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Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine. Anything human!
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Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
I read recently that an Australian teenager, Demi-Lee Brennan is the first known transplant patient to change blood groups with the transplant. Apparently she was originally an o-negative and changed to an o-positive following a liver transplant, after her body performed its own bone marrow transplant and adopted the donor's immune system. Because of this the girl will not have to tae anti-rejection drugs for the duration of her life...
So my questions are:
How is this possible?
Is it possible for a patient with this outcome, to have its body reject its own blood and organs in favour of a donor's?
What does liver damage do to the homeostatic mechanisms in the body?
What impacts would or should this case have on future science?
And how do the immune response systems assist us in survival and homeostasis?
Any help would be very much appreciated.
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
By O-negative/-positive, are we talking about the patient being Rh- and then becoming Rh+? Since the 'O' in ABO group means that the person simply does not express either A or B antigens - or does this mean that the person in question started to express one or both, A/B? It does have some relevance, because the A and B blood type antigens are very strong antigens, when compared to many other blood type antigens. This being said, also the rhesus factor is quite strong an antigen.
Whatever the case, at least with my current knowledge of haematology, I cannot quite see how this 'switch of blood type' could take place. The cells of the immune system are still in the person's body, and if this person's blood would change its blood type, a massive immunoreaction would take place against this new blood, ending up in massive hemolysis and death, I assume. The person would need more anti-rejection drugs than ever...
And about the actual mechanisms that would lead to the change of blood type: I guess that in _theory_, one could somehow acquire a haematologic stem cell that could settle in the bone marrow and start producing new cells with a different genotype (that's what is actually done with bone marrow transplantation, after all), but as far as I know, the existing lymphocytes will destroy any such cells (and normally destroy also the stem cell(s) itself) - unless the new cells are of identical or very similar MHC type, which then would not cause any kind of switch in the blood group either.
Now, a very far-fetched scenario might be the use of some kind of a cytotoxic drug that kills all the existing lymphocytes and then the foremention events might happen (in theory) without the new, different type cells being killed. Now of course, all the new lymphocytes that were somehow generated from the new stem cells, would be genetically mistmatched to the person's own tissues, which would probably cause problems with lymphocytes' self-tolerance (i.e. their ability to recognize host tissues as non-immunogenic).
Or, if the new stem cells only generated erythrocytes (and hence the "blood group" switch), then the person would lack all the immuno cells after this "cytotoxic" drug treatment that killed all the existing lymphocytes, and then the person would die in few days time unless they lived in a bubble for the rest of their lives.
So, either I forgot something crucial here, or the switch of blood group cannot happen, at least by any mechanism that I can think of at the moment. Maybe I have to try to find an article or something about this Brennan case in order to be able to speculate more
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
This seems to be an odd case, where the bone marrow may have died off and been regenerated by stem cells from the donor liver. It still seems like there's got to be some immunological problems down the road (will the new system see everything BUT the liver as foreign-?), but it's one of those things that aren't supposed to happen but did anyway. Welcome to biology...
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
Pretty amazing, I have to admit. Well, there are six billion of us, so apparently anything can happen
However, what comes to the details how this all actually happened, I think that article doesn't give an answer (i.e. what happened on the cellular/molecular level - what was her previous MHC haplotype and what is the new one, how do her original tissues deal with this "new immune system" and various other such details). I'm eager to see if they can come up with some kind of logical explanation, or if this really was "one in six billion" case. Either way, good for the girl herself, of course!
O.K. This article is better: http://abc.com.au/news/stories/2008/01/24/2146032.htm
Three things to note from the article:
1. Liver transplant
2. Rh incompatibility to donor
3. DNA virus infection
These are important because due to Rh incompatibility, she had to receive RhoGAM or MICRhoGAM to make sure she does not reject the liver. This drug, however, can in rare cases cause hemolytic reaction which can be helped by donor liver which suppose to "clean the blood". Usually, this scenario leads to death, so the real question is why/how liver stem cells moved into bone marrow and why did her system get striped of immunity? Did the virus help?
Any thoughts?
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
Not directly related to the previous reply, but some people (myself included) thought about how the new immune system would recognize the original host tissue as own, and not launch an immune response against it.
This lead me to think that the explanation is probably the thymic selection, process that eliminates self-reactive T-lymphocytes in the thymus. This process isn't linked directly to genotype of the cells, but instead works based on the fact that self-reactive lymphocytes are removed from the repertoire regardless of their genotype (strictly speaking, some degree of self-reactivity remains in some cells, but that's another story). Therefore, the so-called positive and negative selection in the thymus should probably work for foreign T-cells as well, hence the the new system's tolerance to the original tissue types: only T-cells that recognize the original tissue type as "self" are allowed to survive in the thymus, just like in normal persons.
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
If she was Rh negative, she should receive immunoglobulins anti-D, but which dose and how often?
Cat, can you explain in depth the hemolytic reaction? I thought the hemolytic reation would take place only if you are Rhesus positive.
Hemolytic reaction is simply premature destruction of erythrocytes. It can occur for various reasons. One scenario is when Rh+ve baby gets attacked by mothers Abs (if she is Rh-ve). Some meds and toxins can cause this reaction as well though, it does not have anything to do with Rh factor in those cases.
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
I know what is a haemolytic reaction. What I want to know is how often she'd need anti-d
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
Yes, blood types change when there is total bone marrow ablation followed by donor cells which have a different blood type than the recipient's blood type. I am A+ and my donor is AB so I will be AB blood type after the bone marrrow transplant next month per Cleveland Clinic transplant nurse's information this is not a big deal and is not even on the 10/10 match parameters yet they would have liked same blood type in an ideal world. Mine is an unrelated donor yet many siblings are not the same blood type either.
My reason for bone marrow transplant: I have acute myelogenous leukemia. It is a diagnosis that is always a shock since a very healthy person may be golfing one day and the next day get labs telling them they have leukemia. Mine is like that. I've had 2 rounds of Ara-C, the first round also included idarubicin. These were to suppress the bone marrow and kill the leukemia. Both bone marrow biopsies were negative afterward but it will come back without a bone marrow transplant which is a huge risk yet can be curative. Risks include sepsis, graft vs host disease, etc. I am a nurse who recently became a physician which helps me understand all this yet it is complicated.
Re: Blood type changing spontaneously with a transplant?
I was just briefly reading some comments the 1st comment actually got me to were i am now typing on here. To cut a long story short when i was 10 back in 1996 i was diagnosed with Leukeamia (A.L.L) and was in remission for 5 yrs then had a relaps with exactly the same condition in 2001 at age 15 my blood type being A+. I underwent a bone marrow transplant, my donor was my little sister we were 99.99% compatible and her blood type being O+. 10 years August 29 this year 2011 i will be celebrating my 10th bday (but i am really 25) as the owner of O+ blood. So in my book my blood group changed before the girl that had the liver transplant, though it was under different circumstances i think it still counts.
