text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Aug 14, 2007
|Filing date
|Aug 25, 2004
|Priority date
|Oct 31, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Syed V. S. Kashmiri, Eduardo A. Padlan, Jeffrey Schlom
|Original Assignee
|United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (29), Non-Patent Citations (34), Classifications (29), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/830,748, filed Apr. 30, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,818,749, which is the � 371 U.S. national stage of International Application No. PCT/US99/25552 filed Oct. 29, 1999, which was published in English under PCT Article 21(2), which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/106,534 filed Oct. 31, 1998 and U.S. Provisional Application 60/106,757 filed Nov. 2, 1998, all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
Antibodies are specific immunoglobulin (Ig) polypeptides produced by the vertebrate immune system in response to challenges by foreign proteins, glycoproteins, cells, or other antigenic foreign substances. The binding specificity of such polypeptides to a particular antigen is highly refined, with each antibody being almost exclusively directed to the particular antigen which elicited it. This specificity resides in the structural complementarity between the antibody combining site and the antigenic determinant. Antibody combining sites are made up of residues that are primarily from the hypervariable or complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Occasionally, residues from nonhypervariable or framework regions do influence the overall domain structure and hence the combining site.
There are two major methods for generating vertebrate antibodies: generation of polyclonal antibodies in situ by mammalian B lymphocytes and generation of monoclonal antibodies in cell culture by B cell hybrids.
To generate antibodies in situ, an animal (such as a mouse or rabbit) is injected with an antigen. Several weeks later, blood is drawn from the animal and centrifuged. The resulting serum contains antibodies against the injected antigen. The resulting antibodies are polyclonal antibodies because they are products of many different populations of antibody producing cells and hence differ somewhat in their precise specificity and affinity for the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology in which an antibody producing cell is fused with a tumor cell that has the capacity for unlimited proliferation. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies are homogeneous because they are synthesized by a population of identical cells that are derived from a single hybridoma cell.
However, the use of monoclonal antibodies in humans is severely restricted when the monoclonal antibody is produced in a non-human animal. Repeated injections in humans of a "foreign" antibody, such as a mouse antibody, may lead to harmful hypersensitivity reactions, i.e., anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) or an anti-idiotypic, response. The HAMA response makes repeated administrations ineffective due to an increased rate of clearance from the patient's serum and/or allergic reactions by the patient.
Attempts have been made to manufacture human-derived monoclonal antibodies using human hybridomas. Unfortunately, yields of monoclonal antibodies from human hybridoma cell lines are relatively low compared to mouse hybridomas. Additionally, human cell lines expressing immunoglobulins are relatively unstable compared to mouse cell lines, and the antibody producing capability of these human cell lines is transient. Thus, while human immunoglobulins are highly desirable, human hybridoma techniques have not yet reached the stage where human monoclonal antibodies with the required antigenic specificities can be easily obtained.
Thus, antibodies of non-human origin have been genetically engineered to create chimeric or humanized antibodies. Such genetic engineering results in antibodies with a reduced risk of a HAMA response compared to that expected after injection of a human patient with a mouse antibody. For example, chimeric antibodies can be formed by grafting non-human variable regions to human constant regions. Khazaeli et al. (1991), J. Immunotherapy 15:42-52. Generally humanized antibodies, are formed by grafting non-human complementarity determining regions (CDRS) onto human framework regions (FRs) (See European Patent Application 0 239 400; Jones et al. (1986), Nature (London), 321:522-525; and Reichman et al. (1988), Nature (London), 332:323-327). Typically, humanized monoclonal antibodies are formed by grafting all six (three light chain and three heavy chain) CDRs from a non-human antibody into Framework Regions (FRs) of a human antibody. Alternately, Fv antibodies (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,334) or single chain Fv (SCFV) antibodies (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778) can be employed to reduce the risk of a HAMA response.
