text:
Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
Moderator: BioTeam
There's a difference between trusting in Scripture and trusting only in Scripture (sola scriptura, as Martin Luther called it). The Bible makes it clear that not all truth is contained with its texts.
Yes I read it but it still doesn't bring me much closer to understanding your position. Are you going to take me up on my offer for an e-mail discussion?
Yes, this is one of the biggest reasons many Protestants take issues with Catholicism because this doctrine is often used as a justification for the practice of infant baptism. Apparently you don't seem to belong to that crowd of Protestantism, though, with as much as you keep talking about original sin.
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Good point. And you go on in later posts to point out scripture in the "history" portion that claims everything in the Bible is the word of God. Being an agnostic; I don't believe any of it's literally true, but I think you're giving Alex a run for his money . Keep it up (in email).
What did the parasitic Candiru fish say when it finally found a host? - - "Urethra!!"
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Truth will not contradict itself. If there is other truth, and the scripture is truth, they will agree and/or support each other. Otherwise one or both is not truth. Otherwise truth is not truth. This is simple philosophical logic.
SO it comes down to what you decide to believe. Even for agnostics Mr. Arastus. You believe in God or you believe in no god, but you believe something--maybe you believe you're just another species, but you believe something. It is quite interesting that we even ask the question of origin--where does that come from? Genes? I doubt that.
I don't want to get into doctrinal discussions here my friend. SInce It is a science website. I think some God talk is in order since evolution is about our origins, but denom doctrine is purely religious. You can contact me at [email protected].
Is that your way of asking me to send you an e-mail instead of you taking me up on my offer to send me one?
Generally speaking, the more people talk about "being saved," the further away they actually are from true salvation.
#2 Total Post Count
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Oh hang on... i must have missed something.
When did i say the human race was smart? Since civilization has begun has intelligence ever helped people pass on their genes? No, in fact its probably reduced their probability of passing on their genes. And we can prove that we are not smart by the fact that a few thousand years ago we thought a whole race of people originated from two people.
No Alex, not how do I know what Adam and Eves race was, how the writers of genesis knew what their race was, they knew they were white, i know (and sorry if i seem a bit one-sided with this comment)that it is impossible for a whole race of people to have originated from two people--Many more problems than low genetic variation. Even so i don't need to know what race they were, by the fact that we actually have several seperate races it proves the Adam and Eve wrong. (off topic a bit, just a quick question i have: if Adam and Eve only had sons who did they reproduce with to produce more people?)
A lot. if Christians do not believe in the mutation of new genes then how do they suppose a new race came into play. Believers in such scriptures it seems are always adding a bit more to their books as the evidence overwhelms their arguments and they will continue to, because they need religion to guide their life and have someone to talk to when they feel down and religion needs them to exist, so they defend it.
This argument is way more complex than it should be, if a scientific journal said that Twisties killed 200 people every day or that one in three elephants had eight heads(providing no evidence obviously), what would you think of this journal? This is my view of the bible. So many on this site make out that they are thinking outside the square by believing in such blatent rubbish-the world is 5000 years old, magic is real, blah blah, its so outwardly obvious. Sure its a great story but please don't use it as a backing for your conclusions.
Wait minute... then why are we debating? The original question i posted referred to any arguments with natural selection and other forms of evolution. If the bibles are now accepting that their god had already thought of natural selection and was the creator of it but they had not yet derived the symbolism in their scriptures to let them know this(as is usually the case)... then what is this argument about?
Sorry if there is a lot of errors as it is late and im sleepy.
A wise man once said to me:
"Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life."
Only the fittest chickens cross the road.
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
[17] Francisco J. Ayala and Mario Coluzzi
Colloquium Paper: Systematics and the Origin of Species: Chromosome speciation: Humans, Drosophila, and mosquitoes
PNAS 2005 102:6535-6542; published online before print April 25, 2005, doi:10.1073/pnas.0501847102
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Sorry Gary your going to have to be a bit more specific on that, there's about 30 pages there and i don't have time to read it all at the moment, if you are referring to the population starting from a few individuals at a cellular level then this is not what I'm referring to, I'm referring to the theory that 2 humans(as we know them now) were plonked onto the planet 5000 years ago.
A wise man once said to me:
"Build a man a fire, and he'll be warm for a day. Set a man on fire, and he'll be warm for the rest of his life."
Only the fittest chickens cross the road.
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
I'm prettttty sure the bible never talks about Adam and Eve's skin color. In fact, so far as I know, the only book that mentions skin color is Psalms, poetically describing body parts.
Cultural norms have probably shaped the idea for many that biblical characters shared european traits.
My understanding of white-skin origin is that after diverging from african populations, northern populations lost pigment in a selective response to vitamin deficiency. ??
It is also my understanding that "black" people are also a divergence from the evolutionary predecessors, who were more brown-skinned.
PS: FZ I think your sig is more disturbing than mine. Well done!
What did the parasitic Candiru fish say when it finally found a host? - - "Urethra!!"
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
Because FZ. NS and evolution are not necessarily synonymous. NS has been observed but it has been seen to be temporary --that is when stressful environmental factors take place the population of a species may exhibit certain traits more dominantly. This is because certain traits may not enable certain organisms to survive under certain conditions. When less stressful factors return so do the original variety of traits. I would have to do some hunting to find the research, but I have read it. It had to do with bird beaks and it was couple who had actually done the research for quite a number of years. Forgive my vagueness.
Perhaps I confused you with someone else. I thought you had said Jesus was a magician and toward the end of the post you said that humans were getting too smart for magic.
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
"The Hemoglobin number,"-- that is the number of different ways you can arrange the molecules that form Hemoglobin. There are more ways to arrange them than there are atoms in the universe, but there are only 5 ways that work! What are the odds that evolution happened? Not a chance!
From Dr. David Menton PhD
Dr. Menton was awarded "Professor of the Year" in 1998 while associate professor of anatomy at the respected Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis—now a professor emeritus (he holds a PhD in cell biology from an Ivy League school, Brown University).
Never have figured out how evolutionists can ignore probability. Hemoglobin is formed by the coded mRNA and the ribosome, with the tRNA molecules which bring the proper amino acids which will match the nuecleotides in the mRNA. But mRNA gets its instructions from DNA. Point being that if the improbability of chance in hemoglobin is high, how much more for the DNA which is a much longer molecule?!
Here's another. Evolution is built on billions of years because it has to be. Take it out of the equation and it's over.
Im not a nuclear physicist so I'm asking. How much hydrogen would it take for the sun to burn for 4.5 billion years? I know this goes against theory but it seems like if the sun were really that old it would have had to be much bigger at on time ---just for the simple fact of the amount of hydrogen it would take if it has burnt that long. But even though measurements do show the sun to be shrinking, it is supposed to expand until about 10 billion years and become a red giant. Inconceivable.
On the other hand, it is much more logical that complex systems or objects of any kind show design and therefore are designed and therefore have a designer.
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
To reduce it down to its basics here is the K-12 explanation I have so far of the speciation mechanism(s). Natural selection is not mentioned because speciation would still occur without it.
At this point in time a "Chromosomal" Adam and Eve exists in science. A few might disagree with the 6 or so million year date but that is just a detail when the one and only Adam and Eve are now taking their place in our origin story. And it's not expected to be some hairy apish looking couple. It appears that reproductive problems from the fusion would require many generations of 48/47's before there were even 46's so we were already way different from the original 48 that put the fusion into genetic memory. I might also be able to conclude they had to be "human" enough to consider human to be able to survive the human chromosome structure. Where to place them in the fossil evidence will depend on what is learned from reconstructing them from phylogenetic data, but that's a challenge for the future.
The creation story found in Islam and Christianity and almost all others know about anyway, is where science is now heading. Includes the dust/clay work from Harvard but the easiest way to understand that is read the theory blog then see papers in references.
With all said, detail that Genesis does not include now has science to support the story. The fruit tree Adam and Eve were not supposed to eat from for some reason, could here have been the fruit fly food for the fruit fly Adam and Eve and all their grandchildren. It's a little funny to have to conclude that, but there you go. A little entertainment to go with your science, like the Creator has a good sense of humor or something.
I know it's not the plonking of two humans here 5000 years ago. Would need to be more like 6 million years, and from chromosomal speciation but scripture still works. And Creationists are well motivated towards somehow getting their Adam and Eve based world-view into science so this happening is no less than a "miracle" for them to have science they can do and not get in real trouble. It will no doubt replace the thinking we are the product of the same slow 48 ape to 48 ape speciation process we see at the zoo. Only humans have the signature 46 chromosome structure with all at once massive fusion event. And I think there is a scripture somewhere that adds detail where Adam and Eve's children found partners outside the family, as would here be possible.
All eventually makes sense in the light of science. Even Genesis. Which is why you need to understand what the long paper is explaining to know why origin of life science kinda already went the way of scripture.
Re: Any SOLID arguments against evolution?
But this would take vast amounts of time also, as your theory says. Being that evolution would take so much time it seems that the populations would get so large that there would be evidence of it in our crust, seeing they would overpopulate and then regulate through lack of resources, catastophe, or disease. Most of the crust is silicon and oxygen, with of course all the other elements and compounds.
And how did immobile plants seperate? They happened to somehow seperate and then mutate and then their transitions become dust--no trace.
Yes completely true within designed kinds.The genetic material between certain species will not do this though--it produces nothing. And preferential instinct keeps this from happening also. Hippos will not mate with an alligator even tough they are in the same habitat.
