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Structure and diversity of cloud forest bird communities in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, and implications for conservation
- Grant Allen
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1 Structure and diversity of cloud forest bird communities in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, and implications for conservation Published online: Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologe Swen Christoph Renner aus Wuppertal Göttingen, 23
2 D 7 Referent: Korreferent: Prof. Dr. M. Mühlenberg Prof. Dr. M. Schaefer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 5. November 23
3 Table of contents Abbreviations iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 4 3 Objectives and hypotheses 6 4 Methods, material, and study area Study area Topology and geology Climate Natural vegetation Habitat types of the Sierra Yalijux Fauna Study plot Diameter at breast height (DBH) Tree height Tree stem cover Vegetation structure Ornithological fieldwork Mist netting Transect census Further recording of birds and behavior Statistics and calculation methods Analysis of vegetation structure Diversity and population indices and estimators Comparison of habitats, similarity Evenness Further population parameters Dominance Density Recapture rate Estimation of population size Guild composition Understory birds Body mass Morphometrics Geographic Information System 27 5 Results Vegetation structure and birds Avifauna Observed and expected species Bird community structure Abundance, dominance, habitat preferences Guild composition Species-abundance models Similarity Species richness and diversity Species-area dependence Evenness Edge effect Estimation of population size Recapture rate 44 i
4 Table of contents Transect census Density of species Geographic Information System-based analyses Highland Guan Penelopina nigra Mountain Trogon Trogon mexicanus Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Bushy-crested Jay Cyanocorax melanocyaneus Black-throated Jay Cyanolyca pumilo Individual density Understory birds Body mass Morphometrics Syntheses 61 6 Discussion Methods Nets and transects Diversity indices and species-abundance models Neotropical and Nearctic migrants Diversity Species richness, diversity and evenness Vegetation structure and birds Understory birds Edge effect Recaptures and recapture rate Population dynamics, influence of meta-populations and patchy distribution Comparison Neotropical bird communities Further studies involved in tropical bird communities Bird communities in non-tropical regions Differences between natural forest and young secondary forest Guild composition Is body mass a measure of habitat quality? Biogeographic affinities Human impact Conservation of natural montane cloud forest in the Sierra Yalijux Predicting extinctions Endemics Keystone and target species Resplendent Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Yucatán Black-Howler Monkey Alouatta pigra Red Lists and extinction risk Conservation strategy Factors threatening species and habitat Possibilities to preserve the natural forest remnants Priority areas and corridors: existing strategies Suggestions for a new strategy/extension of the existing strategy Conservation of diversity within secondary habitats Conclusion 93 7 Summary 95 8 Zusammenfassung 97 9 Resumen 99 ii
5 Table of contents 1 Acknowledgments References 12 Appendix A 113 Appendix B 121 Appendix C 122 iii
6 Abbreviations BM S N c r R t DBH UTD UTH UTS OTD OTH OTS ha NF YSF Abbreviations body mass [g] species numbers individuals numbers mist-net captures (marked individuals) recaptures recapture rate diameter at breast height understory tree density [m] understory tree height [m] understory tree size [m] overstory tree density [m] overstory tree height [m] overstory tree size [m] hectare (1 ha = 1, m² =.1 km²) natural forest young secondary forest Guatemala belongs to the Mexican Time Zone (UTC/WTC 6: h) and has no time shift during summer. iv
7 Introduction 1 Introduction Biological diversity, at least in terms of species richness, is distributed unequally around the Earth (e.g., Mittermeier et al. 1998, Myers et al. 2, Barthlott & Winger 21). The majority of species is located in tropical regions, many in special habitats like mountain cloud forest or coral reefs (Primack 1993). More than 5 % of species occur within 7 % of land cover (Whitmore 199, Conservation International 199). Higher vertebrates and vascular plants show a higher frequency of species in the 25 terrestrial Biodiversity Hotspots, which are located mainly within the tropics, some reaching subtropical areas (Myers et al. 2). Parallel to the high level of biodiversity, there is a high degree of habitat loss in the same hotspot regions (Stattersfield et al. 1998, Myers et al. 2). Deforestation is one of the major factors (Tanner et al. 1996, FAO 21). Contemporary human activities is the latest chapter in a long saga of disturbances [ ] and the most threatening (Whitemore & Burslem 1996). Fragmentation, degradation, and complete habitat loss are diminishing the natural forests. Species specialized to natural forests will vanish after a relaxation time when area is too small (e.g., Brooks et al. 1999). The extinction of species as a consequence of habitat loss is leading to biodiversity loss, in temperate landscapes as well as in the tropics (e.g., Myers et al. 2). Conservation and preservation of natural habitats is essential to preserve a high degree of biological diversity (e.g., Hughes et al. 22). The exact order of magnitude of species numbers is not known to the scientific community (Primack 1993, and others). There are several estimations of species numbers (e.g., Cox & Moore 2). Taxonomists estimate that the majority of invertebrate species are yet undiscovered. For instance, insects are believed to be known to scientists with less than 1 % of all species (e.g., Cox & Moore 2, Primack 1993). For other arthropods or invertebrates, the situation might be even worse (Wilson 1992). Numbers for higher vertebrates like birds are relatively constant and annual descriptions of new species are comparatively low (e.g., del Hoyo et al. 1992). Deforestation and loss of natural habitats are the result of human activities. Rural human populations are reduced to basic and subsistence agricultures to obtain sufficient food for survival (Terborgh 1999, World Bank 21). Traditional knowledge and increasing human populations force contemporary and future generations to continue or even increase deforestation to provide sufficient area for agriculture and land use. Inappropriate use and overexploitation of land makes it necessary to move on and exploit new areas, leaving vast unproductive areas (Markussen 23). While most species are still unknown, deforestation rates and human impacts are still increasing (e.g., FAO 21, World Bank 21). Hence biologists with their long-term studies are documenting the status quo of the remaining natural environments (Terborgh 1999). 1