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Directly Observed Therapy for HIV Infected Adolescents
- Full Text View
- Tabular View
- No Study Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|HIV Infections
|Behavioral: Directly observed therapy (DOT)
|Study Type:
|Study Design:
|Allocation: Non-Randomized
Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment
Masking: None (Open Label)
Primary Purpose: Treatment
|Official Title:
|Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) in HIV-1 Infected Adolescents
- Proportion of completed directly observed therapy (DOT) facilitator-participant interactions, among all scheduled interactions, for each participant during the second 4-week period on study
- number and proportion of participants who were able to complete the recommended duration of DOT
- Subject satisfaction with DOT, assessed by the Exit Survey Instrument
- cost of implementing DOT per participant
- effective ratio of DOT facilitators to participants, determined by the calculation of actual time spent by each DOT facilitator
- reproducibility of DOT implementation across sites and participants' adherence to DOT interactions and ability to complete the prescribed duration of DOT, compared across sites
- adherence for each participant in the 4-week period prior to a study visit, determined at Weeks 8 and 12 by participant self-report and adherence to DOT interactions and by pill count and participant 4-week recall at Week 24
- virologic outcomes, determined by the suppression of HIV-1 viral load at Weeks 8, 12, and 24
- immunologic outcome, defined by a change in absolute CD4 count from baseline to Week 24
- self-efficacy (confidence), assessed by Patient Assessment Tool - Part I and Beliefs About Medicine Scale
- beliefs about highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), assessed by Beliefs About Medicine Scale
- severity of depression experienced by each participant, assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II
- hopelessness, assessed by Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)
- emotional and behavioral problems, assessed by Youth Self Report (YSR)/Adult Self Report (ASR)
- coping of each participant, assessed by Coping Responses Inventory (CRI)-Youth and CRI-Adult
- perceived barriers to adherence, assessed at baseline and Weeks 12 and 24 by Patient Assessment Tool - Part I and Beliefs About Medication Scale
- substance abuse, assessed at baseline and Weeks 12 and 24 by Patient Assessment Tool - Part II
- sustainability of DOT benefits, assessed as the proportion of participants adherent at Week 24 among those who successfully complete the first 8 weeks of DOT and are taken off DOT at 12 weeks
|Estimated Enrollment:
|Study Start Date:
|April 2006
|Study Completion Date:
|September 2007
For HIV infected people, control of HIV infection is best achieved by adhering to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen prescribed by their doctors. Poor adherence to a HAART regimen leads to clinical failure and the development of resistance. Many HIV infected adolescents have difficulty adhering to their prescribed anti-HIV regimens or OI prophylaxis; often, they cite forgetting to take their medications as the reason for poor adherence. This is a pilot study of using DOT and assessing adherence during DOT in HIV infected adolescents who have had difficulty adhering to HAART regimens in the past. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy in increasing patient adherence and the feasibility of using DOT among HIV infected adolescents.
This study will last 24 weeks. For the first 2 weeks of the study, DOT will be provided 7 days a week at the study site; participants will visit the study site daily and will be observed taking their medication. For the next 6 weeks, the frequency of DOT will be reduced from 7 days a week to 5 days a week. Based on adherence from Weeks 4 to 8, each participant will be recommended to continue with a DOT strategy as follows:
- Adherence Level 1 (greater than 93%) - DOT 3 days a week
- Adherence Level 2 (86% to 93%) - DOT 5 days a week
- Adherence Level 3 (less than 86%) - DOT 7 days a week
Participants will decide whether to accept their DOT assignment and to continue in the study. At Week 12 and every 4 weeks thereafter, adherence will be assessed and DOT may be adjusted as follows:
- Adherence Level 1 - Reduce frequency of DOT. Those already receiving DOT 3 days a week stop DOT and start self-administered therapy.
- Adherence Level 2 - Keep same frequency of DOT as the past 4 weeks.
- Adherence Level 3 - Increase frequency of DOT by one level, as described in previous list.
HAART will not be provided by this study, so participants must have access to their HAART medications coordinated separately through the study site. Participants who are taking medication requiring twice-daily dosing will self-administer their second doses.
There will be 7 study visits; they will occur at study entry and every 4 weeks thereafter. Medical history will occur at study entry. At every visit, participants' adherence to their regimens will be assessed, and they will also be interviewed by a social worker about their use of support services. Participants will undergo several assessments at study entry and Weeks 12 and 24 to determine participant confidence, beliefs about medicine, severity of depression, feelings of hopelessness, coping responses, and emotional and behavioral problems. Blood collection will occur at study entry and Weeks 8, 12, and 24. When participants successfully complete their prescribed courses of DOT or elect to discontinue DOT, they will again be interviewed by study staff.
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|16 Years to 25 Years (Child, Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Infected with HIV after age 12
- Initiating, continuing, changing, or reinitiating a daily or twice-daily HAART regimen AND have demonstrated adherence problems (less than 85% of prescribed doses taken, as clinically disclosed, on 2 consecutive occasions at least 1 month apart). More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Able and willing to swallow medication
- Have access to HAART
- Parent or guardian willing to provide informed consent, if applicable
- Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception
Exclusion Criteria:
- Clinically significant diseases other than HIV infection or clinically significant findings during screening or physical examination that, in the opinion of the investigator, would require much closer follow-up and frequent monitoring than would be generally done for other HIV infected patients of comparable age
- HAART regimens that include medications taken more often than twice-daily
- Investigational agents (HAART or other medications) administered as part of other clinical trials
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00259389
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00259389
|United States, California
|Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 90027
|Los Angeles County Medical Center/USC
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
|UCSD Mother, Child & Adolescent HIV Program
|San Diego, California, United States, 92103
|United States, Michigan
|Childrens Hospital of Michigan
|Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201
|United States, New York
|University of Rochester Medical Center
|Rochester, New York, United States, 14642-0001
|United States, Tennessee
|St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Memphis
|Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38105-2794
|Study Chair:
|Aditya Gaur, MD
|Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|NCT00259389 History of Changes
|Other Study ID Numbers:
10044 ( Registry Identifier: DAIDS-ES )
|First Submitted:
|November 28, 2005
|First Posted:
|November 29, 2005
|Last Update Posted:
|September 18, 2012
|Last Verified:
|September 2012
Keywords provided by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID):
Treatment Experienced
Directly Observed Therapy
Treatment Naive
Additional relevant MeSH terms:
HIV Infections
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases


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Clonezilla is a partition or disk cloning tool similar to Symantec Ghost. It saves and restores only blocks in use on the hard drive if the file system is supported. For unsupported file systems, dd is used instead. It has been used to clone a 5 GB system to 40 clients in about 10 minutes.
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LimeSurvey (formerly PHPSurveyor) is a Web application that interacts with MySQL, MSSQL, or Postgres to develop surveys, publish surveys, and collect responses to surveys. Once a survey has been created, data can be inserted into the survey either by a "pretty" public screen which presents each question one at a time, or by a quick and nasty data entry screen. It includes the capacity to generate individualized "tokens", so that invitations can be issued to participants. It also has the capacity to set conditions on whether questions will display (branching), numerous question types, and a basic statistics function.
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Wall Street's biggest firms are predicting intensifying bond losses in emerging markets, where borrowing costs have already soared to the highest level in more than four years versus U.S. corporate debt, as the Federal Reserve considers curtailing record stimulus.
"We're not yet convinced that we've seen the worst in terms of flows out of emerging markets," Jeffrey Rosenberg, the chief investment strategist in fixed-income at New York-based BlackRock Inc., the world's largest asset manager, said in a telephone interview, expressing his own views. "We see a lot of valuation change but we see the potential for even more valuation change."
Investors have yanked $22.1 billion from emerging-market bond funds since the end of April, almost five times the amount pulled from U.S. corporate credit, according to EPFR Global. That's pushed the extra yield that buyers now demand to own dollar-denominated emerging-market debt instead of U.S. company notes to 1.4 percentage points, about the most since December 2008.
Borrowing costs are soaring from record lows reached in January as speculation deepens that the Fed will curtail its so-called quantitative easing as soon as this month, signaling an end to the flood of cheap money that propped up asset prices from India to China and Indonesia. The exodus from developing nations began after Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke told Congress on May 22 that the central bank could scale back the pace of its $85 billion of purchases of mortgage bonds and Treasuries if the U.S. economy showed sustained improvement.
'Defensive View'
Emerging-market debt has lost 7.9 percent since the end of April, versus a 5.1 percent decline on U.S. corporates, Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data show. While an expansion in the world's biggest economy is accelerating, growth in China is projected to slow to 7.5 percent this year from as high as 14.2 percent in 2007, according to 53 economists surveyed by Bloomberg.
"Given the likelihood of further rate volatility and an uncertain emerging-markets growth outlook, we maintain our defensive view" on corporates from developing countries, analysts led by Eric Beinstein in New York at JPMorgan Chase & Co., the world's largest underwriter of corporate bonds, wrote in a Sept. 5 report.
Elsewhere in credit markets, the extra yield investors demand to hold corporate bonds worldwide instead of government securities rose for a third week. Sprint Corp. led bond sales to the highest level since May with the biggest high-yield offering in more than five years. Loan prices increased.
Relative yields on investment-grade bonds from the U.S. to Europe and Asia widened 1 basis point to 149 basis points, or 1.49 percentage points, according to the Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global Corporate Index. Yields rose to 3.225 percent from 3.088 percent on Aug. 30.
The cost of protecting corporate bonds from default in the U.S. declined. The Markit CDX North American Investment Grade Index, a credit-default swaps (CDS) benchmark that investors use to hedge against losses or to speculate on creditworthiness, decreased 2.2 basis points last week to a mid-price of 81.8 basis points, according to prices compiled by Bloomberg.
