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Hearts and Mines: A District-Level Analysis of the Maoist Conflict in India
- Hilary Powers
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1 Hearts and Mines: A District-Level Analysis of the Maoist Conflict in India Kristian Hoelscher 1 University of Oslo, Norway & Peace Research Institute Oslo, Norway Jason Miklian Peace Research Institute Oslo, Norway & NORAGRIC, Ås Krishna Chaitanya Vadlamannati Alfred-Weber-Institute for Economics University of Heidelberg, Germany 1 Authors Note: Author contributions were equal, and order is alphabetical. We thank the Royal Norwegian Embassy, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance for this project. The data and do files for replicating the results can be obtained upon request at
2 Abstract India s rapid economic growth over the last decade has been coupled with a Maoist insurgency that competes for the allegiances of rural populations with the state. In response to the threat, the Government of India has securitized development, using public works programs in an attempt to sway locals away from Maoist allegiance. However, these areas are also home to massive iron and coal mines that drive India s growth. This study aimed to address the lack of local-level analysis and the lack of a robust dataset by merging previous qualitative fieldwork with disparate district-level conflict data sources to explore different potential explanatory variables for the Maoist insurgency, including the relationship between development works, violence, and natural resource extraction. We find that while effective implementation of development programs like NREGA may indeed be loosely related to the immediate suppression of violent activities in districts affected by the Maoist conflict, and that under certain conditions mining activity increases the likelihood for conflict, it is the presence of scheduled caste and scheduled tribal (SC/ST) communities that is the best predictor of violence. Keywords: Socio-economic development, Maoist conflict, insurgency, India, resource war, civil conflict, greed and grievance.
3 (India s major development employment program) NREGA is the only way forward to take on the Maoists. This is nothing about winning hearts and minds. Its only about giving people work before the rebels come in and convince them that they are a better option than the state NREGA officer in West Midnapore district of West Bengal. (BBC 2010) 1. Introduction India is often hailed as one of globalization s success stories. Indeed, after the inception of market-economic reforms in 1991 growth has been both sustained and impressively robust in terms of national economic indicators (Bosworth, Collins and Virmani 2006). India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, and over $40 billion USD is pumped in annually by foreign firms looking to capitalize on this powerful emerging market (Poddar and Yi 2007). Yet, large groups of citizens in rural areas of the country have missed out on the spoils of this growth, and rapidly increasing inequalities between cities and rural areas are fueling resentment (Torri 2011). High levels of poverty and the absence of basic state infrastructure (including access to drinking water, housing, sanitation, food and employment insecurity) are commonplace (Banerjee 2010). According to Oxford University s Multidimensional Poverty Index (2010), a staggering 55% of the Indian population lives below the poverty line of US $1.25 despite a bevy of rural development programs intended to rectify the situation. These poor constitute almost 400 million people in just eight Indian states: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Many of these states are also facing an additional challenge: they are fighting an armed insurgency against the Communist Party of India-Maoist (or Maoists) that has taken the lives of 10,000 citizens and displaced another 150,000 as it has increased in scope and intensity since 2004 (MHA 2010). The Planning Commission of India argues that a lack of development coincides with the rise of the Maoist movement, and that the Maoists gain support primarily from impoverished rural populations that suffer from underdevelopment, social injustice, and discrimination (Planning Commission of India 2008). The report argues that the Maoists exploit the gap between social-economic promises made by the Indian government to its poorest and the government s actual service provision in order to gain allegiance. The Planning Commission s offered solution was to securitize development, encouraging the government to make development works and projects national security issues in themselves as a second front combined with ongoing with military actions in the fight
4 against the Maoists. Within India, left and right disagree vociferously on how to tackle what they deem the Maoist problem, but where they unite is that India needs more of this type of development. However, policymakers have until this point typically relied on anecdotes to support this claim, not empirics. Further, most quantitative studies of the Maoist conflict disaggregate only down to the state level when correlating India s vast amount of available socio-economic data with Maoist conflict markers (Remøe 2010, Vadlamannati 2010, Borooah 2008, Piazza 2011). Disaggregation is essential to understanding conflict (and resolution) drivers, and rationales for disaggregation are manifold. Many of India s 28 states are extremely large, and within the country s 592 districts tremendous geo-spatial inequalities are hidden by state-level analyses. This is especially the case when dealing with states like Andhra Pradesh that host both wealthy mega-cities and indigenous populations suffering endemic poverty. This study draws upon previous qualitative fieldwork and employs data from three disparate district-level conflict data sources to test theories explaining recent Maoist insurgency. Our previous research provided strong anecdotal evidence that the Maoist movement and mining industry activities are correlated (Miklian 2010; Miklian 2011; Miklian and Carney 2010). Here we empirically test the association between the mining sector and the Maoist conflict in a multivariate model. We analyze cross-sectional data from six Indian states - Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal. These states cover the areas where the Maoist insurgency was strongest during the period, and represent 151 of India s 592 districts. Although this reduces the total number of observations these selected districts account for 90% of total violent Maoist incidents. Using Probit and Negative Binomial estimation techniques we find that conflict is consistently related to increased forest cover, prevalence of conflict in neighboring districts, and larger scheduled caste and tribe share of the population; while mining activity under some conditions increases likelihood of conflict.. Our conclusions suggest conflicts are more likely to occur in districts with aggrieved populations, and where conditions favor insurgency, Similarly, conflict is likely to spill across borders yet mining activity only plays a role in fueling conflict in poorer districts where existing grievances may be exploited.
5 2. Theoretical Background The Maoist conflict in India dates to 1967, when an uprising over land reform in the West Bengal village of Naxalbari spurred large-scale revolts against unjust agrarian practices. Followers called themselves Naxals, professing that political violence was necessary to loosen the ruling elite s hold over rural India. The movement ebbed and flowed throughout the 1970s, reaching a nadir in the early 1980s after the government captured or killed most senior leaders. After a period of fracture and disorganization, heretofore disparate Naxal groups began to consolidate in the early 2000s, and together formed the Communist Party of India- Maoist in Since then, violence has dramatically increased, spreading to most states of east-central India. Concurrently, the ruling United Progressive Alliance (UPA hereafter) government led by the Indian National Congress party initiated several social welfare projects in an effort to stem the Maoists allure in rural areas. The most significant such scheme is the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA, now re-titled to MGNREGA), the government s flagship employment development program. NREGA was launched in 2006 to enhance livelihood security in rural areas beset by chronic joblessness and falling agricultural productivity by guaranteeing at least one hundred days per year of wage-employment to every rural household. Citizens register with local authorities to work, and wages are paid on a fixed daily rate (about $2.40 USD/day). While the short-term objective of NREGA was to bolster employment, after 2008 it was also trumpeted by UPA politicians as a key policy tool to campaign for the hearts and minds of local populations. Like the Planning Commission before it, UPA consensus holds that citizens join the Maoists in retribution for being chronically impoverished, and development programs that to address land, employment and inequality-based grievances highlighted by the Maoists will lead to resolution (Kolås & Miklian 2009; Verma 2011). As the opening quote illustrates, winning the ideological fight for India s rural soul is deemed essential to durable military victory, but policymakers and local implementation actors differ as to the scope, mandate, and direction that development should take. Employment generation and integration into the framework of the Indian state are the twin pillars upon which NREGA operates, and Indian policymakers often believe that more economic development (industrial growth) by definition means less conflict.
6 However, this grievance-based narrative of under-development as the sole cause for rebel recruitment overlooks a number of factors that while initially peripheral are now integral to the conflict. India s economic boom has heralded an explosion of both foreign direct investment (FDI) and demand for the estimated $1 trillion USD of natural resources that lie within. 2 India s mining sector has thus been eager for the past decade to rapidly ramp up operations across the country for both profit and national security reasons. Further, significant mining occurs in many of the same areas where the Maoist conflict has been the most severe. Push, pull and fog of war factors culled from our previous qualitative research suggest that this correlation is not accidental. The mining industry has a poor reputation in India. Most of India s largest mining deposits lie within the states that are considered most corrupt, exacerbating inequality and providing vivid examples of graft. Politicians, police, and mining companies all profit from projects that either skirt or ignore laws meant to protect fragile environmental or human landscapes (Miklian 2012). Many mines are also operationalized with so little consideration for local concerns that citizens feel moved to either commit violence or support the Maoists for their anti-mining rhetoric (Navlahkan 2010, Shah 2011). In these cases, our anecdotal evidence suggested that projects pushed local populations to support the anti-capitalist and antiforeign stances of the Maoists in an attempt to save their lands. Pull factors were also related to increased violence, as districts with heavy mining activity are tremendously attractive targets for the Maoists. These districts have common characteristics that an extensive number of studies show that insurgent groups find desirable: difficult to access terrain (Fearon and Latin 2003), a high degree of corruption in natural resource projects (Ross 2004; le Billon 2004), large amounts of explosives on mine sites that can be stolen and then used against official forces (Miklian and Carney 2010), and a ready population of citizens who feel aggrieved (Regan and Norton 2005). While literature on resource curses is also extensive, it remains underpinned by what le Billon (2001:565) calls the socially constructed nature of resources. Further, unending violence may actually be the desired equilibrium for all parties to the conflict. Peripheral scholars including Duffield (1998) and Keen (2008) take a more nuanced 2 Estimated coal reserves account for approx 55% of this total, with iron at 30% and the remainder split between dozens of other minerals.
7 approach to the political economy of conflict, arguing that violence is not a breakdown of society but merely a different framework that empowers alternate actors financially and politically. Conflicts define material and psychological gain at both the individual and societal levels, but are fundamentally about the transfer, displacement, and acquisition of power be it in a violent or non-violent way (Foucault 2003, Reid 2003). The Maoists have a long history of exploiting these dynamics to further their political and financial aims through both historical (Suykens 2010) and contemporary (People s March 2010) propaganda, which is couched in standard Communist permanent revolution rhetoric. Complicating matters, commercial concerns have become the third rail of conflict. Dozens of major and minor mining companies saw mining deregulation as a spectacular opportunity, and the less scrupulous united with local politicians to use the fog of war as an excuse for a land grab. In the most egregious example, a civilian militia was created in southern Chhattisgarh to fight the Maoists and make the region safer for mining companies to operate (PUCL 2006). After the militia launched, over 100,000 villagers living atop resource beds were forced to flee; many were still not allowed to return years later (HRW 2008). Government mining firms paid both the militia and the Maoists for protection services in order to ensure continued operations (Miklian 2009), or to clear land through proxy wars (Bahree 2010). The Maoists also contributed, extorting 3% of the profits from each of the mine owners under their areas of control to fund their war and play up their Robin Hood credentials to locals (Verma 2011). Many locals willingly joined the Maoists after hearing the government claim that their districts were too violent to have schools, police, or health services for years while continuing to actively support mining activities. There is an important distinction between insurgent recruitment and insurgent latent support (Kalyvas 2006; Weinstein 2006). In many impoverished conflict villages, local support is predicated on the belief that the Maoists can provide services that the government either fails to offer (f.ex. schools), or implements so poorly that the Maoist alternative is preferred (judicial system) (Navlakha 2010). This support is also supported by broader literature on hearts and minds, as citizens may choose to support a violent challenger to the state if service provision is poor (Berman et al. 2011). Support is also a function of fear, as a village that might otherwise resist a challenger often offers material or logistical aid to violent groups that represent a new status quo (Green 1994). However, recruitment remains an individual s decision, which may not reflect the grievance-based issues that drive latent support.
