text:
Bone remodelling
For discussing the functions of different structures of all organisms.
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Bone remodelling
I was just wondering what it is that controls bone remodelling. I know that this is carried out by osteoblasts/osteoclasts but I don't know what type of cell they are and what controls them. Does the brain release hormones that tell them exactly where to remove or add bone? And how do they know when a bone has been broken and needs repairal?
The information you wish to know is much to long and complex to give here. there are a lot of factors that contribue to this: hormones, vitamines, enzymes(phosphatases), your diet etc.
If you want to know it in detail i suggest you read a book about animal physiology
"As a biologist, I firmly believe that when you're dead, you're dead. Except for what you live behind in history. That's the only afterlife" - J. Craig Venter
Nice suggestion, Andrew
Well, maybe this little information could help you a bit
by Rod Lakes from University of Wisconsin
The relationship between the mass and form of a bone to the forces applied to it was appreciated by Galileo (4.1.1), who is credited with being the first to understand the balance of forces in beam bending and with applying this understanding to the mechanical analysis of bone. Julius Wolff (4.1.2) published his seminal 1892 monograph on bone remodeling; the observation that bone is reshaped in response to the forces acting on it is presently referred to as Wolff's law. Many relevant observations regarding the phenomenology of bone remodeling have been compiled and analyzed by Frost (4.1.3,4.1.4). Salient points are as follows:
1. Remodelling is triggered not by principal stress but by 'flexure".
2. Repetitive dynamic loads on bone trigger remodelling; static loads do not.
3. Dynamic flexure causes all affected bone surfaces to drift towards the concavity which arises during the act of dynamic flexure.
These rules are essentially qualitative and they do not deal with underlying causes. A critique of these ideas has been presented by Currey (4). Additional aspects of bone remodeling may be found in the clinical literature. For example, after complete removal of a metacarpal and its replacement with graft consisting of a strut of tibial bone, the graft becomes remodelled to resemble a real metacarpal; the graft continues to function after 52 years (4.1.5). In the standards of the Swiss Association for Internal Fixation it is pointed out that severe osteoporosis can result from the use of two bone plates in the same region as a result of the greatly reduced stress in the bone (4.1.6). Pauwels (4.1.7) suggested that as a result of bending stresses the medial and lateral aspects of the femur should be stiffer and stronger than the anterior and posterior aspects. Such a difference has actually been observed (4.1.. Large cyclic stress causes more resorption than large static stress (4.1.9). Immobilization of humans causes loss of bone and excretion of calcium and phosphorus (4.1.10). Long spaceflights under zero gravity also cause loss of bone (4.1.11,4.1.12); hypergravity induced by centrifugation strengthens the bones of rats (4.1.13,4.1.14). Studies of stress-induced remodeling of living bone have been performed in vitro (4.1.15). Recently, in vivo studies in pigs (4.1.16) were conducted. In this study, strains were directly measured by strain gages before and after remodelling. Remodelling was induced by removing part of the pigs' ulna so that the radius bore all the load. Initially, the peak strain in the ulna approximately doubled. New bone was added until, after three months, the peak strain was about the same as on the normal leg bones. In vivo experiments conducted in sheep (4.1.17) have disclosed similar results. It is of interest to compare the response time noted in the above experiments with the rate of bone turnover in healthy humans. The life expectancy of an individual osteon in a normal 45 year old man is 15 years and it will have taken 100 days to produce it (4.1.18, 4.1.19).
Remodelling of Haversian bone seems to influence the quantity of bone but not its quality, i.e. Young's modulus, tensile strength, and composition(4.1.20). However the initial remodelling of primary bone to produce Haversian bone results in a reduction in strength (4). As for the influence of the rate of loading on bone remodelling, there is good evidence to suggest that intermittent deformation can produce a marked adaptive response in bone, whereas static deformation has little effect (4.1.16). Experiments (4.1.21) upon rabbit tibiae bear this out. In the dental field, by contrast, it is accepted that static forces of long duration move teeth in the jawbone. In this connection, (4.1.22) the direction (as well as the type) of stresses acting on the bone tissue should also be considered. Currey (4) points out that the response of different bones in the same skeleton to mechanical loads must differ, otherwise lightly loaded bones such as the top of the human skull, or the auditory ossicles, would be resorbed.
Failure of bone remodeling to occur normally in certain disease states is of interest: for example, micropetrotic bone contains few if any viable osteocytes and usually contains a much larger number of microscopic cracks than adjacent living bone (4.1.23). This suggests that the osteocytes play a role in detecting and repairing the damage. In senile osteoporosis, bone tissue is removed by the body, often to such an extent that fractures occur during normal activities. Osteoporosis may be referred to as a remodelling error (4.1.4).
Some theoretical work, notably by Cowin and others (4.1.24), has dealt with the problem of formulating Wolff's law in a quantitative fashion. In this theory, constitutive equations are developed, which predict the remodelling response to a given stress. Stability considerations are invoked to obtain some constraints on the parameters in the constitutive equation.
Feedback mechanisms
Bone remodeling appears to be governed by a feedback system in which the bone cells sense the state of strain in the bone matrix around them and either add or remove bone as needed to maintain the strain within normal limits. The process or processes by which the cells are able to sense the strain and the important aspects of the strain field are presently unknown. Bassett and Becker (4.2.1) reported that bone is piezoelectric, i.e. that it generates electric fields in response to mechanical stress; they advanced the hypothesis that the piezoelectric effect is the part of the feedback loop by which the cells sense the strain field. This hypothesis obtained support from observations of osteogenesis in response to externally applied electric fields of the same order of magnitude as those generated naturally by stress via the piezoelectric effect. The study of bone bioelectricity has received impetus from observations that externally applied electric or electromagnetic fields stimulate bone growth (4.2.2). The electrical hypothesis, while favored by many, has not been proven. Indeed, other investigators have advanced competing hypotheses which involve other mechanisms by which the cells are informed of the state of stress around them.
For example, inhomogeneous deformation at the lamellae may impinge on osteocyte processes and thus trigger the osteocytes to initiate bone formation or remodelling (4.2.3). Motion at the cement lines was observed and it was suggested that such motion could act as a passive mechanism by which bone's symmetry axes may become aligned to the direction of time averaged principal stresses (2.9.9). Stress on bone may induce flow of fluid in channels, e.g. canaliculi, and such flow could play a role in the nutrition and waste elimination of osteocytes, which may be significant in bone remodeling (4.2.4). In a related vein, theoretical arguments have been presented in support of the hypothesis that bone cells are directly sensitive to hydrostatic pressure transmitted to them from the bone matrix via the tissue fluid (4.2.5). Although no experimental test of this direct pressure hypothesis has been published, we observe with interest that direct hydrostatic pressure has recently been observed to alter the swimming behavior of paramecia, possibly by means of action upon the cell membrane (4.2.6). Otter and Salman found that a hydrostatic pressure of 68 atm abolishes the reversing of direction of swimming, 170 atm stops swimming, and 400-500 atm irreversibly damages the cell. We observe that 100 atm corresponds to 1400 psi stress, or in bone, a strain of 0.07% which is in the normal range of bone strain. 500 atm corresponds to 7000 psi or a strain of 0.35%, well above the normal range of bone strain. Stress in bone also results in temperature differences between osteons (4.2.7); the cells may be sensitive to sudden temperature changes during human activity. A mechanochemical hypothesis has been advanced, in which the solubility of calcium may be affected by stress in the bone matrix (4.2.. Strain energy in bone might also influence the energetics of bone mineral nucleation (4.2.9). It has also been suggested that remodelling may be initiated in response to microcracks generated by mechanical fatigue of bone (4.2.10). In summary, many hypotheses have been proposed for the mechanism by which appropriate cells sense the state of strain in bone, but little or no experimental evidence is available to discriminate among them.
Cellular and biochemical aspects of bone remodelling
The adaptive response of bone to mechanical stimuli is mediated by living cells. A great deal is known concerning bone cell function and its control by ionic and hormonal factors, but little is known concerning the effect of mechanical strain in bone upon the biochemistry of its cells. Rasmussen and Bordier (4.3.1) have presented an extensive review of studies of bone cell physiology. Recently, the biochemical consequences of electrical stimulation of bone have been reported (4.3.2). Biochemical steps associated with cell activation are as yet poorly understood, but ion fluxes appear to play a role (4.3.3). Cyclic nucleotides mediate the effects of extracellular signals(4.3.4) and prostaglandins modulate them (4.3.4). Prostaglandin E 2 has been hypothesized to mediate bone resorption in trauma, malignancy, and periodontal disease. This prostaglandin, as well as the cellular constituents cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, has been found in association with regions of bone stimulated electrically (4.3.2).
