text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 7, 1987
|Filing date
|Mar 25, 1985
|Priority date
|Mar 25, 1985
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Joseph R. Rellick
|Original Assignee
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (17), Referenced by (39), Classifications (30), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
The invention relates to dielectric compositions, especially those which are useful in forming multilayer circuits.
Multilayer thick film circuits have been used for many years to increase circuit functionality per unit of area. Moreover, recent advances in circuit technology have placed new demands on dielectric materials for this use. Heretofore, most of the dielectric materials used in multilayer circuits have been conventional thick film dielectric compositions. These are comprised of finely divided particles of dielectric solids and inorganic binders dispersed in an inert organic medium. Such thick film materials are usually applied by screen printing, though they may be applied by other means as well. Thick film materials of this type are very important and will continue to be so.
In constructing a multilayer circuit using thick film materials, it is necessary sequentially to print, dry and fire each functional layer before the next layer is applied. Thus, in a typical situation involving thick film multilayer circuits having, say, twenty layers, sixty separate processing steps are required as well as sixty inspections to assure the quality of each of the processed layers. Such a complex process is, of course, expensive both because of the great number of steps and because of the high yield losses which heretofore have been incident to such a complex procedure.
Another approach to this problem has been the use of dielectric tapes in which a large number of thin sheets of ceramic dielectric material, such as Al2 O3, are laid down interspersed with alternating printed layers of conductive materials. However, because of the very high temperature, on the order of 1600° C., required to sinter Al2 O3, it is necessary to use very high melting conductive materials such as molybdenum and tungsten. Unfortunately, molybdenum and tungsten have only moderate conductivity properties which make them less satisfactory for very high speed, highly complex circuitry. Moreover, multilayer circuits made with these materials must be fired at 1600° C. for quite long periods of time, which may approach 48 hours or more, to obtain adequate densification of the Al2 O3.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that there is a great need for a dielectric system which (1) can be fired at lower temperatures, thus permitting the use of conventional conductive materials such as gold, copper, silver and palladium, (2) can be densified by firing only a few hours, (3) can be fired in a nonoxidizing atmosphere with good burnout of organics and (4) give production yields having good adhesion to rigid substrates, layer integrity and thermal expansion characteristics closely resembling the substrate, which is usually fired alumina.
In view of the foregoing shortcomings of the prior art, the invention is directed in its primary aspect to a castable dielectric composition comprising a dispersion of finely divided solids comprising:
a. 40-70% vol. noncrystallizable glass having a softening point (Ts) of at least 500° C. and a viscosity (η) of 1×106 poises or less at 825°-1025° C.; and
b. 60-30% vol. of a mixture of refractory oxides comprising 1-59% vol. Al2 O3 and 59-1% volume of a secondary refractory selected from α-quartz, CaZrO3, fused silica, cordierite, mullite and mixtures thereof, the maximum amount of α-quartz, CaZrO3 or fused silica being 20% vol., basis total inorganic solids, in a solution comprising
c. a polymeric binder selected from poly(α-methyl styrene) and polymers of methacrylate corresponding to the formula: ##STR1## in which R is selected from --H and ##STR2## in which (1) R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from --H, alkyl, alkaryl and aralkyl groups and (2) no more than one of R1, R2 and R3 is --H, the glass transition temperature of the polymer, including any plasticizer therein, is -30° to +20° C., dissolved in
d. volatile nonaqueous organic solvent, the volume of polymeric binder and plasticizer being 30-55% of the volume of the inorganic solids a. and b.
In a second aspect, the invention is directed to a method of forming green tape by casting a thin layer of the above-described dispersion onto a flexible substrate, such as a steel belt or polymeric film, and heating the cast layer to remove the volatile solvent therefrom.
In a third aspect, the invention is directed to a method for forming a multilayer interconnection comprising the steps of:
a. printing and firing a patterned layer of thick film conductor composition on an inert ceramic substrate;
b. forming a patterned array of vias in one or more layers of green tape made by the process of claim 4;
c. laminating the green tape layer(s) of step b., having vias therein, over the printed side of the assemblage of step a. and firing the assemblage at 825°-1025° C. to form a densified layer of dielectric;
d. filling the vias in the densified dielectric layer of step c. with thick film conductor composition and firing the assemblage;
e. printing and firing at least one patterned thick film functional layer over the fired assemblage of step d.; and
f. repeating the sequence of steps b. through e. for a number of times sufficient to build up a predetermined number of interconnected functional layers, each separated by a layer of densified dielectric.
It is well known to employ "green tapes" in the fabrication of multilayer circuits. Such green tapes are made by casting a dispersion of the dielectric material in a polymeric binder latex or solution of polymeric binder in volatile organic solvent onto a flexible substrate, such as a steel belt or polymeric film, and then heating the cast layer to remove the volatile solvent therefrom. Such green tapes and their applications are disclosed in many patents; for example, the following:
Swiss et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,153,491 disclose a green ceramic sheet material comprising Al2 O3 and glass frit dispersed in a binder of organic material.
Hurley et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,717,487 disclose a ceramic slip concentrate comprising inter alia Al2 O3 dispersed in a slip containing a polymethacrylate binder, solvent and a dispersing agent.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,923, Gardner et al. disclose a ceramic green tape comprising mullite dispersed in a binder such as poly(vinyl butyral).
Schmank in U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,162 discloses a casting solution for making green ceramic sheet comprising refractory powder such as Al2 O3 dispersed in a solution of polyester, crosslinking monomer, free radical initiator and mold release compound.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,405 to Smith et al. discloses a casting composition comprising a ceramic material, especially a glass ceramic, dispersed in an acrylic copolymer latex in which one of the comonomers is a polymerizable carboxylic acid.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,414 and 4,104,345 to Anderson et al. are directed to ceramic green sheets prepared from a casting solution containing both a solvent and nonsolvent for the organic binder.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,500 to Eggerding et al. is directed to a ceramic green tape comprising a mixture of mullite and Al2 O3 dispersed in a polyvinyl butyral binder.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,183,991 to Smiley et al. discloses a casting mixture comprising a dispersion of inert filler particles in a solution of polymer in monomer for preparing filled polymer sheets as thin as 0.1 inch (0.25 cm).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,324 to Kumar et al. is directed to a ceramic green tape in which the ceramic material is either β-spodumene or cordierite.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that much work has been directed to high temperature firing of dielectric materials in nonoxidizing atmospheres as well as low temperature firing in oxidizing atmospheres. But very little effort seems to have been directed to low temperature firing in nonoxidizing atmospheres.
The main purpose for the compositions of the invention is to form a dielectric insulator to separate electrically the functional layers of a multilayer interconnection. Vitreous glasses are by themselves unsuitable for use as insulating layers in multilayer interconnections for the reason that they are resoftened during each of the subsequent firing steps. Such resoftening allows the adjacent conductive patterns to sink into the glass or to move laterally. Such positional instability can, of course, easily cause electrical shorting.
The invention overcomes this difficulty by the use with the glass of a mixture of refractory oxides which serve to inhibit resoftening of the glass during repeated firing steps.
The composition of the glass for use in the compositions of the invention is not critical by itself. It is critical only from the standpoint that it results in a glass which is noncrystallizable under the conditions of use, has a softening point (Ts) of at least 500° C. and a viscosity (η) of no more than 1×106 poises at 825°-1025° C. A glass viscosity of no more than 1×105 poises at the sintering temperature is preferred. It has been found that glasses having the above combination of physical properties when fired at 825°-1025° C. enable quite good burnout of the organics and have an appropriate flow characteristic at the firing temperature so that the formulation sinters to a very high density, i.e., above 93% theoretical density, thus giving a desirably nonporous layer which prevents electrical shorting of the conductive electrode layer materials with which the composition is fired. Thus, correlation of these two variables is necessary to define the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the glasses which may be used in the invention. As used herein, the term "softening point" (Ts) refers to dilatometric softening point.
It is essential that the glass be noncrystallizable under the conditions of use. In addition, it has been found that the glass must either (1) have no significant solubilizing effect on the refractory component of the composition, or (2) if it does significantly solubilize the refractory, the resultant solution must have an appropriately high viscosity at the firing temperature of both the initial firing step and during all subsequent firing steps. It is, however, preferred that the refractory be no more than about 20% wt. soluble in the glass and preferably no more than 10% wt. soluble.
Likewise, the amount of glass relative to the amount of refractory material is quite important. Using glasses having densities of from 2 to 4 g/cm3, the amount of glass will be 40-70% by volume and preferably 45-65% by volume with complemental proportions of refractory. The precise amount of glass depends largely on the viscosity of the glass at the firing temperature(s). If the viscosity of the glass is relatively high, more glass is needed. But if the viscosity of the glass is relatively low, less glass is needed. The amount of glass is critical in that, if there is too little, the densification of the layer on firing will be insufficient. On the other hand, if too much glass is used, the layer may incur so much softening at the firing temperature that the glass flows out of the layer into adjacent conductor layers, thus causing potential shorting problems in the conductive circuits. In addition, such glass flow may cause the adjacent conductors to become very difficult to solder upon. Too much glass can also cause entrapment of organics which results in blistering of the refractory layer during subsequent firing(s). On the other hand, if the amount of glass is less than 40% by volume, the fired structure is not sufficiently densified and is therefore too porous. In consideration of these variables, it is preferred that the composition contain 45-65% volume glass.
The refractory oxide components of the invention may, as described above, have only minimal, if any, solubility in whatever glass is used therewith. It is crucial in forming multilayer systems that the refractory layers have similar expansion properties to the substrate so that the assemblage, as it is built up into many layers, is dimensionally stable, particularly with respect to substrate bowing. Within this criterion, the refractory oxide components will be chosen so that the admixture of glass and refractory oxides will have a temperature coefficient of expansion (TCE) which approximates the TCE of the substrate on which it is applied. Thus, if the glass has a low TCE (e.g., below that of Al2 O3), then a high TCE filler such as α-quartz and CaZrO3 is used with the primary refractory oxide. But if a high TCE glass is used, it will be preferred to use a low TCE filler such as fused (vitreous) silica, cordierite of mullite. In other words, the TCE of the admixture of glass and primary and secondary oxides must approximate the TCE of the substrate on which the tape is applied.
As indicated above, the relative amounts of primary refractory (Al2 O3) and secondary refractory are not narrowly critical. Thus either can constitute 1-59% by vol. of the total inorganic solids. It is, however, preferred that the Al2 O3 be at least 5% of the total solids. Moreover, when the secondary refractory is α-quartz, CaZrO3 or fused silica, none of these materials should constitute more than 20% by vol. of the total inorganic solids.
For the purpose of obtaining higher densification of the composition upon firing, it is important that the inorganic solids have quite small particle sizes. In particular, substantially none of the particles should exceed 15 μm and preferably they should not exceed 10 μm. It is preferred that substantially all of the inorganic solid particles lie in the range of 0.2-5 μm.
The organic medium, in which the glass and refractory inorganic solids are dispersed, is comprised of the polymeric binder which is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent and, optionally, other dissolved materials such as plasticizers, release agents, dispersing agents, stripping agents, antifouling agents and wetting agents.
In the past, it has been possible to use a wide variety of polymeric materials as the binder for green tapes because they were fired in air at high temperatures such that the polymer, whatever it was, would be burned out rather easily. Such polymers included poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl alcohol), cellulosic polymers such as methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, atactic polypropylene, polyethylene, silicon polymers such as poly(methyl siloxane), poly(methylphenyl siloxane), polystyrene, butadiene/styrene copolymer, polystyrene, poly(vinyl pyrollidone), polyamides, high molecular weight polyethers, copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, polyacrylamides, and various acrylic polymers such as sodium polyacrylate, poly(lower alkyl acrylates), poly(lower alkyl methacrylates) and various copolymers and multipolymers of lower alkyl acrylates and methacrylates. Copolymers of ethyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate and terpolymers of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid have been previously used as binders for slip casting materials.
More recently, Usala in U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,535, has disclosed an organic binder for air-fired green tapes which is a mixture of compatible multipolymers of 0-100% wt. C1-8 alkyl methacrylate, 100-0% wt. C1-8 alkyl acrylate and 0-5% wt. ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid or amine. However, most of the above-listed polymers are unsuitable for green tapes which are to be fired in a nonoxidizing atmosphere because they are insufficiently volatilized during short firing cycles at low firing temperatures, such as 825°-1025° C., and thus leave a carbonaceous residue in the ceramic layer.
Nevertheless, applicant has discovered that two very narrowly defined types of polymers are quite effective for nonoxidative firing in that they burn quite cleanly and thoroughly when fired at 825°-1025° C. in the dielectric compositions of the invention. The first of these is poly(α-methylstyrene). The second type is comprised of polymers of monofunctional methacrylates corresponding to the following chemical structure: ##STR3##
In the above-described methacrylic monomers, the α-carbon must have two or three hydrogen atoms substituents depending on whether the β-carbon is present (two hydrogen atoms) or absent (three hydrogen atoms). In addition, if the β-carbon is absent, it is replaced by a hydrogen atom as is the case with methyl methacrylate. On the other hand, if the β-carbon is present, R1, R2 and R3 are independently selected from alkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups or, if one of the three R groups is H, then the other two R groups are preferred to be selected from alkyl, aryl or aralkyl groups.
In the case of both polymer types, it is preferred that the polymers be homopolymers or, in the case of the methacrylate polymers, that they be polymers only of monomers meeting the above criteria. Nevertheless, it has been found that both types of polymeric binders can contain up to about 15% by wt., but preferably no more than 5% by wt., of other types of comonomers and still give good nonoxidative burnout characteristics. Such other monomers include ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and amines, acrylates, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylamide and the like. Likewise, instead of using other comonomers, up to about 15% wt. other polymers not meeting the above-described criteria can be used, such as homopolymers and copolymers of the above-listed other monomers. Thus, other monomers, either as separate polymers or contained in the principal binder polymer chain, can be tolerated in the total binder polymer so long as these other materials do not exceed about 15% and preferably only about 5% of the total monomer weight of all the binder polymers present in the system.
No matter what binder polymer is used, it should have an inherent viscosity of at least 0.1 (measured in methylene chloride at 20° C.) in order to have sufficient binding strength. By and large, the upper limit of molecular weight is not critical in the practice of the invention. However, to avoid possible solvency problems, it is in some instances preferred to use polymers having inherent viscosity of no more than 1.0. Certainly, no advantage has been found to using higher molecular weight polymers. Polymers having an inherent viscosity of 0.3-0.6 have been particularly successful in the invention.
Frequently the binder polymer will also contain one or more plasticizers which serve to lower the Tg of the binder polymer. Such plasticizers help to assure good lamination to ceramic substrates. The choice of plasticizers is, of course, determined primarily by the polymer which must be modified. Among the plasticizers which have been used in various binder systems are diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dibenzyl phthalate, alkyl phosphates, polyalkylene glycols, poly(ethylene oxides), hydroxyethylated alkyl phenol, tricresyl phosphate, triethyleneglycol diacetate and polyester plasticizers. Dibutyl phthalate is frequently used in methacrylic polymer systems because it can be used effectively in relatively small concentrations.
It is particularly preferred to use binder polymers having high molecular weights in conjunction with external plasticizers, such as those described above, which volatilize cleanly leaving essentially no residue. Benzyl butyl phthalate is such a plasticizer. By this means, the plasticity of the binder can be adjusted so the tape will laminate well to the substrate and conform around underlying conductor lines and yet it will not be so tacky and weak as to make tape handling difficult.
The total amount of organic binder, including any plasticizer which it may contain, must be high enough to obtain good lamination and high tape strength, but yet not so high as to decrease the packing of the dielectric particles. If too much organic material is contained in the green tape, sintering and densification on firing are likely to be inadequate. For these reasons, it is preferred that the volume of the binder (and plasticizer if one is used) be from 30 to 55% of the volume of the solvent-free green tape. From 40 to 50% vol. is still more preferred.
The solvent component of the casting solution is chosen so as to obtain complete solution of the polymer and sufficiently high volatility to enable the solvent to be evaporated from the dispersion by the application of relatively low levels of heat at atmospheric pressure. In addition, the solvent must boil well below the boiling point and decomposition temperature of any other additives contained in the organic medium. Thus, solvents having atmospheric boiling points below 150° C. are used most frequently. Such solvents include acetone, xylene, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, methyl ethyl ketone, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, amyl acetate, 2,2,4-triethyl pentanediol-1,3-monoisobutyrate, toluene, methylene chloride and fluorocarbons. It will be recognized that individual components of the solvent may not be complete solvents for the binder polymer. Yet, when blended with other solvent components, they function as solvents.
In making multilayer interconnections, a conductive pattern is screen printed and fired onto an inert ceramic substrate such as Al2 O3 using a thick film conductive composition. Vias are then formed by punching or by laser burning a layer of green tape in an appropriate patterned array. One or more green tape layers can be used, depending upon the desired thickness of the dielectric layer. The green tape layer, or layers as the case may be, is laminated over the printed surface of the substrate and then fired at 825°-1025° C. Typical lamination conditions are 50°-70° C. at 500-2,000 psi.
After firing the laminated green tape, the vias are filled by printing over them with a thick film conductor composition and then firing. After the filled vias are fired, one or more patterned functional layers is printed atop the fired tape. It will be recognized that a printed capacitor or resistor may be printed on the layer as well as a conductive circuit. Each of the functional layers will ordinarily be fired separately before adding the next layer. However, in some instances, it may be possible to cofire the functional patterns which are printed on a given layer of fired tape. It may also be possible to cofire the filled vias with the functional layer(s). By repeating the sequence of these steps (excluding the initial substrate printing step), a complex multilayer structure can be built up comprising a number of interconnected functional layers, each separated by a densified layer of dielectric.
It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that in each of the above-described laminating steps, the layers must be accurate in registration so that the vias are properly connected to the appropriate contact points of the adjacent functional layer.
The term "functional layer" refers to the layers printed on the ceramic green tape which have either conductive, resistive or capacitive functionality. Thus, a typical green tape layer may have printed thereon one or more resistor circuits and/or capacitors as well as one or more conductive circuits.
As used herein, the term "firing" means heating the layer in question in a nonoxidizing atmosphere, such as nitrogen, to a temperature and for a time sufficient to volatilize (burnout) all of the organic material in the layer and to sinter and densify the inorganic solids.
Dissipation Factor (DF) is a measure of the phase difference between voltage and current. In a perfect capacitor, the phase difference would be 90°. However, in practical dielectric systems, DF is less than 90° because of leakage and relaxation losses. In particular, DF is the tangent of the angle by which the current lags the 90° vector. In practice, DF is a measure of internal power losses due to conduction through the dielectric from one lead to the other.
Dielectric Constant (K) is a measure of the ability of a dielectric material to store an electrical potential energy under the influence of an electrical field. Thus, it is the ratio between the capacitance of a capacitor with the subject material as dielectric (the fired dielectric in this case) to the capacitance of a capacitor with a vacuum as the dielectric.
A ceramic slip was prepared by ball milling the following constituents for 16 hours:
211.4 g Glass Frit
31.7 g Quartz
133.0 g Alumina
50.0 g Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)*
60.0 g Benzyl Butyl Phthalate
250.0 g Methyl Ethyl Ketone
The glass frit had the composition by weight:
56.5% SiO2
17.2% PbO2
9.1% Al2 O3
8.6% CaO
2.4% Na2 O
The inorganic solids charged to the ball mill were finely divided powders. The glass frit had a surface area of 2.7 m2 /g, the quartz a surface area of 8 m2 /g and the alumina had a surface area of 3.7 m2 /g.
Following ball milling, the ceramic slip was cast onto a silicone-treated 1 mil Mylar®** polyester film at a wet thickness of approximately 15 mils and allowed to dry at room temperature by solvent evaporation. The resultant green tape was cut into approximately 0.6 in. squares and laminated to a 1×1 in. substrate of 96% alumina containing a prefired circular electrode of Du Pont 9924 thick film copper paste. Laminating was performed at 50° C. with 500 psi pressure for 15 minutes. The tape adhered well to the substrate and conformed well around the printed copper pattern. Following lamination, the Mylar backing was removed and the laminate fired in a thick film conveyor furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere. The firing cycle was 1 hour in length and had a peak firing temperature of 900° C. for 10 minutes. The fired dielectric was flat, with no edge curling, and contained no cracks or tears.
Next, the circuit was completed by printing and firing a top circular electrode of copper to form a capacitor.
The thusly formed capacitor was of high quality, with no shorting between electrodes and had a fired dielectric thickness of about 3.0 mils.
Capacitance and dissipation factor were measured on a Hewlett-Packard Model 4262A LCR Meter at a frequency of 1 KHz Dissipation factor was 0.3-0.5% and a dielectric constant of 6.5-7.5 was calculated from the observed capacitance and capacitor geometry.
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|Jun 21, 1988
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Dielectric composition
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|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Method for fabricating multilayer circuits
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|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
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|Dielectric composition containing cordierite and glass
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|Jsr Corporation
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|Method of application of a dielectric sheet and photosensitive dielectric composition(s) and tape(s) used therein
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|Bidwell Larry A
|Method of application of a dielectric sheet and photosensitive dielectric composition(s) and tape(s) used therein
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|Feb 1, 2007
|Nair Kumaran M
|Conductor composition for use in LTCC photosensitive tape on substrate applications
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|E.L.Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Method of forming low temperature cofired composite ceramic devices for high frequency applications and compositions used therein
|Sep 14, 1988
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|E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
|Method for fabricating multilayer circuits
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|U.S. Classification
|156/89.18, 501/73, 501/22, 501/62, 501/17, 29/851, 501/15, 501/102, 501/103, 501/128, 501/133, 501/76, 501/61, 156/246, 501/20, 156/242
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|May 22, 1985
Owner name: E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY WILMINGTON DEL
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:RELLICK, JOSEPH R.;REEL/FRAME:004401/0972
Effective date: 19850430
|Sep 21, 1990
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Sep 26, 1994
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8
|Sep 30, 1998
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 12