The Markit iTraxx Europe Index of 125 companies with investment-grade ratings dropped 1.6 to 102.7 to the lowest level since Aug. 26 at 10:28 a.m. in London. In the Asia-Pacific region, the Markit iTraxx Asia Index of 40 investment-grade borrowers outside Japan fell 5.7 to 140.
The indexes typically fall as investor confidence improves and rise as it deteriorates. Credit swaps pay the buyer face value if a borrower fails to meet its obligations, less the value of the defaulted debt. A basis point equals $1,000 annually on a swap protecting $10 million of debt.
The Bloomberg Global Investment Grade Corporate Bond Index has declined 0.63 percent this month, bringing losses for the year to 3.95 percent.
Bonds of Verizon Communications Inc. were the most actively traded dollar-denominated corporate securities by dealers last week, accounting for 3.9 percent of the volume of dealer trades of $1 million or more, according to Trace, the bond-price reporting system of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
The New York-based company will meet investors in the U.S. and Europe this week as it prepares to sell as much as $50 billion of debt to buy Vodafone Group Plc out of their wireless joint venture, according to a person with knowledge of the matter. A first offering may exceed Apple Inc.'s record $17 billion issue in April, another person said last week.
Sprint, the third-largest U.S. wireless carrier, led $80.4 billion of corporate bond sales worldwide, the busiest week since $123.9 billion was issued in the five days ended May 17 and up from $42.3 billion in the prior period, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
The Overland Park, Kansas-based company, acquired in July by Japan's SoftBank Corp., sold $6.5 billion of eight- and 10-year notes on Sept. 4 in the biggest junk offering since Intelsat priced $7.1 billion of bonds through three units in June 2008, Bloomberg data show.
The Standard & Poor's/LSTA U.S. Leveraged Loan 100 index rose 0.04 cent to 97.68 cents on the dollar, the highest since Aug. 22. The measure, which tracks the 100 largest dollar-denominated first-lien leveraged loans, has returned 3.11 percent this year.
In emerging markets, relative yields narrowed 8.9 basis points last week to 366.2 basis points, according to JPMorgan's EMBI Global index. The measure has averaged 307.4 this year.
'Disproportionate Selloff'
Following average annual returns of 15.3 percent in the four years ended last December, dollar-denominated emerging markets notes have lost 6.8 percent this year, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data. That compares with a 2.9 percent loss in 2013 on the Bank of America Merrill Lynch U.S. Corporate & High Yield index.
"Developed markets paper has held in much better than emerging markets paper," said Stephen Antczak, the head of U.S. credit strategy at New York-based Citigroup Inc., the second-biggest underwriter of emerging-market bonds. "What worries me is if you don't have this natural support in place, you could get a disproportionate selloff in emerging markets."
Investors are withdrawing more cash from developing nations' bonds after pouring $58.8 billion last year into funds that buy the debt, EPFR data show. Emerging-market debt was seen as a haven with higher-yielding securities amid a U.S. stimulus program that's funneled more than $2.6 trillion into the financial system since September 2008.
Yields on the Bank of America Merrill Lynch U.S. Emerging Markets External Debt Sovereign and Corporate Plus index have climbed to 5.73 percent after reaching an all-time low of 4.04 percent on Jan. 24.
The gap in yields with U.S. company debt widened to as much as 1.44 percentage points on Aug. 31, the most since reaching 1.47 percentage points on Dec. 1, 2008.
The $22.1 billion of outflows from emerging-market debt funds in the past four months compare with $4.6 billion of withdrawals from U.S. corporate bond funds, EPFR data show.
Asian economies have been among the hardest hit. A JPMorgan index of Indian dollar-denominated bond yields touched 6.525 percent on Sept. 5, the highest since January, with BNP Paribas SA forecasting economic growth of 3.7 percent through next March, compared with a 10-year average of about 8 percent.
India is "one country we're completely avoiding and have been doing so for 12 months," said Hayden Briscoe, a Hong Kong-based director of Asia-Pacific fixed-income at AllianceBernstein Hong Kong Ltd.
Fed Meeting
The U.S., which plunged into a recession five years ago as spiraling home values prompted a credit seizure, will probably grow by 2.7 percent next year and 3 percent in 2015, from 1.6 percent this year, a Bloomberg survey of 73 economists shows.
With the Fed expected to start decreasing its bond-buying program at its Sept. 17-18 meeting, borrowing costs have climbed for bonds globally. Yields on 10-year Treasuries reached 2.99 percent on Sept. 5, the highest since July 2011.
The underperformance of emerging-market debt relative to U.S. corporate notes has been sustained for one of the longest periods in history, the JPMorgan analysts wrote in their report.
"When underperformance causes a selloff in the market and liquidity worsens as a result, you have a huge gapping in risk valuation," said Edwin Chan, the head of credit research at UBS AG in Hong Kong.
While the rout may eventually present a buying opportunity—Mark McCombe, BlackRock's Asia-Pacific chairman, talking to Bloomberg TV today, said China's economy is stablizing and he's "pretty positive on it"—losses for emerging markets debt have the potential to accelerate, BlackRock's Rosenberg said.
"Emerging markets risk has gone up more than the risk associated with U.S. corporates," Rosenberg said. "We're not yet ready to say it's time to pile into emerging markets."


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Shirley M. Palmer, Milton, WI (1925-2008)
May 20, 1925-July 14, 2008
Shirley M. Palmer, 83, of Eustis, FL and formerly of Milton, died July 14, 2008. She was born May 20, 1925 in Aurora, IL, the daughter of Clyde and Alice Ward. She was a longtime resident of Milton and employed by the Burdick Corp. until its closing, when she retired. She married William L. Palmer on May 19, 1946. They had been living in Florida for the past 17 years.
Bill and Shirley are survived by two sons: Wayne Palmer of Milton, and Richard (Linda) Palmer of Janesville; six grandchildren and eleven great grandchildren. Bill and Shirley were preceded in death by their parents; a son, Gary; brother, Charles and sister-in-law, Artis Palmer; sister, Helen and brother-in-law, Henry Pullman.
A joint celebration of life for Shirley and Bill who passed away on December 14, 2013 will be held from 5 PM to 7 PM on Friday, May 16, 2014 at the ALBRECHT FUNERAL HOMES & CREMATION SERVICES, MILTON. A private family committal will be held Saturday at Rock River Cemetery.
Albrecht Funeral Homes & Cremation Services, Milton
828 S. Janesville St., 608-868-2542


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EA backtracks on putting micro-transactions in all future games
"That's really not true."
Monday, 4 March 2013
BioWare says farewell to Mass Effect 3 in new Citadel DLC trailer
"Everyone say... Normandy!"
Friday, 1 March 2013
Mass Effect 3: Citadel Achievements list leaks
Mild spoilers within.
Thursday, 21 February 2013
BioWare announces Mass Effect 3: Citadel, the final single-player DLC
And confirms previously-leaked multiplayer expansion Reckoning.
Wednesday, 13 February 2013
BioWare announces Mass Effect version of Risk board game
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BioWare "all hands on deck" for new Mass Effect 3 DLC
Eight writers on board. Main ME3 composer and Seth Green to return.
Friday, 30 November 2012
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Should Mass Effect 4 be a prequel or sequel?
BioWare wants your help deciding.
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Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 PC disc 2 is, for some, Mass Effect 2
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Mass Effect 4 will use DICE's Battlefield 3 engine
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Friday, 9 November 2012
BioWare calls for your feedback as it embarks on entirely new Mass Effect game
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Friday, 26 October 2012
Nine minutes of the Mass Effect 3 anime prequel
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Monday, 22 October 2012
London Philharmonic Orchestra returns to take on Skyrim, Final Fantasy 7, Mass Effect 3, more
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Date for Mass Effect 3's Omega DLC, the biggest and most expensive yet
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Thursday, 4 October 2012
Huge free Mass Effect 3 expansion sees return of the Collectors
Retaliation multiplayer DLC available next week.
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PC gets more than Xbox 360. PS3 release date now "TBA".
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Mass Effect Trilogy Edition announced for PC, PS3, Xbox 360
Original Mass Effect to finally launch on PS3, five years later.