1. Hancox, N.M., Biology of Bone, Cambridge University Press, 1972.
2. Evans, F.G., The mechanical properties of bone, Thomas, Springfield, Ill, 1973.
3. Gordon, J. E. Structures, Penguin (1983)
4. Currey, J., The mechanical adaptations of bones, Princeton University Press, 1984.
5. Reilly, D.T. and Burstein, A. H., The mechanical properties of cortical bone, J. Bone Jnt. Surg., 56A, 1001-1022, 1974.
6. Currey, J.D., The mechanical properties of bone, Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 73, 210-231, 1970.
7. Phillips, R. W., Science of dental materials, W. B. Saunders, 1973.
4.1.1. Galilei, G., Discorsi E. Dimostrazioni Matematiche intorna a due nuove Scienze, pp. 158-172, 1638, Translated by H. Crew and A. deSalvio, Macmillan, NY, pp. 118-134, 1914.
4.1.2. Wolff, J., Das Gesetz der Transformation der Knochen , Hirschwald, Berlin, 1892.
4.1.3. Frost, H. M., Bone remodelling and its relation to metabolic bone diseases, C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1973.
4.1.4. Frost, H. M., Bone modelling and skeletal modelling errors , C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1973.
4.1.5. Nathan, P.A. and Fowler, A., Remodeling of a metacarpal bone graft in a child, J. Bone Jnt. Surg ., 58A,719-722, 1976.
4.1.6. Muller, M.E., Allgouer, M., Willeneger, H., Manual of Internal Fixation -Technique Recommended by the AO Group, Springer Verlag, 1970.
4.1.7. Pauwels, F., Die Bedeutung des Bauprinzipien des Stütz und Bewegensapparatens für die Beanspruchung der Rohrenknochen, Z. für Anat. und Entwicklungsgesch, 114:129-166, 1948.
4.1.8. Amtmann, E., The distribution of the breaking strength in the femur,
J. Biomech. 1, 271-277, 1968.
4.1.9. Seirig, A. and Kempko, W, Behavior of in vivo bone under cyclic loading, J. Biomech. , 2, 455-461, 1969.
4.1.10. Dietrick, J.E., Whedon, G., Shorr, E., Effects of immobilization upon various metabolic and physiological functions of bone, Am. Jnl. Med. 4, 3-36, 1948.
4.1.11. Mack, P.B., La Chance, P.L., Effects of recumbency and space flight on bone density, Am. J. Clin. Nutrition , 20,194-205, 1967.
4.1.12. Morey, E. R., and Baylink, D. K., Inhibition of bone formation during space flight, Science, 201, 1138-1141, 1978.
4.1.13. Wunder, C.C., Briney, S.R., Skangstad, C.A., Growth of mouse femurs during chronic centrifugation, Nature, 188, 151-152, 1960.
4.1.14. Wunder, C.C., Cook, R.M., Welch, R.C., Glade, R., Fleming, B.P., Femur bending properties as influenced by gravity: I. ultimate load and moment for 3-G rats, Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 48, 339-346, 1977.
4.1.15. Glucksmann, A., Studies of bone mechanics in vitro I-Influence of pressure on orientation of structure, Anat. Rec ., 72, 97-115,1938.
4.1.16. Goodship, A.E. , Lanyon, L.E., McFie, M., Functional adaptation of bone to increased stress, J. Bone Jnt. Surg. , 61A, 539-546, 1979.
4.1.17. Hall, B. K., Developmental and cellular skeletal biology , Academic Press, N.Y., 1978.
4.1.18. Sumner-Smith, G., Bone in clinical orthopaedics , W. B. Saunders, 1982.
4.1.19. Lanyon, L. E., Magee, P. T., and Bagott, D. G., The relationship of the functional stress and strain to the process of bone remodelling: an experimental study on the sheep radius, J. Biomech. 12, 593-600, 1979.
4.1.20. Woo, S. L. Y., Kuei, S. C., Amiel, D., Gomez, M. A., Hayes, W. C., White, F. C., and Akeson, W. H., The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's law, J. Bone Jnt. Surg. , 63A, 780-787, 1981.
4.1.21. Liskova, M. and Hert, J., Reaction of bone to mechanical stimuli, part 2, periosteal and endosteal reaction of the tibial diaphysis in rabbit to intermittent loading, Folia Morphologica 19, 310-317, 1971.
4.1.22. Wright, K.W.J. and Yettram, A.L., An analytical investigation into possible mechanical causes of bone remodelling, J. Biomed. Eng ., (England) 1, 41-49, 1979.
4.1.23. Frost, H. M., Osteocyte death in vivo, J. Bone Jnt. Surg. , 42A, 138-143, 1960.
4.1.24. Cowin, S. C. and Hegedus, D. H., Bone Remodeling I: Theory of adaptive elasticity, Journal of Elasticity , 6, 313-326, 1976.
I like the picture. Didn't have time to read the article. Saved it and will read it when i have time...
"As a biologist, I firmly believe that when you're dead, you're dead. Except for what you live behind in history. That's the only afterlife" - J. Craig Venter
Check my signature. I hate most teachers!! I like mine, though...
BTW, Dave, no offense, but your teacher seems not interested in teaching you biology...
"As a biologist, I firmly believe that when you're dead, you're dead. Except for what you live behind in history. That's the only afterlife" - J. Craig Venter
well, i partly blame the fact that he's old(read forgetful), and he seems the "old school" type of teacher: read and memorize this or get a beating. He can't do that now obviously so his teaching system is kinda weak without it...
I hear he's retiring next year. Too late for me and my class .
Living one day at a time;
Enjoying one moment at a time;
Accepting hardships as the pathway to peace;
So with the theory presented by Bassett and Becker is the electric field interpreted by the brain; in turn giving commands to the clasts/blasts or is the field solely interpreted by the clasts/blasts?
Thanks, Quiksilver
The skeleton is a metabolically active organ that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life. Bone remodeling involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts that subsequently become mineralized. The remodeling cycle consists of three consecutive phases: resorption, during which osteoclasts digest old bone; reversal, when mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface; and formation, when osteoblasts lay down new bone until the resorbed bone is completely replaced. Bone remodeling serves to adjust bone architecture to meet changing mechanical needs and it helps to repair microdamages in bone matrix preventing the accumulation of old bone. It also plays an important role in maintaining plasma calcium homeostasis. The regulation of bone remodeling is both systemic and local. The major systemic regulators include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and other hormones such as growth hormone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones. Factors such as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), prostaglandins, tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), and cytokines are involved as well. As far as local regulation of bone remodeling is concerned, a large number of cytokines and growth factors that affect bone cell functions have been recently identified. Furthermore, through the RANK/receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system the processes of bone resorption and formation are tightly coupled allowing a wave of bone formation to follow each cycle of bone resorption, thus maintaining skeletal integrity.
http://www.iofbonehealth.org/health-pro ... ology.html
Re: Bone remodelling
I am working on a project where I have to simulate bone remodelling using abaqus and UMAT.
In my input file I start with a lower young's modulus and this is the value UMAT takes at the first iteration to calculate stresses.
Then it saves this as a state variable and pass it on to input file, where one has to use *DEPVAR in order to accept this value and at next iteration this is given back to the UMAT to continue with the stresses calculation and material properties calculation.
My problem is how should I ensure that the program terminates when the EMOD is equal to the final EMOD as there is no error signal from the above control equation any more. I can use a condition here to observe whether the average strain is equal to expected strain or whether EMODS are equal and that EMOD should stay the same, but is this the way one should do it or is there a better way to do the same. If I give a condition at what range I should say that the error signal is zero.
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Patent litigation lawsuits continue to rise among the tech giants in Silicon Valley as the competition in mobile products grows more fiercely competitive.
In fact, Apple Insider reported that a federal judge has recently rejected a request by patent consortium Rockstar to transfer patent litigation from Google Inc.'s home in California to Texas.
Backed by Microsoft, Apple, BlackBerry, Ericsson and Sony, Rockstar acquired Nortel Networks' patents for US$4.5 billion after outbidding Google in 2011. Last year, the consortium sued numerous handset manufacturers whose phones operate on the Android operating system, which competes with Apple mobile products.
Later, Rockstar filed its lawsuit in a Texas federal court, which tends to be viewed as a forum for patent owners. In a bid to move the litigation to Northern California, Google asked U.S. District Judge Claudia Wilken to rule that it had not infringed the patents Rockstar sued over in Texas. Later, Rockstar filed papers to dismiss Google's California case, arguing that the proper jurisdiction is in Texas.
The lawsuits filed by Rockstar in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, have placed a cloud on the Android platform, threatened Google's business and relationships with its customers and partners and its sales of Nexus-branded Android devices, and created a "justiciable" controversy between Google and Rockstar, Google said in a statement.
"Because Google, the accused infringer, resides in California, much of the evidence is here. Some of the evidence may be in Canada or other states; however, that does not make Texas the more convenient forum," Judge Wilken wrote in her order.
According to the ruling this week, Apple and Rockstar are linked for the case to remain in California. "Google demonstrates a direct link between Apple's unique business interests, separate and apart from mere profitmaking," Wilken wrote.
For more news on patent litigation, check out these articles:
Capital One scores IP litigation victory over Intellectual Ventures
RPX launches 'A' rated patent troll insurance with Lloyd's
Apple-Samsung patent dispute trial continues
Apple faces off against another patent troll over iMovie application