However, these modified antibodies still retain various non-human light and heavy chain variable regions: the chimeric, Fv and single chain Fv antibodies retain entire non-human variable regions and CDR-grafted antibodies retain CDR of non-human origin. Such non-human regions can elicit an immunogenic reaction when administered to a human patient. Thus, many humanized MAbs remain immunogenic in both subhuman primates and in humans, with the humoral response of the host directed towards the variable region of these MAb (Hakimi et al. (1991), J. Immunol., 147:1352-1359; Stephens et al. (1995), Immunology, 85:668-674; Singer et al. (1993), J. Immunol., 150:2844-2857; and Sharkey et al. (1995), Cancer Res. 55:5935s-5945s).
One known human carcinoma tumor antigen is tumor associated glycoprotein-72 (TA-72), as defined by monoclonal antibody B72.3 (See Thor et al., (1986) Cancer Res., 46:3118-3124; and Johnson et al., (1986), Cancer Res., 46:850-85). TAG-72 is associated with the surface of certain tumor cells of human origin.
Numerous murine monoclonal antibodies have been developed which have binding specificity for TAG-72. Exemplary murine monoclonal antibodies include the "CC" (colon cancer) monoclonal antibodies, which are a library of murine monoclonal antibodies developed using TAG-72. Certain CC antibodies have been deposited with the ATCC, including CC49 (ATCC No. HB 9459). Monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 is a second-generation antibody of B72.3 that reacts with the pancarcinoma tumor-associated antigen, TAG-72. Radiolabeled MAb CC49 has been shown to target tumor in both animal models and in ongoing radioimmunotherapeutic and raiodimmunodiagnostic clinical trials. (Divgi et al. (1994) Nucl. Med. Biol., 21:9-15; Meredith et al. (1994), J. Nucl. Med., 35:1017-1022; Mulligan et al. (1995), Clin. Cancer Res., 1:1447-1454; Arnold et al. (1992), Ann. Surgery, 216:627-632)The potential clinical utility of MAb CC49 is evident both from animal studies and ongoing clinical trials with the antibody. However, patients administered MAb CC49 do generate HAMA responses (Divgi et al, (1994) Nuc. Med. Biol., 21:9-15); Mulligan et al., (1995) Clin. Cancer Res., 1:1447-1454).
A humanized monoclonal antibody (HuCC49) has been formed by grafting hypervariable regions from monoclonal antibody CC49 into variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) frameworks of human monoclonal antibodies LEN and 21/28′ CL, respectively, while retaining murine framework residues required for integrity of the antigen combining-site structure. (See, Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma, 14(5):461-473). This HuCC49 was shown to bind the TAG-72 antigen, albeit with a lower affinity, and demonstrated equivalent tumor targeting in animal models bearing human tumor xenografts.
It has been shown that not all residues of CDRs are critical in the complementarity of antigen/antibody surfaces. Known structures of the antigen-antibody complexes suggests that only 20-33% of CDR residues are involved in antigen contact (Padlan, (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31:169-217). A comprehensive analysis of the available data of the sequences and the three dimensional structure of antibody combining sites has helped identify CDR residues that may be most critical in the antigen antibody interaction (Padlan et al., (1995) FASEB J., 9:133-139). These residues are designated as specificity determining residues (SDRs). Specificity determining residues vary between antibodies.
The invention is directed towards mouse-human chimeric variants of CC49 monoclonal antibodies with minimal murine content which elicit minimal adverse responses when administered to a human patient. The invention is also directed towards biotechnological methods of making the variants and therapeutic methods of using the variants.
A first aspect of the invention provides CDR variants of humanized monoclonal antibody (HuCC49) in which less than all six (three heavy chain and three light chain) Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) of CC49 are present. A second aspect of the invention provides SDR variants of humanized monoclonal antibody (HuCC49) in which only Specificity Determining Regions (SDRs) of at least one CDR from CC49 are present. Surprisingly, the CC49 variants of the invention have the same or similar binding affinity as humanized CC49 monoclonal antibody which includes all six (three heavy chain and three light chain) CDRs.
In particular, the invention relates to variants of HuCC49 in which either L-CDR1 or L-CDR2, or both, are from a human monoclonal antibody (LEN). These variants of HuCC49 have the substantially the same affinity constant as HuCC49, or show only a two fold lower relative affinity than that of HuCC49.