8 Individuals join rebel groups for revenge, justice, personal profit, escaping family situations, machismo, and other reasons that may have nothing to do with the conflict (Humphreys and Weinstein 2008). While latent conditions for rebel recruitment may exist throughout India, they are insufficient to explain alone the Maoists growth. Hypotheses With this background, we develop several hypotheses related to conflict, socio-economic factors, mining, and development at the district level. First, we can theoretically link poverty with a decreased opportunity cost of rebellion (Collier and Hoeffler 2004). It can also, however, represent a lack of state capacity within a district (Fearon & Laitin 2003). Similarly the lack of service provision to rural communities has been cited as a grievance motivating rebellion (Borooah 2008). Maoist insurgents tend to exploit decreased state reach and local grievances in poorer areas, and support may be more easily gained and maintained where income or state reach is reduced 3. We hypothesize that: H1a: Lower levels of income will be related to greater Maoist violence H1b: Lower levels of basic service provision will be related to greater Maoist violence We also assess the role of literacy in supporting violence. Primarily, it is an indicator of human capital and a reflection of livelihood options and expected future income (Collier and Hoeffler 1998; 2004). It follows that where literacy rates are low, income and the opportunity cost to rebel is lowered. Specific to the Indian context is that the literacy rate also represents citizens access to justice and representation in the legal system (Rukare 2006). We therefore hypothesize that: H2: Lower literacy rates will be related to greater Maoist violence Third, we assess the link between the presence of natural resources and conflict. The civil conflict literature gives numerous powerful examples of how rents from natural resources create and sustain civil conflicts; and that their effects on national economies prolong fighting and hinder post-conflict recoveries (e.g. Ross, 2004a, 2004b; de Soysa & Binningsbø, 2009). In several Maoist-affected states, natural resources have been expropriated to finance rebel 3 It must be acknowledged that without undertaking a comprehensive survey of Maoist fighters it is difficult to determine which districts fighters themselves come from. For this reason, any study attempting to make claims on the relationship between district-level (or even state-level) indicators and rebel recruitment without this data will be fundamentally flawed, and the reason for our omission of regarding this important issue. We acknowledge this potential bias, but must assume that district level violence is motivated by variables of the same district.
9 activity (Miklian 2010). We therefore test the effect of presence and value of district level mining, and hypothesize that: H3a: The presence of mining activity in a district will be related to greater Maoist violence H3b: Greater value of mining activity in a district will be related to greater Maoist violence Fourth, the Maoists claim to represent the interests and grievances of disadvantaged populations including scheduled castes and tribes (Shah & Pettigrew, 2009). If the Maoist insurgency is predicated upon an ideological platform that appeals to and requires the support of SC/ST communities, we would expect that greater SC/ST populations increase localized support for Maoists, which may then represent increased violence. Therefore: H4: Greater SC/ST populations will be related to greater Maoist violence Fifth, we assess the effect of policies designed to address rural poverty, most notably NREGA. We expect that where a greater percentage of households are employed under the scheme, there is a greater opportunity cost to engage in violence, leading to decreased support for the Maoists and lower rates of insurgent violence. H5: Greater coverage of the NREGA program will be related to lower levels of Maoist violence It is also highly likely that economic or grievance based factors do not work in isolation, and theoretical and empirical work on civil conflict has moved on considerably from a simple greed or grievance based narrative (or its newer opportunities vs. incentives incarnationsee Miguel & Blattman 2010). We suggest and measure three possible ways in which motive and opportunity may coincide to increase Maoist conflict. First, we test the possibility that mining activities are only likely to increase violence where it disenfranchises local tribal populations. Where mining occurs without creating grievances for Maoists to exploit, violence may not be ideologically or strategically possible. Second, we assess whether mining is conflict-inducing only where it occurs in the context of poor state capacity or poverty. Third, we assess whether poor provision of basic services by the state is only conflict generating where excluded populations are present. We hypothesize that: H6: Mining activity in the context of greater SCST populations will be related to greater levels of Maoist violence.
10 H7: Mining activity in the context of lower levels of income will be related to greater Maoist violence. H8: Poorer basic public services provision in the context of greater SCST populations will be related to greater levels of Maoist violence. 3. Estimation Strategy and Data Our estimation strategy examines the correlates of Maoist violence in India. We employ a cross-sectional design at the district level, and analyze factors related to the incidence and severity of armed insurgency in six Maoist-affected states. Our sample consists of 151 districts from six Maoist affected Indian states for the period from (see appendix 2). We use the count totals of Maoist-related violent events for this period to assess the aggregate levels of violence experienced in the districts of these states since the onset of the most recent phase of the insurgency. This study does not claim to measure temporal aspects that may influence the conflict but rather how structural factors have determined current levels of violence in the districts most affected by the movement. We choose a cross sectional design for this time period for reasons both theoretical and pragmatic. We select only six states as they together represent both the historical and current loci of Maoist insurgency and the vast majority of Maoist-related incidents - over 90% of conflict events and fatalities since the CPI-Maoist was formed in Second, these states also house all of the core districts of Maoist recruitment, activity, and support in the current stage of the rebellion from 2004 onwards. 4 We thus consider that a type of exceptionalism is present in these states, and therefore analyze the relationship between Maoist violence and socio-economic and structural factors for the districts in these six states alone, thus limiting our overall claims to these states. This opens our design to criticisms of selection bias, primarily that we have non-randomly selected states that have experienced high levels of insurgent Maoist violence, thus limiting the veracity of causal inferences. This criticism of non-random selection of cases based on invariant values of the dependent variable is reasonable, and we counter with three points. 4 Also, the UPA government came into power in 2004, providing an opportune marker for rural development policy assessment.
11 First, while the states we choose are hotspots of Maoist violence, our analysis is at the district rather than state level. We include all districts of the six selected states regardless of level of violence. Indeed, 30 % of the 151 districts in our study experienced no conflict events between 2004 and Further, only 57% of districts experienced more than one event over the period of analysis, with significant variation on the number of events and fatalities at this level of aggregation. Secondly, as previously stated there is an exceptionalism about these particular states. While Maoist violence occurs in some limited degree in other states, it is fundamentally less organized and more factional while also far less integrated with the movement in the Eastern states. Third, and most relevant, we do not claim to extend the findings of this paper beyond the six states in question. Addressing the temporal aspects of the study, we forego a panel analysis as existing data is deemed to be of questionable quality or lack variation. Other recent studies have attempted pooled panel analyses that employ questionable methodologies (Gomes 2011). Given our concerns, we limit our study and inferences to what is permitted by current accessible data. Future work will employ 2011 Indian census data to analyze the mobility of the insurgency over time through a district-year panel dataset, and broaden the study to Maoist violence over each district of India to assess whether our conclusions hold. Data While reams of data exist on the Maoist conflict in India, there is no one source that is to-date complete. Data sources are often housed within partisan think-tanks in India, making analyses based on these numbers then a priori either politically slanted, incomplete or misrepresentative (by underreporting civilian killings, for example). For this reason, our dataset is designed to utilize all available legitimate sources, cross-referencing the data with fieldwork, and using only total reported deaths. We do not (and can not without studying every case individually) base our assessments upon reported but often factually dubious accounts of a victim s allegiance, be it civilian, insurgent, army or pro-government militia member. 5 Previous academic attempts to catalogue the scale of the Maoist conflict have therefore been commendable but suffer from sizeable gaps in coverage of Maoist-related events (Iyer 2009) or overly simplify classification of districts where conflict is either present or absent that masks differences in the scale of violence (Boorah 2008). Other emerging 5 Most sources divide deaths at roughly 1/3 civilian, 1/3 insurgent, and 1/3 government. While these figures fluctuate across districts and over time, one-sided violence is not present.
12 research attempts to catalogue Maoist violence over time, but sacrifices validity of measurement in order to create panel datasets (Gomes 2011). In addressing the issue of event completeness, we compiled a unique dataset on incidence and severity of conflict events at the district level using information from three separate sources. We record Maoist related events involving at least one fatality as reported by the South Asian Terrorism Portal (SATP), the National Counterterrorism Centre s Worldwide Incidents Tracking System (WITS) and the Global Terrorism Database. We then cross-checked between sources as well as with our previous qualitative fieldwork and the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Government of India to code all unique violent incidents. Events were geocoded to the district level and the number of fatalities recorded Additionally, all lethal events were dummy coded, in addition to coding the total number of fatalities per event. Our dataset includes information on deaths for combatants, non-combatants, state and non-state actors for the period January 2004 to November a total of 1827 events with 4816 fatalities. Descriptive statistics for these and other variables are shown in Appendix 1. Figure 1 shows the distribution of events and deaths by state. While our dataset represents a significant step forward in coverage and quality, we do not claim to have compiled a complete collection of the events and fatalities of the Maoist insurgency. We rely on third party reports of conflict events from newspaper and wire agencies, and while standards of journalism in India are improving, partisan views or simple omissions most likely ensure that we have not captured all deaths or events particularly in conflict zones. Regardless, this dataset represents the most current and complete source of Maoist related violence presently available Dependent variables It is plausible that there are different drivers of the frequency and magnitude of attacks. Grievance-related issues may associate with the establishment of insurgency, but economic incentives can prolong conflicts and render them more violent. A greater number of attacks, or more severe violent attacks might provoke particularly harsh reactions by the respective state and central governments concerned. They also clearly represent a greater threat to the security and livelihoods of citizens in these areas. We therefore measure the Maoist conflict in three ways. We look at whether a conflict is present or not; how frequently violent events have occurred; and how severe these events have been.
13 Figure 1: Maoist Conflict, Mining districts and SC and ST population share (Map designed by Jan Ketil Rød and Krishna Vadlamannati) Notes: (a) Districts with thicker border lines are the ones with the presence of some mining activities. (b) Dark blue colour indicates SC and ST population share greater than 75%. (c) Red spots are conflict lethal events per capita. Conflict Incidence We measure conflict incidence cross-sectionally by assessing whether or not a district experienced one or more Maoist events that resulted in a fatality for the period between 2004 and We estimate our cross-sectional regressions for conflict incidence employing the probit estimator with controlling for district effects and standard errors clustered at district level (Beck and Katz 1995). This approach assumes that the observations are non-independent within units (districts) but independent across. We estimate the following relationship:
14 Conflict ji N Z 1 ji 2 ji ji (1) Where, Conflict ji represents the armed conflict incidence in a district j in state i, N ji denotes key explanatory variable(s) specific to the Maoist conflict, Z ji are control variables related to the outbreak of civil conflict, and ω ji is an error term for district j in state i. Conflict Intensity: frequency and severity We estimate the intensity of conflict in two ways, generating 2 cross-sectional dependent variables. We measure frequency using the sum of the total number of violent incidents in the period; and measure severity using the sum of the total number of battle deaths due to Maoist violence during the same period. For conflict intensity, we estimate the following relationship: Intensity ji N Z 1 ji 2 ji ji (2) Intensity ji is measured by counts of Maoist violent incidents or battle deaths in a district j in state i. Since the intensity of conflict is a count variable(s), we estimate our cross-sectional regressions employing the negative binomial estimator by controlling for district effects. Our data on the number of violent incidents and battle deaths are strongly skewed to the right (with an accumulation of observations at zero) and display significant over dispersion 6. We therefore employ the Negative Binomial estimator over Poisson method (e.g. see Beck and Katz 1995; Lawless 1987: Cameron and Trivedi 1998) Explanatory variables We test characteristics specific to the Maoist conflict in our vector N ji. We construct several of our variables using data from the 2001 Indian population census and district profiles based on official data. While this data pre-dates our dependent variables measuring Maoist violence from it is the most recent district-level data available. Furthermore, many socioeconomic development indicators in rural areas change relatively slowly over time. Moreover, 6 see descriptive statistics in appendix 1 7 This choice is supported by the results of goodness-of-fit test indicating the appropriateness of using negative binomial methods rather than poisson estimation method.
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The Real Madrid left-back, who gained his reputation as a dead-ball genius with a sensational 30-yard free-kick against France at Le Tournoi two years ago, has dismissed that swerving strike as a "fluke" and nominated Beckham as the best.
He told the magazine FourFourTwo that David Beckham has "got a much better shot from free-kicks than me. He really places the ball beautifully."
As for other English-based players the former Internazionale player admires, Roberto Carlos names Liverpool's Paul Ince and Emmanuel Petit, of Arsenal and France, as the two that have his respect.
"The one who really impressed me was Paul Ince, I played with him at Inter. He's got real character and presence on the pitch and he's a great bloke off the pitch too," the Brazilian said. "I like Petit because of the way he has adapted to the English style of play. He's a quality player. Actually there are lots of players I like."
One of whom, Steve McManaman, is to join him at the Bernabeu this summer.
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Taken in Quebec, Canada
Nikon D3001/2500F4ISO 250EV 0.00Spot MeteringNo Flash360 MMHand Held
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What a beauty !!!! Stunning capture Michael FAVFoppe
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Make a Duffel Bag That's Better Than Santa's
Some sturdy fabric and other materials, basic sewing know-how, and the instructions that follow are all you'll need to make a duffel bag.
Fig. 4. Separate your long (21") zipper and sew one half to each of the "short" ends of the piece of material, with the fastener's teeth pointed in.


