Survival analysis
- Statistics in various sports, particularly baseball and cricket
Statistics form a key basis tool in business and manufacturing as well. It is used to understand measurement systems variability, control processes (as in statistical process control or SPC), for summarizing data, and to make data-driven decisions. In these roles, it is a key tool, and perhaps the only reliable tool.
Statistical computing[edit]
The rapid and sustained increases in computing power starting from the second half of the 20th century have had a substantial impact on the practice of statistical science. Early statistical models were almost always from the class of linear models, but powerful computers, coupled with suitable numerical algorithms, caused an increased interest in nonlinear models (such as neural networks) as well as the creation of new types, such as generalized linear models and multilevel models.
Increased computing power has also led to the growing popularity of computationally intensive methods based on resampling, such as permutation tests and the bootstrap, while techniques such as Gibbs sampling have made use of Bayesian models more feasible. The computer revolution has implications for the future of statistics with new emphasis on "experimental" and "empirical" statistics. A large number of both general and special purpose statistical software are now available.
There is a general perception that statistical knowledge is all-too-frequently intentionally misused by finding ways to interpret only the data that are favorable to the presenter.[26] A mistrust and misunderstanding of statistics is associated with the quotation, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics". Misuse of statistics can be both inadvertent and intentional, and the book How to Lie with Statistics[26] outlines a range of considerations. In an attempt to shed light on the use and misuse of statistics, reviews of statistical techniques used in particular fields are conducted (e.g. Warne, Lazo, Ramos, and Ritter (2012)).[27]
Ways to avoid misuse of statistics include using proper diagrams and avoiding bias.[28] Misuse can occur when conclusions are overgeneralized and claimed to be representative of more than they really are, often by either deliberately or unconsciously overlooking sampling bias.[29] Bar graphs are arguably the easiest diagrams to use and understand, and they can be made either by hand or with simple computer programs.[28] Unfortunately, most people do not look for bias or errors, so they are not noticed. Thus, people may often believe that something is true even if it is not well represented.[29] To make data gathered from statistics believable and accurate, the sample taken must be representative of the whole.[30] According to Huff, "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."[31]
To assist in the understanding of statistics Huff proposed a series of questions to be asked in each case:[31]
- Who says so? (Does he/she have an axe to grind?)
- How does he/she know? (Does he/she have the resources to know the facts?)
- What's missing? (Does he/she give us a complete picture?)
- Did someone change the subject? (Does he/she offer us the right answer to the wrong problem?)
- Does it make sense? (Is his/her conclusion logical and consistent with what we already know?)
Statistics applied to mathematics or the arts[edit]
Traditionally, statistics was concerned with drawing inferences using a semi-standardized methodology that was "required learning" in most sciences. This has changed with use of statistics in non-inferential contexts. What was once considered a dry subject, taken in many fields as a degree-requirement, is now viewed enthusiastically.[according to whom?] Initially derided by some mathematical purists, it is now considered essential methodology in certain areas.
- In number theory, scatter plots of data generated by a distribution function may be transformed with familiar tools used in statistics to reveal underlying patterns, which may then lead to hypotheses.
- Methods of statistics including predictive methods in forecasting are combined with chaos theory and fractal geometry to create video works that are considered to have great beauty.
- The process art of Jackson Pollock relied on artistic experiments whereby underlying distributions in nature were artistically revealed.[citation needed] With the advent of computers, statistical methods were applied to formalize such distribution-driven natural processes to make and analyze moving video art.[citation needed]
- Methods of statistics may be used predicatively in performance art, as in a card trick based on a Markov process that only works some of the time, the occasion of which can be predicted using statistical methodology.
- Statistics can be used to predicatively create art, as in the statistical or stochastic music invented by Iannis Xenakis, where the music is performance-specific. Though this type of artistry does not always come out as expected, it does behave in ways that are predictable and tunable using statistics.
See also[edit]
|Find more about Statistics at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
|Library resources about
- Abundance estimation
- Glossary of probability and statistics
- Notation in probability and statistics
- List of statistics articles
- List of academic statistical associations
- List of national and international statistical services
- List of important publications in statistics
- List of university statistical consulting centers
- List of statistical packages (software)
- Foundations of statistics
- List of statisticians
- Official statistics
- Multivariate analysis of variance
- ^ a b Dodge, Y. (2006) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9
- ^ Lund Research Ltd. "Descriptive and Inferential Statistics". statistics.laerd.com. Retrieved 2014-03-23.
- ^ Moses, Lincoln E. (1986) Think and Explain with Statistics, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 978-0-201-15619-5 . pp. 1–3
- ^ Hays, William Lee, (1973) Statistics for the Social Sciences, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p.xii, ISBN 978-0-03-077945-9
- ^ Moore, David (1992). "Teaching Statistics as a Respectable Subject". In F. Gordon and S. Gordon. Statistics for the Twenty-First Century. Washington, DC: The Mathematical Association of America. pp. 14–25. ISBN 978-0-88385-078-7.
- ^ Chance, Beth L.; Rossman, Allan J. (2005). "Preface". Investigating Statistical Concepts, Applications, and Methods. Duxbury Press. ISBN 978-0-495-05064-3.
- ^ Anderson, D.R.; Sweeney, D.J.; Williams, T.A.. (1994) Introduction to Statistics: Concepts and Applications, pp. 5–9. West Group. ISBN 978-0-314-03309-3
- ^ Willcox, Walter (1938) "The Founder of Statistics". Review of the International Statistical Institute 5(4):321–328. JSTOR 1400906
- ^ J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability before Pascal,Johns Hopkins Univ Pr 2002
- ^ Helen Mary Walker (1975). Studies in the history of statistical method. Arno Press.
- ^ Galton F (1877) Typical laws of heredity. Nature 15: 492-553
- ^ Stigler, S. M. (1989). "Francis Galton's Account of the Invention of Correlation". Statistical Science 4 (2): 73–79. doi:10.1214/ss/1177012580.
- ^ Pearson, K. (1900). "On the Criterion that a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from Random Sampling". Philosophical Magazine Series 5 50 (302): 157–175. doi:10.1080/14786440009463897.
- ^ "Karl Pearson (1857 - 1936)". Department of Statistical Science – University College London.
- ^ Agresti, Alan; David B. Hichcock (2005). "Bayesian Inference for Categorical Data Analysis". Statistical Methods & Applications 14 (14): 298. doi:10.1007/s10260-005-0121-y.
- ^ Neyman, J (1934) On the two different aspects of the representative method: The method of stratified sampling and the method of purposive selection. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 97 (4) 557-625 JSTOR 2342192
- ^ Breiman, Leo (2001). "Statistical Modelling: the two cultures". Statistical Science 16 (3): 199–231. doi:10.1214/ss/1009213726. MR 1874152. CiteSeerX: 10.1.1.156.4933.
- ^ Lindley, D. (2000). "The Philosophy of Statistics". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series D 49 (3): 293–337. doi:10.1111/1467-9884.00238. JSTOR 2681060.
- ^ Mosteller, F., & Tukey, J. W. (1977). Data analysis and regression. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
- ^ Nelder, J. A. (1990). The knowledge needed to computerise the analysis and interpretation of statistical information. In Expert systems and artificial intelligence: the need for information about data. Library Association Report, London, March, 23-27.
- ^ Chrisman, Nicholas R. (1998). Rethinking Levels of Measurement for Cartography. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol. 25 (4), pp. 231-242
- ^ van den Berg, G. (1991). Choosing an analysis method. Leiden: DSWO Press
- ^ Hand, D. J. (2004). Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification. London, UK: Arnold.
- ^ P. Elio, Probabilità e Statistica, Esculapio 2007
- ^ Rubin, Donald B.; Little, Roderick J. A.,Statistical analysis with missing data, New York: Wiley 2002
- ^ a b Huff, Darrell (1954) How to Lie with Statistics, WW Norton & Company, Inc. New York, NY. ISBN 0-393-31072-8
- ^ Warne, R. Lazo, M., Ramos, T. and Ritter, N. (2012). Statistical Methods Used in Gifted Education Journals, 2006–2010. Gifted Child Quarterly, 56(3) 134–149. doi:10.1177/0016986212444122
- ^ a b Drennan, Robert D. (2008). "Statistics in archaeology". In Pearsall, Deborah M. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Elsevier Inc. pp. 2093–2100. ISBN 978-0-12-373962-9.
- ^ a b Cohen, Jerome B. (December 1938). "Misuse of Statistics". Journal of the American Statistical Association (JSTOR) 33 (204): 657–674. doi:10.1080/01621459.1938.10502344.
- ^ Freund, J. F. (1988). "Modern Elementary Statistics". Credo Reference.
- ^ a b Huff, Darrell; Irving Geis (1954). How to Lie with Statistics. New York: Norton. "The dependability of a sample can be destroyed by [bias]... allow yourself some degree of skepticism."