You mean like blue green algae for on example. Supposedly the oldest living fossils or fossils period. A bit out of the subject at hand but evolutionary theory compares apples to oranges, comparing asexual to sexual, microorganisms to complex multicellular creatures who have entire immune systems, and do not rely on plasmids to adapt and survive.
And yes, my thoughts exactly, evolution would predict no living fossils in bacteria, because of the cloning between parent and daughter. How would they speciate and be seperate species. Once they changed their genetic material it should have remained and the old would have died off quickly. Cyanobacteria are still here after supposedly 2.8 billion years.
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Reward pay proposed in Janesville school budget
JANESVILLE—The biggest fight over this year's school budget could be about a relatively small spending item.
Superintendent Karen Schulte is proposing to distribute $600,000 to district employees as a reward for the district's performance on the recently released state report cards.
The report cards gave Janesville the top score among the state's 10 biggest school districts and among Rock County districts.
"I was so incredibly and unbelievably delighted when we got our accountability score," Schulte said Wednesday. "I immediately thought, 'Let's do something for all our employees.'"�
Schulte noted the board has been talking about rewarding superior performance for years as part of its Journey to Excellence process.
School board members seemed to like the idea when they heard about it at Tuesday's board meeting, until they learned that the money also would go to administrators, who already can qualify for incentive pay.
The board last spring approved a plan that would give administrators a 1.5 percent raise this year and also give some of them incentive pay, based on performance, of up to 4.5 percent.
How much incentive pay anyone might get won't be determined until next summer, when test scores and other annual measures will be known.
Board members Bill Sodemann and Scott Feldt both said Tuesday they couldn't vote to give an administrator another bump on top of the incentive pay.
Schulte countered that administrators are as responsible for the report card results as anyone.
Furthermore, the reward pay she is proposing is based on tests students took in fall 2012, while the incentive pay would be based on this year's performance, Schulte said.
The board will have to decide the matter when it meets Tuesday, Oct. 29. That's the night of the annual public hearing on the budget and the night the board must approve the tax levy.
Schulte said she has not decided how she would distribute the reward money, but if each of the district's approximately 1,400 employees got an equal share of $600,000, that would be about $428 each.
The board heard other details of a draft budget Tuesday. Final numbers won't be known until the state releases final aid figures Tuesday.
The preliminary numbers show an increase in the tax levy—the total amount of school property taxes—of only 0.16 percent. The tax rate, however, will increase by 3.47 percent because the combined value of property in the district went down.
If the value of all properties in the school district had stayed the same, the tax rate would not have changed, said Keith Pennington, district chief financial officer. But the value dropped 3.1 percent, to about 3.56 billion. That left less property value over which to spread the tax burden.
School taxes are just one part of the property tax bill. Still to be determined are tax rates for the municipalities, county, state and technical school district.
Individual property owners' tax rates won't be known until later this fall when municipalities apply the levies from various taxing entities to the assessed value of each property.
The school district budget as presented is balanced. It assumes the school board will tax to the maximum allowed by the state's revenue-cap formula. If the board taxes to the max, members won't have to argue about whether to use reserve money—the so-called operational fund balance—to balance the budget, as they have in recent years.
Operational spending is projected to be $110.9 million, down $3.2 million from last year. Overall spending is $124.88 million, a 0.96 percent decrease.
District revenues, which include state and federal aid, grants and local property taxes, will be nearly $111 million, down $200,000, or 0.18 percent, from last year.
As usual, state aids account for most of the district's revenue. The state will supply more than $72 million, or 65 percent of the operational budget. The second biggest revenue source is the tax levy and other local income, 25 percent. The federal government supplies 6.7 percent.
Salaries and benefits are the district's biggest expenditure, accounting for 80 percent of operational spending.
The board already has approved spending $565,155 to add eight positions lost when the state cut back on school funding in 2011. Schulte is proposing spending another $250,000 to restore an undetermined number of positions.
Schulte said she hasn't decided how she might use the money, but she sees needs in areas that drive student achievement, including academic learning coaches and innovation specialists, as well as student services positions.
Another hangover from 2011 is the textbook replacement budget. The board cut $500,000 from the annual amount that year, and it stayed at that level. Now the plan is to add it back.
The capital improvements budget and information technology budgets would each see increases of $500,000 over last year's levels for improvements and upgrades that officials say are needed or overdue.
The district's ability to increase spending is due in part to changes in state law related to Wisconsin Act 10.
The budget shows savings on health insurance--$5.3 million less than last year--because employees are paying more for their health plan this year.
The district also is saving $2.9 million because union employees began paying half their pension contributions this year.
JANESVILLE—Whether Janesville public school teachers get a pay raise this year is still an open question, but details have emerged about the board-union mediation session that shed light on the topic.
School board member Bill Sodemann let slip at Tuesday's school board meeting that the board's last offer was a 0.75 percent increase.
Chief Financial Officer Keith Pennington confirmed to Sodemann that the dollar amount for that level of raise is included as an estimate in the district's draft budget.
Union President Dave Parr said the 0.75 percent is based on a formula that used the lowest teacher pay level—about $36,000—as the multiplier. District officials confirmed this.
That formula would mean an increase of about $265 per teacher, Parr said.
The union's last offer was a 1 percent increase but based on each teacher's pay level last year, Parr said.
Parr said district officials have not explained why their offer was not based on the previous year's pay, as was done with every other employee group.
That discussion might be moot, however. Both sides are waiting for the state mediator to clarify the process going forward, and both expect that the board will eventually impose a contract settlement, as it is allowed to do under Wisconsin Act 10.
The board will discuss teacher pay at an upcoming meeting, board President Greg Ardrey has said.
Meanwhile, Superintendent Karen Schulte has added a new element to the discussion. She proposed Tuesday that every employee be given a reward for the district's performance on the recently issued state report cards.
How the reward money would be distributed has not been determined, Schulte said.
Last updated: 4:01 pm Wednesday, October 9, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


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Watch These Flower Girls Having Problems — Daily Distraction
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Being flower girl can be tough. You have a very important job, everyone's looking at you, and you're probably only a few years old.
It's not terribly surprising that some of them crack under the pressure. Surely they're not the first people who've walked down a wedding aisle and had things take a sudden turn for the worse. We've seen plenty of adults look just plain silly during the ceremony, too.
The Daily Distraction is your Internet break from reality. Whether you're eating lunch at your desk or avoiding high school exes on Facebook, you might just laugh, say "aaahhh" or not believe what you just watched.


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Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Human Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine. Anything human!
Moderator: BioTeam
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Controversial Study of African IQ Levels Is 'Deeply Flawed'
ScienceDaily (Jan. 21, 2010) - The controversial study on African IQ levels conducted by psychologist Richard Lynn is deeply flawed. This conclusion is the outcome of studies by Jelte Wicherts, Conor Dolan, Denny Borsboom and Han van der Maas of the University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Jerry Carlson of the University of California (Riverside).
Their findings are set to be published in Intelligence, Personality and Individual Differences, and Learning and Individual Differences.
In an oft-quoted literature study conducted in 2006, Lynn concluded that black Africans have an average IQ of less than 70 (compared to an average western IQ of 100). Lynn suggested that these low IQs are indicative of a low intelligence level, claiming this offered an explanation for the low level of economic development in sub-Saharan countries.
Lynn's study is well known among psychologists, and has been referenced by academics such as Nobel laureate James Watson, and the authors of the controversial book The Bell Curve -- Intelligence and Class Structure in America (Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray: Freepress, 1994).
African IQ scores prove flawed
Wicherts and his colleagues examined over 100 published studies, concluding that there is no evidence to back up Lynn's claims. Amongst other flaws, Lynn used selective data by systematically ignoring Africans with high IQ scores. The researchers also claim that African IQ test scores cannot be interpreted in terms of lower intelligence levels, as these scores have different psychometric characteristics than western IQ test scores. Until now, the incomparability of Western and African IQ scores had never been systematically proven.
The scientists point out that the average African IQ is currently comparable to the average level in the Netherlands around 1950. However, IQ scores in Western countries have risen sharply over the course of the 20th century. In view of this trend, Wicherts and his colleagues claim there are no reasonable grounds to conclude that sub-Saharan countries are poor due to the lower IQ scores of their populations. As it turns out, the average IQ of African adults is seeing a similar rising trend, which is expected to continue if living conditions in Africa improve in future.
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Personality and Individual Differences
Volume 48, Issue 2, January 2010, Pages 91-96
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Why national IQs do not support evolutionary theories of intelligence
Jelte M. Wicherts, Denny Borsbooma and Conor V. Dolana
aDepartment of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Received 16 February 2009; revised 19 May 2009; accepted 26 May 2009. Available online 24 June 2009.
Kanazawa (2008), Templer (2008), and Templer and Arikawa (2006) claimed to have found empirical support for evolutionary theories of race differences in intelligence by correlating estimates of national IQ with indicators of reproductive strategies, temperature, and geographic distance from Africa. In this paper we criticize these studies on methodological, climatic, and historical grounds. We show that these studies assume that the Flynn Effect is either nonexistent or invariant with respect to different regions of the world, that there have been no migrations and climatic changes over the course of evolution, and that there have been no trends over the last century in indicators of reproductive strategies (e.g., declines in fertility and infant mortality). In addition, we show that national IQs are strongly confounded with the current developmental status of countries. National IQs correlate with all the variables that have been suggested to have caused the Flynn Effect in the developed world.
