text:
To my local Portland Healthy Chocolate Family:
Listening from my Aloha Oregon home last Monday night, I was excited to hear during the MXI Month-in-Review Corporate Call, Andrew Brooks, Founder and COO, announce the 'Richest Sponsoring Contest' in the history of our Company! MXI (Marketing Xocolate International) is excited to celebrate an incredible milestone: Reaching 200,000 Xocai Distributors in our 'Healthy Chocolate Family!'
Incentive #1:
In an effort to encourage Portland Business Builder and Executive Enrollment for the entire network, MXI is offering its North American Distributors in Portland a 2nd FREE Xocai Variety Pack with every Business Builder Enrollment Pack Order (Effective Immediately – Good through April 3rd, 2011).
Information on the Xocai Enrollment Packs can be found at: http://www.mxicorp.com/packs/
Incentive #2:
The 200,000th Distributor to join MXI Corp, and his/her Sponsor, will WIN airfare, hotel, and ocean-view cabins aboard the 2011 Xocai Platinum Advancement Cruise. This is an $8,000 value! Check out more details on the Xocai Platinum Advancement Cruise by visiting http://www.mxicorp.com/platinumcruise
Contest Rules:
The 200,000th Distributor must enroll as a Xocai Business Builder or Executive to qualify. If the 200,000th Xocai Distributor is an Affiliate or Associate, MXI Corp will then award the airfare, hotel, and ocean-view cabins to the next Xocai Business Builder/Executive (and his/her Xocai Sponsor) in order of joining MXI Corp.
You don't want this to happen to you! However, the Sponsor of the 200,000th Xocai Distributor does not have to be a Xocai Business Builder or an Executive. If the 200,000th Xocai Distributor is unable to attend, MXI Corp will then award the 200k Prize Package to the next enrolled Xocai Business Builder/Executive and his/her Xocai Sponsor (airfare, hotel, and ocean-view cabins).
The full details are NOW available at http://www.mxicorp.com/200k. This website is also the location where you can view and download the 200k Race Presentations which will assist you and your teams in promoting and training for this exciting and lucrative Xocai Sponsoring Contest.
Let's Race to 200k!
Contact me for more details: Healthy Chocolate Distributor Patrick Harrison, Aloha, Oregon. Call me at: 971-563-3294 or send me an email at: email@example.com.


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Publication date
|Oct 14, 1975
|Filing date
|May 2, 1974
|Priority date
|May 4, 1973
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Ponjee Johannes Jacobus, Schoot Cornelis Johannes, Van Dam Hendrik Tjapko
|Original Assignee
|Philips Corp
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (6), Referenced by (41), Classifications (24)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
United States Patent 11 1 Ponjee et al. Oct. 14, 1975 [54] IMAGE DISPLAY CELL 3,123,806 3/1964 Alburger 204/242 ux [75] Inventors: Johannes Jacobus Ponjee; Hendrik 3712709 111973 gsz g J P Van Dam; Comehs Johannes 3,806,229 4 1974 Schoot et al. 350/160 R Schoot, all of Emmasingel, Eindhoven, Netherlands Assignee: U.S. Philips Corporation, New
York, NY.
Filed: May 2, 1974 Appl. No.: 466,389
Foreign Application Priority Data May 4, 1973 Netherlands 7306209 US. Cl 350/160 R; 204/242; 204/224 R;
Int. Cl. G02F l/0l; G09F 9/00; C07D 279/00 Field of Search..... 204/242, 224 R; 350/160 R; 340/324 R, 378 R, 336 CK, 173 R Primary Examiner.lohn H. Mack Assistant ExaminerAaron Weisstuch Attorney, Agent, or F irm-Frank R. Trifari; Norman N. Spain ABSTRACT The invention relates to an image display cell which forms an image which persists even if current no longer flows through the cell.
The cell has at least two electrodes which are in contact with a cell liquid in which a colourless viologen salt (formula I) is dissolved. When a potential difference of at least 1.5 volts is applied across the electrodes the said salt is reduced to a coloured indissoluble compound which adheres to the cathode, thus colouring it and forming an image. At the anode, bromide is oxidized to bromine which complexes with a quarternary ammonium ion and [56] References Cited precipitates on the anode. UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,0l7,612 1 1962 Singer 204/242 ux 6 m 5 Dr wing Figures 3,096,271 7/1963 Hespenheide 204/224 R X US. Patent Oct. 14, 1975 Sheet 1 of2 3,912,368
IMAGE DISPLAY CELL The invention relates to an image display cell having a transparent wall part and provided with an aqueous solution of a N,N-disubstituted-4,4'-bipyridinium salt as a reversibly reducible redox substance and a halide as a reversibly oxidizable redox substance, which solution is in contact with at least two inert electrodes.
Such a cell when used as an indicator is described in Chemical Abstracts 74, 48964x 1971 In this cell, N,- N-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridiniumdichloride is used as the reversibly reducible substance and potassium chloride as the reversible oxidizable substance. If a voltage higher than a threshold value is applied across the electrodes, the bipyridinium ion is'converted at the cathode into a blue-coloured radical ion which colours the electrode surface and thus produces an image. Simultaneously, chloride is converted into chlorine at the anode.
The known cell when used as an image display cell has the disadvantage that the blue-coloured radical ion is dissolved in the medium and hence diffuses away from the electrode. As a result, contrast of the image is reduced. Furthermore the chlorine produced at the anode is dissolved in the medium and by diffusion comes into contact with the blue-coloured radical ion, causing the latter to be converted to its leuco-form. Although this chemical reaction can be counteracted by incorporating a diaphragm between the cathode and anode spaces of the cell, diffusion of the blue-coloured radical ion from the cathode to the medium of the cathode space cannot be prevented, with a resulting loss in contrast of the image. The properties of the cell further require a potential difference greater than the threshold value to be maintained across the electrodes as long as an image is to be maintained.
Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,009,521 (PHN.4964) laid open to public inspection, also describes an image display cell in which N,N'-disubstituted'4,4-bipyridinium compounds are used. In this cell the reversibly oxidizable sustances are either tetrachlorohydroquinone or ferrous salts. This cell has the same disadvantages as the above-described one.
Pre-published German Pat. application No.
- 2,043,562 describes an optical'light filter in which N,N-
'-disubstituted-4,4-bipyridinium compounds are used.
In many cases the bipyridinium compounds used produce soluble radical cation salts which diffuse away from the cathode. All the oxidation products formed at the anode are soluble in the medium. Maintaining an obtained optical density of the filter consequently requires an electric current flow such that the loss of coloured compound due to oxidation is compensated for by the products formed at the anode. When the filter is used as an image display cell it moreover suffers from the disadvantage-thatthe contrast of the image decreases in all the cases in which the coloured substance is not insoluble in the medium.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an image display cell in which the image is maintained even if no current flows through the cell.
Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,] 16,637 laid open to public inspection describes a cell in which N,N'-di- (p-cyanophenyl)-4,4'-bipyridiniumchloride is used as the reversibly reducible substance. In this cell the chloride ion which precipitates at the silver anode in the form of AgCl acts as the reversible oxidizable component. The application as an alternative mentions the use of the bipyridinium radical cation chloride as the reversibly oxidizable substance. In the latter case, prior to assembly of the cell the anode is electrolytically coated with the said radial cation, which means an additional complication of cell manufacture.
Although the cell according to the latter patent application satisfies the requirement that the image should be maintained in the absence of current flow, it has disadvantages which are avoided by the cell according to the present invention.
One of these disadvantages is that the solubility of the bipyridinium compound used is lower by a factor of 10 than the minimum solubility required to obtain a high concentration of the substance in the medium and hence to enable a high-contrast image to be formed in a very short time.
In addition, in the known cell the redox potential at which the pyridinium compound takes up one electron with the formation of a green-coloured radical cation salt differs by only 0.2 volt from the potential at which the compound takes up a second electron and is converted into a substantially colourless substance. Consequently the voltage applied across the electrodes is allowed to vary within very narrow limits only, with the result that this factor also seriously limits the speed at which an image can be formed.
Another reason why in the known cell maintaining the correct potential difference across the electrodes is of importance is that the substantially colourless compound produced by the taking up of two electrons reacts very slowly only with the initial substance with the formation of the radical cation salt.
Another disadvantage of the known cell is that the display electrode is not homogeneously coloured but the colouring is greatly dependent upon the shape and disposition of the anode.
