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2015 Project Descriptions
NDnano Undergraduate Research Fellowship (NURF) program
4/8/15 Update: Congratulations to the 2015 NDnano Undergraduate Research Fellowship Recipients!
2/9/15 Update: The 2015 NURF application process is now closed. Application material below is provided for reference only.
Listed below are the project descriptions for the summer 2015 NURF program. To apply:
- Review the project descriptions (below) and select a project of interest. There are nearly 30 projects to choose from!
- Complete the application. 2015 NURF application
- Email your completed application no later than February 6, 2015, to the project's faculty mentor(s) for consideration, and cc: Heidi Deethardt at email@example.com.
Faculty mentors will follow-up with applicants as needed. Fellowship recipients will be notified by NDnano starting the first week of March.
Please note: Students are welcome to apply for more than one project. However, please list and prioritize on your application(s) all the projects to which you have applied. Undergraduate* students from any college or university are welcome to apply.
*For purposes of the NURF program, undergraduates are students who will not yet have completed their undergraduate studies at the start of their summer fellowship.
Questions? Check out our FAQs. Or feel free to contact Heidi Deethardt at email@example.com
Thank you for your interest in NDnano!
Back to overview and application instructions
Project: Development of remotely controlled scanning electron microscope for K-12 outreach
Faculty mentor: Prof. Gary H. Bernstein • Electrical Engineering • 225 Cushing Hall • 631-6269 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most important and visually compelling imaging techniques in all of micro- and nano-technology. In an SEM, a very narrow (about 2 nm) beam of electrons scans the surface of a sample. The emitted low-energy electrons, called "secondary electrons," are collected in a point-by-point basis to form a very high-resolution, realistic image of the sample. It is common for an SEM to produce striking pictures of objects such as insects, materials surfaces, nanoparticles, etc. The student will learn the fundamentals of SEM and gain extensive hands-on experience using a modern, high-resolution instrument. Over the summer, the student will help to train new users, develop teaching materials, create a Windows interface for remote users, and work with K-12 teachers and students to expand the use of the instrument.
Project: Engineering multifunctional nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
Faculty mentor: Prof. Basar Bilgicer • Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering • 165 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-1429 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Multiple myeloma (MM), a B-cell malignancy characterized by proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow (BM), is the second most common type of blood cancer in the U.S. Despite the recent advances in treatment strategies and the emergence of novel therapies, it still remains incurable. A major factor that contributes to development of drug resistance in MM is the interaction of MM cancer cells with the BM microenvironment. It has been demonstrated that the adhesion of MM cells to the BM stroma via a4b1 integrins leads to cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR), which enables MM cells to gain resistance to drugs such as doxorubicin (Dox)—a 1st line chemotherapeutic in the treatment of MM. To overcome this problem, the clinicians apply combination therapy, which is the simultaneous use of two complementary chemotherapeutic agents during treatment. One caveat of this treatment method has been that it is almost impossible to attain the critical stoichiometry at the tumor that is necessary to achieve this synergistic drug effect when conventional methods of chemotherapy is used. Here, we seek to overcome this challenge by using an engineering approach for targeted drug delivery. The overall objective of this proposed project is to engineer "smart" nanoparticles that will deliver and exert the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic agents on MM cells, and at the same time do it in such a manner to overcome CAM-DR for improved patient outcome. To enable this, we will engineer micellar nanoparticles that will be (i) functionalized with a4b1-antagonist peptides as well as Dox and carfilzomib drug conjugates, and (ii) designed to show the adhesion inhibitory and the cytotoxic effects in a temporal sequence. When the nanoparticles are delivered to the MM cells, as a first step they will interact with the cell surface a4b1 integrins and inhibit MM cell adhesion to the stroma, thereby preventing development of CAM-DR (see figure). In the second step, the chemotherapeutic agents will exert their synergistic cytotoxic effects after cellular uptake, as the nanoparticles will be designed to require a low pH environment such as the endocytic vesicles, to release active drugs. This way, the "smart" nanoparticles will act on the MM cells in a temporal fashion and prevent development of CAM-DR for improved patient outcome.
Project: Mechanics and mechanisms of bone fracture healing
Faculty mentor: Prof. Joel Boerckel • 142 Multidisciplinary Research Building • 631-1866 • email@example.com
Mechanical engineers often break things to understand how they behave. Like any other structural material, we can understand a lot about bone by how it breaks. But unlike traditional engineering materials, we also get to watch it heal itself. This dynamically adaptive, self-regenerative property of bone tissue, which can heal completely without any scar formation, makes it one of the most interesting structural materials anywhere. The Boerckel lab is interested in understanding the mechanisms that underlie how bone cells mediate this adaptation, regeneration, and remodeling. In this project, a student will use mice genetically engineered to lack important proteins specifically in bone cells to identify new mechanisms of bone regeneration. The student will characterize two approaches of fracture induction in live mice: 3-point bending Guillotine device or surgical induction, and will then evaluate the time course of fracture healing of tissue-specific gene knockout mice.
Project: Non-Boolean computing using nanodevices
Faculty mentors: Prof. Gyorgy Csaba and Prof. Wolfgang Porod • Electrical Engineering
225A Cushing Hall • 631-3059 • firstname.lastname@example.com
203A Cushing Hall • 631-6376 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Digital computers are excellent for crunching numbers, but they are not very efficient for many other tasks, such as image recognition and analyzing 'big data'. It is believed that analog, non-Boolean devices could do much better. Our group explores new, 'wave based' computing paradigms that process information without using logic gates. We design and simulate circuits that are based on novel nanodevices such as spin-torque oscillators, spin-wave devices, analog circuits, and microelectromechanical systems. These devices generate wave-excitations, and the interference of the waves gives the result of the computation. If you join our group for the summer, you may either work on spin-wave devices (such as the one in the figure – this device does a Fourier transform using spin-wave interference) or on the simulation of oscillator-based computing circuits. In either case, you will design non-Boolean computing algorithms based on these devices. This project is suited for all undergraduate levels.
Project: Nano-structured arrays for sustainable water treatment technologies
Faculty mentor: Prof. Kyle Doudrick • Civil & Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences • 156 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-0305 • firstname.lastname@example.com
There is a growing concern about the future of our drinking water supplies brought on by climate change driven drought and depleted drinking water sources resulting from population growth and unsustainable practices. To meet future drinking water demands, sustainable technologies for treating sources once considered unusable (e.g., direct potable reuse) will need to be developed. We define a "sustainable" technology as having a low energy cost (e.g., solar driven), a minimal negative impact on the environment (e.g., non-toxic by-products, use of abundant materials), and a positive influence on society (e.g., provides easier access to clean water). This project will focus on the development of nano-structured arrays for photoelectrochemical electrodes for the purpose of treating problematic water pollutants (e.g., nitrate, hexavalent chromium) using solar energy. Students will have the opportunity to learn at the intersection of environmental engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology. Anticipate learning new skills, including variety of nano-synthesis and materials characterization techniques. As a capstone to the project, students will get a chance to tell their "story" in the form of a journal publication.
Project: Biocomplexity and uncertainty: Science, technology, and ethics in the real-world case of metal nanoparticles in heavy commercial use
Faculty mentor: Prof. Kathleen Eggleson • NDnano and ESTEEM program • 208D Cushing Hall • 631-1229 • firstname.lastname@example.com
The moment is 2015: The National Nanotechnology Initiative is well into its second decade. Thus, large-scale commercial use of the simplest nanomaterials, and development of a multitude of related products, has occurred over a number of years. At the same time, substantial uncertainty remains about the biological impacts, positive and negative, throughout the life cycles (cradle to grave, or conception to disposal/recycling) of novel products and formulations. Meanwhile, there is increased and widespread urgency to offer the next generation of scientists and engineers rigorous and explicit ethics education relevant to responsible practice. These factors will combine in timely NURF research investigating and translating findings and unknowns about metal nanoparticles in heavy commercial use. The goal will be development of a comprehensive real-world, real-time case framed upon the product life cycle, toward the development and initial offerings of a workshop for ethics education of STEM graduate students. The specific data, as well as the overarching themes of biocomplexity and uncertainty, will be important. This is an ambitious and multi-faceted research project suitable for adaptation into a senior/honors thesis. Student success will depend upon adept navigation, comprehension, and synthesis of published literature from multiple fields as well as creativity and big-picture thinking. This NURF project will allow for undergraduate participation in a collaborative (together with Northeastern University in Boston) research project funded by the National Science Foundation, "Ethics Education in Life Cycle Design, Engineering, and Management." An abstract of the entire project is available: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1338682&HistoricalAwards=false. Over the summer, the selected NURF fellow will work with Dr. Kathleen Eggleson, Notre Dame's Principal Investigator, on the a real-world case module and related one-week workshop for ethics education of science and engineering graduate students.
Project: High performance ultra-lightweight solar cells
Faculty mentor: Prof. Patrick Fay • Electrical Engineering • 261 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-5693 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Recent advances in solar cell design and material quality resulted in significant advances in solar cell efficiency for high-performance applications. However, for many emerging applications the weight of the solar cell is also an important consideration. In addition to traditional applications such as powering satellites, new applications for solar cells are emerging, such as powering lightweight human-portable systems and unmanned high-altitude aircraft. In this project, the design space for ultra-lightweight, high-efficiency compound-semiconductor based solar cells will be explored. This project includes evaluation of the optical, electronic, and mechanical properties of ultra-thin lightweight solar cells based on epitaxial liftoff of multi-junction solar cells in III-V compound semiconductors.
Project: New polymer electrolytes for ion gating two-dimensional crystals
Faculty mentor: Prof. Susan Fullerton • Electrical Engineering • 317 Cushing Hall • 631-1367 • email@example.com
Electronic devices that employ two-dimensional (2D) crystals represent the ultimate limit of scaling because these materials have thicknesses ranging from one atom (e.g., graphene) to a few molecular layers. One key requirement of these devices is a robust and reconfigurable gating method. In our group, we use electrolyte gating to induce a huge number of charges in 2D crystals, effectively enhancing device performance. Using this method, ions in the electrolyte are driven to the surface of the 2D material, and mirror charge is induced in the crystal (see Figure); however, there are several significant limitations with the electrolyte materials that are currently being used. The goal of this project will be to explore new polymer electrolyte materials that can overcome these limitations. The student will learn (1) how to prepare, handle, and deposit polymer electrolytes inside a glovebox, (2) make current-voltage measurements on devices, and (3) measure the thermal properties of the electrolyte. In addition to learning more about polymers and ion transport, the student will learn about 2D materials and their use in next-generation electronic devices.
Project: Plasma jets for nanomaterials synthesis
Faculty mentor: Prof. David Go • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 372 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-8394 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Plasma jets are an emerging technology that have a wide variety of applications—from killing tumors and healing wounds to cleaning tumors and synthesizing new nanomaterials. This project targets using plasma jets for plasma electrochemistry to synthesize nanoparticles, focusing on how to control the interaction between the plasma jet and a liquid. A NURF student will conduct experiments that look at novel plasma configurations for plasma/liquid interactions and use simple simulations to predict the interaction thermodynamics. The student will work with a team of graduate students studying plasma science, but will have the opportunity to work independently and use their own creativity and imagination. Those who intend to continue the research for credit in the fall semester and have a high interest in going to graduate school will be given preference.
Project: Micro-maker system for custom printed electronics
Faculty mentor: Prof. David Hoelzle • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 141 Multidisciplinary Research Building • 631-2291 • firstname.lastname@example.com
The 'maker movement' has become an important force in the resurgence in American innovation in the last few years, enabling everyone from the academic researcher to the garage tinkerer to design and fabricate their own products. The open-source ethos of the 'maker movement' has been one of the greatest propellers of its success. Currently, the 'maker movement' has taken hold at the meso-scale (such as the Makerbot) and in the digital realm (such as the Arduino and Raspberry Pi). This project looks at how to use standard ink-jet printers to enable the 'micro-maker movement;' the student will investigate the 2D and 3D layering of functional materials with sub 50 µm resolution. Ten week project objectives are to develop a printing platform for the printing of functional materials that is user friendly and widely dissemble to the broader maker community and demonstrate the fabrication of simple sensors with microscale features. Prime candidates for this project are students who have experience with computer programming, mechatronic design, and have a general knack for retrofitting hardware.
