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Meddle Not With Them That Are Given to Change : Innovation as Evil
- Estella Lane
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1 Meddle Not With Them That Are Given to Change : Innovation as Evil Benoît Godin 385 rue Sherbrooke Est Montreal, Quebec Canada H2X 1E3 Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation Working Paper No
2 Working Papers 1. B. Godin, Innovation: the History of a Category. 2. B. Godin, In the Shadow of Schumpeter: W. Rupert Maclaurin and the Study of Technological Innovation. 3. B. Godin, The Linear Model of Innovation (II): Maurice Holland and the Research Cycle. 4. B. Godin, National Innovation System (II): Industrialists and the Origins of an Idea. 5. B. Godin, Innovation without the Word: William F. Ogburn s Contribution to Technological Innovation Studies. Project on the Intellectual History of Innovation 385 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montreal, Canada, H2X 1E3 Telephone: (514) Facsimile: (514)
3 Abstract Innovation has become a central value of modern society. It has not always been so. As a matter of fact, innovation had a pejorative connotation for centuries. This paper looks at one episode of the contested use of the category innovation. It documents the first controversy on innovation in the seventeenth century. Starting in the mid-1620s, Henry Burton, a Church of England minister and Puritan, accused the bishops of innovating in matters of Church doctrine and discipline, contrary to His Majesty s instructions. In 1636, Burton published two of his sermons in a polemical form and was brought before the Court. His opponents produced answers accusing Burton himself of innovating. Burton had his ears cut and was sentenced to imprisonment. The study of this controversy teaches us what innovation meant to contemporaries, the values it embedded, what uses were made of the category and what the context was from which Western representations of innovation emerged. One had to wait until the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century for more positive evaluations of innovation. The study of the controversy teaches us about both the similarities and the differences in representations of innovation between the two periods. 3
4 The opinion of some private man prove not in my poore Logick an Innovation ( ). To make an innovation ( ), there must be an unanimous and general concurrence of minds and men, to let on foote the new and desert the old; not the particular fancie of one private man (P. Heylin, A brief and moderate answer to the seditious and scandalous Challenge of H. Burton, 1637, p. 124). 4
5 Meddle Not With Them That Are Given to Change : Innovation as Evil 1 Introduction In 1548, Edward VI, King of England ( ), issued A Proclamation against Those that Doeth Innovate. The proclamation placed innovation in context, constituted an admonition not to innovate and imposed punishments on offenders: Considereing nothing so muche, to tende to the disquieting of his realme, as diversitie of opinions, and varietie of Rites and Ceremonies, concerning Religion and worshippyng of almightie God ( ); [considering] certain private Curates, Preachers, and other laye men, contrary to their bounden duties of obedience, both rashely attempte of their owne and singulet witte and mynde, in some Parishe Churches not onely to persuage the people, from the olde and customed Rites and Ceremonies, but also bryngeth in newe and strange orders ( ) according to their fantasies ( ) is an evident token of pride and arrogance, so it tendeth bothe to confusion and disorder ( ): Wherefore his Majestie straightly chargeth and commandeth, than no maner persone, of what estate, order, or degree soever he be, of his private mynde, will or phantasie, do omitte, leave doune, change, alter or innovate any order, Rite or Ceremonie, commonly used and frequented in the Church of Englande ( ). Whosoever shall offende, contrary to this Proclamation, shall incure his highness indignation, and suffer imprisonment, and other grievous punishementes. The proclamation was followed the following year by the Book of Common Prayer (1549), which established the provision of a public liturgy which could teach the new doctrine of English Protestantism. The preface, written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, deplored that the whole Bible was not read once every year in the church service because the order of the ancient Fathers hath been so altered, broken and neglected by planting in uncertain stories and legends, with multitude of responds, verses, vain repetitions, 1 Special thanks Markku Peltonen for excellent and detailed comments on a previous draft of this paper. Thanks also to the participants to a workshop on The Rhetoric of Innovation in Contemporary Society, University of Helsinki, 7-8 February 2010, and a seminar on Public Understanding of Science, London School of Economics, 11 February Finally, let me mention several colleagues who have read the paper and have offered most relevant suggestions: Gerald Barnett, Denise Lemieux, Pierre Lucier and Christine Macleod. 5
6 commemorations and synodals. Here is set forth, Cranmer wrote, an order cut off of anthems, responds, invitatories and such like things as did break the continual course of the reading of the Scripture. The preface contained one more rationale on the diversity and multitude of practices in the country s church service and ceremonies and opposed the folly and innovations and new-fangledness of some men. Although the keeping or omitting of a ceremony, in itself considered, is but a small thing, yet the willful and contemptuous transgression and breaking of a common order and discipline is no small offence before God. The new order and discipline were enforced with the Act of Uniformity (1549) which established the First Prayer Book as the only legal form of worship. The King s Majesty ( ) hath divers times essayed to stay innovations or new rites ( ) yet hath not had good success. The act established uniform rite and order in prayer (Book of Common Prayer) and ceremonies and punishments to offenders (both ministers and ordinary people) against the rules. 2 Negative thoughts on innovation would reach their climax in mid-seventeenth century England. By the early 1600s Protestantism defined the English identity although Catholics denied this. However, according to some, there still was no purity of Protestantism. The idea that innovation in doctrine, discipline and prayer constitutes superstition and idolatry was shared by many English divines from the Reformation onward. Innovation came to share a place with heresy in the vocabulary of orthodoxy. Pejorative representations of innovation (any kind of innovation) would remain the rule until the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Puritans, among others, took the king s injunctions seriously. Henry Burton, an English minister, used the king s declarations to attack the church hierarchy. We are professedly, wrote Burton, against all those usurpations and innovations, which the Prelates of later dayes have haled in by the head and shoulders, being besides and against the Law and the Land, and much more against the Law of God (Burton, 1636b: 111). On November 5, 1636 Burton preached two sermons attacking the bishops for introducing 2 Both the 1549 Act and the preface to the Prayer Book are reproduced in Bray (1994: ). Most other ancient documents used in this paper are original editions. 6
7 innovations into the Church of England regarding doctrine, discipline and worship. He launched a controversy on innovation, indeed the first such. 3 This paper documents the controversy ( ). Seventeenth century England was a period of change in religion despite many decades of effort to establish a new orthodoxy (Protestantism). The Reformation was still in the making. Tensions, debates and war characterized the period. The conflicts led to the use of innovation as a category for the unorthodox, deviants, and transgressors of norms or heretics. Burton accused no less a personage than the Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud of innovating in matters of doctrine and discipline, contrary to the established rule. He used the category innovation as a polemical weapon against his enemies. His opponents produced (just as polemical) answers to Burton s charges, using their arguments to call for censure by the High Commission, which led to Burton s imprisonment. Among these opponents were Peter Heylin and Christopher Dow, two Laudian devotees. The first part of this paper discusses innovation according to this period of history, as discussed by Henry Burton. 4 It documents the innovations Burton accused the bishops of grouped under eight headings. The second part of the paper part analyzes what innovation meant to Burton and discusses why Burton stressed a use of the category different from the dominant one. The third part of the paper documents the rhetoric used by Burton s opponents to bring him before the court. The replies were exactly the opposite of Burton s arguments, and add up to accusing him of being the innovator, not they. The last part of the paper examines what innovation meant to his contemporaries and explains why it had a pejorative connotation. No doubt some readers will be put off by the extensive use of cited passages from original sources, particularly when the texts are written in early modern English, which I 3 In the early 1600s, a controversy arose on abuses in the Church according to the bishops (The Humble Petition, 1603). King James rapidly settled the controversy: organizing a conference and issuing a Proclamation which minimized the innovations (James, 1603; Barlow, 1604). 4 Two phamphleteers and sympathizers with Burton s views that I have not included here are John Bastwick and William Prynne. To a certain extent, the arguments used are the same as Burton s. For example, Prynne produced a pamphlet (News from Ipswich) which was often falsely attributed to Burton at the time (Prynne, 1636). The latter document is the only one which I have used here. 7
8 have chosen to leave in the original. My purpose is to give the readers a sense of the vocabulary used and the rhetoric developed for talking about innovation. One of my theses being that innovation during this controversy was essentially polemical, I have deemed it necessary to let the reader experience the tone of the polemic. Too often historical work stops after summarizing the arguments of the time, thus leaving the reader with an appetite for a more detailed analysis. The intellectual history of concepts is that of words, their meaning and their uses. Certainly, such a history deals with the context and the values in which words are embedded and which determine meanings and uses. I have tried to do this here. However, I believe that one cannot write the history of concepts if he does not, to a certain extent, let the actors speak for themselves. The reader may have a look at the Appendix before reading this paper. He will get a preliminary idea of Burton s language and the range and depth of how innovation is connected to established social values. Burton s Innovations The complaints against doctrinal innovations emerged in the 1590s and reached a climax in the 1630s. The 1590s were marked by a sense of change, decay and ferment in English religious affairs (Milton, 1995: 11). As Anthony Milton put it, the Reformation retained a structure of worship and administration which had not broken as decisively with the Roman past as had been the case in other Protestant countries. Unsettled issues were therefore a subject for constant reinterpretation and recriminations. The accusation of popery (a return to Rome s doctrine) characterizes the period. Following Peter Lake, Milton has suggested that many of the religious controversies of the period relied on the manipulation and assimilation of the opponent s position into an anti-type of either antipopery or Puritanism (Milton, 1995: 4; Lake, 1989). To many divines, like the moderate Puritan Andrew Willet in the late sixteenth century, it was the duty of all the churches of England to unite against a common enemy the Church of Rome (rather than against domestic enemies whom they called puritans). Opposition to Rome (anti-popery) served several purposes: manifesting one s commitment to true religion, preventing conversions to Rome and endearing puritans to the establishment. 8
9 According to Milton, in order to understand the controversies of the period we must first understand how contemporaries understood orthodoxy in the first place and under what circumstances they were likely to believed they were threatened by their opponents heterodoxy (Milton, 1995: 4). The anti-papal religious controversy prompted the systematic formulation of differences. There was a broad spectrum of different religious views, but they were portrayed and understood in a dualistic terminology. Anti-popery was a polemical tactic aimed at undermining the position of a rival faction in the struggle for power and influence (Milton, 1995: 55), a channel through which the church s own internal conflicts found expression (Milton, 1995: 92). In this context, any contrary idea to the established doctrine (the jure divino theory of the government of bishops prelates rule the church by divine authority and right, predestination, justification, salvation) like those of conformist Richard Hooker or Archbishop Richard Bancroft, easily led to accusations of popery and novelty. Then, in the 1620s, a more skeptical assessment emerged. Anti-popery might be undermining the Church of England itself. It might be a potential front for seditious activity and encourage people to uncover popery within the English Church. As a matter of fact, anti-popery was a label extended to any and all opponents; it conflated an opponent s position with that of Rome. Almost all churchmen endured accusations of anti-popery at one time or another. As a reaction, from King James I ( ) onward, fear of popery thus began to shift to more toleration. The much criticized William Laud ( ), Archbishop of Canterbury ( ) was a pure representative of this view of negative popery. He invoked an anti-romanist opposition against which he defined himself, because anti-popery threaten to frustrate his efforts to revive and re-establish old doctrines as well as neglected and more reverent forms of worship and ceremonies. As a matter of fact, Laud was more preoccupied with the dangers of profanity and sacrilege than with anti-popery. His campaign against anti-popery was aimed at avoiding offending potential converts, above all the aristocracy and gentry. The agenda of Laud and the Laudians combined Arminian views on salvation by works with strict uniformity in 9