The image display cell according to the invention which avoids all the said disadvantages is characterized in that the reversibly reducible redox substance either is a compound of the formula 1 where m O, in which case R and R represent a linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alcoxycarbonylalkyl or phenylalkyl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a halogen or nitrile, or a morpholinocarbonylmethyl group in which the morpholino group may be substituted with one or two methyl groups, and X represents a monovalent anion selected from the group comprising C10 BFf, N0 Cl, Br, F and C H SO so, that the solubility of the substance in water exceeds 10 mol/l and the solubility product in water of the radical cation salt formed by reduction of the compound is less than 5 times 10* (concentrations in mol/l), or m 1, in which case R and R are the same and each represent an alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group and n =4, X represents a C10,; ion, if R and R represent an alkyl group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a BF; ion, if R and R represent an alkyl group containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms or a bcnzyl group, or m 2 or 3, in which case n =4 and R, and R each represent an ethyl or propyl group and X represents a BFJ or ClO; ion, or the reversibly reducible rcdox substance is the reaction product of 4.4'-bipyridyl and an a,w-dibromoalkane containing from 4 to 7 carbon atoms, obtained in a polar aprotic solvent at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling point of the mixture, and the reversibly oxidizablc rcdox substance is an alkali metal bromide or quaternary ammonium bromide having a minimum solubility of 10 mol/l far as the cation of the bromide does not precipitate with the anion of the reducible redox substance.
One skilled in the art will know which of the cations used precipitate with perchlorate or lmrontetrafluoride ions. In general this is not the case with lithium, sodium and quaternary ammonium ions.
It should be mentioned that compounds of the formula l in which m are also used in the image display cell described in non-prepublished Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,117,7l3 (PHl I.6O63)v According to said Netherlands Pat. application, however, the reversibly oxidizable substance is not a bromide. as in the present invention, but the radical cation salt produced by reduction of a compound of the formula I. A disadvantage of the relevant cell is the complexity of assembly, similarly to what was mentioned above with respect to an embodiment of the cell described in Netherlands Pat. application No. 7,l 16,6377
The structure of the reaction product of cam-dibromo-alkane and bipyridyl is not known. It may be assumed that the structure of a part of the reaction product can be represented by the formula 1 in which n 4 to 7, X" Br and R and/or R represent an w-bromoalkyl group. Attempts to determine the value of m by determining the amount of covalently bound bromine in the reaction product yielded values of a magnitude such that it must be assumed that part of the reaction product consists of compounds having a cyclic structure.
The compounds of the formula 1 in which m 2 or 3 are novel compounds. Hence the invention also re lates to these compounds and to their preparation. The compounds are obtainable by methods known for synthesizing such compounds and by analogous methods.
For example, the compounds of the formula 1 in which m 2 are obtainable by reacting a compound of the formula 2 R (CH M Br. 2Br' Compounds of the formula 1 in which m 3 are obtainable by reacting a compound of the formula 3 with a compound of the formula 4 Compounds of the formula 2 are obtainable by reacting N-cthyl of N-propyldipyridylbromide with 1,4- dibromobutane, whilst a reaction of a compound of the formula 2 with bipyridyl yields a compound of the formula 3. Compounds of the formula 4 are obtained by reacting a compound of the formula 3 with 1,4- dibromobutane.
All the above reactions are performed in a polar aprotic solvent at temperatures which lie between room temperature and the boiling point of the reaction mixture.
Examples of polar aprotic solvents are dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide, propylenecarbonate and the like.
It is of essential importance for the cell according to the invention that the compounds of the formula 1 are satisfactorily soluble in the medium so that the medium contains sufficient substance for fast image formation. On the other hand, it is of particular importance for the reduction product formed at the display electrode to be hardly soluble in the medium so that the contrast of the image is not reduced by diffusion of the coloured compound to the medium.
Compounds of the formula l in which m 0 satisfy the above requirements by a suitable combination of the substituents R and R and the anion X.
It was found that the solubility of these compounds in water increases as R R and X are smaller. It was also found that the solubility product of the reduction products of the said compounds decreases as R R and X are greater.
A branched alkyl group R or R causes a compound of the formula 1 to have a lower solubility and the reduction product obtained from it to have a smaller solubility product than a straight-chain alkyl group containing the same number of carbon atoms.
lf R and R represent alkyl groups, the following combinations of R R and X may be chosen:
In the case of an anion X, as a rule an alkenyl group is chosen which has the same number of carbon atoms as, or 1 carbon atom more than, the alkyl group which is combined with said anion.
In general, an alkoxycarbonylalkyl group when combined with a given anion X has one carbon atom less than an alkyl group combined with said anion X.
As a rule, a phenylalkyl group is chosen so as to have two carbon atoms more than an alkyl group.
If a group R or R carries a nitrile group, the carbon skeleton of R or R may as a rule contain two carbon atoms less than an unsubstituted group.
If a group R or R carries a halogen atom, the number of carbon atoms of the group may in general be equal to that of an unsubstituted group.
A compound used in the cell according to the invention as a reversible reducible substance (hereinafter also referred to as a viologen) at the cathode is converted into a blue-coloured radical cation by taking up an electron. The number of electrons which a compound can take up from the electrode is equal to the number of bipyridyl groups contained in the molecule.
Compounds of the formula 1 in which m =0 occupy a particular position amongst the reversibly reducible compounds used according to the invention, because when reduced they form a non-porous film on the electrodes which can be erased at a particularly high rate even with potentiostatic control.
The bromine formed from bromide at the anode, combined with a quaternary ammonium bromide, is deposited on the anode as an insoluble salt.
The image display cell according to the invention has a casing at least one wall or wall portion of which is transparent, as to allow for the visual perception of an image formed. It may be made from a synthetic material, a glass or the like.
The electrodes may consist of stannic oxide, indium oxide, platinum, palladium, gold and other inert electrode materials. Obviously it is not necessary for all the electrodes to be made of the same material. The electrodes may alternatively consist of carbon. If the image is to be visually perceptible, a carbon electrode cannot be used as the display electrode because the colour is not perceptible against a black background.
The electrodes may be formed in a variety of shapes. Also more than one anode and/or cathode may be used.
The image produced may have the same shape as the surface of the display electrode or as the visible part of this surface. When a transparent electrode is used as the display electrode, it may be deposited on the inner surface of the transparent wall of the casing. Part of the elcctrode may be coated with an electrically nonconducting material, for example a synthetic material, in which case the image will have the same shape as the uncoatcd part of the electrode surface. As an alternative, part of the wall of the cell may be screened by an external opaque mask, in which case the image produced has the same shape as the visible part of the display electrode.
The display electrode may alternatively be applied to the rear wall of the casing so that the image is viewed through the transparent wall and the cell liquid. However, it is not necessary for the image electrode to be disposed on a wall of the casing, but it may also be disposed at another location where it is surrounded by the cell liquid. In this case it may be preferably for the rear surface of the electrode to be coated with an electrically non-conducting material.
If the image is to be viewed from two directions, the display electrode may advantageously be located inside the cell not in contact with a wall because thus in the v case of a flat electrode an image is produced on both major surfaces.
Because in the cell according to the invention the coloured substance adheres to the electrode and does not disperse in the cell contents by diffusion, the colour formed may rapidly be removed by reversing electrode polarity. This provides the important advantage that the response is not determined by the spacing between the anode and the cathode. Consequently the position of the anode relative to the cathode may be chosen at will. The anode may, for example, be at an angle of 90 to the cathode or be co-planar with it.
ln the above an image has been referred to which has the same shape as (the visible part of) the display electrode, but obviously the image may alternatively be built up from a number of components which are provided by an equal number of display electrodes of the cell which are rendered operative.
If the or each display electrode is disposed on a transparent wall of the cell, the contrast of the image may be increased by dispersing an insoluble, for example white, substance in the cell liquid. Suitable such substances are titanium oxide and barium sulfate.
The cell according to the invention may be used not only for displaying images but also as a voltage indicator. If a voltage higher than the minimum voltage of about 1.5 volts required to cause the cell to respond is, or has been, set up across the electrodes, colour is ob served on the display electrode.
A signal may, however, be observed by other than visual means. Since in the formation of colour the surface of the electrode is coated with a viologen radical, the potential of the electrode relative to the cell liquid changes. This change in potential can be observed by means of a reference electrode.
Even if the amount of electrical charge which has passed through the cell is not enough to form an amount of colouring substance sufficient to be visually perceptible, the change in potential of the electrode relative to the cell liquid can be observed by means of a reference electrode.
Hence the cell may be used as a means of recording that a voltage has been set up across the electrodes, causing a small amount of charge to pass through the cell, in other words, the cell may be used as a storage element. Obviously in such use of the cell the transparent wall portion of the cell need not be optically transparent.
Reference electrodes may be made of the same materials as the display electrodes, however, as an alternative glass electrode, calomel electrodes and the like may be used.
Reference electrodes may also be used to reduce to a minimum the time required for the formation of the image. If a comparatively high potential difference is set up across a cathode and an anode of a cell, the viologen in the vicinity of the cathode will rapidly be reduced. Further increase of the amount of reduced viologen at the cathode will then depend upon the rate at which viologen from the medium is conveyed to the cathode. However, side reactions, for example the formation of hydrogen, may occur, and this is undesirable.
To prevent such side reactions the potential difference across the electrodes is chosen so that a sufficient amount of viologen always can diffuse to the cathode. Thus the rate at which initially colouring matter is formed on the cathode is lower than in the above case.