Project: Restrahlen band optics with surface phonon polaritons
Faculty mentor: Prof. Anthony Hoffman • Electrical Engineering • 226B Cushing Hall • 631-4103 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Semiconductor materials are used to generate and control light over a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. In the far-infrared, however, light interacts very strongly with vibrations in the semiconductor crystal, making conventional materials and techniques in this so-called "Restrahlen band" ineffective. One possible method of improving access to this portion of the spectrum is to use strongly confined surface waves on polar semiconductors to control and generate light. These surface waves, called surface phonon polaritons, are a combination of light and a crystal vibration. In this project, the student will explore how we can control the optical properties of surface phonon polaritons in the far-infrared. Work will include reflection and transmission spectroscopy in the laboratory and simple modeling. Interested students will also have the opportunity to fabricate samples in the Notre Dame Nanofabrication Facility. This project is appropriate for students with an interest in optics, semiconductors or nanotechnology.
Project: Toxicity studies of nanoparticles
Faculty mentor: Prof. Paul Huber • Chemistry & Biochemistry • 437 Stepan Hall • 631-6042 • firstname.lastname@example.com
We are using Xenopus (a species of aquatic frog) as a model organism for studying the toxicity of nanoparticles. The advantage is that the Xenopus egg is extraordinarily large, over 1.2 mm, and material can be easily injected. Thus, we circumvent the complication of nanoparticle uptake that can mask their biological activity. Indeed, embryos exposed to metal oxide nanoparticles present in the water environment develop normally for the most part; whereas, small amounts of nanoparticles injected directly into the egg trigger a number of developmental defects in the growing embryo. One of the most prominent outcomes is compromised cell-cell contact that has similarities to the metastasis of cancer cells. The student involved in this project will determine whether modifications to these particles, such as encapsulation in a protein or polysaccharide coating, can eliminate or minimize the toxic activity of metal oxide nanoparticles such as TiO2 and ZnO, which are found in a large number of consumer products.
Project: Perovskite solar cell
Faculty mentor: Prof. Prashant V. Kamat • Chemistry & Biochemistry • 223B Radiation Lab • 631-5411 • firstname.lastname@example.com
In recent years, nanomaterials have emerged as the new building blocks to construct light energy harvesting assemblies.1 Efforts are being made to design high efficiency organic metal halide hybrid structures that exhibit improved selectivity and efficiency towards light energy conversion.2,3 This project will evaluate the performance of solid state methylammonium lead halide perovskite solar cells. The summer research involves solution processed thin perovskite films on various oxide films and constructin a solar cell. These cells will then be evaluated to establish their photovoltaic properties. The role of hole scavenger such as CuSCN, PEDOT, or 2,2´,7,7´-tetrakis-(N,Ndi-p-methoxyphenylamine) 9,9´-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) deposited onto these photoactive films will also be evaluated. The overall goal is to extend the photoresponse of the thin film solar cell into the infrared and achieve solar conversion efficiencies greater than 15%.
1. Kamat, P. V., Quantum Dot Solar Cells. The Next Big Thing in Photovoltaics. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 908–918.
2. Christians, J. A.; Fung, R.; Kamat, P. V., An Inorganic Hole Conductor for Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Improved Hole Conductivity with Copper Iodide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 758–764.
3. Manser, J. S.; Kamat, P. V., Band Filling with Charge Carriers in Organometal Halide Perovskites. Nat. Photonics 2014, 8, 737–743.
Project: Nanostructure assemblies for light energy conversion
Faculty mentor: Prof. Prashant V. Kamat • Chemistry & Biochemistry • 223B Radiation Lab • 631-5411 • email@example.com
Recent advances in the construction and characterization of graphene-semiconductor/metal nanoparticle composites in our laboratory have allowed us to develop multi-functional materials for energy conversion and storage. These next-generation composite systems may possess the capability to integrate conversion and storage of solar energy, detection and selective destruction of trace environmental contaminants, or achieve single-substrate, multi-step heterogeneous catalysis. This research project will involve synthesis of graphene-based assemblies for photocatalytic and photovoltaic conversion of light energy. The graphene oxide-semiconductor assemblies will be characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the excited state processes will be evaluated using time-resolved emission and absorption techniques. The goal is to optimize the performance of graphene-based assembly and maximize the photoconversion efficiency.
1. Lightcap, I. V.; Kamat, P. V. Fortification of CdSe Quantum Dots with Graphene Oxide. Excited State Interactions and Light Energy Conversion. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 7109–7116.
2. Lightcap, I. V.; Murphy, S.; Schumer, T.; Kamat, P. V. Electron Hopping Through Single-to-Few Layer Graphene Oxide Films. Photocatalytically Activated Metal Nanoparticle Deposition. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 1453-1458.
3. Lightcap, I. V.; Kamat, P. V. Graphitic Design: Prospects of Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Conversion, Storage, and Sensing. Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, ASAP article.
Project: Initial study and demonstration of terahertz adaptive wireless communication
Faculty mentor: Prof. Lei Liu • Electrical Engineering • 208C Cushing Hall • 631-1628 • firstname.lastname@example.com
THZ beam steering and forming antennas for potential adaptive THz communications.
Over the last few decades, wireless communication systems experienced vast development and deployment with data rates approaching several tens of Gbps. To satisfy the increasing demand for higher speed information transmission and processing in modern society, potential terabit-per-second (Tbps) wireless links based on terahertz (THz) band communication have been proposed for a wide range of applications, including 5G cellular network, Tbps wireless LAN (local area network), Tbps wireless PAN (personal area network), secure military communication, wireless nanosensor networks, and chip-to-chip high-speed interconnections. To establish a THz link, a device (either a transmitter or receiver) may need to scan its neighborhood by steering its antenna beam with a broader beam-width and low gain to localize the link target. Once a data packet is transmitted/received, the device should switch to a different mode with a narrower beam-width and higher gain for high-speed data communication. By dynamically beam steering and forming, atmospheric effects and terminal mobility can also be enabled. In our previous work, we have successfully demonstrated beam steering and forming THz antennas based on reconfigurable photo-induced Fresnel-zone plates (PI-FZPs) [1]. The FZPs were generated by illuminating a high-resistivity silicon wafer for wave-front spatial modulation using a digital light processing (DLP) projector, without any circuit or device fabrication [2, 3]. We propose to study and demonstrate initial THz adaptive wireless communication using a WR-1.5 VNA (vector network analyzer) and multiple beam-steering THz antennas. Both line-of-sight (LOS) propagation and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation modes will be studied. In addition, multi-path channels and dynamic MIMO for advanced THz communications will be initially investigated. This project will offer the participant an excellent opportunity to work with NDnano's state-of-the-art facilities, as well as to gain hands-on experiences on solid-state THz sources, detectors, quasi-optical systems and measurements. Furthermore, we expect that the completion of this work will lead to high-quality journal publications.
1. M. I. B. Shams, Z. Jiang, S. Rahman, J. Qayyum, P. Fay, and L. Liu, "A 750 GHz dynamic beam-steering and forming antenna based on photo-induced Fresnel-zone plates," IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Tech., in review, 2014.
2. L. Cheng, L. Liu, "Optical modulation of continuous terahertz waves towards reconfigurable quasi-optical terahertz components," Optics Express, vol. 21, no. 23, pp. 28657-28667, 2013.
3. M. I. B. Shams, Z. Jiang, S. Rahman, J. Qayyum, H. G. Xing, P. Fay, and L. Liu, "Characterization of THz antennas using photo-induced coded aperture imaging," Microwave and Optical Technology Lett., in press, 2015.
Project: Fabrication of polymer nanofibers with anomalous thermal conductivity
Faculty mentor: Prof. Tengfei Luo • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 371 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-9683 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Atomic structure of a chain of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicon-based polymer widely used in thermal management, which is a key issue in microelectronics. Inset: A fundamental unit consisting of PDMS chain.
Amorphous polymers are known as thermal insulators with a thermal conductivity of ~0.1–0.3 W/mK. However, they can be more thermally conductive than many metals if we can reform them into highly aligned nanofibers (thermal conductivity > 50 W/mK). This suggests that polymers can be used to replace metals in many heat transfer devices and equipment, such as in electronic packaging and heat exchangers, with the additional advantages of reduced weight, chemical resistance, and lower cost. In this project, undergraduate researchers will fabricate polymer fibers with nanometer diameters by ultra-drawing fibers from polymer melt. They will also characterize the nanofibers using electron microscopes and X-ray scattering, and measure thermal transport properties using scanning thermal microscopy.
Project: Nanoparticle synthesis for fabrication of 3D solid-state batteries
Faculty mentor: Prof. Paul McGinn • Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering • 178 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-6151 • email@example.com
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) may be a key enabler for electric cars. A solid electrolyte can overcome many shortcomings of present technology, including offering wider electrochemical voltage ranges, better chemical compatibility, and improved safety. Progress is needed to overcome electrolyte limitations and lack of economical processing, while delivering sufficient energy density for automotive application. In planar SSBs, utilization of the entire thickness of the cathode layer is problematic due to diffusion limitations. 3D structures offer significant advantages in this regard. The goal is to process optimized solid electrolytes via nanoparticle synthesis routes to produce a thin electrolyte with tailored porous structures that will allow for easy ion transport throughout the electrodes to make full use of the active material.
Project: Nano-optics of electronic molecules
Faculty mentor: Prof. Alexander Mintairov • Electrical Engineering • B4/B5 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-7688 • email@example.com
Illustration showing the technique of using near-field scanning optical microscopy for luminescence measurements of semiconductor quantum dots.
Correlation between particles in finite quantum systems leads to a complex behavior and very unusual new states of matter. One remarkable example of such a correlated system is expected to occur in a dilute electron gas confined in a quantum dot, where the Coulomb interaction between electrons rigidly fixes their relative positions like those of the nuclei in a molecule. These electron molecules, called Wigner Molecules (WMs), can be varied experimentally using various combinations of semiconductor materials, numbers of electrons, electrostatic potentials, and magnetic fields. Thus, these WMs present a novel and compelling field for fundamental and applied research that could have considerable impact on the electronic and optical devices of the future. Our group at Notre Dame has recently discovered strong emission from such WMs. The student working on this project will be ushered into the infinitesmal world of near-field optical microscopy, where nanostructures are studied that are orders of magnitude smaller than can be seen in a conventional light microscope. Working with the faculty mentor and a physics graduate student, the student will learn to use combined single-electron- and nano-optical control of quantum states in these WMs, which has never been done before. An important result of these experiments may lead to the identification of molecular states that are suitable for quantum computing.
Project: Nanoparticle contrast agents for spectral (color) X-ray imaging
Faculty mentor: Prof. Ryan K. Roeder • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 148 Multidisciplinary Research Building • 631-7003 • email@example.com
Spectral CT projection showing hafnium oxide (green), platinum (blue) and gold (red) nano particles dispersed in water within the wells of an acrylic imaging phantom.
For the last century, X-ray imaging has been the primary means of non-invasive imaging, enabling physicians to diagnose and treat disease and injury. Radiography was revolutionized in the 1970s by the advent of computed tomography (CT), which enabled three-dimensional imaging. A similar revolution in X-ray imaging is presently taking shape with the development of spectral (color) CT. In both radiography and CT, image contrast is derived from the differential attenuation of X-rays by different materials or tissues, resulting in ubiquitous grayscale images. However, X-rays exhibit a spectrum just like visible light, but the energy spectrum of X-rays has not been resolved in imaging due to technological limitations. Recent advances in energy-sensitive X-ray detectors have made spectral CT commercially feasible by unmixing the energy-dependent attenuation profile of different materials (see Figure). This transformational technology will enable scientists and physicians to differentiate various materials, tissues, and fluids, where not previously possible by X-ray imaging. Thus, the impact could be far-reaching, affecting any preclinical and clinical X-ray imaging for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and injury. However, spectral differences in physiological fluids and soft tissues are sufficiently small that contrast agents are needed to take full advantage of spectral CT. The most appropriate combinations of contrast agents for spectral CT are not known and unavailable even for preclinical research. Therefore, students on this project will investigate the use of multiple nanoparticle contrast agents for spectral (color) X-ray imaging at concentrations suitable for use in vivo in preclinical animal models for breast cancer.
Project: Light transmission spectroscopy: A new bio-molecular tool
Faculty mentors: Prof. Steve Ruggiero and Prof. Carol Tanner • Physics
208 Nieuwland Hall • 631-5638 • email@example.com
218 Nieuwland Hall • 631-8369 • email@example.com