Friday, 14 September 2012
Mass Effect 3 Wii U includes day-one DLC From Ashes as standard
PC, PS3, Xbox 360 paid DLC to be included.
Friday, 7 September 2012
Mass Effect 3 Wii U developer "very conscious of not wanting to mess up"
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Wednesday, 29 August 2012
Thursday, 23 August 2012
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Peter Moore gives BioWare vote of confidence after tumultuous 18 months
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The writer who left BioWare: Eurogamer interviews Drew Karpyshyn
On poor fiction, text versus graphics, KOTOR, the Mass Effect 3 ending and Children of Fire.
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BioWare on how to monetise players: day-one DLC, Online Passes, micro-transactions
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Mass Effect 3 DLC suggests further changes to ending
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text:
Wall Street's biggest lobbying groups banded together to sue the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), seeking to curb the overseas reach of its rules and rein in a regulatory barrage by its departing Chairman Gary Gensler.
The suit, filed yesterday in federal court in Washington, seeks to overturn guidance the CFTC approved in July. The trade associations, which represent Goldman Sachs Group Inc., JPMorgan Chase & Co., Deutsche Bank AG, and other swap dealers, say the agency illegally set regulations by issuing guidance documents and staff advisories rather than formal commission-approved rules.
In their court papers and in interviews, the groups said they felt pushed to the edge by Gensler, who has spent the past five years grappling with banks over the parameters of a more public marketplace for financial products that helped ignite the 2008 credit crisis.
The policies have been championed by "a single individual in a single agency by what amounts to individual fiat," said Judd Gregg, chief executive officer of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (Sifma), one of the organizations that brought the case. "You can't allow that sort of precedent to stand," Gregg said in an interview yesterday.
The industry decided to go to court as a "last resort," to end a "very disruptive process which is outside the rule of law," he said.
Gensler defended the CFTC's policies, saying the overseas guidance was released appropriately. "I feel very good about what we did," Gensler said today in an interview on NPR's "On Point" radio program. "It's not surprising that there are challenges here because there is a lot of money at stake."
The lawsuit—filed by Sifma along with the International Swaps and Derivatives Association and the Institute of International Bankers—is the latest in a series of Wall Street challenges to U.S. efforts to reshape financial regulation after the worst economic collapse since the Great Depression. The 2010 Dodd-Frank Act gave the CFTC power to bring swaps, which have been traded behind closed doors for decades, under U.S. oversight for the first time.
The question of how to apply the new regulations overseas has been among the most contentious issues in the battle between the banks and Gensler, a former Goldman Sachs partner, over the $693 trillion global derivatives market.
The biggest banks conduct at least half their swaps business with overseas clients, according to some estimates. Gensler has fought to extend his agency's authority into foreign transactions, pointing out that several major financial failures, including the collapse of American International Group Inc., originated in overseas units.
The CFTC first approved the guidelines for overseas swaps in July. In November the agency issued two staff opinions to clarify the scope of the guidelines.
Foreign Swaps Rules May Slow
The lawsuit focuses on the often arcane way that agencies set policy. Formal agency rules require cost-benefit analysis and votes by commissioners, who are picked by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The guidance document in July, which was approved in a commission vote, lacked economic analysis. The advisories in November lacked both economic analysis and a formal vote.
The November documents "turned on its head assumptions the market had been making," ISDA Chairman Stephen O'Connor said in an interview.
While the groups asked the court to vacate the CFTC policy, the case could have the practical effect of slowing the foreign trading rules.
According to one person briefed on the ISDA board meeting when the suit was authorized last month, the association's attorneys said they would consider it a victory if the guidance was delayed for a year.
The person, who asked for anonymity because the meeting was private, said ISDA Chief Executive Officer Robert Pickel told the board that while there was a potential the case would push the CFTC to take an even stronger stance against Wall Street, joining the other trade groups would highlight the strength of the opposition.
Pickel declined to comment on what he said at the meeting.
The trade associations hired Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP partner Eugene Scalia, who specializes in challenging regulations and has won cases involving Dodd-Frank rules issued by the CFTC and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Rulemaking Rules
The agency's use of guidance and staff advisories violated federal laws that lay out requirements for rulemaking, including performing an analysis of the costs and benefits, the groups said in their lawsuit.
"The commission attempted to excuse itself from those requirements by issuing a sweeping, international compliance directive that it characterized as mere guidance," they said.
The industry also argued that the November advisories fundamentally changed the policy the CFTC released in July—guidelines they said they had already bent over backward to follow.
The July policy contained a footnote, number 513, that banks were relying on to keep swap deals off electronic platforms and away from the agency's rules. The Nov. 14 advisory was published after Bloomberg News reported on the banks' use of the footnote loophole.
The advisory explained that traders based in the U.S. who arrange, negotiate, or execute a deal—even on behalf of an overseas affiliate—must comply with Dodd-Frank.
Gensler's move in November drew support from Senator Carl Levin, a Michigan Democrat who has investigated Wall Street trading practices. He said the advisories were necessary to close off an "offshore gimmick" banks used to evade oversight.
Republican lawmakers have been critical of Gensler's effort.
"This lawsuit comes in direct response to Chairman Gensler's decision to ignore the rule of law and disregard long- established procedures at the CFTC for adopting new rules," Representative Frank D. Lucas, an Oklahoma Republican and chairman of the House committee that oversees CFTC, said in a statement yesterday.
The banks say they are concerned that, along with its potential to disrupt current deals, the language in the opinion is so broad that it could expose overseas trades to even more regulation. They also said the advisory went against a deal Gensler cut with EU regulators to divide up swaps oversight abroad.
EU 'Surprised'
Michel Barnier, the European Union's financial services chief, expressed reservations about the CFTC's moves last month. His spokeswoman, Chantal Hughes, said Nov. 20 that "we were very surprised by the latest CFTC rules, which seem to us to go against both the letter and spirit" of the division of oversight agreement Gensler hammered out with the EU in July.
Bloomberg LP, parent of Bloomberg News, operates a trading platform known as a Swap Execution Facility and unsuccessfully sued the CFTC on different rules.
The case is SIFMA v. U.S. CFTC, 13-cv-1916, U.S. District Court, District of Columbia (Washington).


text:
The leasing pages on What Car? are monitored and controlled by What Car? Leasing a 'Vertu Motors Third Limited Company'. All of the deals within these pages are advertised by franchised dealers from around the UK.
Click here to search for a vehicle.
728 total vehicles found matching your search criteria
Listing 290 to 310 of 728 Deals Found
Compare the best cheap car leasing deals under £999.00 a month that fit your budget here at What Car? Leasing, we bring you new cars with superb discount allowing you to get a better car for your monthly lease payment. The new cars below will all be inside your chosen price range, all the cars displayed are from a UK main dealer, so whether it's a cheap Audi, cheap BMW, cheap Mercedes or a cheap VW Golf lease that you desire we will provide you with the cheapest prices nationwide. No brokers, no middle men, just great offers at the cheapest leasing prices direct from dealerships.


text:
Electrolux Group Paint (Touch Up) Var Alpha
Genuine spare part
Price Match Promise! We won't be beaten on price
Stock No: 1733640PM
At partmaster we won't be beaten on price and that's a promise. We are so confident that we offer our customers unbeatable value for money that if you find any of our products cheaper on another UK based website then we will refund you the difference.
How you can make a claim…
It's really very easy to use our Price Promise Guarantee, all you need to do is email us at email@example.com with the following information:
Once we receive your email we will verify your claim to check that it meets the below Terms & Conditions and refund you the difference – simple.
The small print…
Our Price Promise Guarantee is valid for 7 days from the date of the order.
The product must be:…
The competitor's website must be:
Our Price Promise Guarantee can be changed or withdrawn at any time without prior notice. It is limited to one product per customer and can not be used with any other offer or promotion. Pricing errors will not be matched.
Electrolux Group Paint (Touch Up) Var Alpha
0344 800 3456
Contact Centre opening times
Monday - Friday 9am - 5.30pm
Saturday - SundayClosed
Alternatively, click here to contact us via email


text:
casa individual, 4 - 5 personas, 3 habitacion(es), 2 dormitorio(s), 1 cuarto(s) de baño, aprox. 105 m², 1 planta(s), renovado 2012.