If a reference electrode disposed near the cathode is used, the advantage of a rapid reaction due to a large potential difference may be combined with the advantage provided by the use of a smaller potential difference in that side reactions are prevented. The potential difference produced across the cathode and the reference electrode by the application of a potential difference across the cathode and the anode may continuously be compared with a potential difference which is lower than, or equal to, the maximum permissible potential difference between the cathode and the reference electrode. If, for example, the measured potential difference is greater, the potential difference across the cathode and the anode may be reduced until the desired potential difference across the cathode and the reference electrode is reached.
In general the image display cell is operated with a potential difference between 1.5 volts and 10 volts across the display electrode and the counter electrode. As a rule a potential difference between 1.5 volts and 4 volts is applied.
A visually perceptible image will as a rule be obtained in about 0.01 second.
The concentration of the viologen in the cell liquid will usually be between 0.01 and 0.2 equivalent/litre. ln this connection, an equivalent of viologen means an amount of viologen which contains the same number of bipyridyl groups as a mole of bipyridyl.
Some of the compounds of the formula 1 in which m are known. They are obtainable by coupling bipyridyl with a halide by means of a Menskhutkin reaction. The preparation of a number of compounds was described inter alia by Michaelis in J. Gen. Physiol. Vol. 16,859 (1933).
The resulting halides may simply be converted into other salts. For example, the addition of silver surfate enables silver halide to be precipitated, a solution of the viologen sulfate being obtained. From this, for example. barium sulfate may be precipitated by the addition of a barium salt, for example barium nitrate, a solution of viologen nitrate being obtained.
The compounds of the formula 1 in which m l are described in UK. Pat. No. 1,054,397.
The concentration of the alkali metal or quaternary ammonium bromide, for example tetraalkyl ammo nium bromide, contained by the cell as a reversibly oxidizable substance is of the same order of magnitude as that of the viologen compound. In order not to retard operation of the cell, as a rule the concentration will be made at least equal to that of the viologen compound.
The invention will now be described more fully with reference to the following Examples.
EXAMPLES 1. A glass cuvette, two opposed walls of which were internally coated with an SnO electrode, was rinsed with nitrogen for 24 hours. The surface area of either electrode was 1.5 cm the electrode spacing was 1 cm. The resistance of the S110 which was measured by applying a voltage to two conductive strips provided along two opposite sides of an electrode, was ohms. The cell was filled with an oxygen-free solution of tetramethylene bis[4( l-ethylpyridin-4-yl )pyridinium] tetraborofluoride (0.05 mol/litre) and NaBr (0.05 mol/- litre) in water which previously had been boiled out whilst passing through nitrogen.
A direct voltage of 2.5 volts was applied across the electrodes for 250 milliseconds. As a result the cathode was coloured violet. The bromine formed at the anode precipitated as Br together with the tetramethylene bis[4(l-ethyl-pyridin-4-yl)pyridinium] ion on the anode.
After no voltage had been applied to the cell for 1 minute, a voltage of reversed polarity was applied for 250 milliseconds, with the result that the coloured electrode was decolourized.
2. Example (1 was repeated with the difference that a direct voltage of 2.5 volts was applied for 500 milliseconds. After 1 hour the coloured electrode was decolourized by applying a voltage of reversed polarity for 500 milliseconds.
3. Example (1) was repeated with the same result, using a cell, a side wall and part of the front wall of which were coated with SnO electrodes.
4. Example l was repeated with the difference that the cell was filled with an aqueous solution of tetramethylene bis[4( 1-ethylpyridin-4-yl)pyridinium] tetraborofluoride (0.05 mol/litre) and tetramethylammoniumbromide' (0.05 mol/litre 5. Example (1) was repeated, using aqueous solutions of each of the compounds mentioned in Table l and of NaBr (0.05 mol/litre).
TABLE I 6. Example (1) was repeated with a difference that the cell was filled with an aqueous solution of tetramethylene bis[4( l-benzylpyridin-4-yl)pyridinium] tetraborofluoride (0.04 mol/litre) and tetrabutylammoniumbromide (0.04 moi/litre).
7. Example l was repeated with the difference that a direct voltage of 3 volts was applied for milliseconds. Then an equal voltage with reversed polarity was applied for an equal period.
8. Example (1 was repeated with the difference that the SnO electrodes were replaced by ln O electrodes with a sheet resistance of 5 ohms.
9. Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the cell was filled with an aqueous solution of NaBr (0.05 mol/litre) and a polymeric quaternized bipyridyl compound (0.05 equivalent/litre) obtained by reacting 1,4-dibromobutane and 4,4-bipyridyl in a polar aprotic solvent.
10. Example (1) was repeated with the difference that the quaternized polymeric bipyridyl compound was produced from bipyridyl and one of the following a,w-dibromoalkanes:
a. l,5dibromope'ntane b. 1,6-dibromohexane c. 1,7-dibromoheptane.
l 1. Example l was repeated with aqueous solutions of (formula 1, m O) 12. Grooves having a depth of 0.4 mm and a width' of 0.1 mm were formed according to the pattern shown in FIG. 1 in a nickel plate 0.5 mm thick. A nickel wire was welded to each resulting segment. The plate was then placed in a mould which was filled with a synthetic resin in an amount such that the grooves were filled with the resin and the attached wires protruded from the resin. After the resin had hardened the assembly was ground until so much nickel and resin were removed from the plate that the segments were electrically disconnected from one another. The plate was polished and then coated with a layer of gold by electrodeposition. A transparent plate of Perspex formed with a recess as shown in FIGS. 2 and 2A was cemented to the plate. The cell was filled through the recess 12 with the same solutions as described in Example (1), after which the opening 12 was closed with a Perspex stopper and then sealed with a cement. The segments designated by the reference numerals 1 to 7 were the display electrodes, electrodes 8 to 10 were the reference electrodes and electrode 11 was the counter electrode. For the operation of the cell a circuit arrangement was used which compares the voltage set up between the display electrodes and one of the reference electrodes with a given signal voltage and which so controls the current flowing through the counter electrode and the display electrodes that the measured voltage becomes equal to the signal voltage. At a signal voltage of 1 volt all the operative display electrodes were coloured a deep purple after 0.01 second, whereupon the voltage was removed from the display electrodes.
13. A Perspex substrate was coated with a film of gold by vapour deposition. The pattern of FIG. 3 was then etched in the film. Part of the film (the part shown shaded in FIG. 4) was coated with an electrically insulating transparent lacquer. Subsequently a cell was constructed and operated in the manner described in Example (l2).
14. A nickel plate was provided with grooves in the manner described in Example (12) with the difference that instead of the figure 8 a hole of 10 mm 15 mm was formed at the centre. Into this hole 25 platinum wires were inserted at right angles to the plate surface to serve as display electrodes. The assembly was embedded in resin, ground and polished in the manner described in Example (12). Electrodes 10 and 11 were coated with a film of gold. The cell was then finished and operated in the manner described in Example l2 with the difference that the operative electrodes were switched off after only 100 ,us. By means of a highresistance voltmeter (input impedance 1 MO) it was possible to detect which electrodes had been turned on and which had not. In the first case a voltage difference of millivolts was measured between the reference electrode 10 and the relevant display electrode, whereas in the second case no voltage difference was found. The information stored in this manner can be erased in less than 1.1.5.
What is claimed is:
1. Image display cell having a transparent wall part and containing an aqueous solution of an N.N- disubstituted-4,4-bipyridinium salt as a reversibly reducible redox substance and of a halide as a reversibly oxidizable redox substance, which solution is in contact with at least two inert electrodes, characterized in that the reversibly reducible redox substance either is a compound of the formula 1 where m O, in which case R, and R represent a linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl or phenylalkyl group containing up to 10 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a halogen or a nitrile, or a morpholinocarbonylmethyl group in which the morpholino group may be substituted with one or two methyl groups, and X is a monovalent anion selected from the group comprising C10 BF N0 Cl, Br, F and C H So so, that the solubility of the substance in water exceeds 10 mol/litre and the solubility product in water of the radical cation salt formed by reduction of the compound is less than 5 times 10 mol/liter, or m l, in which case R and R have the same meanings and each represent an alkyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group, and n 4, X represents a ClO ion if R and R each represent an alkyl group containing from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a BF ion, if R and R each represent an alkyl group containing from 2 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group, or m 2 or 3, in which case n 4 and R and R each represent an ethyl group or a propyl group and X represents a ER, or ClO ion, or the reaction product of 4,4- bipyridyl and an a, m-dibromo-alkane containing from 4 to 7 carbon atoms obtained in a polar 3. Image display cell as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that each anode is at an angle to each cathode.
4. Image display cell as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that each anode is co-planar with each cathode.
5. Image display cell as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that an insoluble compound is dispersed in the cell liquid.
6. Image display cell as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that the cell has one or more reference electrodes.