Nanoparticles are common in nature as well as in many industrial applications. Engineering at the nanoscale is now becoming part of a wide range of activities, including the design of electronics and new materials. Although we may not realize it, we are surrounded by manmade and naturally occurring nanoparticles present in our air, water, food, medicines and even sometimes our cells. As such, nanoparticles have a huge impact, both good (i.e., pharmaceuticals) and bad (i.e., toxic materials, viruses, bacteria), on human and environmental health. Our new platform technology, Light Transmission Spectroscopy (LTS), has the ability to identify and accurately measure in real time the size, shape, and number of nanoparticles ranging in size from 1 to 3000 nm in diameter suspended in fluid. It has an overall performance that far exceeds previous technologies. This general tool for nanoparticle analysis has already spawned a new technique for environmental DNA identification and protein geometrical analysis. Our latest project is using the instrument as a research tool to determine the difference between cancer and normal human cells based on the size distributions sub-cellular particles. LTS represents a true game-changer in medical diagnostics, biological research, and the general advance of human health.
Project: Interdisciplinary research of chemical sensor development for fluid dynamic applications
Faculty mentor: Hirotaka Sakaue • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 106 Hessert Laboratory • 631-4336 • email@example.com
This project is an interdisciplinary topic on chemistry and fluid dyanamics. A student will participate on a chemical sensor development and its characterization using spectrometer and pressure/temperature-controlled device.The developed senor will be tested in unsteady flow. No special background is required, although a care must be taken to use chemicals and experimental apparatus. These will be instructed before working on the project.
Project: A screen for siRNA nanoparticle pesticides to target mosquito vectors of human disease
Faculty mentor: Prof. Molly Duman Scheel • Biology/Eck Institute for Global Health • 127 Raclin-Carmichael Hall • 631-7194 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Aedes aegypti, the principal mosquito vector of viruses that cause yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue, the most widespread and significant arboviral disease in the world, is a container-breeding mosquito that is closely associated with humans and their urban dwellings. Immature mosquitoes of this species are often concentrated in natural and artificial water-filled containers in urban environments and are susceptible to control efforts. Larviciding, the application of microbial or chemical agents to kill mosquito larvae before they are reproducing adults that vector human disease, is a key component of integrated A. aegypti control strategies worldwide. However, given the frequent development of pesticide resistance and rising concerns about the off-target effects of pesticides, the current larvicide repertoire will soon reach its expiration date. It is, therefore, critical to identify new environmentally safe larvicidal agents for use in integrated A. aegypti control programs. Our recent studies have demonstrated that larval ingestion of chitosan nanoparticles delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA), which can be designed to be species-specific, can be used for selective targeting of A. aegypti larval genes. The proposed research program will test the hypothesis that ingested siRNAs can be utilized as mosquito larvicidal agents. The larvicidal potential of hundreds of orally ingested siRNAs corresponding to putative A. aegypti larval lethal genes will be assessed in a large-scale screen. The initial batch-testing of siRNAs will facilitate high throughput screening, after which the larvicidal potential of individual siRNAs will be assessed in more detail. The experimental plan will facilitate the identification of siRNA larvicides that generate the highest levels of mortality, function throughout the larval period, can be used for control of multiple A. aegypti strains, and have little homology to genes in non-targeted species. Furthermore, siRNA larvicides corresponding to multiple target sequences within each larval lethal gene of interest will be identified, which will help to combat larval resistance arising from a point mutation in any one target sequence. The anticipated outcome of this research will be the discovery of many new species-specific siRNA larvicides for control of A. aegypti. The initial laboratory characterization of these siRNAs will generate diagnostic concentrations for monitoring A. aegypti susceptibility to the larvicides in field tests, which will be conducted in future studies, during which nanoparticle delivery strategies will be optimized. Given that many of the genes to be targeted in this investigation are conserved in other insects, this study will inform the design of siRNA nanoparticle larvicides for species-specific control of additional container-breeding insect vectors of human disease.
Project: Nanostructures for chemical detection and imaging
Faculty mentor: Prof. Zachary Schultz • Chemistry & Biochemistry • 244 Nieuwland Hall • 631-1853 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Spectroscopic signals associated chemical bonds provide a direct route to label-free monitoring of molecular behavior. In biological systems, optical microscopy is useful for detecting various macromolecular assemblies with varying chemical or structural properties. Commonly, fluorescent tags are used to identify biomolecules in the complex environment found in cells. An alternative approach is to use the signal enhancements associated with gold and silver nanoparticles for characterization. Our research uses the local electromagnetic fields resulting from the excitation of conduction band electrons in metal nanostructures to enhance Raman scattering from molecules in close proximity. This electromagnetic field enhancement, referred to as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), provides a sensitive, label-free probe of chemical environments. We use these enhancements for both imaging and trace analyte detection. We have coupled tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) with nanoparticle probes to obtain chemical, structural, and spatial information simultaneously. We can monitor chemical interactions within cell membranes, detect trace levels of molecules in fluids, as well as monitor the electric fields associated with catalytic reactions. In addition to applications, we are interested investigating the fundamental interactions between nanostructures.
Project: Nanoelectronics from two-dimensional materials
Faculty mentor: Prof. Alan Seabaugh • Electrical Engineering • 230A Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-4473 • email@example.com
Students in this project will build and test electron devices constructed from single-layer materials like graphene. These materials are of wide interest for energy-efficient transistors, ionic switches, memories, solar energy converters, or batteries. A wide range of projects are possible depending on student interest: modeling, fabrication, characterization, and circuit design.
Project: Ultra-low energy computation
Faculty mentor: Prof. Gregory Snider • 275C Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-4148 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Layout of adiabatic microprocessor for ultra-low power dissipation.
Anyone who owns a laptop knows that power dissipation and the associated heat are a problem for the microelectronics industry. As electronic devices scale down in size, they use less power (and hence energy), but is there a lower limit to the energy that must be dissipated by each device? Recent experimental measurements have demonstrated our ability to measure energy dissipation in the range of a ~15 yJ (1 yJ is 10-24 J), and we are building CMOS circuits to operate in this range. Projects in the group of Professor Gregory Snider will explore the limits of ultra-low power computing, and designing, building, and measuring circuits that test these limits, and clock circuits that can recycle the energy used in computation. The projects will include building circuits and amplifiers for energy measurements of the CMOS circuits as well as the actual measurements. The project will also include the design of the next generation of the adiabatic circuits. A student involved in these projects will gain experience in programming, CMOS design, and device measurement techniques.
Project: Picometer-diameter pore-based protein sequencing
Faculty mentors: Prof. Gregory Timp and Prof. Tetsuya Tanaka
316 Stinson-Remick • 631-1272 • email@example.com
49 Galvin Life Sciences • 631-2334 • firstname.lastname@example.com
The primary structure of the protein—the linear sequence of amino acids (AAs) that comprise it—dictates the three dimensional (tertiary) structure that determines its function. However, the methods for sequencing long proteins suffer from post-translational modification and are relatively insensitive. In this project, undergraduate students will measure the performance of picometer-diameter pores, namely picopores, through an ultra-thin, inorganic membrane and interpret electrical signals associated with single-protein molecules translocating through the pore for sequencing the AAs. Prior experience with low-noise electrical measurements, wet labs, or coding with MATLAB, GENEIOUS, C++ and/or Labview is preferred.
Project: Synthetic tissue engineering using live-cell lithography
Faculty mentors: Prof. Gregory Timp and Prof. Tetsuya Tanaka
316 Stinson-Remick • 631-1272 • email@example.com
49 Galvin Life Sciences • 631-2334 • email@example.com
In vivo tissue is comprised of a heterogeneous, dense population of cells organized hierarchically in three dimensions (3D) with an embedded vasculature. But so far, tissue engineering approaches have failed to recapitulate such a vascular network and a heterogeneous hierarchy of cells. Therefore, thick engineered tissue develops a necrotic core in only a few hours. To resolve this problem, a heterogeneous population of cells needs to be hierarchically organized in 3D with microvascular networks. We have demonstrated the capability to precisely assemble and co-culture a hierarchy of cells of human origin to form microvascular networks (figure). In this project, undergraduate students will build structures that resemble a blood arterioles and perfuse it with whole blood to study hypertension. Prior experience in optics, wet labs, cell culture and MATLAB, C++ and/or Labview coding is preferred.
Project: Modelling aging
Faculty mentor: Prof. Dervis Vural • Physics • 384G Nieuwland Hall • 631-6977 • email@example.com
Aging remains one of the fundamental open problems of modern biology. Although there exists a number of qualitative perspectives on mechanisms damaging basic cell functions, nearly nothing is known about how these microscopic failures manifest on the macroscopic scale of tissues, organs and ultimately the organism. The goal of this project is to bridge microscopic failures to their macroscopic manifestations, by theoretically and experimentally establishing the role of interdependence and interactions between damage-prone cells in complex tissues.
Project: Efficient upconversion in solar cells
Faculty mentor: Prof. Mark Wistey • Electrical Engineering • 266 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-1639 • email@example.com
Upconversion allows solar cells to make use of wasted low-energy photons. But upconversion efficiencies are stubbornly low, mostly due to nonradiative recombination or poor electrical and/or optical coupling with the host cell. In this project, the student will study a new route to efficient upconversion in solar cells that is likely to break 50% efficiency as well as make much better use of red twilight hours near dusk and dawn. Using a core-shell nanostructure for two-step upconversion, excited electrons can be prevented from falling back to the intermediate state. We have shown that the limiting step in upconversion is the second absorption step, from the conduction band of the core up to that of the host. The student will apply our group's recent findings on highly mismatched semiconductor alloys to maximize the bound-to-continuum absorption, and develop a model showing the maximum efficiency available from the upconversion technique.
Project: Engineering induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human cardiac tissues
Faculty mentor: Prof. Pinar Zorlutuna • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 370 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-8543 • email@example.com
The ability to develop healthy and diseased tissues from the same cell source would be a powerful tool to understand disease pathophysiology. With the advances in tissue engineering research, now it is possible to produce healthy and diseased tissues, called engineered model tissues, using human cells. Engineering model tissues is a promising new tool for the parametric study of complex events happening during the development and the pathology of organs. These model tissues are not intended to understand the systemic effects concerning a particular phenomenon, but i) they enable investigating local events happening at a specific site, (in this case in heart muscle tissue) in a much more controlled, isolated and high-throughput manner; not always are systemic influences favorable, as they may, in some cases, mask or even antagonize the actual local events. ii) They allow direct testing on human tissue-like structures, which would be invaluable for discovering preventive approaches or treatments. Such efforts could benefit the animal studies immensely given the fact that on average 1 out of 10 animal studies that make it to clinical trials actually pass the clinical trials and the discordance between animal and human studies is potentially due to the failure of animal models to mimic clinical disease adequately (Perel et al., BMJ, 2006). Recently, there have been multiple high-profile publications in journals such as Nature on using engineered tissues (or so called organoids) for understanding the development and diseases of complex organs such as the brain (Lancaster et al., Nature, 2013). The aim of this project is to study cellular communication during myocardial infarction using a tissue engineered human heart tissue model that will be designed and fabricated using hydrogel-based biomaterials, microfabrication techniques and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived heart cells. Using microfluidics and microfabrication techniques, precise control over the microenvironmental conditions, such as fluid flow, bioactive factor gradients, and spatial control of the heart cell types within the engineered tissue will be achieved. Prior experience in cell/tissue culture is preferred.
Project: Spatially patterned microfabricated co-cultures to study cancer development and progress
Faculty mentor: Prof. Pinar Zorlutuna • Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering • 370 Fitzpatrick Hall • 631-8543 • firstname.lastname@example.com
Tumor microenvironment is crucial for understanding tumor growth and metastasis, and for discovering preventive approaches and therapies. In vivo animal models often fail to provide a platform for designing experiments to study multiple parameters simultaneously in a controlled fashion due to the heterogeneity and complexity of this microenvironment, while conventional two-dimensional studies fail to recapitulate it. Therefore, cancer research has started to utilize a newly developing research field, biomimetic three-dimensional engineered tissue models. The goal of this study is to use tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques to study cell-cell and cell-environment interactions in cancer development and progress. Previous research experience is preferred.
Back to overview and application instructions