Keywords: Evolutionary psychology; Flynn Effect; Race differences
Find entire study here: http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010.pdf
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Personality and Individual Differences
Volume 48, Issue 2, January 2010, Pages 104-106
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
Short Communication
Evolution, brain size, and the national IQ of peoples around 3000 years B.C
Jelte M. Wicherts a, Denny Borsboom a and Conor V. Dolan a
aUniversity of Amsterdam, Department of Psychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Received 22 August 2009; accepted 26 August 2009. Available online 18 September 2009.
In this rejoinder, we respond to comments by Lynn, Rushton, and Templer on our previous paper in which we criticized the use of national IQs in studies of evolutionary theories of race differences in intelligence. We reiterate that because of the Flynn Effect and psychometric issues, national IQs cannot be taken to reflect populations' levels of g as fixed since the last ice age. We argue that the socio-cultural achievements of peoples of Mesopotamia and Egypt in 3000 B.C. stand in stark contrast to the current low level of national IQ of peoples of Iraq and Egypt and that these ancient achievements appear to contradict evolutionary accounts of differences in national IQ. We argue that race differences in brain size, even if these were entirely of genetic origin, leave unexplained 91-95% of the black-white IQ gap. We highlight additional problems with hypotheses raised by Rushton and Templer. National IQs cannot be viewed solely in evolutionary terms but should be considered in light of global differences in socio-economic development, the causes of which are unknown.
Keywords: Evolutionary psychology; Flynn Effect; Race differences; Brain size
Find entire study here: http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsPAIDrejoinder.pdf
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Volume 38, Issue 1, January-February 2010, Pages 1-20
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans
Jelte M. Wicherts, Conor V. Dolan a and Han L.J. van der Maas a
a Department of Psychology, Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Received 8 October 2008; revised 6 May 2009; accepted 12 May 2009. Available online 9 June 2009.
On the basis of several reviews of the literature, Lynn [Lynn, R., (2006). Race differences in intelligence: An evolutionary analysis. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers.] and Lynn and Vanhanen [Lynn, R., & Vanhanen, T., (2006). IQ and global inequality. Augusta, GA: Washington Summit Publishers.] concluded that the average IQ of the Black population of sub-Saharan Africa lies below 70. In this paper, the authors systematically review published empirical data on the performance of Africans on the following IQ tests: Draw-A-Man (DAM) test, Kaufman-Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC), the Wechsler scales (WAIS & WISC), and several other IQ tests (but not the Raven's tests). Inclusion and exclusion criteria are explicitly discussed. Results show that average IQ of Africans on these tests is approximately 82 when compared to UK norms. We provide estimates of the average IQ per country and estimates on the basis of alternative inclusion criteria. Our estimate of average IQ converges with the finding that national IQs of sub-Saharan African countries as predicted from several international studies of student achievement are around 82. It is suggested that this estimate should be considered in light of the Flynn Effect. It is concluded that more psychometric studies are needed to address the issue of measurement bias of western IQ tests for Africans.
Keywords: Group differences; Black-White differences; Flynn Effect; Race differences; Cross-cultural comparison; National IQ
Find entire study here: http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2009.pdf
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Volume 38, Issue 1, January-February 2010, Pages 30-37
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test-takers
Jelte M. Wicherts, Conor V. Dolan a and Han L.J. van der Maas a
a University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Received 13 October 2009; accepted 6 November 2009. Available online 3 December 2009.
In this rejoinder, we criticize Lynn and Meisenberg's (this issue) methods to estimate the average IQ (in terms of British norms after correction of the Flynn Effect) of the Black population of sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that their review of the literature is unsystematic, as it involves the inconsistent use of rules to determine the representativeness and hence selection of samples. Employing independent raters, we determined of each sample whether it was (1) considered representative by the original authors, (2) drawn randomly, (3) based on an explicated stratification scheme, (4) composed of healthy test-takers, and (5) considered by the original authors as normal in terms of Socio-Economic Status (SES). We show that the use of these alternative inclusion criteria would not have affected our results. We found that Lynn and Meisenberg's assessment of the samples' representativeness is not associated with any of the objective sampling characteristics, but rather with the average IQ in the sample. This suggests that Lynn and Meisenberg excluded samples of Africans who average IQs above 75 because they deemed these samples unrepresentative on the basis of the samples' relatively high IQs. We conclude that Lynn and Meisenberg's unsystematic methods are questionable and their results untrustworthy.
Keywords: Systematic literature review; National IQ; Group differences in IQ
Find entire study here: http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wicherts2010AFRrejoinder.pdf
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Learning and Individual Differences
Article in Press, Corrected Proof - Note to users
Copyright c 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average5 performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect
Jelte M. Wicherts a, Conor V. Dolan a, Jerry S. Carlson b and Han L.J. van der Maas a
a Department of Psychology, Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
b University of California, Riverside, United States
Received 19 May 2009; revised 19 November 2009; accepted 3 December 2009. Available online 16 December 2009.
This paper presents a systematic review of published data on the performance of sub-Saharan Africans on Raven's Progressive Matrices. The specific goals were to estimate the average level of performance, to study the Flynn Effect in African samples, and to examine the psychometric meaning of Raven's test scores as measures of general intelligence. Convergent validity of the Raven's tests is found to be relatively poor, although reliability and predictive validity are comparable to western samples. Factor analyses indicate that the Raven's tests are relatively weak indicators of general intelligence among Africans, and often measure additional factors, besides general intelligence. The degree to which Raven's scores of Africans reflect levels of general intelligence is unknown. Average IQ of Africans is approximately 80 when compared to US norms. Raven's scores among African adults have shown secular increases over the years. It is concluded that the Flynn Effect has yet to take hold in sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Black-White differences; Cognitive abilities; Cross-cultural comparison; Measurement equivalence; Measurement invariance
Find entire study here: http://wicherts.socsci.uva.nl/wichertsRavenAfr2010.pdf
Jedi of Zen you are incorrect. The modern day concensus is that race exists as a purely social construct, mainly due to the fact that our contemporary ideas of racial classificaton are based exclusively on 19th century folk taxonomic principles that rarely at all correspond with modern day scientific studies based on wholistic population genetics. A good example that illustrates this fact, is the fact that many populations on the African continent that are generally regarded as "black" such as Somalis, Ethiopians and Sudanic groups such as the Beja, are in fact genetically closer to Eurasian populations than they are to other black Africans. See studies:
Find entire study here: http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n7/full/5201390a.html
Find entire study here: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3659/is_200304/ai_n9235660/pg_3/
And medical practioners do not speak about "race" differences in the epidemiology of different diseases, rather they speak of population differences in the prevalence of such diseases:
Find the entire study here: http://www.meddean.luc.edu/depts/prevmed/main/Publications/Papers/NEJM%20Race%20paper.pdf
You may want to read this:
Henrich J. et al.: The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Science, doi: doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
but in the meaněwhile you better stop spamming, unless you wanna be banned!
Cis or trans? That's what matters.
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
The modern day concensus is that race exists as a purely social construct, mainly due to the fact that our contemporary ideas of racial classificaton are based exclusively on 19th century folk taxonomic principles that rarely at all correspond with modern day scientific studies based on wholistic population genetics.
First believe in yourself, then others will believe you.sto energy credits
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
What vsdfa said isn't true. Races are experimentally verifiable, biological realities. They are not social constructs.
A social construct is something like "human dignity," which exists only because people agree to behave as if it did. But when faced with forces that don't share that agreement, such as an enemy, a hungry wild animal, or an elemental force of nature, most people quickly realize that "human dignity" isn't really a fact of nature, but is rather a human fiction, which offers no protection at all for the simple reason that it has no physical existence.
The idea that race might be a social construct began as a hypothesis introduced by Richard Lewontin, a Harvard geneticist, in 1972. He claimed that the genetic differences between races were so slight that no one working only with genetic data would categorize people as Asians, Whites, Blacks, Mestizos, etc. Lewontin said that racial classification "is now seen to be of virtually no genetic or taxonomic significance."
Leftist racial egalitarians were quick to pick up on Lewontin's words and create a number of chants and slogans from them, including "Race is a social construct" and "There's only One Race, the Human Race." The Lewontin Hypothesis almost immediately became a required belief among the politically correct. Unfortunately for them, less than 30 years later it became possible for geneticists and forensic scientists to conduct a statistical analysis of genetic markers in order to see whether their clusters correlated with the commonly identified racial groups.
They did. By 2005, it was well documented that Lewontin had been wrong. Practically every analysis of genetic markers demonstrated the biological reality of racial identities. In one of them, conducted by Tang, Quertermous, and Rodriguez, et. al., in 2005, all except five of 3636 test subjects (including Asians, Whites, Blacks and Mestizos) sorted statistically into the cluster of genetic markers that corresponded to their self-identified racial group. The success rate for predicting how someone would classify himself racially, using only his genes as information, was approximately 99.9 percent, according to that study.
It had long been possible for physical anthropologists to sort skeletal remains by race with very good accuracy, using only the shapes of skull, jaw, teeth and bones as guides. By the first years of the 21st century, it had become possible for forensic experts to do the same thing with DNA, which enabled more accurate identifications of fathers in paternity disputes and in showing police when they have arrested the right suspect, or, sometimes, when they'd nabbed the wrong fellow.
But leftists are even worse than sophomores when it comes to suffering correction. They have the pugnaciousness to call people who are much more informed than they are themselves, "ignorant." They've adopted the "social construct" slogan, and, come what may, they're not ever going to give it up. They will simply keep on using that slogan in lieu of evidence again and again.