text:
*From the Departments of Public Health (Dr. S. Metintas), Chest Diseases (Drs. M. Metintas and Ucgun), and Pathology (Dr. Oner), Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskisehir, Turkey.
Correspondence to: Muzaffer Metintas, MD, Ömerağa mahallesi Adsiz Sokak No:11, 26220 Eskisehir, Turkey; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Study objectives: This study examines the incidence of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in a rural population of Turkey with environmental exposure to asbestos-contaminated soil mixtures (white soil).
Design: A field-based epidemiologic study.
Setting and subjects: A cohort of villagers (the "Eskisehir" cohort) from 11 villages around Eskisehir in central Anatolia, who had been environmentally exposed to asbestos due to the use of white soil.
Measurements: The mineral content and asbestos contamination of the white soil used in these villages was determined, as well as airborne fiber concentrations. Cohort members' details of age, sex, ambient exposure data, duration of residence in the villages, and hospital records, including pathologic diagnosis, were recorded.
Results: The Eskisehir cohort consisted of 1,886 villagers. During the observation time, 377 deaths occurred and 24 MPM cases were diagnosed. Average annual mesothelioma incidence rates were 114.8/100,000 for men and 159.8/100,000 for women.
Conclusions: These data indicate that the risk of mesothelioma is 88.3 times greater in men and 799 times greater in women, respectively, in comparison to world background incidence rates.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
UPDATE 1-Brazil's Eletrobras to raise up to 5 bln reais with Celg sale
(Adds source's comments, context, power sector expert's opinion)
By Rodrigo Viga Gaier
RIO DE JANEIRO Oct 21 (Reuters) - Brazil's state-run utility Eletrobras expects to raise up to 5 billion reais ($1.26 billion) with the sale of its stake in regional distribution company Celg Distribuição (Celg D), a source familiar with the negotiations said on Wednesday.
Centrais Eletricas Brasileiras SA, as the company is known, has said it plans to sell stakes in several power distribution units and Celg D is considered a prized asset among them due to its location in the agriculturally rich center-west state of Goias.
"I believe this deal will bring between 3 billion and 5 billion reais (to Eletrobras). Eletrobras estimated that amount considering the net present value of Celg's future cash flow," said the source, who asked not to be named.
Eletrobras holds 51 percent of Celg D, while the state of Goias owns the remaining 49 percent. The power distributor has about 2 billion reais ($506 million) in debt.
Celg D serves a total population of 6.6 million people in the state, and also provides electricity for many food processing companies and irrigation projects.
The source said the estimate takes into consideration Brazil's current economic downturn and tighter credit conditions, which could impact investors' appetite.
Eletrobras declined to comment. Continuación...