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псы в рапиде » posted to italia
Dear Italian friends. I hope you enjoy Mokum. Yesterday evening I (hopefully) fixed several issues which caused realtime lagging and long waiting times for images upload. Please remember that this is basically a construction site, with new changes appearing almost daily. I'm going to announce bigger features to this community every several days. Do you have any questions or comments? Thanks, (Relevant YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krtnt191Drg)
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Ladra di Caramelle, 2/12 coddio, Ivan Crema, and 76 other people liked this
hi! first of all thank you so much for this, it's like going back home after a long time! on FF the little clouds next to each comment had different colors and it made you identify easily if you were subscribed to the person who wrote it or not. it would be great to have this here too, since there is not (yet) any other easy way to find out without opening each user's page.
hi псы, just another thing i've noticed: on FF, it was possible to crosspost in different rooms (or groups). do you think it would be possible here? thanks a lot, sei mejo te
Hi. Cross-post is implemented. See "To:" field above the text input area at the top of the page. You can click there and choose several groups. To post to your private sub-feed you have to go to https://mokum.ru/karmacore/private, that's currently an exception.
what's the private sub-feed? is it halfway between the public feed and the private, where you can have a selected audience for certain posts? how does it work exactly?
@karmacore: Ah, you already have private feed. You won't probably need even more private sub-feed, then, though some users do that.
I don't think I have a private feed.
Private sub-feed is just a separate "group" which requires subscription approval. When you post to private sub-feed only those who are approved see your posts.
it's a great feature. thanks for the info.
@lucretia: yeah, the comment was intended for @karmacore, I've added the username.
on FF, when a post was in several rooms, the reader was able to see them (i mean the rooms), even if he wasn't a subscriber of one of them (i'm speaking about public rooms).
Cross-posting to groups is not clearly indicated currently. This is on my list of things to fix.
But, I want to clarify, cross-posting works. You can check that by going to both groups and see that the post is in both.
yeah, it works fine.
more questions: will there ever be a bookmarklet? import from other sites? maybe an app? I mean, is this relationship serious? where are we going? :D
I don't really understand why there is no bookmarklet yet :) It should be relatively simple to implement, and if someone needs a change in API, I can do that. I really hope that someone will do that so that I don't have to do that myself. If you know JavaScript developers who can do that — invite them.
Import from other sites is on the todo list, I want to do everything that was on Frf, updated to more modern services such as Instagram etc.
we will definetely spread the word about the bookmarklet!
We're discussing mobile app, we have several options, but nothing substantial at the moment. The site seems to work good enough on mobile phones, so it's not pressing.
And yes, it's serious.
Oh my! <3
one member of the italian FF group was able to develop an Android app for the old friendfeed that worked very well, maybe he can do the same for this site :)
Yes, one of the options is to reimplement Friendfeed API on Mokum and to port the existing Friendfeed clients.
All this is simply awesome, thanks!
I was wondering: who's behind this project, who are the developers, who's financing it? Do you have a business model? Do you have plans for its scalability? How do you plan to guarantee its sustainability in the medium/long term? Is this a place to relocate with all the efforts that this imply or just a hope of such a place? I believe a lot of people are waiting for an answer to these questions before committing and moving.
mo' nunnè che ti devi muovere col camion dei traslochi e disdire le utenze, eh
Ci va il piano quinquennale di sviluppo
Ahhahahahahaha Roux <3
ahah Roux <3
Can you implement the hide options like in Friendfeed? I mean: "hide all FOAFs", "hide all posts from x", etc.
Roux <3 +1
attenzione @squadette ^9
Insomma, io quando ha chiuso ff sono stato male per mesi e pure adesso mi resta una cicatrice non del tutto chiusa; non è che ho tutta questa voglia di passare da un posto che chiude a un altro che chiude tra due mesi. Poi se per voi invece è indifferente, bella pe' voi.
Tra l'altro sono esattamente le stesse opinioni/critiche che ho sempre fatto a Senape.
beh, dài, faceva un po' ridere il tono inquisitorio.
a me ha fatto ridere la cosa di roux, per il resto anche io (come molti credo) ho paura che si rompa. vediamo che ci dicono.
Roux <3