Anyone who has followed race-related discussions for long has noticed a peculiarity in the manner in which "racial equality" proponents argue. You can even see it here, in this discussion. They never bring forward positive evidence for racial equality. Or, at least, I haven't seen them attempt to do so. They behave as if equality were given, already proved—by persons unknown, at a time and place unmentioned, by measurements unspecified. It's one of those things that "everyone" is supposed to "know." In debate, or in peer review "rejoinders," they never disclose any countervailing data. Rather, they confine themselves to picking nits in the completeness of their opponents' information, or to claiming to find flaws in their opponents' analyses. The rhetoric of racial equality proponents rather reminds one of Creationists, trying to cast doubt upon the theory of evolution.
As the result of the experimental falsification of the Lewontin Hypothesis, hence the verification of race in humans as a biological reality, the leftist theory of racial equality is now in the position that modern astronomy imposed upon the doctrine of the medieval Church. As the evidence for a sun-centered solar system kept mounting, those who clung to the old Earth-centered paradigm began looking sillier and sillier. Eventually—meaning after 400 years of intransigence—a Pope admitted that Galileo had been right all along and that the former Church position had been in error. That's probably more graciousness than we'll ever see from the dogmatic leftists on the subject of race.
Really, the idea of racial equality ought to have been suspect in any reasonable person's mind from the beginning. Nature produced the visible racial differences, which we usually notice on inspection, and which we mostly agree are trivial. But then the leftists declared that those "cosmetic" racial differences were the only differences between the races. It would be a very strange thing indeed if nature, which created all of the heritable traits in organisms, had been aware of leftist sensibilities since the dawn of time, and had taken great care—with humans—to permit the evolution of only those racial differences having no social significance of which leftists might disapprove.
The arguments of racial separatists, persons who look askance at multiracial societies and prefer the company of their own kind, are not without merit. Rather than repeat those arguments in racial terms, allow me to make a simple analogy. Races may be compared with metal canisters filled with gas. The net effect of their collective behavior is like the temperature of the canisters. You can measure their temperatures in order to find out whether they are inside a safe-handling range. If you forgo testing the temperature, or if you are informed about the temperature but choose to disregard any "too hot to handle" warnings, then you risk being burned.
However, temperature does not predict the speed of any particular molecule in the canister. It only tells you what the average speed is. Likewise, statistics on HIV infection rates, crime rates, IQ scores, and similarly important subjects, broken down by race, might tell us that a certain race is, in general, a rather nasty bunch of savages, even though we realize that there are bound to be exceptions. The existence of those exceptions does not justify or require our making overtures to persons belonging to such a race, or going over to them and associating ourselves in such a way that we will be burned.
That's a good analogy Jenab6. I'm going to start using yours, instead of the one I have been using.
Add me to the group that considers it established that intelligence is genetic (polygenic trait) and average intelligence varies with race. I don't think brain size is a very exact measure, it's not good for much more than saying "Okay homo erectus was probably less intelligent than h. sapiens."
Some of the research coming out these days is really fascinating, just a month ago this was published
Rare copy number deletions predict individual variation in intelligence.
The sum total length of deletions is inversely related to intelligence; white/Anglo group was compared to "other" and found to be more resistant to the effect of deletions.
Re: Brain size=IQ level theory (Blacks vs Whites & Asians)
Why is it that everyone of you go all out to try to prove that there can not possibly be a difference in IQ between races? Better yet why is it that you think it is racist to think this? When I have never seen a study trying to prove that blacks are superior to all other races athletically questioned? Have you ever thought racism could come into the second hypothesis?
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I wasn't surprised when the emails started flooding in.
What about my friend and his brother?
You missed so-and-so and her dad.
You forgot me!
The fact that so many executives in the credit union industry are related was kind of the point to our Meet 7 Credit Union Families story.
Maybe a few folks grew up with credit union management ambitions, but I sure didn't, and I bet you didn't either.
So how did we get here? Many of our stories involve a family member who enthusiastically pointed us in the credit union direction.
I would have never found my way to credit unions if it weren't for my late Aunt Pat.
Imagine growing up in rural Kansas on a farm, only to discover while sending out high school graduation announcements that you had a long-lost aunt. And not just any long lost aunt – an artsy, cool aunt who owned her own business and lived in Los Angeles.
For a small town kid with big city lights in her eyes, I had hit the jackpot.
My aunt, Pat Kaye, owned a marketing agency named The Vivid Group that catered exclusively to credit unions.
Sometimes it was confused with another business in Southern California's San Fernando Valley by the name of Vivid. Boy, did she get some interesting misaddressed mail and wrong number phone calls.
Anyway, after my second year of college, Aunt Pat invited me out to L.A. for a summer internship. Somewhere between hitting all the Sunset Strip clubs with her executive assistant and being rejected by modeling agencies, I managed to pick up some skills writing credit union newsletter articles and designing statement inserts.
It was fun enough work and I enjoyed it, but when I returned to college that fall, I was sure my credit union and modeling days were over.
Eventually, after college, I found myself in L.A. again, looking for a job. In the early 1990s, the economy was only a little more accommodating to recent college graduates than it is today. So when I saw an ad in the L.A. Times for an entry-level credit union marketing position, I applied.
I'll never forget the first time I walked into that credit union.
My first impression was, "no way, not now, not ever."
I tend to mentally divide credit unions into two groups: regular and fancy.
Fancy credit unions have new headquarters buildings with modern, matching cubicle furniture and designer paint on the walls.
Regular credit unions are located in the basement of the legacy sponsor's tower or in a trailer on campus. None of the furniture matches and nobody remembers the last time it was painted.
When you're an idealistic 20-something fresh out of college, you picture yourself in a fancy office.
I hadn't moved all the way from Kansas to California to work in a regular office.
As if!
But I really liked my future boss and everybody else seemed pretty nice, too. I could sleep at night knowing I wasn't marketing something that would rip people off. And like my parents taught me, beggars can't be choosers. At that point in my career, I was still a beggar.
So I took the job. My regular credit union upgraded to fancy, I spent some time at another fancy credit union, and eventually found my way to CU Times.
There's a twist to this family tale: My other aunt, Pat's sister Taffy, is an executive at Bank of America. Like many of you who also have relatives working "for the Dark Side," we've had some interesting shop talk debates over holiday dinner tables.
But, I've also learned that credit unions aren't the only place a woman can advance; Taffy worked her way up at BofA, from a clerk with only a GED to her current high-ranking vice president's position.
At CU Times, we're always looking for topics you'd like to read, especially those that aren't being covered elsewhere.
If you'd like to see more coverage of the family connections that bind us and make our industry special, let me know.
Send us your stories and photos.
When we collect enough, we'll publish them. And we hope you'll enjoy reading them.
Heather Anderson is executive editor of CU Times. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
Discussion of everything related to the Theory of Evolution.
Moderator: BioTeam
'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
Natural selection, genetic drift, speciation, change in allele frequency over time , these mechanisms/processes generate NO new genetic information, on the contrary selection and speciation thin genetic variation. They have NOTHING to do with the alleged origin of all life on earth being a single organism BILLIONS of years ago other than university teachers INTENTIONALLY omitting that they are NOT sufficient for alleged process. There is no source of bulk amounts of NEW genetic information. Neofunctionalization for the most part is delusional (look at someone with trisomy). CF, PKU, sickle cell anemia- ONE base substitutions. Teachers INTENTIONALLY omit that sickle cell trait- a 'beneficial' mutation- is a LOSS of function mutation. The beta globin protein gets WRECKED a little. IT IS THE GREATEST MYTH IN DOCUMENTED HISTORY (6,000 years). I wouldnt want to be a biology/genetics university teacher facing God when they die, my goodness, they will have HELL to pay.
We see then that the mutation reduces the specificity of the ribosome protein and that means a loss of genetic information. ... Rather than saying the bacterium gained resistance to the antibiotic, it is more correct to say that is lost sensitivity to it. ... All point mutations that have been studied on the molecular level turn out to reduce the genetic information and not increase it.
—Lee Spetner, Not by Chance, Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution
Highly recommend his book.
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
I actually agree with most of what you say as long as you understand that there is no evidence of god either...
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
Darn. You're uncovered our plot. We've been meeting secretly, underground, in the dark and have completely hoodwinked the ignorant masses for 150 years. But now you've exposed us. What am I going to do with my evil nature now? Kick cats?
I already got banned within 4 hours or so from one science forum today for writing the above and questioning religious dogma (atheism) please let me know if it is not tolerated here so i can ease up a bit and save myself another ban. Cat 'evidence' of God i will assume you mean the God of genesis. The god of supernatural 6 day literal biblical creation. The fact you asked me and i am typing this now proves creation happened (i would say). By adding up the timelines in the bible one arrives at a date of ~6,000 years since creation/fall of man ( i have added up the genealogies in Genesis 5 and got 1656 years from creation-->Noahs flood)
http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?se ... ersion=KJV
I am yet to do the other genealogies but have read Usshers timeline etc.
How far does written history go back?
It starts around the 4th millennium BC, with the invention of writing.
Oldest tree
Its age of around 4844–4845 years[a] makes it the world's oldest known living non-clonal organism. The ancient tree is named after Methuselah, a Biblical figure having the longest mentioned lifespan in the Bible of 969 years.
Scientific predictions-Creation predicts a 7 day week, an orderly and logical universe,animals that bring forth after their kind (there is speciation within kinds- Darwins finches, all the great variety of dogs, tigers and lions are likely the same kind given that a 'liger' has been bred), and most notable, since the temptation by the snake in the garden of Eden and sin (this part has 'baggage' so to speak)-decay, death, disease, entropy, decline etc etc.
