text:
Early human migrations
The earliest migrations and expansions of archaic and modern humans across continents began 2 million years ago with the migration out of Africa of Homo erectus. This was followed by the migrations of other pre-modern humans including H. heidelbergensis, the likely ancestor of both anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals. Finally, the recent African origin paradigm suggests that Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa around 100,000 years ago, spread across Asia approximately 60,000 years ago, and subsequently populated other continents and islands.
Knowledge of early human migrations, a major topic of archeology, has been achieved by the study of human fossils, occasionally by stone-age artifacts and more recently has been assisted by archaeogenetics. Cultural and ethnic migrations are estimated by combining archaeogenetics and comparative linguistics.
Early humans (before Homo sapiens)Edit
Homo erectus migrated from out of Africa via the Levantine corridor and Horn of Africa to Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the Saharan pump, around 1.9 million years ago. They dispersed throughout most of the Old World, reaching as far as Southeast Asia. The date of original dispersal beyond Africa virtually coincides with the appearance of Homo ergaster in the fossil record, and about half a million years after the appearance of the Homo genus itself and the first stone tools of the Oldowan industry. Key sites for this early migration out of Africa are Riwat in Pakistan (~2 Ma?[1]), Ubeidiya in the Levant (1.5 Ma) and Dmanisi in the Caucasus (1.81 ± 0.03 Ma, p = 0.05[2]).
China was populated as early as 1.66 Mya based on stone artifacts found in the Nihewan Basin.[3] The archaeological site of Xihoudu (西侯渡) in Shanxi Province is the earliest recorded use of fire by Homo erectus, which is dated 1.27 million years ago.[4]
Southeast Asia (Java) was reached about 1.7 million years ago (Meganthropus). Western Europe was first populated around 1.2 million years ago (Atapuerca).[5]
Robert G. Bednarik has suggested that Homo erectus may have built rafts and sailed oceans, a theory that has raised some controversy.[6]
The expansion of H. erectus was followed by the arrival of H. antecessor in Europe around 800,000 years ago, which was in turn followed by migration from Africa to Europe of H. heidelbergensis, the likely ancestor of both modern humans and Neanderthals, around 600,000 years ago.[7] The presence of a third homo species, h. denisova (Denisovans) in Siberia (via archeological evidence) and East/South East Asia (via DNA evidence) is now well accepted. Denisovans interbred with Neanderthals and modern humans (including ancestors of Papuans, Melanesians and Australian aboriginals) as recently as 50,000ya.[8] The evolutionary ancestor of Denisovans is likely to be shared with h.sapiens and h.neandertal by way of h.heidlebergensis, though the scant archaeological evidence makes a history of Denisovans largely a matter of assumptions based on DNA data.
Neanderthal gene flow has also been observed among various populations in Africa. Additionally, among certain groups below the Sahara, there is DNA evidence of archaic admixture from hominins that broke away from the modern human lineage around 700,000 years ago. This genetic introgression has been estimated to date to 35-40,000 years before present.[9] [10] [11]
Homo sapiens migrationsEdit
Ethiopia is considered one of the earliest sites of the emergence of anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens. The oldest of these local fossil finds, the Omo remains, were excavated in the southwestern Omo Kibish area and have been dated to the Middle Paleolithic, around 200,000 years ago.[12] Additionally, skeletons of Homo sapiens idaltu were found at a site in the Middle Awash valley. Dated to approximately 160,000 years ago, they may represent an extinct subspecies of Homo sapiens, or the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans.[13] Fossils excavated at the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco have since been dated to an earlier period, about 300,000 years ago.[14]
Current dating of human fossils indicates that modern humans migrating Out of Africa between 125 - 18 kya (thousand years ago) moved into lands occupied by at least four known homo species. These are (species/place/most recent date alive): h.erectus, Eurasia, 27kya; h.neanderthalensis, Europe 30kya/Central Asia 40kya; h.sp.altai (or Denisovans), Siberia/Asia/SE Asia, 30kya), h. floresiensis (or 'Hobbits', note controversy whether this is a homo species), SE Asia, 18kya. There is genetic evidence from Melanesian and Australian Aboriginal DNA, of another unidentified homo species from around 400kya to a time when interbreeding with modern humans migrating OoA could have occurred (70-30kya?). Plus, early humans could have interacted with any number of hybrid groups that became extinct, as indicated by examples such as: Lapedo Child, Europe, 24kya; Red Deer Cave People, China, 11kya; h.tsaichangensis, Taiwan, 10kya.
When modern humans reached the Near East or Levantine corridor 125,000 years ago, evidence suggests they were forced out, as their settlements were replaced by Neanderthals between 80-47kys .[8] This same reference shows support for the probability that multiple Out of Africa (OoA) migrations occurred from as early as 125kya to as far as China, but "died out" and did not contribute to the DNA of living modern humans. One well supported view is that the first modern humans that contributed to the DNA of living modern humans, spread east across Asia from Africa about 75,000 years ago across the Southern Route of Bab el Mandib connecting Ethiopia and Yemen.[15] A recent review has shown support for both the Northern Route through Sinai/Israel/Syria (Levant), and, that both routes may have been used.[8] From the Near East, some of these people went east to South Asia by 50,000 years ago, and on to Australia by 46,000 years ago at the latest,[16] when for the first time H. sapiens reached territory never reached by H. erectus. H. sapiens reached Europe around 43,000 years ago,[17] eventually replacing the Neanderthal population by 40,000 years ago [18] East Asia was reached by 30,000 years ago. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.[19] The date of migration to North America, and whether humans had previously inhabited the Americas is disputed; it may have taken place around 130 thousand years ago,[20] or considerably later, around 14 thousand years ago. The oldest radiocarbon dated carbonized plant remains were determined to be 50,300 years old and were discovered at the Topper site in Allendale South Carolina in May 2004 alongside stone tools similar to those of pre-Clovis era humans.[21] The oldest DNA evidence of human habitation in North America however, has been radiocarbon dated to 14,300 years ago, and was found in fossilized human coprolites uncovered in the Paisley Five Mile Point Caves in south-central Oregon.[22] Colonization of the Pacific islands of Polynesia began around 1300 BC, and was completed by 1280 AD (New Zealand). The ancestors of Polynesians left Taiwan around 5,200 years ago.
More recent migrations of language and culture groups within the modern species are also studied and hypothetised. The African Epipaleolithic Kebaran culture is believed to have reached Eurasia about 18,000 years ago, introducing the bow and arrow to the Middle East, and may have been responsible for the spread of the Nostratic languages. The people of the Afro-Asiatic language family seem to have reached Africa in 6,200 BC, introducing the Semitic languages to the Middle East.
From there they spread around the world. An initial venture out of Africa 125,000 years ago was followed by a flood out of Africa via the Arabian Peninsula into Eurasia around 60,000 years ago, with one group rapidly settling coastal areas around the Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to steppes of Central Asia.[23]
There is evidence from mitochondrial DNA that modern humans have passed through at least one genetic bottleneck, in which genome diversity was drastically reduced. Henry Harpending has proposed that humans spread from a geographically restricted area about 100,000 years ago, the passage through the geographic bottleneck and then with a dramatic growth amongst geographically dispersed populations about 50,000 years ago, beginning first in Africa and thence spreading elsewhere.[24] Climatological and geological evidence suggests evidence for the bottleneck. The explosion of Lake Toba created a 1,000 year cold period, as a result of the largest volcanic eruption of the Quaternary, potentially reducing human populations to a few tropical refugia. It has been estimated that as few as 15,000 humans survived. In such circumstances genetic drift and founder effects may have been maximised. The greater diversity amongst African genomes may be in part due to the greater prevalence of African refugia during the Toba incident.[25] However, a recent review highlights that the single-source hypothesis of non-African populations is less supported by ancient DNA analysis than multiple sources plus genetic mixing across Eurasia.[8]
Within AfricaEdit
The most recent common ancestor shared by all living human beings, dubbed Mitochondrial Eve, probably lived roughly 120–150 millennia ago,[26] the time of Homo sapiens idaltu, probably in East Africa.[citation needed]
The broad study of African genetic diversity headed by Dr. Sarah Tishkoff found the San people to express the greatest genetic diversity among the 113 distinct populations sampled, making them one of 14 "ancestral population clusters." The research also located the origin of modern human migration in south-western Africa, near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola.[27]
Around 100,000-80,000 years ago, three main lines of Homo sapiens diverged. Bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) / A (Y-DNA) colonized Southern Africa (the ancestors of the Khoisan ( peoples), bearers of haplogroup L1 (mtDNA) / B (Y-DNA) settled Central and West Africa (the ancestors of western pygmies), and bearers of haplogroups L2, L3, and others mtDNA remained in East Africa (the ancestors of Niger–Congo- and Nilo-Saharan-speaking peoples). (see L-mtDNA)
Exodus from AfricaEdit
There is some evidence for the argument that modern humans left Africa at least 125,000 years ago using two different routes: the Nile Valley heading to the Middle East, at least into modern Israel (Qafzeh: 120,000–100,000 years ago); and a second one through the present-day Bab-el-Mandeb Strait on the Red Sea (at that time, with a much lower sea level and narrower extension), crossing it into the Arabian Peninsula, settling in places like the present-day United Arab Emirates (125,000 years ago)[28] and Oman (106,000 years ago)[29] and then possibly going into the Indian Subcontinent (Jwalapuram: 75,000 years ago). Despite the fact that no human remains have yet been found in these three places, the apparent similarities between the stone tools found at Jebel Faya, the ones from Jwalapuram and some African ones suggest that their creators were all modern humans.[30] These findings might give some support to the claim that modern humans from Africa arrived at southern China about 100,000 years ago (Zhiren Cave, Zhirendong, Chongzuo City: 100,000 years ago;[31] and the Liujiang hominid (Liujiang County): controversially dated at 139,000–111,000 years ago [32]). Dating results of the Lunadong (Bubing Basin, Guangxi, southern China) teeth, which include a right upper second molar and a left lower second molar, indicate that the molars may be as old as 126,000 years.[33]
Since these previous exits from Africa did not leave traces in the results of genetic analyses based on the Y chromosome and on MtDNA (which represent only a small part of the human genetic material), it seems that those modern humans did not survive or survived in small numbers and were assimilated by our major antecessors. An explanation for their extinction (or small genetic imprint) may be the Toba catastrophe theory (74,000 years ago). However, some argue that its impact on human population was not dramatic.[34]
According to the Recent African Origin theory a small group of the L3 Haplogroup bearers living in East Africa migrated north east, possibly searching for food or escaping adverse conditions, crossing the Red Sea about 70 millennia ago, and in the process going on to populate the rest of the world. According to some authors, based in the fact that only descents of L3 are found outside Africa, only a few people left Africa in a single migration to a settlement in the Arabian peninsula.[35] From that settlement, some others point to the possibility of several waves of expansion close in time.
Nonetheless, in 2017, evidence suggests that Homo sapiens may have migrated from Africa as early as 120,000 years ago, particularly into Asia,[36][37] and even as early as 270,000 years ago, much earlier than the 60,000 years ago thought previously.[38][39]
South Asia and AustraliaEdit
Dating of teeth from China provides evidence of an early migration of modern humans from Africa into Southeast Asia before 80,000 - 120,000 years ago.[40]
The later major migration from Africa traveled along the coast of Arabia and Persia to India and the rest of South Asia. Along the way H. sapiens interbred with Neanderthals and Denisovans,[41] with Denisovan DNA making 0.2% of mainland Asian and Native American DNA.[42] David Reich of Harvard University and Mark Stoneking of the Planck Institute team, found genetic evidence that Denisovan ancestry is shared by Melanesians, Australian Aborigines, and smaller scattered groups of people in Southeast Asia, such as the Mamanwa, a Negrito people in the Philippines suggesting the interbreeding took place in Eastern Asia where the Denisovans lived.[43][44][45] Denisovans may have crossed the Wallace Line, with Wallacea serving as their last refugium.[46][47] Homo erectus crossed the Lombok gap reaching as far as Flores, but never made it to Australia.[48]
During this time sea level was much lower and most of Maritime Southeast Asia formed one land mass known as Sunda. Migration continued Southeast on the coastal route to the straits between Sunda and Sahul, the continental land mass of present-day Australia and New Guinea. The gaps on the Weber Line are up to 90 km wide,[49] so the migration to Australia and New Guinea would have required seafaring skills. Migration also continued along the coast eventually turning northeast to China and finally reaching Japan before turning inland. This is evidenced by the pattern of mitochondrial haplogroups descended from haplogroup M, and in Y-chromosome haplogroup C.
Sequencing of one Aboriginal genome from an old hair sample in Western Australia, revealed that the individual was descended from people who migrated into East Asia between 62,000 and 75,000 years ago. This supports the theory of a single migration into Australia and New Guinea before the arrival of Modern Asians (between 25,000 to 38,000 years ago) and their later migration into North America.[50] This migration is believed to have happened around 50,000 years ago, before Australia and New Guinea were separated by rising sea levels approximately 8,000 years ago.[51][52] This is supported by a date of 50,000 - 60,000 years ago for the oldest evidence of settlement in Australia,[16][53] around 40,000 years ago for the oldest human remains[16] The earliest humans artefacts are at least 65,000 years old[54] and the extinction Australian megafauna by humans between 46,000 and 15,000 years ago advocated by Tim Flannery,[55] which is similar to what happened in the Americas. The continued use of stone age tools in Australia has been much debated.[56]
Europe is thought to have been colonized by northwest-bound migrants from Central Asia and the Middle East, as a result of cultural adaption to big game hunting of sub-glacial steppe fauna.[57] When the first anatomically modern humans entered Europe, Neanderthals were already settled there. Debate exists whether modern human populations interbred with Neanderthal populations, most of the evidence suggesting that it happened to a small degree rather than complete absorption. Populations of modern humans and Neanderthal overlapped in various regions such as in Iberian peninsula and in the Middle East. Interbreeding may have contributed Neanderthal genes to palaeolithic and ultimately modern Eurasians and Oceanians.
An important difference between Europe and other parts of the inhabited world was the northern latitude. Archaeological evidence suggests humans, whether Neanderthal or Cro-Magnon, reached sites in Arctic Russia by 40,000 years ago.[58]
Around 20,000 BC, approximately 5,000 years after the Neanderthal extinction, the Last Glacial Maximum took place, forcing northern hemisphere inhabitants to migrate to several shelters (known as refugia) until the end of this period. The resulting populations, whether interbred with Neanderthals or not, are then presumed to have resided in those hypothetical refuges during the LGM to ultimately reoccupy Europe where archaic historical populations are considered their descendants. An alternate view is that modern European populations have descended from Neolithic populations in the Middle East that have been well documented in this area. The debate surrounding the origin of Europeans has been worded in terms of cultural diffusion versus demic diffusion.[citation needed] Archeological evidence and genetic evidence strongly support demic diffusion, that a population spread from the Middle East over the last 12,000 years.[citation needed] A scientific genetic concept called the Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor or TMRCA has been used to refute the demic diffusion in favour of cultural diffusion.[59]
Migration of the Cro-Magnons into EuropeEdit
Cro-Magnon are considered the first anatomically modern humans in Europe. They entered Eurasia by the Zagros Mountains (near present-day Iran and eastern Turkey) around 50,000 years ago, with one group rapidly settling coastal areas around the Indian Ocean and one group migrating north to steppes of Central Asia.[23] Modern human remains dating to 43-45,000 years ago have been discovered in Italy[60] and Britain,[61] with the remains found of those that reached the European Russian Arctic 40,000 years ago.[62][63]
Humans colonised the environment west of the Urals, hunting reindeer especially,[64] but were faced with adaptive challenges; winter temperatures averaged from −20 to −30 °C (−4 to −22 °F) while fuel and shelter were scarce. They travelled on foot and relied on hunting highly mobile herds for food. These challenges were overcome through technological innovations: production of tailored clothing from the pelts of fur-bearing animals; construction of shelters with hearths using bones as fuel; and digging of "ice cellars" into the permafrost for storing meat and bones.[64][65]
A mitochondrial DNA sequence of two Cro-Magnons from the Paglicci Cave in Italy, dated to 23,000 and 24,000 years old (Paglicci 52 and 12), identified the mtDNA as Haplogroup N, typical of the latter group.[66] The inland group is the founder of both North- and East Asians, Caucasoids and large sections of the Middle East population. Migration from the Black Sea area into Europe started sometime around 45,000 years ago, probably across the Bosphorus and along the Danubian corridor. By 20,000 years ago, the whole of Continental Europe had been settled.
(YBP=Years before present)
Competition with NeanderthalsEdit
The expansion of modern human population is thought to have begun 45,000 years ago, and may have taken 15,000-20,000 years for Europe to be colonized.[68][69]
During this time the Neanderthals were slowly being displaced. Because it took so long for Europe to be occupied, it appears that humans and Neanderthals may have been constantly competing for territory. The Neanderthals had larger brains, and were larger overall, with a more robust or heavily built frame, which suggests that they were physically stronger than modern Homo sapiens. Having lived in Europe for 200,000 years, they would have been better adapted to the cold weather. The anatomically modern humans known as the Cro-Magnons, with widespread trade networks, superior technology and bodies likely better suited to running, would eventually completely displace the Neanderthals, whose last refuge was in the Iberian peninsula. After about 25,000 years ago the fossil record of the Neanderthals ends, indicating that they had become extinct. The last known population lived around a cave system on the remote south-facing coast of Gibraltar from 30,000 to 24,000 years ago.
From the extent of linkage disequilibrium, it was estimated that the last Neanderthal gene flow into early ancestors of Europeans occurred 47,000–65,000 years BP. In conjunction with archaeological and fossil evidence, the gene flow is thought likely to have occurred somewhere in Western Eurasia, possibly the Middle East.[70] Studies show a higher Neanderthal admixture in East Asians than in Europeans.[71][72] North African groups share a similar excess of derived alleles with Neanderthals as do non-African populations, whereas Sub-Saharan African groups are the only modern human populations that generally did not experience Neanderthal admixture.[73] The Neanderthal-linked haplotype B006 of the dystrophin gene has also been found among nomad pastoralist groups in the Sahel and Horn of Africa, who are associated with northern populations. Consequently, the presence of this B006 haplotype on the northern and northeastern perimeter of Sub-Saharan Africa is attributed to gene flow from a non-African point of origin.[74]
Three-part origin of modern EuropeansEdit
Evidence published in 2014 from genome analysis of ancient human remains suggests that the modern native populations of Europe largely descend from three distinct lines: Hunter-gatherers who lived 45,000 years ago and most probably originated in the second human migration out of Africa into Europe, early agriculturists who moved into Europe about 9,000 years ago and mixed in, and finally a population of pontic-caspian steppe nomads who contributed DNA (and Indo-European languages) to a wide range of modern humans including native Americans.[75]