10 worship and an increased emphasis on ceremony and the importance of episcopacy. 5 In the light of this agenda, the charge of popery was soon raised against Laud himself and his reforms. Laud was accused of reintroducing popery, namely of innovation. It is here that Henry Burton ( ) enters the story and that my small contribution to the study of the period is situated. From 1612 onward, Burton was Clerk of the Closet to young Prince Charles. When the Prince became King in 1625, Burton became concerned that the new King was showing too much favor toward Catholic sympathizers (Auchter, 2001). The King dismissed Burton, who became minister at Saint Matthew where he continued attacking the church hierarchy with sermons and pamphlets, particularly against Laud. In 1637, he was arrested and brought before the Star Chamber to explain himself, together with two other puritans and pamphleters (William Prynne and John Bastwick). Burton s sermons were said to contain seditious and factious passages. These scandalous and seditious pamphlets, stated Heylin, are now growne so rise, that every day doth produce new Monsters; there being more of them divulged at this present time, then any former age can speak of (Heylin, 1637: 191). It hath been found at other times as necessary, that the tongue which speaketh proud words be cut off for ever (Heylin, 1637: 192). The innovation controversy was launched in 1636 when Burton produced a pamphlet For God and the King, the sum (with additions and enlargements) of two sermons preached on November 5 to teach my people obedience to both God and the King in these times of disobedience and of innovations tending to reduce us to that Religion of Rome. How frequentlie and Solemlie wrote Burton, hath your Majestie made most Sacred Protestations to all Your loving Subjects, that you would never suffer the least innovation to creep unto Your Kingdome. But innovations continued, according to Burton. All which well considered, how audacious, yea how impious are our Innovatours, how feareless of Your Majestie, how regardless of Your Royall Honor, that in their innovations made such havocke, commit such outrages. Burton asked the King to stop the course of all innovators. 5 For an excellent analysis on the logic of laudianism, see Lake (1992; 1993). 10
11 For God and the King is based on Proverb 24, 21: 6 My Sonne, feare thou the Lord, and the King, and meddle not with them that are given to change. For their calamity shall rise suddenly; and who knoweth the ruine of them both? Burton s text proceeded in two steps. In the first half of the pamphlet, Burton conducted an exegetical analysis of the proverb. In the second part, he launched accusations against the church hierarchy. To Burton, the proverb is a threefold lesson. First, it is an exhortation: the object is fear of both God and the king. The religious and the civil fear differ in kind, yet in resemblance and similitude they are not unlike (Burton, 1636b: 6). Fear of the Lord is obedience to God. It is a duty which God requireth of his children (Burton, 1636b: 12). We are bound to perform all obedience to God (...). Else it is rebellion (...), a mass of Idolatry and Superstitution, Will-Worship of man s invention (Burton, 1636b: 14). Fear of the king is not a fear with terror but a natural affection (Burton, 1636b: 42), namely the duties due from Subjects to their King (Burton, 1636b: 36). It means honoring the king as with all superiors (parents, masters, princes), yea greater love than natural Children beare unto their Parents, namely as [Subjects] are members of the great politicke body (Burton, 1636b: 43). Second, the proverb is an admonition. It admonishes one not to become involve with innovators in matters of religion or government, that is, have no fellowship, side not, countenance not, approve not, applaud not such men in their evil wayes (Burton, 1636b: 6). To Burton, men given to change are always notorious detractors, and sycophants, derogating from those things, which they goe about to innovate or abrogate, that so they may establish their owne novelties, whither in Church, or State, or both (Burton, 1636b: 8). Burton suggests five reasons not to meddle with innovators. The first is guilt by association: if we bee silent and doe not detect them, nor labour to defeate them (...) we 6 The book of Proverbs is a collection of ancient proverbs (or sayings or adages ), of which many existed in the Near East at the time. The collection is attributed to Solomon, Israel s greatest king. 11
12 shall be found guilty and so pertake of the like punishment (Burton, 1636b: 93). The second reason is what Burton refers to as dangers : political innovation leads to Tyrany (Burton, 1636b: 93) and religious innovation to ruin, troubles and discontent in the State (Burton, 1636b: 95). Here Burton uses Aristotle s Politics (Book V, viii) (not Republic as he erroneously suggests) in which the Greek author compares changes in a State, which at first seeme but small and insensible, to the expenses of a house, and the wasting of a man substance by little and little, which in a short time consumes all (Burton, 1636b: 93-94). This has been a much repeated argument against innovation over the centuries, one to which we will return below. A third reason for not meddling with innovators is that they turn things upside down (Burton, 1636b: 96): undermining and overthrowing the State of Church and Common weale, and mingle heaven and earth together (Burton, 1636b: ). Burton s fourth reason continues in the same vein: innovation may set up Antichrists throne againe (...), Popery piety, and Superstition holiness (Burton, 1636b: 99). Burton ends his list of reasons not to meddle with innovators by accusing the latter of being enemies to the king. As examples, Burton discusses the gunpowder plot (the attempted assassination of King James on November 5, 1605). What tongue can tell or what heart conceive, Burton asks, the miserable changes, that must have ensued, upon that desperate designe, if it had beene effected (Burton, 1636b: 100). Burton also looks at the history of the church and argues that past changes and innovations he cites Virgil s De Inventoribus Rerum with regard to popes inventions led to the infection of superstition and idolatry: ceremonies, tables, altars, robes and bowing. According to Burton, these kinds of innovation had not stopped. On the contrary, the spirit of Rome continues corrupting the worship of God, troubling the peace of the church, captivating mans consciences with their humane invention, exercising tyranny and seeking the ruin of Christ s kingdom (Burton, 1636b: 109). Finally, according to Burton s exegesis, the proverb offered a reason for admonition. Burton had already dealt with the matter above. Briefly stated, calamity shall rise above [the innovators], and bring them to ruine (Burton, 1636b: 8). To Burton, the instruction arising from this text is simple: every one ought so to address himself to the hearing of the Word of God (Burton, 1636b: 9). 12
13 Then, Burton devotes the rest of his text to discussing innovations under eight headings (Table 1) (Burton, 1636b: ). It is worth looking at the innovations one by one, for it gives a sense of what innovation is according to Burton. As will become evident in the following pages, popery is Burton s main argument against innovation. Table 1. Burton s Innovations Innovation in Doctrine Innovation in Discipline Innovation in the Worship of God Innovation in the Civil Government Innovation in Altering of Books Innovation in the Means of Knowledge Innovation in the Rules of Manners Innovation in the Rule of Faith Innovation in doctrine was a much debated topic in the 1630s. Burton discusses several books published by the prelates and which, according to his view, put several elements of the Protestant doctrine into question as regards, for example, transubstantiation and the Sabbath (more on the latter below). He condemns, and here his opponents would reply that it is only a matter of time and circumstances, the inhibiting of young Ministers to preach of the Doctrines of Election and Predestination (Burton, 1636b: 114). 7 He also argues against the prohibition that Students should not read the modern learned writers such as Calvin, Beza, and others of the Reformed Churches (Burton, 1636b: 111). According to Burton, this innovation (the prohibition) brings us back to Rome. Laudians 7 Predestination is the belief that god had chosen some men to be saved but most will be damned. 13
14 would deny such an innovation: it would constitute a misunderstanding on the part of Burton (see below). Innovation in discipline holds a particular place in Burton s list because he felt personally concerned. In the introductory epistle, Burton claimed that For God and the King was produced to present the king a true account of his views. Burton maintained that the sundry innovators had falsely and maliciously presented his own views. I humblie appeale to the King Majestie Sovereign and Patron, as my judge in this cause ( ), for I hold it not fit that they who are my adversaries should be my judges. In a second document that he produced in defense of his censure, An Apology of an Appeale (1636), he explicitly accused the tribunal of unjustness and repeated the above accusation verbatim. The judges were incompetent because they plainly appeare to be both parties in the cause (Burton, 1636a: 6). To Burton, innovation in discipline means censuring people and ministers because they will not conforme to their [bishops] impious orders (Burton, 1636b: 127). Innovations allow the prelates to catch more Ministers to outt them of their Ministry and living (Burton, 1636b: 64). For not yielding [to the innovations], Ministers are Excommunicated, suspended, yea threatened with Pistolling, and with blood-shedding and hanging as Rebels (Burton, 1636b: 25). The next innovation Burton discusses innovation in the worship of God may seem a minor innovation to most of us today, and was indeed considered as such by his accusers, but constituted a major innovation according to Burton. It concerned the introduction of new rites and ceremonies and outward performances and duties (Burton, 1636b: 17) or superstition and idolatry: Will-worship of mans devising, consisting in some externall complements, and gesticulations, as cringing and crouchings, bowing, or standing upright at some Scriptures more than at others; also a punctuall observance in these formalities, as in bowing to the name of Jesus, to the Communion table, or rather Altar (...), praying with their faces towards the East, thus tying God to a fixed place, standing at reading of the Gospell, and the like (Burton, 1636b: ). To these, Burton adds the cathedral with her pompous Service, her Altars, Palls, Copes, Crucifixes, Images, superstitious gestures and postures, all instruments of musicke. The 14
15 Papall Pompe, Burton believes, constitutes ornaments of the Romish whore (Burton, 1636b: 162), coming from desperate and all daring Popish innovators (Burton, 1636b: 164). Another type of innovation which may seem minor to us, as to Burton s accusers to whom it made little difference, was that of the altering of books. The Prayer Book was a real issue at the time and Burton was probably right in calling alterations of it an innovation. In 1637, a Royal prerogative imposed on Scotland a new Prayer Book, fashioned mainly on the basis of the English liturgy. The result of this laudian innovation was a riot and eventually the so-called Bishops wars, which played a key role in the events leading to the English Civil War and Revolution. Burton looks at words left out, changed or added in recent editions of the prayer books which make the religion of Papists the true religion (Burton, 1636b: 131). 8 I say still, and here write it in capitall Letters, that THE CHURCH OF ROME TEACHETH DISLOYALTY AND REBELLION AGAINST KINGS, AND LEADES HER PEOPLE INTO ALL CONSPIRACIES, AND TREASONS AGAINST STATES AND KINGDOMES (Burton, 1636b: 133). Burton attributed the plague to the altering [of] the Fast-Book and prohibiting preaching in all place infected. Since few people go to the church and preach, there had been a weekly increase in the number of sick people (Burton, 1636b: 144), while preaching was never more necessary in this City than at this time (Burton, 1636b: 148). Similar accusations were made against what Burton calls innovations in the means of knowledge (suppressing and cutting short preaching and limiting all sermons to one hour) and the rule of manners. Prelates allow one part of the Day for God, and the rest to mans carnall Lusts, Sin, the world, the Devil (Burton, 1636b: 157). He was referring to Charles I s reissue of the Book of Sports in 1633 which allowed several leisure activities on Sunday, including Church ales (i.e. beer drinking after Sunday services). To Burton, 8 One example among many: Instead of this passage, Root out that Babilonish and Antichristian Sect, Which say of Jerusalem, &c. They in the Last Edition, set it downe thus, Root out that Babilonish and Antichristian Sect of THEM, which say of Jerusalem, &c (Burton, 1636b: 130). To Burton, the change was made to restrain or transfer the accusation to Puritans. 15
16 sports and Pastimes deface and destroy the very face, beauty and power of all religion (Burton, 1636b: 157). I am ashamed of you claimed Burton (Burton, 1636b: 49). When the Lord calls to Fasting, you fall a Feasting (Burton, 1636b: 50). Sports bring the precipice and downfall of the people soules into perdition (Burton, 1636b: 60). Rebels and Sabbath breakers goe hand in hand together (Burton, 1636b: 63). Like the prohibition of preaching, public assemblies brought us a double increase of the Plague (Burton, 1636b: 50) a statement reproduced by Prynne, who added precise numbers to it: from 458 to 838 plague deaths (Prynne, 1636). Preaching is made dangerous by you, for feare of the plague; which should [rather] be a meanes (as it hath beene formerly) to drive away the plague (Burton, 1636b: 50). All in all, the bishops innovations are witness to what Burton discussed under one more heading: innovation in the rule of faith, namely the bishops liberty in interpretation of the scriptures. Our new Doctors cry up the dictates of the Church, to wit, of the Prelates, be our only guides whereas the true rule of faith is the Holy Scriptures (Burton, 1636b: 151). Burton concluded his pamphlet as it started: My Sonne, feare thou the Lord, and the King, and meddle not with them that are given to change. For their calamity shall rise suddenly; and who knoweth the ruine of them both? The Politics of Innovation For God and the King openly challenges the government of the bishops. As innovators, the bishops would be revolutionaries: factious, seditious and rebels (Burton, 1636b: 9, 11). Innovators refuse to acknowledge their subjection to the King (Burton, 1636b: 41): The maine Principle of Popery is to exalt and acknowledge the Pope as supreme over all Powers, as Emperors, Kings, Princes, States, etc (...). The Pope, and not the King, is the Papists King and Soveraigne (Burton, 1636b: 40-41). In other words, popery constitutes rebellion against the king. 16