Noahs ark predicts- Speciation event (all the animals of the earth in one place at one time released, they head off in little groups, low population sizes, low predation etc etc) and dead things buried everywhere from organisms getting buried in mud/sediment quickly.
Tower of babel predicts- Language diversity and different ethnicity of mankind (People all gathered in one place at one time, head off, no gene flow between different little population groups etc).
PROOF of indoctrination.
Apparent teleology is a recurring issue in evolutionary biology, much to the consternation of some writers
Statements which imply that nature has goals, for example where a species is said to do something "in order to" achieve survival, appear teleological, and therefore invalid. Usually, it is possible to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Some biology courses have incorporated exercises requiring students to rephrase such sentences so that they do not read teleologically. Nevertheless, biologists still frequently write in a way which can be read as implying teleology even if that is not the intention
Jinx25, I have no idea what you are talking about.
1. We exist.
2. Archeological evidence says that at some point we did not exist (on this planet).
3. Therefore, at some point we were created/came into existence.
The question is whether we were created deliberately by some entity (God) OR are we hear by accident of random events (through process of evolution).
I am all for the entity - BUT there is NO evidence. There will NEVER be proof (unless time travel is invented that is)...
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
You are a young earth Christian creationist yet you are advocating a Jewish old earth creationist book by Lee Spetner?
Lol, I was the user who added that quote to his wikipedia page a year ago. The book is outdated now and by the way Spetner now accepts that beneficial mutations do occur. Most mutations are neutral. Do the correct research. Not all mutations reduce genetic information.
There are millions of concepts of Gods, what about the Pagan, Hindu, Muslim or other Christian concepts of God/s?
The Bible has been personally interpreted, there is no agreed definition or interpetation. Christian progessive creationists, old earth creationists, gap creationists or theistic evolutionists would disagree with young earth creationist literal biblical creation yet all these groups still claim to be Christian.
Evolution is not random.
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
Evolution is defined as CHANGE OVER TIME. How is it not random??? While there could be specific outcome, the process IS random and due to chance.
Forests Spetner is a YEC. Mutations are PILING up Haldane, Kandrashov ALL KNOW IT. Sanford modeled it. There is NO genetic mechanism for going from simple (prokaroyte)---->complex (brachiosaurus/trex/mankind).
For a good laugh i enjoy channels like this and MOCKING Darwins myths.
http://www.youtube.com/user/stevebee926 ... w=0&page=2
http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/CSE/mem ... ture99.pdf
Please dont dismiss it before reading it.
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
Lee Spetner is a Jewish creationist, have you spoken to him over email? I thought not, he accepts the Big Bang and evidence for an old universe, as I said he is an old earth creationist.
Listen, the standard answer any modern day "neo-Darwinist" will give you will be this:
"Evolution is not a random process. The genetic variation on which natural selection acts may occur randomly, but natural selection itself is not random at all. The survival and reproductive success of an individual is directly related to the ways its inherited traits function in the context of its local environment. Whether or not an individual survives and reproduces depends on whether it has genes that produce traits that are well adapted to its environment."
According to neo-Darwinists, natural selection is not random but genetic mechanisms such as genetic drift and mutations are.
As I have expressed in other posts, I am not a "neo-Darwinist". I am interested in non-Darwinian evolution. If we read books and papers such as those published by biologist James. A. Shapiro we can see the genetic evolutionary mechanisms are not random. According to the work of Shapiro and other scientists the main reason for biological novelty is not random mutations but genetic and genomic change by a variety of natural genetic engineering agents, competent to (re)regulate, alter and invent genomic sequences and formatting, all of them coordinated, not random.
Re: 'Evolution'-the most retarded myth ever.
I used to have an interest in creationism not becuase I endorsed creationism but becuase I wanted to see what arguments the creationists were using so I have read many of those books and communicated with many creationist and intelligent designers over email.
As I said Lee Spetner is a physicist, he does not have much background in biology, this is not to dismiss his arguments without looking at them but his book contains scientific mistakes and it is quite old now. I wanted to know what Spetner believed in so I emailed him a few years ago, as he told me and as he has told others he now accepts that not all mutations are harmful, but he still believes mutations are not driving evolution. He also accepts evidence for an old universe.
I created this section last year on wikipedia which will probably interest you:
As you can see both Christian and Hindu creationists are claiming devolution, ie mutations are all harmful and the result of a curse etc. Of course you can choose to believe in this if you want, but science does not support these claims.
Last edited by Forests on Mon Oct 08, 2012 1:46 am, edited 1 time in total.
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Chapel gets six-month reprieve
JANESVILLE—The Janesville City Council directed staff to throw a tarp over the historic Oakhill Chapel to get it through the winter, also delaying a decision on its future until February.
The 114-year-old chapel, located in the Oakhill Cemetery, got the additional six months of life after residents came forward, urging the council to save the building and offering to help with its repairs.
The building is a fine example of Gothic Revival church style, the only one of its age in the city, according to a city memo.
The majority of council members appeared to agree with President Kathy Voskuil's comments when she said she was "really struggling with this."
The building is not used, but she said she also understands the need to preserve.
But budgeting is based on priorities, "and we do have to make some tough decisions," she said.
Staff recommends the building be demolished.
Five residents had earlier in the meeting either urged the council to save the building or offered to help restore the stained glass windows, repair the masonry or write grants fro its repair.
"It's not always about the money," Jackie Wood said. "Preservation should also be part of a community plan."
Judy Adler, 320 Oakland Ave., said the building is potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, and she said any decision to demolish it should not be taken lightly.
�"I urge the council to make the needed repairs, maintain the building and allow individuals to come forward for the full restoration of the building," she said.
�"There are groups, individuals out there. They just have to be sought."
The head of the Rock County Historical Society offered to partner with the city to hold at least four programs a year in the building.
But many of the council members reminded the audience members that resident made the same promise concerning a gas station across from City Hall.
The group did form to save that building.
In May 2012, City Manager Eric Levitt also championed the building and told the council it should consider looking at adaptive uses, even if those are 10 years in the future but with that goal always in mind.
No use has yet been found.
Councilman Douglas Marklein noted his wife wanted him to save the chapel.
But to what end? he asked. The city could restore it and buy some more time, but "what's the end use?" he asked. "It is in a cemetery. (There's) no parking.
"When we get to the bottom line, there's just not a good use for this building."
Architect Mick Gilbertson outlined some of the building's issues. It is not connected to sewer, it has moisture damage and must be tuck pointed. There is no parking.
The stained glass windows, though are "very, very gorgeous."
Gilbertson presented estimates ranging from about $379,000 for complete restoration, including adding a bathroom and making the structure accessible for handicapped people, to $84,000 to minimal repairs to about $31,000 to tear it down.
Voskuil noted the building has been used once a year since the city became the cemetery's owners in 2008.
But Councilman Brian Fitzgerald said that is small wonder with the building's moisture issues and no water hookup.
"In the condition it's in, I'm surprised anybody's rented it. Without any water, you couldn't have any kind of function there."
Both he and Councilman Sam Liebert seemed the most sympathetic to the building. Fitzgerald said the building's restoration should be considered separately from any future reuse.
Council members said they would give interested community members six months to form a plan and come up with some cash.
�"We have limited resources, and we have a lot of other priorities at the present time," Acting City Manager Jay Winzenz said.


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Man's violent history will be part of trial
ELKHORN Jurors will hear about a Whitewater man�s previous convictions for domestic violence if he goes to trial on a litany of charges, including attempted murder, a judge ruled this week.
Larry Shannon, 40, is accused of sexually assaulting a girl he knows, then stabbing the girl and her sister before leaving them bound with duct tape for hours last October, according to court documents.
Shannon then battered the girls� mother and fled with one of the girls and her brother in a car, authorities said.
He was later captured in Rock County after a police chase, according to documents.
Walworth County prosecutors have charged Shannon with two counts of attempted murder, two counts of child sexual assault, three counts of false imprisonment and two counts of strangulation, among other offenses.
In a hearing Monday, Walworth County Judge John Race ruled that prosecutors could tell a jury about three cases on Shannon�s record if the case goes to trial:
n A 2002 conviction for aggravated criminal sexual abuse and aggravated battery in Kankakee County, Ill., after Shannon raped a woman.
n A 2009 conviction for substantial battery in Rock County.
n A 2011 conviction for battery and possession of drug paraphernalia, also in Rock County.
District Attorney Daniel Necci argued those convictions show that Shannon has a history of violent behavior toward women with whom he is in relationships.
A trial was scheduled to start in early March, but it has since been delayed. Shannon is next due in court for a status conference May 8.
Last updated: 10:26 am Tuesday, July 2, 2013


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NCUA Wins Dismissal in St. Paul Croatian FCU Lawsuit
A lawsuit filed by a church against the NCUA in connection with the collapse of St. Paul Croatian Federal Credit Union has been dismissed.
U.S. District Court Judge Donald C. Nugent in Cleveland has dismissed the suit filed by Holy Love Ministry in North Ridgeville, Ohio, that claimed it was entitled to an additional $250,000 deposit insurance payment on $1.7 million in accounts it held with St. Paul Croatian FCU when the Eastlake, Ohio, credit union collapsed in 2010 following the exposure of a $70 million fraud scheme.
Although this lawsuit was dismissed Oct. 11, Holy Love Ministry has filed a second lawsuit to recoup its $1.7 million under the Federal Tort Claims Act. The church also is asking for $1.5 million in compensatory damages, according to court documents.