Other suitable variants include corresponding human residues at position 97 of the light chain in addition to a substitution of L-CDR1 and/or L-CDR2 from CC49 with the corresponding CDRs from a human antibody. In another embodiment, the variant includes a substitution at position 97 on the light chain in addition to a substitution of L-CDR1 and/or L-CDR2 from CC49 with the corresponding CDRs from a human antibody in combination with substitutions at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 on the heavy chain. In another embodiment, the variant includes a substitution at position 97 on the light chain in combination with substitutions at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 on the heavy chain.
Prior to setting forth the invention, definitions of certain terms which are used in this disclosure are set forth below:
Antibody: This refers to single chain, two-chain, and multi-chain proteins and glycoproteins belonging to the classes of polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric and hetero immunoglobulins (monoclonal antibodies being preferred); it also includes synthetic and genetically engineered variants of these immunoglobulins. "Antibody fragment" includes Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, and Fv fragments, as well as any portion of an antibody having specificity toward a desired target epitope or epitopes.
Chimeric antibody: This refers to an antibody which includes sequences derived from two different antibodies, which typically are of different species. Most typically, chimeric antibodies include human and murine antibody fragments, generally human constant and murine variable regions.
Humanized antibody: This refers to an antibody derived from a non-human antibody, typically murine, and a human antibody which retains or substantially retains the antigen-binding properties of the parent antibody but which is less immunogenic in humans.
Complementarity Determining Region, or CDR: This refers to amino acid sequences which together define the binding affinity and specificity of the natural Fv region of a native immunoglobulin binding site. The light and heavy chains of an immunoglobulin each have three CDRs, designated L-CDR1, L-CDR2, L-CDR3 and H-CDR1, H-CDR2, H-CDR3, respectively. By definition, the CDRs of the light chain are bounded by the residues at positions 24 and 34 (L-CDR1). 50 and 56 (LCDR2), 89 and 97 (LCDR3); the CDRs of the heavy chain are bounded by the residues at positions 31 and 35b (H-CDR1), 50 and 65 (H-CDR2), 95 and 102 (H-CDR3), using the numbering convention delineated by Kabat et al., (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Edition, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (NIH Publication No. 91-3242).
Framework Region: This refers to amino acid sequences interposed between CDRs. These portions of the antibody serve to hold the CDRs in an appropriate orientation for antigen binding.
Specificity Determining Residue, or SDR: This refers to amino acid residues of an immunoglobulin that are directly involved in antigen contact.
Constant Region: This refers to the portion of the antibody molecule which confers effector functions. In the present invention, the variant antibodies include constant regions derived from human immunoglobulins. The heavy chain constant region can be selected from any of five isotypes: alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma or mu. Heavy chains of various subclasses (such as the IgG subclass of heavy chains) are responsible for different effector functions. Thus, by choosing the desired heavy chain constant region, humanized antibodies with the desired effector function can be produced. The light chain constant region can be of the kappa or lambda type, preferably the kappa type.
Mammals: This refers to animals that nourish their young with milk secreted by mammary glands, preferably warm blooded mammals.
Immunogenicity: A measure of the ability of a targeting protein or therapeutic moiety to elicit an immune response (humoral or cellular) when administered to a recipient. The present invention is concerned with the immunogenicity of humanized antibody CC49.
Reduced immunoienicity: This refers to an antibody, typically humanized, that exhibits reduced immunogenicity relative to the parent antibody.
Immunoreactivity: A measure of the ability of an immunoglobulin to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
Substantially similar binding properties: This refers to a humanized antibody which retains the ability to specifically bind the antigen recognized by the parent antibody used to produce the humanized antibody. Preferably, the affinity of the humanized antibody is at least about 10% of the affinity of the parent antibody, more preferably at least about 25%, even more preferably at least about 50%. Most preferably, the humanized antibody exhibits antigen-binding affinity that is at least about 75% of the affinity of the parent antibody. Methods for assaying antigen-binding affinity are well known in the art and include half-maximal binding assays, competition assays, and Scatchard analysis.
Substantially Homologous: Refers to immunoglobulin sequences that exhibit at least about 85% identity, more preferably about 90% identity, most preferably about 95% identity with a reference immunoglobulin, wherein % identity is determined by comparing the number identical of amino acid residues between the two immunoglobulins, wherein the positions of the amino acid residues are indicated using the Kabat numbering scheme.