subset: commoncrawl


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State Superintendent of Schools Nancy S. Grasmick today announced the names of six public schools that have been selected as the 2008 Maryland Blue Ribbon Schools of Excellence.
The names of the six schools have been submitted to the U.S. Secretary of Education for the National Blue Ribbon Schools Program. They are being recognized by the Maryland State Department of Education on the basis of rigorous state and national requirements for high achievement and dramatic improvement.
"This is an exceptional honor for these six schools, selected from the state's list of more than 1,300 schools," Dr. Grasmick said. "These schools serve as examples of educational excellence. It is a tribute to the students, teachers, parents, administrators and community members of these schools for their tireless efforts."
Three of the schools are in the top 10 percent of state schools as measured by the Maryland School Assessments. The other three are economically disadvantaged schools that demonstrated dramatic improvement on the state assessments over at least the past three years
The schools are:
The schools will be honored by Dr. Grasmick and other dignitaries at a banquet scheduled this spring in Annapolis. They also will be recognized with a special tribute by the Maryland General Assembly.
The schools will represent Maryland in the National Blue Ribbon Schools Competition. National winners will be announced in the fall of 2008 and be invited to Washington, DC to be honored by national officials.
Maryland corporate sponsors include Coldwell Banker Residential Brokerage Corporation, Verizon of Maryland, Comcast, Joe Corbi's Pizza, and SmartTechnologies.
# # #
2007-2008 Maryland Blue Ribbon School Highlights
Cresaptown Elementary in Allegany County 13202 Sixth AvenueCresaptown, Maryland 21502Principal: Roxanne ReusePhone: 301- 729-0212
Cresaptown Elementary is beating the odds in encouraging high student achievement. With over 46% economically disadvantaged students, 88.3% of its fifth graders were proficient or advanced in reading and 91.8% were proficient or advanced in math in MSA's. The school received the Maryland Center for Character Education 2007 School of the Year Award for Allegany County. The current Allegany County Teacher of the Year, Deborah Pappas, is a reading teacher at Cresaptown. The school has been recognized as a Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports (PBIS) Exemplar School for three of the last four years and received a perfect score on the PBIS evaluation in 2007. Cresaptown Elementary also received At ratings for all Professional Development Standards.Broadneck Elementary in Anne Arundel County470 Shore Acres RoadArnold, Maryland 21012Principal: Alison LeePhone: 410-222-1680
In the top 10% of Maryland Elementary Schools, Broadneck fifth grade students have achieved 97.3% proficient or advanced in reading and 99.1% in math. The school currently has five Nationally Board Certified teachers on staff. Broadneck is very community oriented, raising the most money in Maryland in 2007 for "Jump Rope for Heart". The school hosted over 100 donors for its Red Cross Blood Drive and a "Kindness" committee at the school works through the PTO to help the needy by paying doctor and fuel bills, and by purchasing groceries. Its parent involvement is very strong with over 12,000 hours of volunteer service donated this past year. Broadneck has also received accolades from its county for its special education inclusion settings.Cecil Elementary School in Baltimore City2000 Cecil AvenueBaltimore, Maryland 21218Principal: Roxanne ForrPhone: 410-396-6385
With 90% economically disadvantaged students, Cecil fifth grade students are 84.6% proficient and advanced in reading and 98.1% in mathematics. Staff retention over the past four years has been 90%. Cecil has partnered with the East Baltimore Community Corporation which conducts a BACK TO BASICS class for all 5th grade students, helping them refine their skills. The school has a National Aquarium Aquapartners grant through 2010. Students have won first place in many art contests including University of Maryland's Safe Kids-Walk This Way Contest, the AAA Traffic Safety Poster Contest, and the Asthma Awareness Poster Contest. The school works with Morgan State University's Center for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Education in its Science Fair program.Piney Ridge Elementary in Carroll County6315 Freedom AvenueSykesville, Maryland 21784Principal: Karen CovinoPhone: 410-751-3535A top 10% achieving elementary school, Piney Ridge fifth grade students achieved 98.3% proficiency or advanced in reading and 98.3% in math. The school was recognized by MSDE in 2004, 2005, and 2006 for performance on the MSA's. Its newspaper, The Dalmation Spotlight, received a national award from Time for Kids magazine in 2005. Teachers at Piney Ridge work together on a daily basis as a collaborative team. Parent involvement is exemplary with over 10,000 hours contributed by parent volunteers over the past two years. Parents are also involved in home assignments which encourage student sharing of instructional work.Hickory Elementary in Harford County2100 Conowingo RoadBel Air, Maryland 21014Principal: P. Gail ConnollyPhone: 410-638-4170
As a top achieving Maryland elementary school, 94.4% of fifth grade Hickory students were proficient and above on the MSA's in reading and 96.3% excelled in math. The school served as a pilot for the MacMillan McGraw-Hill mathematics program. Hickory exemplifies community service. Kindergarten students raise money and donate the proceeds to Anna's House, a housing program for women and children. Students also have been recognized as Carson Scholars and for work with the Good Neighbor Award and the Harford County Fuel fund. The school won a first place award in the Salvation Army Canned Food Drive. Staff members were recognized for Harford's Custodial Awards and as teacher finalists for Harford County Teacher of the Year. The school is also a winner of a recent Green School Award.Hickory Elementary in Washington County11101 Hickory School RoadWilliamsport, Maryland 21795Principal: Cathy ScuffinsPhone: 301-766-8198
Another school "beating the odds," with 54% economically disadvantaged students, Hickory Elementary in Washington County has fifth grade students scoring 87.5% proficient and above in reading MSA's and excelling at 93.8% in mathematics. The school recently won a Maryland State School of Character Emerging School Award, one of only nine winning schools in the State. Hickory encourages its parents; 100% of all classroom teachers visited with families prior to opening of school and phone calls were made to 96% of the students. Hickory teachers are leaders and also engaged in professional development; 92% visit demonstration classrooms in Washington County. Two demonstration teachers are Hickory members and others are on county leadership committees. Hickory students also contribute to eleven community service programs.