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LaPorte County Sheriff, Michael Mollenhauer, announced Wednesday that the scabies infestation at the LaPorte County Jail has been totally eradicated.
With the exception of one inmate, who is not cooperating with the decontamination treatments, all inmates have been released from isolation. The uncooperative inmate will continue to be held in isolation to prevent re-infestation. Sheriff Mollenhauer stated in a news release that police may need to pursue getting a court order to treat the inmate if the condition becomes a threat to the rest of the jail. Sheriff Mollenhauer also noted that the extent of the scabies outbreak was very unusual. The jail staff is normally able to treat an individual with this medical condition, but this outbreak got out of control.
As of Wednesday, jail operations returned to normal.


text:
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CPS removed my children sept 3rd and placed them in my moms care and I have yet to hear when I can have my kids back I have done everything asked including staying clean but they wont give me the chance to take another drug test and they wont let me have my kids back i need to know what my rights are
Typically you have the right to a jury trial and a court appointed attorney.
As I have represented many in CPS cases, I stress how important it is to contact an attorney early. I would also suggest that you don't want a court appointed attorney unless you truly cannot afford an attorney.
I offer free consultations and am quite familiar with family judges in Harris County and nearby counties.
Mr. Dick is licensed to practice law in Texas and office located in Harris County. His phone number is 832-207-2007 or 713-510-4500 or his email address is listed below.
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You might consider going and getting another drug test on your own. If it's clean, send it in. The fact is, if you failed a drug test earlier, you don't get go to back to square-one just because you can pass one now.
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text:
Sharjah: Former South African batsman Barry Richards is concerned about the long-term impact of match-fixing scandal on cricket and says if the players and administrators do not stamp it out in time, the game's integrity will suffer an irreparable damage.
Richards, President of the Federation of International Cricketers' Association (FICA) and here as a commentator for the ongoing tri-series, urges cricketers and administrators to realise the implications of the match-fixing charges and save the 'gentleman's game' from disrepute.''There are many players who do not realise the impact it has created on the game. Cricket has been played for the last 100-odd years and if it has to go on the same way, the integrity of the game has to be protected,'' Richards told 'Gulf News'.
''If you start messing up with the game, people will start losing interest and it won't take long for spectators to lose interest and sponsors to move away from it with television coverage going down,'' he warned, and added, ''the players and administrators should realise this and stamp it out forever.''Richards is also concerned about the standard of some of the countries playing International cricket today and said, ''in the name of globalisation, one should not devalue the standard of the game.''
''There is a huge disparity between the top teams and a few others. We should not let any country play Test cricket just to globalise the game. It will devalue the history of the game. A particular standard should be maintained, otherwise spectators and television will lose interest,'' the former dashing batsman said.
''Who will want to watch an ATP tournament final between a player ranked 495 against one ranked 520?'' he asked. Incidentally, Bangladesh is on the verge of its entry into the fold of Test cricket with its inaugural match against India beginning in Dhaka on November 10.Richards said the volume of cricket being played today is another area of concern with many players burning out fast. ''We have got to try and protect the health of the players as the volume of cricket is a bit of concern.''
''We have seen Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistani fast bowler) burn out and Glen McGrath (Australia) struggling to make a comeback. There are youngsters like Zaheer Khan (India) and the likes. We need to protect them from burn-out,'' he said.
He said FICA has suggested for enforcement of an international drugs policy by the International Cricket Council (ICC), which has taken heed of the advice and is contemplating a comprehensive policy on the use of performance-enhancing and recreational drugs by cricketers.FICA, comprising West Indies, England, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, has been formed to co-ordinate the activities of all national players' associations and protect the interest of professional cricketers worldwide.
Represented by Richards, David Graveney and Tim May, FICA recently presented a constructive plan to the cricket committee management of ICC.
''The ICC has agreed to give us a status higher than what it is now, though not an official status whereby a representative of our association can attend meetings of the world governing body (of cricket),'' Richards said.He said FICA would hold its next meeting in Dubai in January. However, the agenda is yet to be finalised.