8 Introduction Habitat loss and degradation often interact with scientific investigations and prevent surveys or falsify results. In contrast to increasing biodiversity research (mainly the socio-economic part), patterns and processes of biodiversity loss are still poorly known (Loreau et al. 22). Community ecology focuses on factors of biodiversity, while ecosystem ecology focuses on rates, dynamics, stability of energy and nutrition cycles (Naeem et al. 22). Here, the focus is on the first part, i.e. community and diversity. Different ecosystem processes respond differently to biodiversity loss (Naeem et al. 1994, Naeem et al. 22). Studies involving standardized and comparable bird community measures in the tropics are rare (Terborgh et al. 199). Studies estimating the impact of human activities on nature and its functioning are even more rare (Terborgh 1999). Worldwide there are less then 1 study plots with a more or less completely censused bird species inventory for an approximate area of 1 ha (Brosset & Erard 1986, Thiollay 1994a, Robinson et al. 2, Waltert 2). For other animal groups like mammals or insects, the situation is even worse. Deforestation as the major impact on habitat loss in the tropics (FAO 21) is threatening all kinds of species but especially highly mobile and top predator species, including many bird or mammal species (e.g., Begon et al. 1996). The influence of forest loss and fragmentation on species loss should be predictibale on the basis of species-area relationships (Magurran 1988, Rosenzweig 1995, Brooks et al. 1999a). Reduced forest areas cannot support the same number of forest birds as larger areas. However, smaller forest fragments are inhabited by fewer species than expected by a linear species-area relationship (e.g., Rosenzweig 1995). Like the top predators, other forest specialists and endemics will vanish (Stattersfield et al. 1998) from fragments due to decreasing size and numbers of forest fragments (MacArthur & Wilson 1967, Greenberg 1996, Kattan & Alvarez-Lopéz 1996, and others). Neotropical montane cloud forests and their endemic birds are greatly threatened (Veblen 1976, FAO 21, Kappelle & Brown 21, World Bank 21). According to FAO (21), highland forests in Guatemala have a higher deforestation rate than lowland forests (.8 % versus 1.1 % annually between 1981 and 199). Many Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs after Stattersfield et al. 1998; Long 1995) are located within cloud forests and therefore are threatened by recent human activities. Veblen stated in 1976 that the conservation of forests in highland Guatemala is necessary because many pine species are present above average in the region and diversity is high. Natural montane cloud forests were reduced substantially to one third of their original extent in Guatemala and highly fragmentized in 1988 (Mühlenberg et al. 1989) The influence of forest changes (from natural to secondary forest) on diversity has rarely been invetsigated within tropical landscapes. Terborgh & Weske (1969) showed that natural forest has more species than secondary habitats in Amazonia. Lawton & May (1995) assumed that few tropical forest animals and plants will survive in agricultural landscapes. 2
9 Introduction Hughes et al. (22) found fewer species of birds in tropical secondary forests than in natural habitats. Nevertheless, they concluded that this might not be valid for all habitats in general. In the present study the bird community of a Neotropical montane cloud forest in central Guatemala was described, with emphasis on the differences between natural and humaninduced habitats. I attempted to answer the question whether or not secondary habitats have a similar degree of avian diversity as natural forests. Locally extinct species were identified, and predictions of further extinctions made. Finally, the necessity and consequences for conservation strategies were explained. A 12 ha study plot was established with emphasis on the two major habitat types: natural forest (near primary) and secondary forest (approximately 5 years old), both habitats representing half of the study plot. Within each habitat type, species richness, heterogeneity, evenness, abundance and total and individual body mass distribution were analyzed to evaluate the habitat quality of natural forest compared to young secondary forest for the bird community. 3
10 Background 2 Background This study is part of the interdisciplinary graduate student training program ( Graduiertenkolleg or GK) of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG entitled Evaluation and Conservation of Biodiversity. The GK was installed to educate German scientists in biodiversity research, because there was and still is a shortage of scientists, especially non-natural scientists, involved in biodiversity research. Biodiversity, introduced by Wilson into the biological sciences in 1988, is the diversity and variability of life and living organisms and their ecological structures (Wilson 1988, Primack 1993, Gaston 1996, and others). Based on the same definition, The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, Rio de Janeiro 1992) is an international convention with the aim of preserving biodiversity. The term biodiversity was originally used in organismic biology as species richness but nowadays is used in many different ways to investigate and preserve nature. The definition has changed so that the term biodiversity might be used in any topic related to nature. This change is projected in parts of the GK too. The majority of the projects dealt with economic and/or social aspects of biodiversity and its applications. The present work is related to the CBD by Article 7 Identification and Monitoring. With respect to Annex I of the CBD the purpose of the present work is to identify 1. Ecosystems and habitats: containing high diversity, large numbers of endemic or threatened species, or wilderness;, and later in part 2 Species and communities which are: threatened;. Montane cloud forests of the world are a highly endangered ecosystem or habitat type (Kappelle & Brown 21, Doumenge et al. 1995). The investigation of this habitat in Guatemala with respect to the bird community is an important topic and research is needed. In tropical forests, standardized monitoring has been proposed (compare Terborgh et al. 199) but has actually been carried out in only a few areas (Terborgh et al. 199, Thiollay 1994a, 1994b, Robinson et al. 2, Waltert 2). Most studies involved in conservation focus on one or at least few species, e.g., conspicuous species like Pharomachrus mocinno (Resplendent Quetzal) in Central America (e.g., Powell & Bjork 1994, 1995) or Ailuropoda melanoleuca (Giant Panda) in south-east Asia (Liu et al. 21). The advantage of those surrogates is the wide acceptance and moneyacquiring effect for conservation. But the effect of the single species approach is disputable. Deforestation or in general terms loss of natural habitats is one of the major reasons for species extinction (Terborgh 1999, World Bank 21, and others). Within the study area in the Sierra Yalijux the annual deforestation rate has decreased within the last ten years (David Unger, pers. comm., Voigt 23, Markussen 23). Nevertheless, due to the high degree of forest fragmentation and small total area of forest remnants, the forest still is affected by human impact. As in most reserves in Guatemala (e.g., Parque Nacional de la 4
11 Background Sierra de las Minas [Defensores de la Naturaleza 21], Parque Nacional de la Laguna Lachuá), there is still random extraction of timber or creation of agricultural areas in the natural forest. 5
12 Objectives and hypotheses 3 Objectives and hypotheses Objectives of the study are to document the different habitat structures of the study plot landscape mosaic and the human influence on birds, mammals, and vegetation using different standardized methods; to document the diversity, composition, and structure of the forest bird community and highlight the differences with regard to natural and human-made habitats; to compare the study site with other studies in Central America and the Neotropics; to work out a conservation strategy to preserve the remaining natural forest and suggest necessary steps from a biological conservation viewpoint; to estimate the degree of threat to Central American highland endemics and natural forest specialists and analyze their population viability in the study area; to determine and explain the conservation problems in the Sierra Yalijux (small scale) and estimate the consequences of further deforestation. Alongside the descriptive character of the study, the following hypotheses and questions will be tested and answered: The remaining natural forest has lost species from its expected original species inventory. Several species are extinct or near to extinction, and more species will vanish due to fragmentation and natural habitat loss (Bierregaard 199, Bierregaard & Stouffer 1997) even if deforestation were stopped now. The forest remnants are too small to carry the complete expected set of bird species. Larger carnivores and top predators in particular are absent from the study area (Terborgh 1999). The cloud forests are forest-archipelagos (Vásquez-García 1995) in an agricultural mosaic landscape. The species-area-equilibrium has not yet been reached (Rosenzweig 1995, Brooks et al. 1999a, 1999b, 1999c). Natural forest and young secondary forest may differ in bird diversity, territoriality, endemism and/or biometrics, but these differences might be less pronounced then in richer bird communities of unfragmented forests. Most species present are either forest generalists or are also adapted to open country habitats. Natural forest is not distinctive as an important reproductive source for species compared with young secondary forest. Natural forest is the state of the forest in its natural condition, i.e. here natural forest is considered to be (near) primary vegetation. Differences and distinctive aspects of young secondary forest are consequences of human impact on the natural vegetation. The diversity and structure of the bird community depends on human impact: secondary habitats have per se lower diversity and species richness than natural 6