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Texans take DE Clowney with first pick in NFL Draft
By Larry Fine
NEW YORK (Reuters) - The Houston Texans beefed up their defensive line by taking extraordinary pass rusher Jadeveon Clowney from the University of South Carolina with the first pick of the 2014 National Football League Draft on Thursday.
The Texans, picking first after a league-worst 2-14 season, kicked off the annual selection party at Radio City Music Hall by taking defensive end Clowney to partner two-time All-Pro DE J.J. Watt, the league Defensive Player of the Year in 2012.
"I'm going to do everything I can to help the program," said Clowney, who registered 24 sacks and 130 tackles in three seasons and became the first sophomore to win the Hendricks Award as the nation's most outstanding defensive end.
"To be the number one pick is the greatest feeling in the world."
Commissioner Roger Goodell was subjected to some jeering as he officially opened the draft, which produces the primary pool of talent for NFL teams as well as plenty to cheer and boo for thousands of fans in attendance decked out in team jerseys.
Clowney was the first of 32 picks in the first round of the draft. Rounds two and three will be held on Friday with the last four rounds conducted on Saturday in the three-day extravaganza.
A freakish athlete, Clowney, who stands 6-feet-5 (1.96 m) and weighs 266 pounds (121 kg), stunned observers at the NFL Scouting Combine in February by running a blistering 4.53 seconds in the 40-yard dash - a time better than many of the wide receivers tested.
The St. Louis Rams used the second pick of the draft to take Auburn offensive tackle Greg Robinson, with the Jacksonville Jaguars grabbing quarterback Blake Bortles of Central Florida University with the third choice. Continued...