The first lawsuit was brought by Holy Love Ministry in June 2011, about 14 months following NCUA's liquidation process of SPCFCU.
More than 20 people have either been indicted or imprisoned for their involvement in the St. Paul Croatian FCU case, one of the largest fraud cases in credit union history.
Anthony Raguz, the former credit union CEO, was sentenced last November to 14 years in federal prison after he admitted to approving more than 1,000 fraudulent loans totaling $70 million to about 300 account holders at the credit union from 2000 to 2010. Several other account holders also were convicted and are now serving prison terms.
When SPCFCU was placed into conservatorship by the NCUA in April 2010, Holy Love Ministry held $1.7 million in two different accounts with the credit union. The NCUA board determined Holy Love Ministry was entitled to the maximum $250,000 in insurance coverage.
In the lawsuit, however, Holy Love claimed the two accounts had multiple members who were designated as signers on each account, which entitled the church to an additional $250,000 deposit insurance payment. The accounts were set up by Joseph Plavac, an officer of the church and a former CEO of SPCFCU, court documents show. Plavac also served on the credit union's board of directors.
However, the NCUA argued that legal entities, including non-profit corporations such as Holy Love Ministry, are not eligible for joint account coverage because it is only available to natural persons.
"Based upon a thorough review of the record in this matter, the NCUA Board's financial determination as to insurance coverage on Holy Love's accounts was supported by substantial evidence and was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion or contrary to law," Nugent wrote in his dismissal ruling.
However, Holy Love Ministries filed a second federal lawsuit in August claiming that the NCUA and the federal government violated the Federal Tort Claims Act. The FTCA allows anyone to sue for "money damages….that were caused by the negligent and wrongful acts and omissions of employees of the U.S. government." A court hearing for this lawsuit is scheduled for November.
The lawsuit claims that NCUA was allegedly negligent and breached its fiduciary duty before and during the federal regulator's liquidation of SPCFCU by allegedly:
- Misrepresenting to Holy Love that it needed to keep its money in St. Paul's;
- Helping other members of St. Paul's restructure their accounts for maximum coverage, but failing to provide Holy Love with the same service;
- Failing to properly monitor St. Paul's in the months leading up to conservatorship, and
- Denying Holy Love's hardship request for money in excess of the $5,000 limit.
According to the lawsuit, the NCUA sent a letter to account holders during the SPCFCU liquidation that it would consider "exception" requests on a case-by-case basis to the $5,000 withdrawal limit. An exception would include an "emergency to meet a previously established commitment for a home purchase," according to court documents.
Holy Love requested such a "hardship exception" on many occasions because its $1.7 million accounts supported the church's building fund. According to court documents, the church made significant changes to its facilities as part of a two-year building project costing more than $12 million.
"The loss (of these funds) had rendered Holy Love's situation desperate," the lawsuit states.
Attorneys from the U.S. Department of Justice who are representing NCUA and the U.S. government were unavailable for comment Wednesday because of the government shutdown.
John Fairbanks, NCUA spokesperson, said the NCUA does not comment on pending litigation.
The NCUA has projected its loss in the SPCFCU case t0 be $186.4 million. The liquidation of the credit union has so far netted $22.6 million in recoveries from all areas including loan payments and liquidation of cash accounts.
The agency has filed 61 lawsuits against SPCFCU-related parties claiming more than $4 million in damages and said late last year that it had recovered $1.2 million so far.


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GroupOffice is a groupware suite that takes your office online, implementing online collaboration and CRM. It allows you to share projects, calendars, files and email online with co-workers and clients. It is easy to use and fully customizable. It also features synchronization with PDAs and Outlook.
Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware is a full-featured, Web-based, multilingual, tightly integrated, all-in-one wiki, CMS, and groupware. Tiki can be used to create all kinds of Web applications, sites, portals, knowledge bases, intranets, and extranets. Tiki offers a very large number of features "out-of-the-box". It is highly configurable and modular. All features are optional and administered via a Web-based interface. Major features include a robust wiki engine, news articles, discussion forums, newsletters, blogs, file and image galleries, bug and issue trackers, a link directory, polls/surveys and quizzes, FAQs, a banner management system, calendar, maps, mobile access, RSS feeds, a category system, tags, an advanced themeing engine (Smarty), spreadsheet, live support, shoutbox, inter-user messaging, menu generator, advanced permission system for users and groups, internal search engine, external authentication support, and more. It was formerly named TikiWiki.
TYPO3 CMS is a Web Content Management System which features automatic creation of navigational menus, headlines, and other dynamic graphical elements, automatic conversion and scaling of images, the ability to present different templates based on variables such as client browser or country code, support for multiple templates on a site, and a built-in password-protection option. Pages can be timed to be shown on a certain date, be hidden on a certain date or just temporarily hidden. TYPO3 supports search in SQL-databases and redesigning of a website at once is just a matter of creating a single new template.
XWiki is a WikiWiki clone written in Java that supports many popular features of other Wikis like the Wiki syntax, version control, attachments, security, and searching, but also many advanced features like templates, database and dynamic development using scripting languages (Velocity, Groovy, Ruby, Python, PHP, and more), an extension system and skinability, J2EE scalability, an XML/RPC remote API, statistics, RSS feeds, PDF exporting, WYSIWYG editing, an Office viewer and importer, and a lot more.
Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) is a framework and set of services for supporting system-level performance monitoring and performance management. It provides a unifying abstraction for all of the interesting performance data in a system, and allows client applications to easily retrieve and process any subset of that data using a single API. A client-server architecture allows multiple clients to monitor the same host, and a single client to monitor multiple hosts. Archive logging and replay are integrated so that a client application can use the same API to process real-time data from a host or historical data from an archive.
Drupal is a modular content management system, forum, blogging and community engine. It is database driven and can be used with MySQL, MariaDB, PostgreSQL, and SQLite. Its features include (but are not limited to) discussion forums, Web-based administration, theme support, a submission queue, content rating, content versioning, taxonomy support, user management with a fine-grained permission system based on user roles (groups), error logging, support for content syndication, locale support, and much more. It is considered to be an excellent platform for developers due to its clean code and extensibility, and it can also be used as a Web application framework.
EGroupware is a Web-based groupware suite. It contains many modules, including Calendar (personal calendar and group scheduling, notifications and alarms), Mail (IMAP only), InfoLog (todos, notes, and phone calls linked to contacts/CRM), Contacts (an address book for storing and sharing contact information), ProjectManager, Tracker (bug or incident tracking), TimeSheet, SyncML, CalDAV & CardDAV support, and SiteMgr content management
PSX is a PHP framework for creating RESTful APIs. It helps you to build clean URLs serving Web standard formats like JSON, XML, Atom, and RSS. It includes a handler system that abstracts away SQL queries from domain logic, a routing system that executes correct controller method for the location of the controller and the method annotation, and a flexible data system that converts database records into formats like JSON, XML, Atom, and RSS. A lightweight DI container handles dependencies. The controller supports request and response filters that can modify the HTTP request or response, and filters are provided for Basic and Oauth authentication.
Ariadne is a Web Application Framework and Content Management System built with PHP. It allows you to build complex Web applications and sites with ease. It takes care of the mundane stuff like internationalization, security, user management, templating, data retrieval and storage, caching, and site management. It stores content in a structured object store that can be accessed through an extensive filesystem-like API.
Contact Form is a Perl script that allows users to send you email through a Web interface. It is designed to thwart spammers by not allowing email to be sent to unknown addresses, or revealing the addresses that it knows. In addition to this, it does not contain cross site scripting vulnerabilities or allow arbitrary code to be run on the host. It provides adequate information in the headers it sends to trace spammers, can check the validity of all data before sending emails, and features a customizable interface that allows for arbitrary fields.
Develop hybrid intelligent software agents and agent applications in Java.
A small, powerful, and really fast Web server for Linux.


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Staff Survey Results: Our Top 10 of 2012
At the end of each year, staff members at all three of our shops – in Cambridge, the South End and in New York – fill out a staff survey. We reflect on our year in food, pick our favorites and share memorable moments. Some items are tried-and-true favorites, regularly appearing on the survey. Others are new and exciting products that helped to define and distinguish our year in food. Here are our top ten picks culled from this year's survey results!
– Top 10 of 2012 –
Pyrénées Brebis – For Formaggio Kitchen employees, 2012 could well have been, "the year of brebis." Of our brebis selection, one staffer wrote: "every one, every wheel is delicious. They all share that smooth, rich, sweetness that's so easy to eat!" A second staffer wrote, "they tasted absolutely fantastic this year – and they are my all-time favorite style of cheese."
Of all our brebis, however, special recognition went to Brebis du Haut-Béarn with one staffer remarking, "the wheel we have on the wall right now is outstanding. Blows me away every time I taste it." Another chimed in to say, "this cheese seems to keep getting better and better," while another billed it as, "so delicate, yet satisfying."
The other sheep milk cheese that staff members singled out was Ekiola Ardi Gasna. One person wrote that it is, "just an outstanding cheese," adding, "so glad we carry it!" Another billed it as, "such a lovely brebis," with, "fruity, zesty goodness." Still another staffer highlighted Ekiola Ardi Gasna (paired with Arraya jams) as their all-time 2012 favorite: "there was a long enough time period when we were nearly out of the jams that when we got them back again it was like Christmas!" More on those jams below…
Marcel Petite Comté – This cheese can be relied upon to appear in our staff survey every year. We have been conducting the survey for four years now and, each year, Marcel Petite Comté has been our number one cheese pick. This year, one staff member wrote: "no matter what mood I am in, Comté is a great choice," adding, "[Comté] is always a hit when it's on the sampling table." Truth.