13 Objectives and hypotheses forest. Nevertheless, diversity and species richness in secondary habitats depend on the age and structure of the vegetation (Hughes et al. 22). Conventional analyses of bird diversity assessments using mist nets possibly influence data on species which are mainly distributed in natural forest s higher vegetation strata but are still present in young secondary forest habitats. Overstory species were censused using methods that do not influence analyses of diversity and species richness. Several true natural forest canopy species do not care if there are three or 3 m between them and the ground (Bierregaard & Stouffer 1997). This might affect the applied methods. Differences occurring in vertical stratification are worked out and consequences outlined for diversity indices concerning (i) the methods and (ii) vertical stratification and corresponding analyzes: Diversity, species richness, and evenness are not the same in both natural forest and secondary forest (H : There are no differences concerning the mentioned parameters between natural forest and secondary habitat). Understory bird communities are significantly influenced by human impact. Here the influence of human use in understory bird communities in natural forest and young secondary forest is tested. Based on diversity and trophic studies the ecosystem and the community approach (Naeem et al. 22) the influence will be tested (H : Land use in general does not influence diversity). For accurate analyses of the bird community it is normally assumed that all bird species are detected by the applied methods, i.e. mist netting censuses all species independent of (e.g.) vertical stratification. But especially different vertical stratification preferences in natural forest and young secondary forest emphasize the analyses of (i) the vertical distribution of each species in natural habitats and (ii) understory birds in all habitats without overstory or even canopy species (Waltert 2). This prevents the effect that several species in natural forest are abundant exclusively or mainly in canopy/overstory, but in young secondary forest with compressed strata or a single stratum might be crowded in appropriate heights for mist nets. The Chelemhá Plot is not comparable with other standardized plots in the Neotropics in terms of diversity, species richness, and abundance of birds. It is more likely to be similar to temperate or subtropical bird communities. It will be tested if diversity patterns in the study plot fit within general patterns of cloud forest and/or lowland rainforest in Central America, the Neotropics, or pan-tropically. Bird species diversity is related to vegetation structure: Pearson (1975) and others state that bird diversity increases with increasing foliage complexity. Due to vegetation and habitat heterogeneity, abundance of the species involved is not homogeneous either (Hutchings et al. 2). The bird community of forests is influenced even by the landscape matrix (Renjifo 21). The forest is not too small to carry viable populations of all species. Pharomachrus mocinno will lose its breeding holes with the vanishing natural forest. This will reduce the 7
14 Objectives and hypotheses breeding success of the species. After a time lag the species will disappear from the study plot and from the Sierra Yalijux. The background question here is, whether the forest is suitable for the preservation of further populations of conservationally interesting species or are the remaining forest remnants unable to carry viable populations of (e.g.) Pharomachrus mocinno or others. Last but not least, is secondary vegetation in the study plot suitable for preserving a comparable degree of diversity sensu lato as natural habitats? 8
15 Methods, material, and study area 4 Methods, material, and study area 4.1 Study area Located in the center of Guatemala (Figure 1), the study area belongs to the faunal region of the Neotropics. The Neotropics include the South American continent and the Caribbean (Stotz et al. 1996). The study plot is located in the higher elevations (198 to 255 m) of the Sierra Yalijux, Departamento Alta Verapaz, Guatemala (15 22 N, 9 3 W). It belongs to the community Chelemhá (sometimes written Chelemá; the Q eqchi (Kekchi) meaning of che-lem-ha is: Tree which is reflected in a lake, probably referring to the Lago Izabal located approximately 5 km to the east), Municipalidad de Tucurú. The Sierra Yalijux is here referred to as the study area, the study plot (from now on Chelemhá Plot) is part of the study area. In this chapter the natural conditions and the location of the study plot are described. Markussen (23) describes the study area in more detail, especially soil conditions, climate, and relief. Voigt (23) focuses on deforestation and land use in the study area. México United States of America Petén Belize México Caribbean Yucatán Belize Guatemala Honduras Cobán Guatemala City Pacific Ocean Lago Izabal Caribbean Honduras El Salvador Pacific Ocean El Salvador Costa Rica Nicaragua Panama Venezuela Figure 1: Location of Guatemala in Central America and the study area (Sierra Yalijux) in Guatemala ( ). Yellow ( ): biodiversity hotspot after Myers et al. (2), gray in inset ( ): elevation above 1 m, green line ( ): Endemic Bird Area (EBA # 18) after Stattersfield et al. (1998) Topology and geology Within the major mountain ranges of Guatemala, the Caribbean and the Coco tectonic plates move alongside each other (Zahn 1991). This has caused the folding of the central mountain ridges of Guatemala and the slopes descending to the northern (Petén, northern Guatemala) and southern (Pacific) lowlands. The central mountains are called the Central 9
16 Methods, material, and study area American Highlands. The valley of the Río Polochic in the south of the study area is the border between the two tectonic plates. Earthquakes occur all year round. The soil consists of Permian karst (Instituto Geografico Nacional 1997) and folding occurs to an elevation of about 255 m. At several locations in the study area the karst is washed out by the high precipitation. Several dolines are present. The slopes in the study area are in parts very steep and inclinations of 6 or more occur Climate The study area belongs to the Central American highlands (Stotz et al. 1996, Stattersfield et al. 1998). The climate is tropical and the study plot belongs to the montane and submontane tropical rainforest (Holdridge 1967). The climate is tropical to subtropical depending on elevation and definition (Müller 1996). Following the classification of Thornwhite, the study area climate is humid and the natural vegetation forest. Holdridge s classification (1967) for Chelemhá is cold subtropical very (i.e. hyper) humid forest. Following Köppen s classification (ex MAGA 21) the region is subtropical, with a cold and arid period and humid conditions most times of the year. The central dry valley of the Río Montagua divides the northern