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Mobile Review have got the goods on a very, very early model of the Nokia E72, and all signs point to excellent. Announced back in June, the E72 is the follow-up to the cult favourite E71, a top notch business smartphone with oodles of consumer appeal too.
Though the E72 expands on the E71 with the desktop-like Nokia Messaging app (debuted in the recently launched email-friendly E75), optical nav key, plus a five meg snapper and 3.5mm audio jack, its QWERTY keypad seems to be based on the lower-rent E63.
It's still a master at anything office however, with its Quickoffice doc/spreadsheet editing software updated to be compatible with MS Offic 2007.
To check out the Google-translated Russian review, try this. They seem to like it, bar that optical nav key.
Expected Europe launch in late Q3, at EUR350.


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If Pakistan fires one round on us, they have to face 10 bullets henceforth, warned Union Home Minister Rajnath Singh, here on Friday.'Vikas Parva' rally to celebrate two years in office at the Centre, Singh said standing instructions have been given to the military a few days back that our force should not open fire on Pakistan but if they fire on us, our military should open fire indiscriminately, said Rajnath Singh.
Singh said the country's economy has improved considerably. The GDP, which was 4 per cent when NDA assumed office at the Centre, has increased to 7.6 per cent now, he added.The Union home minister claimed that NDA government has given corruption-free and scam-free governance in the last two years and has taken up several pro-people measures.BJP state president Yeddyurappa said people have lost faith in the Siddaramaiah government.