Central and Northern AsiaEdit
Mitochondrial haplogroups A, B and G originated about 50,000 years ago, and bearers subsequently colonized Siberia, Korea and Japan, by about 35,000 years ago. Parts of these populations migrated to North America.
A Paleolithic site on the Yana River, Siberia, at 71°N, lies well above the Arctic circle and dates to 27,000 radiocarbon years before present, during glacial times. This site shows that people adapted to this harsh, high-latitude, Late Pleistocene environment much earlier than previously thought.[76]
Paleo-Indians originated from Central Asia, crossing the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska.[77] Humans lived throughout the Americas by the end of the last glacial period, or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum, no earlier than 23,000 years before present.[77][78][79][80] Details of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the American continent, including the dates and the routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.[81]
Dates for Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia are a matter of current debate. Estimates range from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago.[82][83][84]
The routes of migration are also debated. The traditional theory is that these early migrants moved when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the Quaternary glaciation,[78][81] following herds of now-extinct pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.[85] Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using primitive boats, they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America as far as Chile.[86] Any archaeological evidence of coastal occupation during the last Ice Age would now have been covered by the sea level rise, up to a hundred metres since then.[87] The recent finding of Australoid genetic markers in Amazonia supports the coastal route hypothesis.[88][89]
See alsoEdit
- ^ Out of Africa I: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/anthropology+%26+archaeology/book/978-90-481-9035-5
- ^ Garcia, T.; Féraud, G.; Falguères, C.; de Lumley, H.; Perrenoud, C.; Lordkipanidze, D. (2010). "Earliest human remains in Eurasia: New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Dmanisi hominid-bearing levels, Georgia". Quaternary Geochronology. 5 (4): 443–451. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2009.09.012.
- ^ R. Zhu et al. (2004), New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia.
- ^ Rixiang Zhu; Zhisheng An; Richard Pott; Kenneth A. Hoffman (June 2003). "Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans in China" (PDF). Earth Science Reviews. 61 (3–4): 191–361. Bibcode:2003ESRv...61..191A. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00110-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24.
- ^ Hopkin M (2008-03-26). "'Fossil find is oldest European yet'". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2008.691.
- ^ Bednarik RG (2003). "Seafaring in the Pleistocene". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 13 (1): 41–66. doi:10.1017/S0959774303000039.
ScienceNews summary
- ^ Finlayson, Clive (2005). "Biogeography and evolution of the genus Homo". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. Elsevier. 20 (8): 457–463. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.05.019. PMID 16701417.
- ^ a b c d Lopez, Saioa; van Dorp, Lucy; Hellenthal, Garrett (2016). "Human Dispersal Out of Africa: A Lasting Debate". Evolutionary Bioinformatics: 57. doi:10.4137/EBO.S33489. ISSN 1176-9343.
- ^ Hammer, M.F.; Woerner, A.E.; Mendez, F.L.; Watkins, J.C.; Wall, J.D. (2011). "Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (37): 15123–15128. doi:10.1073/pnas.1109300108. PMC 3174671 . PMID 21896735.
- ^ Callaway, E. (26 July 2012). "Hunter-gatherer genomes a trove of genetic diversity". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2012.11076.
- ^ Lachance, J.; Vernot, B.; Elbers, C.C.; Ferwerda, B.; Froment, A.; Bodo, J.M.; et al. (2012). "Evolutionary History and Adaptation from High-Coverage Whole-Genome Sequences of Diverse African Hunter-Gatherers". Cell. 150 (3): 457–469. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.009. PMC 3426505 . PMID 22840920.
- ^ Mcdougall, I.; Brown, H.; Fleagle, G. (Feb 2005). "Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia". Nature. 433 (7027): 733–736. Bibcode:2005Natur.433..733M. doi:10.1038/nature03258. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15716951.
- ^ White, T. D.; Asfaw, B.; Degusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Clark Howell, F. (2003). "Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". Nature. 423 (6941): 742–7. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..742W. doi:10.1038/nature01669. PMID 12802332.
- ^ Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). "Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22114. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- ^ "Hints Of Earlier Human Exit From Africa". Science News. doi:10.1126/science.1199113. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ a b c Bowler, James M.; et al. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia". Nature. 421 (6925): 837–840. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..837B. doi:10.1038/nature01383. PMID 12594511.
- ^ "Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought". The New York Times. 2011-11-02.
- ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140820-neanderthal-dating-bones-archaeology-science/
- ^ Gavashelishvili, A.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2016). "Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 (5): 563–574. doi:10.1111/geb.12437.
- ^ "A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA". Nature. 544: 479–483. doi:10.1038/nature22065.
- ^ Science Daily, Science Daily (18 November 2004). "New Evidence Puts Man In North America 50,000 Years Ago". www.sciencedaily.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- ^ Staff (October 3, 2014). "Cave containing earliest human DNA dubbed historic". Phys.org. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
- ^ a b "Atlas of human journey: 45 -- 40,000". The genographic project. National Geographic Society. 1996–2010. Retrieved 2015. Check date values in:
- ^ Harpending, Henry; Cochran, Gregory (2009). THE 10,000 YEAR EXPLOSION (PDF). Basic Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-465-00221-4. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
- ^ Ambrose, Stanley (1998). "Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans". Journal of Human Evolution. 34 (6): 623–651. doi:10.1006/jhev.1998.0219. PMID 9650103.
- ^ Misconceptions Around Mitochondrial Eve, Alec MacAndrew.
- ^ BBC World News "Africa's genetic secrets unlocked", 1 May 2009; the results were published in the online edition of the journal Science.
- ^ Lawler, Andrew (2011). "Did Modern Humans Travel Out of Africa Via Arabia?". Science. 331 (6016): 387. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..387L. doi:10.1126/science.331.6016.387. PMID 21273459.
- ^ Trail of 'Stone Breadcrumbs' Reveals the Identity of One of the First Human Groups to Leave Africa ScienceDaily (Nov. 30, 2011) http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111130171049.htm
- ^ Hints of earlier human exit from Africa, http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/69197/title/Hints_of_earlier_human_exit_from_Africa
- ^ Liu, Wu; et al. (2010). "Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern human emergence in East Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (45): 19201–19206. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014386107. PMC 2984215 . PMID 20974952. (the authors seem to accept that the individual has African recent ascentry, but with Asian archaic human admixture). See also Robin Dennell, Two interpretations of the Zhirendong mandible described by Liu and colleagues, Nature Volume: 468, 25 November 2010, pages: 512–513, doi:10.1038/468512a; Brief comments at Modern Humans Emerged Far Earlier Than Previously Thought, Fossils from China Suggest, ScienceDaily (Oct. 25, 2010) http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025172924.htm; and Oldest Modern Human Outside of Africa Found: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/101025-oldest-human-fossil-china-out-of-africa-science/
- ^ Shena, Guanjun; et al. (2002). "U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China". Journal of Human Evolution. 43 (6): 817–829. doi:10.1006/jhev.2002.0601. PMID 12473485.
- ^ Lunadong fossils support theory of earlier dispersal of modern man
- ^ Balter, Michael (2010). "Of Two Minds About Toba's Impact". Science. 327 (5970): 1187–1188. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1187B. doi:10.1126/science.327.5970.1187-a. PMID 20203021.
- ^ "Both Australian Aborigines and Europeans Rooted in Africa". News.softpedia.com. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
- ^ Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. (8 December 2017). "On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives". Science. 358 (6368): eaai9067. doi:10.1126/science.aai9067. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Kuo, Lily (10 December 2017). "Early humans migrated out of Africa much earlier than we thought". Quartz. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Zimmer, Carl (4 July 2017). "In Neanderthal DNA, Signs of a Mysterious Human Migration". New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ^ Posth, Cosimo; et al. (4 July 2017). "Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals". Nature Communications. doi:10.1038/ncomms16046. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ^ "Teeth from China reveal early human trek out of Africa". nature.com. Retrieved 2015-10-23.
- ^ Dennell, Robin; Petraglia, Michael D. (2012). "The dispersal of Homo sapiens across southern Asia: how early, how often, how complex?". Quaternary Science Reviews. 47: 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.002.
- ^ Prüfer, Kay; et al. (2013). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature. 505 (7481): 43–49. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...43P. doi:10.1038/nature12886. PMC 4031459 . PMID 24352235. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (22 September 2011), "First Aboriginal genome sequenced", Nature, Nature News, doi:10.1038/news.2011.551
- ^ Reich; et al. (2011), "Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (4): 516–28, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005, PMC 3188841 , PMID 21944045
- ^ Choi, Charles (22 September 2011), Now-Extinct Relative Had Sex with Humans Far and Wide, LiveScience
- ^ Cooper A.; Stringer C.B. (2013), "Did the Denisovans Cross the Wallace Line", Science, 342 (6156): 321–3, doi:10.1126/science.1244869, PMID 24136958
- ^ "Humans dated ancient Denisovan relatives beyond the Wallace Line".
- ^ First Mariners – Archaeology Magazine Archive. Archive.archaeology.org. Retrieved on 2013-11-16.
- ^ "Pleistocene Sea Level Maps". Fieldmuseum.org. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Rasmussen, M; et al. (Oct 2011). "An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia". Science. 334 (6052): 94–8. doi:10.1126/science.1211177. PMC 3991479 . PMID 21940856.
- ^ Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, et al. (May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104 (21): 8726–30. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8726H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570 . PMID 17496137.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (2007-05-08). "From DNA Analysis, Clues to a Single Australian Migration". Australia: Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ Clarkson, Chris; Smith, Mike; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley A.; Faulkner, Patrick; Manne, Tiina; Hayes, Elspeth; Roberts, Richard G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Carah, Xavier; Lowe, Kelsey M.; Matthews, Jacqueline; Florin, S. Anna (June 2015). "The archaeology, chronology and stratigraphy of Madjedbebe (Malakunanja II): A site in northern Australia with early occupation". Journal of Human Evolution. 83: 46–64. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.03.014. PMID 25957653.
- ^ Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Marwick, Ben; Fullagar, Richard; Wallis, Lynley; Smith, Mike; Roberts, Richard G.; Hayes, Elspeth; Lowe, Kelsey; Carah, Xavier; Florin, S. Anna; McNeil, Jessica; Cox, Delyth; Arnold, Lee J.; Hua, Quan; Huntley, Jillian; Brand, Helen E. A.; Manne, Tiina; Fairbairn, Andrew; Shulmeister, James; Lyle, Lindsey; Salinas, Makiah; Page, Mara; Connell, Kate; Park, Gayoung; Norman, Kasih; Murphy, Tessa; Pardoe, Colin (19 July 2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago". Nature. 547 (7663): 306–310. doi:10.1038/nature22968.
- ^ Flannery, Tim (2002), "The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People" (Grove Press)
- ^ Mellars, Paul (11 August 2006). "Going East: New Genetic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Modern Human Colonization of Eurasia". Science. 313 (5788): 796–800. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..796M. doi:10.1126/science.1128402. PMID 16902130. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
- ^ Oppenheimer, Stephen "Out of Eden: Peopling of the World" (Robinson; New Ed edition (March 1, 2012))
- ^ Pavlov, Pavel; John Inge Svendsen; Svein Indrelid (Sep 6, 2001). "Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago". Nature. 413 (6851): 64–67. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...64P. doi:10.1038/35092552. PMID 11544525.
- ^ "A Comparison of Y-Chromosome Variation in Sardinia and Anatolia Is More Consistent with Cultural Rather than Demic Diffusion of Agriculture". Plosone.org. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ Benazzi, S.; Douka, K.; Fornai, C.; Bauer, C. C.; Kullmer, O.; Svoboda, J. Í.; Pap, I.; Mallegni, F.; Bayle, P.; Coquerelle, M.; Condemi, S.; Ronchitelli, A.; Harvati, K.; Weber, G. W. (2011). "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour". Nature. 479 (7374): 525–8. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..525B. doi:10.1038/nature10617. PMID 22048311.
- ^ Higham, T.; Compton, T.; Stringer, C.; Jacobi, R.; Shapiro, B.; Trinkaus, E.; Chandler, B.; Gröning, F.; Collins, C.; Hillson, S.; o'Higgins, P.; Fitzgerald, C.; Fagan, M. (2011). "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe". Nature. 479 (7374): 521–4. Bibcode:2011Natur.479..521H. doi:10.1038/nature10484. PMID 22048314.
- ^ Pavlov, Pavel; Svendsen, John Inge; Indrelid, Svein (2001). "Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago". Nature. 413 (6851): 64–7. doi:10.1038/35092552. PMID 11544525.
- ^ "Mamontovaya Kurya:an enigmatic, nearly 40000 years old Paleolithic site in the Russian Arctic" (PDF).
- ^ a b Hoffecker, J. (2006). A Prehistory of the North: Human Settlements of the Higher Latitudes. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. p. 101.
- ^ Hoffecker, John F. (2002). Desolate landscapes: Ice-Age settlement in Eastern Europe. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 158–162, 217–233.
- ^ Caramelli, D; Lalueza-Fox, C; Vernesi, C; Lari, M; Casoli, A; Mallegni, F; Chiarelli, B; Dupanloup, I; Bertranpetit, J; Barbujani, G; Bertorelle, G (May 2003). "Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (11): 6593–7. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.6593C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1130343100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 164492 . PMID 12743370.
- ^ Currat M, Excoffier L (2004). "Modern Humans Did Not Admix with Neanderthals during Their Range Expansion into Europe". PLoS Biol. 2 (12): e421. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020421. PMC 532389 . PMID 15562317.
- ^ Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM (2001). "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC Genet. 2 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13. PMC 55343 . PMID 11553319.
- ^ Currat M, Excoffier L (Dec 2004). "Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe". PLoS Biol. 2 (12): e421. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020421. PMC 532389 . PMID 15562317.
- ^ Sankararaman, S.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.; Pääbo, S.; Reich, D; Akey, J.M. (2012). "The Date of Interbreeding between Neandertals and Modern Humans". PLoS Genetics. 8 (10): e1002947. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002947. PMC 3464203 . PMID 23055938.
- ^ Meyer, M.; Kircher, M.; Gansauge, M.T.; Li, H.; Racimo, F.; Mallick, S.; et al. (2012). "A High-Coverage Genome Sequence from an Archaic Denisovan Individual". Science. 338 (6104): 222–226. doi:10.1126/science.1224344. PMC 3617501 . PMID 22936568.
- ^ Wall, J.D.; Yang, M.A.; Jay, F.; Kim, S.K.; Durand, E.Y.; Stevison, L.S.; et al. (2013). "Higher Levels of Neanderthal Ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans". Genetics. 194 (1): 199–209. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.148213.
- ^ Sánchez-Quinto, F.; Botigué, L.R.; Civit, S.; Arenas, C.; Ávila-Arcos, M.C.; Bustamante, C.D.; et al. (2012). "North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals". PLoS ONE. 7 (10): e47765. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765. PMC 3474783 . PMID 23082212.
We found that North African populations have a significant excess of derived alleles shared with Neandertals, when compared to sub-Saharan Africans. This excess is similar to that found in non-African humans, a fact that can be interpreted as a sign of Neandertal admixture. Furthermore, the Neandertal's genetic signal is higher in populations with a local, pre-Neolithic North African ancestry. Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
- ^ Yotova, Vania et al. (2011). "An X-linked haplotype of Neandertal origin is present among all non-African populations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (7): 1957–1962. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Of 1,420 sub-Saharan chromosomes, only one copy of B006 was observed in Ethiopia, and five in Burkina Faso, one among the Rimaibe and four among the Fulani and Tuareg, nomad-pastoralists known for having contacts with northern populations (supplementary table S1, Supplementary Material online). B006 only occurrence at the northern and northeastern outskirts of sub-Saharan Africa is thus likely to be a result of gene flow from a non-African source.
- ^ Gibbons, Ann (4 September 2014). "Three-part ancestry for Europeans". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS Site: Humans in the Arctic Before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–6. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419.
- ^ a b Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man - A Genetic Odyssey (Digitised online by Google books). Random House. pp. 138–140. ISBN 0-8129-7146-9. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ a b Fitzhugh, Drs. William; Goddard, Ives; Ousley, Steve; Owsley, Doug; Stanford., Dennis. "Paleoamerican". Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office. Archived from the original on 2009-01-05. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ "A DNA Search for the First Americans Links Amazon Groups to Indigenous Australians". Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
- ^ Bonatto, S. L.; Salzano, F. M. (1997). "A single and early migration for the peopling of greater America supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (5): 1866–1871. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866. PMC 20009 . PMID 9050871.
- ^ a b "Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project". National Geographic Society. 1996–2008. Archived from the original on 2011-05-01. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
- ^ "Introduction". Government of Canada. Parks Canada. 2009. Archived from the original on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago like the U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago
- ^ "Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats". Vuntut National Park of Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2010-01-10.
However, despite the lack of conclusive or widespread evidence, there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago, and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago.
- ^ "Journey of mankind". Bradshaw Foundation. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health". Scientific American. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ "Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America". American Antiquity, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Jan., 1979), p2. 44: 55–69. JSTOR 279189.[dead link]
- ^ "68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'"". Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ^ accessed 26th October 2015 Genetic studies link indigenous peoples in the Amazon and Australasia Science Daily, July 21, 2015.
- ^ Callaway, Ewen (2015). "'Ghost population' hints at long-lost migration to the Americas: Present-day Amazonians share an unexpected genetic link with Asian islanders, hinting at an ancient trek". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18029.
Further readingEdit
- Jared Diamond, Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years, 1997.
- Veeramah, Krishna R.; Hammer, Michael F. (4 February 2014). "The impact of whole-genome sequencing on the reconstruction of human population history". Nature Reviews Genetics. 15 (3): 149–162. doi:10.1038/nrg3625. PMID 24492235.
- Demeter F, Shackelford LL, Bacon AM, Duringer P, Westaway K, Sayavongkhamdy T, Braga J, Sichanthongtip P, Khamdalavong P, Ponche JL, et al. (2012). "Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (36): 14375–14380. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10914375D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208104109. PMC 3437904 . PMID 22908291.