text: FREE WORK-OUT or FREE Personal Training Session| Bally Total Fitness Free Bally Total Fitness Coupons See Deal About this Deal On TAX DAY,April 15th Flag this deal Edit deal What's the matter? Choose a reason Dead deal Duplicate Bad link Spam Inaccurate No value Alive again Comments (2) LokaFreeThings2 Apr 04, 2013 Good inspiration to get my butt moving! lol Reply Cancel WideAnglePhoto Apr 03, 2013 Nice deal!! Gonna check into this! I'll need it even more after I use the Maggie Moos Coupon!! LOL Reply Cancel Load More Comments


text:
Keeping Food and Degradable Stuff Fresh In Transit
Food safety is a grave matter that has been in the limelight for several reasons. For decades in the last century many people lost their lives to food poisoning which was caused mainly because of contaminated food. Food is particularly vulnerable to the risks of contamination and wastage and if proper care is not taken while transporting food then the chances of contaminated food becomes high. Those involved in the food business must take special care in sourcing the best food and also to keep food fresh in their own facilities. Therefore, when food is packaged properly several risk factors are eliminated, this is where BOPP Film Manufacturers come into the picture.
BOPP Film Manufacturers provide the food transportation industry with plastic wraps that prevent food from being damaged by environmental factors. Of course BOPP Film Manufacturers alone aren't going to solve the issue. Food needs to be kept in cold arteas to lower the rate of rotting. It must be noted that it isn't possible to completely arrest rotting in fruits and vegetables but with low temperatures the rate goes down significantly and that is achieved with the help of cold storage. It is very important therefore to compliment good packaging with cold transportation as well.


text:
QPR have terminated Iain Dowie's contract, with Gareth Ainsworth set to take charge as caretaker manager for tomorrow's match at Reading.
The 43-year-old, who only took over from previous boss Luigi de Canio in May, leaves Loftus Road with the club ninth in the table.
Pressure had been building on Dowie as Rangers, pre-season favourites to clinch promotion after last year's takeover, went on a month-long winless run in the league, with Terry Venables last week linked with a return to Loftus Road.
The Hoops scratched out a win over bottom of the table Nottingham Forest on Saturday but with new mega rich owners Flavio Briatore and Bernie Ecclestone expecting a return on their investment, Dowie was sacked today.
A short club statement said: "The Board of Queens Park Rangers Football Club has terminated the contract of manager Iain Dowie with immediate effect.
"Dowie, who took over the reins at Loftus Road in the summer, oversaw 15 matches in charge in all competitions and leaves the R's in ninth place in the Coca Cola Championship.
"Player/coach Gareth Ainsworth has been appointed caretaker manager on a temporary basis and will take charge of first team affairs until further notice."
Dowie is the first Championship manager to lose his job this season, and he has previous experience of 'winning' the sack race after losing his job at Premier League Charlton two years ago also after 15 games.
During his spell at Loftus Road Dowie notched up eight wins, including a Carling Cup victory over Aston Villa.
Mirror.co.uk news editor Andy Rudd is one grumpy QPR season ticket holder - click here to read his thoughts on Dowie's sacking


text:
Environmental Influences on the Immune System
Springer | Immunology | March 6, 2016 | ISBN-10: 3709118883 | 378 pages | pdf | 6.43 mb
Editors: Esser, Charlotte (Ed.)
A comprehensive work on the effect of the environment on the immune system
Unique book in this field on the market
Gives a basic overview of research models, mechanism and structures as well as a thorough insight into professional immunology
This book brings together articles on the overarching theme of how the environment shapes the immune system.The immune system is commonly assumed to respond to harmful pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. However, harmless bacteria, chemicals, stress, normal food and other factors can also trigger, shape or interfere with the immune system, often producing adverse effects. Yet, it is also becoming increasingly accepted that some of these interactions are physiological and necessary for a healthy immune system.Examples of negative effects include the immunosuppressive effects of UV irradiation, or the immunotoxic effects of man-made chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Autoimmunity or allergies can be the adverse consequences of interaction between the immune system and chemical compounds such as drugs. Positive effects can come from natural exposure levels to bacteria, healthy life-style or the diet.There is a great need to understand how communication between the environment and the immune system works. This book addresses this need. It covers environmental factors (such as bacteria, sun exposure), human factors (such as age, exercise or stress), and important man-made factors (such as air pollution). A chapter on human rights complements the scientific chapters. The book is intended for immunologists, toxicologists and researchers who want to know how the immune system works and is triggered, as well as for medical doctors in environmental medicine and the general public interested in immunology.Number of Illustrations and Tables
17 b/w illustrations, 7 illustrations in colour
Pharmacology / Toxicology
Human PhysiologyClick Here to Buy the Hardcover from Springer
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text: DANBURY, Conn. ( TheStreet) -- Waiting for "green" companies to produce a profit is like expecting Wall Street to change its ways -- it seems like it will never happen.Companies that deal in green technology have long offered phenomenal projections, but that hasn't translated into gains for investors. Regardless, analysts are quick to tout the potential and assign lofty price targets, translating into "buy" ratings. FuelCell Energy ( FCEL), based in Danbury, Conn., is riding a wave of hype. The company makes fuel-cell power plants that use hydrocarbon fuels like natural gas and biogas to produce electricity. That's a noble and necessary goal since coal- and oil-fired plants lead to climate change. Still, investors may be best served to wait until FuelCell Energy generates sustainable profits. The company has putrid performance figures. With a profit margin of minus 76% and a return on equity of minus 183%, FuelCell Energy is hemorrhaging money mainly because the company can't seem to generate enough revenue to cover costs. Analysts project earnings growth of 10% for the year ending Oct. 31, and an expansion of 85% next year. Those numbers look tantalizing. But even with those increases, FuelCell Energy is still projected to suffer net losses in both years. Other valuation metrics also make the stock look expensive. The company's price-to-book ratio stands at 10.2, compared with the industry average of 3. Over the past year, FuelCell Energy's stock has dropped 44%, while the Russell 2000 has gained 26%. The shares topped $50 a decade ago. They now trade for about $2. About 64% of FuelCell Energy's revenue comes from South Korea, which is embroiled in a contentious feud with its neighbor to the north. The tensions from this region serve as a cause to be wary of businesses with exposure to the region since an escalating conflict would significantly sap demand. Standard & Poor's said yesterday that it will keep South Korea's sovereign-debt rating unchanged as the tensions are within expected levels, but if the feud becomes something more, which is always a concern when dealing with the erratic Kim Jong-Il, that could change.