text:
DX/RX: Upper GI Cancer - Manish A. Shah - PaperbackAuthor:
Shah, Manish A.
Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Incorporated
Summary: This pocket-sized manual details precise information for diagnosis and treatment of esophagus, gastric, and pancreas tumors. Throughout the book, tables and figures summarise important clinical data and current professional society recommendations, while salient references direct readers to additional information.
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text: Dogs need their exercise, but it can be difficult to go on walks when the ground is covered with snow or ice - or if it's just really, really cold! Dog's paws may seem indestructible, but the truth is that exposure to freezing weather can cause lasting damage, even causing their paws to stick to the ground and tear. Providing your best friend with a set of durable, comfortable, warming dog boots makes walking through a winter wonderland less painful and more enjoyable for you and your pet.With top quality boots from leading manufacturers like Penn Plax, Fashion Pet, and Pet Life, Pet Mountain's Dog Boots store has the right paw protectors for your pooch. All-weather boots are the perfect solution for keeping your dog's feet safe, even in the middle of winter. If you'd just like to make his feet more comfortable around the house, a set of Fashion Pet's slipper socks is just the thing.Pet Mountain carries thousands of quality pet products at low, low prices. Feel free to browse through any of our specialized stores to find the exact item you need!Pet Mountain products are guaranteed to meet your satisfaction. We do everything we can to work with our manufacturers to ensure that you get the quality you expect, the service you deserve and the best prices in the industry. At Pet Mountain, we buy in bulk and develop programs with our network of suppliers that focus on giving you more for your money. Like you, we care about our pets. It's all about giving our dogs, cats, birds and other pets a good life!