17 While discussing religious innovation, Burton thus meddles with politics. 9 This would be turned to an argument against him at court. Burton used a political and revolutionary vocabulary and talked of a time of disobedience to both God and the king from the very beginning of the pamphlet. He tells his readers that the king prohibits innovations, but that innovators ignore the king s laws. The king s enemies are those who transgresse and oppose his Majesties royall Lawes, Proclamations and Declarations against all Innovations in matter of Religion, etc. And thereby disturbe the peace of his Majesties Kingdome and weaken the State (Burton, 1636b: 10), while His Majesty has committed to you the sword of Justice (...) to defend the lawes against such Innovators who (...) divide between the King and his people (Burton, 1636b: 31). Burton accuses the innovators of a plot to overthrow the state of religion and of the commonwealth (Burton, 1636b: 5, 93, ), changing a kingdom into a tyranny little by little, and changing laws, thus leading the country to troubles and discontent (Burton, 1636b: 93-95). Burton s pamphlet discussed two central political issue of the Reformation, the jurisdiction between ecclesiastical and temporal power the jure divino doctrine or the prelates claim to rule the church by divine authority and right and obedience and the right to (duty of) resistance. On one hand, while discussing fear of the King, Burton had already suggested that to transgress [the King s] rule brings us under the guilt and penalty of rebellion (Burton, 1636b: 38). When the King taking an explicit solemn oath to maintaine the ancient Lawes and Liberties of the Kingdome, and so to rule and governe all his people according to those Lawes established: So consequently and implicitly, all the people of the Land doe sweare featly, allegiance, subjection and obedience to their King, and that according to his just Lawes (Burton, 1636b: 39). On the other hand, in matters of religion kings have no unlimited power. The King cannot give that power to others, which he hath not himself. For the Power that is in the King is given unto him by God (...). Neither God in his Law, nor the Lawes of the Land, doe allow the King to alter the State of Religion (...). Kings are the Ministers of God (Burton, 1636b: 72-3). To Burton, all our obedience to Kings and Princes, and other 9 As a matter of fact, at the time, the affairs of religion and the state were one and the same. On changes and the connections between the two fields, see Russell (1967) and Bernard (1990). 17
18 Superiors, must be regulated by our obedience to God (...). If Princes shall command any thing against God and his Law, then we (...) must obey man in nothing that stands not with our obedience first to God (...). To obey or fear man before God and so above or against God, is to make an Idol of man (Burton, 1636b: 76). A similar argument is offered against the bishops. The eighth innovation that Burton documents is innovation in the civil government. According to Burton, bishops labor to reduce and transferre [the civil government] to Ecclesiasticall, making the people used rather as vassals and slaves to the Prelates than as the free subjects of the King (Burton, 1636b: 129). The prelates (and the High Commission) pretend to act in the king s name, but give themselves unlimited power, changing doctrine, rites and ceremonies as they wish. Burton calls for an insurrection against the bishops and for people to stand out against the creeping gangrene (Burton, 1636b: 34). Burton s crusade against innovation was most certainly not foreign to his own situation and his accusers have not failed to reproach him for this bias. To Burton, rebels are those, like bishops and judges of the High Commission, who falsly charged himself a loving, dutifull, faithfull, obedient peacable subject and suggest and whisper into Kings eares evill and false reports (Burton, 1636b: 45-46). They set the whole State in a combustion, by stirring up and fomenting the fire of dissension betweene our gratious Soveraigne, and his loving and loyall Subjects (Burton, 1636b: 46). This arte of Satan was much practiced in those times against those that were most religious and pious, and it prevailed much to the corrupting and overthrowing of Religion (...). This is also remarkable in this present Century (...). They creep into Courts, and by their hypocrisy, false tales, and detractions of sincere teachers and by a kind of collusion with Courtiers, they doe surprise the mindes of the great ones, and Magistrates (Burton, 1636b: 47-48). Burton then drop a series of names onto them: blind watchmen, dumbe dogs, plagues of soules, false Prophets, ravening wolves, theeves and robbers of soules (Burton, 1636b: 48); Declamers, Factious, Seditious, Turbulent, Disafected to the present government, Enemies of the King (Burton, 1636b: 49); Pope Factors who do labour to divide the 18
19 King from his good Subjects, by poysoning his gentle eares with their Serpentive breath and seducing the people to their Superstition and Idolatry (Burton, 1636b: 51). In sum, following some puritans and Catholics of the late 1500s and early 1600s, Burton appropriated a political category (innovation), a category defined by authorities as forbidden and, as a mere king s subject, has applied it as a catchword for all men given to change, including authorities (bishops). Armed with such an understanding of the category, Burton produced the first full-length discussion of innovation: What is innovation? Who is an innovator? What aims? What effects? Burton was responsible for launching the first controversy on innovation. Hundreds of pages were produced on both side of the controversy (see next section). From then on, innovation got increasingly into the everyday vocabulary. To properly understand what innovation meant to Burton, the reader must keep in mind that in religious (and political) matters it was the political hierarchy (including ecclesiasts) who legitimately defined what innovation is. The explicit forbidding of innovation goes back to the 1540s with Edward VI s declaration (see introduction above) and continued in Burton s time: in 1626, only one year into his reign, Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland ( ) issued a Proclamation for the Establishing of the Peace and Quiet of the Church of England: Suppressing Dissent, Innovation, and Controversy: In all ages great disturbances, both to Church and State, have ensued out of small beginnings ( ). Because of the professed enemies of our Religion, the Romish Catholics, the professours of our Religion may bee drawen first to Schism, and after to plaine Popery ( ). His Majestie therefore (...) hath thought fit, by the advice of his reverend Bishops, to declare and publish, not onely to his owne people, but also to the whole world, his utter dislike to all those, who to shew the subtility of their wits, or to please their owne passions, doe, or shall adventure to stirre or move any new Opinions, not only contrary, but differing from the sound and Orthodoxall grounds of the true Religion, sincerely professed, and happily established in the Church of England; And also to declare his full and constant resolution, that neither in matter of Doctrine, or Discipline of the Church, nor in the government of the State, he will admit of the least innovation (...). Then Charles admonish, and also straitly charge and command all his subjects of this Realme, and his Realme of Ireland (...) especially those who are Church-men (...), that neither by writing, preaching, 19
20 printing, Conferences, or otherwise, they raise any doubts, or publish, or maintaine any new inventions, or opinions, concerning Religion. Two years later (1628), Charles dissolved Parliament a well-known period in England history and, in order to silence his opponents, issued a declaration explaining why he dissolved the institution (His Majesty s Declaration to all his loving Subjects, of the Causes which moved him to dissolve the last Parliament). Discussing the state of government, church and Commonwealth, and the schisms and divisions which have ensued in the Church, his Majesty claimed his intention to tie and restrain all Opinions that nothing might be left for private Fancies and Innovations (...). Neither shall we ever give Way to the Authorising of any Thing, whereby any Innovation may steal or creep into the Church; but to preserve that Unity of Doctrine and Discipline established. Only one year after the Burton-Laud controversy (1638), Charles I issued a declaration on religious innovation again. Great Disorders have daily increased following the introduction of new editions of the Service Book, Book of Canons and the actions of the High Commission. His Majesty defended himself against introducing innovation in religion and laws. We neyther were, are, nor by the Grace of God ever shall bee stained with Popish Superstition: But by the contrarie, are resolved to maintaine the true Protestant Christian Religion. To Charles I, it was not innovation but feare of innovation that hath caused the disorders which have happened of late within this Our ancient Kingdom. To His Majesty, Our true meaning and intention is, not to admit of anie innovation eyther in Religion or Lawes, but carefully to mayntayne the puritie of Religion alreadie profest and established. The King reiterated his opposition to innovation in 1641 (The King s Proclamation on Religion). In light of this context, one observes that Burton used a category (innovation) more extensively than the authorities did. While the latter used innovation against the king s subjects, it was here used by a subject who accused authorities of innovating and was used in a polemical way. Burton s rhetorical move was appropriating a political term, including all deviants in the category of innovators and developing a full-length 20
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text:
Latest BrochureView Order brochure View All
Email Bulletin
Sea Cloud II
Launched in 2001, Sea Cloud II is a stunning vessel, built along traditional lines, but offering deluxe accommodation. She combines the timeless elegance of sailing ships of the past with the highest safety standards and the luxurious comfort of modern cruise ships. The 32,150 square feet of sails are set by hand which is a truly magical sight; she really is the most exquisite of vessels.
Sea Cloud II Virtual Tour
Your Cabin/Suite
Built to accommodate 94 passengers in five star luxury, Sea Cloud II offers a range of beautifully appointed suites and cabins which are furnished with great style. Spread over three decks are 29 deluxe outside cabins with showers, 16 junior suites with bathtubs, and two owner suites with bathtubs and showers. All accommodations have outside views and the bathrooms, in light marble, are unusually spacious and aesthetically pleasing. The two owner suites feature a king size canopy bed and all other cabins feature queen size beds (with separate mattresses, excluding category F staterooms which feature upper and lower single beds).
Cabin sizes range from 16m2 to 27m2 (category F measure 14m2 ). The finest, carefully chosen fabrics, combined with leather, rattan and other materials, brass and gold, precious woods and marble together create an impressive ensemble. All cabins have a television with DVD player, minibar, dressing table, wardrobe and a safe. A welcome bottle of champagne and a fruit basket which is replenished daily are provided to enjoy whilst in your cabin.
Your Space
No expense has been spared to create a sympathetic ambience in both the accommodation and public areas and this is reflected throughout the vessel. Public areas include an elegant lounge, library, fitness centre, boutique, lido bar and hospital. The single sitting dining room is airy and modern and the quality of the cuisine and service will be to the highest of standards, as one would expect on a Sea Cloud II cruise. The Lounge is located mid-ship on the Lido Deck offering comfortable seating areas. The vessel's magnificent Steinway can be found here and will be played for your enjoyment by an accomplished pianist. In addition enjoy interesting lectures and presentations, or perhaps a drink from the bar. There is also a library onboard where you can relax, write postcards, play a board game, find a film to watch in your cabin, send emails from the laptop or just enjoy the peaceful atmosphere. Relax on the Lido deck and experience the natural grandeur of travelling under sail whilst watching the sailors manoeuver the sails high above, rekindling memories of a bygone age.
Your Dining
The cuisine aboard Sea Cloud II is of an exceptionally high standard, and has been accepted by the international Chaîne des Rôtisseurs. Enjoy international dishes complemented by local specialities selected fresh from the market by the onboard chef. Dinner is served à la carte and is a four course affair with a vegetarian option always available. All cruises aboard the Sea Cloud II are full board with carefully selected wines and beers served to complement your lunch and dinner. All soft drinks, coffee and tea whilst onboard are also included.
Life Onboard
Whilst there are many large sailing ships offering passages around the world there are few if any that can compare in terms of luxury to Sea Cloud II. Despite the luxurious setting, casual clothing is appropriate and the atmosphere onboard is friendly and generally informal. Service is personal, and the crew of 65 quickly acquaint themselves with passengers and the officers on the bridge are also available to answer questions; manoeuvres permitting. After all, Sea Cloud II is not only a cruise ship, but a private yacht as well.
For your comfort
Sea Cloud II combines the timeless elegance of sailing ships of the past with the highest safety standards and the luxurious comfort of modern cruise ships. The hospital is located on the Cabin Deck and is staffed by a ship's doctor. In consideration of all passengers, smoking is not permitted onboard with the exception of designated areas on open decks.
- 360's
- Ship Directory
Deck plans
Deck Plan
- Deck Plan