text:
Hour Game
|Average rating
|Based on 3,940 Ratings and 518 Reviews
Book Description
Two disgraced former Secret Service officers team up to solve a series of copy-cat crimes in this exciting new thriller by a master of the game. Sean King was momentarily distracted when a presidential candidate he'd been guarding was assassinated a few feet from where he stood, and Michelle Maxwell left the Service under a similar cloud when she lost a "protectee" to an ingenious kidnapping schem... More
Book Information
|Grand Central Publishing
|Audio CD (38 editions)
|Reading Level
|# of Pages
|Publication Date
Read the First Chapter of Hour Game for Free
The Creators
About David Baldacci (Author) : David Baldacci is a published author of children's books. Some of the published credits of David Baldacci include The Winner, Hour Game.
View David Baldacci's profile
View David Baldacci's profile
About Ron McLarty (Reader) : Ron McLarty is a published author and a narrator of children's books, young adult books, and adult books. Some of the published credits of Ron McLarty include The Memory of Running (Unabridged), The M... more
View Ron McLarty's profile
View Ron McLarty's profile
Reader Comments
J.Anthony Yuse tagged as: I read
Amy Moreno tagged as: I Read
Amazon US ReviewsWrite a review on Amazon.com for this book
Amazon UK ReviewsWrite a review on Amazon.co.uk for this book
Barnes & Noble ReviewsWrite a review on Barnes & Noble for this book
Goodreads ReviewsWrite a review on Goodreads for this book