text:
30-year-old Lance Davis lives in Walla Walla, Washington. He attended the Walla Walla Valley Academy and Walla Walla College. He loves listening to Guster, Moby, Cake, Metallica, Nirvana, U2, Aerosmith, Matisyahu, Interpol, Muse, Eels, Transplants, Wilco, Zwan, Ub40, Green Day, Damone, Decemberists, Mgmt, Wolfmother, Remy Zero, Smashing Pumpkins, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Tv On The Radio, Bloc Party, The Mars Volta, Death Cab For Cutie, Buck-o-nine, The White Stripes, Modest Mouse, The Clash, Franz Ferdinand, Van Halen, Flogging Molly, Reel Big Fish, They Might Be Giants, Velvet Underground, Ok Go, The Mountain Goats, Less Than Jake, The Flaming Lips, Sufjan Stevens, Snow Patrol, Pedro The Lion, Imogen Heap, The Dandy Warhols, Beastie Boys, Nada Surf, The Aquabats, Arctic Monkeys, Arcade Fire, Simon & Garfunkel, Tegan And Sara, Frou Frou, Broken Social Scene, Thom Yorke, Mates Of State, Polyphonic Spree, We Are Scientists, Wolf Parade, Cold War Kids, Sunset Rubdown, Dust Brothers, Guillemots, New Pornographers, Magic Numbers, Noah And The Whale, Boy Least Likely To, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Queens Of The Stone Age, Toad The Wet Sprocket, Pretty Girls Make Graves, Streetlight Manifesto and Johnny Cash. Murder By Death, Flight Of The Conchords and The Life Aquatic With Steve Zissou are his favorite movies. On the web, Lance goes by the alias hlance.
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text:
Our new Summer Promotions has now started get up to 40% discount until 31st July
15,000+ titles available over 180 topic collections with up to 40% discount all throughout 2017!
We have collated all of the best reading schemes onto one page for you to browse and pick titles from!
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Browns Books for Students © 2014 All rights reserved [rev: 184.108.40.206]


text:
Skip to Content
Your Relaxing Music Mix
On Now Tina Hobley
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The best-dressed women of the sixties, featuring the world's first supermodels Jean Shrimpton and Twiggy and singers Nancy Sinatra and Cher. Which one's your favourite?
Picture 10 of 13
The '60s were Hepburn's decade, with the release of Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1961 and My Fair Lady in 1964. She knew how to pull off a pixie haircut.
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A family home: convenient, comfy, and designed for the whole family
The House is located in a neighborhood of the city of Valencia, with all comforts. Shops, supermarkets, and above all a good communication with the tourist areas of the city, the city of the arts, the bioparc, historic, taking bus stop to few meters from the House.
To organize a home exchange, you need to be a member


text:
There are two types of people in the world; those who have tasted delectable dishes prepared in a cast iron Dutch oven and those who haven't. If you're one of the unlucky ones who haven't, you are in for a big treat. In fact, you haven't lived until you've had food cooked...
There are two types of people in the world; those who have tasted delectable dishes prepared in a cast iron Dutch oven and those who haven't. If you're one of the unlucky ones who haven't, you are in for a big treat. In fact, you haven't lived until you've had food cooked in a Dutch oven. Let your life begin because cooking in a Dutch oven is one of the most satisfying and tasty cooking methods you'll ever use. And, if you happen to be one of the lucky ones who cooks with Dutch ovens already, well get out your favorite Dutch Oven recipe and see what a huge difference a Camp Chef Dutch oven can make in ease of cooking and maintenance.
There are a few well known brands of cast iron Dutch ovens available on the market. Camp Chef is superb in every way. Camp Chef Dutch ovens are known for their quality of workmanship and use of the best materials and methods in manufacturing. Really, you won't find a better made Dutch oven anywhere.
Camp Chef offers a few types of Dutch ovens. The Classic Dutch Ovens feature three legs, a handheld lid and bale. The raised lip around the lid is excellent for cooking with charcoal briquettes or wood. Seasoned and ready to cook, each Classic Dutch Oven is a modern heirloom backed by Camp Chef's commitment to quality.
If you're serious about cooking Dutch oven style, take a step up to the Deluxe Dutch Ovens featuring: 1) a seasoned EZ Finish Surface. Seasoned cast iron Dutch ovens that are ready to cook in and extremely easy to maintain, 2) the Deep Dish Lid increases air flow for even cooking and doubles as a skillet or serving trivet. 3) A built-in thermometer channel allows you to check the temperature without removing the lid, 4) every Deluxe Dutch Oven includes a Lift Tool for easier handling of hot cast iron.
Next, take a look at the Ultimate Dutch Oven. This innovative design has been called the 'Outdoor Microwave' and truly is the Ultimate Dutch Oven. It features a center convection cone and two tiers for all your cooking needs. The lid doubles as a skillet. It features a Lewis & Clark Commemorative Edition Cast on the lid.
And, new this year, we've created the Ultimate Roaster—a virtual convection style "roasting" oven. Our Ultimate Roaster includes a deep dish lid which allows for cooking your favorite roasts, turkey and ribs, or fried wings and steamed vegetables. You can do it all in this versatile roaster. We dare you to compare a deep fried turkey to an Ultimate Roaster roasted turkey. You'll save time and money.
Don't forget to take a look at the many accessories available on our site. We stand behind everything we sell.
Camp Chef is a proud sponsor of IDOS, the International Dutch Oven Society.
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text:
Governor John Baldacci has signed a bill that will allow police to pull you over for not wearing a seat belt. Under the current law not wearing a belt is classified as a secondary offense, which means law officers have to stop you for another violation first.
The new law applies not only to the driver but also anyone else riding in the car. However, it doesn't go until effect until April of 2008. Until then, motorists will get warnings only.


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STXNEWS LATAM-Board of Brazil's Itaú approves new stock buyback plan
The board of Itaú Unibanco Holding SA, Brazil's largest bank by market value, approved late on Thursday a revamped program to buy back as many as 10 million common shares and as many as 50 million of preferred shares. The plan will be valid for one year, the São Paulo-based bank said in a securities filing. Currently, Itaú has 261.5 million common shares and 2.69 billion preferred shares in circulation.
© Thomson Reuters 2017 All rights reserved.


text:
CANADA STOCKS-TSX powers higher for 6th straight session
* TSX posts triple-digit gains in 5 of last 6 sessions
* Index hits highest level since Nov. 11
* Financials lead, Royal Bank launches pref share issue
* Oil sector gains despite crude retreat, materials up (Updates figures, adds analyst comments, details)
By Ka Yan Ng
TORONTO, Jan 6 (Reuters) - Toronto's main stock index finished higher for a sixth straight session on Tuesday buoyed by strength across its three biggest sectors -- financials, energy, and materials.
The three groups were heavily battered in the fourth quarter and have recently strung together large gains, helping the Toronto Stock Exchange hit its best level since Nov. 11.
The financial group shot up 3.6 percent as Royal Bank of Canada (RY.TO: Quote) became the third bank this week to launch a preferred share offering to bolster its capital ratios.
Canada's biggest bank, announced a C$200 million preferred share offering, following offerings on Monday from Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD.TO: Quote) and National Bank of Canada (NA.TO: Quote). [ID:nN06417204] Continued...


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Choose flavor without having to sacrifice with 100% juice that is 100% tasty. A guilt-free choice with no sugar added. Juices make a flavorful, sweet treat, perfect for a refreshing cup after school or any time of day.
Alone or in your favorite cocktail, Ocean Spray® Cranberry Juice Drinks are crisp and delicious. If you're concerned with your health, you'll also be pleased to know that each serving is packed with antioxidants and nutrients, including 100% of the Daily Recommended Value of Vitamin C.
Enjoy a juice that is naturally fat free, cholesterol free and low in sodium. Conveniently packaged in resealable, single-serve bottles. Beverage Type: Juice; Flavor: Ruby Red Grapefruit; Packing Type: Bottle; Capacity (Volume): 10 oz.
Grab some sparkling deliciousness today. IZZE® stays True to the fruit™ and gives you a sweet and flavorful, healthy and convenient soft-drink stand-in. Each serving contains 70% all-natural fruit juice and 30% sparkling spring water. Fortified with vitamins B6, C and niacin.
Quench your thirst at home, at the office or on the go with your favorite juice. Bottle is easy to store in your desk, lunch bag, business case or backpack, as well as in your refrigerator. A great source of vitamin C. Stock up for refreshing taste at any time of the day or night.


text:
Happy to get home
Sail Date: February 01, 2010
Reviewed: 7 years ago
Traveled As: Family (young children)
Room Type: Balcony
I felt like we were traveling every day. Stressful.
Pros: tour in puerto vallarta/crew of the splendor
Cons: crowed condition/kids activities/scheduling
Recommends Carnival Splendor? No.
Category Ratings
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
|Ship Quality
ship lay out terrible/ decor was beautiful. It was very very clean.
Accessiblility poor
|Children's Programs
|Food and Dining
food was good quality. Long long lines for buffet. Food was boring.
same powdered eggs and fruit every morning. they need more mexican food.
|Cabin / Stateroom
|Very clean/very comfortable. it was the best part of the trip.
|Service and Staff
|very amazing
|not very good. the kids were bored


text:
Titans owner Bud Adams confirmed on Sunday that it was his call to reinstall Vince Young as the starter.
The Titans, who started the season 0-6, have won five straight since Young returned to the lineup. They beat the Cardinals 20-17 on Sunday after Young executed a 99-yard scoring drive that culminated in a TD as time expired.
Adams explained his decision to the Tennessean:
"I don't get involved with the coaches. I made this move this time because I see we had lost six in a row and we had 21 of the 22 players that got us the best record in the NFL in 2008. I said, 'It is time to make a change right now.'
"Not that I was against (Kerry Collins), but Vince was ready to go in there and play and he's played like I thought he would play, too.''
Adams also said he regretted his obscene gesture in a win against the Bills this month that drew him a $250,000 fine from the NFL.
"I don't use my fingers any more. I am keeping them down here,'' Adams wryly told the Tennessean.
"I shouldn't … I (went) a little bit crazy. We had a lot of fans out there who were screaming at us, saying 'Shut up, we came to see a football game, not listen to you talk. It was something that shouldn't have happened and I apologized.' '' -- Sean Leahy
Nate Davis is a reporter, blogger and editor who's been at USA TODAY since 2000. He has covered the NFL since 2005. No, he did not play quarterback for Ball State. Davis' succession of our esteemed colleague Sean Leahy at The Huddle is considered a Brady-for-Bledsoe swap by most "insiders."More about Nate