Nomenclature: Nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, protective groups, active groups and so on, when abbreviated, are abbreviated according to the IUPAC IUB (Commission on Biological Nomenclature) or the practice in the fields concerned.
To facilitate understanding of the invention, a discussion of the structure of a typical antibody molecule will first be provided. The basic immunological structural unit is shown in
Each chain contains distinct sequence domains. The light chain includes two domains, a variable domain (VL) and a constant domain (CL). The heavy chain includes four domains, a variable domain (VH) and three constant domains (CH1, CH2 and CH3, collectively referred to as CH) The variable regions of both light (VL) and heavy (VH) chains determine binding recognition and specificity to the antigen. The constant region domains of the light (CL) and heavy (CH) chains confer important biological properties such as antibody chain association, secretion, transplacental mobility, complement binding, and binding to Fc receptors. The Fv fragment is the N-terminal part of the Fab fragment of an immunoglobulin consisting of the variable portions of one light chain and one heavy chain. The specificity of the antibody resides in the structural complementarity between the antibody combining site and the antigenic determinant. Antibody combining sites are made up of residues that are primarily from the hypervariable or complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Occasionally, residues from nonhypervariable or framework regions (FR) influence the overall domain structure and hence the combining site.
The variants of the invention are derived from a humanized CC49 (referred to as "parental HuCC49"). Parental HuCC49 is formed by grafting all six (three heavy chain and three light chain) MAb CC49 hypervariable regions onto the variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) frameworks of the human MAbs LEN and 21/28′CL, respectively, while retaining murine framework residues that may be required for the integrity of the antigen combining site structure (
A first aspect of the invention provides CDR variants of humanized monoclonal antibody (HuCC49) in which less than all six (three heavy chain and three light chain) Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) of CC49 are present. A second aspect of the invention provides SDR variants of humanized monoclonal antibody (HuCC49) in which only Specificity Determining Regions (SDRs) of at least one CDR from CC49 are present.
CDR Variants
According to the invention, CDR variants are formed by replacing at least one CDR of CC49 in HuCC49 with a corresponding CDR from a human antibody. Preferably, the L-CDR1 or L-CDR2, or both, from CC49 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody. The inventors have found that a variant in which any of LCDR3, H-CDR1, H-CDR2 or H-CDR3 of CC49 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody do not retain significant binding affinity.
Binding Affinity of CDR Variants
According to the invention, CDR variants in which L-CDR1 or L-CDR2 of CC49, or both, are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody retain biological activity that is substantially similar to the binding affinity of the parental CC49. Generally, the CDR variants of the invention have a binding affinity that is about 25% to about 50% if the binding affinity of the parental CC49, more preferably about 50% to about 75%, most preferably, about 75% to about 100%.
CDR variants in which H-CDR2 is replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody that is only slightly immunoreactive with TAG-72. In particular, such variants have a relative binding affinity that is about 300 fold less than that of CC49.
CDR variants in which L-CDR3, H-CDR1, or H-CDR3 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody do not appear to retain any binding affinity for TAG-72.
Immunogenicity of CDR Variants
The CDR variants that have a reduced immunogenicity when compared to HuCC49 formed by grafting all six (three heavy chain and three light chain) CDR from CC49 onto the variable light (VL) and variable heavy (VH) frameworks of the human MAbs LEN and 21/28′CL, respectively. That is, the CDR variants of the invention are less likely to elicit an anti-idiotypic or HAMA response. Immunogenicity can be characterized using competition radioimmunoassays known in the art in which an "anti-CC49" antibody that recognizes the parental CC49 is exposed to both the parental MAb and the variant. Generally, a reduction in immnunogenicity is reflected by a reduction in binding of the variant by the anti-CC49 antibody.
CDR variants in which L-CDR1 or L-CDR2, or both, of CC49 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody show a slight reduction in immunogenicity, that is, the variants do not bind to the anti-CC49 antibody as well as HuCC49.