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Israel News
Business & Innovation
Middle East
American Politics
Edition française
Green Israel
Pope in red 311 AP.
(photo credit: AP)
This past Saturday, a synod of bishops in Rome tossed the theological equivalent
of a hand grenade, threatening to blow up decades of efforts to improve
Catholic- Jewish relations.In a press conference at the Vatican,
Monsignor Cyril Salim Bustros, a Greek Melkite archbishop from Boston and
president of the Church's Commission for the Message, launched a blistering
attack against the very foundation of Jewish belief.
By SETH J. FRANTZMAN
By CAROLINE B. GLICK
Sponsored Content
By ELY KARMON
By LETTERS TO THE EDITOR
By DANIEL S. MARIASCHIN
Please insert a valid email address


text:
Hair Removal Fictions
Hair Removal Fictions – There is no lack of hair removal myths. We'll uncover these hair removal fictions in this video.
Expert: Cary Zdenek General Manager of Operations for Strip USA / Licensed Esthetician
Here's another popular misconception – shaving your underarm hair leaves you with darker armpit skin. The pigment in your skin is in no way affected by shaving. But, since you're cutting the hair at skin level, the slight stubble can make the skin APPEAR darker.
It's also not true that laser hair removal can permanently damage your skin. In fact, the laser penetrates only one to four millimeters deep into the skin, which isn't enough to do much harm. Sure it may hurt, but it's no worse than a mild sunburn.
And that leads us to our last hair removal myth – a single laser treatment permanently removes hair. First, lasers can't permanently remove hair, but they CAN permanently reduce growth. And secondly, it takes between four to seven sessions to have around an 80 percent overall body hair removal success rate.
Last Modified: 2012-11-17
Source: healthguru.com
Category: Beauty Articles, Useful Cool Fun


text:
Forgot your password? Enter the email address you signed up with and we will send you a link to create a new password.
Your password reset has been submitted to the address provided.
Not specified
Computer game software; Computer game cartridges; Computer game cassettes; Computer game discs; Computer game tapes - Video game machines for use with television receivers
Business in Chuo-ku, Osaka, JP


text:
Music and Dementia with Cyrus Meurant
Composer, Cyrus Meurant, was Sylvia's guest on Arts Wednesday 14 March 2017, talking about his latest compositions and CD, created for patients with dementia. He talks about the commission, how the music relates to the moods of patients and how the music comes about. Listen to the conversation below along with his compositions, for Wednesday.
First up Wednesday morning:
And now for Part 1 of our conversation:
This next track is Cyrus' composition for Wednesday afternoon:
This is Part 2 of the conversation:
Now let's listen to Cyrus' Wednesday evening composition:
This Part 3 of the conversation:
Ans we conclude with the last Wednesday composition – night.
Music on this podcast comes from the CD Monday to Friday by Cyrus Meurant, with his permission.