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Search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. If you are not sure what you are looking for, try the Combination Search or our Recommended Species lists.
Several stems and basal leaves form a bushy perennial columbine one to three feet tall with handsome, clear yellow flowers that are held relatively erect on long stalks rather than nodding. Leaves are usually divided into three, occasionally into two parts (variety hinckleyana), with leaflets up to four centimeters long, all carried on petioles up to 20 centimeters in length. Petal blades normally range from eight to sixteen centimeters long, but those of variety hinckleyana are only two centimeters long and sixteen millimeters wide. Spurs range from less than four to more than ten centimeters in length, with four to nine centimeters most common.
Native to moist canyon seeps in the Chihuahuan and Sonoran deserts of southwestern North America, this popular garden columbine is perfect for brightening dark corners of Southwestern shade gardens. It requires good drainage and cant take excessive sun, but is relatively adaptable to any standard garden soil. It is pollinated by moths, butterflies, and bees.
There are several yellow-flowered columbines in western North America, including Longspur Columbine (A. longissima), the rare Hinckley Columbine (A. chrysantha var. hinckleyana), and the rare Chaplins Columbine (A. chrysantha var. chaplinei), the latter two currently considered varieties of A. chrysantha. Aquilegia flavescens, a mountain species growing from southern British Columbia to northern Oregon, east to Colorado, western Wyoming, and Alberta, has bent tips on the spurs, forming hooks.
The word columbine comes from columbinus, in Latin dove, referring to the flowers resemblance to a cluster of 5 doves. The spurs represent the birds heads and shoulders; the spreading sepals, the wings; the blade of the petal, each birds body. The genus name, from the Latin aquila (eagle), alludes to the petals, which resemble eagle talons.
Order seed of this species from Native American Seed and help support the Wildflower Center.
Planting shade plants in 100+ weather
June 25, 2009
I was planning on planting some columbines in a barrel and Turk's Cap and Coralberry in my yard, but hadn't counted on the extreme heat this early in the summer. Is it okay to plant these things as...
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Re-Lace Your Sebago Docksides
Sebago leather laces are made from premium cowhide for long wear and durability. Each set includes two 46 inch leather laces. These laces are designed specifically for the Dockside® and Spinnaker® styles. A re-lacing needle is highly recommended for use when lacing your boat shoes.
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Awesome colour. Thanks
Product Size Rating:Sized as Expected
Excellent laces
I recently got some Jacaranda laces for my Wine colored Horweens and was quite happy with them. Not only was does the color correspond correctly to what is reproduced on the site, but the leather is quality too. A bit stiff at first, but begins to soften to compliment that of the Horween leather. The laces are also plenty long. Seriously, why wouldn't you buy a pair to make your docksides have that personal touch?
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Coachman Rd, Clearwater, FL | Directions 3376027.975261 -82.741508
Couldn't be happier, best hair style in years. Everyone was great to speak with. Feel like they have best prices too.. I already re-booked my next appointment
Love this place! I am so glad I found this salon, my stylist was really interested in hearing my thoughts. My hair looks better than it ever has...Will be back soon.
never again – So, I bought a Living Social deal for $60 for a cut/color/deep conditioning for my shoulder length hair. What i GOT was an extra $10 charge because "color means roots, not all over color, and you have so much hair that we'll have to use twice as much colorant and toner on you". The young lady who did my hair clearly had never used toner with colorant, as she applied it directly to my dry, uncut hair, and it took her over an hour to do it. The "deep conditioning treatment" was conditioner applied after shampoo & then rinsed out, which I thought was pretty standard for most salons. I asked her to clean up the layers in my hair, and cut about 1/2 inch off altogether, She told me, "I'm not going to touch those layers because I'm not sure where they go" (WTF does THAT mean??) and when she was done, there was about 2 tablespoons of hair on the floor. This was the biggest waste of $70. Seriously, I would have been better off going to SuperCuts!
Waste of money – I requested a consultation with the owner about coloring my hair, since she is the 'specialist'. This 5 minutes seemed like an inconvenience to her.
I booked an appt, and let her know TWICE during the service that I did not feel she was coloring enough hair. She has lots of excuses and 'high standards for her personal reputation', however she did not give me what I wanted. Am I not the customer? Who might keep returning for service until she retires or goes under???During the service is the time to correct and adjust ---- which she chose not to. So I had to suck it up and just wait for it to be over.
At the end, she said 'i can tell you are not happy' and asked what to do about it. How about 'get it correct while I am telling you and do what i have told you several times that I want you to do'?? After the fact is an inappropriate/insincere time to try to correct anything!
I could have spent that $100 more wisely than just throwing it out the window to her pocket.
Also, they have a groupon out now, and instead of using it as an oppty to get new clients, they are being difficult with the customer. I did not have a groupon, so I can't even blame my poor performance on that.
It does not appear that this salon owner cares about what the customer wants. Whether that carries to all her staff I cannot say. I guess they have enough business already, why start trying to please customers now?
Avoid this place, and spend your money once with someone else who will do what you want - instead of being like me and having to go somewhere else and pay yet to get my hair done how I wanted it and explained 3 times.
AVOID THIS PLACE – This owner is deliberately canceling appointments to steal gift certificate values. Do not give this place your business - they will deliberately cancel your efforts to utilize gift certificates!
After receiving a gift certificate I made an appointment, but the day before my appointment I got a call from the salon to cancel it, because they didn't believe I had a "real" gift certificate. That was strange; since I had presented it to the person I made the appointment with. So I made another trip to the salon to show the owner the gift certificate, at which point she was very rude and said, "Well I guess you can use it."
I couldn't believe she was acting as if there were any reason I wouldn't be able to use the gift!! But determined to not lose out on the gift from my friend I made another appointment, this time for a pedicure.
The day I showed up for the appointment the owner was there with a scowl on her face and declared that I was late and could not receive the service!
To this day I have been unable to use my gift certificate! Horrible place.
excelent nail tech – I had my nails done here after work the other day the lady was very good I was more than pleased with her work I would definitely recommend her to a friend and her prices were very good
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text:
50 Cent – I'm a Hustler LyricsFollow
[Produced by DJ Scratch]
[Verse 1]
Rule number one: Don't go against the grain
Rule number two: Give respect where respect due
Rule number three: If you get knocked, play games and say names
(gun cocks) the 45 will tear you out the frame
It's like the rich get richer and the poor don't get fucking thing
For me ain't nothin' changed, but the things my money brings
My style will leave you aggy like them cats in jail
You peoples got plenty money actin like they ain't got bail
I feel for you niggas gettin' shot while I'm sayin' this rhyme
Or niggas in the mess hall gettin' chopped on chow lines
An old timer schooled me, said: "Don't burn bridges, my friend
Imagine the G-Dub close and yo' ass gotta swim"
I watch the fifth melt a nigga on the sidewalk in New York
Me and shorty stood from a far and had a talk
He said "I told em if he came around I'd clap him, I gave him my word
Look at his head its still shakin' he had a lot of nerve"
If it wasn't for the flow
I'd probably have to double back, bubble crack
I'm a hustler
[Verse 2]
Yo when the Feds come in the game, loyalty is limited
Hardcore niggas start actin' feminine
With the Feds you do eighty five percent of your time
Duke, you get ten, you'll damn near do nine
I hate a liar more than I hate thief
A thief is only after my salary, a liar is after my reality
The streets I know'em like my ABC's
Stay away from the D's and stack ya' cheese
Try to see three hundred G's before you see 300Z's
Tree top to feel the breeze, coke connect for key's
Yo' bitches sexin' me, take me to ecstacy
Once I nut, I don't want 'em next to me
If it's on, mother fucker, believe I'mma ride
I'm the type to swallow my blood before I swallow my pride
Letters on my sweater read DKNY
Got grimy niggas runnin' with me from BKNY
[Verse 3]
They say I don't sound like a killer, well how a killer sound?
I bet I grab a 4-pound and back that ass down
See many men live, baby, and many men die
Many men get drunk, puff lye and stay high
Here's a jewel: love you enemies and hate your friends
Your enemies remain the same, friends always change
I learned quick that there's more than one way to skin a cat
You can get 'em in the face, dog, or down his back.
All bullshit aside now, its time to be honest
I fear no man, for death is all that's promised
I got niggas standin' in line waitin' to hear me spit
From '86 to '96 the game went from sugar to shit
This for you niggas in the background dyin' to shine
I hate you like fiends who ask for a dime for nine
Ain't nothin' changed in the game, but faces and names
The state, the weight, the date and the jake
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Posted by Reviewer2806308 From California on Mar 01, 2011
Purchased at iHerb
During cold and flue season I include echinacea in my daily regimin. This particular brand and strength prevented a recent cold from reaching unmanageable proportions and lessened symptoms, so that my life could go on. As a school teacher that is of the utmost importance!
Great stuff!
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by nikolina From Croatia on Apr 04, 2014
Purchased at iHerb
I was drinking this for 2 months one capsule a day and during that period (Janury/February) I didn't even catch a cold, although I have had contact with a person with the flu and a person with the influenza (otherwise I'm a magnet for viruses), so obviously it works! I RECOMMEND and I WILL PURCHASE AGAIN! :) If you find my review in any way helpfull, please hit YES below my comment (where it says "Was this review helpful to you?"). Thank you!