subset: commoncrawl


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Home » Posts tagged with » honey
beehive \ bees \ honey \ honeybee \ honeybees \ Indiana State Museum
Indiana State Museum buzzing with new educational opportunity
By Nicole Hernandez TheStatehouseFile.com INDIANAPOLIS — An audible buzz can now be heard around the Indiana State Museum. The beehive arrived in June of last year. Since then, the museum has even expanded honey beehive locations to state historic sites like Angel Mounds in Evansville and the Gene Stratton Porter Memorial site in Rome City. […]
cheese \ cows \ farmers \ honey \ Indiana State Fair
Hoosier foods featured at new pavilion
By Olivia Ober The Statehouse File INDIANAPOLIS – The Indiana State Fair is often known for its sugary and greasy treats. Fair food like cotton candy, ice cream, burgers and anything deep-fried are popular for Hoosier fairgoers year after year. But just outside the rows of typical fair venders that line the streets lies the […]


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We've been talking about civic and public journalism in my interpretive reporting class. Here are links to several articles/blog posts I'm having them read:
- New book examinesPublic Journalism 2.0
From the Civic & Citizen Journalism Interest Group
- Jay Rosen – The People Formerly Known as the Audience
The people formerly known as the audience are those who were on the receiving end of a media system that ran one way, in a broadcasting pattern, with high entry fees and a few firms competing to speak very loudly while the rest of the population listened in isolation from one another— and who today are not in a situation like that at all. Must read post from four years ago!
- Jay Rosen – Clowns to the Left of Me, Jokers to the Right: On the Actual Ideology of the American Press
What is it that the press actually values. In which Prof. Rosen explains his terms The Church of the Savvy, The Quest for Innocence, Regression to a Phony Mean, The View from Nowhere, He Said, She Said Journalism, and The Sphere of Deviance. The biggies to pay attention to here are The Church of the Savvy and The View from Nowhere.
- And finally, a new post from Prof. Rosen today – The Journalists Formerly Known as the Media: My Advice to the Next Generation.
A post from Sunday that continues on his look at how online media is transforming the relationship between audiences and journalists.


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Worst over for SAAG? update
If my wave reading is correct, the worst that can happen to SAAG is to go to previous low RM0.14. I believe so correction wave 2 (labeled blue on the chart) almost over, near to the previous low. That is a very good correction. Bullish wave 3 could start anytime. Target over RM 0.40 for mid to long term holding, say several months. See the above SAAG weekly chart. click to enlarge.
The news
Bursa Malaysia Stocks Analysis


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Published: Wednesday 21st October 2015 by The News Editor
Iran's supreme leader has endorsed a landmark nuclear deal reached with world powers.
But Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has warned the government to be vigilant, saying the United States cannot be trusted.
He endorsed the deal in a letter to moderate President Hassan Rouhani that was read on state TV on Wednesday. Until now he had publicly declined to approve or reject the deal while expressing support for Iran's negotiators. Khamenei has the final say on all major policies.
The agreement reached in July with the US, Britain, France, China, Russia and Germany would curb Iran's nuclear activities in exchange for the lifting of crippling international sanctions.
Western nations have long suspected Iran of pursuing nuclear weapons alongside its civilian programme, charges rejected by Tehran, which insists its programme is entirely peaceful.
Published: Wednesday 21st October 2015 by The News Editor