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|Nat Scient Lab Inc
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|Oct 19, 1982
|Electromark, Div. Of Mohawk International Inc.
|Marking head for electrochemical process
|Sep 24, 1981
|Feb 22, 1983
|Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha
|Dish shaped substrate for electrochromic displays
|May 5, 1980
|Mar 15, 1983
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Electrolyte for an electrochromic display
|Dec 2, 1981
|Oct 4, 1983
|Fales John D
|Electrokinetic display system
|Jul 31, 1990
|Dec 3, 1991
|Eastman Kodak Company
|N,N'-substitutedbis(pyridinium) salts
|Nov 29, 1989
|Aug 18, 1992
|Donnelly Corporation
|High performance electrochemichromic solutions and devices thereof
|Nov 7, 1990
|Sep 8, 1992
|Donnelly Corporation
|Linear polyether-containing electrochemichromic solutions and related devices
|Dec 29, 1989
|Sep 29, 1992
|Donnelly Corporation
|Method for reducing current leakage and enhancing uv stability in electrochemichromic solutions and devices
|Dec 19, 1991
|May 11, 1993
|Corning Incorporated
|Electrolyte material and light modulation devices using the same
|Sep 6, 1991
|Aug 3, 1993
|Donnelly Corporation
|Methods for sealing electrochromic devices and devices manufactured thereby
|Sep 6, 1991
|Aug 24, 1993
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and devices manufactured with the same
|Feb 1, 1993
|Mar 1, 1994
|Gentex Corporation
|Jun 25, 1991
|Mar 15, 1994
|Gentex Corporation
|Bipyridinium salt solutions
|May 4, 1992
|Aug 23, 1994
|Donnelly Corporation
|High performance electrochemichromic solutions and devices thereof
|Jan 17, 1993
|Jun 13, 1995
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and devices manufactured with the same
|Aug 27, 1992
|Mar 19, 1996
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and devices manufactured with the same
|Feb 9, 1994
|Oct 8, 1996
|International Business Machines Corporation
|Covalent compound having a radical-cationic moiety covalently linked to a radical anionicmoiety
|Dec 4, 1995
|Oct 22, 1996
|Varaprasad; Desaraju V.
|Electrochemichromic mirror
|Jun 1, 1995
|Mar 18, 1997
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and devices manufacturing with the same
|Oct 17, 1996
|Mar 10, 1998
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochromic architectural window
|Oct 22, 1997
|Nov 16, 1999
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, processes for preparing and using the same, and device manufactured with the same
|Mar 5, 1998
|Apr 4, 2000
|Donnelly Corporation
|Large area electrochromic window
|Jun 4, 1999
|Nov 7, 2000
|Donnelly Corporation
|Electrochemichromic solutions, process for preparing and using the same, and devices manufactured with the same
|Nov 8, 1999
|Mar 27, 2001
|Donnelly Corporation
|Method for filling large area electrochromic windows
|May 24, 2011
|Aug 8, 2013
|Enthone Inc.
|Copper filling of through silicon vias
|Sep 16, 2014
|May 4, 2016
|Electrochromic two-core viologen derivatives and optical articles containing them
|Mar 24, 1987
|Jan 25, 1989
|Gentex Corporation
|Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions for use therein, and uses thereof
|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Method of travel to work
In Panorama 24 people rode their bike or walked to work in 2016.
Panorama's commuting statistics reveal the main modes of transport by which residents get to work. There are a number of reasons why people use different modes of transport to get to work including the availability of affordable and effective public transport options, the number of motor vehicles available within a household, and the distance travelled to work.
Commuting data is very useful in transport planning as it informs decision-makers about the availability, effectiveness and utilisation of local transport options, particularly when analysed with Residents Place of Work data and Car Ownership.
Derived from the Census question:
'How did the person get to work on Tuesday, 9 August 2016?'
Employed persons aged 15 years and over
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing (opens a new window) 2011 and 2016. Compiled and presented by .id (opens a new window), the population experts.
(Usual residence data)
Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.
Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.
Dominant groups
In 2016, there were 96 people who caught public transport to work (train, bus, tram or ferry) in Panorama, compared with 705 who drove in private vehicles (car – as driver, car – as passenger, motorbike, or truck).
Analysis of the method of travel to work of the residents in Panorama in 2016, compared to the City of Mitcham, shows that 9.4% used public transport, while 69.4% used a private vehicle, compared with 8.8% and 68.5% respectively in the City of Mitcham.
The major differences in persons between the method of travel to work of Panorama and the City of Mitcham were:
- A larger percentage of persons who travelled by bus (6.5% compared to 5.1%)
- A smaller percentage of persons who walked only (0.4% compared to 2.0%)
Emerging groups
The number of employed people in Panorama decreased by 27 between 2011 and 2016.
There were no major differences in Panorama between 2011 and 2016.


text:
Welcome to the website of The Alternative Council Foundation (in Dutch: Stichting Alternatief Beraad). This non profit foundation is formed by a group of professionals who have (had) encounters with survivors of (satanic) ritual abuse in their profession.
They want to bring this form of abuse to your attention with the aim that the survivors are respected and recognized as well as making better aid and treatment possible. This is done through research, publications, information and referral.
Read more about the Alternative Council.
Download and read the brochure on the work of the foundation.
What is (Satanic) Ritual Abuse?
Ritual abuse is the systematic sadistic mistreat and abuse of children, adults and animals in groups, in a ritual setting.
The texts and images on this website can be shocking. We advise survivors of ritual abuse to only visit this website in company of a trusted person who is not a survivor of ritual abuse.


text:
Keith Haring Print – Poster for Sale – Monkey Puzzle 1988
Keith Haring achieved his first public attention with chalk drawings in the subways of New York, and was one of the first people to try and break down the barrier between the emerging graffiti/street art and the world of high art.
Keith Haring died in 1990 but left an interesting and rich legacy of art.
Stunning poster of Monkey Puzzle (1988) with free delivery worldwide.
Check this video of Keith Haring in Barcelona in 1989.


text:
Mike Stern is a certified Master Plumber which means that whenever a home owner in Westlake Village has leaking pipes or other plumbing issues, Mike Stern's plumbing crew are ready for the call and they are the Westlake Village plumbing experts home owners need whenever plumbing repairs are needed. Residents contact the Mike Stern Service Company because Mike's crew is certified as the best and have the years of experience to get the job right and immediately.
The plumbing experts employed by the Mike Stern Service Company are available to residents any time a pipe breaks and needs to be fixed any time of the day or night and they can help with any Westlake Village plumbing repairs or issues. So, anytime the plumbing leaks all year long, even holidays and weekends, Mike Stern and his people can help. Any time a Westlake Village plumbing expert is required, day or night, it's the guaranteed plumbing repair technicians that Mike Stern, personally certifies that Westlake Village home owners call to get the job done.
Any time Westlake Village has a construction project that requires pipe installation those residents call the plumber Westlake Village relies on at the Mike Stern Service Company. Mike Stern has a large array of Westlake Village plumbing services, ranging from routine check-ups to repairs to brand new plumbing system installations and residents know that the service Mike Stern does for Westlake Village is the finest around. Westlake Village knows that the repairs Mike Stern does are done right the first time, guaranteed, or Mike Stern will come back to fix it for free.
Mike Stern has plumbing experts at the ready to answer your emergency call 24-hours a day and 7-days a week any time a Westlake Village home owner needs their pipes fixed. Westlake Village home owners understand that leaking plumbing can damage a home and reduce its value, if it isn't fixed fast. Weslake Vilage residents need those repairs done fast. Westlake Village knows to contact the Mike Stern Service Company any time Westlake Village pipe fixes are needed because Mike Stern is the plumber Westlake Village trusts to complete their home plumbing repair needs.


text:
The Screaming Banshee is just as it's name applies! It's an extremely loud FOXPRO digital game call that utilizes two of our popular horn style speakers, and also comes standard with our new long range remote control. This new remote control boasts a new large, easy to read LCD screen, easy to navigate interface, sound organization in categories, programmable User Button, FOXBANG, and greatly improved remote control range (be sure to check out our video on our Facebook page). The Screaming Banshee operates on 10 AA batteries (rechargeable Lithium pack and charger included) and powerful amplifiers for extremely loud, non distorted volume. The Lithium Battery Pack and Charger will provide maximum volume and run times. The speakers of the Screaming Banshee are mounted on a base, which allows for complete rotation of the speakers, and also up and down adjustments. This allows you to point each speaker in it's own direction to best suit your needs. The base also includes a decoy base to connect your FOXPRO decoy, a convenient carry handle, and a tripod mount on the bottom. This call comes standard with 100 FOXPRO sounds of your choice, and has the ability to hold up to 200 sounds. The Screaming Banshee is backed with a 3 year warranty, and like all of our digital game calls, is PROUDLY MADE IN THE USA!
In Stock
|Add to Cart
|Base unit and speaker both: 9" x 6.5" x 5"
|6 lbs w/ batteries
|(2) Horn speakers
| USB port
(1) 3.5mm Auxiliary Jack
(1) 3.5mm External Speaker Jack
(1) Charge jack (not intended for use with the Lithium kit included)
|Sound Capacity
|200 (comes with 100)
|Power Requirements
|Lithium pack and charger included
|Limited, 3 years
|Standard Sound List
|View list
|Operators Manual
|Manual coming soon!