and southern mountain ridges. Guatemala belongs to the tropics ( 9 humid months, south of the Tropic of Cancer at 24 3 N). The northern and southern lowlands and highlands show typically high precipitation (up to 4 mm p.a.). In the highlands, surrounded by mountains, is an all-yearround dry valley (Valle de Montagua, precipitation around 6 mm p.a.) with thorn and shrub vegetation. The Sierra Yalijux is located in the northernmost mountain ridge above 2 m of Guatemala and is the first major barrier for clouds moving southward over the Petén lowlands. This causes generally high levels of precipitation in the Sierra with regional differences: in the north-eastern part the precipitation is twice as high as in the south-western part of the mountain ridge (David Unger, pers. comm.). In the north-eastern parts the precipitation reaches 4 mm p.a., 364 mm between March and December 22. Main wind directions are from east and north. The climate is seasonal, with rainy season beginning in mid-may and ending in September/October. During August there is a two-week period with less rain, the so-called canicula or veranillo. Mist and rain in November and December is common. Relatively cold periods occur in January until March (the temperature may fall below C at night). The temperature is relatively constant within the study plot during the year but changes diurnally (natural forest interior: annual minimum 1.6 C, annual maximum 16.4 C; monthly 1
17 Methods, material, and study area mean minimum 9.1 C, monthly mean maximum 12.4 C). Humidity is high during the day in natural forest and changes during the day in secondary vegetation (own data) Natural vegetation Tropical montane cloud forests are located between 5 and 35 m altitude worldwide. Their major occurrence is between 12 and 15 m. The typical phenology of tropical montane cloud forests is the condensation of saturated humid air which results in clouds or mists in the forest. During the last 4 years the natural vegetation cover has decreased steadily in Guatemala (FAO 21, World Bank 21). Natural forest cover is reduced to steep slopes and the high mountain ridges. During the last decade in particular the human population has steadily increased (World Bank 21) and moved further into the forest remnants (Islebe & Véliz Pérez 21). The mean annual deforestation rate in Guatemala is 1.7 %, which equals currently an area of approximately 5 ha of natural forest (FAO 21, World Bank 21). The natural vegetation cover is still present in the study area and can be described as oak-pine cloud forest (Islebe & Véliz Pérez 21). The overstory is dominated by Quercus sp. (Quercus-Lauraceae-cloud forest), while the understory is dominated by tree ferns (Cyatheaceae). Large open areas are rare, but many gaps occur with diameters extending up to 6 m. Pines are rare on the northern slopes but their abundance increases southwards until they are common on the southern slopes below 1 m. The natural forest is single- or multi-layered, depending on topology and microclimate. On the ridges there are mostly tall oaks with a high canopy (approximately 3 m). They are scattered with epiphytes (Bromeliaceae, Pteridophytes, Orchidaceae) which create habitats above ground (Hängende Böden, Schulz & Menzel 2). The understory on the ridges is hardly developed. On the slopes there is a mixture between the different layers. The canopy of one tree may not exceed the nearby understory or midlevel of nearby trees even when the trees reach 3 m in height. Typical for forests in the region are the high numbers of slowly rotting tree stumps. Some trees still look alive, but died several years ago and are simply covered with epiphytes. Often those tree stumps contain breeding cavities for birds like Pharomachrus mocinno (Unger 1988, chapters 5 and 6) Habitat types of the Sierra Yalijux There are two major types of habitat, natural forest and secondary growth. The latter is separable into at least three different types (old secondary forest, young secondary forest, and agricultures outside the forests) in the total study area, but within the study plot only young secondary forest is included in the study. Both natural forest and young secondary forest covered approximately 5 % of the study plot. 11
18 Methods, material, and study area The natural forest is almost intact but nevertheless used by humans. The virgin-like forests are present at several locations but are used by people. The current use of the forest is confined to minimum hunting and timber extraction of small wood (diameter of stems 5 1 cm). The natural forest canopy reaches heights between 25 and 35 m. Some few oaks reach a height of 4 m above the ground. Young secondary forest is mono-layered with a maximum height of 7 m and very dense. The visibility is below 2 m, defined as visibility of pure soil or soil covered with leaves. The natural forest remnants of approximately 55 km² (David Unger, pers. comm.) are surrounded by secondary vegetation patches. Between 195 and 2 natural forest cover decreased from 77. to 26.6 % in Guatemala. The current deforestation rate is 1.7 % (FAO 21). Most deforestation is carried out in the northern lowlands of Guatemala (Petén). The deforestation rate in the study plot is considered to be less than the Guatemalan mean. According to Levey s method (1988) there are mainly two stages of vegetation. Stage S1 (dense foliage at eye-levels low canopy) is frequent if it is considered that the canopy in 3 to 4-year-old secondary forest is between 3 and 5 m above the ground, which may not be called canopy. S1 is represented at 39. % of all points in the vegetation records. The second most frequent group (54.4 % of recorded points) is S3, i.e. high and multi-layered canopy with considerable foliage in all strata. The two classes GAP and S2 are represented with 4.4 % and 2.2 % respectively. The classes used by Levey (1988) are not suitable for the cloud forest region of Alta Verapaz, because neither the agricultural areas nor the vertical strata of the oak-pine forest are satisfactorily classified. Most parts of the study area are used as milpa-system, i.e. corn fields (Zea mays, Poaceae). The patches are used for several years, sometimes nonstop since their creation in 195 (Chicacnab, Manuel Chut, pers. comm.), and then are left for two or three years to recover (slash-and-burn agriculture). The vegetation is cut down and after a short drying period burned in late March. Until October the seeds grow up to a height of 4 m and the corn is harvested. Sometimes the corn is accompanied by beans. The structure is homogeneous. Bush and shrub vegetation (here referred to as young secondary forest) is the result of the recovery period of the slash-and-burn agriculture. Depending on age and recovery time, the bushes grow up to 4 m in height. Mostly fast-growing species dominate this habitat. The vegetation is very dense with visibilities below 1.5 m (at one year) and 3 m (4 years). The study focuses on this secondary vegetation type as it was possible to use an area without agricultural activities in a sufficient area close to the sampled natural forest. From now on it is referred to as young secondary forest. All areas which have been logged, and have been without further human impact for more than 1 years, are classified as old secondary forest. The maximum tree height is 15 m. The vegetation is dense and there is only one layer. Fast-growing plant species are dominant. 12