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Type II Faraday Cage, 40 in. 30in.x36in.,750x900 mmThe Type II Faraday Cage offers improved access and simplified assembly. The "window-shade" type retracting front panel is easier to operate than hinged doors and causes less disturbance when adjusted. This front panel may be positioned anywhere between fully opened and closed and stays in position without a fastener. The front door is shipped assembled and the entire unit may be assembled in a few minutes with a screwdriver (provided).This cage incorporates the same stainless steel frame and copper-mesh material as previous versions. It mounts to (and requires) TMC's full-perimeter enclosures and mounts to our 63-500 Series tables.Our 40 in. tall Type II Faraday Cages now include a convenient 2 in. diameter hole in the base of the side and rear panels. This feature eases cable interface to the interior of the cage. The hole is sleeved with a rounded rubber liner to shield sharp edges and assure long life. In addition, we now offer a new version of our armrest pads that is compatible with our cages. These armrest pads are virtually identical to our non-Faraday Cage pads but adhere with Velcro straps rather than clips or magnets.• New 2 in. diameter holes for cable passage• Optional armrest pads are now available with Faraday Cages• Optional "U" shaped hanging shelf• Optional non-isolated sliding shelf oriented front-to-rear• Full perimeter enclosure required to mount cagePlease contact AutoMate Scientific for a shipping/freight quote on all TMC products.For full web page, please see http://www.autom8.com/table-faraday.htmlDownload a User's Manual at http://www.autom8.com/pdfs/tables/Manual-TMC-Setup-Guide.pdfDownload a brochure at http://www.autom8.com/pdfs/tables/Faraday-Cages.pdf
Units: EA


text:
Product Description
What the Technician Says: Model: UA55J6200
"Samsung Full HD 1080p technology is too low for such a large TV, and this particular model has a very low refresh rate also. Even though this UA55J6200 is cheap, it is recommended you consider other models in this same size, or go down in size to maintain your budget.
How does the UA55J6200 Compare?
This UA55J6200 TV has a Clear Motion Rate of only 200. This is very low. This television does NOT have the 4K Upscale Engine, and therefore doesn't have anything to offer except a cheap price and a large size. Pictures on this screen will have large amounts of error around the images and the images will move with lag/jerkiness.
Recommended alternatives would be the Samsung UA50JU6400 (Similar Price), Or the Philips 55PFT6609 (Cheaper Price) or the UA55JU7000 (Premium Option) for a little more.
Technician's Verdict: Low Refresh Rate of only 200. Prefer Higher Series.


text:
9 Fun Facts About Guinea Pigs
Guinea pigs are fascinating little creatures, read on for some fun guinea pig trivia.
- A male guinea pig is called a boar and a female is called a sow.
- Guinea pigs are able to fend for themselves from 5 days of age.
- Male guinea pigs will mate from 1 month of age (and may even start practicing from 2 weeks!) and females can have their first litter from 3 weeks of age (but really they should wait until 4 months of age).
- Guinea pigs are originally from South America.
- In the Andes mountains they were sometimes used to find disease in humans by holding the guinea pig against different parts of the body until it squeaked to tell them where the disease was.
- Guinea pigs live for up to 8 years, but the oldest known living guinea pig lived until he was 15 years old.
- Happy guinea pigs may jump up and down, called 'popcorning'.
- Guinea pigs have teeth that keep growing and need to be worn down by eating lots of grass.
- In some countries, guinea pigs are considered a tasty delicacy.


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Minimum 2:2 first degree (or equivalent), plus the PGCE or an equivalent initial teacher qualification. Although teaching experience is highly recommended (especially when related to the subject focus of the MA you are applying for), applicants with an appropriate academic qualifications are invited to apply.
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Course contentEnglish in Education is for secondary teachers of english, advisors and teacher educators wishing to follow a programme of advanced study after a period of classroom experience. Equips students with essential theoretical and research knowledge to enhance teaching practice.
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For students whose first language is not English please visit our website for further information: www.kcl.ac.uk/pg/apply/langreq.html
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Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for ICC, IF - ABIN252967
Wimmer, Schreiner, Everett, Sirma, Groitl, Dobner: SUMO modification of E1B-55K oncoprotein regulates isoform-specific binding to the tumour suppressor protein PML. in Oncogene 2010
Show all 21 references for ABIN252967
Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for EIA, IHC (p) - ABIN357734
Kawai, Akira, Reed: ZIP kinase triggers apoptosis from nuclear PML oncogenic domains. in Molecular and cellular biology 2003
Show all 5 references for ABIN357734
Human Monoclonal PML Primary Antibody for IF, WB - ABIN394032
Vincenzi, Perrone, Santini, Grosso, Silletta, Frezza, Rossi, Russo, Rabitti, Gebbia, Badalamenti, Casali, Muda, Dei Tos, Tonini: PML down-regulation in soft tissue sarcomas. in Journal of cellular physiology 2010
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Mouse (Murine) Monoclonal PML Primary Antibody for IF, IP - ABIN567791
Sone, Hayashi, Tarui, Agata, Takeichi, Nakagawa: The mRNA-like noncoding RNA Gomafu constitutes a novel nuclear domain in a subset of neurons. in Journal of cell science 2007
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Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for ICC, IF - ABIN252968
Kuroki, Ariumi, Ikeda, Dansako, Wakita, Kato: Arsenic trioxide inhibits hepatitis C virus RNA replication through modulation of the glutathione redox system and oxidative stress. in Journal of virology 2009
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Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for ELISA, WB - ABIN1583526
Kolegraff, Nava, Helms, Parkos, Nusrat: Loss of desmocollin-2 confers a tumorigenic phenotype to colonic epithelial cells through activation of Akt/β-catenin signaling. in Molecular biology of the cell 2011
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Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for FACS, IF - ABIN389073
Puccetti, Beissert, Güller, Li, Hoelzer, Ottmann, Ruthardt: Leukemia-associated translocation products able to activate RAS modify PML and render cells sensitive to arsenic-induced apoptosis. in Oncogene 2003
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Human Polyclonal PML Primary Antibody for WB - ABIN2780446
Eun, Lee, Hong, Kim, Lee, Kim, Sun, Kim: Hes6 controls cell proliferation via interaction with cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein in the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear body. in The Journal of biological chemistry 2008
PML-RARa (show RARA Antibodies) bcr1 (show BCR Antibodies) fusion is not responsible for colorectal tumor development.
PML nuclear bodies change in number and size in cells actively replicating Merkel cell polyomavirus proviral DNA.
High PML expression is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
This study demonstrated an important phosphorylated site of PML, which contributed to explore the role of PML in mitosis.
PML acts as an effector of antiviral effects of IFN-beta (show IFNB1 Antibodies).
The activity of the PML internal ribosome entry site is induced by TNFalpha (show TNF Antibodies) in a manner that involves MNK1 (show MKNK1 Antibodies) activation.
The association of RNF168 (show RNF168 Antibodies) with PML NBs (show NBN Antibodies) resulted in increased ubiquitylation.
Data suggest that hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein (HHEX (show HHEX Antibodies)) downmodulation by promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (show RARA Antibodies) fusion oncoprotein (PML-RARalpha (show RARA Antibodies)) is a key event during acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL (show FASL Antibodies)) pathogenesis.
The authors show that PML can inhibit HIV-1 and other lentiviruses as part of the IFN-I-mediated response.
PML contributes to the intrinsic restriction of HIV-1 infections in a cell type-dependent manner.
both the PML-RARA (show RARA Antibodies)-driven competitive transplantation advantage and development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL (show FASL Antibodies)) required DNMT3A (show DNMT3A Antibodies)
PML IV enhances global SUMO-1 (show SUMO1 Antibodies) conjugation, particularly that of p53 (show TP53 Antibodies), resulting in p53 (show TP53 Antibodies) stabilization and activation.
our findings challenge the predominant model in the field and we propose that PML/RARA (show RARA Antibodies) initiates leukemia by subtly shifting cell fate decisions within the promyelocyte compartment.
DNA-binding-defective PML/RARA (show RARA Antibodies) mutants could not repress the transcription of retinoic acid regulated genes.
A novel antioxidative mechanism by which PML regulates cellular oxidant homeostasis by controlling complex II integrity and Nrf2 (show NFE2L2 Antibodies) activity and identified PML as an indispensable mediator of SFN (show SFN Antibodies) activity.
pRB (show PGR Antibodies) can interact with PML specifically during senescence, suggesting that signaling events in senescence regulate assembly of PML and pRB (show PGR Antibodies) to establish heterochromatin and create a permanent cell cycle arrest.
Data suggest that acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL (show FASL Antibodies)) differentiation is a default program triggered by clearance of promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor alpha (show RARA Antibodies) fusion oncoprotein PML/RARA (show RARA Antibodies)-bound promoters.
Our results add PML/TRIM19 to the growing list of TRIM (show TRAT1 Antibodies) proteins implicated in both intrinsic and innate immunity.
Oxidized PML spherical meshes recruit UBC9 (show UBE2I Antibodies) and enhances PML sumoylation.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. This phosphoprotein localizes to nuclear bodies where it functions as a transcription factor and tumor suppressor. Its expression is cell-cycle related and it regulates the p53 response to oncogenic signals. The gene is often involved in the translocation with the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Extensive alternative splicing of this gene results in several variations of the protein's central and C-terminal regions\; all variants encode the same N-terminus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.
promyelocytic leukemia
, probable transcription factor PML
, promyelocytic leukemia protein
, protein PML
, probable transcription factor PML-like
, RING finger protein 71
, promyelocytic leukemia, inducer of
, tripartite motif protein TRIM19
, tripartite motif-containing protein 19