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Marta Tienda
What Must Be Equal For Opportunity To Be Equal?
My research has focused on race and ethnic differences in various metrics of social inequality - ranging from poverty and welfare to education and employment - to address how ascribed attributes acquire their social and economic significance. Through various studies of immigration, population diversification and concentrated poverty, I have documented social arrangements and life course trajectories that both perpetuate and reshape socioeconomic inequality. I recently completed a decade-long study about the effectiveness of social policy in broadening access to higher education. Currently I am developing two research initiatives about age and immigration. One is a comparative study of child migration in traditional and new immigrant nations; the second focuses on late-age immigration to the United States.
Alon, Sigal, Thurston Domina and Marta Tienda. 2010. "Stymied Mobility or Temporary Lull? The Puzzle of Lagging Hispanic College Degree Attainment."Social Forces, 88(4): 1807-1832.
Niu, Sunny X. and Marta Tienda. 2010. "The Impact of the Texas Top 10% Law on College Enrollment: A Regression Discontinuity Approach." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29(1): 84-110.
Fletcher, Jason M. and Marta Tienda. 2009. "High School Classmates and College Success." Sociology of Education, 82(4):287-314.
Alon, Sigal and Marta Tienda. 2007. "Diversity, Opportunity and the Shifting Meritocracy in Higher Education." American Sociological Review, 72(4):487-511.
Tienda, Marta and Faith Mitchell (editors) 2006. Multiple Origins, Uncertain Destinies: Hispanics and the American Future. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Tienda, Marta. 2002. "Demography and the Social Contract." Demography, 39(4): 587-616.