CDR variants in which L-CDR3 or H-CDR2 of CC49, is replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody show a substantial reduction in immunogenicity. However, the inventors have found that such variants also show a substantial reduction in immunoreactivity.
CDR variants in which H-CDR1 or H-CDR3 or CC49 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody do not show any measurable change in immunogenicity.
SDR Variants
The inventors have discovered that all six CDR of CC49 need not be present in their entirely for the humanized antibody to retain activity. Only residues that are directly involved in antigen contact, the Specificity Determining Residues (SDRs), are needed. SDR variants are formed by replacing at least one SDR of CC49 in HuCC49 with a residue at a corresponding position from a human antibody.
It should be noted that not all CDRs include SDRs. For example, it was determined that L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 of CC49 do not have any SDRs. Therefore, in one variant of the invention, L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 are replaced entirely with human CDRs. However, SDR variants can be formed by replacing residues within these CDRS with a corresponding human residue. L-CDR1 from CC49 and LEN differ at three positions, 27b, 27f and 29. Because residues 27b, 27f, 29 are not important for the binding affinity of CC49, a suitable SDR variant can include a corresponding human residue at any of these position, or at any combination of these positions. L-CDR2 from CC49 and LEN differ at position 53 only. Residue 53 is not considered important for the binding affinity of CC49. Thus, a suitable variant can include a corresponding human residue at position 53.
L-CDR3 of CC49 differs from LEN at three positions, 94, 96 and 97. The partially buried residue at position 97 is not important for the antigen binding activity of CC49. Thus, a suitable SDR variant can include a corresponding human residue at position 97. However, positions 94 and 96 of L-CDR3 are involved in ligand contact, and should not be replaced to generate a functional SDR variant.
H-CDR1 of CC49 and 21/28′CL differ at three positions, 31, 32 and 34. However, SDR variants which include a corresponding human residue at positions 32 and 24 demonstrate no antigen binding affinity. Thus, a functional SDR variant should not include a corresponding human residue at either of these positions.
H-CDR2 of CC49 differs from human MAb 21/28′CL at eleven positions. The residues at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 are not required for antigen binding activity. Therefore, a SDR variant of the invention can include a corresponding human residue at any of positions 60, 61, 62 and 64, or any combinations thereof.
Generally, H-CDR3 does not need to be considered when designing an SDR variant, because it does not show any reactivity to patients' sera.
In a preferred embodiment, the variant includes a combination of CDR and/or SDR substitutions to generate a variant having reduced immunogenicity and a binding affinity that is substantially similar to that of parental CC49. Suitable combinations include CDR variants in which both L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 of CC49 are replaced by a corresponding CDR from a human antibody. Other suitable variants include a combination of SDR and CDR substitutions. For example, a suitable variant can include corresponding human residues at position 97 of the light chain in addition to a substitution of L-CDR1 and/or L-CDR2 from CC49 with the corresponding CDRs from a human antibody. In another preferred embodiment, the variant includes a substitution at position 97 on the light chain in combination with substitutions at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 on the heavy chain. In yet another embodiment, the variant includes a substitution at position 97 on the light chain in addition to a substitution of L-CDR1 and/or L-CDR2 from CC49 with the corresponding CDRs from a human antibody in combination with substitutions at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 on the heavy chain.
In addition to variants specifically described herein, other "substantially homologous" modified immunoglobulins can be readily designed and manufactured using various recombinant DNA techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the framework regions can be varied at the primary structure level. Moreover, a variety of different human framework regions may be used singly or in combination as a basis for the variant. In general, modifications of the genes may be readily accomplished by a variety of well-known techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis.
Alternatively, polypeptide fragments comprising only a portion of the primary antibody structure may be produced wherein the fragment substantially retains the immunoreactivity properties of the variant. These polypeptide fragments include fragments produced by proteolytic cleavage of intact antibodies by methods well known in the art, or fragments produced by inserting stop codons at the desired locations nucleotide sequence using site-directed mutagenesis. For example, a stop codon can be inserted after CH1 to produce Fab fragments or after the hinge region to produce F(ab′)2 fragments. Single chain antibodies and fusion proteins which includes at least an immunoreactivity fragment of the variant are also included within the scope of the invention. For example, the variants may be directly or indirectly attached to effector moieties having therapeutic activity. Suitable effector moieties include cytokines, cytotoxins, radionuclides, drugs, immunomodulators, therapeutic enzymes, anti-proliferative agents, etc. Methods for attaching antibodies to such effectors are well known in the art.