text:
At Kiholo Bay, very cool fresh-water from the surrouding lava fields makes its way
into the warm tropical salt water of the bay, forming two layers that give this scene
its characteristic blue-green opalescence. Turtles use this remote area to rest after
an exhausting day after foraging underwater for Limu (seaweed), their main diet.
© All images copyright Yves Rubin. Please e-mail for sales/licensing inquiries.


text:
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 Free Download
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 Free Download Latest OEM RTM version. It is Full Bootable ISO Image of Windows 7 AIO July 2016 For 32/64 Bit.
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 Overview
Amongst all the Windows versions released by Microsoft Windows XP & 7 are the ones which had made their mark and are still in use by majority of the users due to their stability and enhanced security. Though Microsoft has recently launched Windows 10 but still people are more tilted towards Windows 7. You can also download Windows 7 Ultimate Download ISO 32 64 Bit Official.
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO is a pack which has got all of the Windows 7 versions which includes Windows 7 Home Premium (32/64 Bit), Professional (32/64 Bit), Ultimate (32/64 Bit) and Enterprise (32/64 Bit). All of these versions have got handwriting recognition features plus has got support for virtual hard disks. The boot performance has also been on improving grounds. A new version of Windows Media Centre has been included. The taskbar has also been greatly enhanced and there are lots of visuals changes included. It also includes Windows Live Writer which will let you write some spectacular blogs. You can also download Windows 7 Home Basic.
Features of Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit
Below are some noticeable features which you'll experience after Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit free download.
- Complete package which has got almost all Windows 7 editions.
- This package includes
- Windows 7 Home Premium (32/64 Bit)
- Windows 7 Professional (32/64 Bit)
- Windows 7 Ultimate (32/64 Bit)
- Windows 7 Enterprise (32/64 Bit)
- Got hand written recognition features.
- Got support for virtual hard disks.
- Enhanced boot performance.
- New Windows Media Centre has been included.
- Improved taskbar with many visual changes.
- Windows Live Writer included for writing stunning blogs.
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit Technical Setup Details
- Software Full Name: Windows 7 AIO July 2016
- Setup File Name: Windows_7_AIO_SP1_July_2016.iso
- Full Setup Size: 4.2 GB
- Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup
- Compatibility Architecture: 32 Bit (x86) / 64 Bit (x64)
- Latest Version Release Added On: 11th Aug 2016
- Developers: Homepage
System Requirements For Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit
Before you start Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 Free Download, make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements.
- Memory (RAM): 1 GB of RAM required.
- Hard Disk Space: 16 GB of free space required.
- Processor: 1 GHz Intel Pentium processor or later.
Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 Free Download
Click on below button to start Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit Free Download. This is complete offline installer and standalone setup for Windows 7 AIO All in One July 2016 ISO 32 / 64 Bit. This would be compatible with both 32 bit and 64 bit windows.
July 2016 copies Had some Issues. So Please use Sep 2016 copies.
32 Bit x86
64 Bit x64
Related Posts
- Windows 7 SP1 AIO ISO x64 Sep 2016 Free Download
- Windows 7 SP1 32 Bit 64 Bit 24in1 ISO Nov 2016 Free Download
- Dell Genuine Windows 7 Ultimate OEM ISO Free Download
- Windows 7 Ultimate SP1 Nov 2016 32/64 ISO Download
- Windows 7 SP1 AIO x64 Oct 2016 ISO Free Download
- Windows 7 SP1 AIO ISO x86 Sep 2016 Free Download
This one includes all updates till July 2016
how to get member ship in getinto pc please i want to join tjis site
Thank you so much for comment
Thanks 😉
- Fna Bolo
Just a note Ocean of Games seems to be blocked at least for my ISP. Can access with Tor browser but IE and Opera and that crappy win 10 browser wont open site..just to let you know..and ty for all the wonderful effort and awesome work from you and your team.
Which error do you get from ISP?
Install 32 bit x86 if you have RAM less than 4GB
Installation Screen Aye Ge To 32 bit (x86) Install Kro Ga Abi Windows Files Loading Bhe Nahi Ata Us sy Phely He Error A Jata Hy
Or Es Ke Elawa VirtualBox Me Bhe Error A Raha Hy
Your download seems corrupted. Use IDM to download and create Bootable usb using rufus
Yes it does
Your ISO is corrupted. Redownload with IDM
- Abdul Raouff Siddiqui
hi need ms office 2007
- Marek Spoko Sukal
Hey Fatima is this version having all recent updates up to July 2016 integrated.
I am having a problem to find win 7 all versions with all the updates included as there is a problem with windows update recently. I have tried over 8 different versions and all possible ways to fix it as I found in various articles and lots of YT videos.
I am struggling to find Win 7 All versions 32+64 bit with all updates included. untouched without clutter and root-kit.
If not could you provide a link if if you have it in your database? Thanks
- bala selva
No doubt
It is perfect windows 7 os……
Yeah….! Its Perfectly Working
Thanks Miss Fatima…!
- Dejan Matić
Hvala Fatima**@
you misspell acer
- Prashant Choudhary
Dear fathima I was downloading this. but 3.75 GB has been completed. But now a error is showing that is out of space. And downloading is not complete. I have 10 GB free space. So please help me. Thanks dear.
You are most welcome. Do share with all of your friends
Yes. But installing via USB is fast. Create bootable Image using rufus
- Utkarsh
Thanks Fatima….:)Keep up this amazing work
- David
Check in the operating systems section. there is one with all the requirements that you highlighted. it's about 10GB though.
which issue are you facing?
How did you burn on DVD? Which tool used?
Did you try to install via Rufus?
Sorry for trouble. Can you try the below version? The below ones are tested by me. I apologize for issue in above one. The below Sep 2016 ones are also untouched original
- Vivek Anand
this ISO file is good.., THANKSSSS MISS FATIMA…..
but 1 problem……. system booting time atuomatic go to "windows boot manager" and then press enter. goto booting…
every time this problem. can you help me..
- Joshua Dela Cruz
Is this untouched?


text:
Our latest song is The Distance
by Drugstore Fanatics
Now on Xbox for $1
|Forum Songs Reviews Videos Contact
Released November 9, 2010 for Rock Band
Bon Jovi Greatest Hits: Rock Band Edition
2449 users have this song ($2)
Genre: Rock
Album: Greatest Hits (2000)
LunaticSoul - "Let's be clear. This is THE party song. When you ask someone..." -- Read more
New Review / Discussion / Video
Rock Band and all related titles and logos are trademarks of Harmonix Music Systems, Inc. DLC Quickplay is not affiliated with nor officially endorsed by this company.