text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 3, 2007
|Filing date
|Apr 6, 2004
|Priority date
|Apr 6, 2004
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Franklin H. Cocks, Walter Neal Simmons, Paul A. Klenk
|Original Assignee
|Duke University
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (46), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (10), Classifications (16), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The present invention relates to devices and methods for delivering therapeutic ionizing radiation to interior cancerous tissues. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for delivering therapeutic ionizing radiation in situ to targeted cancerous tissues without the deposition of radiation into intervening normal healthy tissues.
The importance of improving the treatment of cancerous tissue needs scarcely to be emphasized. Local cancerous tissue is typically treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Radiation therapy has been an important part of cancer treatment ever since malignant tumors were discovered to be susceptible to ionizing radiation.
A fundamental principal of radiation therapy is to deliver a therapeutic dose to the target tissue while minimizing the dose to surrounding healthy tissue, i.e., maximizing the therapeutic ratio. This is particularly challenging for deeply seated cancers since external therapy beams must traverse relatively large volumes of healthy tissue in order to reach the target. A variety of techniques have been developed to improve the therapeutic ratio for such external beam treatments, including three-dimensional (3-D) treatment planning, use of non-coplanar beams, stereotactic radiosurgery, intensity modulation, and charged particle therapy (e.g., protons). Radiation must be of a very high energy (short wavelength) in order to treat cancers that are deeply seated inside the body because this radiation must pass through overlying skin and sometimes other tissue, such as bone, which is more x-ray absorbent. Because such therapeutic radiation can be harmful to healthy tissue, the use of these techniques is limited to the dose amount that can be tolerated by the healthy tissues surrounding the target cancer.
Intraoperative radiation and brachytherapy are techniques developed to reduce the impact of radiation therapy to surrounding healthy tissues. During intraoperative therapy, adjacent healthy tissues are physically moved such that a radiation applicator can be applied directly to the target volume while applying a reduced amount of radiation to the adjacent healthy tissues. The radiation applicator can be an external photon beam generator, electron generator, or a radioactive material.
Brachytherapy involves implanting radioactive sources near or within cancerous tissue to provide interior radiation while minimizing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue. Brachytherapy has proven useful, but still carries the inherent risk of a radiation source that cannot be turned off. The handling, preparation, and use of such sources require that physicians, physicists, radiologists, and other personnel experience occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Radioactive sources must be stored in shielded storage areas. Further, there are environmental and security issues regarding the disposal of these radioactive sources.
A number of devices have been developed for applying soft x-rays to interior cancer tissues in attempts to reduce radiation deposition in surrounding normal tissues. Some such devices generate soft x-rays inside the body using small x-ray generators inserted near or into cancer tissue. For example U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,900 to Nomikos et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,442,678 to Dinsmore et al. disclose a device consisting of a miniaturized low power x-ray source that generates electrons from an extracorporeal cathode, which emits these electrons down an evacuated tube towards an anode that is positioned inside the body. The x-ray radiation is then generated as these electrons impact the anode and is emitted approximately spherically. U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,679 to Sliski et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,926 Smith et al. disclose improvements to the x-ray generator. U.S. Pat. No. 5,452,720 to Smith et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,652 to Smith et al. disclose a method of using such a device that generates x-rays from an electron beam inside the body for the purpose of treating brain tumors.
A balloon shaped applicator system to attach to the end of the electron transmitting tube has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,566,221 to Smith et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,621,780 to Smith et al. In this applicator system, a variable sized balloon is used to position the anode in the center of a body cavity, such as the bladder, to ensure a uniform dose is delivered to the entire inner surface of the cavity. An additional applicator system design is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,285,735, 6,301,328, and 6,421,416, each to Sliski et al. The additional applicator system expands upon the balloon applicator system to include cylindrical dose distributions and flat dose distributions through a surface external to the electron transmitting tube's anode. A biocompatible sheath for such an electron transmitting tube is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,245,047 and 6,480,567, each to Feta et al. The biocompatible sheath is composed of a polymer sheath that slips over the tube and creates a barrier between the body and the device. This allows the device to be reused in multiple patients by simply replacing the biocompatible sheath. These above devices have the difficulty that if the electron beam impacts the tube wall, then Bremsstrahlung radiation is emitted laterally into normal tissue. Another problem with placing an anode inside the body is that the anode will generate heat since only a small fraction of the energy from the electrons is converted to x-ray energy.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,737,384 to Fenn discloses a tube for insertion into the body similar to that described above in which electrons are transmitted from an extracorporeal cathode to an anode at the distal end of a tube inside the body. This device combines multiple tubes for the purpose of combining microwave energy with x-ray energy in the treatment volume. Radiofrequency treatment combined with x-ray or laser treatment is also suggested. However, this device does require that a large voltage be created inside the body in order to accelerate the electrons. There will also be significant heat generated at the anode when the x-rays are created at therapeutic intensities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,428,658 to Oettinger et al. discloses a themionic x-ray source mounted at the end of a flexible probe for insertion inside the body. This radiation device uses a laser beam to cause the emission of electrons at the device tip, where they are then accelerated over only a short distance before impacting an anode to produce x-ray radiation. Subsequent improvements to the thermionic flexible x-ray source are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,195,411, 6,320,932, 6,493,419, 6,480,568, and 6,480,573, each to Dinsmore. These devices require that a large voltage be created inside the body in order to accelerate the electrons after they have been stimulated at the cathode. There will also be significant heat generated at the anode when the x-rays are created at therapeutic intensities.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,090,043 to Parker et al. and U.S. Pat. Reexam No. 34,421 to Parker et al. disclose a miniature x-ray device for insertion inside the body with a glass enclosure. The device includes inserting a cathode and anode in a vacuum housing inside the body. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,854,822, 6,069,938, 6,095,966, 6,108,402, 6,095,966, 6,289,079, 6,377,846, 6,415,016, 6,473,491, 6,477,235, and 6,546,077, each to Chornenky et al., disclose a similar miniature x-ray device for insertion inside the body and subsequent improvements to such a device. The miniature x-ray generator of the Chornenky Patents is powered by the insertion of a coaxial cable into the body to provide a potential for accelerating electrons from the cathode to the anode. Diamond is suggested for use in the anode and the housing. The device is suggested for use in treatment of Barrett's esophagus and in restenosis. This device still requires that a large voltage be created inside the body in order to accelerate the electrons. There is also significant heat generated at the anode when the x-rays are created at therapeutic intensities.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,275,566 to Smith et al. discloses a miniature x-ray device similar to those of the Chornenky Patents in which the entire x-ray generator, including the cathode and anode, are placed inside a miniature vacuum tube. The device is driven using an external voltage source similar to the miniature x-ray device disclosed in the Chornenky Patents, but it uses an alternating current rather than a direct current. The alternating current causes the anode and cathode to alternate with the same frequency as the current. With x-rays being generated at both electrodes, it is easier to cool each particular electrode because each electrode runs cooler than if either was the only point at which x-rays were generated. This device still requires that a large voltage be created inside the body in order to accelerate the electrons after they have been stimulated at the cathode. There is also significant heat generated at the anode when the x-rays are created at therapeutic intensities.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,054 to Regulla et al. discloses a device for increasing the local dose of ionizing radiation by introducing a metal surface near a tumor for the purpose of increasing local backscatter. The metal surface would be near the tumor and have a shape roughly conforming to the tumor. Ionizing radiation would be introduced from outside the body using standard external beam techniques. At the site of the tumor, the implanted metal surface creates backscatter radiation in the area of the tumor that increases local dose rates near the tumor between 2–200 times. The disclosure states that radiation from 40–400 keV will see the greatest increases in local dose rates, and suggests using metal surfaces with atomic numbers of approximately 20–40. The device is an improvement over standard external beam therapies, but still deposits a significant amount of radiation between the skin where the external beam enters the body and the tumor. Due to the fact that radiation between 40–400 keV is highly absorbed, significant irradiation of normal tissue between the skin and the tumor is expected.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,999 to Bischoff et al. discloses a device that delivers soft x-rays to target cancers via a flexible radiation transmitting catheter. This device transmits the soft x-rays generated outside the body directly to the site of an interior cancer. The soft x-rays are transmitted along a curved path through flexible hollow glass fibers by means of multiple surface specular reflections. Such a system involves a substantial reduction in beam intensity due to the multiple reflections required to transmit x-rays through a curved path and due also to the small transmission area of the capillaries relative to the total cross-sectional area of the radiation needle. The critical angle for total external reflection decreases as the energy of the x-ray photons increases. Consequently, a flexible x-ray transmitting radiation needle is limited to ultra soft x-rays with a cancer penetration depth on the order of millimeters and furthermore the large loss in radiation intensity caused by the reflections may increase the exposure time beyond clinically acceptable limits. This device may be useful for the treatment of surface lesions, but is not very useful for the treatment of larger neoplasms.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,999 to Bischoff et al. also discloses a dispersive distal cap. The cap absorbs parallel radiation from the flexible hollow glass fibers, and transmits it in a shaped pattern using fluorescence. The distal dispersive cap requires that primary x-rays and secondary, fluorescent x-rays must both be transmitted through the distal dispersive cap. This can lead to massive absorption losses, especially for the low energy (less than 20 keV) radiation transmitted by curved flexible hollow glass fibers using multiple specular reflections.