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Companies doing business internationally no doubt have heard about the rise in claims brought by government agencies against companies and individuals under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). Our last article focused on ways expenses in defending against such claims — often substantially greater than the amount for which the claims are ultimately resolved — can be contained.
A new decision, U.S. v. Esquenazi, was issued by the 11th Circuit on May 16, 2014, that carefully examines the tests required to determine whether in a given situation the FCPA has, or has not, been violated. The decision, a rare one despite the burgeoning number of prosecutions under the FCPA, clarifies but yet does not simplify what the applicable criteria for prosecution and conviction are. Pertinent to the role of corporate counsel overseeing the defense of such investigations and prosecutions, the decision in fact demonstrates just how wide ranging and fact intensive such an investigation and prosecution might become.
Messrs. Esquenazi and Rodriguez appealed their convictions in the district court for violating the FCPA. Their business, a long distance telephone minutes brokerage company, was found to have gained a lowered debt from a telephone company that was an instrumentality of the government of Haiti in exchange for the promise of bribery payments to Haitian officials.
Rejecting appellants' challenge to the Act for vagueness and their assignments of error concerning withheld evidence and the jury instructions, the court of appeals affirmed the judgment of conviction.
The FCPA prohibits bribes paid to "any foreign official," defined by the FCPA as "any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof." The central question before the court was what "instrumentality" means, and whether the Haitian telephone company, Teleco, qualifies as one. The term "instrumentality" is described in the Act as an entity controlled by the government of a foreign country that performs a function the controlling government treats as its own. Yet the FCPA does not specify what constitutes control and what constitutes a function the government treats as its own. As the court of appeals observed, these are factbound questions. Thus, the court turned to a number of sources, including the dictionary definition, relationship to other terms in the FCPA, the FCPA's context and legislative history, and both expert and percipient witness testimony, to derive the meaning.
While the court of appeals found that in the case before it, the entity readily qualified as a government instrumentality under almost any definition it could craft, significantly, the court set forth further guidance as to what an instrumentality within the meaning of the FCPA is. "An 'instrumentality' under section 78dd2(h)(2)(A) of the FCPA is an entity controlled by the government of a foreign country that performs a function the controlling government treats as its own. Certainly, what constitutes control and what constitutes a function the government treats as its own are factbound questions. . . . For today, we provide a list of some factors that may be relevant to deciding the issue. [Paragraph] To decide if the government 'controls' an entity, courts and juries should look to the foreign government's formal designation of that entity; whether the government has a majority interest in the entity; the government's ability to hire and fire the entity's principals; the extent to which the entity's profits, if any, go directly into the governmental fisc, and, by the same token, the extent to which the government funds the entity if it fails to break even; and the length of time these indicia have existed."
Likewise, the court set forth some factual criteria regarding the issue of whether the entity performs a function the government treats as its own. "Courts and juries should examine whether the entity has a monopoly over the function it exists to carry out; whether the government subsidizes the costs associated with the entity providing services; whether the entity provides services to the public at large in the foreign country; and whether the public and the government of that foreign country generally perceive the entity to be performing a governmental function."
A separate but essential aspect of a conviction under the FCPA, as the court of appeals observed, is whether bribe payments made by the accused were "made to any person while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given or promised directly or indirectly to any foreign official." Appellants challenged the trial court's jury instructions on the knowledge issue, but the court of appeals found them to be a correct statement of the law. The court further noted such knowledge could be actual or implied.
The court examined one of the appellants' state of mind regarding his knowledge of whether Teleco was a Haitian "instrumentality" and Teleco employees were foreign officials. On this issue, the court adverted to trial testimony from the appellants' insurance broker regarding a policy of political risk insurance appellants had sought on a contract with Teleco, which, according to the broker, appellants described as "wanting to insure contracts with foreign governments." The court of appeals concluded, "that evidence was sufficient to support a jury finding that Mr. Rodriguez knew Teleco was an instrumentality of the Haitian government. And because it is undisputed that he knew Messrs. Antoine and Duperval were Teleco employees, that evidence supports a finding he knew they qualified as foreign officials under the FCPA."
The Esquenazi decision illuminates the numerous, complex factual questions that must be resolved to satisfy the legal requirements for a prosecution proceeding under the FCPA. In so doing, the decision also underscores the importance that a defense to such a prosecution be handled efficiently and costeffectively.


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Milton cops look for burglar who fled on BMX bike
MILTON—Milton police are trying to find a young man who slipped away from a resident after the person caught him breaking in.
According to a news release, a resident arrived home in the 300 block of College Street about 3:46 p.m. Tuesday and saw a young, possibly high school-age male bolt out of the back door.�
The resident apparently tried to detain the male, who is described as white, about 5 feet, 9 inches tall with a thin or medium build, but he escaped, got on a bicycle, rode off on Rogers Street, and then got onto Madison Avenue, police said.
The male was wearing a black hat, black T-shirt, blue jeans and was riding a blue� BMX-style bicycle, police said.
No items in the house were missing, police said. Police believe the male saw the resident come home and took off.
Police are offering a cash reward for information that leads to an arrest and are asking people to call 608-757-2244 or Janesville Area CrimeStoppers at 608-756-3636. Anonymous tips can also be sent via text to CRIMES (274637), then enter JACS, plus your message.


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Airline axes 6,000 after disasters
Malaysia Airlines is to axe 6,000 jobs - around a third of the workforce - as it struggles to overcome the twin disasters that have hit it this year.
The announcement comes after the disappearance of flight MH370 over the southern Indian Ocean in March and the shooting down of flight MH17 over Ukraine last month.
The MH370 incident, on March 8, involved a Boeing 777 plane en route from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with 239 people aboard. Despite intensive searches, no trace of the aircraft has been found and a fresh hunt has now been instigated.
The Ukraine incident on July 17 again involved a Boeing 777. The flight, with 298 people on board including 10 Britons, was en route from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur.
It is believed the aircraft was brought down by a missile fired by pro-Russian separatists. Black box flight recorders have been recovered from the scene and an interim report on the crash is expected soon from the Dutch Safety Board which is in overall charge of the investigation.
The job losses, announced in Kuala Lumpur, are part of a major restructuring of the airline which will see a new chief executive in place next year, as well as the carrier being completely taken over by the Malaysian government.
There will also be a restructuring of routes flown, although the twice-daily service between Heathrow airport in west London and Kuala Lumpur, on which the world's largest passenger plane the Airbus A380 superjumbo operates, is set to continue.
A London-based Malaysia Airlines spokesman said: "The London-Kuala Lumpur route is highly successful and will carry on.
"Today's announcement is all about rebuilding the airline after these two awful incidents. The airline is being reshaped and the aim is to return it to profitability."


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For users on Linux and Unix, KDE offers a full suite of user workspace applications which allow interaction with these operating systems in a modern, graphical user interface. This includes Plasma Desktop, KDE's innovative and powerful desktop interface. Other workspace applications are included to aid with system configuration, running programs, or interacting with hardware devices. While the fully integrated KDE Workspaces are only available on Linux and Unix, some of these features are available on other platforms. In addition to the workspace, KDE produces a number of key applications such as the Konqueror Web browser, Dolphin file manager, and Kontact, the comprehensive personal information management suite. The list of applications includes many others, including those for education, multimedia, office productivity, networking, games, and much more. Most applications are available on all platforms supported by the KDE Development. KDE also brings to the forefront many innovations for application developers. An entire infrastructure has been designed and implemented to help programmers create robust and comprehensive applications in the most efficient manner, eliminating the complexity and tediousness of creating highly functional applications.
VLC media player is a multimedia player, framework, streamer, and encoder. It can play inputs like files, network streams, DVDs, audio CDs, Blu-Rays, capture devices, and screens. It can play most audio and video codecs and formats (MPEG 1/2/4, H264, VC-1, DivX, WMV, Vorbis, AC3, AAC, MKV, etc.), but can also be used to convert to different formats and/or send streams through the network.
The SeaMonkey project is a community effort to develop an all-in-one Internet application suite. It contains an Internet browser, email and newsgroup client with an included Web feed reader, HTML editor, IRC chat, and Web development tools, and is sure to appeal to advanced users, Web developers, and corporate users. It uses much of the Mozilla source code powering such successful siblings as Firefox, Thunderbird, Camino, Sunbird, and Miro.
Qt is a comprehensive, object-oriented development framework that enables development of high-performance, cross-platform rich-client and server-side applications. When you implement a program with Qt, you can run it on the X Window System (Unix/X11), Apple Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows NT/9x/2000/XP by simply compiling the source code for the platform you want. Qt is the basis for the KDE desktop environment, and is also used in numerous commercial applications such as Google Earth, Skype for Linux, and Adobe Photoshop Elements.
GNU ddrescue is a data recovery tool. It copies data from one file or block device (hard disk, CD-ROM, etc.) to another, trying to rescue the good parts first in case of read errors. GNU ddrescuelog is a tool that manipulates ddrescue logfiles, shows logfile contents, converts logfiles to/from other formats, compares logfiles, tests rescue status, and can delete a logfile if the rescue is done.
Blender is a free 3D animation studio. It includes tools for modeling, sculpting, texturing (painting, node-based shader materials, or UV mapped), UV mapping, rigging and constraints, weight painting, particle systems, simulation (fluids, physics, and soft body dynamics and an external crowd simulator), rendering, node-based compositing, and non linear video editing, as well as an integrated game engine for real-time interactive 3D, and game creation and playback with cross-platform compatibility.
Thunderbird is a total redesign of the Mozilla mail component to produce a cross-platform, stand-alone mail application using the XUL user interface language. It has many new features, among them the ability to customize your toolbars the way you want them. a new look and feel with a large number of downloadable themes which alter the appearance of the client, and the ability to add UI extensions.
Asymptote is a powerful descriptive 2D and 3D vector graphics language for technical drawing, inspired by MetaPost but with an improved C++-like syntax. It provides for figures the same high-quality level of typesetting that LaTeX does for scientific text. Asymptote is a programming language as opposed to just a graphics program. It can exploit the best features of script (command-driven) and graphical user interface (GUI) methods. High-level graphics commands are implemented in the language itself, allowing them to be easily tailored to specific applications.
NoMachine NX is a fast terminal server and desktop virtualization system based on the X11 protocol. NX is an order of magnitude faster than VNC or X11 and can run on bandwidth as narrow as 10 kBit/sec. In addition, NX translates and embeds the MS Windows Terminal Server and VNC protocols into X/NX, enabling users to compress and accelerate remote Windows and VNC sessions. The NX project provides a suite of libraries and X11 proxying agents implementing efficient compression and optimized transport of X11, SMB, IPP, HTTP, and arbitrary protocols like audio and video over the Internet.
A simple OCR application for Android.
A GUI toolkit for Linux and Android.