Binding Affinity of SDR Variants
L-CDR1 from CC49 and LEN differ at three positions, 27b, 27f and 29. Since L-CDR1 of CC49 can be replaced with the corresponding CDR from LEN without any significant loss of antigen binding reactivity, residues 27b, 27f, 29 are not considered important for the binding affinity of CC49. Thus, a variant of the invention can include a corresponding human residue at any of these three positions, or any combination thereof, and retain a binding affinity that is substantially similar to that of the parent HuCC49.
In L-CDR2, CC49 and LEN differ at position 53 only. Since L-CDR2 of CC49 can be replaced with the corresponding CDR from LEN without any significant loss of antigen binding reactivity, residue 53 is not considered important for the binding affinity of CC49. Thus, the humanized antibody of the invention can include a corresponding human residue at residue 53 and retain a binding affinity that is substantially similar to that of the parent HuCC49.
L-CDR3 of CC49 differs from LEN at three positions, 94, 96 and 97. The partially buried residue at position 97 is not important for the antigen binding activity of CC49. Thus, the humanized antibody of the invention can include a corresponding human residue at position 97 and retain a relative binding affinity that is substantially similar to that of CC49. However, positions 94 and 96 of L-CDR3 appear to be involved in ligand contact. Therefore, an SDR variant which includes a corresponding human residue at either position 94 or 96, or both will generally suffer total or near total loss of antigen binding reactivity.
H-CDR1 of CC49 and 21/28′CL differ at three positions, 31, 32 and 34. SDR variants which include a corresponding human residues at positions 32 and 24 demonstrate no antigen binding affinity.
H-CDR2 of CC49 differs from human MAb 21/28′CL at eleven positions. The residues at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 do not appear to be required for antigen binding activity. Therefore the humanized antibody of the invention can include a corresponding human residue at any of positions 60, 61, 62 and 64, or any combinations thereof, and the variant will retain a binding affinity that is substantially similar to that of CC49.
Immunogenicity of SDR Variants
SDR variants are particularly beneficial because some CDRs that are important for immunoreactivity are also immunogenic (e. g., L-CDR3 and H-CDR2). Thus, the immunogenicity of various SDR replacements within L-CDR3 and H-CDR2 were examined.
As shown in
Generally, the residues found in H-CDR3 does not need to be considered when designing SDR variants, because it does not show any reactivity to patients' sera.
Human Antibodies
Suitable human antibodies include, but are not limited to: ROY, AU, REI, HAU, HK101′CL, SCW, WEA, HK137′CL, HK134′CL, DAUDI′CL, WALKER′CL, GAL(1), LAY, WES, Vb′CL, HK102′CL, EU, DEN, AMYLOID BAN, MEV, Vd′CL, Va′CL, KUE, Ve′CL, V13′CL, V18A′CL, V19A′CL, V19B′CL, V18C′CL, NIM, CUM, GM603CL, FR, RP M1-6410′CL, TI, WOL, SIE, NG9′CL, NEU, GOT, PAY, SON. GAR′, PIE, FLO, GLO, CUR, IARC/BL41′CL, POM, REE, K-EV15′CL, VJI′CL, VKAPPAIV, GERMLINE′CL, PB171′CL, LEN, NEWM, HA, NIG-64, NEW, BL2′CL, WAH, NIG-77, VOR, RHE, LOC, OKA, COX, NIG-51, NIG-84, MES, WH, NEI, WEIR, TOG, TRO, BOH, NIG-58, VIL, WIN, 41′CL, HIL, LAP, GAR, MOT, BO, MDG, AMYLOID-AR, SUT, THO, LBV′CL, NIG-48, HG3′CL, ND′CL, COR, DAW, OU, MCE′, CE-1′CL, HE, SUP-T1, VH-JA′CL, HIG1′CL, TUR, LAMDA-VH26′CL, WAS, H11′CL, TEI, BRO′IGM, GRA′, ZAP, JON, DOB, NIE, 333′CL, 1H1′CL, 1B11′CL, 126′CL, 112′CL, 115′CL, KOL and 21/28′CL. New human antibodies are being discovered and sequenced, many of those, as of yet unknown antibodies may also be suitable. Preferably, human antibody has a sequence that is identical or substantially similar (containing as few mutations as possible) to the human germ line sequences. For example, the light chain CDR of CC49 in HuCC49 can be replaced with the corresponding CDR from LEN (Kabat et al., 1991) and the heavy chain CDR can be replaced with the corresponding CDR from 21/28′CL (Kabat et al., 1991).