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This is a discussion on Letter of Apology within the Law Enforcement, Military & Homeland Security Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; This was in my inbox today no I did not snopes it take it for what it is worth but I agree with every word, ...
This was in my inbox today no I did not snopes it take it for what it is worth but I agree with every word, and please this is not a Muslim bashing thread keep it clean or I will request it be closedThis 'Letter of Apology' was written by Lieutenant General Chuck Pitman, US Marine Corps, Retired:
For good and ill, the Iraqi prisoner abuse mess will remain an issue. On the one hand, right thinking Americans will abhor the stupidity of the actions while on the other hand, political glee will take control and fashion this minor event into some modern day massacre I humbly offer my opinion here: I am sorry that the last seven times we Americans took up arms and sacrificed the blood of our youth; it was in the defense of Muslims ( Bosnia , Kosovo, Gulf War 1, Kuwait , etc.)
I am sorry that no such call for an apology upon the extremists came after 9/11.I am sorry that all of the murderers on 9/11 were Islamic Arabs.
I am sorry that most Arabs and Muslims have to live in squalor under savage dictatorships.
I am sorry that their leaders squander their wealth. I am sorry that their governments breed hate for the US in their religious schools, mosques, and government-controlled media.
I am sorry that Yasser Arafat was kicked out of every Arab country and high-jacked the Palestinian 'cause.'
I am sorry that no other Arab country will take in or offer more than a token amount of financial help to those same Palestinians.
I am sorry that the U. S. A. has to step in and be the biggest financial supporter of poverty stricken Arabs while the insanely wealthy Arabs blame the USA for all their problems.
I am sorry that our own left wing, our media, and our own brainwashed masses do not understand any of this (from the misleading vocal elements of our society like radical professors, CNN and the NY TIMES).
I am sorry the United Nations scammed the poor people of Iraq out of the 'food for oil' money so they could get rich while the common folk suffered.
I am sorry that some Arab governments pay the families of homicide bombers upon their death
I am sorry that those same bombers are brainwashed thinking they will receive 72 virgins in 'paradise.'
I am sorry that the homicide bombers think pregnant women, babies, children, the elderly and other noncombatant civilians are legitimate targets.
I am sorry that our troops die to free more Arabs from the gang rape rooms and the filling of mass graves of dissidents of their own making.
I am sorry that Muslim extremists have killed more Arabs than any other group.
I am sorry that foreign trained terrorists are trying to seize control of Iraq and return it to a terrorist state.
I am sorry we don't drop a few dozen Daisy cutters on Fallujah.
I am sorry every time terrorists hide they find a convenient 'Holy Site.'
I am sorry they didn't apologize for driving a jet into the World Trade Center that collapsed and severely damaged Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church - one of our Holy Sites.
I am sorry they didn't apologize for flight 93 and 175, the USS Cole, the embassy bombings, the murders and beheadings of Nick Berg and Daniel Pearl, etc....etc!
I am sorry Michael Moore is American; he could feed a medium sized village in Africa.
America will get past this latest absurdity. We will punish those responsible because that is what we do.
I am sorry the Barack Hussein Obama may be elected president of the United States when he doesn't have a clue on how to be a strong Commander-in-chief in a world filled with Muslim extremists who will do whatever it needs to do to destroy the lives of civilized people while killing innocent men, women and children in order to bring a change that is beneficial to all Islamic terrorists worldwide.
I am sorry that voters on the left don't understand the frightening changes that are taking place in the Muslim world and what these changes will do to this world in which we live.
I am sorry that the Democratic Party has been high jacked by Socialists and Communists right under the very noses of those who take pride in calling themselves democrats.
We hang out our dirty laundry for the entire world to see. We move on. That's one of the reasons we are hated so much. We don't hide this stuff like all those Arab countries that are now demanding an apology.
Deep down inside, when most Americans saw this reported in the news, we were like - so what? We lost hundreds and made fun of a few prisoners. Sure, it was wrong, sure, it dramatically hurts our cause, but until captured we were trying to kill these same prisoners. Now we're supposed to wring our hands because a few were humiliated?
Our compassion is tempered with the vivid memories of our own people killed, mutilated and burnt amongst a joyous crowd of celebrating Fallujahans.
If you want an apology from this American, you're going to have a long wait! You have a better chance of finding those seventy-two virgins.
Chuck Pitman
Lieutenant General, USMC
"The sword dose not cause the murder, and the maker of the sword dose not bear sin" Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac 11th century
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
This is the original that appeared in 2004. Written by Mike Adams.
Mike S. Adams
June 14, 2004
Authors Note: the following editorial contains mildly offensive language. Given the subject matter, the author is sorry that it does not contain highly offensive language.
Lately, Ive been hearing a lot about the Iraqi prisoner abuse scandal. The pictures of those abused prisoners have been plastered all over the front pages of papers around the country. Some of my conservative friends have interpreted the excessive coverage as proof that papers like the New York Times are actually rooting against America in its current war on terror. Even those who arent willing to go that far say that such coverage is helping the enemy to recruit a new generation of terrorists to inflict harm upon our troops.
Despite these views, I have decided to make a formal public apology to the entire Arab world in the aftermath of Abu Ghraib. It is my hope that the following apology will help bring some clarity to the situation and, who knows, maybe even lasting world peace:
Dear Arabs,
I am truly sorry that Americans decided to take up arms and sacrifice their own youth in the defense of Muslims in Bosnia, Kosovo, and the first Gulf War. After we clear up this mess in Iraq, we will refrain from any such activity in the future.
I am truly sorry that I did not hear any of you call for an apology from Muslim extremists after 911. After all, the hijackers were all Arabs.
I am truly sorry that Arabs have to live in squalor under savage dictatorships throughout the Middle East. I am also sorry that the leaders of these nations drive their citizens into poverty by keeping all of the wealth in the hands of a select few.
I am also sorry that these governments intentionally breed hate for the U.S. in their religious schools while American schools do the exact opposite.
I am sorry that Yasir Arafat has been kicked out of every Arab country and has attached his name to the Palestinian cause. I am also sorry that no other Arab country will offer nearly as much support to Arafat as we offer to them.
I am sorry that the U.S. has continued to serve as the biggest financial supporter of poverty stricken Arab nations while wealthy Arab leaders blame the U.S. for all of their problems.
I am sorry that left-wing media elites would Rather (pun intended) not talk about any of this, thereby perpetuating your anger towards us. Its probably really bad for your blood pressure. I am also sorry that most of you lack the medical resources to measure your blood pressure. And, of course, Im sorry that few of you have indoor plumbing. Thats bad for your health, too.
I am sorry that the U.N. cheated so many poor people in Iraq out of their food for oil money so they could get rich while the tortured, raped, and poverty-stricken citizens of Iraq suffered under Saddam Hussein.
I am sorry that some Arab governments pay the families of homicide bombers after their children are blown to pieces in pursuit of Arafats cause.
I am sorry that these homicide bombers have as little regard for babies as the local office of Planned Parenthood.
I am sorry that so many people are unable to differentiate between the gang rape rooms and mass graves of Saddam Hussein on the one hand, and the conditions of Abu Ghraib on the other.
I am sorry that our prison guards do not show the same restraint that Arabs show when their brothers in arms are killed. By the way, you shouldnt be sorry about that.
I am sorry that foreign trained terrorists are trying to seize control of Iraq and return it to a terrorist state. I am sorry we have not yet dropped at least 100 Daisy cutters on Fallujah in order to stop that effort.
I am also sorry that cleaning up the mess in Iraq is taking so long. It only took Saddam Hussein about 30 years to accomplish all he did in the realm of human rights. Come to think of it, thats about ten years less than the duration of our War on Poverty in the U.S. Come to think of it, Im sorry we havent sent all of our gang bangers from South Central Los Angeles to Fallujah.
I am sorry that every time the terrorists hide, it just happens to be inside a Holy Site.
I am sorry that Muslim extremists have not yet apologized for the U.S.S. Cole, the embassy bombings, and for flying a plane into the World Trade Center, which collapsed in part on Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, which is one of our Holy Sites.
I am sorry that we have not taken a portion of the diet of Michael Moore and shipped it to one of your starving villages in the Middle East. You need it Moore (pun intended) than he does.
I am sorry that your only supporters are professors, journalists, and other assorted Leftists who also support homosexuals, bisexuals, transsexuals, partial birth abortion, and everything that you abhor in this world. I am sorry that everyone else in America is against you.
Finally, I am sorry that I am going to have to end this apology by asking you to kiss the right side of my conservative butt. Im probably just having a bad day.
For that I am truly sorry.
It seems that for all the good that America does, it's always the other stuff people remember......good letter.
Government's first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives.
---Ronald Reagan
Lieutenant General, eh?
Your best weapon is your brain. Don't leave home without it.
Thoughts: Justifiable self defense (A.O.J.).
Explain: How does disarming victims reduce the number of victims?
Reason over Force: Why the Gun is Civilization (Marko Kloos).
Lt. General Robert G. Gard Jr. (USA, Ret.)...
Retired April 1, 2008...
Three-star lieutenant general insignia
In the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force, lieutenant general is a three-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-9. Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general. Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services.
Proverbs 27:12 says: The prudent see danger and take refuge, but the simple keep going and suffer for it.
Certified Glock Armorer
NRA Life Member
Michael Moore is a Canadian, and no we don't want him back!!
CCW permit holder for Idaho, Utah, Pennsylvania, Maine and New Hampshire. I can carry in your country but not my own.
"We're paratroopers. We're supposed to be surrounded!" Dick Winters
This is sort of not true. Only the Navy has admirals. All other services, including the USMC, have generals.Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services.
Coast Guard (when operating under DON)?
Magazine <> clip - know the difference
martyr is a fancy name for crappy fighter
You have never lived until you have almost died. For those that have fought for it, life has a special flavor the protected will never know
Ahoy Mateys I'll just sit here on the "poop" deck and observe
"Outside of the killings, Washington has one of the lowest crime rates in the country,"
--Mayor Marion Barry, Washington , DC .
Its not about guns...Its about Freedom!
Assistant Instructor @ http://www.green-ops.com/ Located in the Washington D.C. Metropolitan Area "Why should your training be any less special?"