El lugar
casa individual, 4 - 5 personas, 3 habitacion(es), 2 dormitorio(s), 1 cuarto(s) de baño, aprox. 105 m², 1 planta(s), renovado 2012.
Características: Casa rural.
Decoración: rústica, cuidada, acogedora, suelo de terracota, suelo entarimado.
Equipamiento: TV por satélite; lector de DVD, cadena hi-fi; conexión internet Wi-Fi (incluída); calefacción central de gas.
Sala de estar: grupo de asientos, chimenea nórdica, salida a la terraza.
Zona comedor: en la sala de estar.
Cocina: separada., Equipamiento de cocina: 4 placas de vitrocerámica, horno, microondas, lavavajillas, frigorífico, congelador pequeño, cafetera eléctrica, hervidor de agua eléctrico, tostadora.
Dormitorio 1: cama doble.
Dormitorio 2: cama individual, camas literas.
Instalaciones sanitarias 1: ducha, WC.
Situación: en el barrio Bentwisch, rural.
Acceso/parking: parking en el terreno.
Terreno: (de uso exclusivo): aprox. 1350 m², parcialmente delimitado (seto), con plantas, cuidado, césped, árboles frutales.
Instalaciones exteriores: (de uso exclusivo): terraza (protegido/a del viento, protegido/a de miradas), mobiliario disponible, 2 tumbonas, sillón de mimbre para playa.
2017: Gastos a pagar en destino € 10 por persona y estancia (según ocupación). Ropa de cama/toallas Por favor, traer ropa de cama y toallas. Es posible alquilar la ropa de cama, € 5 por persona/cambio ( bajo pedido). Es posible alquilar las toallas, € 2 por persona/cambio ( bajo pedido). Depósito de clave € 100 (en efectivo). Cuna/Trona sin suplemento (bajo pedido). Animal doméstico 1 animal doméstico permitido, € 10 por estancia (previo aviso; más animales sólo bajo demanda y previa consulta).
2018: Gastos a pagar en destino € 12 por persona y estancia (según ocupación). Ropa de cama/toallas Por favor, traer ropa de cama y toallas. Es posible alquilar la ropa de cama, € 5 por persona/cambio ( bajo pedido). Es posible alquilar las toallas, € 2 por persona/cambio ( bajo pedido). Depósito de clave € 100 (en efectivo). Cuna/Trona sin suplemento (bajo pedido). Animal doméstico 1 animal doméstico permitido, € 10 por estancia (previo aviso; más animales sólo bajo demanda y previa consulta).
Todos los "Gastos a pagar en el destino" tienen que ser pagados en el destino a no ser que hayan sido abonados ya a Airbnb y pueda demostrarse.
After you have completed your booking on the Airbnb platform you will receive a voucher 28 days
prior to arrival.
In addition to the Airbnb Terms of Service and other Airbnb policies regarding the use of the Airbnb
platform for this accommodation provided by INTER CHALET Ferienhaus-Gesellschaft mbH the
following terms apply:
The legal relationship between you as a Customer and INTER CHALET is governed by law, particularly
by the provisions pursuant to §§ 651 a-m of the BGB (German Civil Code) and by the following
Booking Conditions which elaborate on and supplement the statutory provisions. All customers
accept these Booking Conditions as binding upon themselves and the persons for whom the booking
is made.
Conclusion of travel contract
Your booking forms the basis of a contract with INTER CHALET, and you are committed to it until
INTER CHALET gives you a written confirmation or refusal. The electronic acknowledgement of
receipt is not a confirmation of the acceptance of the booking order. The scope and type of services
to be provided by INTER CHALET as part of the holiday agreement are covered solely by the
descriptions, illustrations and rates in the INTER CHALET brochures and on our homepage or the
latest information online valid for the period of travel. The contract will come into effect as soon as
INTER CHALET confirms your holiday in writing, which will be done by return but not later than 7 days
after the booking has been made. With your booking confirmation you will receive an INTER CHALET
Risk Coverage Certificate.
We point out that the right of withdrawal does not apply for the offered services according to
statutory provision of applicable law according to §§ 312 et sqq. The regulations at "cancellation" in
these terms and conditions apply.
INTER CHALET reserves the right to correct obvious mistakes, e.g. those based on printing or
mathematical or allocation errors online.
The subletting of holiday homes and holiday apartments of INTER CHALET is not permitted. Neither is
the commercialisation as tour operator with own pricing.
We are happy to accept customer requests at the time of booking and will forward them to the
landlord or caretaker. Please note, however, that INTER CHALET cannot guarantee that these
requests will be fulfilled. Special requests, conditional bookings and subsidiary verbal agreements will
not become valid until confirmed in writing by INTER CHALET.
Payment / Travel Documents
The total rental for the booked rental property is payable prior arrival. Your travel documents will be
sent by e-mail.
Special conditions and notes
Local service charges: In accordance with a ruling by the BGH (Federal Supreme Court), fixed costs
payable in any case are included in the total price. Variable costs, which depend on the number of
party members, the composition of the party or on consumption (e.g. visitor's tax, electricity, gas,
heating, fire wood, water, bed linen), are paid to the landlord or caretaker, depending on the use
made of them at the holiday destination. The payment is normally cash. Any local service charges
mentioned in the house description refer to all guests including children and babies. Please note the
relevant details under "Local service charges" within the individual property descriptions. Local
service charges, which do not depend on consumption, must be paid on arrival.
Landlords or caretakers have the right to request an appropriate deposit when they hand over the
keys. The deposit is usually paid cash in EUR. Credit cards are not accepted unless otherwise stated in
the property description. The deposit will be refunded when the rented property is returned in
proper condition. In some cases the deposit will only be refunded by bank transfer after the
departure of the customer. Refunds are made without prejudice to possible compensation claims by
landlords. In this context, INTER CHALET reserves the right to forward the clients' address details to
the landlord based on the § 28 Par. 3 BDSG. Neither the deposit and the deposit procedure forms nor
the settlement of the local service charges is part of the holiday agreement with INTER CHALET in its
capacity as a tour operator.
The rate of visitor's tax at the individual locations cannot be specified in the house description
because the exact amounts are not always fixed at the time of going to print. Depending on the
location, the cost can range from approx. € 0.50 to € 3.50 per person/ day (reduced rate for
Basic cleaning is always carried out by the tenant, irrespective of whether the landlord carries out
the final cleaning.
Basic cleaning includes cleaning of the kitchen, washing and putting away dishes, removing all
remaining food and waste, stripping off the bed linen and sweeping all rooms, so that the rented
property is clean and tidy for the next tenant.
Final cleaning additionally includes thorough cleaning of the kitchen/kitchenette and
bath/shower/WC as well as mopping the floors. With many properties you have the option of
cleaning the holiday cottage yourself or having it cleaned by the landlord for an appropriate fee. You
will find information about this in the respective property description.
Each property description indicates whether bed linen and towels are provided or whether you have
to bring them with you or have the possibility of hiring them on-site. The standard French bed and
double sofa bed size is 1,40 m. If it is possible to hire bed linen and/ or towels at the location and you
wish to avail of this service, please specify this at the time of booking. Tea-towels are sometimes
provided by landlords, but we generally recommend that you bring your own. You always have to
bring your own pool or beach towels. You will almost always have to bring toilet paper as well as
washing-up liquid and detergent.
The property description will tell you whether additional beds and/ or toddler beds are available. In
general, bed linen for toddler beds has to be brought along. Please check whether a toddler bed is
included in the stated maximum number of persons, or whether another person can effectively be
accommodated in the rented property. The toddler beds are normally suitable for children up to two
years. Additional beds and toddler beds must be requested in advance and in some cases they have
to be reconfirmed. The voucher has to have a corresponding note. Normally only one additional bed
or one toddler bed is available.
The relevant property description will also tell you whether or not pets are allowed. Even if a pet is
allowed in the property, prior notification must always be given when booking and an indication
must be given of type and size. Permission applies basically to only one pet, unless otherwise stated
in the property description.
If pets are not allowed, this does not necessarily mean that there will not be pets in the house,
holiday complex etc., or that pets may not occasionally be kept in the property you have booked.
This can, for instance, depend on the structure of a holiday complex with some private properties
which cannot be regulated in this way, or on whether the landlord of a country property keeps a dog
himself and wants to avoid conflict with visiting dogs.