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Shop our great selection of Magic the Gathering trading cards for sale on COMC. Find current cards, and cards from the early 90s. Looking for a specific card? Use our attribute filter to search for only Serra Angel cards, or whatever card you're looking for. If you're interested in other gaming cards, we also have Pokémon, Yu Gi Oh!, and Star Wars TCG in inventory, with new cards arriving daily. When you're done searching for Magic the Gathering cards, check out our selection of comics or baseball cards.
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Updated: Power restored to Mercy Clinic East
JANESVILLE—Power has been restored at Mercy Clinic East, where the east side clinic had been turning away patients since about 7 a.m. because of a power outage, an official said.
Clinic Director Randy McGrath said an Alliant Energy transformer that serves only Mercy East blew. Power was restored just before 1 p.m.
The building was resuming normal operations around 1 p.m., and patients with appointments for this afternoon should still come in, unless they received a phone call saying otherwise, he said.
Patients with appointments this morning were called and rescheduled, McGrath said. A skeleton crew was working at Mercy East this morning to help those who show up for appointments or come in to the urgent care. Those with immediate needs were being referred to other Mercy clinics in Janesville.
Mercy East did not have the ability to call out, so Mercy Helpline was making the rescheduling calls.��
Emergency lights were working at the clinic, but no patients could be treated, McGrath said.
McGrath said he was not sure how many patients are affected.
"It's a large building, so probably quite a few," McGrath said. "We will do our utmost to make sure we see them after 1 p.m. and hopefully don't disrupt their daily lives too much."
The clinic and other Mercy clinics might have to operate later than usual today to accommodate everyone, McGrath said.
Alliant officials said they don't know what caused the transformer to fail and that such failures are rare.


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In order to better serve our overseas consumers, My Brands is pleased to announce a new partnership with MyUS.com to offer convenient, fast, and trackable international shipping to more than 225 countries. MyUS.com members receive deeply discounted shipping rates, exceptional customer service, 24/7 online access to their account, and access to other services.
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DROGHERIA & ALIMENTARI SPICE MILLS this high quality line provides the consumer with a complete complement of all-natural herbs and spices in an upscale, designer Italian glass jar. Each jar has its own patented built-in 2-piece grinder cap that insures the freshest results by crushing the product just before use. This process releases the volatile aromatic oils making flavors fresher and more intense than pre-ground products. The line includes creative mixes such as Meat Supreme and Seafood Supreme that add instant pizzazz to grilled foods as well as single spices such as Black Peppercorns and Mediterranean Salt. The product keeps its potency for 2 years, as it is not pre-ground.
My Brands is working with Playtex Baby to continue to provide the Ventaire Standard Bottle in both the 6 and 9 oz size. These have been pulled from retailers and for moms who may have used this bottle in the past with success, they have become harder to find. Until now!
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Clarence W. "Badger" Richey, 81, was a mysterious genius with a great heart, friends say
DELAVAN—Most of us let life happen to us.
We take the safest routes to our destinations, try to remain as comfortable as possible and wait so long to make our choices that they get made for us.
Clarence W. "Badger" Richey didn't live that way. He left his family as a boy to seek his fortune and chose a life in transit rather than one in the stable middle class.
Richey, who died in October, was a fixture in the Delavan area. Those who knew him personally counted themselves lucky. The rest of Delavan knew him as the old man with the fantastic beard who walked everywhere and seemed to know everyone.
By his own account, Richey was born in East Texas in 1932. He told people that he ran away from home during the Depression, eventually making his way to New York City. He spent a lot of time in libraries, keeping warm and absorbing as much information as he could. Rumor also had it that he made money on the stock market, and it became one of his sources of income for the rest of his life.
There are also these facts:
--Richey earned a doctorate from Harvard's School of Applied Sciences in June 1970, according to a Harvard spokesman.
--He taught literature and languages at UW-Green Bay for at least two years.
--In later years, he lived in Milwaukee before finally making Walworth County his home, said Lisa Maria Schmelz, a friend of Richey who wrote his obituary.
--He collected cans, delivered newspapers and became a fixture at local libraries.
John Finley remembers him as brilliant and kind.
"The guy was a walking encyclopedia," Finley said. "He could talk about anything from astrophysics to local politics. He would switch languages in the middle of a sentence."�
Richard Beers, a friend of Richey for seven or eight years, described his as "rigorous in his language. He took his words very seriously."
Even before Richey got into graduate school, he was writing papers on mind-boggling subjects, such as "On the Intentional Ambiguity of Heidegger's Metaphysics."
When Richey made an argument, Beers said, he invoked everyone from Mark Twain to Buddha.
"He was linguistically the wealthiest person you'd ever know," Beers said.
People who were able to see through his scruffy appearance often found a great friend.
Schmelz remembers the advice he gave her, exactly when she needed it: "If you think there is hope, there probably is."�
"He was kind. He was nonjudgmental. He was loving," Schmelz said.
Finley remembers when the city council discussed opening a homeless shelter in Delavan.
"He asked me to help him buy a home in Delavan where homeless people could live," Finley said.
Richey also was financially instrumental in helping the River Church of Delavan� establish a kind of homeless shelter.
The best tribute to Richey's life comes from Schmelz. She and other friends of "Badger" plan to continue their research into his life. They hope to collect his writings, including his doctoral thesis, so his extraordinary life will be remembered.


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Death Notices for April 2, 2014
Charlotte M. Mecklenburg, 84, Milton, died Monday at Rock Haven Nursing Home, Janesville. Visitation will be from 10 a.m. until noon Saturday at Albrecht Funeral Homes & Cremation Services, Milton.
Lorinne Muhasky, 85, Whitewater, died Tuesday at Fort Hospital, Fort Atkinson. Services will be at 11 a.m. Friday at First United Methodist Church, Whitewater. Visitation will be from 10 a.m. until the time of services Friday at the church. Haase-Lockwood & Associates Funeral Home and Crematory, Eagle, is assisting the family.
Paul Vincent Power, 84, Janesville, died March 12 at home. Burial services were held Monday at Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Janesville. A memorial service is planned at a later date.
Norma Jean Schmidt, 68, Janesville, died Sunday at home. No services will be held. Schneider Apfel Schneider & Schneider Funeral Home and Crematory, Janesville, is assisting the family.
Last updated: 10:05 am Wednesday, April 2, 2014


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Trudy K. Rogers, Walworth, WI (1945 - 2014)
April 2, 1945 - April 5, 2014
Trudy K. Rogers, age 69, of Walworth, WI, passed away Saturday, April 5, 2014, at her home with her family at her side. She was born April 2, 1945, to the late Gerald and Audrey (LeBaron) Peterson in Elkhorn, WI. Trudy attended Big Foot High School, class of 1963. She married Donald Rogers on Aug. 20, 1966, in Sharon, WI. Trudy worked as secretary for many years. As a homemaker she enjoyed cooking and baking for family and friends. Not one to sit idle, there was usually a craft or sewing project in the works. She also enjoyed putting the finishing touches on Don's many woodworking projects. Trudy was an animal lover and found great joy in caring for and spoiling the family's many dogs over the years.
Trudy is survived by her husband, Don of Walworth; her daughter, Lisa of Elkhorn, WI; her brother, Robert (Kathleen) Peterson of Elkhorn; cousins, nieces and nephews. She was preceded in death by her parents.
Trudy requested that there be no formal funeral services. If desired memorials may be made to the Walworth Rescue Squad or American Cancer society.
The family wishes to thank our family and friends for their many visits, phone calls and cards of support during Trudy's illness. In addition, we extend our thanks and appreciation to her physician, Dr. Edward Carlson, the caring staff of Saint Jude Hospice and the dedicated members of the Walworth Rescue Squad.
TOYNTON WALWORTH FUNERAL HOME is assisting the family.