19 Methods, material, and study area This habitat type is rare at Chelemhá and is not included in the study. Bordering on the study plot, there is a small area of approximately 1.5 ha of ten-year-old secondary forest. Pine reforestation areas are much like bush and shrub vegetation. The pines in Chelemhá (Pinus maximinoii) were planted at 3 m distances. Small bushes and thorny vegetation remain between the pines. A small area (less than 1 ha) of the young secondary forest was scattered with pines planted in 2. All secondary vegetation types mentioned form a mosaic-shaped landscape. Old secondary forest and milpa-system were not included in the study plot. Figure 5 illustrates a typical vegetation transect in the study area. Young secondary forest has no vertical stratification, i.e. there is one relatively dense stratum. For practical reasons here it is referred to as understory, because it exceeds similar heights as understory in natural forest Fauna There are hardly any studies concerning faunal research or community assessment at Chelemhá. Most studies focus on insects (Cano & Morón 1998, Mónzon Sierra et al. 1999, Schuster et al. 2) and were carried out at various place in the Sierra Yalijux. Hauswirth (23) summarizes the results of the arthropod research. Other invertebrates have not been studied in the Sierra Yalijux. Most records of mammals are made by the locals and not confirmed by scientific records. Concerning birds there is one study that was conducted in the nearby cloud forest of the Sierra Caquipec (Eisermann 2). One hundred thirty-five different species were observed in Chicacnab, 12 km west of the study plot in Chelemhá. Eisermann (2) used transects and sight records (Chapter 6.3). Further studies of bird communities were conducted in Panama (Robinson et al. 2) and in the Sierra de las Minas approximately 3 km south of the study plot in Chelemhá at the end of 23 by Andrea Nájera (pers. comm.). The latter study is still carried out at the printing of the thesis and results therefore were not compared. 4.2 Study plot The study plot is located in the cloud forest area to the west of the buildings of the community of Chelemhá. Figure 1 shows the study plot location within Guatemala and Central America. The study plot is part of the study area in the Sierra Yalijux, Alta Verapaz. The total area of the study plot is 12 ha, with a 52 % covering of natural forest and 48 % covering of young secondary forest. The planned area of the study plot covered by transect census techniques and mist netting (Chapter 4.4) was measured by GIS (Chapter 4.6) applying the method buffering along the transect and mist net lines. 13
20 Methods, material, and study area The setting of the transects and mist net localities are described in the relevant sections below (4.4.1 and 4.4.2). In Figure 19 there is an overview of the altitudinal ranges, the forest edge and the approximate limits of the study plot. Figure 2 illustrates the approximate locations of the 12 mist net lines and the transects. Figure 2: Aerial image of the study area from 2 January 2 (detail from image # 182, Instituto Geografico Nacional 2). Natural forest is represented by the dark area, lighter gray parts are secondary habitats and human settlements of all kinds. Red dots ( ) give the approximate location of each net line in the study plot, green lines ( ) the approximate locations of the transects. Note: the latter are divided into 15 m sections which are not illustrated in the image Diameter at breast height (DBH) In 22 there were two foresters helping and advising in the determination of the natural forest structure of the study plot (Dölle 23). Although they gathered data from young secondary forest, Dölle (23) analyzed the vegetation structure of the study plot in Chelemhá from the viewpoint of a forester. Altogether 82 trees were analyzed with regard to DBH, 5 in natural forest and 32 in young secondary forest. In Table 1 the classes are defined. Natural forest has DBH in all eight classes more or less equally distributed, while in young secondary forest the main class consists of diameters below 2 cm (Figure 3). The distribution shows the differences in age structure of the two habitats. 14
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So DD's dad hasn't been involved since she was 5 months old. Didn't pay child support until last night when the ORS finally went through, he complained about that and said he wanted to quit his job but then didn't. He found out yesterday (through a family member or friend, I'm guessing) that I am dating someone. I received a bombardment of emails from him, apparently he quit his job and moved back last night. (He lived four hours away). He suddenly wants to be involved with DD...? He also sent things saying he's still in love with me and he's not giving up without a fight and he's heartbroken. Um, this comes out of nowhere being as most our conversations (they are rare) end with him calling me an f'ing b---. His last email last night asked if he could take our 21 month old DD to lunch today. The only reply I sent was no, you can not. You're a stranger to her and I'm not comfortable with that.
We are not married, and he was still going through a divorce when DD was born. His ex-wife has a 4 year old daughter who she has full custody w/o visitation. He also have another child he gave up rights to before that daughter. I haven't had any money and was just waiting until next years tax return to go and get custody made official. I was hoping he would just stay away until then and continue to not call or bother asking about his daughter (he hasn't this entire time anyway) so it would be easier to get visitation taken away.
I was freaking out last night after I got those emails, I was crying for hours just worrying endlessly and I'm now thinking with more of a clear head. He is a very narcissistic person who has no respect for women, told me he hoped I miscarried when I was pregnant, and was emotionally abusive the 5 months I stayed with him. He's difficult to talk to because he IS so narcissistic he see's me as being the person in the wrong, and thinks I'm ruining our daughters life by not 'letting' her parents be together. The only problem is I don't have any REAL evidence against him, besides a few things in the past. His wife would testify against him, and my family would. I got him lying about smoking pot (not sure how seriously they take that) while watching my infant daughter, I have records of him lying about having no money to help and then him going to the bar several times that week (while we still shared a bank account). I also have emails between his wife and him where he was asking her to move away with him while I was 8 months pregnant. I don't know how much weight any of this holds in court.. I'm guessing not much.
I just want to know my options are. I'm broke. He has moved here and wants to see her. I told him I want supervised visits for now, and only if he's regular and consistent because otherwise it does more harm for her than good. (he saw her in November, ignored her the whole time he was with her, she didn't sleep for like two weeks after he left). Legally can I tell him I want supervised visitation? We're not married and she's been with me (solely) since 5 months, and I've paid for everything up until a month ago when he paid 200 a month through ors (grudgingly).
What are his rights? What CAN/SHOULD I do here when I have no money? I think for the most part he'll go along with what I say for now... I'm just not sure what is legal and what isn't.
Thanks in advance.
That second sentence is supposed to say since last month... not 'night'. Sorry! :)
I don't know a lot about this stuff, but I think the fact that he gave up rights to one kid, and has no visitation with the kid from his his ex wife, and she will testify against him is in your favor.
Save all emails, texts, etc. Think about only communicating with him in ways that you can show proof of, so that there isn't a bunch of he-said-she-said.
If you can get the money together, a lawyer would be a good idea. Do you think he is just doing this because he is angry about child support?
Is he on the birth certificate? Do not let him kidnap her. File for custody and use a credit card, then pay it off later. If he takes her and there's no custody order, you may not be able to get her back. Make sure you have a copy of her birth certificate and SS card where he can't get it, like at your mom's house or something. If he shows up and becomes argumentative, then call the police and get a restraining order that lists both you and your daughter. Don't answer his calls, and keep documentation of everything he says and does. I hate that so many of us have to go through this. It sucks.