In view of the known devices for treating interior cancers, it is desirable to have an improved device for targeting interior cancerous tissues with ionizing radiation from an extracorporeal source. It is also desirable to have a radiation therapy device that minimizes the exposure of surrounding normal tissue to radiation. Further, it is desired to provide a radiation therapy device that applies a minimal amount of heat and voltage to the body during radiation therapy. A device that can deliver therapeutic radiation precisely to targeted tissues could have significant uses in a wide variety of therapeutic radiation oncology applications.
Embodiments of a device and method are disclosed herein for irradiating a portion of a body. The device can include a rigid hollow radiation needle. The rigid hollow radiation needle can include at least one rigid radiation conduit having a first end and a second end. The rigid radiation conduit can be operable to pass primary x-rays from said first end to said second end. An x-ray generator can generate the primary x-rays. The x-ray generator can be operably connected to the first end to pass the primary x-rays to the second end by means of the rigid radiation conduit. The rigid radiation conduit in the rigid hollow radiation needle can have an internal diameter between one centimeter and 0.1 millimeters. The rigid hollow radiation needle can have a length between 2 centimeters and 75 centimeters. The device can also include a fluorescent target connected to the second end of the rigid radiation conduit and positioned to absorb the primary x-rays passed to the second end to produce, by fluorescence, secondary x-rays for irradiating a predetermined portion of the body. The fluorescent target can consist essentially of at least one element whose atomic number is between atomic number 11 and atomic number 83. The fluorescent target can have a shape with a surface for absorbing a fraction of the primary x-rays whereby the fluorescent target is caused to fluoresce and to emit the secondary x-rays. The secondary x-rays and primary x-rays can be related by a peak energy index ratio between 0.01 and 1. The device can also include an x-ray transmitting window positioned adjacent to the fluorescent target. The secondary x-rays can exit the rigid hollow radiation needle through the x-ray transmitting window and irradiate a volume conforming to a predetermined portion of a target tissue within the body. The volume can be between one tenth of a cubic millimeter and 115 cubic centimeters whereby the tissue is therapeutically irradiated by the secondary x-rays.
Other embodiments of devices and methods are disclosed herein for irradiating a portion of a body. The device can include a radiation needle having at least one radiation conduit having a first end and a second end. The radiation conduit can be operable to pass primary x-rays from said first end to said second end. The primary x-rays can be generated by an x-ray generator that is external to the body. The x-ray generator can be operably connected to the first end to pass the primary x-rays to the second end by means of the radiation conduit. The device can include a fluorescent target connected to the second end of the radiation conduit and positioned to absorb the primary x-rays passed to the second end to produce by fluorescence secondary x-rays for irradiating a predetermined portion of the body. The fluorescent target can have a shape with a surface for absorbing the primary x-rays whereby the fluorescent target is caused to fluoresce and to emit the secondary x-rays. The device can include an x-ray transmitting window positioned adjacent to the fluorescent target. The secondary x-rays can exit radiation needle through the x-ray transmitting window and irradiate a volume conforming to a predetermined portion of a target tissue within the body.
Some of the objects of the invention having been stated hereinabove, and which are addressed in whole or in part by the present invention, other objects will become evident as the description proceeds when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings as best described hereinbelow.
Exemplary embodiments of the subject matter will now be explained with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:
Radiation delivery devices and methods enabling the precise delivery of ionizing radiation to designated target tissues, such as interior cancers, are described herein. These radiation devices and related methods also facilitate delivering therapeutic radiation with minimal radiation, heat deposition, and voltage into adjacent normal tissue. These devices and methods are described with regard to the accompanying drawings. It should be appreciated that the drawings do not constitute limitations on the scope of the disclosed devices and methods.
Radiation delivery devices as described herein are capable of delivering x-ray radiation for treating interior tissues. These radiation delivery devices can deliver x-ray radiation directly to a cancer site without significant energy deposition in normal tissue surrounding the cancer site. The volume through which the radiation is deposited can be selected to deliver therapeutic dosages precisely to a cancerous tumor or for other treatments requiring local ionizing radiation inside the body. The radiation delivery system can be used during a surgical or laparoscopic procedure to deliver a highly directed dosage of radiation to a tumor. Additionally, the radiation dosage can be directed and shaped for protecting areas of the body that are sensitive to radiation damage, such as the spinal cord.
A large number of neoplasms can be treated with the radiation delivery devices described herein. For example, the radiation delivery device can be used to treat intracranial metastases. Small intracranial metastases, such as brain tumors, can be detected via computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In such a case, the position and dimensions of the metastatic tumor can be known with reasonable accuracy for treatment by the radiation delivery system.
Prior to applying radiation delivery system 100 to patient P, the position of tumor T can be determined via a suitable CT or MRI procedure known to those skilled in the art. Radiation needle 104 and dispersion assembly 106 can then be placed in a desired position inside or adjacent tumor T via a suitable surgical technique known to those of skill in the art. When dispersion assembly 106 is positioned, x-ray generator 102 can be energized to generate a beam of x-rays. The x-rays generated by x-ray generator 102 can then be directed through radiation needle 104 to dispersion assembly 106. Dispersion assembly 106 can receive the x-rays from radiation needle 104 and emanate the fluorescent x-rays in particular directions for precisely targeting tumor T without significant irradiation of surrounding healthy tissue.
In addition to application to brain tumors, radiation delivery system 100 can be applied to other tumors located in a patient. For example, radiation delivery system 100 can also be applied in a minimally invasive manner for treating cancer of the tongue or mouth. Non-spherical lesions can be treated by moving dispersion assembly 106 to different positions relative to the tumor or by utilizing a dispersion tip that produces a desired, non-symmetric radiation field geometry for fitting the tumor. Further, radiation delivery system 100 can also be used as an intraoperative radiation source for focal irradiation of the surgical cavity in some situations (e.g., intraoperative treatment of soft tissue sarcomas and pelvic tumors).
X-ray generator 102 can also include a collimating or focusing optic 208 positioned between vacuum 200 and radiation needle 104 and suitable for collimating or focusing the x-ray radiation generated by x-ray generator 102. Focusing optic 208 can collimate or focus the x-rays for passage through the interior of radiation needle 104 to dispersion assembly 106.
According to one embodiment, x-ray generator 102 can comprise a collimated x-ray generation unit and optic 208 in combination such as the MICRO MAX� System and a rotating anode generator (RAG) (available from Osmic, Inc. of Auburn Hill, Mich., U.S.A.). Table 1 shown below summarizes the performance of selected products available from Osmic, Inc.
Performance Summary of Selected Parallel Beam Systems
X-Ray Generator
RAG 0.2 mm
RAG 0.07 mm
Micro Max �
Spot Size
0.2 � 0.2 mm
0.07 � 0.07 mm
0.02 � 0.02 mm
3.0 kW
Parabolic CMF
Parabolic CMF
Parabolic CMF
W based
W based
W based
Beam Size
1.7 � 1.7 mm
1.7 � 1.7 mm
1.8 � 1.8 mm
0.03 degrees
0.027 degrees
0.020 degrees
0.1 degrees
0.055 degrees
0.044 degrees
1.5 � 109
1.1 � 109
2.1 � 108
As demonstrated by Table 1 above, the collimation that can produced by multilayer collimating optics in a parallel beam system is so high that the spread of the beam along a six inch path at full width half maximum (FWHM) is less than 0.08 mm. Therefore, such a beam can be passed through a radiation needle (such as radiation needle 104 shown in
As the x-rays pass through focusing optic 208 into radiation needle 104, the x-rays can be substantially collimated and parallel with radiation needle 104. The x-rays generated by x-ray generator 102 can travel through radiation needle 104 and contact a fluorescent target (not shown in
The x-ray beams generated by x-ray generator 102 for transmission to dispersion assembly 106 are referred to herein as primary x-rays. The x-rays that fluoresce, or emanate, from the fluorescent target in dispersion assembly 106 are referred to herein as secondary x-rays. The energy of the secondary x-rays is lower than the energy of the primary x-rays. The peak energy index ratio is defined as the ratio of the peak intensity energy of the secondary x-rays to the peak energy of the primary x-rays in keV. The energy of the secondary x-rays of the fluorescent target can be selected by the fluorescent target material and the primary x-ray energy generated by x-rays generator 102.
The highest energy primary x-ray, the short-wavelength limit x-rays, can be approximately 100 keV for a 100 kV acceleration potential. The lowest energy secondary x-rays can be approximately 1.04 keV, the Kα energy of Na. For such a combination, the lower limit of the peak energy index ratio can be 0.0104. The upper limit to the range of peak energy index ratios is the largest ratio between the ratio of the Kα peak energy to the K absorption edge for a particular element. This ratio is largest, over the range of elements considered herein (atomic numbers 11–83), for the element Na, atomic number 11. For Na, the ratio of the Kα peak energy to the K absorption edge is 0.971. Therefore, according to one embodiment, the range of peak energy index ratios useful for x-ray generator 102 is 0.0104 to 0.971.