text:
Are looking for JEE Mains Exam Syllabus 2017 ?? if yes ! you are at the right place . yes ! here in this site we are providing JEE Mains Exam Syllabus 2017 . the candidates who are applied to JEE Mains Exam posts you can get the JEE Mains Exam Syllabus 2017 for download in this page.In this page, we are providing the Latest Updates for JEE Mains Exam Syllabus and Test Pattern.
Post Highlights
JEE Mains Exam Syllabus 2017 :
The candidates who are searching for government jobs they must need the JEE Mains Exam Syllabus. here in this site we are provided all the JEE Mains Exam Syllabus. it is good opportunity for all the candidates . it will be very useful for those candidates who are willing to work in government sector they can apply for JEE Mains Exam posts. Applicants can check the JEE Mains Exam Syllabus & Test Pattern to prepare for the JEE Mains Exam Exam. JEE Mains Exam exam Previous Papers Pdf link is also given below.
The JEE Mains Exam Syllabus pdf for download will be provided by us in this site. For this examination, the applicants have to be prepared with the reference of the Previous Papers and JEE Mains Exam Syllabus Pattern 2017 as mentioned in the below section.Download JEE Mains Exam Syllabus pdf and well prepare for JEE Mains Exam examinations.
JEE Mains Exam Papers Pdf Download:
we have updated JEE Mains Exam Previous Papers in our website. Previous Papers will help you to clear the exam more easily. get good score in JEE Mains Exam exams by following our site jobschat.
About Central Board of Secondary Education:
The first education board to be set up in India was the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education in 1921, which was under the jurisdiction of Rajputana, Central India, and Gwalior. In 1929, the government of India set up a joint Board named "Board of High School and
Intermediate Education, Rajputana". This included Ajmer, Merwara, Central India and Gwalior. Later it was confined to Ajmer, Bhopal, and Vindhya Pradesh. In 1952, it became the "Central Board of Secondary Education". CBSE conducts the final examinations for Class 10 and Class 12 every year in the month of March. The results are announced by the end of May. The board earlier conducted the AIEEE Examination for admission to undergraduate courses in engineering and architecture in colleges across India. However, the AIEEE exam was merged with the IIT-Joint Entrance Exam (JEE) in 2013. The common examination is now called JEE(Main). CBSE also conducts AIPMT (All India Pre-Medical Test) for admission to major medical colleges in
India. In 2014, the conduct of the National Eligibility Test for grant of junior research fellowship and eligibility for the assistant professor in institutions of higher learning was outsourced to CBSE. Apart from these tests, CBSE also conducts the central teacher's eligibility test and the
Class X optional proficiency test. With the addition of NET in 2014, the CBSE has become the largest exam conducting body in the world.
JEE Mains Exam Test pattern:
JEE Mains Exam Exam Pattern is also available here. The written examination for JEE Mains Exam post will consist of questions from 3 sections, which are Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry. An exam would be conducted for 360 marks. Each topic in the JEE Mains Exam Exam will cover questions from different subjects.
|No.of questions
JEE Main 2017 Syllabus for Intermediate 1st year (Class 11):
|Mole concept
|Compound angles
|Newton's laws of motion
|Nomenclature of the organic compounds
|Quadratic equations and expressions.
|Circular motion
|Chemical bonding
|Sequence and progression
|Unit, dimension, measurement
|Periodic table and its properties
|Logarithms and related expressions
|Momentum and collision
|Electronic displacement effect
|Solutions of the triangle.
|Rotational dynamics
|Atomic structure
|Straight line and pair of lines.
|Work, power, energy
|Gaseous state
|Trignometric functions, equations, inequations.
|Elasticity, Calorimetry & Thermal expansion
|Redox, and similar concepts
|Permutation and combination.
|Centre of Mass and Inertia
|Simple Harmonic Motion
|Chemical kinetics
|Sets, relations, functions
|Ktg and thermodynamics
|Chemical and ionic equilibrium
|Binomial Theorem
|Mechanical Waves
|Nuclear Chemistry (radioactivity)
|Mathematical induction and reasoning
|Fluid Mechanics
JEE Main 2017 Syllabus for Intermediate 1st year (Class 12):
|Geometrical Optics
|Halogen Derivative
|Limit, Continuity, Derivability
|Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
|Method of differentiation
|Liquid Solution & Surface Chemistry
|Application of Derivatives
|Current Electricity
|Aromatic Hydrocarbons
|Definite Integral
|Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism
|Determinant & Matrices
|Alcohol & Ether
|Nuclear physics and radioactivity
|3-dimensional geometry
|Electromagnetic Induction & AC
|Solid State
|Electronic devices
|Qualitative Analysis
|Differential Equation
|Communication systems
|Carbonyl compounds
|Area under curve
|Dual nature of matter and radiation
|Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry
|Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola
|Errors in Measurements & Instruments
|S, p, d & f block elements
|Complex Number
|Carboxylic acids & its derivative
|Practical Organic Chemistry
This process will help you to plan and structure for your syllabus to completely reach desired instructional goals. This page provides complete and clear information that will guide u from the initial design phases of your course. All the best for your preparation. Visit Jobschat for more information.
Also check :
jobschat.in :


text:
Damacus agrees to comply with UN Security Council's arms plan
Members of rebel brigades parade at a former military academy north of Aleppo. Syrian rebels have expressed disdain for US President Barack Obama after he backed away from striking over alleged chemical weapons attacks, while saying the world doesn't really care about Syria. (AFP)
Follow >
Click here to add Francois Hollande as an alert
Disable alert for Francois Hollande,
Click here to add ITN as an alert
Disable alert for ITN,
Click here to add Omran Al Zoubi as an alert
Disable alert for Omran Al Zoubi,
Click here to add Syrian government as an alert
Disable alert for Syrian government,
Click here to add United Nations as an alert
Disable alert for United Nations
The Syrian government said Sunday it will fully commit to the US-Russian plan that aims to destory its chemical weapons arsenal once it has the approval of the United Nations.
Syria's information minister Omran Al Zoubi, in an interview with British television network ITN, said that the government had already begun preparing the relevant documents to enact the plan.
"Syria is committing itself to whatever comes from the UN," Zoubi told ITN, according to Agence France Presse. "We accept the Russian plan to get rid of our chemical weapons. In fact we've started preparing our list."
Meanwhile, speaking live on TF1 television, French President Francois Hollande said Sunday the US-Russian deal, which was reached over the weekend, is an "important step" but "not an end point," AFP reported
Hollande emphasised that the option of military force must remain on the table, adding that a UN vote on a resolution concerning Syria could take place by the end of next week, according to AFP.
Top Headlines
- U.N. Security Council has failed Syria, inquiry says
- After nuclear deal, world powers could restore sanctions if Iran doesn't comply
- Russian Security Chief: US Strikes on Afghanistan Must Be Approved by UN
- UN Security Council members to discuss draft resolution Friday; Iraq considers it as declaration of war
- IAEA: Iran complying with interim nuclear deal


text:
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
- Meal can be requested on the spot
Best offer
92.40 € / person / night, no meal
Description of the Accommodation
Rooms, services Rahat Palace Hotel former Hyatt Regency Almaty would be glad to host you for a memorable journey in Kazakhstan. Guests looking for accommodation in Almaty are welcome to book 194 nicely furnished rooms at the hotel. You are also welcome at the hotel for a fine local meal in the restaurant. Car parking possibility is available nearby. Refreshing wellness services will be available on the spot, you may also use the steam room, hairdresser's parlour, solarium and indoor pool. Car rental service will help you discover the most important attractions. If you want to stay in good shape during your holiday, you may also take the services of the local gym. Upon preliminary notice airport transfer is provided. The bar provides a nice atmosphere for a romantic evening talk or a personal meeting. Your valuables can be the safely secured in the safe. If you have a suitable portable device, you can connect to the Internet via a wireless network (WiFi) available at the hotel. The exact scope of services offered by Rahat Palace Hotel former Hyatt Regency Almaty (including those for an extra fee) is available on the information sheet below.
Payment Advance payment by credit card or providing credit card guarantee may be necessary for finalizing the reservation, depending on the chosen date, room and price.
Arrival, opening hours The earliest time to check in to your room is 15:00, the latest time to check out of your room is 12:00. The personnel of the hotel can speak with you in Kazakh and English languages.
Rahat Palace Hotel former Hyatt Regency Almaty rooms Rooms
- Please select a date to see the proper prices!
Accommodation services
WiFi in public areas (35 €/night)
Relaxation: Fitness
Car rental nearby
- Wellness section, relaxation
- Indoor pool
- Steam room
- Jacuzzi
- Finnish sauna
- Hairdresser's parlour
- Solarium
Default services: Garden, Bar, Elevator, Safe deposit box
Airport transfer
Own restaurant
Bathrobe, Hairdryer, Desk in the room, Mini-bar


text:
Alternative Title: Attalea cohune
Learn about this topic in these articles:
cohune oil source
oil obtained from the kernels of the fruits, or nuts, of the cohune palm tree, Attalea cohune. The tree grows in western Central America from the Yucatán Peninsula to Honduras. The oil's properties, similar to those of coconut oil, have given it increasing importance. Because the nuts are unusually hard and difficult to crack and their collection and transportation present...


text: So I am sitting at the computer looking at smokers and the wife tells me basically that we don't "need" a smoker at this time what with vacation coming up and other expenses. Well I sit there and stew a bit but basically she was right ) Just then the doorbell rings and she tell's me to stay put. She comes back in and tells me my Fathers Day gift is on the porch and I need to bring it in because it's heavy!!! I head to the porch and viola there is a new MES 30 waiting for daddy!!! I am currently seasoning it as per the instructions but can't WAIT to put that first slab of meat into it. Oh and don't get me started on ABT's YUMMMMMMY!!!! Oh she also got me a great book called "Backyard BBQ, The art of smokeology" by Richard McPeake. Gonna peruse that tonight over a glass of nice Scotch. I will also be pouring over this forum to gain knowledge and tips. Oh and of course I will post my first QuickView once I am up and running. Wheeeeeeeee heading out to a local BBQ heaven called Phil's to quench my cravings for smoke!!!! Scott


text:
A Message from Our President – Fujitec North America
As cities become more sophisticated and buildings increase their height and size, more advanced people-moving systems are needed that are quick, comfortable, and safe. As a leading manufacturer of people-moving systems, Fujitec America, Inc. manufactures, installs and services a vast number of products developed with state-of-the-art technology, such as elevators, escalators and autowalks.
Fujitec America, Inc. has been elevating performance in America's finest buildings since 1978. One thing is certain from our 30-plus years of experience – change. We continue to welcome growth and change in all areas of our operations. We are constantly innovating new technologies and products which strengthens our commitment to long-term growth in the U.S. market.
We have several branch offices strategically located throughout the U.S., including our market leaders in New York and Los Angeles.
We continue to be involved in exciting, new projects and support many customers with service maintenance and modernization on our equipment, as well as equipment of other manufacturers.
Our dedicated team works hard to ensure the utmost quality and safety of our products by utilizing the most sophisticated engineering, manufacturing and installation expertise.


text:
To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
Welcome to Firefox Add-ons.
Choose from thousands of extra features and styles to make Firefox your own.Close
AMO is getting a new look. Would you like to see it?Close
Review for Form History Control by Matthew P.
Cool! Rated 5 out of 5 stars
Works perfectly for what I needed it for :)This review is for a previous version of the add-on (188.8.131.52.1-signed).
To create your own collections, you must have a Mozilla Add-ons account.


text:
Turn your creative passion into a lucrative business by making social media work for you. BlogHer Handmade panels will help you merge the tech world with your art world, to start or build your business. Sessions are available for all skill levels!
Vogue Knitting
Are you a knit wit? From beginning instruction to building a business around your craft, Vogue Knitting Day has got you covered. An incredible assortment of classes—pattern making, project photography, getting published, and hands-on projects—will knock your hand-knit socks off!
MaryJanesFarm has rounded up top food experts, chefs, bloggers, and authors to teach unique classes, share secrets, offer food demonstrations, and conduct panels. From new kitchen skills to food photography tips, our lineup of activities will ignite your passion for food!
TCC Handmade
Whether you're a beginner or a lifer in the crafting world, your passion for handmade treasures is sure to reach a new level in our TCC hands-on workshops. Experienced professionals teach classes in sewing, jewelry, mixed media, painting, styling, photography, and more!