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Chapter 36. THE COLD WAR BEGINS. I. Postwar Economic Anxieties. After 13 years of Depression and 4 of economic prosperity-anxiety over return to Depression Taft-Hartley Act -outlawed closed union shop, made unions liable for damages, and required non communist oaths from union leaders.
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-outlawed closed union shop, made unions
liable for damages, and required non communist oaths from union leaders
C) Operation Dixie-goal of unionizing Southern workers failed because of fears of racial mixing
D) Employment Act of 1946-promote maximum production, employment and purchasing power
E) GI Bill of 1944-generous provisions to send soldiers to school (totaled $14 billion)
F) Veterans Administration-loans for veterans
1950s-1970s=doubled in both decades
1973-6% of population w/ 40% of wealth
B) Chicken in every pot to two cars in every garage
C) Surge of wealth caused increase in American leadership in the world, funded new welfare programs (Medicare) and idea of social mobility
D) New jobs for women-service industries
-federal dollars went there
-people left there for jobs, lower taxes,
and warmer weather
-shift of representation
-decline in rustbelt
-increased families after WWII
-child born every 7 seconds at peak
-influenced decades to come-products and left businesses restructuring
ie) 34 million pupils in 70s in elementary schools
ie) Social Security in the future
B) Little conference to cocky
C) "The Buck Stops Here!" sayings
-missionary diplomacy, largely isolated before World War II, and distrust of each other's ideals
C) USSR-sphere of influence-protect itself from invasion
D) COLD WAR=4.5 decades of mistrust that influenced the world's politics
-Western Allies
-Set up International Monetary Fund
-Set up World Bank
B) United Nations
-Pushed by Roosevelt during war to ensure no war of massive scale
-Set up in San Francisco as a cooperative organization
-Prevented wars in Iran, Kashmir, etc..
-Set up Israel
D) Berlin Airlift failed because of fears of racial mixing
-Soviets cut off road and rail transport to Berlin
-For a year, America airlifted and dropped supplies to West Berliners
-USSR reopened land connections
E) 1949-two German gov'ts established
-Greece and Turkey given $400 million in
-put world in pro America or pro Soviet camps
C) Marshall Plan-life giving bait to Europe failed because of fears of racial mixing
-provide aid to European nations
-USSR rejected aid with capitalistic ties linked to it
-$12.5 billion to 16 countries in 4 years
D) Success!!—Euro recovery and Communist parties losing ground in Western Europe
E) Israel-US recognized on 4/14/48—caused US relation problems with Arab countries
-new DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
-Joints Chief of Staff (leaders of armed forces)
-National Security Council
B) Selective Service System
C) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) failed because of fears of racial mixing
-12 nations signed in 1949
-dramatic departure from previous American policy (alliance!)
-18 Japanese imprisoned; 7 hanged
-Japanese saw American democracy good behavior as a way to end American occupation
B) China
-1949-Natinonalist gov't fled to Taiwan and Communist gov't took over
-blame game (Republicans attacked Dems)
C) 1949-USSR detonates its own atomic bomb failed because of fears of racial mixing
-Robert Oppenheimer and Einstein warned against H-Bomb to Truman (1000 X more power than atomic bomb)
-US tested one in 1952
-USSR in 1953
-Loyalty Review Board
-Loyalty Oaths
-3k federal employees released
B) House Un-American Activities Committee
-Richard Nixon (Red Hunter) vs. Alger Hiss
-Hiss caught in lies-5 years for perjury
C) Red Hunt-based in reality of gov't infiltrations and espionage
-witch hunt in normal America
D) Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- electrocuted for espionage (only 2 in peacetime)
-Truman-pro Civil Rights
-J. Strom Thurmond-States Rights for
Southern Democrat Ticket
-Truman-Hard With USSR
-Gorge Wallace-Progressive Party
C) Chicago Tribune Announces Dewey as Winner
-Truman won by 3 million popular votes
-many N. Koreans scrambled back to 38th
B) MacArthur-fought around Yalu River Valley and thousands of Chinese volunteers attacked creating a stalemate around 38th
C) MacArthur-use Nuclear weapons against China failed because of fears of racial mixing
-Truman refused-wrong enemy
-MacArthur condemned Truman
-MacArthur fired and welcomed home as a hero
D) Talks dragged on for 2 years and soldiers died
E) 38th parallel remains dividing line


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|Ribbon Lace Trim Skirt
|Cotton Vintage Dress
|Tartan Top
If you've purchased something from us before, do email us a photo of you in your PEEP outfit or if you're a Facebook addict, just post your photo on our wall (fb.com/PeepBoutique) & tag us! Otherwise, you can just simply upload your photo onto Twitter/Instagram(#peepboutique, @peepboutique) & make sure your account is public so we can see your photos. :)
Till June!
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Chapter 25. Vibrations and Waves . General definitions of vibrations and waves. Vibration : in a general sense, anything that switches back and forth, to and fro, side to side, in and out, off and on, loud and soft, or up and down is vibrating . A vibration is a wiggle in time .
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Vibrations and Waves
Vibration of a pendulum. The to-and-fro vibratory motion is also called oscillatory motion (or oscillation).
Wavelength, l, is the distance between two consecutive peaks.
Amplitude is the height of the wave above or below the equilibrium point.
The wave period, P, this the time it take one wave to pass
the observer.
Frequency, f, is the number of waves passing a particular point in one second.
Frequency = 1cycle/60 sec Period = 60 sec
What is the frequency of US Presidential elections?
Frequency = 1 election/4 yrs Period = 4 yrs
or harmonic motion (shm) and can be described by a simple
In symbolic form
Waves to transfer energy, not matter, from one place to another
A Vibrating source transfers a disturbance
Speed depends on type of vibrating source and medium through which it travels
Wave speed = f x
The same type of wave moves at the same speed regardless of for
For any wave, f is inversely proportionalto
Transverse waves vibrate across from direction of travel
Longitudinal waves vibrate along the direction of travel (as in a spring)
Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the frequency of sound the pitch.
When two wave pass each other their superposition
causes reinforcement or cancellation.
Reinforcement when the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another
Their individual effects adds together, resulting in a wave increased in amplitude
Cancellation when crest of one wave overlaps trough of another reducing their individual effects
Water waves show these best Out of phase- the crest of one wave arrives at a point at the same time as a trough of the second wave arrives, effects cancel each other In phase- two waves crests and troughs arrive at a place at the same time, effects reinforce each other
are heard superposed.
inference cause fainter sound.
A piano tuners listens for beats to disappear.
Occurs when a wave reflects upon itself and interference causes the pattern
Nodes remain stationary Anti nodes-occur half way between nodes
Change the frequency in a standing wave and more nodes/antinodes appear in the event
Doppler with Water
Change in frequency due to the source or receiver greater the speed the source, greater the Doppler effect Stationary bug
Bug swimming
Blue Shift-increase in frequency Red Shift- Decrease in frequency
True Velocity harmonic motion (shm) and can be described by a simple
Radial Velocity
Tangential Velocity
Doppler Shift Gives Radial Velocity
V-shaped pattern made by overlapping crest
Produced by supersonic aircraft, three-dimensional cone shaped
Sonic boom – sharp crack heard when conical shell of compressed air that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches listeners on the ground below.
- slower than the speed of sound harmonic motion (shm) and can be described by a simple
- faster than the speed of sound
speed of object
speed of sound
(a) cuts it in half
(b) increases it by the square of 2
(c) nothing
(d) doubles it
(c) nothing
(a) wavelength
(b) medium
(c) source of the sound
(d) speed
(e) amplitude
(c) source of the sound
(a) the frequency
(b) the wavelength
(c) the amplitude
(d) the period
(e) the medium of transmission
(e) the medium of transmission
A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing his anchor chain every 5 seconds. If the wave crests are 15 m apart, what is the speed of the water waves in m/s?
(a) 5 (d) 10
(b) 15 (e) 3
(c) 75
(e) 3
For a medium transmitting a longitudinal wave, the areas of the medium where the density of the medium is temporarily increased are called...
(a) rarefactions
(b) compressions
(c) density holes
(b) compressions
(a) is greater than what the source emits
(b) is less than what the source emits
(c) is the same as what the source emits
(b) is less than what the source emits
(a) because the plane breaks through the sound barrier.
(b) when the plane reaches the speed of sound.
(c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound.
(d) by the plane traveling slower than the speed of sound.
(c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound


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Rep. Hank Johnson (D-GA) today voted to reject President Bush's war funding requests, to aggressively restrict the president's policies in Iraq, to provide veterans with GI Bill education benefits, and for a 13-week extension of unemployment compensation for Americans who have lost their jobs amid ongoing economic stress.
In a historic vote, the U.S. House of Representatives denied President Bush's request for over $160 billion to fund ongoing military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Rep. Johnson joined colleagues from both sides of the aisle in a clear rejection of the Bush Administration's foreign policy. Indeed, 132 House Republicans chose to vote "Present" rather than vote for war funding.
In addition to withholding war funds, the House resoundingly voted to begin the redeployment of American troops from Iraq within 30 days; set a December. 31, 2009 goal for withdrawal of combat troops; prohibit interrogation techniques not specifically approved by the Army Field Manual; provide veterans with extensive "GI Bill"-style education benefits; and expand unemployment compensation for Americans during this economic downturn.
"I am happy these funds will be used to serve our veterans and assist unemployed Americans instead of financing a fruitless occupation," said Johnson. "Today, for the first time, the Republicans joined us in opposing the president's reckless policies. The American people have made clear their opposition to this war, and the tide is finally turning in Washington."
Source: http://www.house.gov/apps/list/press/ga04_johnson/2008_05_15_iraq_supplementals.html


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* Bluechip exporters rise on yen appreciation
* Foreigners re-position as net sellers
SEOUL, Jan 14 (Reuters) - Seoul shares reversed earlier gains to edge lower on Tuesday morning, tracking global markets as foreigners offloaded local stocks, but the yen's sharp rise limited further losses.
The Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) was down 0.3 percent at 1,942.57 points as of 0245 GMT after touching an intraday high of 1,961.73.
"Although the yen's rise against the won helped risk sentiment, the market lacks risk variables for a push with markets across the globe falling," said Choi Kwang-hyeok, an analyst at E-Trade Securities.
U.S. stocks fell overnight on mounting negative pre-announcements that left a lacklustre profit growth outlook, with nearly 10 out of 11 preliminary figures from S&P 500 companies lowered, according to Thomson Reuters data.
The decline pushed the dollar down to a four-week low against the yen, which indirectly helped the Japanese currency's appreciation against the won to alleviate pressures that had weighed on South Korean exporters.
The two largest components in the KOSPI were poised to finish with strong gains for a second straight session. Samsung Electronics Co Ltd advanced 1.3 percent, while Hyundai Motor Co added 2 percent near mid-session.
Meanwhile, foreign investors re-positioned as net sellers near the mid-session, offloading a net 46.3 billion won ($43.8 million) to weigh on the main bourse.
The construction sector and the banking sector suffered from foreign outflows, highlighted by Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co Ltd and Shinhan Financial Group Co Ltd, which dropped 4.1 percent and 1.9 percent, respectively.
Decliners outnumbered advancers 237 to 533.
The KOSPI 200 benchmark of core stocks was down 0.2 percent, while the junior KOSDAQ edged 0.3 percent lower.
$1 = 1056.6500 Korean won Reporting by Jungmin Jang; Editing by Jacqueline Wong