According to one embodiment, the spectrum of the primary x-rays generated by x-ray generator 102 is a function of voltage applied between cathode 204 and anode 206, the electron current, and the composition of anode 206. X-ray generator 102 can include an external power supply for generating a voltage between cathode 204 and anode 206 of approximately 10–100 kilovolts (kV). A current can be generated between approximately 10 and 100 milliamps (mA). Alternatively, the current can be as low as 10 nanoamps (nA) or lower in some miniature x-ray generators.
Anode 206 can comprise copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) or another suitable material known to those of skill in the art. The peak energies are due to electrons absorbing energy and moving to a higher orbit, then releasing that energy in the form of x-ray photons as they move back down to their equilibrium shells. In addition to characteristic radiation, Bremsstrahlung radiation is a background base level of radiation that is created from 0 keV to the excitation voltage of the x-ray tube.
Primary x-rays 408 are aligned for travel through interior 404 of radiation needle 400. Primary x-rays may contact interior surface 414 of radiation needle 400. Radiation conduit 402 can be made of a material of high atomic number and sufficiently thick to absorb any primary x-rays 408 incident on a surface 414 of radiation needle 400 for preventing the release of primary x-rays 408 into undesired areas of the body, such as into surrounding normal healthy tissue.
In order to determine the thickness of shielding required in radiation needle 400, the absorption of x-rays in the shielding material must be calculated. The linear absorption coefficient μ (cm1) of each layer of radiation needle 400 can be calculated. For a material composed of multiple elements, the overall mass absorption coefficient can be calculated using the following equation (where the values of mass absorption coefficients (μ/ρ)n for each element at various incident energies can be obtained from standard sources):
In this equation, μ, 92 o, and ρn represent the linear absorption coefficient, the density of the material, and the density ρn, (g/cm3) of each element n as it is found in the material through which the x-rays pass.
Using the linear absorption coefficient, the fraction of photons having a specific energy and penetrating a specific distance (x) can be determined from the following equation:
The above equation calculates the intensity ratio of the intensity (i) of photons of a given energy that have penetrated a given material a distance (x) divided by the initial intensity (io). Using the above equation, the thicknesses (in millimeters) of a radiation needle 400 required to absorb 99% of primary x-rays 408 of various energies when composed of various pure elements are shown in Table 2 below.
Linear absorption in millimeters required to absorb 99% of various
low x-ray energies in selected elements
Iron (Z = 26)
Silver (Z = 47)
Gold (Z = 79)
Lead (Z = 82)
Radiation needle 400 can be composed of any suitable shielding material known to those of skill in the art for absorbing at least 99% of primary x-rays 408 incident upon it including lead, silver, gold, tantalum, tungsten, platinum, nickel, iron, chromium, and combinations thereof. Table 2 provides estimates for the thickness of radiation needle 400 required to shield the body from primary x-rays 408. In another embodiment, radiation needle 400 can be composed of two or more layers. In such a case, the inner layer is preferably composed of a material often used in needles such as stainless steel, and the outer, thinner layer is preferably composed of a heavier, shielding element as suggested in Table 2.
Interior 404 can contain air or another suitable material known to those of skill in art for allowing primary x-rays 408 to pass from the x-ray generator to dispersion assembly 406. Interior 404 can also be evacuated for passing primary x-rays 408 and especially primary x-rays having lower (softer) energy, which have significant loss in air.
Dispersion assembly 406, as shown in
Target 416 can be made of different materials for affecting the energy, and therefore tissue penetration, of secondary x-rays 410. Fluorescent target 416 can be made of any element between atomic number 11 and 83 or combinations thereof. The higher the atomic number of the target material, the higher the energy and the deeper the penetration depth of secondary x-rays 410. The deeper the penetration depth of secondary x-rays 410, the larger the treatment volume. Also, the closer the energy of secondary x-rays 410 to the energy of primary x-rays 408, the higher the peak energy index ratio. The peak energy index ratio is always less than 1, but the closer it is to 1, the less energy is lost in the conversion from primary x-rays 408 to secondary x-rays 410.
The path of secondary x-rays 410, and subsequently treatment volume 412, can be directed based on the shape of target 416. Secondary x-rays 410 are created by fluorescing target 416. X-rays created via fluorescence, such as secondary x-rays 410, can spread in all directions from fluorescent target 416 in a generally spherical pattern, but changing the shape of fluorescent target 416 can alter the shape of treatment volume 412. Therefore, fluorescent target 416 can have different shapes. These shapes include, but are not limited to, a conical target as shown in
In the embodiment shown in
Secondary x-rays 410 can be directed based on the position of x-ray shielding positioned on window 418. The x-ray shielding can block or filter portions of secondary x-rays 410. Such x-ray shields can be made of the same materials used to shield radiation conduit 402 to prevent unwanted lateral dispersion of primary x-rays 408 as described above in Table 2. Window 418 of dispersion assembly 406 can be essentially transparent for allowing secondary x-rays 410 to pass unimpeded into the body. Window 418 can also seal target 416 to prevent leakage of body fluids into radiation needle 400. Window 418 can be made of beryllium, low average atomic number polymers including polycarbonates, or other suitable transparent materials known to those of skill in the art. The material of window 418 can have the lowest possible absorption of x-rays such that the most possible secondary x-rays 410 may pass from fluorescent target 416 to treatment volume 412.
Support 420 can extend from radiation conduit 402 to fluorescent target 416 in order to hold target 416 in position with respect to radiation conduit 402. In one embodiment, support 420 is part of radiation needle 400. In such an embodiment, window 418 is cut out of radiation conduit 402. Support 420 can comprise a rigid material to maintain the structure and position of dispersion assembly 406, fluorescent target 416, x-ray transparent window 418, and penetration tip 422 with respect to each other when inserted into a body.
Referring to
The x-ray spectrum of the secondary x-rays (such as secondary x-rays 410 shown in
nλ=2d sin Θ
Bragg's Law depends on the wavelength of the incident radiation (λ), the lattice parameter of the fluorescent target's structure (d), the angle the incident radiation makes with the fluorescent target (Θ), and the number of crystal layers through which the x-rays are diffracted (n). The secondary radiation has the same wavelength and energy spectrum as the incident or primary radiation.
In order to maximize the generation of secondary x-rays at the highest possible energy level, the materials for the anode (such as anode 206 shown in
Calculating the absorption of different energies of low energy x-rays is important in configuring radiation delivery system to selectively irradiate only the volume of a targeted tumor while minimizing the irradiation of nearby normal tissue. The linear absorption coefficient μ (cm−1) of the target tissue can be calculated using the equation for μ described hereinabove. Absorption is specific to the tissue material and the energy of the radiation being absorbed. The depth of penetration of secondary x-rays 410 can be controlled by varying the material of the fluorescent target (such as fluorescent target 416 shown in
The half value layer (HVL) of radiation in a material is the depth at which fifty percent of the radiation is absorbed (i/io=0.5). Table 3, shown below, summarizes the linear half value layers in soft tissues for the Kα energies of various fluorescent target materials.
TABLE 3 Table of Linear Absorption Values and Half Value Layers for Various Fluorescent Target Materials Fluorescent M (cm2/g) Soft HVL Soft Tissue Target Material Kα Energy (keV) Tissue (mm) Ti 4.50 61.5 0.11 Fe 6.40 21.7 0.32 Cu 8.04 10.3 0.67 Mo 17.50 1.26 5.5 Ag 22.16 0.727 9.5 Sn 25.27 0.589 11.8 Te 27.47 0.491 14.1 Ba 32.19 0.355 19.5 Ta 57.52 0.210 33.0
As shown in Table 3, the linear half value layers in soft tissues span a significant range, but have a limited upper bound. Therefore, the maximum treatable volumes will be similarly restricted, and consequently, large tumor masses would require multiple insertions and treatments. It is important to note that the calculated values shown in Table 3 are for linear absorption in tissue. Secondary x-rays deposited from fluorescent target are also reduced by the inverse square of the distance from the fluorescent target.
According to one embodiment for treating a brain tumor approximately 2 centimeters in diameter, a radiation delivery system (such as radiation delivery system 100 shown in
Another preferred embodiment of a fluorescent target having an angled surface similar to fluorescent target 502 (
The x-rays produced from an x-ray generator having a copper anode were used to fluoresce iron in a steel fluorescent target (such as target 502 shown in
It will be understood that various details of the invention may be changed without departing from the scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing description is for the purpose of illustration only, and not for the purpose of limitation, as the invention is defined by the claims as set forth hereinafter.