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My extruder assembly is banging against the printer frame making a loud noise
If your extruder assembly is banging against your printer frame you most likely have a faulty
Endstop Switch
. The job of the endstop switch is to trigger a STOP command to the micro-controller so that your extruder assembly knows when to stop moving in that direction. You can compare an endstop switch to a stop sign that is hard-wired to your car's brakes...if it is triggered your extruder assembly is supposed to stop immediately. If the endstop switch is not working properly then your extruder assembly will not know to stop and thus it will continue moving and bang into the side of the printer until the printer is turned off.
How to check if your endstop switch is working properly:
In this example we will focus on diagnosing the endstop switch that sits on the right gantry mount (X-Axis Endstop Switch).
Turn your printer off
and manually move your extruder assembly to the middle of the printer so that it is not pressing up against any of the walls (left, right, rear, front of the printer frame). Now, look at your machine from the front view and locate the right gantry mount towards the right of the printer:
Take a look at the endstop switch on this gantry mount. Notice in the pictures below that there is a little metal wing clip that lights up the endstop switch with a red LED light when it is pressed:
Turn your machine back on
and go ahead and push in the little metal wing clip and confirm that the LED is lighting up. If it does not light up then make sure that the connector to this endstop switch is firmly in place. If everything looks correct and the LED is still not lighting up then you may have a bad endstop switch. If you do not see the metal wing clip at all then it may also be possible that the metal wing clip has fallen off during shipping and this is the reason you are experiencing the problem.
In addition to this endstop switch, there is one behind the build platform wall (Z-Axis Endstop Switch) and also another at the upper rear on the left side (Y-Axis Endstop Switch) of the printer. You should periodically check that all three of these endstop switches are lighting up when the metal wing clips are pressed.
If you need a replacement Endstop Switch for your D4 series printer you can find them


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No one could accuse them of being short on excitement yesterday, either. Trailing 2-1 with half an hour remaining, they ripped into West Ham in a finale that would have made uncomfortable viewing for their title rivals. After the fourth goal, the Ewood Park crowd turned to the Press box and chanted: "Boring, boring, Blackburn!" in a sarcastic response to their critics.
Almost inevitably, Blackburn's match-winner was Alan Shearer, who stamped his personality on the proceedings in a remarkable manner, considering the lack of possession he had until West Ham's rearguard buckled in the last minutes. The England striker gota hat-trick via two penalties and a ruthlessly-executed goal to increase his haul this season to 23, 20 of which have come in the League.
Yesterday, when his partner, Chris Sutton, was quiet, he was the difference between victory and potential defeat. Afterwards he revealed he had a stomach upset, which rather begged the question what he might have done if he had been fully fit.
For an hour, West Ham's quick thinking and movement had Blackburn resembling a small dog chasing a dog. Ian Bishop was the principal ring-master and, with Matt Holmes and John Moncur also prominent, the centre of the pitch was a claret-and-blue sphere ofinfluence.
Blackburn had taken the lead when Shearer converted a 13th minute penalty after he had been brought down by Ludek Miklosko, but rather than light the blue touch paper it was West Ham who responded to the goal with a spell of football that implied they, rather than Rovers, were the championship aspirants After 32 minutes, Moncur and Jeroen Boere combined to find Tony Cottee on the right and although the striker cut inside there seemed nothing for him but a cul-de-sac built by the Blackburn back four. Thehome defenders clearly thought so, and stood back and admired as Cottee turned and hit the ball into the corner of the net off the post.
This was a shock to a system that is portrayed as nothing if not ruthlessly efficient, but Blackburn had to suffer a greater jolt 13 minutes after half-time. Moncur's shot was diverted for a corner by Tony Gale's challenge and when Michael Hughes' kick came over three home players got in each other's way and the ball fell to Julian Dicks. The West Ham full-back's shot was true and any hope Tim Flowers had of stopping it was lost when it was deflected off Marc Rieper's back and into the top of the net.
This sparked a reaction from Blackburn as volatile as any misplaced experiment by the scientists of fiction. Graeme Le Saux provided a catalyst with a 25-yard free-kick that found the goal via Miklosko's arm and Tim Breaker's legs and Shearer added the explosive element.
Jason Wilcox's pass in the 75th minute was too high for most players to control properly but with one stretch of his right leg Shearer brought it down and into his stride without having to check his pace. Another touch and he thumped it past Miklosko. Precise and powerful skill, it was even more chilling for being made it look so easy.
Three minutes later, Blackburn put the result beyond doubt when Wilcox was tripped in the area by Rieper and Shearer beat Miklosko from the spot for his second hat-trick of the season.
As long as he remains fit, it seems unlikely that Blackburn will surrender enough points to give their rivals hope. Already they are six points ahead of Manchester United - they were 12 points in arrears of the eventual champions at this stage last season. A very happy new year beckons for Ewood.
Blackburn Rovers (4-4-2): Flowers; Berg, Gale, Le Saux, Ripley, Atkins (Warhurst, 61), Sherwood, Wilcox, Shearer (Newell, 83), Sutton. Substitute not used: Mimms (gk).
West Ham United (4-4-2): Miklosko; Breacker, Rieper, Potts, Dicks, Hughes, Bishop, Moncur, Holmes Rush, 77), Cottee, Boere. Substitutes not used: Brown, Sealey (gk).
Referee: K Morton (Bicester).