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The wealthy American investor Jeffrey Gundlach, dubbed the "King of Bonds," has offered a $1.7m (£1m) bounty for the safe return of paintings raided from his house earlier this month, which include a prized work by Piet Mondrian.
Thieves plundered the Santa Monica home of the art-obsessed bond-fund manager, swiping possessions worth over $10m, including 13 works from his art collection, luxury watches and 40 bottles of fine wine. They even fled the scene in his Porsche Carrera 4S sports car.
Mr Gundlach, whose passion for modern art was inspired by a visit to the Tate in London, had initially offered $200,000 for tips that would lead to the safe return of the art pieces taken. He held a press conference on Monday to say he had added a $1m reward for the 1936 Mondrian work Composition (A) En Rouge Et Blanc.
A further $500,000 bounty has now been added for the recovery of three works: Jasper Johns' Green Target, and two by Joseph Cornell, Medici Princess and Pinturicchio Boy. Police revealed they were working with art-theft experts from the FBI and Interpol to recover the works.
Mr Gundlach believes the robbers did not know the value of the art they had taken. "The mix of things that were taken suggest that the people did not come to take art," he said.
However, the press conference in Los Angeles came to a halt after Mr Gundlach, whose DoubleLine Capital has $48bn under management, refused to answer any of the questions posed by the attending media. He would not confirm if the property stolen was insured, whether the house had a security system or if he suspected anyone of being involved in the crime. Mr Gundlach's property was taken while he was away on a trip, sometime between 12-14 September.
The bond manager has a particular obsession with Mondrian after seeing his work in London a decade ago, several years later buying his own. He told the Financial Times last year: "It was a big deal, it actually took all the money that I had."
The investment firm itself was named after a painting technique employed by the Dutch painter and his passion for art is also demonstrated in the names of the conference rooms at the DoubleLine office in LA, which are named after other famous painters.
The largest ever private reward was the $5m offered by the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, after 13 paintings were stolen in 1990. The works, which included three Rembrandts, have never been recovered.
Mr Gundlach has a colourful background. After graduating from Dartmouth, he dropped out of Yale's applied mathematics PhD programme, only to join a 1980s rock band called Radical Flats. The band failed to make it big, but inspired by a television programme about the wealthy banking lifestyle, he applied for a job at the bond firm TCW.
In 2006 the celebrated manager had warned of the impending problems from mortgage-backed securities, which would go on to drive the global financial downturn. He was fired by TCW last year and set up a rival firm, which has proved hugely lucrative in its short existence.Reuse content