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|Product Catalog > Retail Catalog > Kick > Pellet Filled Footbag/Netbag Line-Up > Footbags & Netbags $11 - $20 > "Juice" Pellet-Filled Footbag
Customer Reviews:
Great Kicking
I must say, this is my very favorite bag of what I currently own. So far, it is not being the best staller, but I think when it breaks in it will be better. But anyway, the kicking is amazing. I have perfect control over this one. This is a must-buy! -- Saad


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The Atlantic General Hospital Foundation Invites you to attend the
21st Anniversary Celebration of Atlantic General Hospital
held at the home of Jim and Jan Perdue
on Thursday, May 15, 2014
6:30 - 9 p.m.
Dress: Coastal Classy
Entertainment by the Clendenen Duo
Proceeds from the event will benefit the Atlantic General Hospital Foundation!
Please contact Laura Stearns, at 410-641-9671, for ticket information or to provide sponsorship support.
A Special Thank You To those who are sponoring the 2014 Anniversary Celebration:
Title Sponsors
Kelly Foods Corporation - 10th Year Title Sponsor
Diamond Sponsors
Platinum Sponsor
Gold Sponsors
ABC Printers, Inc.
Bank of Ocean City
Coastal Style Magazine
John and Gail Whaley
Wilde Charitable Foundation, Inc.
Silver Sponsors
Delmarva Collections
Maryland Coast Dispatch
Bronze Sponsors
Anthony's Beer, Wine, and Deli
Nancy W. Barrett
Vera F. Maiorana
Kirk McBride
Anniversary Celebration Committee
Kim Ruark Mihaly, Chair
Allison Bescak
Missy Burbage
Earl Conley
Commissioner Bud Church
J.L. Cropper
Kathy Drew
Matt Giardina
Beth Gismondi
Steve Green
Madalaine How
Phil Houck
Patricia Ilczuk-Lavanceau
Matt Giardina
Laura Mears
Mechelle Nichols
Brooks Trimper
Gail Whaley