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Nature Photography Walk
Discover the delights of Winnall Moors Nature Reserve in the heart of historic Winchester with local wildlife photographer Bret Charman. Bret will lead a leisurely walk in search of the reserve's diverse nature whilst sharing some photographic tips and techniques. If we are lucky we might be able to spot water vole, kingfisher and sedge warbler as well as plethora of insects and more common bird species.
Speaker: Bret Charman
Bret Charman is an award-winning wildlife photographer and a member of the Marketing team at Wildlife Worldwide. It is the fantastic flora and fauna around Winchester that inspired his love affair with the natural world. He thrives on discovering what's happening on his local patch, as well as in those more exotic locations a little further afield.


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|16 Jul 2012
I have done several clean installs in several computers so I am not afraid of it. However why do a clean Win7 reinstall when I made a good clean full disc image immediately after a clean install with all app software operational and all the folders are in the drives I wanted. All I need are the important personal files saved to an ext drive so I can then move them to the appropriate locations . Tks
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'The Voice': Christina Milian Grills Production Designer on Coach Style — EXCLUSIVE VIDEO
As someone who has attended nearly every live performance show taped on a Hollywood lot, I can verify that The Voice has something special — every night the vibe and the aesthetic are completely different, and it pays off with some insane audience energy. Yes, much of this has to do with the fact that Adam Levine, Christina Aguilera, Cee Lo Green, and Blake Shelton are in the room, but it's The Voice's Emmy-nominated production designer James Connelly who makes everything come together in one sparkly, rockin' package.
In the video below, Christina Milian grills Connelly on season 3, which he says "gets a little more gritty, a little bit more street art." During his brief off-season, Connelly has been focusing on different styles of graffiti… and ways to make the coaches' designed rooms a little bit classier. "We blow it up this year," he says.
But it's the end of the video that should get Voice fans singing: Connelly tells Milian exactly what he thinks about the various coaches' style. "Adam is super cool," he says. "Hyper-style, sleek and modern, and clean." Check out the video below to find out what he thinks about the rest of the gang (he even theoretically designs Cee Lo's "Vegas" bedroom), and be sure to see Connelly's work on The Voice's Sept. 10 premiere:
Follow Shaunna on Twitter @HWShaunna
[Photo Credit: NBC]
Rob Thomas Joins 'The Voice' on Team Cee Lo
Emmys 2012: Carson Daly Talks 'The Voice' First Nomination and Season 3


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It's my final marathon Monday (on Tuesday) and it's time to get to the bottom of this story. I have dragged it out long enough. I almost completed the story last time, but then I was worried about my blog post being too long. I got over that when I shared about my Nike's Women's Half Marathon experience. So today is the day I try to explain why I signed up to run a marathon. It will probably get a little choppy and I might repeat a bit from previous posts, but I promise this blog post will go the distance. It's time to run long.
Things changed for me in March. Before that, the thought of running further than a 5K, let alone a marathon, never ever crossed my mind. I even had a couple friends suggest the idea earlier, like training for a 10K or even a half marathon, but I would quickly dismiss it and never give it a second thought. It was crazy talk. But then in March, things started to change.
The first thing I remember from March was my run-in with an old classmate. We got on the topic of running and she shared that she had run a marathon. She recalled how difficult it was and how she had to stop to vomit several times along the course. Not fun. So I left our encounter thinking, "Who would be crazy enough to do that, to run 26.2 miles?"
A week or two later, I celebrated my birthday and one of my gifts was a gift card to Fleet Feet, a local running store (Thank you, Maria and Ed). This was a greatly appreciated gift to support me in my get healthy endeavor. And the true gift was that it got me into the store again, making me aware of upcoming store events as well as races.
As I worked towards losing weight and getting fit, I would read my Weight Watcher leader's Facebook page for ideas and inspiration. I would constantly see posts by Slenderella inviting people to come walking/running with her at a local trail. I had seen Slenderella at a meeting that I didn't normally attend and learned of her story. She had just successfully lost 100 pounds with the help of Weight Watchers and Teresa Rose. And not only had she lost 100 pounds, but she had also started running and, unbeknownst to me, was training for her first marathon. Inspired by her story and looking to bravely be more social, I decided to join her and her group of friends on the the trail one day. It was a wonderful experience.
Slenderella was incredibly knowledgeable and fascinating to talk with. She had a passion for running and was excited to share it. We talked about things I had never thought about before (or even heard of), like proper running form, mid-foot strike, one hundred-up. The day I went, the group was walking which was comforting to me since I was still getting back into running and was self-conscious about my pace. We walked because Slenderella was just a few short days from running her first official marathon (although she had already run the distance twice before in her training) yet we didn't really talk about it much. Our discussions were more general. But it opened my eyes to the fact that there was more to running and I wanted to learn more.
Armed with my new desire to learn more about running and my Fleet Feet gift card, I then attended Fleet Feet's Diva Night one week later. I almost didn't go, because my friend Paula couldn't go and I was nervous about going alone. But I found the courage and went for it. I knew Slenderella would be there, as well as a new friend, Eliza, that I had made at the store. And I had a gift card to spend. It was worth checking out.
I felt out of place at first, but I was quickly and warmly greeted by Eliza and then Slenderella. I met more of Slenderella's friends and spent the evening talking about running. It was great to meet people that could relate to my growing love for running. I spoke with Jackie for awhile and found it interesting that she had just run her first half marathon on my birthday, which happens to also be her birthday, and was training for the CIM like Slenderella. Slenderella and Jackie were real people willing to run long. It was fascinating to talk with them, yet I never had the thought "maybe I should try running a marathon." And they never suggested it either. They just openly and happily shared their own running experiences.
That night, while visiting with new friends and looking around the store, a shirt caught my eye. I did have a gift card to spend. The shirt, pictured above, had a great big start with various race distances. I really liked the great big start. I had definitely started something. I was running. I was losing weight with Weight Watchers. I had started to make things happen. At that moment in time, the race distances didn't mean as much to me as the start. Nonetheless I was too shy to buy the shirt that night and I wanted to think about it. What was wearing a shirt like that going to say? But I couldn't stop thinking about it, so I returned that weekend to buy it.
That same weekend, an inspirational photo caught my eye on Facebook, the top photo in this post. I guess it wasn't so much the photo as the quote, "There will be days when I don't know if I can run a marathon. There will be a lifetime knowing that I have." This photo, combined with all the previous events, seemed to trigger a change in thinking. I started to ask myself "Why not me?" If these real people can do it, why not me?
Faced with the hugeness of such a decision, I started to research marathon training and learned that there was more than enough time to train for a marathon in December. Was I crazy? Crazy or not, I was starting to feel a growing desire, and even the need, to run a marathon. It was undeniable. I could feel it in my heart. But it did seem crazy, especially for me, so I was afraid to say it out loud. I wanted to talk with my husband, Daniel, but I was afraid of what kind of response this kind of crazy would elicit. But I needed to tell someone. So I started by asking Slenderella and Jackie about it on Facebook. As you would imagine, they were both very supportive.
So I decided to talk with Daniel. I couldn't imagine making such a huge decision without his input. It was time to say it out loud. I was so nervous I almost cried. I was afraid he'd shoot me down. But you know what? He understood. He supported me, just as he always does. And even though I didn't understand why I needed to do this, he understood that what really mattered is that I felt the need to do it. He believes in me. And so, on April 7th, I signed up for the California International Marathon on December 2nd.


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Hey everyone, be sure to head on over and click the 'Claim Your Bottle' button and complete the form to get your free NESTEA coupon! Coupon valid for either one NESTEA Iced Tea 18.5 oz OR 23 oz bottle, or Save $1.79 on any one NESTEA Iced Tea .5L 6 pack or 24 pack at participating retailers. This offer expires the earlier of 6/19/17 or when supplies lasts. The actual coupon expires 7/31/17 and will be mailed to your home.
Let me know if you score the coupon.