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The staff sackings began at the beleaguered Bradford Bulls on Monday when Brendan Guilfoyle, the man appointed as administrator, announced 16 redundancies.
Those sacked include the head coach Mick Potter and chief executive Ryan Duckett, who is a member of the club's board of directors.
"This is an attempt to reduce our cash requirements," said Guilfoyle, who says the club still intend to fulfil Sunday's Stobart Super League home game against London Broncos and he was due to meet the Rugby Football League on Monday afternoon to seek assistance.
The Bulls went into administration after the club's directors failed to raise the £1.2m they say was needed to see them through the season.
Bradford owed around £300,000 to the HM Revenue & Customs, who were poised to issue a winding-up petition.
"In the month of July I will need around a quarter of a million pounds to keep the club going and I've got £20,000 maximum in the bank," Guilfoyle said.
"I have made 16 redundancies, including Mick Potter and three coaches. I am looking at fulfilling Sunday's fixture. The players have been asked to report back for work at 10am and I am going to see the RFL this afternoon to seek their assistance."
The news stunned the Bradford players, with the prop Nick Scruton tweeting: "Awful day today. People lives are being ruined. Hope things get sorted soon for everyone's sake."


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CanDo Construction is a Kansas City best high quality Construction company. We provide best construction services like: Foundation Repair, Basement Waterproofing, Basement Foundation Repair, Foundation Repair Contractor, Concrete Contractor in Kansas City.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server.