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Some information is missing or invalid below.
Complement your home's decor with this Sophie Conran Sage collection. Each oven-to-table piece features delicately curved edges and a beautiful rippled design that creates a lovely handmade feel. For a coordinating look you're sure to love, shop the entire Sophie Conran Sage collection.
- Porcelain construction ensures lasting beauty.
- Details:
- Hand wash
- Promotional offers available online at Kohls.com may vary from those offered in Kohl's stores.


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On the soundless webcams, you can't hear how well-developed the chicks' vocal cords are at 3 weeks old. But with four chicks screeching at once in a nest inside a tiny abandoned building in Middletown, the sound can be deafening.
After a harrowing climb, Dickson and Victoria netted the chicks. With their big eyes and fluffly white plumage, they sat silently staring up at their giant visitors as one of their parents circled around us, screaming.
PHOTOS: Peregrine Falcons Tagged In Middletown
The peregrine falcon has always been one of my favorite birds of prey. The birds almost look royal, with their stately sideburns and slate-blue feathers and the way they stand on high ledges or buildings looking down on their domain. And it doesn't hurt that they are one of the fastest creatures in the natural world, reaching speeds of 180 to 200 mph on a dive.
Because Victoria is retiring this summer, Dickson is learning the ins and outs of tagging the chicks and will be taking over the program. This year, there are 14 peregrine falcon pairs nesting across the state. Last year 25 chicks fledged, and Victoria said the fledging number gets higher each year.
It's amazing to watch Victoria patiently attaching bands to the chicks' legs, just above their razor-sharp talons. The bands — which can be seen easily with binoculars — will be used to monitor the population as they travel around Connecticut or neighboring states.
These parents will continue to raise their young, despite their chicks having been removed briefly from the nest. As Victoria pointed out, the parents have "so much invested" in the young at this stage they wouldn't abandon them, despite the human intrusion and their new footwear.
But there will come a time when the parents will leave their young. It's an abrupt departure, Victoria said —mom and dad just leave one day and let the chicks "figure things out for themselves."
And, like all things in the natural world, they will.
Visit http://falconcam.travelers.com/ to view one of the oldest nesting locations of the peregrine falcon in the state. Peter Marteka can be reached at 860-647-5365, at email@example.com or at The Courant, 200 Adams St., Manchester, CT 06040.


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Thursday, April 24, 2014
By Meredith Goad firstname.lastname@example.com
Staff Writer
Gone are the days of American chop suey from a can and unidentifiable slabs of meat covered in gloppy gravy.
Samantha Cowens-Gasbarro, a culinary school graduate and chef, has been hired by the Windham-Raymond school district. She says one of her goals will be to start cooking classes or an after-school cooking club for students.
John Ewing/Staff Photographer
School lunch is going back to its roots, sourcing fresh ingredients from Maine farms and cooking mom-worthy hot meals from scratch in an effort to combat childhood obesity by providing healthier, less processed food.
This year, the Windham-Raymond school district is going a step beyond buying grass-fed beef from a farmer up north or apples from the orchard down the road: It's added a full-time chef to its school nutrition department.
Samantha Cowens-Gasbarro, a culinary school graduate who spent the last eight years working as a personal chef and teaching cooking classes in Boston, will train the cooking staff at six schools, teach after-school cooking classes, shape the school lunch menu to the students' tastes, and generally find ways to get children more invested in the food they put in their bodies.
"She's going to be working with our staff to kind of bring our food up to the next level and train my staff more in cooking from scratch," said Jeanne Reilly, director of school nutrition at RSU 14. "(She'll be) reworking our recipes to be moving towards the new (federal nutrition) guidelines, while not losing any flavor."
Southern Maine schools have been focusing on meeting the new federal school lunch guidelines, which went into effect in the 2012-13 school year, for a few years now. This year, they are mostly building on those efforts to feed kids more whole grains and vegetables, cut back on sodium, and bring in more local foods.
While not all of them are hiring full-time chefs, some of them bring in chef consultants and restaurant chefs regularly to train staff and work with students.
There is an especially big emphasis on purchasing as many local foods as possible. This fall, Portland schools, a leader in this area already -- in 2013, they served more than 50,000 pounds of fresh produce -- will launch a "Buy Local Day."
Every Thursday, the school lunch menu will feature Maine ingredients such as redfish bought direct from the community-supported fishery Salt and Sea, breads from Amato's Bakery, beef from Maine Grind in Guilford, and fruits and vegetables from Spear Farm in Waldoboro and distributors Crown of Maine in Presque Isle and Farm Fresh Connection in Freeport.
The Portland district is the state's largest, and currently spends 12 percent of its food dollars on local products. The goal is to increase that figure to 30 percent, partly through programs like Buy Local Thursdays.
"We're trying to use that as the banner," said Ron Adams, food services director. "We're doing a lot of work behind the scenes to really improve the freshness and the quality of the meals and this was one way to really demonstrate it and show it off to the students and the parents, and get that recognition that it's not just what our parents thought of as school lunch. I think we're doing something very different."
One big example of that is Adams' "Maine Marinara," a red sauce he started working on about four years ago that contains lots of "hidden" vegetables that boost its nutritional quotient: garlic scapes, onions, zucchini, summer squash and golden beets.
First, hundreds of pounds of these vegetables are sauteed and caramelized in a big kettle, then Adams adds 700 pounds of tomatoes for a single batch. The sauce cooks down, then it's pureed with an immersion blender.
"The big thing was, it cut the sodium by half compared to what a canned sauce is," Adams said. "And then you increase the fiber and you increase the vitamins, and I'm not buying a sauce from California in a can anymore."
(Continued on page 2)