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"I got back last night," Shortridge said. "I also flew out to Nebraska on Friday since our game was canceled. I got a chance to hang out with the team on Friday, go to dinner and then to a movie."
Before the game on Saturday Shortridge said that he got a chance to look around at the campus, spoke to the coaches before they had to get into meetings and also took part in the tunnel walk. Shortridge said that some of the fans at Nebraska knew who he was.
"On Saturday before the game I got a tour of the campus and had a chance to talk with the coaches at Nebraska. The tunnel walk was good. There were a lot of fans there and some of them recognized who I was."
Nebraska won the game handily over Southern Miss, 49-20, and while the offense stood out the defense had a good performance as well. Shortridge said that he liked how Nebraska played on defense and could see himself fitting in there.
"I thought that Nebraska played good. I like how aggressive they are on defense. I think that I could see myself fitting in there with that style."
There is a picture of Shortridge holding Ndamukong Suh's Lombardi award on the Internet from the weekend floating around. Nebraska likes Shortridge to play the same position as Suh in Lincoln and that's where he thinks he fits in the best too.
"Nebraska likes me as a defensive tackle or the three-technique. That's where I think I fit in the best too at Nebraska."
The visit couldn't have been any better according to Shortridge. He gave the visit a perfect score on the visit and says that Nebraska is now high on his list of his favorite schools.
"It was a "10". It was just a great visit. I wouldn't have changed anything really, nothing was bad about it. Nebraska is high on my list of favorites."
This will be a big week for Shortridge. He will finally get a chance to get on the field and start his senior year after the hurricane canceled his game last week. Shortridge will also visit Wake Forest this weekend.
Bryan Munson has worked with Big Red Report for 10 years covering recruiting and football and has covered Nebraska recruiting for 12 years.
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Miami Is Sinking but Might Just Teach the World to Deal With Sea-Level Rise
Regular flooding on South Beach is just a precursor of more sea level rise chaos to come.
photo by maxstrz via Flickr Creative Commons
Unless you're a GOP presidential candidate, you've probably accepted the facts by now: The global climate is changing. The seas are rising. And at some point, low-lying Miami-Dade County is going to do the whole Atlantis thing.
The latest evidence came yesterday, with a new study that found that even in the absolute best-case scenario — massive cuts in carbon emissions worldwide in the very near future — most of Miami would still sink beneath the rising seas. For Dade County, it's probably already too late.
So should everyone in the Magic City just become a nihilist, consigned to our inevitable doom? Not necessarily, says Dr. Benjamin Strauss, coauthor of the newest dire sea-level-rise report.
"There are a few brighter notes, the biggest of which being that there are a lot of people in South Florida government who are working really hard to deal with rising sea levels," says Strauss, who is vice president for sea level and climate impacts at Climate Central, a nonprofit climate research and journalism organization. "Our picture of the long-term rise vindicates their work and shows that it's going to be useful and helpful."
That doesn't mean, of course, that all the good work in Miami will be able to keep the city high and dry. Strauss' work looked at the two biggest factors in climate change — the ratio of global warming to carbon emissions and the resulting rise of sea levels — and his findings were unequivocal.
"We've already passed the point where the legacy and future of Miami is in grave danger," he says. "In our best-case carbon scenario, the land that's home to more than half the people in Miami today would be submerged. In the worst case, every single place where people live would be submerged. It's not great either way."
But there is a small bit of wiggle room for Miami: the time frame. While scientists are sure the climate will keep warming and the seas will keep rising, it's much harder to tell how quickly they'll do so. Strauss' projections for Miami could happen in the next two centuries or the next 2,000 years.
Still, "Miami is in for a great deal of pain this century under almost any circumstances due to sea-level rise," he says.
So why should we feel any hope that local leaders — if not our neanderthal governor — are at least starting to address the problem, with a massive water pump and road-raising plan afoot in Miami Beach and new climate-change positions in Dade County and many individual cities?
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"South Florida is one of the richest communities in the world facing this kind of grave threat from sea-level rise," Strauss says. "Maybe South Florida can develop models for how to deal with rising seas or even on how to relocate its population over time in ways that find economic opportunity and in ways that are equitable."
In other words, the sea-level rise work that happens in South Florida over the next century might just help blueprint such work around the globe. Will it save Miami in the long run? Probably not.
"But if South Florida can do that, it can be a role model to the world. It can make contributions to improve people's lives around the world," Strauss says.
In the meantime, enjoy the beach. We might yet have another couple of hundred years left in the Magic City.
"Every human being is mortal, but that doesn't mean you can't live a meaningful life," Strauss says. "The same is true of cities."
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Advances in Multiaxial Fatigue
24 papers in 5 categories:
Multiaxial Fatigue Life Models
Experimental Multiaxial Fatigue Studies
Multiaxial Stress-Strain Behavior
Multiaxial Micro/Macro Crack Growth Studies
Multiaxial Fatigue of Notched Components.
- Authors / Editors:
- McDowell/Ellis
- Price:
- Price (North America): $108
Price (Elsewhere): $119
- Print ISSN:
- 978-0-8031-1862-1
- Launch:
- 1993
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Use the search filters and
tabs to narrow your search by content type or practice area, or search by keyword. You can also search by date to view past
events, news, and press releases.
For press inquiries or more information about Analysis Group, please contact Sue Brelus, Vice President Marketing:
617.425.8001 fax
Led by experts, Analysis Group CLE seminars cover topics in areas such as antitrust, intellectual property, and class action litigation. To schedule an Analysis Group CLE seminar at your firm or to discuss a specific seminar topic, please contact Sue Brelus, Vice President Marketing:617.425.8193 617.425.8001 faxEmail


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There should be no delay in easing sanctions against Burma if its moves towards democracy continue, David Cameron said today.
But the Prime Minister said he wanted to see the situation for himself before backing any relaxation.
Mr Cameron is due to become the first Western leader to meet democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi since she was elected to parliament when he visits the country tomorrow.
Interviewed on BBC Radio 5 Live, the premier said he would also meet President Thein Sein and "thank him for the work that he has done" on democratic reform.
Asked if sanctions should be eased, Mr Cameron said: "If Burma moves towards democracy then we should respond in kind, and we should not be slow in doing that.
"But first I want to go and see for myself on the ground how things are going."
Some of the business delegation that has been accompanying Mr Cameron around South East Asia are due to travel to Burma.
However, Downing Street has insisted the visit is purely political and the businessmen will merely be carrying out "cultural" activities.
Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak was asked at a joint press conference with Mr Cameron in Kuala Lumpur whether he thought sanctions should now be relaxed.
He said he had recently visited Burma and met President Thein.
"I really do believe first of all that he is sincere," Mr Najib said. "This has been supported by Aung San Suu Kyi's own personal remarks about him."
The premier said he was convinced the momentum to democracy was irreversible, and that view was shared by "many people" in Burma.
Sanctions should be eased quickly in order to shore up the president's popularity, he added.
"We need to support a man like President Thein Sein so he will be supported by the community, because there will be elements who want to take a much more conservative approach," he said.
Mr Cameron said developments in Burma may be "one potential chapter of light" in a "world where there are many dark chapters in history being written".
"Of course we should be sceptical. Of course we should be questioning. Of course we shouldn't be naive," he said.
But he added: "Aung San Suu Kyi herself, who has spent so many years in such a long, lonely but powerful struggle believes that he is acting in good faith."
Britain had played a "leading role" in the imposition of sanctions, and would also not be "backwards" in responding to positive changes, he added.
In a question and answer session with students at the Nottingham University campus in Malaysia later, Mr Cameron said: "I hope that following my meetings tomorrow I will have the confidence to go back to my country, to back to others in the European Union, and argue that the change in Burma is irreversible, that they are set on a path towards democracy, that in a world of difficulty and darkness and all sorts of problems, here is one bright light that we should encourage, and we should respond in a way that makes that regime feel that it is moving in the right direction and that the world is on its side."
- More about:
- Aung San Suu Kyi
- Burma
- Democracy
- Southeast Asia
- Travel