text:
First time cruisers now life long fans!
Sail Date: February 25, 2012
Reviewed: 5 years ago
Traveled As: Couple
Room Type: Balcony
Pros: Food, staff, actvities
Cons: Package pricing, rough seas
Recommends Oasis of the Seas? Yes!
Category Ratings
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
|Ship Quality
|Food and Dining
|Cabin / Stateroom
|Service and Staff


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This event is added by Kodoom Robot, We're waiting for final details from the organizer.
First Chapter of Masnavi, Fourth session PastFriday, Apr 24, 2015 ,
6:30 PM - 8:30 PM- Ottawa, ON, Canada
Contact the organizer for latest event info. Kodoom.com is not responsible for any changes made in the above information. Report or Flag this event


text: On Thu, Jul 01, 2010 at 03:22:20PM -0500, Jon Brassow wrote: > Note, while most LVM commands > will automatically update the metadata on a restored devices, the > following exceptions exist: > - pvs (because it does not read/update VG metadata) It depends what fields have been requested to be displayed: some are stored in the VG metadata so have to be read from there. > (a 'dmsetup suspend/resume' works equally well). Let's not encourage use of dmsetup alongside LVM tools - all sorts of other things can go wrong then. If it's a useful thing to be able to do, lvm should offer it in a properly-controlled way. (lvchange --refresh?) > before proceeding. This is simply another case, I think, where it Avoid writing it as a personal opinion:) Write it in the form of an option to consider. Alasdair


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Recent reviews
All reviews
- All reviews
- Positive
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Located just 4.8 mi (7.8 km) from the airport, Parklane Hotel offers free pick-up service (available on request). Guests can indulge in Thai massages or aromatherapy, and Parklane Restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner. A golf course and a garden are offered, and in-room conveniences at this Art Deco hotel include washers/dryers and refrigerators.


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It only takes a minute to get started. Fill out our uncomplicated sign up form and login to the website.
This step is noncompulsory but will dramatically boost your chances of getting interest from other members on the website. Write a little about yourself, your pasttimes and upload your nicest photo of yourself.
Use our website's advanced search to spot members who match your criteria. Or just scan through listings and spot daters that attract you.
Located someone who interests you? Send an email to them or just a wink and await their reply. With a little luck you'll be on your way to locating your soulmate.
It's quick and simple


text:
Visakhapatnam, April 16: The Indian Premier League 2015 (IPL 8) moves to Visakhapatnam today with hosts Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH) facing table-toppers Rajasthan Royals (RR).
IPL Special; Points Table; Orange Cap; Purple Cap
RR have completed a hat-trick of wins in this edition. They are the in-form team and are favourites in tonight's clash. For RR, their regular captain Shane Watson is expected to be fit to play his first game of the season. (Match Preview)
Here is your guide to today's Match 11 of IPL 2015 (Photos)
Who are playing?
- Sunrisers Hyderabad Vs Rajasthan Royals
Where, when and time?
- ACA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam
- April 16 (Thursday)
Where to watch on TV in India?
- Sony MAX (Hindi commentary)
- Sony SIX (English)
- Sony AATH (Bengali)
- Sony KIX (Tamil, Telugu)
Key players
- SRH - David Warner, Shikhar Dhawan, Trent Boult
- RR - Steve Smith, James Faulkner, Chris Morris
Head-to-head record
- RR lead 3-2 over SRH
Current positions in Points Table
- RR - No. 1 - 3 wins out of 3 (6 points)
- SRH - No. 6 - 1 win, 1 loss (2 points)
Rajasthan Royals: Shane Watson (captain), Abhishek Nayar, Ajinkya Rahane, Ankit Nagendra Sharma, Ben Cutting, Deepak Hooda, Dhawal Kulkarni, Dishant Yagnik, James Faulkner, Kane Richardson, Karun Nair, Pravin Tambe, Rahul Tewatia, Rajat Bhatia, Sanju Samson (wicketkeeper), Steve Smith, Stuart Binny, Tim Southee, Vikramjeet Malik, Chris Morris, Juan Theron, Barinder Singh Saran, Dinesh Salunkhe, Sagar Trivedi, Pardeep Sahu.
Sunrisers Hyderabad: David Warner (captain), Shikhar Dhawan, Ashish Reddy, Bhuvneshwar Kumar, Chama Milind, Dale Steyn, Ishant Sharma, Karn Sharma, KL Rahul, Moises Henriques, Naman Ojha (wicketkeeper), Parveez Rasool, Ricky Bhui, Trent Boult, Praveen Kumar, Kevin Pietersen, Eoin Morgan, Ravi Bopara, Kane Williamson, Laxmi Ratan Shukla, Prasanth Padmanabhan, Hanuma Vihari, Siddarth Kaul.
OneIndia News