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Music Lyrics
Bass and Guitar Tabs
and More...
Them Crooked Vultures on SongFreaks
The creator of this page is in no way affiliated with Them Crooked Vultures. The creator of this page is simply a fan that made a page about Them Crooked Vultures Links and more.
Website © 2000-2014 mattsmusicpage.com. All rights reserved.
Legal & DMCA: Matt's Music Page has been providing lyrics and tabs in a legal way, paying royalties each year to a few organizations. Then, all lyrics and tabs were removed from the site. Now, there's a new owner to the site, which purchased it August 26, 2014, and he is in negotiation to obtain licensing from BMI at the moment. If you have a specific DMCA request -- please do not hesitate to contact me via the contact button on top. I will do my very best to keep this site fully legal.
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Vintage Bone China Porcelain Lady & Gentleman Courting Couple Musical Figurine
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Lot of 3 Vintage OCCUPIED JAPAN Hand-painted Porcelain Figurines playing music..
SANTA CLAUS VINTAGE LIGHTS UP WALKS PLAYS MUSIC AND RINGS BELL-Christmas


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Avenir Sport Bucket Seat, Off-White - Attwood
The iBoats Experience
Boats for SaleBrowse thousands of constantly-updated listings and search by location, brand, and boat type See more...
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Shop ProductsBrowse and search for hundreds of thousands of boat parts, accessories, and supplies to suit your every need.
- Attractive, contemporary, and ergonomically styled seat features the patented SAS shock absorbing system.
- The SAS™ spring grid suspension absorbs up to 4-G's of impact!
- Flip-up bolster is ideal for applications where the boater needs the additional 7" of seat height for better vision during slow speed maneuvering or when the boat is off plane and it is difficult to see over the bow.
- Marine grade vinyl upholstery.
Dimensions 22-1/4"W x 24"D x 21-7/8"H Patented SAS Shock Absorption
The Seating Comfort Boaters Have Been Demanding
Many developers have tried to reduce the shock that hull pounding transfers to a seated boater. With its unique resources, Attwood is the first to bring such an effective system to the recreational market at an affordable price.
SAS means 'Shock Absorption System', and it is available exclusively in Avenir, Avenir Sport, and Centric SAS seats from Attwood.
The SAS Quad-Spring suspension system is completely integrated within the seat pan - not bolted on, as are some systems. Four marine-grade coil springs stretch a stainless steel grid that supports and shapes the molded foam cushion in the seat pan. This suspension provides Dynamic Comfort while underway and Static Comfort when relaxing.Spring Grid
Flexes with the coil springs and supports the seat foam. Continually adjusts for circulation and comfort.
Quad-Spring Suspension
Provides comfort and 3" travel for shock absorption. Prevents rider from 'bottoming out.'
Dynamic Comfort with SAS
The SAS seat pan suspends molded urethane foam over a spring-isolated grid. While underway, wave impact is absorbed by SAS suspension, not the boater.
Springs absorb energy and reduce shock.
Isolated suspension does not allow boater to bottom out against hard surface.
Impact is absorbed by the suspension system - not the boater.
Static Comfort
Even while idle and sitting still, the SAS suspension adds long-term comfort. Molded foam for SAS seats is thicker at the sides to give larger boaters extra support and 'center' smaller boaters in middle of the seat.
Advanced Styling
Seat Shell and Molded Foam
Work together to provide ergonomic comfort and spinal support.
Arm Contour
Stylish curve supports arm in natural, comfortable position.
Side Cut-Away
Provides ventilation at lower back for cool comfort.
Bolster Down
Creates rounded edge at front of seat. When bolster is down the seat exceeds ABYC H-31 Type A Driver requirements.
Bolster Up
Detent holds bolster up at 102° angle with 7" height. Provides elevated seating for improved visibility when docking or maneuvering.
Recessed Bottom Angle
Rounded corners and recessed bottom angle minimize the bottom 'footprint.' Allows seat to swivel in confined spaces.
No Exposed Hinges
No ugly brackets or fasteners to color-match, pinch, or abrade.
Easy to Install ... Saves Assembly Time and Cost
Avenir seating can reduce upholstery and installation costs because it's refined to just four interlocking components. Avenir uses the marine-grade materials tested and proven in Centric SAS seats - thermoplastic shell and stainless steel suspension grid with corrosion-proof springs. It's all made possible by Attwood's unique qualifications for pleasure boat seating:
- Plastic molding expertise
- Years of experience in meeting the needs of boat builders
Seat Shell
All springs and molded-plastic components are built for the real marine world. Tough construction withstands abusive environments.
Upholstery Onsert
Once upholstered, provides a quick, easy method to cover staples and seams on the upholstered seat shell. Allows design flexibility and creates a deep-tuck, finished look.
Snap-in Clips
Onsert posts snap securely into foolproof clips for quick, easy assembly.
Flip-up Bolster
Flexes into keyed slots on the inside walls of seat shell. Cuts assembly cost because there are no brackets to color-match, assemble, or install.
SAS Seat Pan
Seat Pan has self-aligning posts that match pockets molded in the Seat Shell. T-Nuts in the Seat Pan match the universal bolt pattern of pedestal seat mounts and sliders. Fasteners from pedestal installation draw seat pan and shell together, forming a completed seat that exceeds tough ABYC H-31 Standards.
Please be careful when ordering this product, it has limitations that differ from our General 30-day Return Policy. After all, we want you to be satisfied with your order so you'll return again and again as an iboats.com customer, and to also recommend us to your boating friends
- Seats
- All seat returns are subject to a 15-25% restocking charge. The item(s) must be in clean and resalable condition otherwise the return will be denied.


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Banks are racing to betray their competitors to avoid possible European Union (EU) fines for rigging foreign-exchange markets, according to a person with knowledge of the EU's preliminary investigation.
Lenders are vying to emulate UBS AG and Barclays Plc, which dodged penalties of about 3.2 billion euros ($4.4 billion) for blowing the whistle on manipulation of interest-rate benchmarks, said the person who asked not to be named because the EU process is private. More banks have volunteered information on currency markets than for the probes into Libor and Euribor rigging, the person said.
With penalties forgiven for the first to snitch and discounts of as much as 50 percent for the next in line, banks have an incentive to win the race to EU Competition Commissioner Joaquin Almunia's door. This year's total for EU price-fixing fines is almost 1.88 billion euros—about half the waived penalties for companies that first blew the whistle in cartel cases.
"If you offer a big enough carrot—i.e. full immunity—then you are likely to get someone to come forward," Stephen Smith, a lawyer at Reynolds Porter Chamberlain LLP in London, said in an interview. "The reality is that if there any skeletons, they are going to come tumbling out of the cupboard" anyway as part of global investigations. Banks may decide that "they might as well be first in the queue at the EU," he said.
Regulators in the U.K., Switzerland, the U.S., and Asia are probing the $5.3 trillion-a-day foreign-exchange market after Bloomberg reported that dealers said they had been front-running client orders and attempting to rig the benchmark WM/Reuters rates by colluding with counterparts and pushing through trades before and during the 60-second windows when the benchmarks are set.
At least 11 banks including Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Barclays Plc, and HSBC Holdings Plc have disclosed investigations by regulators. Citigroup Inc., JPMorgan Chase & Co., and Barclays have all suspended or put on leave senior currency traders. Deutsche Bank AG, continental Europe's largest lender, has also said it's cooperating with requests for information. No one has been accused of wrongdoing.
Four banks account for more than half of all trading in the foreign-exchange market, according to a May survey by Euromoney Institutional Investor Plc. Deutsche Bank is No. 1 with a 15 percent share, followed by Citigroup with almost 15 percent and Barclays and UBS, each of which has 10 percent.
Jeffrey French, a Citigroup spokesman, declined to comment, as did Deutsche Bank's Sebastian Howell, Barclays's Aurelie Leonard, HSBC's Jezz Farr, and JPMorgan's Jennifer Zuccarelli. Spokesmen for UBS in London and for Goldman Sachs in New York also declined to comment.
While Almunia has said the Brussels-based European Commission is analyzing information on FX, he hasn't said he'll open a formal probe, the first step toward possible fines. Antoine Colombani, his spokesman, declined to comment further.
Letting companies off the hook is "not pleasant, politically" Almunia told EU lawmakers last month. Yet "providing such incentives to companies that choose to reveal the existence of a cartel to the commission is simply indispensable."
Full Story
Whistleblowing banks vying for a fine-exemption must bring regulators details on products, meetings, and prices, according to lawyers. They would first conduct an internal fact-finding exercise similar to the one Procter & Gamble Co. went through after being raided as part of a detergent price-fixing probe in 2008.
Once you've decided to file for leniency, "you need to make sure you bring in the full story," said Thomas Gorham, a lawyer for the company. That means digging through thousands of e-mails, doing keyword searches, even digging up faxes that may be 10 years old, he said at a Brussels antitrust conference on Dec. 5. "And then it means talking to employees."
Races to the EU regulator aren't unique to financial-market probes. Solvay SA was saddled with the highest fine in a chemicals cartel after a competitor beat the Brussels-based company to the fax machine.
On April 3, 2003, nine days after a raid, a lawyer called the commission and said Solvay intended to turn in evidence of price fixing for two bleaching chemicals, according to a commission ruling in the case. A few hours after the call, lawyers for French chemical maker Atofina sent a fax with 13 documents. It won a 30 percent reduction in its penalty. Solvay only received a 10 percent cut.
While banks may be convinced that confession is good for the soul—and their income statements—they must still resist the temptation to gossip about their immunity bids.
The chairman of Deltafina SpA, an Italian tobacco processor, let slip to rivals that his company was helping the EU in a price-fixing probe. The news spoiled the surprise when EU officials conducted unannounced dawn raids on company premises two weeks later. Deltafina lost its immunity from fines.
"These stupid mistakes can happen," Sari Suurnakki, deputy head of two commission cartel units, told the Brussels conference.