We sell Marcel Petite Comté at varying ages, ranging between 16 to 24 months throughout the year. At the holidays, however, we get in very special wheels of Comté Grand Cru and Marcel Petite Comté Extra Grand Cru, ranging in age from 30 to 36 months, respectively. This year, Grand Cru (30 months) and the Le Fort (24 months) tied for the same amount of mentions, with two people choosing the Grand Cru as their top product pick regardless of year. The Grand Cru was flagged as, "amazing [at the] end of [a] meal," or as a component to the, "best fondue." Meanwhile, one staffer wrote of Le Fort, "I've had Comtés before, but this one is just so much more flavorful and complex." Another person summed it up succinctly: "you can't beat a good Comté." Amen to that!
Robiola Enrico – This cheese is a relative newcomer to our cheese line-up – lead cheese buyers for our Cambridge and South End stores respectively, Kurt and David, found this cheese at the end of last year when they attended "Cheese," the biennial Slow Food festival held in Bra. Since we got our first shipment in the States, it has bowled us over. One cheesemonger summed up what many seemed to be feeling: "this stunner that we found last year has continued to be a special cheese. This cheese stands for everything we are about: small, sustainable production, exclusive, DELICIOUS." In brief, as a second monger wrote, "[Enrico] is a real producer, making real cheese." A third staffer added, "this guy is the real deal. The cheese is incredible. Its range of flavors is unmistakable. He's tiny. He needs our support. And, I love how he calls to make sure a shipment arrived in good condition!" A fourth staffer wrote that the flavors of this cheese, "channel the Platonic ideal of what young goat cheese can be." Note: the season for this cheese has come to a close but we expect to receive it again, starting in March, 2013.
Cravero Parmigiano Reggiano – Baruffi Farm– As a collective group, staffers here in the shop buy Parmigiano Reggiano regularly and in quantity. We have been sourcing Parmigiano Reggiano from the Cravero family for quite a number of years, but this is the first year we have been getting our parm from two specific farms: San Pietro and Baruffi. Both of them received acclaim in this year's survey but the Baruffi received perhaps a little extra love from staffers. One person wrote: "it is so good. I love it with pasta. I eat it on its own. The flavors are sweet and complex. One of my new faves." Another person wrote that Baruffi parm, "helpfully… finish[es] many of my best and most productive days."
Eduardo's Roast Chickens – Speaking of finishing the day on a tasty note, staffers on both sides of the river were taking home a lot of Chef Eduardo's freshly roasted chickens this year. Indeed, in terms of a single house-made product, they topped out our savory list. One staff member wrote that they are the, "best solution [for] dinner and I think it is the tastiest chicken in town." According to another, Eduardo's chicken paired with a brebis cheese, "makes [for] the perfect meal (with a glass of wine)." Chef Eduardo prepares a secret rub for his chickens and roasts them in our Cambridge shop, Monday through Friday and on Saturdays in the off-BBQ season.
La Vecchia Dispensa Balsamic Vinegars – This year, staff members refocused their attention on vinegar and La Vecchia Dispensa was a standout in the category. It received props from one person for its, "touch of sweetness," and a "nice consistency." That same person regularly used a La Vecchia vinegar on their, "local heirloom tomato salads this summer." Another staffer wrote of La Vecchia, summarizing a lot of what makes their vinegar so good, "they are exactly the type of producer we love to work with. Uncompromising in quality and tradition, family-run, driven by an interest in quality and staying the same small size rather than growing the business into something bigger." Still a third staffer wrote: "the amazingly pure and fresh flavor [of La Vecchia's balsamic vinegar] really caught me off guard. I feel like I had written off balsamic vinegar as being overused. But the EVOO and vinegar [staff] tasting… really opened my eyes to the range of flavors balsamic vinegars can have. After the tasting, I went home and read all about them, and I feel like my perception has completely changed. After tasting real balsamic vinegar, I have a completely new appreciation for its applications." Both the staff tasting and Tim's excellent two-part blog post about what defines true Balsamico Tradizionale surely played a role in prodding staffers to revisit balsamic vinegar – with rave reviews.
Jean-Marie Cornille Olive Oils – Like Marcel Petite Comté , Jean-Marie Cornille's olive oil is a long-time staff favorite. One person wrote of it and Comté Le Fort: "these products continue to be the best. They are kind of like the Muhammad Ali of our shops. The greatest." Another staffer added that Jean-Marie Cornille olive oil is, "magnificent to finish foods with," and, "friggin' awesome on bread, straight-up."
Beakers & Cream Ice Cream Sandwiches – This year's clear sweets favorite was Beakers & Cream ice cream sandwiches. One staffer highlighted how the sandwiches are, "beautifully crafted in small batches, using excellent ingredients, with unique combinations of flavors," adding that that's why the, "sandwiches [are their] favorite new product this year. Another person wrote of the sandwiches: "Dang these are good. The only item that I begged [for us] NOT to tweet/Facebook about … because I want them all to myself." We can confirm that's a true story.
Andrea Hasselbacher is the lady behind these sandwiches, an endeavor which has been years in the making – as she puts it, "years of day dreaming, experimenting with recipes, emails back and forth with friends sharing ideas, and finally something came to fruition." Where did the name "Beakers & Cream" come from? Andrea originally trained as a pharmacist and decided to quit that line of work to pursue her passion for ice cream – the beakers reference is a little nod to her time spent in the lab. Andrea makes small batches of ice cream using local cream, milk and eggs, sandwiching the results between homemade cookies. Available in our Cambridge location, flavors change regularly so keep your eyes peeled for new, inspired combinations!
Marco Giacosa Pastas – With all the Parmigiano that we toted home, it should come as no surprise that pasta appears on our top ten list too. And, Marco Giacosa pasta was this year's very clear winner. This artisan, Italian pasta appeared as two people's top picks for 2012, another person chose Giacosa's truffle pasta as their all-time favorite product and still more staffers billed it as a "most frequently purchased product." One person wrote that this, "pasta is delicious – all it needs is olive oil – and it's beautifully presented." Another person threw down a challenge to all-comers: "I tend to appreciate items that are all-rounders – great quality, traditional methods, beautiful packaging, fair price and the Marco Giacosa pastas have all of these qualities in spades. Just cook up a batch of the Tagliolini al Tartufo or the Tajarin and tell me you don't agree." A third said of the truffle pasta: "it's so delicious warm with freshly shaved parm and fresh pepper." And, a fourth summed matters up perfectly – this pasta has, "superb flavor and texture. Just awesome."
Arraya Jams – Arraya jams were on our top 10 list last year too and this year, these jams continued to hold us in thrall. One staff member wrote, "I love the purity of fruit flavor and the awesome textures, especially of [Arraya's] apricot jam." And, of their plum jam, another person wrote that it is, "great with cheese, butter, yogurt – basically any dairy product." As mentioned above, Arraya jams proved popular too when paired with our brebis selection!
– Honorary Mentions –
Cabot Clothbound Cheddar – Consistently among our favorite cheeses, this cheddar is fast becoming a regular on this survey. Along with our Comté Grand Cru, it was the only item to receive two "top product regardless of year" picks. One person summed up their experience with the cheese as, "Comfort cheese. Snackable. Delicious." Another added, "put it on apples, in pie crust, eat with beer or wine or jam…a versatile cheese with an addicting flavor."
Sumac Molasses – For two people, sumac molasses was their "this was the first time I tried it and it blew me away" pick for 2012. And, it also appeared as a 2012 favorite. One person wrote that this new molasses is, "so unique [and] fun to experiment with, [from] salads, [to] dressings, [to] cocktails." Another staffer wrote, "a little goes a long way but this has an awesome sourness to it with a sweet finish… there's a lot of potential there." Props went to our spice buyer, Julia, for sourcing this new product: "I've been going to Turkey since 1988 and never saw it in the market. Kudos, Julia [for finding it]!" Super sour but with a hint of sweetness, sumac molasses is a great way to change up fall and winter dishes.
Maraş Pepper – This year, Turkish peppers were back in strength in our survey results. One staffer wrote, "I use [it] on everything." Another wrote, "I took Valerie's advice and have been sprinkling [Maraş] on the anchovies I bring home," adding that it, "lends such a wonderful flavor to everything."
Orange Olive Oil Cakes – As with Eduardo's chickens, our fondness for orange olive oil cakes appears to be a cross-river phenomenon with folks in both the South End and Cambridge rhapsodizing over these delicacies, periodically made in both bakeries. One staffer wrote, "these cakes are the perfect texture, light, fluffy, but flavorful and satisfying. They're a great desert for one, sure to please as a dinner party gift, and inexpensive enough to not drain your wallet." Another added, "I'd choose them over anything chocolate — that says a lot." A third wrote specifically of the orange olive oil cakes in our South End shop: "a not too sweet treat that has the most irresistible texture. I love it when they are just being pulled from the oven – golden and moist. I almost like them better without the glaze." Dang.