In case pets are basically allowed, that does not necessarily mean, that you can bring them
everywhere. In almost all holiday resorts, dogs are e.g. not allowed at public places such as pool and
green areas or restaurants. Often, dogs have to be kept on lead. It is beyond question, that dogs are
also NOT allowed in the pools of all detached houses.
In almost all countries, the new European Union pet passport with a registered rabies inoculation is
required for dogs and cats. For identification, the animals must have a microchip under the skin. For
certain breeds, especially fighting dogs, many countries impose severe import regulations or forbid
their import at all. Please contact in time your veterinarian or the internet for information.
Full crockery and cutlery is usually provided in the holiday cottages and apartments for the number
of persons booked. Technical household appliances, for example, oven, microwave, dishwasher,
coffee machine or washing machine, are only provided if they are explicitly mentioned in the
Heating / heating possibility In all our properties located in winter sport regions, central heating is
standard and therefore not mentioned in the respective descriptions. A remark is made with non
standard heating possibilities, e.g. electric heating (due to the possibly high energy costs charged
separately), underfloor heating or simple oven heating or other simple and non central heating
Apartments and holiday cottages in summer regions, especially in the South, do not always have
heating. Central heating can rarely be found. In case of need, gas, electric, kerosene or wood/coal
heated ovens are used (see property descriptions). As a rule, ovens are operated by the tenants,
information on how to use them can be provided by the landlord/caretaker.
TV/TV reception: If satellite or cable TV is available, this will be indicated in the text by "satellite TV"
or "cable TV". The reception of channels in the guests' respective language cannot be guaranteed.
Internet/ Wi-Fi We do not furnish a guarantee for the constant availability, compatibility or security.
It is up to the customer to take necessary precautions for their end devices. The usage may be
limited. Internet access/ Wi-Fi is generally for the purpose of a holiday, i.e. not suited for business
purposes and the like. The
usage of internet/ Wi-Fi is at your own risk. When using internet/ Wi-Fi the user has to adhere to
applicable law. This applies in particular regarding the illegal uploading of files and material (i.e.
movies, music) which are protected by copyright but are still made available on the web illegally via
file sharing networks and the like. You are also responsible to point out the applicable law to any
people who are travelling with you (including underage persons) and to undertake control measures.
In case of a negligent failure to fulfill your obligations, according to this text "internet/ Wi-Fi", you
exempt us from any third party claim.
If garden furniture is stated in the property description, it does not necessarily mean that there is a
garden chair for every person. This also applies to deck chairs, which are often limited. For hygienic
reasons the cushions for the deck chairs are not provided by the owner. Deck chairs and sunshades
are only provided, if they are mentioned in the property description.
The property description also indicates whether a holiday cottage or holiday complex has a
swimming pool. Usually, the opening times are also stated. Please note, however, that the indicated
season start and end dates may change according to weather conditions. For pools in holiday
complexes etc. please observe the opening hours specified by the management and any special
bathing regulations or prohibitions. These can concern e.g. wearing of bathing shorts in the pool,
bringing of balls, airbeds and similar in the pools or the duty of wearing swimming caps (especially in
Tenants are entitled to use the whole of the rented property including furniture and utensils. They
undertake to treat the rented property, its furnishings and fittings and any communal facilities with
the utmost care. They are obliged to make good any damage caused during the rental period due to
negligence by themselves or their companions or guests.
For reasons of organization and control, in some holiday complexes, the wearing of a bracelet is
The maximum number of persons stated in the description and confirmed on the voucher must not
be exceeded by the guests and their potential visitors. The maximum number of persons also
includes children and babies, unless otherwise agreed with INTER CHALET and confirmed on the
voucher. If the maximum number of persons is exceeded by guests and their potential visitors, the
landlord has the right to refuse or evict those over the limit or to demand a proportion of the rental
plus extras.
The arrival time is between 4.00 p.m. and 6.00 p.m. on the day of arrival. If you realize during your
journey that you cannot arrive at the agreed time, it is necessary to inform the caretaker straight
away and in due time. He will then try his best to arrange your check-in, possibly charging a fee. Be
aware that a late check-in nevertheless cannot be guaranteed. Please check your travel documents
for different arrival times.
For organisational reasons, other nonconforming arrival days are often NOT possible. In each case, a
different arrival time than the one confirmed on your booking confirmation must be requested at
INTER CHALET. If it is possible INTER CHALET will send you a written confirmation.
On the day of departure according to the booking confirmation the rented property must be vacated
no later than 10.00 a.m. and handed over to the landlord or his authorised representative cleaned
and in the same conditions as when it was accepted. Please check your travel documents for
different departure times.
You may cancel your booking at any time prior to the start of the holiday. The date your cancellation
instruction is received by INTER CHALET shall be the decisive date. It is in your own interest to notify
cancellations in writing.
If you withdraw from the contract, we will invoice you the following cancellation charges:
- up to 7 days before the start of the rental period: 50 % of the rental
- from 6 days before the start of the rental period: 100 % of the rental
If the property is not occupied, or occupied late, the invoice amount is nevertheless payable in full.
The cancellation procedure will differ from the provisions stipulated above, if you make use of your
right to provide a replacement tenant. This, however, is conditional on INTER CHALET as the tour
operator being given firm notice well in advance of the departure date, so that the necessary
alternative arrangements can be made. It is also conditional on the replacement tenants satisfying
the special conditions applicable to the holiday and not contravening any legal requirements or
official regulations. When the change of name is confirmed by the tour operator, the new participant
will assume the rights and obligations of the contract. For each such procedure a charge of Euro 20
will be made to cover the costs incurred by INTER CHALET in making the change. This does not affect
your right as a consumer to proof no or notably minor loss.
Cancellation due to force majeure
In any event of cancellation due to force majeure we would like to refer to § 651j (German Civil
Code): (1) Both the tour operator and the tenant are entitled to cancel the contract solely under the
provisions of the present § 651j in consequence of unforeseeable complication, danger or annoyance
to the journey. (2) In the event of the cancellation due to subparagraph 1, the provisions of § 651e
subparagraph 3 clause 1 and 2, subparagraph 4 clause 1 will apply. The parties will share extra
expenses for the backhaul equally. Otherwise, extra expenses will fall to the debit of the tenant.
Cancellation by the Tour Operator
INTER CHALET can cancel the holiday contract before the arrival date or terminate the contract after
the arrival date, without further notice if, despite being cautioned, a tenant persists in disrupting
holiday arrangements, behaving in a way likely to cause danger to others or otherwise failing to
comply with the terms of the contract. In this case, the travel price will be declared forfeit.
Liability / Limitation of liability
INTER CHALET's liability for the violation of contractual obligations which are not physical injuries (i.e.
violation of life, body or health) shall be limited to three times the total rental price, providing
damage to the tenant was not occasioned maliciously or by gross negligence, or providing INTER
CHALET is responsible for damage incurred to a tenant due solely to negligence by a service supplier.
The highest total limits of liability apply per tenant and journey respectively. Any possible additional
claims according to the Montreal Convention or the Air Traffic Act remain unaffected by these
limitations. The legal provisions regarding INTER CHALET's liability for physical injuries and delicts
also remain unaffected by the aforementioned restrictions.
Duty to cooperate, assertion of claims (addresse, time-limit, statutory limitation)
In the event of a default in performance, statutory provisions require that you take all reasonable
steps to help remedy the problem and minimize or prevent any ensuing damage. This specifically
entails an obligation to report complaints without delay. Culpable failure to comply will bar you
from making any claims in this respect. It is not culpable negligence when, for instance, it would be
unreasonable to expect faults to be reported or remedial action to be requested, when there is
impossibility of performance, or when there is an innocent omission to notify faults or request
remedial action. If your holiday is not supplied in accordance with the terms of our contract or if you
find a fault in the rented property you can request remedial action.
If this happens you should contact us immediately preferably by phone or by email so that
appropriate action can be taken to check the complaint and, if necessary, to remedy the problem
or provide redress.