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Quick Facts
- 37 years of experience
- Speaks English
- University of Michigan Medical School
- 2 specialties
- 1 hospital affiliation
- 2 locations
Metastatic Melanoma
The facts about metastatic melanoma, a serious skin cancer, including signs, symptoms & what happens to the body in each stage of cancer.
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- View All Care Guides Prepare for your next visit with our extensive library of Care Guides
About Dr. John Brewer
Dr. John Brewer, MD is a Doctor primarily located in Danvers, MA, with another office in Lowell, MA. He has 37 years of experience. His specialties include Diagnostic Radiology and Pediatric Radiology. Dr. Brewer is affiliated with Lowell General Hospital. He speaks English.
Primary Address
140 Commonwealth Ave
Danvers, MA 01923
Get Directions
Dr. John Brewer has the following 2 specialties
- Diagnostic Radiology
Radiologists help doctors get a closer look at what's happening inside your body. If your primary care doctor wants to investigate your symptoms further, they may refer you to a radiologist to get an ultrasound or x-ray. Some radiologists specialize...
- Pediatric Radiology
Pediatric radiologists specialize in using x-rays, MRIs, CT scans and ultrasounds to help provide the most accurate diagnosis to your child as possible. After they receive the image results, they work with your family physician or other specialist...
Nearby Doctors
Dr. John Brewer is similar to the following 3 Doctors near Danvers, MA.
Dr. Timothy Hough
Diagnostic Radiology
Peabody, MA 0.55 mi21
Dr. Mary Oneill
Diagnostic Radiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology
Peabody, MA 0.55 mi22
Dr. Gregg Franco
Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Radiology, Diagnostic Radiology
Danvers, MA 0.81 mi11
- Lung Cancer
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Apple Inc., the iPhone maker seeking to help finance a $100 billion capital reward for shareholders with borrowed money, may sell its first bonds in almost two decades as soon as today with a six-part offering.
The company intends to issue debt that includes floating-rate notes maturing in 2016 and 2018 and fixed-rate securities due in 2016, 2018, 2023 and 2043, Apple said today in a regulatory filing. Proceeds may help Cupertino, California-based Apple avoid so-called repatriation taxes on its $102.3 billion of funds held overseas as it returns an additional $55 billion to shareholders through 2015 to compensate for a stock that's been hammered by signs of slowing growth.
"You'll see a meaningful amount of interest," Ashish Shah, the head of global credit investment at New York-based AllianceBernstein LP, which oversees $256 billion in fixed-income assets, said in a telephone interview. "It's a high-quality name which brings in a lot of different kinds of buyers."
The offering, being managed by Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Deutsche Bank AG, follows a $1.95 billion dollar sale last week from Microsoft Corp. The world's biggest software maker issued $1 billion of 10-year, 2.375 percent securities to yield 70 basis points more than Treasuries, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. They traded yesterday at 100.2 cents on the dollar to yield 2.35 percent, according to Trace, the bond-price reporting system of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority.
Apple may sell as much as $20 billion of debt, Tom Tucci, managing director and head of Treasury trading in New York at CIBC World Markets Corp., said in an e-mail today. That would make it the largest dollar-denominated offering on record. Roche Holding AG tops the list with a $16.5 billion six-part deal from February 2009, followed by AbbVie Inc.'s $14.7 billion six-part issue in November, Bloomberg data show.
"There's strong demand for bonds across the board," Anthony Valeri, a market strategist with LPL Financial Corp. in San Diego, which oversees $350 billion, said in a telephone interview. "When you bring in a new name to a starved market I think it will be well received."
Average yields on investment-grade debt worldwide dropped to a record-low 2.45 percent yesterday from 3.37 percent a year ago, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch's Global Corporate Index.
While Apple's $145 billion of cash is more than the combined funds of every AAA rated U.S. company including Microsoft, it failed to win the bond market's highest credit grade from Moody's Investors Service and Standard & Poor's. Moody's rated the firm Aa1 with S&P giving it a grade of AA+.
That rating tier is "inconsistent" with Apple's credit risk, according to Fitch Ratings, which yesterday said the company's "significant liquidity cushion" was overshadowed by the threat of volatile consumer preferences, significant competition and rapid technology changes. While Fitch hasn't released a public grade for Apple, it said such a ranking would likely fall "at the highest end" of the single-A tier, lower than where Moody's and S&P graded the debt.
Microsoft, along with Johnson & Johnson, Exxon Mobil Corp. and Automatic Data Processing Inc., is rated Aaa by Moody's and AAA at S&P.
Concern that Apple's pace of sales growth is slowing were reinforced last week by a forecast for narrowing gross margins and sales this quarter that may miss analysts' predictions by as much as $4.9 billion. Apple had its first profit decline in a decade last quarter amid accelerating competition in mobile devices from Samsung Electronics Co.
Using new debt to finance Apple's $55 billion addition to its plan to return cash to shareholders through 2015 with buybacks and dividends may require annual issuance of between $15 billion and $20 billion, Ping Zhao, an analyst at CreditSights Inc. in New York, wrote in a report April 23. Apple would probably receive a "very attractive rate" for as much as $50 billion in new debt, Barclays Plc analyst Ben Reitzes wrote in a report last month.
Apple's debt sale is coming more than nine years after the company cleared its balance sheet of bonds when the $300 million of 6.5 percent 10-year notes it sold in February 1994 matured. Apple issued new convertible debt in 1996 that was called in 1999, Bloomberg data show.
Bloomberg News