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|Nathalie Renard-Le Galloudec
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|U.S. Classification
|378/119, 378/64, 378/65
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Sep 21, 2004
Owner name: DUKE UNIVERSITY, NORTH CAROLINA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:COCKS, FRANKLIN H.;SIMMONS, WALTER NEAL;KLENK, PAUL A.;REEL/FRAME:015154/0936
Effective date: 20040818
|Nov 8, 2010
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 3, 2011
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|May 24, 2011
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20110403


text:
Shravanabelagola is situated about 150 km northwest of Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka. The town has been a prominent center for Jain art, architecture, religion and culture for over two millennia. About two thousand years ago, Bhagawan Bhadrabahu, the earliest among the great Jain Acharyas came to Shravanabelagola from Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, with his disciples. Influenced by this ascetic, Chandragupta Maurya, the great emperor who ruled a large part of India, settled in this region, handing over the reins of his kingdom to his son.. The large hill, also called Vindhyagiri or Per-kalbappu, is 3347 feet above sea level. A flight of 614 steps, finely chiseled into the granite of the mountain, leads to the summit, where stands an open court and the great statue of Sri Gomatheswar. Shravanabelagola means 'the monk on the top of the hill' and hermits, mystics and ascetics have resided here since at least the 3rd century BC. In those early times the hill was thickly wooded and hermits could feed themselves from the vegitation of the forest. Near the middle of the 10th century AD, temples began to be constructed upon the hill and from that time the place has become one of the most important pilgrimage sites of the Jain religion. The 58 foot, 8 inch statue of Sri Gomatheswar, carved between 978-993 AD, out of the granite bedrock of the mountain is the tallest free-standing statue in the world. Sri Gomatheswar, also known as Bahubali, was the son of the legendary first Tirthankara, Adinatha (tirthankaras are the mythical, enlightened sages of Jainism).
* Information on the traditional uses and properties of herbs/ animals/ yoga/ places are provided on this site is for educational use only, and is not intended as medical advice. all image credit goes to their Photographers.


text:
Mystery Northern Ireland beauty spot in wartime rail poster identified by Belfast Telegraph readers
A mystery location captured in a rail poster advertising Northern Ireland as a wartime holiday destination has been identified.
It is Lurig Mountain near Cushendall on the Co Antrim coast.
Several readers came forward to name the tranquil scene after it featured in the pages of the Belfast Telegraph on Monday.
The story revealed the poster is expected to sell for £1,000 at auction tomorrow.
The framed print, measuring 37 inches by 44 inches, was designed by London-born artist Eric Hesketh Hubbard for the London Midland and Scottish Railway in 1944.
It is going under the hammer in the Rare and Important Travel Posters sale at Swann Auction Galleries in New York on Thursday.
The story carried on Monday said the part of Northern Ireland featured in the poster was not known.
However, a number of readers contacted the Telegraph to say it was Cushendall.
Among them was Eddie Kidd from Bangor, who previously lived in the village.
"I lived there from 1945 to 1948," he said.
"I saw the photograph and was surprised when it said the location was unknown - I knew it straight away.
"There is the beach, the green area is the golf club and you can see the wee hut where the greenkeeper used to keep his tractor and cutting equipment.
"The rocks are where I would have gone crab fishing."
Gina Kinney also recognised the scene.
"It is a view of Cushendall taken from a rocky outcrop on the north-east side looking towards Lurig mountain," she explained.
In recent times posters such as these have become increasingly sought-after and valuable.
Belfast Telegraph


text:
Hi guys,
you should already know, that my passion for pineapple home decoration, patterns on different clothes items, cookie cutter etc. is HUGE!:) Therefore I inspired myself for another DIY tutorial with the highend Marabu textile painters*, fashion sprays*, which are available in a ton of different colors and shades.
First of all you'll need a white plain cotton shirt. I've bought mine at H&M, as I don't have a lot old white shirts, which I'd love to re-decorate, therefore I had to buy one, but if you have or tend to have a huge variety of old shirts in white, black or creme shade - go for it! And of course you'll need some textile painter* (thicker ones here) and fashion sprays* - which shade?! That's your own choice, I've choosen simply a dark blue textile pencil (the thick one), a light grey pencil (the thin one).
There is an huge selection of thick textile pencils by Marabu but I found, that for detailed patterns you shouldn't forget to get some thinner one too, just that you aren't surprised if your pattern will look not as 3D as if you'd use first a thin and than a thicker one.
I'm definitely not the best painter on earth, but I tried my best and tried to paint as much as possible pineapples, in different shapes and designs.
Unfortunately the pineapples aren't really visible on the pic' above, as the light grey shade reflects almost the same as the white cotton blouse itself the sun light. On each arm I decorated the end with stripes as well as on the collar, to create a kind of 50s maritime sailor look.
Did you've already tried out to create your individual shirt with Marabu textile painters* or fashion sprays*?!


text:
Discussion in 'Humor' started by Boanerges(Inactive), May 2, 2009.
Actual photo of Swine Flu
lol! Just kidding. XD. Good one.
HAHAHA thats good
that deserves a real giggle fit with a chuckle included for good measure
A another photo new release:
did you make those pics bo? if so they are great lol if not well they are still great lol
Sadly I did not Chris- a friend has been e-mailing me with them.
Boanerges ur killin me AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAhahhahahahahahalololool!!!!!! Niiiiice
The second one is sooooooooooo gross! But the first one.....I had to print it.
lol those are great.


text:
Director, Public Sector and Health
KPMG in the UK
Sebastian is a Director in KPMG's Public Sector & Health advisory team. He specialises in value-based contracting, payment and financing models for health and social care. Sebastian has recently been advising clients on implementing value-based contracting models in mental health, community healthcare, muscular skeletal care and telehealth. Prior to joining KPMG, Sebastian spent 15 years as a strategy and policy advisory to the UK Government where he led the development of Payment by Results funding systems and social enterprise in health and was Head of Adult Social Care Finance. Sebastian is currently leading our work on value-based payments in improving population health and in developing business cases for impact investment (social finance).
MA (Hons)
Health & Social Care
Value-based payments


text:
Quebec's Green Future: The Lowest-Cost Route to Green Gas Reductions
The authors say Quebec's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must face some key facts. First, the possibilities of an effective reduction of GHG emissions through the substitution of one energy source for another are limited in Quebec. Second, Quebec's era of low-cost hydroelectric production is finished. And third, low domestic electricity prices favour heavy usage and limit Quebec's capacity to export clean hydroelectricity. This Backgrounder is also available in French.
If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.
Volume (Year): (2009)
Issue (Month): 118 (October)
|Contact details of provider:
| Postal: 67 Yonge St., Suite 300, Toronto, Ontario M5E 1J8
Phone: (416) 865-1904
Fax: (416) 865-1866
Web page: http://www.cdhowe.org
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text:
Realism tattoo artist Emily Elegado is so confident she'll win the competition that she says the show will be renamed "Ink Mistress". Aaron Is isn't impressed and thinks she has another thing coming.Tune in to the season premiere of Ink Master Rivals on Sept 2 at 10/9c on SPIKE.
© 2017 Spike Cable Networks. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Many claim that "Flash is dead," but I believe that in the world of gaming, this is not so. One of the reasons is a framework called Starling.
Starling is a free open source Actionscript 3 library which renders its content by using Flash's Stage 3D technology. What does this mean? Faster performance which makes use of GPU hardware acceleration. The ever-so popular game Angry Birds was built using this framework.
Screenshot from my Starling game demo example
After trying out Starling on my own, I was pretty amazed by a few things:
1. Quick setup.
It is simply a swc file that you include in your library. Then, create a Startup class that will instantiate and start up the Starling instance:
import flash.display.Sprite;
import starling.core.Starling;
[SWF(width="400", height="300", frameRate="60", backgroundColor="#ffffff")]
public class Startup extends Sprite
private var _starling:Starling;
public function Startup()
_starling = new Starling(Game, stage);
The "Game" parameter of the constructor expects a class that is a Starling display object.
2. Ease of use.
You can then go on your merry way writing AS3 as usual, but instead of using the regular Flash display classes, use the ones in Starling. Since I use Flash Builder, the IDE would often automatically import "flash.display" classes; you'd have to replace those with "starling.display." Also, loading images is a bit of more work than loading an image and adding it to the display list. Starling uses a Texture class that contains an image's data, and then it uses an Image class to render that data:
// load background
loadBackground( _gameModel.bgImagePath );
* Load background image.
* @param url URL of background image.
* TODO: Create image loader utility class that all image loading can use, then dispatch event when that particular image is ready.
private function loadBackground( url:String ):void
_loader.load( new URLRequest( url ) );
_loader.contentLoaderInfo.addEventListener(flash.events.Event.COMPLETE, onLoadBackgroundComplete);
* On load background image complete.
* @param event Flash event for event complete.
private function onLoadBackgroundComplete( event:flash.events.Event ):void
_loader.removeEventListener(flash.events.Event.COMPLETE, onLoadBackgroundComplete);
// add background to display list
var loadedImage:Bitmap = event.currentTarget.loader.content as Bitmap;
var image:Image = new Image(Texture.fromBitmap(loadedImage));
3. Awesome performance.
The smoothness of Starling is impeccable, but I am sure it is even more evident with the more graphic-intensive games out there (like Angry Birds). With Starling's awesome performance and with Adobe Air (and even Flash CS5.5+)'s ability to deploy to iOS and Android, who says that Flash is dead? 🙂
Check out my source files and you'll find how quick and easy it is for AS3 developers to jump onto Starling!