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'The UK is the best-performing economy,' among the G7 group of industrialised nations, said Ryan Shea, an economist at Bank One.
The earlier fall had been triggered by fears that yesterday's half-point cut in UK interest rates meant the economy is in worse shape than feared.
The dollar was weakened by a record fall in US producer prices in October to 1.6% as companies charged less for their goods to boost weak demand.
- More about:
- Industrial Countries
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Vladimir Vork Photographer
Beth CampbellModel Female Sheffield, England, United Kingdom
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/bethany93
Mayhem # 2705595
About MeI haven't modelled in a while due to University commitments, I am wanting to get back into it. I now have short hair, soon to be going shorter.
Everything I do, it's part of a bigger plan, it's part of my steps for my movement, to get where I eventually want to be. I would like to be a good role model for women and children across the globe to not be afraid to be who they are.
Have you worked with Beth Campbell? Add Credits for Beth Campbell! >>
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- 1 tablespoon canola oil, plus more for frying
- 1/4 teaspoon cumin seeds
- 1 teaspoon minced fresh ginger
- 1 teaspoon minced seeded jalapeño
- 1/2 teaspoon ground coriander
- 1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
- 1 pound frozen green peas, thawed
- 1/2 cup water
- 1 tablespoon chopped cilantro
- 1 teaspoon pomegranate molasses (optional)
- Salt
- 8 frozen empanada wrappers, thawed
- Prepared cilantro chutney and tamarind chutney, for serving
Heat the 1 tablespoon of oil in a medium skillet. Add the cumin seeds and cook over moderate heat until fragrant, 30 seconds. Add the ginger, jalapeño, coriander and cayenne and cook, stirring, until fragrant, 30 seconds. Add the green peas and the water and cook until the peas are tender and most of the water has evaporated, 5 minutes. Transfer the mixture to a food processor and let cool slightly. Add the cilantro and pomegranate molasses and pulse until the peas are finely chopped. Season with salt.
Arrange the empanada wrappers on a work surface and brush the edges with water. Divide the filling among the wrappers. Fold the dough over and pinch from the bottom to the center to form a cone. Fold the top of the dough down to meet the edges and pinch well to seal, forming a triangular dumpling.
In a deep, medium skillet, heat 3/4 inch of oil to 350°. Fry the samosas over moderately high heat, turning once, until golden and crisp, 5 minutes. Drain on a paper towel–lined rack. Serve with cilantro and tamarind chutneys.


text: To get from Capannori to Niscemi by train you can catch one of the 2 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Niscemi leaves from Capannori at 18:46 and the last train departs at 22:39. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 20:60 hours. For your trip from Capannori to Niscemi by train you can choose to leave from one of Capannori main stations: Tassignano-Capannori On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Niscemi and book the best itinerary starting from Capannori.


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Young female model needed for Makeup Masterclass
Talent type: 1x Female Model
Job type: Beauty
- Job ID: 123773
Sat 20th Aug 2016 - 10:15 AM to 12:45 PM
Pyrmont, NSW
$190 flat fee per talent
Female model needed for Makeup Masterclass showcasing Spring/Summer Trends 90 minute session. This training session is to promote new makeup techniques to a classroom of stockists.
Youngblood Mineral Cosmetics Global Corporate Trainer Daniel Chavez
Date: Saturday
Location: Novotel Sydney on Darling Harbour


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It is not enough to blog about various topics in a popular niche. To attract loyal readers, you must enter the leading niche content.
Of course, the most popular niches are health, fitness, love, travel and technology. The purpose of this article is to help you think of new content for a niche. You must have a clear understanding of what people want to read and how to create high quality content, such as.
Continuously updated
The best we can do for you and your blog to keep up with new developments in your niche. However, do not confuse the average for copying content from other bloggers. You should use the information as a mere source of his knowledge. You must subscribe to a blog with other bloggers in your niche.
Grammar and writing style is very important. If you want people to take you seriously, you have to write like you have a degree in journalism. Expand your vocabulary, but do not use overly complicated words. Also, learn to write in an interesting style. This can be done by dividing the flow of your sentences.
Today, technology and health trends. If your niche is health related, you need to know about the different forms of medical equipment, including various technical devices in their practice. This includes anything from the tablet with advanced machines. In addition, there is also a blog about finding the new in terms of vaccines and drugs for life-threatening diseases and conditions.
When fitness, yoga fitness niche trends. Bloggers who write about the various advantages of a lifestyle practitioner of yoga, such as improved health and higher medication. Other trending topics may include a review of the exercise machines and new exercises holistic approach.
There are many topics that you can blog about love. Farewell management articles always famous, but also the most expensive to read about how to maintain a relationship or looking for the perfect match. You have the flexibility to blog every aspect of love. However, because of this, niche love is over-Saturated, making it difficult to claim a famous blog love. Travel Blogs are usually owned by people with experience. If you are writing on the subject of travel, you must have first-hand experience of what you wrote. However, the travel niche also allows for creative freedom. You can blog about various hotels, and places to visit in the city or town.


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The Great Cloister of St Hugh's, Parkminster is the largest in the world. The photograph below shows part of two sides of the Great Cloister with the cells attached:
The next photo shows the door to the cell I was given. Each cell has a text on the door: mine was "Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also". To the right of the door is the hatch where the brothers leave food and any other items such as toiletries, light bulbs etc. that have been requested.
Inside is a spacious ambulacrum with windows onto the enclosed garden. There is thus room for the monk to take exercise if the weather prevents him from walking in the garden. The stairs go up to the main living quarters and down to the work area and garden. To the left of the cell door, you can see the inside door of the hatch.
Here is a view of the ambulacrum from the stairs:
Upstairs, the first room in the main part of the cell is called the Ave Maria.
The custom is to kneel down and say a Hail Mary every time you enter this room. The novice master noticed that I knelt on one knee and he gently told me off - "Ah you're like the old Irish fellow - you'd be holding your cap on the other knee and be out the door as soon as the priest said Ite Missa Est." (Fr Cyril is Irish himself.) The Ave Maria is used for light work.
Then there is the main part of the cell, the cubiculum. The photo shows the bed and the Oratiorium. The bed is simple - a wooden bed with a thin mattress and a pillow. The pillow gave me another fit of the giggles. Expecting it to be like a modern pillow, I picked it up and moved it. It came down with a thud, being as heavy as a rock and almost as hard.
The Oratorium (next to my tell-tale Roman cassock) has a full size choir stall. When saying the office privately in cell, the Carthusians observe all the postures that they would observe if they were in Choir.
The wood burning stove provides hot water as well as heating. It wasn't really necessary at this time of year but I couldn't resist trying it out. If the fire is packed properly, it roars up very quickly and efficiently. One problem is that the paper used to start the fire was from old copies of the Thompson Directory. It was a bit laborious tearing out pages and screwing them up but I realised that newspapers would be a potential source of distraction.
The Carthusian leaves his cell three times a day - for the Night Office, Mass, and Vespers. If it is necessary to leave the cell for something else: to go to the library or to a class, for example, the recommendation is to try to arrange that activity after Mass or before Vespers so that there is no need to leave the cell on an additional occasion.
The purpose of the solitude and silence is to draw closely to God in contemplative union - to broaden the inner horizon while restricting the worldly horizon would be one way of trying to explain it. There is a great emphasis on prayer as "direct" union with God - praying rather than thinking about prayer, or God, or the truths of the faith. The Carthusians thus have a strong affinity with the desert Fathers whose aim was essentially the same.
As a parish priest, I am often on my own in the presbytery. People who visit to arrange a Baptism or a Wedding comment on how quiet it is, how they can hear the clock ticking, or the birds singing for example. This is in contrast to a world in which people abhor silence, as "nature abhors a vacuum" and blot out the silence with the television or with recorded music. The silence of the Charterhouse is not an empty silence, not simply an absence of noise. It is a silence in which God can communicate with the soul, where distractions are reduced to a minimum.
There are, of course, dangers in this way of life. Over nine centuries, a balanced rhythm has developed and matured between silence and prayer in choir; between solitude and recreation (the weekly walk); between stillness and manual work (an essential part of the life); between fasting and proper nourishment. I will explore some of these in future posts.