Service providers (landlords, caretakers, agencies etc.) do not operate as tour managers and are not
representatives of INTER CHALET, nor are they authorized to accept claims or to make or receive
legally binding statements. Notification of defective performance or requests for remedial action
may be dispensed with under exceptional circumstances, e.g. when they are unreasonable, when
there is impossibility of performance or when a notification of defect or request for remedial action
is innocently omitted. Claims against INTER CHALET for failure to perform or improper performance
of the services agreed in our contract may be filed within one month of the contractual end of the
holiday, and we strongly advise that these be made in writing. Airbnb is not entitled to accept
claims for guarantee and compensation on your behalf.
Claims are conditional on the performance or substitute performance of services accepted by you
not having been provided as agreed in our contract, on your immediate notification of defective
performance, and of adequate remedial action not having been taken. You can terminate the holiday
contract if the holiday has been substantially impaired by defective performance. As a rule this is
conditional on whether you have given INTER CHALET an appropriate period of notice to take
remedial action and this period having elapsed with no result. A period of notice is not required
when remedial action is impossible or is refused by INTER CHALET in its capacity as tour operator, or
if immediate termination of the contract is warranted in view of a factor in the tenant's particular
If there are no damages to life, body or health, claims by the customer are subject to a limitation
period of 1 year according to §§ 651 c to f BGB (German Civil Code) as far as neither INTER CHALET
nor a legal representative nor an agent of INTER CHALET is charged with deliberate or negligent
breach of duty. The limitation period begins on the day succeeding the day on which, according to
contract, the journey ends. Statutory provisions regarding the suspension of the period of
limitations (§§ 203 ff. BGB) apply in this case also without any restriction.
The limitation period for claims by the customer regarding damage to life, body or health,
deliberate or negligent breach of duty on the part of INTER CHALET, a legal representative or an
agent of INTER CHALET as well as from other statutory provisions than §§ 651 c to f BGB (e.g.
according to §§ 241 section (PHONE NUMBER HIDDEN) ff. BGB) is subject to the respective statutory provisions.
Apart from statutory insolvency insurance note (Risk Coverage Certificate), insurance is not included
in the service we have agreed to provide. As a rule, personal liability insurance covers also damages
in holiday cottages and apartments which are caused by you as customer. We recommend checking
if your insurance company covers such damages also abroad.
Court of Jurisdiction, Choice of Law and other provisions
Applicable law to the contractual relationship between customer and INTER CHALET is exclusively
governed by German law. This also applies to the entire legal relationship. For any customer
complaints from abroad against INTER CHALET, where INTER CHALET's liability may not be applied on
the merits of German law, German law will be exclusively applied with respect to any legal
consequences, particularly in terms of type, scope and level of customer claims.
Court of Jurisdiction Is the customer's domicile situated in Germany, the respective Court of
Jurisdiction for customer claims against INTER CHALET as well as INTER CHALET claims against the
customer is subject to statutory regulations. If the customer or the contractual partner are either
merchant, legal entity under public or private law, or a person whose domicile or habitual residence
is abroad or whose domicile or habitual residence at the time of action is not known, the Court of
Jursidiction shall be the INTER CHALET's place of business; the rules regarding enforcement of
payment according to §§ 688 ff.ZPO (Code of Criminal Procedure) remain unaffected.
Other provisions Above regulations do not apply
- when and if, according to compulsive regulations of international agreements which can be applied
to the holiday contract between the customer and INTER CHALET, other regulations are in favour of
the customer; or
- when and if compulsive regulations of the customer's European Union member state which can be
applied to the holiday contract between the customer and INTER CHALET are more in favour of the
customer than the above specified regulations or the relative German regulations.
The nullity of single agreements of the holiday contract does not cause the nullity of the whole
Valid from 11.05.2016
1 evaluación
Hi, ich bin Yvonne und freue mich, dass Du Dich für unsere Unterkunft interessierst. Ich arbeite im Service-Team von INTER CHALET und kümmere mich sehr gerne um Deine Fragen. INTER CHALET ist seit 1974 Spezialist in der Vermietung von Ferienhäusern und Ferienwohnungen. Wir vermieten Unterkünfte in den schönsten Ferienzielen Europas sowohl im Sommer als auch im Winter. Unser Team besichtigt die Unterkünfte persönlich! Qualität und ein sehr gutes Preis-Leistungsverhältnis stehen für uns an erster Stelle. Noch Fragen? Wir freuen uns auf Dich!
Hi, my name is Yvonne. Thank you for your interest in our property. I am a service team staff member at INTER CHALET and will gladly assist you with any questions. INTER CHALET is a tour operator, specialized in the segment of holiday home rentals since 1974. We offer holiday accommodations in Europe's most attractive holiday destinations, in the summer as well as in the winter seasons. Our teams visits the properties personally! High quality as well as fair and attractive prices are most important to us. Any questions? Contact us. We look forward to hearing from you soon!


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Last year's statistics are in, and they once again show that data security breaches remain a pervasive risk. For instance, Privacy Rights Clearinghouse reported that 613 of the 4,176 publicly announced data breaches between 2005 and 2013 occurred last year. Many, and certainly the ones that attract much publicity, involve attacks on payment card information. Yet the media often fails to mention one of a merchant's greatest potential exposure risks: the contractual web through which card brands, like Visa and MasterCard, may try to impose assessments for card rules' violations on victimized merchants.
Merchants do not have direct contracts with Visa or MasterCard. Instead, as the illustration shows, acquiring banks contract with the card brands to allow the acquiring banks to permit merchants to accept Visa or MasterCard payment cards. American Express and Discover may have varying contractual arrangements, but the types of assessments imposed are similar to those discussed. To accept those cards in their stores, merchants contract with acquiring banks. The cards themselves are provided by issuing banks, which have separate contractual relationships with the card brands.
The contract between the card brand and the acquiring bank customarily incorporates a set of "rules" unilaterally imposed by the card brand. These "rules" allow the card brand to impose assessments on the acquiring bank if a bank's merchant suffers a breach caused by the merchant's failure to comply with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS). The acquiring bank's merchant contracts typically require the merchant to indemnify the bank for these card brand assessments.
There are three key categories of assessments: per-card fees to cover non-ordinary-course operating expenses incurred by the card brand's issuing banks following a breach; incremental fraud charges incurred by the issuing banks; and a fine for the merchant's alleged PCI DSS non-compliance. Even with a small breach, the assessments can get very large very quickly, in part because only the first type of assessment is tied to the number of payment cards that may have been compromised. Visa's rules, for example, permit it to assess $2.50 per payment card.
Incremental fraud assessments, by contrast, depend on a number of factors that can vary substantially, such as how quickly the cyber criminals were able to sell the card data and how much was "spent" before the fraud was detected. PCI DSS non-compliance assessments are capped at a set amount that does not depend on the number of cards at issue. Visa's rules, for example, permit it to assess up to $50,000 for a first incident. A merchant's compliance with PCI DSS at the time the breach occurred is a defense to all these assessments.
To enable card brands to impose these assessments if a breach occurs, the relevant contracts require a merchant to retain a PCI Forensic Investigator (PFI) to conduct an investigation for the card brands. The PFI will investigate the scope of any breach which includes issuing an opinion as to whether the merchant was in compliance with PCI DSS when the breach occurred. Almost inevitably, the PFI, who is working on behalf of the card brands, will conclude that the merchant was not PCI DSS compliant, even if the merchant's own Qualified Security Assessor had just certified the merchant's compliance shortly before the breach.
There are several ways to challenge the assessments. Factually a merchant may convincingly show that it was, in fact, PCI DSS compliant; challenge an assessment amount based on facts suggesting the PFI made a scoping mistake; or challenge the card brands' calculation of "incremental" fraud. From a legal perspective, a real question exists as to whether these assessments represent lawful liquidated damages, or unenforceable contractual penalties. This is a question that remains unanswered, in no small part because so many merchants simply pay the assessments or reach a negotiated settlement.
Given cyber criminals' continuing focus on payment card data, many experts suggest that companies handling payment card data should plan for when (not just if) they are breached. What steps can companies take to mitigate this exposure and respond in the event of a breach? Here are nine tips:
- PCI DSS compliance is necessary but not sufficient. Compliance with the PCI DSS ensures a security baseline and positions a company well to fight potential assessments, but PCI DSS compliance will not necessarily prevent a breach. Security programs should be risk-based and evolve with changing threats.
- Develop your incident response plan. Time is of the essence when a company discovers a potential breach. Engage the members of a response team in advance, including both internal personnel and external resources (legal, PR, forensic investigators).