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Your dollars at work
Help us take action
Ways to volunteer
Your dollars at work
Help us take action
Ways to volunteer
Support Canadians living with cancer
Donate now
Show Canadians living with cancer they are not alone
Buy a daffodil pin
Extending the lives
of people with
drug-resistant cancer
Meet our Innovation Grant recipients
Thank you to all 140,000 volunteers
Progress wouldn't be possible without you
I have cancer
Here are some resources that will help you with your visit:
Looking for help or services?
Find local services near you.
I am a friend or family member
I want to help
I want to stay healthy
Society statement about death of Jim Flaherty
Like so many other Canadians, the volunteers and staff of the Society were deeply saddened to hear of the untimely death of Jim Flaherty.
New director appointed to lead the NCIC Clinical Trials Group
Queen's University and the Society are pleased to announce that Dr Janet Dancey will be the next director of the NCIC Clinical Trials Group (NCIC CTG) effective September 1, 2014.
All news | Newsletter signup
Cops for Cancer in Mississauga
Police officers and emergency service personnel organize head shaves, bike rides and other events to raise money for the fight against cancer.
Learn more
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Help families with their cancer battles: A Wonderful Night of Dining, Dancing and Celebration of Hope
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Maybe they're still keeping Euro-type holiday hours at the George Soros Steno Pool, a.k.a. Media Matters.
Let's see now:
So far this week they've been concerned about the Fox & Friends weatherman's corny global warming joke — the sort you've heard countless times on your local radio drive time show.
Fox & Friends' other mortal sin? The gang [...]
Related posts:


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South Texas, Texas Vacations - Travel guide to South Texas, Texas accommodations and vacation packages. Visit South Texas, Texas for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your South Texas, Texas vacation today.
|Sort By:
Rockwall, Texas Hotels & Resorts - Escape from it all at the Hilton Bella Harbor, a spectacular lakefront hotel just 20 minutes east of Dallas. Inspired by Mediterranean resorts, the hotel offers gorgeous lake views and access to spectacular sunsets.
Los Fresnos, Texas Sight-Seeing Tours - You've caught the rays and surfed the waves-now come and stroll in the cool, shaded palapa village of Jungle Bobz. Walk the trails and see the five giant waterfalls of this nearly 1.5 acre botanical and sculpture park.
Port Arthur, Texas Hotels & Resorts - Modern and deluxe 80 room hotel, located near some of the best saltwater fishing in Texas. Convenient for the areas major business centers.
Houston, Texas Sailing & Yacht Charters - The Waterpoint Marina of Lake Conroe in Montgomery, Texas is only 1 hr north of Houston and 20 min from the Woodlands offering Yacht Charters, Ski Boat and Pontoon Rentals, and Nightly Houseboat Rentals. Also new is the Premier Lakeside Venue.
San Antonio, Texas Hotels & Resorts - WorldVentures is a lifestyle company that markets travel-related products. Combining the power of the internet with the time-tested strength of word-of-mouth marketing, WorldVentures is an emerging leader in the leisure travel industry.
San Antonio, Texas Sight-Seeing Tours - Historical Walking Tour with Unique Alamo Insights and Deeper History of the City of San Antonio and Texas.
Arlington, Texas Health Spas & Retreats - The dental office of Mark C. Marchbanks, D.D.S. in Arlington Texas is committed to providing you with attentive, personalized dental care for you and your family.
Austin, Texas Bed & Breakfasts - Located in the heart of central Austin, Brava House provides a truly memorable stay in Austin. One of the first Austin Victorian homes built in the late 1880's, it is minutes to the Capitol, University of Texas, LBJ Library & other attractions!
Seabrook, Texas Bed & Breakfasts - Romance your partner or bring your family for a refreshing getaway. Business meetings & luncheons welcome. Choose the lakefront B&B or complete privacy in a bay house across from the popular Kemah Boardwalk/Galveston Bay. Long term rates avail.


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Rolex Rankings #6
Rolex Rankings #24
Who will win in 2014?
This is the first year for the event.
Read all about the first tournament of the season.
Fun Fact Friday is a new weekly series where LPGA.com will share with you five fun facts about a player.
Mike Whan talks about the state of the LPGA at the end of 2012.