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Is Time Travel Possible?October 27th, 2010 by Chef REX Blog Team
By now, you've probably seen George Clarke's controversial snippet of Charlie Chaplain's 1928 classic "The Circus" where a woman in black is seen holding what appears to be a cellphone. Conspiracy theorists and internet nerds alike suggest that the woman is a time traveler who was accidentally filmed while touring 1920's Hollywood- you know, before it was full of fame hungry d-bags. We all know that time travel is impossible with out the use of a DeLorean unless you're Max Walker, but could this really be one of our modern conveniences caught on film way back in 1928? If so, how the hell did it get there? Isn't there some sort of "prime directive" when it comes to time travel? I mean look how bad Ashton screwed up his life in the Butterfly Effect.
Let's check out the footage before I make any more terrible references.
Back, and to the left. Back…and to the left.
Did you see it!?!?! Holy crap, a cellphone!
I guess even time travelers need their crackberry fix every once in a while (you can tell it was a Blackberry and and not an iPhone because the woman wasn't wearing a snow hat or "deep V"). So now that there's irrefutable proof that time travel is not only possible, but real- we decided to do a little more digging and found some other instances of questionable technology caught in historical photos.
What we found was no less than… SHOCKING.
Exhibit A) The moon landing.
They say that there's more computing power in a modern calculator than there was in the flight computer on the LEM. That claim's not necessarily true anymore when you realize our astronauts were sitting around, playing Angry Birds on their Driod phones while waiting for the next take… uh, I mean mission.
Exhibit B) Nazi Germany
Hitler figured out a new way to improve reception to his iPhone 4
History teaches us that following WWI, Germans had become upset with the restrictions placed on their nation by the Treaty of Versailles- the perfect environment for a young Adolf Hitler to rise to power and plunge the world into another global war. But what history forgets to mention is that Hitler was an avid user of his Twitter app for iPhone. Getting his message of German Nationalism and anti-semitism out was easy when his tag ( @liladolf420 ) had over 1 million followers. Planning a blitzkrieg into Poland was a snap with Google Maps. I guess Adolf ran into the only time traveler not trying to kill him when he got his hands on that piece of future technology.
Exhibit C) The Roswell Incident
No "little green men" here. This thing runs iOS, not Froyo.
Probably the most famous of the incidents, the Roswell Incident has been a hotbed for conspiracy theorists. Some say the US Government found the remains of an alien spacecraft in the desert while others assert the wreckage was from a secret aircraft developed for the Air Force. I personally think the incident is microwave popcorn related, but I suppose the notion of some drunken time traveler totaling his DeLorean in the desert is plausible too. Its a little known fact that the Air Force has been holding on to an iPad since the late 1940's. They, just like any other government agency, didn't know how to adapt technology to best serve their needs until decades later.
Seeing all of this modern day technology in the past makes me wonder what kind of technological wonders are being brought to our time by travelers from the future.
One can only hope to capture a glimpse of them on film.
Tagged with: 1920 • 1928 • 1948 • Air Force • Android • Angry Birds • Apollo • Ashton • astronauts • Back to the future • Blackberry • Butterfly Effect • cellphone • Charlie Chaplain • Conspiracy • DeLorean • Droid • Froyo • George Clarke • Germany • Googel Maps • Google • historical photos • Hollywood • internet • iOS • ipad • iPhone • iPhone 4 • JCVD • Max Walker • Moon Landing • NASA • nerds • New Mexico • Poland • prime directive • Roswell • Roswell Incident • technology • The Circus • Time • time cop • time op • time travel • Twitter


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text: The average commuter spends 38 hours each year stuck in traffic and 4.3 years of his or her lifetime driving. Yet while most see this time spent as a frustration, the marketing professional recognizes it as a prime business opportunity. Cars offer plenty of creative real estate space for smart marketers to advertise and promote their brand. Automotive merchandise not only obtains regular repeated use, but the placement of many of these products can result in hundreds of impressions earned each day. Browse ePromos' customizable car accessories and maximize your brand's visibility.


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Picture books
In 1874 Heinrich Wild-Wirth became the first librarian of the Zürcher Künstler-Gesellschaft; the first printed "Library catalogue of the Künstler-Gesellschaft in Zürich" appeared in 1875. The statutes of the Künstlergesellschaft in Zurich, as revised in 1873, state in § 1 that the creation of a library is one of the ways in which the association can fulfil its principal goal of "making all possible efforts to promote and awaken a feeling for and awareness of art". The library is to "contain works on art history, artists, art collections as well as encyclopaedias and art journals". Rules for use are also laid down: "Association members may refer to books in the library itself or at home", the loan period is four weeks.
Today, more than 125 years later, the library collection has grown to over 220,000 volumes; nonetheless the goal of "maintaining and expanding the art collections and the library" still remains the top priority in the statutes of the "Zürcher Kunstgesellschaft". And although the profile of the library collection, as a specialist academic library for modern art, has been defined more precisely, in essence it has barely changed, and user regulations still permit borrowers to take books home with them.
Whilst for the founders of the Künstlergesellschaft it was absolutely clear that an "understanding of fine art" required the presence not just of artworks themselves but also of an art library, today the traditional definition of the library has been called into question by the rapid access to information provided by computer networks. Now instead of investing funds in books and reading rooms more and more money is going towards financing (temporary) user rights for copyright protected works on networks.
Whilst the limited shelf-life of scientific/technical knowledge may well speak in favour of such a change, the usefulness of a specialist library continues to stand in direct relation to the size of the collection itself. Electronic media remain ephemeral: older data, even if it ever existed in digital form, becomes unreadable; information for which there is no longer any commercial demand is often unavailable or is even deleted. Pictures and illustrations are a significant part of almost every publication concerning the fine arts and it is seldom possible to find pictures in electronic publications which approach the quality of those in print. Consequently, collecting, cataloguing and conserving will remain one of the most important tasks of the library.
For many years now the library has also acquired videos, CD-ROMs and DVDs; however it is scarcely imaginable that they will continue to be usable in this form in the next century in the way that books and journals will be. Valuable information can be accessed via the Internet, if you know where to look for it. As a medium it is useful for bibliographical and biographical research and as a source of all types of factual information. Increasingly, museums are making their own collections available on their own web sites or in collaboration with other institutions, and cataloguing and providing online resources in the area of fine arts has now become part of the work of the library. Software which allows simultaneous searches in databases of different types will soon begin to take over from link collections.
The library functions both as the information centre and the memory of the museum. It helps the museum in its work for the Collection and exhibitions, and it also provides resources for members of the general public interested in art on a personal or professional level, but above all it exists as a service to members of the Zürcher Kunstgesellschaft.


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This article is the last in a four-part series (Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3) on implementing a corporate legal process outsourcing (LPO) solution. It highlights key considerations related to determining timing of a LPO initiative.
Once a corporate legal department determines which services to outsource, it should next determine the ideal time to make such a transition. In assessing whether a function is ready for outsourcing, a company should determine whether the process requires further maturation within the organization before being sourced and, if so, whether they should outsource before, during or after internally transforming those processes. As LPO solutions become more commonplace in the market, corporate legal departments are beginning to take a more sophisticated approach to legal service assessment and to view LPO as a way to supplement or complement broader corporate transformation initiatives.
In the case of legal, generally the type of service dictates when a process can be sourced. For example, the nature of litigation is often unforeseen and driven with a sense of immediacy. If a company is facing a large unexpected litigation or has a minor impending transactional matter (i.e. small contract management task), they should consider whether the immediacy of outsourcing outweighs the need to fine tune internal e-discovery processes. On the other hand, when a company has anticipated, steady transactional work, such as a voluminous IP or contract portfolio, they may want to consider whether to assess and refine their IP or contract management processes prior to sourcing to an external provider.
As many legal departments are "testing the waters" with LPO strategies and providers, they may elect to utilize an LPO provider in a test pilot in a low risk legal function or particular legal matter. In this instance, a company may elect to implement an LPO solution during the course of an internal legal service delivery transformation — or at least at the point when the legal department has been able to assess those areas in which they spend the most time and money.
Determining which legal services to outsource
Examining the issues facing corporate legal and LPO provider solutions
From the inside out: Finding the perfect legal services outsourcing provider
Another factor which drives LPO involves ethical considerations germane to the legal sector. The American Bar Association (ABA) provides certain guidelines for companies to consider when selecting an LPO provider. Such requirements for analysis involve assessing the LPO provider's qualifications, ensuring that the project will receive adequate supervision from a corporate attorney as well as attorneys within the LPO provider's structure, and ensuring that the LPO provider can meet any other confidentiality, data security and other regulatory requirements by which the company is bound. Depending upon the LPO provider and amount of analysis required, this may affect the timing of a company's legal sourcing decision.
Under the right circumstances, the issues facing corporate legal departments can be effectively affected by a broad legal service delivery transformation approach involving legal process outsourcing. (See Figure 1.) Clearly, such a transformation involves the evaluation of many complex factors. In the end, corporate legal departments need to consider all aspects of the legal sourcing decision making process — including, where to outsource, what to outsource, who to outsource to and when to outsource — when determining whether to make the shift to an LPO provider.
Figure 1. The LPO legal service delivery transformation journey: issue to impact
About this publication: This publication contains general information only and is based on the experiences and research of Deloitte practitioners. Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering business, financial, investment, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte, its affiliates, and related entities shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication.