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Global Forum on Competition
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1 Unclassified DAF/COMP/GF/WD(2013)17 DAF/COMP/GF/WD(2013)17 Unclassified Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 21-Jan-2013 English - Or. English DIRECTORATE FOR FINANCIAL AND ENTERPRISE AFFAIRS COMPETITION COMMITTEE Global Forum on Competition COMPETITION ISSUES IN TELEVISION AND BROADCASTING Contribution from Chile -- Session II -- This contribution is submitted by Chile under Session II of the Global Forum on Competition to be held on 28 February and 1 March English - Or. English JT Complete document available on OLIS in its original format This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
2 COMPETITION ISSUES IN TELEVISION AND BROADCASTING -- Chile * Overview of Television Industry in Chile, Developments in Technology and Regulation 1. The first continuous television (TV) transmissions in Chile date back to the end of the 1950s. During that time, three major TV stations were established and operated by leading universities, 1 though TV became a mass media only in 1962 when the soccer World Cup took place in Chile. In 1969, a Stateowned TV station was launched (Televisión Nacional de Chile or TVN). For a long time, it was the only broadcaster with a national scope. 2. The original legal framework 2 established a public television system in which the State and universities would be the only broadcasters. However, the system in fact was never solely public, mainly because university operated TV stations rapidly adopted a commercial approach, funding their production and distribution facilities mainly through advertising. Thus, the system in practice was a hybrid that included general interest TV stations operated by universities with commercial funding, and a State-owned TV station with mixed funding between advertisement and public funding Even though major market oriented reforms started relatively soon after the 1973 coup d état, it was not until 1989, by the end of Pinochet s regime, that TV broadcasting regulations were amended to allow private ownership and operation of TV broadcasters. Under the new regime, 25-year concessions were granted (in the previous regime, concessions lasted indefinitely) and resulted in the development of new private broadcasters such as Megavisión (1990) and La Red (1991). Rock&Pop station broadcasted TV for about four years between 1995 and 1999, and in 2005, Telecanal entered the market. There has been no other significant entry or exit of players of a national scope in this market, but some developments of regional and local TV stations have taken place. 4. As to technology, over-the-air TV broadcasting initially operated on VHF frequencies. With the introduction of cable TV by the end of the 1980s, some UHF frequencies began to be assigned for local * Contribution submitted by FNE and TDLC. UCV Televisión (1957), under Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Canal 13 (1959), under Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; and Canal 9 or RTU (1960), under Universidad de Chile. The first broad framework for TV broadcasting was Act No enacted in It regulated rights, concessions and administration: the State, through TVN, and universities (mostly public bodies at that time) were the only authorized persons allowed to operate TV broadcasting concessions. In the case of universities, the scope of their broadcasting initially was limited to the city where their main studio was located, but further reforms allowed them to broaden the scope. This Act also established the Consejo Nacional de Televisión which is today a constitutionally autonomous public body which duties include to ensure an appropriate performance of the Chilean television from the point of view of the contents disseminated, technological developments and socio-cultural changes in a context of globalization. Details concerning this body are available here: TVN received public funds between 1970 and
3 transmission. In the 1990s, satellite TV was introduced in Chile, and by 2007, Internet Protocol television (IPTV). Testing of digital TV transmissions began in 2009 and will involve major technological changes. However, until current regulations are amended, full advantages of digital TV are unable to be achieved. This transition is one of the major technological and regulatory challenges the industry faces and will continue to face in the coming years. We will return to this below. 5. A major amendment to the Media Law was introduced in 2001, giving competition authorities the duty of performing ex ante reviews of media concession transactions, which were mandatory for companies owning concessions subject to the concessions regime (i.e., radio broadcasting and TV broadcasting). With some amendments introduced in 2009, these regulations are still in force and are the main grounds for competition authorities involvement in radio & TV broadcasting transactions Technological developments in the telecommunications industry have had an impact on TV broadcasting as well. Technological convergence has meant that networks would no longer be associated with a specific kind of service (voice, images or data) as a network originally created for providing a specific service could be used for providing others. Today, telecommunications are broadly associated with transmission of data. And it is no longer possible to associate telecommunication services with a specific device, since today it is possible to talk by phone through a computer or to watch a TV signal through a smart phone. 7. Finally, two recent trends in the media industry in Chile are worth mentioning. The first is the development of multi-media conglomerates (parent companies integrating participations in TV broadcasting, radio broadcasting, newspapers and other written periodicals). The second is the entry into media markets of major business groups that are also some of the largest advertisers in TV industry. The following sections will detail the competitive implications of these trends. 2. Competition in the Production of Audiovisual Content and in TV Broadcasting Markets 2.1 Competition in the production of audiovisual content 8. Competition authorities have had very few opportunities to conduct in-depth reviews of the market for the production of audiovisual content. 9. In a few cases, the control (by ownership or otherwise) of a premium content has given rise to competitive issues regarding TV rights associated, for instance, with soccer matches (transmission of 4 Article 38 of the Media Act, according to its original wording, stated that, in the case of media subject to the concessions regime granted by the State, transactions or other relevant contracts must obtain, prior to their closing, a report issued by the corresponding Comisión Preventiva [predecessor of the Competition Tribunal] with respect to their impact on the media market [ mercado informativo ]. Under the 2009 amendments, the report is to be issued by the FNE (and no longer by the TDLC) with respect to the transaction s effect on competition (and no longer on the ambiguous mercado informativo ). In the case of an unfavorable report by the FNE, the TDLC reviews the report in a non-adversarial proceeding. In a 2012 TDLC s decision (detailed infra as Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte ), the FNE claimed that risks associated with the lack of information diversity and pluralism had an impact on another relevant competitive variable: service quality and variety, however the TDLC concluded that the 2009 amendment eliminated from the functions of competition authorities any direct judgment regarding information pluralism and diversity. Nevertheless, the TDLC also noted that these values may be protected or promoted indirectly by means of defending or promoting economic competition in media industries. 3
4 soccer goal scorings, national league championship matches, and matches of the Chilean national team). 5 In addition, some over-the-air channels have claimed, in proceedings before the Competition Tribunal, that providers of paid TV must pay them for including their open signal in the packages of channels offered to paid TV subscribers When the Competition Tribunal approved a merger between the two major cable TV operators, some of the conditions imposed were aimed at mitigating the risks of upstream vertical integration of the merged entity with companies producing audiovisual content Finally, the recent trend of entry into media markets by major business groups, which are also important advertisers in the TV industry, may raise questions on how this entry may affect the market for the production of audiovisual content. 2.2 Competition in TV broadcasting 12. Today, the TV broadcasting market in Chile can be divided in two main areas: over-the-air free TV, and paid TV (ADSL cable, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, satellite). 13. Currently, no TV stations receive governmental subsidies. Even the State-owned station (TVN) must be self-funded, usually via advertising space sales Market shares in TV broadcasting market usually are measured using 2 different indicators: audience ratings and advertising space sales. Since this is a two-sided market advertisers and audience, these indicators reflect participation in each one of these sides. 15. The following table shows average audience ratings for the main over-the-air TV channels in the 5 years between 2007 and 2011: Table 1. Average audience ratings for the main over-the-air TV channels between 2007 and 2011 Year La Red TVN Mega CHV C Source: Time Ibope In the note by Chile to the Roundtable on Competition and Sports, the control of broadcasting rights of soccer matches by Canal del Fútbol is identified as an entry barrier to the market of broadcasting soccer matches. OECD, 2010, DAF/COMP/WD(2010)59. Vid. infra Canal 13 et al. vs. VTR et al, in which the parties reached a settlement. Relevant merger remedies for these purposes included: The merged entity is forbidden to use buying market power unduly against suppliers selling signals or paid TV productions by means of refusing to deal with them or by offering excessively low prices. It is also forbidden for the merged entity to participate as agent or distributor of thematic stations produced domestically or abroad. The merged entity would not be allowed to agree exclusivity terms with respect to broadcasting rights on movies, thematic stations or other domestic or foreign channels, but is allowed to reach such exclusivity agreements for broadcasting specific and isolated events. Vid. infra VTR/Metropolis. Nevertheless, the State funds specific culturally relevant content productions, via annual public contests. 4
5 16. The following table shows participation in years 2007 to 2011, in terms of advertising sales of TV stations: Table 2. Advertising sales of TV stations: Participation from 2007 to 2011 Year CHV 16% 19% 19% 25% 27% TVN 32% 30% 33% 33% 30% C13 31% 30% 28% 21% 24% Mega 16% 17% 17% 18% 15% La Red 5% 4% 3% 3% 4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% HHI Source: TDLC on the basis of an economic report submitted by Canal 13 in Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte Regarding entry in over-the-air TV, the main barrier faced by potential new TV stations is the limited spectrum availability. Even though this might be alleviated once digital TV is fully implemented, 10 the need of a policy determination on which category of broadcasting actor should frequency allocations favor will remain. 18. Another characteristic of the Chilean over-the-air TV market is a certain degree of crossownership with other media platforms; specifically, radios and newspapers. Three TV stations are part of multi-media conglomerates, as can be seen in the following table: Table 3. Multi-media conglomerates Conglomerate TV channels Radios Newspapers La Tercera, Paula, Duna, Carolina, Copesa-Dial Station 22 Pulso, La Disney, Zero, Beethoven Cuarta, La Hora Luksic-Canal Play, Sonar, Horizonte, Station Oasis Bethia Station 9 Candela - El Mercurio - Digital, Positiva Source: TDLC, Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte. El Mercurio, La Segunda, Las Últimas Noticias, several regional newspapers 9 10 The FNE submitted an equivalent chart assigning a higher share to Canal 13. For the TDLC, the difference between the information provided by the FNE and the media conglomerate Canal 13 was explained by a different methodology used, and the Competition Tribunal relied more on the information provided by the company since the market shares on advertisement correlated closely with the information on audience ratings. A bill providing a framework for digital TV has been discussed for more than three years in Congress (Boletín ). 5
6 19. No claims on competition grounds have been raised so far due to the development of these multimedia conglomerates. 20. Chileans have, on average, 2.7 television sets per household, and 63% of households have access to paid TV. 21. In the cable TV market, two coaxial cable-based companies, VTR and Metrópolis-Intercom used to compete in the Greater Santiago area. Both companies merged in 2004 (becoming VTR) and subsequently reached almost 90% of the market. This merger was approved subject to conditions by the Competition Tribunal, which relied on the development of alternative platforms that could be used by competitors to offer paid TV without the need to extend a second cable network. 22. As the following table shows, VTR s market share has declined since 2007 in the face of competition by companies that operate in alternative cable TV platforms. In Chile, both Movistar and DirecTV provide satellite TV services, and Movistar is beginning to move to a FTTH (optical fiber to the home) platform. Table 4. Cable TV market Year Cable Central 1,9% 1,4% 1,0% 0,7% 0,6% DirecTV Chile Ltda. 7,9% 7,8% 8,0% 9,7% 10,9% Pacífico Cable S.A ,0% 2,5% Telefónica del Sur - - 1,2% 1,6% 2,1% Movistar (Telefónica Multimedia) 14,6% 17,6% 17,2% 17,1% 18,2% Telmex Chile Telephony S.A ,7% 2,5% - Telmex TV S.A. 3,6% 9,9% 14,6% 9,3% - Claro Comunicaciones S.A ,6% 19,9% TU VES S.A ,2% 1,0% VTR Telefónica S.A. 72,0% 63,2% 57,3% 49,3% 44,8% Source: Subsecretaría de Telecomunicaciones (Telecom Regulator), Chile 23. The main difficulties a potential entrant may face in this market are the costs of deploying a network, contracts with content providers, and the need to achieve a critical mass of clients. 24. Consumers may have more than one option for paid cable TV in some areas and also access to satellite TV if feasible (e.g., there is no interference between the dish and satellite from the surrounding hills). Consumers who live in apartment buildings usually may face fewer options than those who live in houses, because of co-owners restrictions to installing satellite dishes, exclusivity contracts for cabling a particular apartment building, or mere lack of interest of other companies to cable the building A 2009 survey on customers satisfaction with telecommunication services supports the statement that the number of alternatives among mobile services is higher than the limited number of alternatives in case of landline services. Considering all the respondents which had intended to switch the supplier during 2009 almost 45% could not implement the change because it was too difficult in case of paid TV; as to internet connection, the share of customers that was not able to switch supplier raised to 72% approx.; and in the case of landline telephony the share reached 61% approx. On the contrary, considering mobile internet 6
7 25. Regarding vertical integration of content providers and transmission, over-the-air TV networks are integrated in the sense that they produce their own content, but they also purchase outsourced and imported programs. In paid TV, VTR participates in the ownership of a news TV station, CNN Chile. 26. Regarding bundling of telecommunications services, it is common in Chile for companies to offer triple play bundles of cable TV, fixed telephone services and Internet connectivity. 12 In recent months, quadruple play packs including mobile telephonic services have started to emerge. There is only one nation-wide company (DirecTV) that offers solely paid TV (satellite) services. 27. As for IPTV, even though there are no independent national over-internet broadcasters, it is worth considering that it might potentially compete with the traditional over-the-air and cable TV standards in the future as broadband Internet access is becoming widespread. Regarding home access to the Internet, in 2011, 39.3% of homes had broadband access, rising slowly but steadily (11% growth in the period ). On the other hand, 3G mobile Internet access has experienced explosive growth, starting in 2009 with 3.8% of residents with access and increasing to 17.1% in Mobile TV over 3G on certain mobile handsets recently started to be offered by one of the major cell phone service providers. 3. Major current and future challenges in TV broadcasting 3.1 Multi-media conglomerates 28. As described above, the development of multi-media conglomerates is a recent trend in the industry The major concern for competition policy is the potential extension of market power already possessed in one kind of media (e.g., TV broadcasting) to other (e.g., radio broadcasting) through exclusionary practices such as tying, bundling, arbitrary discrimination, cross-subsidies, etc In Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte, a recent transaction involving the acquisition of radio broadcasting concessions by a conglomerate that already had a small market share in radio broadcasting and at least some market power in the TV broadcasting market, the competition authorities assessed these risks. The FNE raised the point of portfolio effects and identified the following unilateral effects in the case: exclusionary advertising services bundling, exclusionary cross-subsidies and arbitrary discrimination against rival radio broadcasters, and the entry deterrence effect of a non-compete covenant. The FNE also claimed that risks associated with the lack of information diversity and pluralism had an impact on another services, where switching costs are lower than in fixed services, following the same survey, none customer responded that he or she could not implement the switch of supplier due to the lack of alternatives or the difficulties of the switching process. Data cover solely the Metropolitan Region of Santiago. (Encuesta de satisfacción de usuarios de servicios de telecomunicaciones 2009). The survey is available here: Separated services are also offered by companies but the price of the bundle is regularly more convenient for the customer than the price of the sum of each separated service. Some companies have regulatory and/or judicial-duties of offering separated services. Even though Copesa is a group that started in the media business long ago (in the 1950s and revamped by the end of 1980s), this is not the case of Luksic and Bethia business groups, which have entered into the media market, in 2010 and 2012 respectively. At the same time it is well acknowledged that technological convergence can bring improvements in quality and content. However, if these improvements depend on multi-media conglomerates possessing market power in related markets, this structure may deter entry and expansion of smaller competitors operating in only one of these media platforms. 7
8 relevant competitive variable: service quality and variety. 15 Undertakings assumed by the companies involved in the case included an explicit prohibition of tying and arbitrary discriminations and conditioned bundling, among others. The Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte case is detailed below. 3.2 Business groups and major advertisers entering into TV broadcasting and media markets 31. Business groups ranked among the major ten groups in Chile have increased their participation in the media industry. Such ventures are entirely new for some of these groups, which are strong in other industries such as banking, mining, and retail but had never entered before into the media business. 32. This participation of major business groups in the media industry, today comprised for the most part by multi-media conglomerates, may add some concerns regarding the diversity of TV contents to the portfolio risks of conglomerates. Indeed, these groups are major advertisers, and will have an increased power not only to potentially exclude rival advertisers but also to decide whether or not to support specific audiovisual productions or content. 33. The FNE has recently claimed that risks associated with the lack of information diversity and pluralism has an impact on another relevant competitive variable: service quality and variety. However the TDLC has held that competition authorities have no direct role regarding information pluralism and diversity. Nevertheless, the TDLC has also noted that these values may be protected or promoted indirectly by means of defending or promoting economic competition in media industries. 3.3 Are caps limiting participation a reasonable answer to these challenges? 34. Some jurisdictions have adopted regulated solutions fixing caps limiting the participation a business group can reach in media industries. There are no current caps limiting the participation in media industries. 35. In discussions regarding digital TV legislation, the Congress is considering the introduction of some form of limitations or caps to avoid excessive media concentration Digital TV and a limited advertisement pie 36. When digital TV was introduced in Chile in 2009, the first long debate related to the definition of the transmission standard. Once concluded, the Japanese standard as adopted by Brazil (i.e. ISDB-Tb) was adopted for digital TV in Chile. The telecom regulator (SUBTEL) issued a regulation defining the adoption of this standard. 37. Shortly after this technical definition, digital TV legislation was submitted to Congress with the purpose of adopting major definitions and regulating concessions for TV broadcasting. However, the discussion on the project has taken more than three years, and because of the pace of technological progress, there is risk that the contents of the original bill may become obsolete. In any event, the government is actively promoting the development of digital TV, and SUBTEL recently launched a banner on its web site dedicated exclusively to digital TV FNE s submission in this case is available in Spanish here: The bill providing a framework for digital TV has been discussed for more than three years in Congress (Boletín ). 8
9 38. A practical issue regarding the development of new TV broadcasters (due to digital TV improvements) is that the total amount of TV advertising investments is limited, so it is likely that, in spite of technological developments, the number of broadcasters looking to fund their activities mostly through advertisement will not increase significantly Public funds for production and broadcasting 39. The TV broadcasting developments described above suggest that the availability of public funds for production and broadcasting may be needed in order to ensure diversity and content quality, particularly in an environment in which TV funding is mostly market/advertisement oriented. 4. Competition Law enforcement in television and broadcasting markets 4.1 Cartel cases 40. No cartel cases have directly involved TV broadcasting companies so far. However, a bid rigging case involving tenders for allocating radio broadcasting spectrum, and another bid rigging case involving advertisement agencies and their trade association, may be indirectly linked to TV broadcasting industry. In the first case, the defendants were sanctioned by the TDLC and the ruling upheld by the Supreme Court. 21 The second case is still pending before the TDLC Mergers & other Transactions 41. As mentioned above, according to Media Law, transfers of TV broadcast concessions require a favorable report by the FNE prior to conclusion. Thus, mergers and other transactions in the TV broadcasting market unlike in other markets are subject to a mandatory pre-notification procedure before the FNE. If the FNE s report is not favorable, a second stage of review, -a non-adversarial procedure- is initiated before the TDLC in order to decide whether to block or approve the transaction, with or without conditions According to Megatime, for 2011 the share of advertisement investments through over-the-air free TV was 67% which has been the highest share since FNE s submission supra, footnote 12. An overview on the funds currently available in Chile for promoting audiovisual productions and TV broadcasting could be obtained in Spanish, here: and here: The bill currently in Congress on digital TV considers additional funds for supporting audiovisual productions and TV broadcasting. Another initiative proposed during the digital TV bill debate which also aimed at protecting TV broadcasting from the risks of an exclusively market/advertisement funding system was the banning of people meter on-line systems. However, this proposal was considered unconstitutional by a 6/4 divided decision of the Constitutional Tribunal on January 9 th, 2013, Docket No , available here: requerimiento-presentado-por-un-grupo-de-diputados-respecto-de-la-inconstitucionalidad-del-n%c2%b0-9- del-articulo-unico-del-proyecto-de-ley-que-perm Details on this case (Radios) were provided in the Annual Reports submitted by Chile to the Competition Committee in October 2011 and October The e-docket of this case is available here: 9
10 42. VTR/Metropolis: a merger case in the paid TV market (2004). 23 The Competition Tribunal approved a horizontal merger, subject to conditions, between VTR and Metropolis, the two major cable TV operators. In its decision, the TDLC held that this merger could be positive for the national telecommunications market because it would reduce investment costs of providing three services at the same time: broadband Internet, landline telephony, and cable television. Therefore, with the merger, expanded availability of these services to a significant number of homes in Chile would be feasible. The TDLC considered that the enhanced competition in these services, which were essential to the nation s development, would generate benefits that would outweigh the costs of having, for some time, a company with a clear dominant position in the cable TV market. While entry of new firms with diverse technologies was expected in this market, nevertheless, given that the merger would generate high concentration levels in the cable TV service in the short run, the TDLC imposed several conditions on the merged companies. Among others, the TDLC imposed remedies aimed at preventing horizontal integration with other paid TV suppliers, 24 upstream vertical integration with content suppliers, or exclusionary practices against them. 25 The TDLC also imposed remedies directly favoring consumers in the short term, ensuring no price increases or no reductions in quality or number of available channels for three years. 43. Radiodifusión SPA/Horizonte: conglomerate effects in the media market (2012). 26 The TDLC decided to authorize the acquisition and rentaby Radiodifusión SpA (related to TV broadcasting company Canal 13) of some of Comunicaciones Horizonte s radio broadcasting concessions, through which the radio stations Oasis and Horizonte were currently broadcasted. Although the TDLC deemed that the transaction s effects on the radio broadcasting market would be immaterial, it nevertheless identified portfolio competition risks, given the purchaser s significant participation in the TV broadcasting market. Regarding those portfolio risks, some of the mitigation measures recommended by the FNE were regarded as adequate by the TDLC, and were thus accepted by the parties. Those included: (a) The prohibition of tying publicity sales in radio and television, and the prohibition of free quoting in their radio stations; (b) Regulation of bundling of publicity space in different platforms or media, allowing the acquisition of publicity spaces separately; (c) The prohibition of anticompetitive arbitrary discrimination including crossed subsidies; (d) The separation of radio and television businesses in independent companies; (e) The reduction of the length of non-compete covenants to two years Since 2009, the FNE has reviewed other TV broadcast concession transactions in accordance with Article 38 of the Media Act and has reported them as not posing significant risks to competition (and TDLC and Supreme Court decisions on this case are available here: In fact, a remedy related with this was infringed and the FNE prosecuted the violation, which resulted in the TDLC s Ruling 117/2012, available here: These were detailed supra in footnote 7. TDLC s decision is available here: TDLC s decision was adopted with the dissent of Judge Domper who was for authorizing the transaction without the mentioned conditions a) and b). 10
11 hence they were not submitted for additional review by the TDLC). The following transactions are worth mentioning: (a) In 2010, the CHV TV and Time Warner Inc./Turner Broadcasting transaction was notified. The FNE concluded that the transaction would not change the market structure. Even though some risks associated with vertical integration (TV broadcasting audiovisual contents production) were identified, they were considered not significant enough to make a submission before the TDLC; nevertheless, the FNE stated that it will duly monitor that these risks will not turn into actual competitive harms; 28 (b) In 2011, the Luksic business group took over (67% of) Canal 13 TV station previously owned by Catholic University which remained holding shares and some rights on management. The FNE concluded that the transaction would neither change the market structure nor affect competition variables. The Luksic business group had no other participation in other media belonging to the same relevant markets considered in the analysis. (over-the-air TV broadcasting and FM radio broadcasting). Nevertheless, considering the competitive dynamics of this sector and, to the extent that the media companies reviewed attain a dominant position, the FNE stated that it will duly monitor business group s advertisement purchases and sales policies, in order to prevent potential anticompetitive conducts against competitors of the Luksic business group; 29 (c) In 2012, the retail business group Bethia took over 100% of concessions and other assets of overthe-air TV network Mega, which previously belonged to the business group Claro. The FNE concluded that the transaction would not change the market structure. Even though Bethia participated in AM radio broadcasting and telemarketing channels, it had not participated (overthe-air TV broadcasting and FM radio broadcasting) Additionally, an investigation was initiated by the FNE in 2010 when the controller of multimedia business group Copesa/Saieh acquired 20% of VTR shares, a major cable TV operator. The FNE analyzed the transaction as a conglomerate merger, and considered its competitive effects on different markets such as paid TV channel packages, advertisement through over-the-air-free TV and through paid TV, and the advertisement market by and large. The acquisition was considered insufficient to allow the shareholder to control or competitively influence VTR, and thus the competitive risks were dismissed. Nevertheless, the FNE stated that it will duly monitor the evolution of the aforementioned markets, particularly if Copesa/Saieh group directly or indirectly increases its shareholdings in VTR, in order to timely detect competitive harms and adopt consistent actions FNE s Investigations Division report is available, in Spanish, here: FNE s Investigations Division report is available, in Spanish, here: the FNE s Resolution on the case is available here: FNE s Investigations Division report February 16, Docket No. ILP FNE FNE s August 9, 12012, Resolution filing the case without further action Investigation Docket No FNE; available here: 11
12 4.3 Abuse of Dominance 46. Canal 13 et al. vs. VTR et al.: settlement approval on an alleged abuse of dominance (2011). 32 In this case, the plaintiffs were two open air national TV networks operators (Canal 13 and Chilevisión) who alleged that the defendant, VTR Chile and its parent company VTR GlobalCom, wrongfully including the plaintiffs TV signals into the paid TV offerings of VTR, without permission or the payment received by other TV channels. A settlement reached in July 2009 between Canal 13 and VTR provided, inter alia, that VTR would include the open Canal 13 signal in a proper location in its channel offerings and that Canal 13 would provide VTR a dedicated connection to receive transmissions. Regarding another close signal -Canal 13Cable- a payment to Canal 13 holding company was established. Months later, Chilevisión and VTR settled as well. The settlement provided that VTR would pay for a signal that Chilevisión was interested in having included in VTR s program offerings, according to terms that would be negotiated within five years of the date of the settlement and to a most favored-nation principle. Both settlements were approved by the TDLC. 4.4 General regulation No. 2/2012 on-net/off-net differentiation and bundled services 47. On December 2012 the TDLC issued a General Regulation regarding the competitive effects of the on-net/off-net price difference of public telephone services and the joint selling packages of telecommunications services (e.g. Triple play) Concerning the joint selling of telecommunications services, the TDLC analyzed its competitive advantages and disadvantages in a context of technological convergence and rapid developments. 49. The TDLC concluded that, whereas bundling has clear efficiencies when it includes services provided through the same network, it is competitively risky because it might reduce competitive intensity between telecommunications firms and exclude those companies with more narrow offerings. 50. Therefore, the TDLC established that the joint selling of telecommunications services should fulfill the following conditions to prevent such risks: (a) Discounts or any kind of more favorable conditions should not be provided to customers for services provided by different kind of networks (fixed and mobile). This condition is applicable only to natural persons; (b) Discounts provided to customers for services provided by the same network, either fixed or mobile, should not exceed the following rule: The price of the joint offer should be higher than the price of the bundled service with the highest price. When three or more services are included in a joint offer, the price should be higher than the sum of the prices of each of the bundled services, excluding the service with the lowest price; (c) Customers should be able to buy separately the services included in a joint offer, without being forced to buy other services; 51. These conditions will be in force until 4G telecommunications services are provided in all the geographic areas defined in the respective concessions decrees, or before if mobile networks reasonably compete with fixed networks in the broadband access service TDLC s decisions approving the corresponding settlements are available here: TDLC s Regulation is available here: 12
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text:
If you're a huge fan of Chun Cui He milk tea drinks, you'll be so happy you'll want to rush off to the nearest 7-11 store near you right now. Yes, you've heard it right. Chun Cui He's milk tea flavour is coming back to Singapore!
After the recent hoo-ha circulating the drink and its brand which caused the flavour to be taken off all shelves, it's since been resolved and the drinks are ready for consumption again.
The brand is said to release the drinks progressively in every store, but judging from the comments section of the brand's Facebook page, it appears that consumers are excited to grab every bottle they see so far!
Coming to you from 29 December, do drop by at the nearest 7-11 outlet to you but don't be surprised if Chun Cui He begins their 4 bottles-per-customer policy again!
This article was first published on goodyfeed.com.
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Dawn Lum
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- Don't Say Bo Jio: Chun Cui He's Milk Tea Flavour To Be Back On 7-11 Shelves Progressively (From 29 Dec) - December 29, 2016
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
But their consciences were pricked last week by a Madrid government official who has condemned the colourful but bloody spectacle as unsuitable for children.
The children's spokesman of Madrid's regional government, Javier Urria, said exposure to bullfighting too early in life can cause psychological problems in adulthood and proposes to ban children under 14 from attending. He said that people had complained to him of suffering psychological damage. Mr Urria's comments have outraged the pro-bullfighting camp.
Last month, the Catalans decided to give bullfighting an X certificate, which spurred this week's proposal in Madrid. The issue touches the very roots of Spanish identity, hence the regional government swiftly shunting the matter to a committee of experts and summoning psychological and psychiatric reports.
Mr Urria is caught in a dilemma. "The fiesta of bullfighting embodies undeniable cultural and historical traditions," he said. "However, a corrida is a violent act between an animal and human being, in which the bull suffers and is humiliated with pikes and banderillas.
"I'm not saying that we must hate the bullfight. I'm saying there is an age at which it shouldn't be seen, because it is a spectacle that is damaging to childhood."
Bullfighting supporters claim this is nonsense. "I would say to Mr Urria that the education of my children is my business not his," snorted Manaul Ruiz Sanchez of the Centre of Taurine Affairs, which belongs to the Culture Ministry.
If Mr Urria were really worried about the damage inflicted upon children he should address himself to televised bullfights, said Mr Ruiz Sanchez, which hijack peak-time afternoon viewing throughout the summer season, and rehash the gory bits in lingering slow motion.
The bulls in any case "don't suffer, because they are born and bred for the ring", said Mr Ruiz Sanchez. And as for the gorings that lacerate the groin and belly of bullfighters, who are frequently hauled from the ring gushing torrents of blood - "that comes with the territory, like aviators who fall and kill themselves".
He added he had never seen a child cry in the bull-ring. "On the contrary, many are attracted by the slaughter."
Childhood is a relative concept in Spain, where the age of legal sexual intercourse was raised from 12 to 13 just last year, and the crime of "corruption of minors" is unknown. Spanish parents take responsibility for their offspring, a burden that frequently extends well into adulthood.
Small wonder the regional governor of Madrid, Alberto Ruiz Gallardon, said that any decision "must not be political but based on the opinion of experts. We will consult them before we decide to modify legislation or not".
And thus he neatly shelved the whole thing.
- More about:
- Madrid
- Southern Europe
- Spain


text:
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text: Posted April 26, 2013 alright so the solution without a problem skirts the spirit of the law just a tick less i wonder why we haven't gotten cracking on absentee ballot fraud yet considering that there are hundreds of cases of that every year edit: lolllllllllllllllllllllllll There were some absentee things in it...but I don't know what's required currently to receive an absentee ballot. The poll worker knowing someone amendment was probably one of the stupidest amendments I've ever seen. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites


text:
2 Bedrooms
2 Beds
1 Bathrooms
1 Baths
1 Flatmates
1 Flatmates
|Room Type
|Private room
|Shared bathroom
|Length of Stay
|Anyone welcome
|Weekly rent
|2 weeks rent
|Included in rent
|Unlimited included in rent
|Off street parking
It is a luxury apartment next to stockland shopping centre, 10 mins from hospital and city, 5 mins from schools, 5 mins to DFO and bus stop next to house. I am clean tidy nursing student who lives alone in apartment who is looking to share it with someone. I am a easy going guy who is friendly and accommodating
Nursing student and work at hospital, i am clean and tidy person. Not a partying freak so you have assurance of having peaceful time out here. Would acknowledge your privacy and confidentiality. Just a easy going life.
|Mulgrave Rd near Kelly St
|Close by
|Mulgrave Rd near Kell St (Balaclava State Sch)
|~ 4 min walk
|Mulgrave Rd near Wilks St (Balaclava State Sch)
|~ 4 min walk
|Mulgrave Rd near Marsh St
|~ 4 min walk
|Mulgrave Rd near Soure St (Hail n Ride)
|~ 8 min walk
|Mulgrave Rd near Soure St
|~ 8 min walk
|Dalton St
|~ 9 min walk
|Mestrez St near Long St
|~ 11 min walk
|Mulgrave Road nr Dillon Street
|~ 11 min walk
|Stockland Earlville
|~ 12 min walk
|Lennon St near Alfred St
|~ 15 min walk
|Balaclava Rd near Yarrum St
|~ 15 min walk
|Balaclava Hotel - Cairns
|Close by
|Subway® Restaurant
|~ 3 min walk
|Cairns Chicken
|~ 4 min walk
|Mr Soy Boy
|~ 4 min walk
|Cairns Breadworks
|~ 5 min walk
|Delhi Tadka Indian Restaurant
|~ 6 min walk
|~ 7 min walk
|Ali Babba's Kebabs
|~ 7 min walk
|~ 7 min walk
|Golden Wok
|~ 7 min walk
|~ 7 min walk
|~ 7 min walk
|Pan's Asian Groceries
|~ 4 min walk
|Big Asia Supermarket
|~ 6 min walk
|Choice Supermarket
|~ 6 min walk
|Coles Supermarkets
|~ 9 min walk
|Go Vita Earlville - Health Shop
|~ 9 min walk
|Woolworths Earlville (Cairns)
|~ 11 min walk
|Asia In Cairns
|~ 12 min walk
|Westcourt One-Stop
|~ 19 min walk
|Islanders Board of Industry and Service
|~ 20 min walk
|Farmers Direct Qld
|~ 21 min walk
|fnq local choice fruit and veggies
|~ 21 min walk
|Woolworths Raintrees (Cairns)
|~ 23 min walk


text:
If someone else has caused you injury, you should contact a lawyer immediately. Use the following advice to help guide you through your case.
You want to write everything down the details of your accident and describe your injuries carefully. Explain every physical problem, from simple cuts and abrasions to broken bones. Remember to add anything such as bumps or bruises that arise later on.You should also want to consider any abnormal fears do to your injury.
Personal injury is a field to fight a case in. That means that only use an experienced lawyer. Look for a lawyer with a great track record so you can be sure your case is presented at its best advantage.
Be open with your lawyer about any previous injuries you may have had before the accident. You do not want him to be blindsided in the middle of a lawsuit.
Look online for personal injury attorneys with glowing reviews. You can find out about each potential lawyer. Look for injury attorneys with your particular case.
Meet with multiple lawyers before hiring one. Many attorneys provide a free consultations so they can decide if your case. This is when you what you can expect to pay during the process.
Talk with a personal injury attorney about how you can or should settle your matter in advance of court. This can save you much stress and additional court fees.
You should not move your vehicle after you've had an accident unless you're told to by a police officer. The only time this should be when it happens in the accident occurs on a busy street.
Make sure to hire an attorney prior to giving any insurance claims adjuster or responsible party. What you say can be used against you, so discuss what you can say with your lawyer beforehand.
Keep in mind that it may be a while before you will receive your money quickly.These things can take time.
Prepare yourself before meeting with any lawyers. This is really important if you are hiring an attorney using a contingency contract. The attorney will only make money if you get a reward from the case, so they may reject your case if you haven't presented it well.Have all the necessary paperwork, and know exactly how you are going to present your case.
Be sure to document all expenses associated with your injury. Include missed work, transportation costs, missed work time, and even travel expenses for seeing doctors. If you don't have this proof, you will need written proof to be admissible in court.
Shopping for an attorney to help with a personal injury lawyer is much like shopping for a vehicle. There are so many options, and that once great deal may be old news in a few months.
It is never fun to go to court, but a good attorney will make the process much better. Make use of the excellent advice provided here. You get a single shot to accomplish this and get adequate compensation for the loss and pain.


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Next generation pharmaceutical processes and technology solutions – and the further development of existing and well-known processes – bring both challenges and opportunities and have implications for new and existing facilities alike.
The main challenges relate to the smaller product volumes inherent in many new products and to smaller batch sizes for existing and new products. This calls for many of the facilities designed for single product manufacturing to be transformed into multi-product facilities. Still, large-scale production facilities will continue to be built or rebuilt; adapted to the new generation's requirements but with production technologies sized to the large volumes.
In addition, current requirements and expectations towards areas such as cleaning, prevention of cross-contamination and containment of high-potency ingredients are driving upgrades of aging facilities. New requirements and manufacturing regulations create daily problems with compliance, deviations and sometimes even batch failures. Many legacy facilities are dealing with a high number of quality deviations and some experience regulatory issues when inspections find areas of the facility outdated.
On the opportunity side, single-use systems are spreading from biotech into other areas of pharmaceutical manufacturing, enabling more efficient or flexible production. Continuous manufacturing is also gaining ground. This is driven by US FDA's active encouragement towards innovation and application of emerging technologies for better manufacturing solutions that can prevent or avoid many of the quality problems of the past.
Pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and process technology is at the very core of NNE's expertise. Our main focus is within biotech, aseptic processing, oral solid dosage forms and medical device systems. We follow the trends and the leading suppliers of pharmaceutical technology and systems, including the IT and automation systems related to pharmaceutical processes.
We have many years of experience within design and operation of pharmaceutical manufacturing solutions for both large and small production volumes. We help customers from the early CMC submissions of manufacturing concepts through pharma manufacturing investment projects to the ongoing operations and maintenance of pharmaceutical processes and technologies. This lifecycle approach is unique in the industry.
Our services include:
hameln pharmaceuticals's sterile production plant designed by NNE was awarded the 2009 ISPE Facility of the Year Award for Operational Excellence.
We have experts in all pharma processes related to biotech/API, oral solid dosage, fill-finish and assembly and pack.


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5 Things You Could Turn Storage Containers Into
Innovation is the word of the century. People have invented things and its disposal has been a problem for many years. Same with storage containers; once owners are done transporting or storing their products, disposal is a hassle. Fortunately, these containers are built to withstand time and are not easily destroyed. The only way of disposing it is not to dispose of it. You may put it up for sale or you transform it into something useful. Either way, you are the one who will benefit from it.
Here are some things that you could turn storage containers into:
1.Mobile home.
It probably is the most popular storage unit innovation. People who likes to camp out and travel find these metal containers an economic and an environmental friendly way to own a comfortable camping home. Since it is naturally rectangular in shape, it is easier to put up with. A few more touch ups and you're good to go out in an adventure.
2.Stationary, fully-functional home.
With cost of living getting more expensive in many places, more and more people are turning into frugal living. Finding themselves in so much debt drove them to leave their current lifestyle and live within their means.
Owning a storage container and turning it into a fully functional house will definitely give you the peace of mind that you want. It doesn't only cuts down your expenses, it will also save you a lot on mortgage. Since you're living in a small space, mortgage will definitely go down a huge deal. And it will not compromise the quality of a fully functional home that you have always wanted.
3.Fully functional bathrooms.
If storage containers can be turned into a beautiful and modern dwelling places, much more that it can be turned into a fully functional and modern toilets and bath. Whether it's an outdoor toilet and bath for your cabin in the woods or an indoor bathroom in your city apartment, these prefabricated containers will not spare you the comfort and feel the usual bathrooms have. In fact, it will add to the character of your house if you're the creative type of person.
4.Mobile restaurants.
Everything is getting mobile in our era—even restaurants. There's no stopping our young chefs/entrepreneurs to take their food to many places if it means better profit and a larger market. Although, of course, there are cons about getting your restaurant portable, the beauty of travelling and meeting people from different towns and states is just priceless.
5.Mobile classrooms.
Our educational system is turning mobile as well. It could be the only way to reach every children in the country, especially those who don't have immediate access to education. Storage containers have been a wonderful mode of transport to provide books, computers, and internet to places untouched by commercialism and technology. The best thing about them is that they could be put up with solar panels, turning it into a solar powered, portable learning facility—perhaps one of the best innovations on these metal containers.
The possibilities for these once-built-for-specific-purpose storage units seem to be endless as the need arises. Sure it requires a very careful planning and a good amount of thought so it could be turned into dwelling units, but at the end of the day it is us who will benefit more.
These are made to be very sturdy and resilient to extreme weather conditions—they sure won't vanish into thin air. It's not as disposable as many other inventions of the century. Again, the only way to dispose them is to not dispose of them. It is definitely worth all the investment to turn them into something else.


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Demon House(2004)
(A book in the CSI: Crime Scene Investigation series)
A novel by Max Allan Collins
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation is the US Number 1 TV show, currently breaking viewing records on Channel 5 in the UK. The show follows a Las Vegas team of forensic investigators who know the crime scene is the key to solving any murder. A 'haunted house' ride takes on added realism when a real body turns up inside. However, the apparent suicide soon becomes a homicide investigation for the laser-sharp minds of Las Vegas' CSI team, who find their resources stretched thin when they also have to contend with a wave of increasingly violent armed robberies. This collection also includes an exclusive introduction, photo gallery and interviews with series cast members!
Genre: Mystery
Genre: Mystery
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(CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, book 13)
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Used availability for Max Allan Collins's Demon House
See all available used copies of this book at Abebooks UK or Abebooks US
Paperback Editions
June 2008 : USA Paperback
|Title: CSI: Demon House (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (IDW Numbered))
Author(s): Max Allan Collins
ISBN: 1-60010-170-4 / 978-1-60010-170-0 (USA edition)
Publisher: IDW Publishing
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
October 2004 : USA Paperback
|Title: Demon House (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation) (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (IDW))
Author(s): Max Allan Collins
ISBN: 1-932382-34-8 / 978-1-932382-34-1 (USA edition)
Publisher: IDW Publishing
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK
September 2004 : UK Paperback
|Title: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation: Demon House
Author(s): Max Allan Collins, Gabriel Rodriguez, Ashley Wood
ISBN: 1-84023-936-0 / 978-1-84023-936-2 (UK edition)
Publisher: Titan Books Ltd
Availability: Amazon Amazon UK Amazon CA
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