Dammann Frères Tea – Julia, also our tea buyer, has done a great job overhauling our tea selection this year. As a result, it is no surprise to see Dammann Frères on this list. One staffer wrote of this French tea house: "their tea is always such amazing quality and I have discovered so many new favorites. Their regionally or garden-focused teas… really highlight the different tea styles available." That same person wrote of the Yunnan Celeste TGFOP, "this is my go-to tea that I drink at home. I love trying all of the tea that we carry, but I always keep coming back to this tea because it is so round, malty and balanced. SO FREAKING GOOD!" Of their white tea, another staffer lauded its, "delicate citrus flavor," adding, "the packaging is beautiful."
Piantagioni Coffee – Here at the shop, we are coffee devotees! A fresh pot is one of the first things Chef Eduardo brews when he gets into our Cambridge shop at 6am. As staffers trickle in, the pot quickly disappears. At home too, we are regular caffeine consumers with Piantagioni coffee topping our list this year. One staffer wrote that it, "makes [their] weekend mornings." Of Piantagioni's Yrgalem coffee, another staffer simply wrote, "I love it."
Rogue Chocolate – Last but not least, we bring it home to Massachusetts and the delicious chocolate of Colin Gasko, founder and chocolate maker behind Rogue Chocolatier. Of Rogue, it was written, "I often will go months without trying this chocolate… but when I do end up trying it again, it makes me realize how talented Colin is. His chocolates (all varieties) are SO impressive. Colin always expresses the bean origin so well while keeping the bar well balanced with a perfect texture. My go-to chocolate when I just want something amazing and delicious." Another staffer wrote, "I've seen a lot of chocolate over the years and Colin's chocolate is like art but he isn't fancy about it – the quality is incredible. Just look at his bars and compare it to others we sell. His is simple and perfect. Snap the bar, smell and finally taste the chocolate. Really nothing like it." Colin's delicious chocolate bars are available in our Cambridge and New York locations.
That brings our survey results to a close… What have been your favorites of 2012? Any food epiphanies? Cheeses that bowled you over? Let us know what got your taste buds to stand up and take notice!
To see our 2011 results, please click here.


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Kicking situation still murky for UW
TEMPE, ARIZ.—As he promised, Wisconsin coach Gary Andersen turned up the heat during practice this week.
And that was before UW landed at Phoenix Skyharbor International Airport, where the temperature hovered around the 100-degree mark Thursday.
After starter Kyle French missed an extra-point attempt against Tennessee Tech and backup Jack Russell missed a 31-yard field-goal attempt, Andersen said the kickers would be subjected to more game-like situations in practice.
The result: UW might use both kickers on field-goal attempts when it faces host Arizona State at 9:30 p.m. Saturday.
"I spent a little time with them the last two days," Andersen said Thursday night after the team went through a light workout at an area high school. "They both really kicked the ball well. It just came off their leg well. It sounded good.
"We kicked thirty-some balls and we only missed one and we took them all the way back to the 30-yard line.
"We're just trying to get ourselves in a good spot."
French has hit the ball well on kickoffs, with a 64.5-yard average and four touchbacks on 14 kickoffs. It appears he will retain that duty.
"If it gets a little bit deeper it will definitely be Kyle," Andersen said when asked about field-goal attempts. "A little closer and we might go with Jack."
Watt's status uncertain
UW might be without fullback Derek Watt for the second consecutive game. Watt missed the Tennessee Tech game after suffering a strained left hamstring in the opener.
The redshirt sophomore did limited work in practice this week.
"He's got a shot," Andersen said, who doesn't want to see Watt aggravate the injury and miss the Big Ten opener next week against visiting Purdue. "It is never a perfect world. We've got to feel pretty confident and I just rely on the trainers in that situation."
Derek Straus is set to fill in for Watt again this week. Straus didn't start against Tennessee Tech but caught three passes for 10 yards and a touchdown.
However, UW predominantly went with multiple tight ends rather than a fullback.
Tight ends coach Jeff Genyk said that would be an option again this week.
"We probably had 125 tight-end snaps in the game," he said. "We'll continue to be multiple. We'll continue to grow the tight end position."
McEvoy limited
Tanner McEvoy, who had been working at wide receiver and safety, will be limited to working on defense for the next month-plus because of persistent wrist problem.
"Because of the splint he is going to have on for the next six weeks it will be at safety," Andersen said. "It will be on for at least a month.
"But he got some good reps (at safety) this week."
UW has byes Oct. 5 and Oct. 26, which means McEvoy, who played wide receiver in the opener but did not play last week, will have additional time to recover. UW has five regular-season games after the Oct. 26 bye.
"Hopefully if he is going to make a run this season," Andersen said, "that's when it is going to be."
Rested and ready
Andersen sounded optimistic that his players are ready to face an Arizona State team hoping to move into the top 25 of both polls.
"I think we had a good week of prep," he said. "They'll be ready to go. It is a good vibe. We know we're going to have to play well.
"This is a great time of the year to have to do that. It is a great test as we move from our first two games to a real quality opponent and then into the Big Ten.
"It is kind of the perfect script for preseason."
Ferguson ailing
Freshman Joe Ferguson, a reserve safety who made his debut last week on the kickoff-coverage unit, might not play this week.
Ferguson, the grandson of UW athletic director Barry Alvarez, is slowed by a thigh problem.
"There is swelling," Andersen said. "If he can run, he will play. If not, he won't. There's nothing structurally wrong.
"It is just a matter of getting the swelling down."


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Ellen Gates Starr Park
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Fee: Free
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Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky BobbyWill Ferrell stars in this wacky look at life on the NASCAR circuit. He and his partner Cal Naughton, Jr. are known as "Shake 'n Bake" by their fans for their ability to finish so many races in 1st and 2nd. They must put the pedal to the metal to beat a new driving sensation - Formula One's Jean Girard.
Rated PG-13 | 105 minutes | 2006*Closed Captioned
Presented by Charter One, with additional support from RCN.
Underwritten by Neighbors' Development Network
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Four soft-core processors for embedded systems
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Since 2000, the folks at Realtime Embedded have concentrated on helping companies develop embedded systems used in advanced products. Their four primary focus areas are FPGA, Linux, virtual hardware, and multicore processing systems. Realtime Embedded is involved in customer and financed research projects, in house and on site, spanning a wide range of industries.
Many of you may have already read my blog called How to design an FPGA from scratch, which I started to write 2006 and which Max Maxfield wrote about in EE Times for the first time in 2007.
My latest blog describes the work I have performed at Realtime Embedded over the course of the past year. In this blog, I investigate four soft-core processors and use the same setup as in my first blog called learning by doing. This means that each soft processor will be implemented in an FPGA and the whole design process will be documented. Click Here to visit my blog.
Why use soft-core processors?
When designing an embedded system in a FPGA, we will most likely need some form of controller in our system. This controller can be a simple microcontroller or a fully-fledged microprocessor running the Linux operating system. But before we make this decision, lets first consider the various options that are available to us.
One solution is to use an off-the-shelf (OTS) microprocessor mounted on the board and connecting to the FPGA using a standard bus like AMBA. In fact, this still appears to be the most commonly-used solution. There are times, however, where an OTS processor-based approach will not meet our requirements. An example would be an application that requires peripheral functionality that is not available in a discrete solution, or where board real estate is limited.
Another option is to embed a hard processor core on the chip. A hard processor core has dedicated silicon area on the FPGA. This allows it to operate with a core frequency similar to that of a discrete microprocessor. Examples of hard processor cores used in FPGAs are the PowerPC used in Virtex-4/5 and the ARM Cortex-A9 dual-core MCU used in the new Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC from Xilinx.
Unfortunately, a hard processor core does not provide the ability to adjust it to better meet the needs of the application, nor does it allow for the flexibility of adding a processor to an existing FPGA design or adding an additional processor to provide more processing capabilities.
A soft-core processor solution is one that is implemented entirely in the logic primitives of an FPGA. Because of this implementation, the processor will not operate at the same clock frequencies or have the same performance of a discrete solution. In many embedded applications, however, the high performance achieved by the previous two processing options is not required, and performance can be traded for expanded functionality, reduced cost, and flexibility.
All the major FPGA vendors have soft-core processors in their product offerings and there are also a number of companies and organizations developing soft-core processors that are platform independent and can be implemented in any FPGA design.
Choosing a soft-core processor
When commencing an FPGA design project that will employ a soft-core processor, it can be hard to decide which processor to use. To help you with this decision and give you quick start guide, lets take a closer look at four soft-core processor to see which one would be most suitable for your platform. Here are the four candidates we will investigate:
- MicroBlaze
- Nios II
- OpenRISC
Our system will be built on a standard FPGA development board. We will use the CAE tools that are suggested by the processor provider and try to use license-free tools as much as possible. When there are no free tools available, we will use an evaluation license from the FPGA vendor. The system must be able to run a Linux operating system and a Real Time Operating System (RTOS). The performance of the processor cores will be measured by using the benchmark program CoreMark.
CPU core benchmarking
Although it doesnt reflect how you would use a processor in a real application, sometimes its important to isolate the CPUs core from the other elements of the processor and focus on one key element. For example, you might want to have the ability to ignore memory and I/O effects and focus primarily on the pipeline operation. CoreMark (www.coremark.org) is capable of testing a processors basic pipeline structure; it also provides the ability to test basic read/write operations, integer operations, and control operations.
Installing Linux
We will use the Linux distribution recommended by the processor vendor. An embedded system that is going to run Linux must include some specific hardware blocks. In a typical system we find the following:
- CPU with memory management unit (MMU)
- Instruction and data caches
- DDR3 memory interface
- Debug module
- Interrupt controller
- Ethernet controller
- DIP switches, LEDs and push button interface
- SPI flash interface
- Timer
- Clock generator and system reset logic