text:
Sorry for the Spam Buffett
Expand Messages
- I wanted to say I am sorry for any inconvenience that you may have suffered as a result of my computer becoming a little overly friendly when it came down with a bug the other night. I have take measures to hopefully prevent it happening again soon.
Good night and be well,
Herr Alexander Adelbrecht von Markelingen
12th Night in T-G-S 2013, Event Steward
Baronial Pursuivant Ayreton
Protègè to Master Etienne le Couteau des Roches, OP
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
Your message has been successfully submitted and would be delivered to recipients shortly.


text:
Foreign Scheduled
Croatia Group Trip, 29 June - 7 July 2018
Dates: 29 June - 7th July '18
Pricing: Diver package starting @ R27 999 per person sharing, non-diver starting @ R21 999 pps
** rates subject to change
Package: Return flights, airport taxes, transfrs, 3 nights Dubrovnik, 2 nights Vela Luka, 2 nights Hvar,
12 day dives
Terms & Conditions apply
* Click here to view the photo gallery & trip review
* Click here for more on Croatia
* Click here for more on diving in Croatia
Croatia, Europe's best-kept diving secret, is the Mediterranean resort holiday for those divers in the know. The landscape is beautiful, filled with protected nature reserves, whilst the island villages are exciting sea side hubs with bags of character. We have hand picked our Croatia islands to give you the best of both worlds making this an ideal choice if you want more than just a scuba diving holiday.
The islands of Dubrovnik, Korcula & Hvar have splendid shopping, great local cuisines, open air cafes, bars and restaurants - more than enough to fill the hours between dives or for non divers. Or escape from the hustle and bustle into the rugged landscape where there is a wealth of wildlife and pathways through the valley ready for exploration.In Croatia, the sea is never far away. The Adriatic has formed throughout the ages to become the crystal blue waters of today. Along its coastline it is peppered with thousands of tiny islands. Divers have yet to explore even a fraction of this and as such, trips to the Adriatic sea often include an element of exploration. With day boat diving, you can see all the highlights of this region in complete comfort.
* Return international flights
* Airport taxes
* All scheduled road and ferry transfers
* 7 nights accommodation (5 nights private apartments, self-catering & 2 nights hotel, including breakast)
* 12 day dives including cylinder and weights
* Daily tourist fee
* All Croatian visa requirements approx. @ R960 per visa
* Visa administration cost of R300 per person
* Travel / Dive / Medical Insurance
* Service fees & tips
* Food and beverages
* Depart Johannesburg TO Dubrovnik
Days 1 - 3
ACCOMMODATION: 3 nights in a private apartment, self-catering, inside the Old Town of Dubrovnik, great location less than 10 minutes stroll to the beach and within walking distance of all the major attractions Dubrovnik has to offer, including cultural attractions, restaurants, bars with settings that you would never be able to imagine, coffee bars, shops, boutiques, churches, theatres etc.
DIVING ON DAYS 2 & 3: After breakfast, on both days, we head out on a 2 dive excursion for the day. Recommended dive sites include these wreck dives: Tomislav & Taranto Wrecks (two famous wreck around Grebeni island) dating from 1943, reef dives include Lokrum (highly highly recommended) and Mala Afrika.
Days 4 & 5
An early morning road trip takes us to the port of Orebic, followed by a short ferry ride to the port of Korčula, and the onto the quaintest little fishermans village of Vela Luka by road (about 45 minutes). Depart @ 07:00am and arrive around 12:40pm
ACCOMMODATION: 2 Nights in a private apartment, self-catering, in Vela Luka, within easy walking distance of the village and a short boat ride across to the dive centre. A fishing village with a small selection of restaurants and bars - but a pizzeria that has been classed in the top 5 in the world!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
DIVING ON DAY 4: Includes 2 afternoon dives
DIVING ON DAY 5: Includes a 2 morning dives
Korčula's archipelago consists of 17 islands and offers a rich configuration of many underwater mountains with peaks, bays and cave. Recommended dive sites include the Blue Hole (highly recommended), Emmantal, the small Susac Lake, which is located on the southwest of Korčula island and includes diving Te Vega and the Reef Margarina. Susak is an open sea island in the Northern Adriatic. It is only 3 km long and 1.5 km wide. It is a completely sandy island, very unusual for this archipelago. The whole northern and north-eastern coast of the island is suitable for diving.
Te Vega is a small 'sea lake' which is entered through a small hole above the water and then into an underwater tunnel which that leads you to the Te Vega sea lake. Surrounded by walls rising 30m above the waterline, the bottom of the sea lake is inhabited by goby and parrotfish. Near the entrance is a large boulder, under which you can pass to the open ocean.
The reef Margarina is a very interesting location offering special diving experience even for the beginner divers. It starts by shallow waters, about 5 m deep. Beginners can enjoy there the rich submarine life and meet shoals of fish. The advanced divers accompanied by expert escorts will dive to bigger depth along the cliff through an underwater canyon beginning a few metres to the left of the centre of the reef, descending to 17 metres. The wreck of the ship used once for transportation of construction materials lies in a cutting of the reef. From this place the ground descends to the greater depth. At a depth of 20 metres there are remains of the pillars used in construction. At that level the wall falls to the depth of about 60m. There are many holes, caves, and cuttings inside the wall. There you can observe various kinds of fish. In the shallow waters of only 4-5 metres you can see fragments of the Greek amphorae.
* EARLY morning transfer via catamaran ferry from Vela Luka to Hvar.
* Depart @ 05:30 and arrive 06:25am arriving in time for a delicious breakfast at Hotel Podstine in Hvar
ACCOMMODATION: Hotel accommodation including breakfast, in stardard twin room, sharing. Hotel facilities include on-site dive centre, Amo Spa and wellness facilities, small gym, sauna, 3 Jacuzzi bath-tubs and open swimming pool.
DIVING ON DAYS 6 & 7: 2 days diving included 2 dives per day - we head to the Pakleni Otoci archipelago to dive the reefs of Vodnjak as well as the south-western side of Stambedar Island.
Onto HVAR to dive the reefs which form Pakleni Otoci. Vodjnak is on the west end of the archipelago, with several dive points. The top one is also known as "Campanile" or "Turm", as it has a shape of a church tower, only without the peak. The most interesting part is the canyon with red gorgons from 15-40m depth, and a 5m long tunnel on 35m with an explosion of sea-life colors and shapes.
Stambedar is also a part of archipelago where the bottom sinks to a 20m deep plateau, which ends in a 50m deep wall. The upper part is covered with typical flora and fauna of this part of Adriatic sea, various kinds of red algae, sponges and fish. Going down, the forest of red gorgons awaits you.
Another option includes ferrying across to the island of Vis and visit to Blue Grotto. On this island the glimmering "Blue Grotto" makes an unforgettable dive. Enter the same opening as the tourist boats, enjoy the sunlit chamber and leave by the deeper opening which leads to a sponge encrusted wall and a series of crags and small caves loaded with fish.
* Ferry transfer from Hvar to Split
* Enjoy some free time in Split (must see the old castle!)
* Split on Croatia Airlines to Frankfurt, Germany. Depart @ 18:40pm and arrive 20:25pm
* Frankfurt to Johannesurg. Depart @ 22:05pm
DAY 9 - Back in SA!
* Early morning arrival in Johannesburg
* Arrive @ 08:40am
Diving in Croatia as an adventure vacation has exploded in popularity over the last 10 years, even though diving clubs and courses have been on the Croatian coast since the 1950s. You'll now find diving clubs and centres on nearly every Croatian island as well as dozens of coastal towns. Croatia's underwater treasures include wrecks, coral reefs, caves and endless schools of fish. The best diving in Croatia tends to be in comparatively deep water, so beginner divers need to choose carefully! The sea is shallowest around the Istrian coast (at around 50m) but becomes progressively deeper the further south you go. The deepest point is around Jabuka island (70km northwest of Vis Island) where the water is as deep as 1300m.
Dubrovnik is Croatia's top sight, and its most visited destination. George Bernard Shaw baptised Dubrovnik "the pearl of the Adriatic" because of its incomparable architectural heritage. The gleaming marble streets of Dubrovnik are lined with baroque buildings punctuated by beautifully sculpted Renaissance fountains and facades. Dubrovnik's walls are the most intact and impressive in the Adriatic and clearly head the long list of Dubrovnik's sights. No wonder UNESCO named Dubrovnik a World Heritage Site! And there's plenty more to see in the Dubrovnik region. But Dubrovnik is more than a fascinating Old Town with an ancient history. It's also a first class Adriatic resort. Stretching out from the historical centre is a network of beaches to laze away the day in the sun. Offshore, the crystal-clear sea is littered with wooded islands that make easy day trips. And the array of cafes, bars and clubs in and around the Old Town insure that Dubrovnik at night is never dull.
ABOUT THE ISLAND OF KORčULA
Korčula has been called in song "a dream in stone" or "Aphrodite born from the sea foam". This is a town of the finest Renaissance architecture and rich tradition. There are numerous cultural events and numerous events including the famous knightly pageants, Dalmatian harmony singing and annual attractive religious processions. The men and women of Korčula are great enjoyers of local drinks and good food. The old city has such a special atmosphere that it is no wonder that this verse was written in the 17th century: You are the adornment of the world, enchanting Korčula. The town of Korčula is one of the best preserved medieval towns in the Mediterranean, and its history is very long and interesting.
Korčula Island (pronounced kor chula) is one of the most delightful in southern Dalmatia. Nearly 47km long and 8km wide, it's blanketed with dense woods and fringed with indented coves. The interior is lush and hilly, rich with vineyards, olive groves and peaceful villages. The jewel of the island is undoubtedly Korčula Town, a cluster of remarkable Venetian architecture on a narrow peninsula. Its heritage is celebrated each week with the colourful Moreska Sword Dance. From Korčula, it's easy to day trip to lovely Badija Island. Other island villages are worth a stop: Lumbarda is near Korčula Town and has sandy beaches; Racisce is the village of choice for local seamen; Pupnat has one of the most beautiful (and inaccessible) bays on the Adriatic; Blato boasts a charming 14th century church; Vela Luka is one of the island's main port of entries and a good alternative base for exploring the island. Dive centres sometimes organise scuba diving excursions to nearby Te Vega off Susac.
The island of Hvar is the queen of the Croatian Dalmatian islands and brings with it a rich antiquity, various historical periods, cultural and natural monuments, dense mediterranean nature, rich tradition and arhitecture, and nightlife. There are wine and olives, so a guest wishing to get closer to nature will stop at a small inn (Hvar "konoba") rather than a top quality restaurant, and sing old island songs and forget the monotony of the everyday routine. Hvar Island boasts 2718 hours of sunshine a year, making it Croatia's sunniest island. The throbbing nightlife and Venetian architecture of Hvar Town is the highlight. The island of Hvar is extraordinarily green and lush, filled with lavender, heather and pines and the coastline is heavily indented with an abundance of rocky coves.Hvar Town makes an excellent base for exploring the island but there's also Stari Grad, the tiny port of Jelsa, the picturesque village of Vrboskaor the even more miniscule port of Milna on the southern coast. Most wonderful are the day trips offered to the offshore Pakleni Islands, which also offer excellent scuba diving.
Croatia's Adriatic Sea draws many lovers of the underwater world. Undoubtedly the most attractive diving locations in the Adriatic are underwater cliff faces and reefs, caves and the wrecks of ships and aeroplanes. The clarity of its turquoise waters, the beauty of its depths, the variety of marine life, underwater cliff faces, reefs and caves, archaeological localities and the fascinating ship and aeroplane wrecks hidden at the bottom of the sea, are all part of its appeal.
Sea temperature fluctuations throughout the year: in winter months temperature ranges from 7 to 10 °C, in summer months average surface temperature is from 21 to 26 °C, while the temperature at a depth of from 20 to 30 m (average diving depth) remains constant throughout the year, ranging from 16 to 17 °C. The difference between high and low tide varies from 40 cm (Southern Adriatic and Dalmatia) to 1m at Istria. The Adriatic is a relatively calm sea, with no high waves or strong currents. Wave height ranges from 40 to 150 cm, to 4 to 5 m at the most in extremely adverse weather conditions on the open sea. Speed of sea currents is about 0.5 knots, although in certain places and in special weather conditions it can reach up to 4 knots.
Divers are required to purchase a HRS Divers Card from the Croatian Diving Federation, available through registered diving centres. The cost is 100 Kuna and is valid for one year. Individual diving is only permitted with the purchase of an individualpermit costing 2,400 Kuna per person.
There are zones where diving is prohibited even with individual permission. These are those zones under special protection by the Ministry of Culture, and diving in those areas may be allowed but only when accompanied by a diving guide from an authorized diving centre.
All divers need a Croatian diving permit in order to dive legally in Croatia. It costs 100HRK and can be obtained from dive centres and dive clubs on presentation of your passport and diving certification card. It's valid for a year. Even with a general permit, you need a special permit to dive in the Kornati Islands National Park , Mljet National Park and a number of other locations. The cost (100HRK) and paperwork of the permit is handled by the dive club organising the dive.
1. The Croatian Undersea World - click here (BOOK)
2. New Website - Diving in Croatia - click here (WEBSITE)
3. Croatia: Dive into coral seas & a rich culture - click here
4. For more click here and view bottom left of the home page