text:
Father Grabs Foul Ball While Holding Daughter
Description:A pretty impressive Detroit Tigers fan grabs a foul ball with his bare hand while holding his daughter.
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It is one of the most famous football songs in England's not very illustrious history. World in Motion, the 1990 World Cup song by New Order, featured England and Liverpool striker John Barnes rapping.
So while Henry Winter and the rest of our World Cup 2010 team were twiddling their thumbs as they waited to go to South Africa, we asked them to recreate it.


text:
|Dealer Discount
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Price includes: $300 - EcoBoost Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 07/05/2017, $1,250 - Ford Credit Retail Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 07/05/2017, $1,500 - Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 07/05/2017, $250 - Retail Bonus Customer Cash. Exp. 07/05/2017, $2,250 - Retail Customer Cash. Exp. 07/05/2017 .
NOBODY, WE MEAN NOBODY BEATS A GREENWAY FORD DEAL! WE HAVE THE LOWEST PRICES ON NEW FORDS IN CENTRAL FLORIDA! We will not be beat! Ask about our price beat guarantee! We have the largest selection, the absolute lowest prices, the highest trade values, the lowest payments options, the best financing terms, and the friendliest staff. We pride ourselves in taking exceptional care of our customers.
We have SIGN AND DRIVE options available for PURCHASE OR LEASE.
Here at Greenway Ford, we try to make the purchase process as easy and hassle free as possible. We encourage you to experience this for yourself when you come to look at this rock solid 2017 Ford F-150, ready to get on the job and get going. It is nicely equipped with features such as Equipment Group 301A Mid (Rear View Camera w/Dynamic Hitch Assist, 4.2" Productivity Screen in Instrument Cluster, 8-Way Power Driver's Seat, Auto-Dimming Rear-View Mirror, BoxLink, Class IV Trailer Hitch Receiver, Cloth 40/20/40 Front Seat, Fixed Backlight w/Privacy Glass, Leather-Wrapped Steering Wheel, Power Glass Heated Sideview Mirrors, Power-Adjustable Pedals, Radio: Single-CD w/SiriusXM Satellite, Rear Under-Seat Storage, and Rear Window Defroster), Trailer Tow Package (Auxiliary Transmission Oil Cooler, Pro Trailer Backup Assist, and Upgraded Front Stabilizer Bar), XLT Chrome Appearance Package (Chrome Billet Style Grille w/Chrome Surround, Chrome Door & Tailgate Handles w/Body-Color Bezel, Chrome Step Bars, and Single-Tip Chrome Exhaust), 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Air Conditioning, Brake assist, Delay-off headlights, Driver door bin, Dual front impact airbags, Dual front side impact airbags, Electronic Locking w/3.31 Axle Ratio, Electronic Stability Control, Front anti-roll bar, Front wheel independent suspension, Fully automatic headlights, Low tire pressure warning, Occupant sensing airbag, Outside temperature display, Overhead airbag, Passenger door bin, Passenger vanity mirror, Power steering, Rear step bumper, Speed-sensing steering, Split folding rear seat, SYNC 3, Tachometer, Telescoping steering wheel, Tilt steering wheel, Traction control, Variably intermittent wipers, and Voltmeter. You, out enjoying this superb Ford F-150, would be so much better than it sitting here proving nothing on our lot. It's ready, each time and every time. Come let it show you!
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* New Car Prices after Factory rebates, including Ford Motor Credit financing. Additional rebates, like COLLEGE and MILITARY are also available.. Prices do not include tax, tag, title, pre-delivery service fee of $799.95, administrative processing fee of $199.50, and Electronic Filing Fee of $58.50. These charges represent cost and profit to the dealer for items such as inspecting, cleaning, and adjusting vehicles and preparing documents related to the sale. Pictures are for illustration purposes only and are subject to prior sale. Some vehicles may include dealer installed options that are not included in sale prices, but can be removed upon customers' request. Prices are subject to change based upon market conditions and product demand. Please see dealer for details


text:
Stop Preordering Video Games: A plea from one gamer to many
J Thoendell stashed this in Video Games
Source: http://bgr.com/2015/01/12/stop-preorderi...
2014 had so much potential.
Watch Dogs was going to change the face of gaming as we knew it. Destiny was going to bring MMO conventions to the console in the most incredible mash-up of the generation. Assassin's Creed Unity was going to revitalize one of the most popular franchises of the past decade.
But none of that happened.
Instead, what we got was one of the sloppiest collection of game releases in recent history. Half of the most anticipated games of the year didn't work correctly at launch and the other half were delayed to 2015.
Plenty of digital ink has already been spilled over the dangers of preordering, but they say that repetition breeds success, so I'll throw my hat into the ring.
If we hadn't preordered Destiny, Bungie and Activision might not already be neck deep in the development of overpriced expansions and a full-fledged sequel due out in 2016. If we hadn't preordered The Master Chief Collection, we would have known that the multiplayer component of the game was broken before it was sitting on our shelves collecting dust.
This year, make it a priority to avoid preordering games.
Stashed in: Assassin's Creed, Gamers!


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Hordur Thordarson <hor...@lausn.is>
|Re: Flex 5 in haxe
|Sat, 17 Nov 2012 17:34:58 GMT
Yeah well Firefox is in a hole re the Flash plugin because they need it for video playback (H264) which btw is driving a lot of web usage these days. I haven't been following the dev of the Chrome pepper stuff so I can't comment on that. I do use Flash in Chrome a lot though and haven't had any major problems. But YMMV as always. As for the plugin architecture in the browser, it is allready mostly gone from mobile browsers, but I don't think it will dissappear from desktop browsers any time soon because there are still a lot of things the Flash plugin can do that the browsers can't and there is also an enormous amount of software out there that requres the Flash plugin and developers like are still adding more, just look at the activity in Flash based games running in the browser (Zynga, Rovio and a bunch of others are still happily churning out Flash based games). On 17.11.2012, at 16:34, Omar Gonzalez wrote: > On Saturday, November 17, 2012, Hordur Thordarson wrote: > >>> >> But maybe I'm reading all this wrong or maybe I'm believing too much what >> I think I'm reading or maybe the people here advocating a HTML/JS strategy >> for Flex have been burned more by Adobe than I have. >> >> > Bingo! > > Also, Adobe can say whatever they want about their plans for Flash Player > plugins. The truth is Firefox has at one point stated, from one of their > VPs, that they would love to just not have a plugin architecture at all and > basically tell Flash to go F itself. Microsoft tried that with Metro and > they got some backlash so they put it back in 'desktop' mode. Then we have > the Chrome pepper API, wow, wht a mess. It gets buggier and buggier with > time. What does this all say to me? Plugin architecture has its days > numbered. You can shove your head in the sand and choose to ignore the > writing on the wall or you can start to strategize for a life without Flash > Player plugin. I choose to be prepared. Whether HTML5 is ready or not and > whether its more efficient to develop in or not that is where the industry > is heading. > > -omar
|View raw message