More reports, photograph, page 30
- More about:
- Blackburn Rovers
- Chris Sutton
- Premier League
- West Ham United


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Lightweight Ballistic Composites: Military and Law-Enforcement Applications, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated version of this informative book that explores the many changes in composite materials technology that have occurred since the book's first release in 2008, especially the type of commercial products used by armed forces around the world. Some changes can be attributed to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, whereas others are due to massive investment by private companies to neutralize the ever-increasing global threats and fulfill the military's appetite for lighter materials. Soldiers are now better protected against new ballistic threats and the overall weight of body protection has been reduced, while comfort has increased. New military vehicles are no longer purely armored with steel, and are instead lined with lightweight ballistic materials that increase the distance military vehicles can travel without refueling and also improve maneuverability. The book considers all aspects of lightweight ballistic composites from fiber manufacturing to commercial products and testing. Chapters also cover the many uses of lightweight ballistic composites in the military and law-enforcement industries. It will be an invaluable reference for ballistic composite design engineers, product development engineers, and all those involved in promoting new products for both defense and the law-enforcement industry.Gives comprehensive coverage on all aspects of lightweight ballistic composites, from fiber manufacturing, to commercial products and testingDiscusses the wider applications of lightweight ballistic composites in military and law-enforcement industriesEdited by a highly respected industry expert with over thirty years' experience developing lightweight composite ballistic materials and products
Detalhes do Produto
- Formato: ePub
- Subtítulo: MILITARY AND LAW-ENFORCEMENT APPLICATIONS
- Origem: IMPORTADO
- Editora: ELSEVIER SCIENCE
- Coleção: Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science a
- Assunto: Engenharia - Materiais
- Idioma: INGLÊS
- Edição: 2
- Ano de Edição: 2016
- Ano: 2016
- País de Produção: United States
- Código de Barras: 2001048980543


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Save the Dates for the MAS Summit for New York City: October 17 and 18, 2013
June 3rd, 2013, 12:40 pm
This fall New Yorkers will vote for new city leaders and October also marks one-year since Superstorm Sandy hit our region. The themes for the fourth annual MAS Summit for New York City of Innovation and Leadership will tackle the challenges that New York faces as we continue being a global leader and innovate new ways to ensure our city's resilience. Please join us for two days of wide-reaching dialogue and dynamic discussions of an agenda for our city's new leadership. As in years prior we will convene thought leaders and practitioners from New York and from around the globe to delve into the most pressing issues facing the livability and resilience of our city—from the urban economy, to design and infrastructure, planning, arts and culture and more. This two-day convening provides unique opportunities for attendees to network, learn, and exchange ideas. During the Summit, MAS will release its fourth annual Survey on Livability, which reports the perceptions, concerns and experiences of livability by New Yorkers from across the five boroughs. In addition, this year's MASterworks Awards winners will be celebrated during an evening reception. The MAS Summit for New York City will once again be held at Jazz at Lincoln Center at the Time Warner Center. The dates for this year's Summit are Thursday, October 17 and Friday, October 18. Please mark your calendar—tickets will go on sale soon!


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Lately my mind has been in a million different places. Part of me is living in the past and the other part is swept up in the future. I've never really been a now girl. Constantly wrapped up in the could've beens and the could be's; it's so hard to focus on the now. I'm stumbling through a city I'm supposed… Read more →
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My summer wardrobe just got hotter with the addition of this gorgeous Flynn Skye Maxi Dress. I've been craving something from her collection for nearly a year now, but couldn't decide on a style or pattern.. When you check out her website you'll know why– I was in love with everything. Most of her styles are offered in 10+ colors and patterns, with new fabrics… Read more →
The Bohemian Bandana
When you make your boyfriend where vintage rings and flash tats. 😛 [Similar men's ring by Sky Dog Jewelry] This is definitely one of my more elegant concert looks…I call it "The Western Julie Andrews." I ended up loving the way this outfit turned out. I found the entire ensemble during a shopping frenzy in Wicker Park–about an hour before we left for Phish. Milwaukee… Read more →
TenTrees Tribe Gypsy Jewels
Two gypsy souls brought together by their passion to create. Their nomadic collection is handcrafted and one of a kind. Their pieces are elegantly made for the rough and the rigid… For the night-dwellers, and the day-trippers. For the fierce and the fancy. For the starry-eyed vagabonds dancing through life, painting the world with their spirit. Tenisha and Tree carefully craft… Read more →
Fringe Frenzy
Feel free to call me Bruce Springsteen, Urban Cowboy whatever works. I look like I just stepped out of a 70's western movie and it feels damn good. This suede leather jacket is everything and yes, I got it at Forever 21. Forever 21 will always have a very special place in my heart especially after coming out with this incredibly adorable… Read more →
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St Barth's Getaway
I've been back for about a week now and I'm still having trouble adjusting. I gotta say– going from having your toes in the sand, eating lobster pasta on the beach, to sitting for an hour in rush hour traffic really sucks! My paradise fantasy vacation is over but I'm still living vicariously through my pictures and fading tan lines. Sigh. It was… Read more →
ASS-TASTIC Saturday Night
Well here I am before Saturday night's shindig wearing the grooviest pants ever made: The magical 70's denim bell bottoms by PYLO. They've become my go-to now for pretty much every occasion. As I've mentioned they're stretchy, comfortable and make the ass-less look ASS-TASTIC! In fact, my one and only ass compliment to date came while I was wearing these jeans.… Read more →
70's Inspired Denim Bell Bottoms
These 70's inspired denim bell bottoms are every boho babe's dream. I would wear this outfit everyday if I could. It makes me feel like a modern day Penny Lane. The bell bottoms, the flowy top, the fringe…Oh, the fringe. The bell bottoms are super high-waisted, but not uncomfortable and suffocating like some super high-waisted jeans can be. Instead they're stretchy and… Read more →
Creature of Habit
I have a really hard time wearing light colors, especially when my skin is still pasty from the long sunless winter. That being said, here I am wearing black jeans and [another] olive high-low top. Surprise! Anyone else have a hard time stepping out of their comfort zone when it comes to fashion? Or even straying away from a… Read more →


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Does This Mean They're Already Filming "Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 3"?
Blake Lively, coming through with the "SOTTP 3" hints!
Just days after Blake Lively shared some major hints about the Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 3 plot, she reunited with the whole SOTTP family!
Blake posted a mid-flight selfie of her with Amber Tamblyn, Alexis Bledel, and America Ferrera, so we're guessing (HOPING) that it means the planning has officially begun for the new movie.
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12/4 - dismissal 11:30
12/9 – Advent prayer service
12/17 – Christmas concert 6:30pm (This date has been changed from 12/14)
12/23 – dismissal 11:30
12/24 – 1/3 – Christmas break
*our advent prayer service on 12/9 will be performed by the 3rd and 4th grade. Parents are welcome to attend 8am – 8:30am in the school gym.
Native American projects due Fri. 12/11
Due 12/11 (students may turn in sooner) Assignment: Option 1: Construct a longhouse in the style of the Iroquois. Share Our World textbook (social studies) pg. 74-75 Option 2: Construct a pueblo in the style of the Hopi. Share Our World textbook pg. 78 Option 3. Construct a wampum. Share Our World pg. 76. Plus a one page research paper about the Iroquois and the significance of the wampum. Longhouses and pueblos may be constructed out of any material. Oatmeal containers, tissue and cereal boxes, cardboard, poster board, clay, sticks, popsicle sticks, legos, etc. I would like students to explore their own creativity when creating these models and have placed few restrictions. All models: 1. must be 3D 2. must resemble a pueblo or longhouse. ex. If it the longhouse looks like a modern family home, or teepee, it would not fulfill the requirement. 3. must be no larger than 2"x 3". A good estimation would be smaller than a desktop. 4. The more detail the better! 5. When creating the wampum - students may use material other than shell. ex. popcorn, beads etc. However, all wampums must be accompanied by a 1 page research paper. I hope that the students have fun with this project and I encourage them to be creative with their use of resources. A reminder also that the 3rd grade is collecting turkey gravy up until Thanksgiving break to donate to families in need during the holiday. The school is also accepting cranberry sauce to donate to the equinox charity. You will begin seeing more math on the homework agenda as we have many days off in the coming months and need to keep pace with our curriculum the best we can. We are also beginning multiplication and daily practice of multiplication tables will make a huge difference in the coming months. Our class goal is to know all of our multiplication tables by the end of Christmas break. Our school wide Thanksgiving lunch will be on Tuesday 11/24. If your child doesn't eat turkey, please send them to school with a lunch since there will be no other options available that day.