- Review cyberinsurance coverage. Policies often have a scope or contain exclusions that can be problematic for the contractually-imposed card brand penalties.
- At the first sign of a breach, involve the right experts. Especially if there is any possibility the incident is significant, it is critical to engage experienced counsel, working with an external forensic firm, to investigate.
- Preserve the relevant evidence. To investigate the incident and prepare for potential litigation, relevant systems should be preserved immediately. If there is doubt as to what is potentially relevant, err on the side of caution.
- Work to identify the scope of and cause for the incident. The PFI's investigation is one undertaken for the card brands. A merchant needs to perform its own investigation to understand and respond to the incident and to prepare to contest liability.
- Cooperate with the card brand investigation without making concessions. Provide the PFI access to the information necessary to complete its investigation, but document in writing areas where you disagree with the PFI's findings or the card brands' assessments.
- Vet all external statements carefully. Inconsistencies or supposed admissions in a company's public statements will be targeted by potential adversaries in the litigation that almost inevitably results from a substantial breach.
- Plan for your next Report on Compliance. The PCI DSS verification process is not halted simply because a breach has occurred and, in some cases, it actually can be accelerated. Plan accordingly.


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Your Views: Sen. Cullen wrong to push seat belts on school buses
I was interested in your front-page article from Oct. 6 regarding seat belts in school buses. "The Runaway," Sen. Tim Cullen, is pushing to have these belts installed in all school buses. I suspect he is trying to get more publicity for himself. After all, who has his picture in the local papers more than Cullen? To me, he is a guy who ran away with his fellow Democrats to Rockford instead of doing what he was elected to do.
Regarding his proposal on school bus seat belts, he in my opinion is way off base. First of all, the cost is staggering for each vehicle. However, regardless of that, they can and will cause countless problems for the driver, as well as the students who are "supposed" to wear them.
If anyone except a politician, Cullen, can't look at the national statistics regarding children getting injured or killed riding school buses, you would see that it is very low. Injuries and deaths related to school buses result almost entirely outside the school buses, not inside where Cullen wants to spend money needlessly. What's new?


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how to memorize the amino acid
Debate and discussion of any biological questions not pertaining to a particular topic.
Moderator: BioTeam
5 posts • Page 1 of 1
how to memorize the amino acid
I'm a student from china and i would like to know if there is any law in naming them? As names of alkanes i can find out they usually end in -ane and the head words can represent the number of carbon atoms , hex means 6 and so on.
Re: how to memorize the amino acid
Unfortunately, the only law here is the suffix -ine, which is used in most of old nomenclature (like pepsine, leucine etc.; with three exceptions as Tryptophan and the acidic AAs).
The only way to memorize them is just drill, but I will give you a hint, which our prof gave us. Look on the amino acids as on derivatives of alanine, instead of glycine.
Glycine is of course an exception. Proline as well, since it is an imino acid.
Alanine is the "basic" amino acid.
Now, serine and cysteine are hydroxy- and thiol derivatives.
Valine and leucine are dimethyl and isopropyl derivatives. Isoleucine is not iso- for no reason, so you move the methyl by one carbon.
Threonine and methionine are little bit tricky to remember, but simply they are methyl-hydroxyl and thioether derivatives.
The aromatic amino acids are quite simple, since you just add benzene to the Ala and you have (surprisingly ) phenylalanine; just add hydroxyl and you get tyrosine. Add imidazole and you get histidine. With the largest system you get tryptophan
For the acidic AAs, just add carboxyl to Ala and you get aspartic acid. Since Glutamic acid is later in alphabet, it is longer by one carbon. The amides are just likewise.
The basic AAs (hey, how stupid is the English, since it calls basic and basic with the same word, isn't it? ) are little complicated. Just remember, that lysine has epsilon-NH2, it is often used for binding, modifications etc. Thus it must have alpha-carbon (the one between NH2 and COOH), beta, gamma, delta and epsilon and then there is the other NH2. Arginine is a little tough, probably easiest way is to remember it is one carbon shoter than Lys and there is the guanidium group. If you look on the urea cycle, you can see there is the arginine as well as ornithin, which is one-carbon-shorter homologue of lysine.
If you want to learn the one letter code, look on the IUBMB page. It explained in there (below the table) and it's quite logic. Especially, if you type Fenylalanin in your language
Cis or trans? That's what matters.
Re: how to memorize the amino acid
Proteins linear polymers built of amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids decide the three dimensional fold of the protein. The sequence of amino acid also defines the flexibility or rigidity of an protein. This structural property crucial to the protein functions. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids in nature. A protein can contain any combination and number of the these 20 amino acids.
Proteins contain a wide range of functional groups such as thiols, alcohols, Carboxamides and many more. The chemical activity of these functional groups is essential for the function of proteins.
Best regards
John Messick
5 posts • Page 1 of 1
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phpMyAdmin is a tool intended to handle the administration of MySQL over the Web. It can create, rename, and drop databases, create/drop/alter tables, delete/edit/add fields, execute any SQL statement, manage keys on fields, create dumps of tables and databases, export/import CSV data, and administrate one single database and multiple MySQL servers.
Cerb is a fast and flexible Web-based platform for business collaboration and automation. It helps you remember anything about anyone, collaborate from anywhere, deftly reply to a flood of email, automate, stay informed, capture feedback, track time, flag opportunities, manage tasks, share expert knowledge, and otherwise execute efficiently.
Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware is a full-featured, Web-based, multilingual, tightly integrated, all-in-one wiki, CMS, and groupware. Tiki can be used to create all kinds of Web applications, sites, portals, knowledge bases, intranets, and extranets. Tiki offers a very large number of features "out-of-the-box". It is highly configurable and modular. All features are optional and administered via a Web-based interface. Major features include a robust wiki engine, news articles, discussion forums, newsletters, blogs, file and image galleries, bug and issue trackers, a link directory, polls/surveys and quizzes, FAQs, a banner management system, calendar, maps, mobile access, RSS feeds, a category system, tags, an advanced themeing engine (Smarty), spreadsheet, live support, shoutbox, inter-user messaging, menu generator, advanced permission system for users and groups, internal search engine, external authentication support, and more. It was formerly named TikiWiki.
SymmetricDS provides file and database synchronization with support for multi-master replication, filtered synchronization, and transformation across the network in a heterogeneous environment. It supports multiple subscribers with one-direction or bi-directional, asynchronous data replication. It uses Web and database technologies to replicate data as a scheduled or near-realtime operation. The software has been designed to scale for a large number of nodes, work across low-bandwidth connections, and withstand periods of network outage. It works with most operating systems, file systems, and databases, including Oracle, MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, MS SQL Server (including Azure), IBM DB2, H2, HSQLDB, Derby, Firebird, Interbase, Informix, Greenplum, SQLite (including Android), Sybase ASE, and Sybase ASA (SQL Anywhere) databases.
Chamilo is an e-learning and collaboration platform. Chamilo is currently used by more than 7,000,000 students around the world. Governments, private companies, public and private universities, and NGOs use the Chamilo software suite to manage activities from simple live training to full distant learning, certification, and staff selection.
GLPI (Gestion Libre de Parc Informatique) is an information resource manager with an administration interface. You can use it to build a database with an inventory for your company (computers, software, printers, etc.). It has functions to make the daily life of the administrators easier, including a job/request tracking system with mail notification and methods to build a database with basic information about your network topology. It provides a precise inventory of all the technical resources (all their characteristics are stored in a database) and management and history of the maintenance actions and the bound procedures. It is dynamic and is directly connected to the users, who can post requests to the technicians.
AShopV provides a shopping cart with digital goods delivery, affiliate tracking, Swoopo-style auctions, full PayPal support, support for many other payment gateways, many shipping calculation options, and multiple languages and currencies. The software also includes a CRM Sales Office with order management where you can create quotes and turn them into bills that can be paid online, set up automatic recurring billing, manage purchase orders, handle customer and vendor contact through POP3 or IMAP, and view customer and vendor history. A Shopping Mall integrates with the affiliate tracking to let you set up your own ClickBank clone.
A program to record, distribute, and replay X (X11) protocol data.
A Magento extension that replaces the "ADD TO CART" button with a popup AJAX window.