text:
Panama upgrade shaves 16 days off big-ship travel times
Panama opened the long-delayed $5.4bn (€4.88bn) expansion of its shipping canal amid cheering crowds this week, despite looming economic uncertainty in the shipping industry and a heated battle over massive cost overruns.
The Chinese container ship 'Cosco Shipping Panama' entered the Agua Clara lock on the Atlantic to begin the first crossing of the roughly 50-mile-long (80.45km) waterway heading from the Pacific on Sunday.
The expansion, which triples the size of ships that can travel the canal, allows the country to host 98pc of the world's shipping and is aimed at wresting market share from rival Suez and US land routes made cheaper by low oil prices.
By 2021, the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) is hoping the project will bring in $2.1bn per year in added revenue, representing 2.8pc of gross domestic product.
"As a Panamanian, I am proud," said Odalis Castillo, an 18-year-old student who attended the launch. "There will be more money to spend on social projects."
But the ACP is enmeshed in a $3.587bn conflict over cost overruns with Spain's Sacyr and Italy's Salini Impreglio, which won the project in 2009 and finished it two years late, amid construction setbacks and strikes.
It also faces challenges like the supply of fresh water needed to move the giant locks and safe handling of the huge ships.
So far 170 ships have signed up to use the canal in the next three months. If the industry perks up, the ACP already has a $17bn plan for a fourth set of locks to lure even bigger ships that can now only travel through the Suez Canal.
Just a dozen of the 70 heads of state invited to see the debut of the third set of locks attended the ceremony, but Panama's Foreign Ministry hailed the event a diplomatic success, with representatives from nearly all the invited countries in attendance.
Analysts said the rank of those leading the delegations was affected by the Panama Papers scandal, in which millions of documents were leaked from law firm Mossack Fonseca, revealing how some of the world's richest people use offshore companies to avoid tax and launder money.
Jill Biden, the wife of US Vice President Joe Biden, led the delegation from the United States, which finished building the canal in 1914, controlled it until 1999 and is still its biggest user.
Bigger ships on the canal could mean bigger paydays for commodity producers as they can utilise larger vessels more frequently to tap into fast growing Asia-Pacific consumer markets. Authorities estimate that the enlarged waterway will cut sailing times between Atlantic Ocean ports and Asia by up to 16 days.
Soybean farmers, natural gas producers, container shippers, and coal miners will be among the winners, but crude oil and iron ore exporters will see less benefit as they still depend on vessels too big for the waterway.
Ironically, one group which has expressed generally negative views of the expansion are shippers, already battling an eight-year downturn, as shorter routes mean less charter income. (Reuters)
Irish Independent


text:
Home > Embellishments > Flowers & Charms > Charms > Silver Cross Charms 3pk (MW4040413)
Silver Cross Charms 3pk
Three ornate silver cross charms! One 1" and two 3/4" tall. Use these charms in scrapbooks, on cards, in jewelry or craft projects. By Boxer.Item #: MW4040413
Write a comment
Write review
Your Recently Viewed Items


text:
1 Oct 2015
13 comments:
Hehe William, yous just like Aunty FreyaReplyDelete
Loves and licky kisses
Princess Leah xxxReplies
That's because we know how to have fun....❤WilliamDelete
That looks like great fun!ReplyDeleteReplies
Best fun ever...❤WilliamDelete
Whatta workout William!!! --And of course great fun too!ReplyDeleteReplies
Great fun - my paws love the feel of it....♥williamDelete
You dig...therefore you are.....very zen of you William! ;)ReplyDeleteReplies
I'm a very Zen creature ;) ......♥williamDelete
i know william!ReplyDelete
you want your own digging video too...
over there on the sidebar with clooney and hamish!!!
good work lad!
I wanna dig too. That sand is way nicer than ours!!ReplyDeleteReplies
Join me JJ....I bet I can dig quicker than you though ;) ....♥williamDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Use this control to limit the display of threads to those newer than the specified time frame.
Allows you to choose the data by which the thread list will be sorted.
Sß║»p xß║┐p chß╗¦ ─æß╗ü theo thß╗® tß╗▒...
Note: when sorting by date, 'descending order' will show the newest results first.
Nội quy diễn đ├Ān


text:
Valentine's Day Edition Lusts for the Week……
almost everything under $100!!
the lace romper has the cutest details, and I live in the side slit tanks weekly.
rockstar jeans are my favorite inexpensive denim, and this color is so pretty!
this top would be perfect for both work and the weekends
the open back sweater is almost identical to my Olivia Palermo sweater, but less than half the price!
I love the color + sleeve of this blouse.
I am so in love with Tory Burch Miller Sandals and wear mine constantly,
but this striped pattern is my new favorite!
They have an adorable navy, but I kind of love the red even more!
kendra scott earrings are always my go-to for nights out, and this blush color is perfect.
I have been needing to stock up on a new set of hanky panky's for a while now – love the colors in this set.
the perfect pump gets an upgrade in the most fun color.
those pink terry lounge pants have my name ALL over them! they come in several colors and look like the comfiest things in the world. I also love all of the tank + shorts combos too!


text:
Einat Gilboa
a singer and dancer from Israel, graduated the school of visual theatre in Jerusalem in the year 2002 where she studied theatre, body work and voice art. She is highly developed in the shamanic art of overtone singing and strongly influenced by the sacred music of the Hebrew tradition as well as Indian, Tribal and Gipsy music. Over the years Einat has cultivated her own unique vocal style. In the field of dance she integrates elements of oriental belly dancing and tribal dance into an holistic, free form of expression. Einat guides and teaches voice and dance workshops, prayer singing circles and retreats. Since 2003 she has been performing and teaching together with her partner Gerhard Fankhauser on different projects of the healingworldmusic community around the world, sharing the musical message of universal harmony and peace.
Since childhood I was very attracted to music and theatre and used to spend hours singing and dancing (like all the children of this world…). At the age of eight I started to learn piano and to attend classes for acting and dance. Later on in high school and university I continued opening up to those arts of expression. With the help of inspiring teachers, artists and true spiritual guides I deepened my communion with the world of sound and voice. I realized that the inner journey I walked, the language that had opened up through these arts and the sacred moments of tuning in and touching the great mystery were more precious and meaningful than artistic expectations and conceptions. Surrendering to these feelings I made a conscious choice of simply wishing to sing and dance, thus allowing divinity to shine and spread its wings through my body and voice. Guided by the inner voice of my heart I kept developing and creating my unique way of work, dedicating myself to the path of music and healing.During my years of partnership with Gerhard I have received inspiration and knowledge in the field of music, healing and overtone singing. By travelling and performing around the globe we live the way of music as a bridge between different traditions, places and people, shining universal love through the male female reflection. Guiding and serving those moments, occasions and projects became my true wish and delight.
With love, Einat