text:
49 CFR 172.325 - Elevated temperature materials.
(a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a bulk packaging containing an elevated temperature material must be marked on two opposing sides with the word "HOT" in black or white Gothic lettering on a contrasting background. The marking must be displayed on the packaging itself or in black lettering on a plain white square-on-point configuration having the same outside dimensions as a placard. (See § 172.302(b) for size of markings on bulk packagings.)
(b) Bulk packagings containing molten aluminum or molten sulfur must be marked "MOLTEN ALUMINUM" or "MOLTEN SULFUR", respectively, in the same manner as prescribed in paragraph (a) of this section.
(c) If the identification number is displayed on a white-square-on-point display configuration, as prescribed in § 172.336(b), the word "HOT" may be displayed in the upper corner of the same white-square-on-point display configuration. The word "HOT" must be in black letters having a height of at least 50 mm (2.0 inches). Except for size, these markings shall be as illustrated for an Elevated temperature material, liquid, n.o.s.:
Title 49 published on 09-May-2017 04:41
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 49 CFR Part 172 after this date.


text:
UK: 'Concept' Peugeot 307 wagon makes production
The official Peugeot story at the Frankfurt motor show was that the 307 was just a "concept". Yeah, right, guys, that would explain the production-ready components all over it, just like Ford's "concept" Fusion, huh? Fast forward barely five months and Peugeot UK confirms the glass-roofed seven-seater will join its range in April.
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text:
- 1giving your attention to something because you enjoy finding out about it or doing it; showing interest in something and finding it exciting interested (in something/somebody) I'm very interested in history. interested (in doing something) Anyone interested in joining the club should contact us at the address below. interested (to do something) We would be interested to hear your views on this subject. an interested audience She was watching with a politely interested expression on her face. There's a talk on Italian art—are you interested (= would you like to go)? He sounded genuinely interested.
- 2in a position to gain from a situation or be affected by it As an interested party, I was not allowed to vote. Interested groups will be given three months to give their views on the new development. There were representatives of all the interested parties at the public meeting.
adjectivejump to other results
NAmE//ˈɪntrəstəd//, NAmE//ˈɪntəˌrɛstəd//, NAmE//ˈɪntrɛstəd//
Check pronunciation: interested


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A Tennessee man has been charged with attempting to extort $1 million in digital currency in a scheme involving former presidential candidate Mitt Romney's (R) tax returns.
The Justice Department charged Michael Mancil Brown, 34, with six counts of wire fraud and six counts of extortion.
According to the indictment, Brown had a letter delivered in August, 2012 to Price Waterhouse Coopers saying he had stolen Romney's tax returns from the accounting firm and that he would release them publicly unless $1 million was deposited into a Bitcoin account.
The indictment says Brown also offered to release the the allegedly stolen tax returns if someone else paid him $1 million in Bitcoin currency.
Romney in September released his 2011 tax returns, but resisted pressure throughout the campaign to disclose more.


text:
Olesky Associates, Inc
Providence, Rhode Island
Full Time
New Rheumatology Position - Providence, RI
I am seeking a Rheumatologist to join two other Rheumatologists in the Providence, RI area Boston with a built in referral base, high quality programs and excellent ancillary services. This position is 100% Rheumatology with a highly competitive salary and comprehensive benefits package available for the right candidate. I will be screening perspective candidates for interviews which will start taking place in the near future. For immediate consideration please forward a copy of your C.V. and I am happy to discuss the practice and the position in further detail.
Steve Pearlstein
Vice President
Olesky Associates
617-321-2149 ext 227


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|Clay Leeds <cle...@medata.com>
|fop-0.20.5rc3 alignment bug (was: Re: PMC report to the board.)
|Wed, 21 May 2003 16:05:47 GMT
I figured this bug is getting more and more interesting so I changed the Subject. I guess since this is the fop-dev list, it doesn't matter as much that fop-0.20.5rc3 hasn't been announced (although I don't understand why it matters--my thought is the more time between announcement & release of 0.20.5, the more chances 'little' bugs like this one'll get noticed/fixed). On 5/21/2003 1:25 AM, Thomas Sporbeck wrote: >>Not so strange. There is a PrintRenderer the PDFRenderer extends, and > an AbstractRenderer the > >>AWTRenderer extends. Most likely the PrintRenderer was adapted to a > fix. > > In my test I used the AWT-Preview and pdf-Output. > Rendering to pdf has other results than using the AWTRenderer (pdf seems > to be ok, but text-align = "right" seems to be buggy in comparison to > text-align = "end" which seems to work correctly). Ahh! That's interesting. I'll try changing my code to see if that helps. BTW, is this in general true: that text-align values of "start/end" have a greater chance for support? > The fist time a page > page1 is shown in the AWT-Preview, the rendering > is ok. If you go to the next page and then back, the rendering is no > longer correct, so I suppose that there is really something done to > often. That's what I noticed. However, page1 renders with that weirdness the first time. Then, if you click the [>] and [<] buttons to go back and forth, the rendering of text-align="right" actually migrates further and further to the right until it goes off the page. For all I know, it keeps going after it goes off the page. -- Clay Leeds - firstname.lastname@example.com Web Developer - Medata, Inc. - http://www.medata.com PGP Public Key: https://mail.medata.com/pgp/cleeds.asc --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Hi, have tried the search function but to no avail. Does anyone have templates for the shin tools? I know i could just buy them as they are so dirt cheap but i really want to say i have scratch built my entire costume.
thanks ppl
I did make the squigi one. I know I spelt that wrong, but oh well...
I can e-mail it to you in CAD.
I just recently finished the templates for all the shin tools. Check them out and let me know what you think.
They will print out full size on 8.5 X 11 paper, except the first page it is for reference only.
Once again Alan you show yourself to be a first class STAR
The templates are great. Is your black and white scale measured in centimetres?
GCNgamer - thanks for replying, your templates are great and i will probably use them with WoF's templates.
thanks all.
Last edited by Ronin677; Jul 3, 2006 at 2:41 AM.
Sorry it is in inches, I forgot to include a centimeter scale on these. I make sure to include one in the next revision.
NICE!! Been waiting for these too!
WOW those rock now I am going to make my own set


text:
*- Wayne Crawford has moved from offensive line to defensive line.
*- Andrew Wallace is now listed as the backup at right guard.
*- Tyler Purvis is listed as the starter at fullback. He is backed up by redshirt freshman Logan Winkles.
*- Cameron Fordham is now listed as the backup center.
*- Andy Jomantas has moved from backup left guard to reserve right guard.
*- Tony Creecy is the backup tailback.
*- Brian Slay is now listed as a starter at defensive end. Slay has been playing defensive tackle.
*- Darryl Cato-Bishop is back starting at defensive end. He is backed up by Art Norman.
*- True freshman T.Y. McGill is listed as the starter at defensive tackle. He is backed up by A.J. Ferguson, who had been injured.
*- Terrell Manning is back on the depth chart as the starting weakside linebacker.
*- True freshman Tyrrell Burriss has moved from boundary corner to backup field cornerback.
*- C.J. Wilson and Rashard Smith are listed as co-starters at boundary cornerback.
NOTE: *- Indicates a player has redshirted a season.
|2011 NC State Depth Chart