text:
CHIE MIHARA Renne Pump
Delicate golden flecks and dashes pattern a block-heel pump secured by a slightly playful assortment of crisscrossed, slingback and T-style straps and finished with a softly squared toe. Color(s): cream. Brand: Chie Mihara. Style Name:Chie Mihara Renne Pump (Women). Style Number: 5329415. Available in stores. Learn More


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I feel that it is time to post yet another of "Smifville"'s totally incorrect predictions about the 2012 elections:<quoted text>
You're so unaffected you took time put of your day to post at me, then sat there waiting for my reply so your unaffected little brain could post to me again. It's a good thing you're unaffected or you would never leave this site.
Now where is that Autistic retarded SL poster. Maybe daddy Dawg is making him take a time out.
"Republicans will end up with 52 Senate Seats."
In fact, the Democrats picked up 2 Senate seats, for a total of 53.
Republicans lost 2 Senate seats, for a remainder of 45.
Democrats got 54.3% of the popular vote, an upswing of 10.3%.
Republicans got 42.2% of the popular vote, a downswing of 7.2%.


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Pregnancy problm
After pregnancy test positive she used mankind unwanted kit at one top tablet on 2 September at 8pm with milk 24 hrs later small 2 tablet mith milk at same time 8pm and 2 small tablet in the morng 4 Sept at 8am, she feel heavy pain nd vomiting but not bleeding on 5 sept at 10pm having heavy period nd pain. Is this ok?
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Like the answers? Chat privately for 24 hours with the doctor of your choice
yes bleeding is heavy wid paain after taking these pills. it may continue for 7 -10 days. make aire to go for one ultrasound around 20 sep to see its complete or not.
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We all love technology, and can't wait for the next coolest thing, faster, neater with a bigger WOW quotient.Like everybody who is anybody, I go to computer fairs.But lately it just isn't very exciting and I have noticed a couple of disturbing trends.
First, there hasn't been much lately that has made the basics faster. With the "thumb drives" and memory sticks & cards, why can't we boot from them? It is so dumb to wait for the computer to come up, watch them gyrate around, the hard drive running - in my case about 3 minutes with Windows NT before you can do anything.All of my PDAs are up as soon as you hit the on button.Why can't the operating system exist in a 256MB or 512MB card? I wonder how many people leave their computers running because it takes so long to boot? This is a basic problem that has gotten worse with each new version of Windows.
Speed? Just How Much Difference?
When you go to buy a new computer, the total performance thing really boggles the mind.Recently, I saw two computers a 2.8 GHz and a 3 GHz machine with exactly the same memory, hard drive, etc., but the prices for the 3GHz (only 200 MHz more) was a 30% increase! Seven percent faster for 30% more dollars.Could you really tell which machine was faster?
Is it possible that the decline in PC sales is related to the lack of something really new and cool, and it is hard to justify stepping up, when the next step is not really higher then the one you are on?
Moores' law notwithstanding, how long have we had the 3 GHz machines? Probably well over a year, but no 5 or 10 GHz machines.If we can't have those, how about the 64 bit stuff? What happened to the Intel Itanium and the 64-bit version of Windows? Way back in the day, 6 or seven years ago, the DEC Alpha was 64-bit and it ran at 1 GHz.
Second, there is a really disturbing trend that is purely visual.About a year ago I noticed these really cool 5 & 1/4 inch drive bay inserts sort of looked like a graphic equalizer.Bar graphs, sine waves and colors driven from the sound card.Electronic Graphic Audio Displays - EGAD! They were pretty cool, but since most of the time your CPU tower is under the desk, and your computing requires you to look at the screen, you can't see the EGAD.If you aren't playing tunes, there is even less to see.But it looks cool.
So since we can't have instant on and fast, we get lights.
"If it doesn't go, chrome it"
Now at the computer fairs and CompUSA we have stick lights inside the CPU cases so you can see the motherboard, cables, etc.The lights are cool colors - sort of like the cobalt blue on the Enterprise engine nacelles or luminescent Kool-Aid Red or Green.
Now I don't know about your computers - maybe Macs are different, but the only thing that you can see inside mine actually moving is the cooling fan over the processor.Pretty exciting! This is right up there with neon lights under a car.Looks cool, doesn't go.
Obviously, the next evolution will be motion.
It wouldn't be too difficult to have the cases shift from a general rectangle shape to a trapezoid.A shift in shape, (the top f the case leaning forward) in combination with the lights changing colors could really create the impression of speed.The amount of lean would be relative to the processing load.
Just think how cool it would be to see server farm with all the servers moving and shifting relative to how hard each one was working, utilizing a new technology called Light Enhanced Articulated Networks - LEAN.You could watch the server farm and see if you really had good load balancing or not.The light stick colors could represent the health condition of each server.Cobalt blue would be fast and healthy - the RAID array in good shape, tons of available memory, the processor running cool.A yucky green would indicate a server that didn't feel too well and it wouldn't lean forward, just to the side, using the server rack to hold it up.A really bad one would have a flat line display on the EGAD.A bright red one, leaning far forward would be just about to crash, the EGAD would show an unhappy face.
There is no doubt we are in for some really significant technological advances.They may not be chrome, then again, chrome cases might be cool.


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Unscented Odor Eliminator, 5 oz., 12PK
- Item # 4KN49
- Mfr. Model # 202
- Catalog Page # 1346
Using 360° Viewing:
- Rotate: Use top-to-bottom, side-to-side by use of mouse arrow.
- Zoom In: Double click on image.
- Zoom Out/Reset: Put photo at full zoom & then double click.
- Shipping Weight 5.0 lbs.
Technical Specs
- Item Odor Eliminator
- Fragrance Unscented
- Size 5 oz.
- Container Type Fogger
- For Use On Restroom, Property Management, Smoke Odors, Industrial, Carpet
- Case Quantity 12
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Hazardous material - Other Regulated Material
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Steve Topp Named Vice President of Sales at Stratus Networks
Topp brings more than 22 years of sales leadership experience in the telecom sector
Topp brings more than 22 years of sales leadership experience in the telecom sector. Prior to joining Stratus, he was the Senior Account Executive of Corporate Accounts at Janrain where he played an integral role in the company's overall strategic planning and growth initiatives. Topp devised strategies and led the sales team for the eCommerce vertical, while closing some of the largest retail clients.. Prior to Janrain, Topp held senior-level Account Executive roles for highly recognized companies including Earthlink Business/New Edge Networks, Inc., Rhythms, Inc., Gandalf, a division of Mitel Corporation, and Data Comm Networking, Inc.
"I have known Steve for several years and with Stratus' new corporate brand and products, it is the perfect time to add Steve to our executive management team," said Kevin Morgan, CEO of Stratus Networks. "As a stellar sales executive, we look forward working with Steve and providing the support that he needs to lead our sales and partner teams to the next evolution of our corporate growth."
Topp has been honored with several President and sales achievement awards from Janrain, Earthlink, Rhythms, and Gandalf. He has a Bachelor of Science degree from Northern Illinois University and currently resides in Woodridge Illinois.
About Stratus Networks
Stratus Networks located in Peoria, IL is a leading national provider of data, voice and Internet services to all sizes of businesses and government agencies. Offering unparalleled support and an extensive selection of innovative solutions, Stratus Networks is recognized as a premier carrier in the telecommunications marketplace. For more information visit www.stratusnet.com.
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