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I actually followed up on my plans for the weekend and tackled cleaning and organizing of my apartment (at least a little bit).
As I approach my three year anniversary in my apartment, I find that my decorating style is moving more towards that of permanence rather than... seasonal. I guess I am just picking up on the way my mom decorated our (and currently decorates her) home. Outside of adding a few cute birds for Spring, pumpkins for Fall, and Santa's for Christmas (plus cut flowers... always cut flowers), my mom's decorating is classic and rarely ever dated or out of style.
Looking back, when I first started decorating my apartment, I would put up decorations for every season and holiday... Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, the 4th of July, Fall, Thanksgiving, Christmas, Winter... and you know what? That takes a lot of time, space, and money!
So as I have been putting away my Christmas/Valentine's Day/St. Patrick's Day decor items over the past few weeks (and months), I have decided to move in the direction of my mom (read: adult). More permanent less holiday-y decor. It started with the plate wall in my dining room and has moved into the bookcase wall, also in my dining room.
I knew exactly the direction I was going to move in when, last Monday, at an after-work stop at Michael's I found the white frame (above) on sale for $7.99. It is very Ikea-y (young, modern, fresh) and exactly what I need to fill the space over my bookcase. That space is one of the first things you see when you walk in my apartment (it is just left of being directly in line with my front door); but I haven't really found the right, permanent decor for it.
For a long time I had a framed invitation to the 1984 Reagan inauguration hanging over the bookcase. But after having it up for a while, it became too... heavy, too formal. It will be great for a future office, though, so it is wrapped and packed away!
While I was at Michael's I picked up a few things from their clearance bin, including a black 'J' and glitter clothes pins for only 50 cents per package! I paired them with a cute bunny for Spring and some faux pink peonies, that I can easily change out to match the season (but not go crazy).
I bought two packs of silver glitter clothes pins and two packs of gold glitter clothes pins.
I used the clothes pins for picture holders... and love it!
Paired with my plate wall, I think it looks great! Now... just to finally tackle my dining room table.
{I party with these blogs.}


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Principal Analog IC Design Engineer - Scotland
A new opportunity has arisen for an experienced Analog/Mixed Signal IC Design Engineer to join a successful company involved in high performance Analog/Mixed Signal ICs for the consumer electronics market.
In this position you will be joining the Audio team and your tasks will include; leading the design of IC development projects, hands on block level design from spec to clean database, top level chip verification and interpreting requirement specifications to achieve design strategies for Audio and Power Management products. As a Principal designer you will be tasked with mentoring more junior engineers.
The successful applicant will have a minimum of 8 years experience in Analog IC Design in one of the following areas: audio and power management; consumer displays; automotive body electronics or wireless hand-held. Experience in some or all of the following is also required; DC-DC converters, switching converters, controllers: Buck/Boost/Chargers, Linear regulators, ADC's (SAR, sigma-delta, time-to-digital converters, pipeline), PLLs, charge pumps, bandgaps.
You will be required to work to a high standard and within deadline, be self-motivated and work well in team. The ability to propose innovative and leading edge solutions will be a strong benefit.
Apply today for immediate consideration.
Applicants with experience in the following; Semiconductor company seeks Analog(Analogue)/Mixed Signal IC Design Engineer. Audio, Power management, CMOS, DC-DC, Buck/Boost/Chargers, Linear regulators, ADC's (SAR, sigma-delta, time-to-digital converters, pipeline), PLLs, charge pumps, bandgaps will be considered for this role. Location: Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.


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Andrew Thomas
Cherries Laying System Review
Cherries Laying System by Andrew Thomas is a horse race laying plan available as a separate service or can be combined with the company's sports betting servcies. The success of this system is down to employing the top experts in their field and adopting strict staking plans.
August 25, 2010 | 0 Comments More


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>> The Fashion Weeks are flying by. Next stop? Milan — home of some of the chicest street-snapped looks yet. So far, there have been eye-popping brights, head-to-toe prints, and too many delectable accessories to count. See them all right here — with more to come as the Milan shows go on.
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Really nice fashion collection from Milan-Fashion-Week. Thanks for sharing with us. :) Aron from Store Hours>
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Regulator finds economic ties between Slim and Dish Mexico -report
MEXICO CITY, June 30 (Reuters) - Mexico's telecoms regulator has found that tycoon Carlos Slim's fixed-line phone company Telmex and pay-television provider Dish Mexico have undisclosed economic links that may breach anti-trust rules, a newspaper reported on Monday.
Slim dominates Mexico's phone and Internet markets through Telmex's parent, America Movil, but the terms of Telmex's concession prevent the company from offering TV, mindful that the billionaire could crush competitors.
If the regulator, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT), found that Telmex is in breach of its concession, it could fine the company.
Dish Mexico, which is backed by Mexico's MVS Comunicaciones and Colorado-based EchoStar Corp, has drawn millions of customers, many from Televisa, the No. 1 Mexican broadcaster, which offers pay TV, Internet and phone services.
Telmex and Dish have had a deal to print a single bill for shared services, but El Financiero said the IFT has decided there is evidence of a tie-up between the two that goes further.
"The alliance between Dish Mexico Holdings and its subsidiaries with Telmex ... has an economic aim of giving Telmex influence over Dish Mexico's business, allowing the two companies to coordinate the behavior and decision making of Dish Mexico in the market," the newspaper said, citing a report it said was sent to both companies and dated May 21.
El Financiero said the two companies had 30 working days to respond, a time period that ends this week.
IFT declined to comment on the report. Spokesmen for Telmex and MVS also declined to comment.
Televisa's satellite TV business Sky has faced tough competition from Dish Mexico, which offers its most basic package at less than half the price of a similar Sky package. Continuación...