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As more workers use business intelligence (BI) to search for crucial nuggets of information, your aging, sprawling systems struggle to keep pace. Work with HP and SAP to implement a comprehensive SAP® BusinessObjects™ solution running on an HP Converged Infrastructure. Operating in an HP Converged Infrastructure, you can deliver predictable service continuity and quality for supporting the unpredictable demands on today's BI applications. And HP BI consultants can assist.
HP has worked together with SAP for over 20 years, fine-tuning technology combinations that best serve customers. We want to help you face today's business challenges boldly and help you stay ready for what lies ahead. Together HP and SAP can help launch your BI infrastructure to new levels of performance, ease and accuracy.


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Schott Zwiesel Coupe Cocktail Glasses, Set of 6
- Summary
An elegant tribute to the classic cocktail, this lead-free crystal glassware is designed by legendary bartender and celebrated author, Charles Schumann—founder of the iconic Schumann's Bar in Munich. The silhouette is based on the tried-and-true coupe shape, a favorite in the world's best bars and cocktail lounges since the 1930's. Use this exceptionally durable barware for serving everything from refreshing daiquiris and gimlets to frothy brandy Alexanders.
- Classic bar glasses combine the beauty of artisanal crystal with unsurpassed durability.
- Patented Tritan titanium technology creates break-, chip- and scratch-resistant barware.
- Made in Germany by Schott Zwiesel, famous for fine glassware innovations since 1872.
- Dishwasher safe.
- Dimensions & More Info
- 8.8-oz. cap.; 4" diam.; 5" high.
- Made in Germany.
- Shipping
Shipping Information
This item is shipped from our warehouse by UPS to arrive within five business days of our receiving your order.
Shipping Rates
The shipping rate varies depending on your order total and shipping destination. View Shipping Options and Charges.
Rush Delivery
For an additional charge of $15 per address, we can rush delivery to most destinations. This service is not available for some oversize items, items shipped directly from the supplier (including perishable and custom-manufactured items), out-of-stock items and items to be shipped outside the contiguous 48 states.
Return Policy
At Williams-Sonoma, we take great pride in the quality and craftsmanship of our products. If, within 30 days, you are not completely satisfied with your purchase for any reason, please return the item for an exchange or refund of the merchandise value. View Full Return Policy.


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Program features include:
This program is free to all Family Motor Coach Association members and supporters. Just shop and save!
Visit www.FMCA.com/OfficeDepot for more information and to print your store purchasing card, to view the Best Value List, and to access your customized portal for online shopping.
This program applies only to stores and online orders in the United States.


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Do you offer computer classes?
Yes. We offer beginning-level computer classes at several of our branches. The computer lab at Headquarters library is scheduled to open in January and to begin with, weekly class will be offered in Microsoft Windows and Word as well as a skill-building lab . Please check the online calendar for the most current information as we are developing more classes on a continual basis and dates iand times are subject to change. Most classes require pre-registration because of the limited number of computers we have available for classes at any given time. All classes are free.
If you already know the basics, but want to improve your skills in specific programs, we have free, online, self-paced computer classes available through Job & Career Accelerator. These classes include Microsoft Office (Access, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint, Project, Publisher, SharePoint, Visio, and Word), Corel WordPerfect, and Adobe products (Flash, Illustrator, and Photoshop):
Please note - if taking these online classes from the library computers, you will need to provide your own headphones or purchase a pair of disposable headphones at the front desk.


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6230 Lincoln Ave, Morton Grove
Outstanding burgers, very good pizza, good Mexican, specials and lots of sports on big flat screens.
9001 Waukegan Rd, Morton Grove
I was so surprised by the food in Champs. I expected nachos etc,. it was wonderful. The menu was so much fun to read, so many great and different choices. The server was kind and…
8536 Oleander, Morton Grove
6323 Dempster St, Morton Grove
6140 Dempster St, Morton Grove
5644 Theobald Rd, Morton Grove
100 Golf Rd, Golf
100 Golf Rd, Golf


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Print friendly version
Pseudocholinesterase deficiency
Other Names for this Disease
- Apnea, Postanesthetic
- Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency
- Cholinesterase 2 Deficiency
- Pseudocholinesterase E1
- Succinylcholine Sensitivity
See Disclaimer regarding information on this site. Some links on this page may take you to organizations outside of the National Institutes of Health.
Newline Maker
What treatment is available for pseudocholinesterase deficiency?
Individuals with pseudocholinesterase deficiency should avoid exposure to exogenous (outside of the body) sources of choline esters. The mainstay of treatment for patients in the midst of prolonged paralysis is mechanical ventilatory support until respiratory muscle paralysis spontaneously resolves. Recovery eventually occurs as a result of passive diffusion of succinylcholine away from the neuromuscular junction.[1]
Last updated: 3/3/2010
- Daniel R Alexander. Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency. eMedicine. July 17, 2006; http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1935.htm. Accessed 9/4/2008.