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ARPA-E Selects Plenoptic TOF Technology @ LESA
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Circadian, Sleep and Neurobehavioral Performance Engineering @ LESA
LESA and Cornell to Collaborate on $2.42M Program for Advanced Urban Farming
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LESA featured in Light Matters Newscast
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Dr. Tessa Pocock Awarded Robert W Langhams Visiting Scholar at Cornell University
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Industry Meets Academia: LESA has a Record Setting Attendance at Annual Conference
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Acuity Brands and LESA Collaborate to Improve Plant Growth Through LED Lighting
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LESA Faculty and Graduate Students Awarded US Patent for Cubic GaN LED Materials Breakthrough
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LESA Plant Scientist, Dr. Tessa Pocock Invited Panelist at DOE SSL R&D Workshop
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07-21-2005 #1
- Join Date
- Jul 2005
- Location
- Missouri - USA
- Posts
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Atheros 802.11 Driver Install Issues w/ Mandrake (ath_pci)
06-18-2006 #2
- Join Date
- Jun 2006
- Posts
- 1
I've struggled with this myself. I'll tell you what I've discovered so far.
When it only presents you with the "Manually Install Driver," that means it hasn't found the actual driver. Even if you select the correct driver from the manual list, that's no guarantee that the driver actually exists on the system, and in my case the driver did NOT exist.
I had to download the driver and install it. http://madwifi.org
I'm able to configure the wireless card after installing the driver, but I can't ping anywhere ... but that's another story.


text: Friends, at last, I was able to take delivery of the vehicle. I was not allowed to see the vehicle after PDI and I was told that I could see it after registration. As the vehicle needs to be registered in Kancheepuram, I insisted that I want to see the vehicle before it goes for registration and also I will accompany it with the driver. I do not want the vehicle to be driven beyond 2k rpm, as the stretch after poonamallee to Kamcheepuram on Chennai Bangalore Highway will be bit free for them to floor the pedal. Finally on 12th Dec I was asked to come to Concorde, Velachery office and I could see the vehicle for the first time. It was in a tidy condition and could see the PDI OK label affixed on the windshield. The ODO was 26kms and 'H' next to that. The vehicle was parked in their yard next to Ambattur. Left for registration at 10.30 am and told their driver not to go beyond 2k rpm and he maintained that most of the time. Reached Kancheepuram and could see the MVI sitting in a open ground for inspection of vehicles. Completed registration and reached Ambattur office by evening. ODO was 162 kms. The drive was smooth and I felt myself proud to own it. Left the vehicle there for polishing and accessories. Preferred to go for FIAT OEM accessories as I'm not a person with great tech knowledge on accessories. Details: Vehicle cost : 6.12 L (all incl) Offer: Ins 19+Cash 5+CorpDisc 5 : 29 k Net : 5.83 L Accessories: OEM FIAT seat cover (art leather black with red beading) : 8500/- 1 yr warranty OEM Punto Active CL part#59116844 : 8500/- 3 yr warranty Sony Bluetooth Audio HU model#MEXBT3950U : 10000/- 2 yr warranty Sony Speakers Front door model#XSGTF16272 : 2000/- 1 yr warranty Sony Speakers Reat parcel tray model#XSGTF69372 : 3000/- 1 yr warranty Rear Parcel tray (wood covered with art leather) : 1100/- got this made locally Antenna : 450/- Door Sil : 375/- Fitment Charges : 350/- OEM Mud flap+Floor mat+Body cover+sun control film - Free Tyres are JK Tornado 185/70/R14 Reached showroom on 14th Dec 10.30 am and had to wait till 2.30 pm for their formalities to complete. I had already told SA that I do not prefer to have V shaped ribbon on the bonnet, no flower garland, no lemon under 4 wheels and to deliver it as it is in clean condition. SA handed over the key at 3.15 pm to my father and I drove to nearby fuel bunk. Filled 30 lts and drove home. The joy to ride this was out of bounds. Yesterday went for a drive of around 100 kms mostly in city and could drive around 40-50 kmph. Now the ODO is 269. After reaching home when I checked the mileage, I was surprised to see as 15.8 kmpl. The first and last one km road (near my house) is dug up for corporation water pipe connection and hence had to be very very slow and cautious, looking out for under body scratching. Need to plan for a long drive to enjoy the car's full thrust.


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The Voice of Corporate Finance
Welcome to Acquisition International's Deal Diary, the place where we showcase exciting deals from across the globe. With each diary entry, we'll be taking a comprehensive look at the inner workings of the deal in question and will be venturing behind the scenes to take a look at the dedicated professionals involved in ensuring its success.
Here you will discover the most active deal makers and a comprehensive catalogue of the transactions they have been involved with.
Tier 1: The Website - Go live worldwide within 24 hours!
Within 24 hours of booking, we'll upload your deal and company profile - including contact details and links to your homepage - right here on our site, putting you and your firm in front of40,000 visitors every month!
You will, of course, get a full company bio, including your contact details and fully clickable links direct to your website, and to make sure the people who matter will be able to find every deal you and your firm have been involved in at the click of a button, all of the deals posted on the Deal Diary site are incredibly easy to search by firm name, individual name, sector or region. We even have an automatically updated deal leaderboard (right).
Tier 2: The Newsletter - Direct to 108,000 subscribers!
Your involvement in the deal will be featured on our weekly Deal Round-Up newsletter, published via email every Thursday to a global audience of 108,000. Your deal write-up will also include hyperlinked images and logos, taking readers straight to your homepage. That's a potential 108,000 clicks every month!
Tier 3: The Publication - Sent to 108,000 people in 170 countries!
The deal and your involvement will appear in the Deal Diary section of our monthly magazine, distributed to 108,000 people in 170 countries around the world. This is where you can tell us all about the deal and how you made it happen, providing the perfect opportunity to shout about your firm's experience, expertise and the great work you've been doing.
Deloitte (7)
Merrill Datasite (6)
Allen & Overy (5)
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Merlin Piscitelli (3)
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Christian Atwood (1)
David Zhang (1)
Dave Rogers (1)
Limited-life venture capital trust (VCT) Puma Investments has invested £11 million to develop two care homes operated by Abbey Healthcare, HealthInvestor can reveal.
The investment will be used to develop and initially operate two new care homes in Scotland and England.
Puma invested £6 million to develop a 112-bed Abbey Healthcare care home based in Hamilton, Scotland.
The second investment, worth £5 million, will go towards the development of a 60-bed care home in Mill Hill, London.
Both developments will have en suite wet room facilities.
Eliot Kaye, investment director at Puma Investments, said: "We have been involved with a number of investments in the care home space, and are delighted to be working with Abbey Healthcare which is well established and a highly regarded operator in the sector.
"These deals fit well with our investment strategy of seeking to mitigate risk by ensuring our investments are asset backed and, we believe, will offer an attractive return for our investors."
Puma Investments is part of investment group Shore Capital. Its 11th limited-life VCT raised £30.6 million in 2014-15.
Abbey Healthcare currently operates a portfolio of 16 care homes with 1,279 beds across the UK.
Registered in England and Wales.
No. 07400916.
1st Floor, Suite F,
The Maltsters, 1-2 Wetmore Road,
Burton on Trent, Staffordshire, DE14 1LS


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EAST LANSING - You had seen it before. Clock winding down, game on the line, one more play. But this time, things ended differently.
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Ferrets are domesticated mammal that can belong to weasel genus. Ferrets are friendly and comical pet. They are demanding and loving animal which based people keep as pet. It is the perfect pet you can easily keep in their home pert.
Life span;
Their approximately life span is 7 to 10 years.
Physical characteristics;
Ferrets are small sized cute animal. Their body size is 13 inches which having 5 Inch tail. Their body weight is 0.7 to 2 kg. Male ferrets are larger as compare to female. Their body color is black, brown and white colored fur. They can also having round face shaped which round eyes and tiny ears or nose. They can also having scissors teeth that is some time dangerous. This cute animal is more attractive for ferrets lovers so, they keep as pet.
Forests are domesticated highly intelligent pet. They are social animal. We recommended you can keep as pairing pet. They like playing. When you keep as pet then provide playing toys. They can also sleep 14 to 18 hours per day. So, take care of their resting.
Ferrets love raw meet so, you should choose high quality raw meet on daily basis. They can also eat high quality dry food. Fresh water can also provide. Their food and water every time placed on their food pots. Fruits and vegetable is not suitable. So, you should avoid fruits, vegetable and sweet food because it can cause of their aggressive behavior.
When you keep ferret as pet then take care of their proper housing. They can live in a cage. You should provide comfy living in this cage. In their cage put a wooden hut for sleeping which having towel like bedding. You should also provide litter box for nesting. In their cage food and water dishes also placed within sophisticated manner. You should keep clean their pet cage on daily basis for save any infection.
They are active animal they can need proper excise on daily basis. When you keep as pet then proper take care of their walking. They need put out their cage for their good health. You should also provide plenty of toys for playing.
Health and care;
Ferrets are active animal so; take care of their health in cage. They can need vaccination and proper veterinary check up on regular basis. They can fell in heartworms and fleas. So, provide preventive treatment for their good health.


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I've spent great weekend in Masuria, Poland. As this is great spot for landscape photography I took several landscape HDR photos like the one above. I was also testing my new Canon 100L macro lens so expect my review this week.
A few notes about the above photo. I took as many as 7 exposures with 1.5 EV step. This was required because it was very high contrast scene with bright sun, darker water and very dark forest. I used Magic Lantern to capture those 7 exposures. Also to make exposure time a bit longer I used Hoya Neutral Density filter (ND8).
EXIF data:
Camera: Canon 50D
Lens: Canon 10-22 f/3.5-4.5 USM
Focal length: 10
Aperture: f/22
Exposure time: 1/13 s ("middle" exposure)
Number of exposures: 7
Step: 1.5 EV