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Odyssey BRLDIGITAL
Digital Media Mixer/DJ Player Bag
Product Description for the Odyssey BRLDIGITAL
The Redline Tech bag lets you take all your digital essentials from one gig to the next. It has enough compartments and pockets to store an Odyssey LSTANM laptop stand as well as your laptop, microphones, interfaces, cables, hard drives, headphones, vinyl, and much more. Fully padded in all the right places with a reinforced frame for the ultimate in digital gear protection.
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|Dimensions (WxHxD)
|18"W x 16"H x 4"D


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Story Behind this Recipe
I adapted a curry recipe that a neighbor taught me to make this authentic curry. This is the type of curry I ate growing up. You can make it with beef, pork, chicken, ground meat or whatever meat you like. These days I like making it with ground meat for a Keema style curry and eating it with naan.


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- August 23, 2012 at 2:38 amReply
Buddies, do you know how to download videos from videoslasher.com, i have a hard time trying to find a program for downloading my wanted videos, plz help me, thanks in advanceAugust 23, 2012 at 4:16 amReply
Hi friends,
As far as I know, videoslasher.com is a new service for hosting videos, I tried it finding it allows you to stream, upload, store and manage videos. But I just noticed some featured videos, as a new video hosting site, videoslasher.com still needs to be improved and increase great user-friendliness.
Surely, you are able to download videoslasher.com videos with video grabber pro. Once you select a video for playing, it will automatically grabbing videos after enabling Video Recorder, just spare a few minutes to finish downloading job.October 19, 2012 at 7:13 amReply
Only some featured videos can be seen with the main page, it's not a video hosting site at all. Am i right?May 13, 2014 at 6:52 pmReply
yeah, i sign in with my registered account, it just allows me to upload videos.


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"I actually have nothing to wear" is a common statement that comes out of a girl's mouth at least once a week, especially when the winter chill prevails into Septembers spring. When the sun is out and about, but the wind won't quit, I think we all can agree pairing a cute outfit together can be one difficult task!
But don't worry girl, we got your back! After enduring hours of research for you (and partially for ourselves!) we've nailed down the top tips for styling your wardrobe when the weather is still transitioning.
1) Cover your bases
The basic tee's, blouses and comfortable jeans are the foundation of any wardrobe. These are essentials pieces as they can easily be dressed up or down depending on your occasion. Nude Lucy and Silent Theory, are some of our favourite brands known for providing quality basics. On the other hand, One Teaspoon and Ziggy design awesome jeans, with flattering cuts that hug all the right places.
2) Freshen it up
Bomber jackets, and anoraks will be your best friend this season! They're perfect for those chilly mornings, but also look great draped on the shoulders or tied around the waist when it starts to warm up later on. We're loving The Andes and Rocky bomber jacket from Asha. Whilst the Lafayette and Madison anorak jacket from Stussy also steal our hearts <3
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Never underestimate the power of a chic vest to pull an outfit together and also provide warmth. Steal Eden De Fleurs look, with the Gillette Vest from Asha, or the Shade of Fur Vest from Minkpink. And if fur's not your style, The Midnight Sky Sherpa Vest from Minkpink is as snug as it is stylish!


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Not what we are accustomed to.
Sail Date: February 08, 2016
Reviewed: 1 year ago
Traveled As: Couple
Room Type: Oceanview
Having been on a number of cruises, we have come to expect fairly decent service and a realistic degree of comfort. We purchased this cruise because we would be in the area, and it fit our schedule. We had never cruised on Carnival, and this was certainly inexpensive.
If this had been my first cruise, it may of been my last. It was crowded with many young intoxicated partiers and first timers. The music was all extremely loud and most not very good quality. I am a musician who appreciates a wide spectrum of music. I can speak with some authority.
The ship, while in good shape, was not very clean and house keeping was not up to our expected standards.
The food in the dining room was pretty decent, but orders were often mixed up, and many times you had to ask to things like butter, or condiments. Our first night, I opened up my menu after sitting down and the pages were blank. That should have been a giveaway of what was to come.
The buffet food quality wasn't as good and the hours of operation were quite limited. We missed a couple of meals expecting the buffet to be open when it was not.
Our home hot tub is out of commission and I had hoped to do some soaking, but every time we checked on the tubs they were filled to over capacity. It was not uncommon to see 12-15 people in a 6 person tub.
So, for seasoned cruisers, I'd say skip this cruise and save up for something better.
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|Cabin / Stateroom
When we settled in I noticed something sticky on the cabinets and drawers. It appears they had been sprayed will champaign or soda and had never been cleaned off. You couldn't open a drawer without getting sticky icky on your fingers. Granted, we told our room steward and she took care of it promptly, but this was a big oversight.
We could hear our aft neighbor's TV and his or her snoring all night, and I do mean all night. I assume they kept the TV on to try to cover up the snoring. Fortunately, we had a rather noisy heating/cooling system that I could keep running to drown out our neighbors noise. I all the cruises I've been on, I've never heard much from the cabins adjoining ours.
One good thing.. The pillows were heavenly!
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|Long Beach (Los Angeles), California
|Catalina Island, California
|We rented electric bikes and had a blast; great way to see the place
|Ensenada, Mexico
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The party wants to allow the use of "disproportionate force" against intruders. It follows the release of Munir Hussain, originally jailed for beating a burglar with a cricket bat.
Paul Mendelle, QC, chairman of the Criminal Bar Association, says the move would encourage vigilantism, adding: "The law should always encourage people to be reasonable, not unreasonable; to be proportionate, not disproportionate.
"You would have, in effect, sanctioned extrajudicial execution or capital punishment." He also warned the change could make householders less safe.
"Burglars, knowing that they could be killed, might be more likely to carry weapons and/or use extreme violence. So it would be wholly counterproductive.
"The law on self-defence works well and has done for years. Leave it alone and stop playing politics."