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Spread both pieces of bagel thins with reduced fat cream cheese. Place sliced banana on one half of bagel thin. Drizzle honey over banana pieces. Sprinkle dried cranberries over banana and honey and place second piece of bagel thin on top to make a 'sandwich'
* Banana can be brushed with a small amount of lemon juice to prevent browning. Makes 1 serving
Recipe courtesy of www.freshforkids.com.au
Honey aficionados like to claim that honey is as old as history itself. That may be true, at least for history back when rock paintings were the in-things.
The earliest evidence of harvesting honey is on a rock painting that dates back 8,000 years. The art, found in Spain, shows a honey seeker removing honey from a wild bee colony.
Honey has played an important role in history. The ancient Romans, for example, used honey to heal their wounds after battles. Hannibal gave his army honey and vinegar as they crossed the Alps with their elephants to battle the Romans.
Honey is produced by a complex system by bees. They transform nectar from flowers by a process of regurgitation and store it as their primary food source in wax honeycombs inside the beehive. Beekeepers use practices that encourage the overproduction of honey so there is excess for human consumption.
Honey bees have been long-called the angels of agriculture because they help pollinate crops. In recent years, world-wide concern has arisen over honey bees because many colonies have disappeared, due, it's believed, to a combination of dangerous mites, deforestation and depletion of other habitats. A global effort is underway to promote genetic diversity to help maintain honeybees and make their habitats safer.
Learn more:
University of Colorado Health employees dedicate themselves to providing patients and other customers with world-class care and service. Outside organizations recognize that, calling University of Colorado Health's hospitals some of the best in Colorado and even the best in the nation. Some of those accolades are listed below:
University of Colorado HealthFort Collins, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Madrid is a cosmopolitan city, where the visitor can find all kind of things, where the modern blends perfectly with the classic and traditional elements. Any visitor to Madrid should not miss a stroll through the famous "Rastro", a huge, outdoor market that takes place each Sunday in "el Barrio de la Latina", (Cascorro Street), where the visitor to Madrid can find practically anything from clothes, to antiques, to animals; you can also enjoy some typical "tapas" in a gorgeous atmosphere. The large department stores and more sophisticated shops can be found in "el Barrio de la Salamanca", it goes from Goya Street to Ortega Street, and includes streets Gasset, Serrano and Velázquez. For slightly "funkier" trends and fashion, the "Chueca Barrio" with has all sorts of fantastic shops is highly recommendable.
Opening Hours -- Normal opening hours for stores are, from Monday to Saturday, from 10.00 to 14.30 and from 17.00 to 20.30/21.00, although many stores do not close for lunch. All shops are closed on Sundays, with the exception of the first Sunday of every month, when the shops do open…
Magazines and Newspapers -- Most newsagents in the touristy areas, such as Gran Via, Plaza de la Independencia, Puerta del Sol, etc, carry all the international newspapers, magazines, etc. There is also a variety of VIPS shops, which open all day, and sell international press. The large FNAC store on Plaza de Callao also sells a good variety of literature with a good English and French section.
Interesting places--
Mercado de Fuencarral; address Calle Fuencarral 45: For the more avant-garde and daring personalities of the young and older generations…Even if you don't consider yourself part of the "avant-garde" crowd it is definitely worth a visit. There is so much on offer, from clothes, to tattoo artists, hairdressers, concerts, etc...
The Municipal Museum Shop; address Calle Fuencarral 78, Malasaña. Metro stop Tribunal: Here the tourist can find great gifts, books, music; all items are good quality and a true souvenir of the city.
Opening Hours:Monday to Saturday 9am to 8pmSunday 9am to 5pm
We speakSpanish, English, French, Italian, German, Portuguese and Dutch


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1. Data For Investigators...
2. Reputation For Industry...
3. Policy Research For Everyone...
Death of the Internet, includes chapter by KnujOn!
In May 2011 KnujOn began a comprehensive audit of the ICANN Compliance Process. After nearly two years ICANN has finally published the results. The audit used nine real rogue pharmacy domains advertised in spam to test the ICANN system. The results show specific failures within ICANN to enforce their contracts, which so far are unexplained. ICANN is asserting it does not have to answer questions about this situation. Please review this brief info-grapahic presentation which explains ICANN's role in Interent fraud, crime, and abuse.{top}
KnujOn.com, LLC is an independent, non-sponsored abuse handler and Internet security research company based in Boston, Massachusetts and Wilmington, Vermont. KnujOn accepts abuse data in the form of spam and other security threats to develop a clear picture of conditions facing the Internet. KnujOn builds profiles of online criminal groups, evaluates the quality of Registrars and Internet Service Providers, issues WHOIS challenges, documents policy failures, tests compliance mechanisms, issues reports to law enforcement, and educates the public about complex Internet security issues. We see our role as one of assisting the ordinary Internet user in navigating the complex technical bureaucracy of the global network and augmenting public services in the face of rampant illicit electronic traffic.Contact KnujOn email: email@example.com LinkedIn
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Spectacle Lenses - Asian Markets Package: This market research report package offers a perspective on the actual market situation, trends and future outlook for spectacle lenses in different Asian countries. The studies provide essential market information for decision-makers including:
- Overall market value for spectacle lenses in different Asian countries
- Overall market volume for spectacle lenses in different Asian countries
- Market value and volume for spectacle lenses by product type
- Product prices
- Forecasts and future outlook of the market
- Country overview, macroeconomic indicators and indicators of doing business
These market studies answer to questions such as:
- What is the size of the spectacle lense markets in different Asian countries?
- How are the markets divided into different types of
Author:Mike Kinge-mailWeb: www.companiesandmarkets.comPhone: London: +44 (0) 203 086 8600