Methods of Producing
The variants of the invention can be produced by expressing the appropriate DNA sequence in a host after the sequence has been operably linked to (i.e., positioned to ensure the functioning of) an expression control sequence. Such expression vectors are typically replicable in a host organism either as episomes or as an integral part of the host chromosomal DNA. The expression vectors typically contain expression control sequences compatible with the host cell, such as an origin of replication. In addition, the expression vector will typically include a promoter. Suitable promoters include the polyhedrin promoter, lactose promoter system, a tryptophan promoter system, a beta-lactamase promoter system, or a promoter system from phage lambda. Promoters typically control expression of the gene, optionally, with operator sequences, and have ribosome binding site sequences and the like for initiating and completing transcription and translation. Commonly, expression vectors will contain selection markers. DNA sequences encoding the light chain and heavy chain of the antibody may be inserted into separate expression vectors, or into the same expression vector.
Suitable hosts include prokaryotic stras such as E. coli; Bacilli, including Bacillus subtilus; enterobacteriacae, including Salmonella, Serratia and Psuedomonas. Suitable hosts also include eukaryotic hosts such as yeast, including Saccharomyces; Pichia pastoris; Sf9 insect cells; Sp2/0, VERO and HeLa cells, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines; W138, BHK, COS-7 and MDCK cell lines.
The vectors containing the DNA segments of interest can be transferred into the host cell by well-known methods, which vary depending on the type of cellular host. For example, calcium chloride transfection, calcium phosphate treatment, electroporation or cationic liposome mediated transfection (such as DOTAP). Successfully transformed cells, can be identified by a variety of techniques well known in the art for detecting the binding of a receptor to a ligand.
Once expressed, the gene products can be purified according to standard procedures of the art, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity columns, column chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. Substantially pure immunoglobulins of at least about 90% to about 95% homogeneity are preferred, and 98% to 99% or more homogeneity most preferred for pharmaceutical uses.
Methods of Use
Once purified, the variants of the invention may be used therapeutically, or in developing and performing assays, in vivo or in vitro diagnostic procedures, and imaging. The variants of the invention are particularly useful for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, in particular for treating or detecting cancer. The variants can be administered to a patient alone or in combination with a pharmaceutical formulation. Typically, the variants are incorporated into a pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic, sterile carrier as a suspension or solution. The antibodies of the invention can be used as separately administered compositions or given in conjunction with chemotherapeutic or immunosuppressive agents.
The variants provide unique benefits when used for the treatment of cancer. In addition to the ability to bind specifically to malignant cells and localize tumors without binding to non-cancerous cells, the variants have a reduced immnunogenicity when compared to HuCC49.
For diagnostic purposes, the antibodies may either be labeled or unlabeled. Unlabeled antibodies can be used in combination with other labeled antibodies (second antibodies) that are reactive with the humanized antibody, such as antibodies specific for human immunoglobulin constant regions. Alternatively, the antibodies can be directly labeled. A wide variety of labels can be employed, such as radionuclides, fluors, enzymes, enzyme substrates, enzyme cofactors, enzyme inhibitors, ligands (particularly haptens), etc. Numerous types of immunoassays are available and are well known to those of skill in the art.
Kits according to the present invention include frozen or lyophilized variant to be reconstituted by thawing or by suspension in a liquid vehicle. The kits may, also include a carrier or buffer. Preferably, the kit also comprises instructions for reconstituting and using the variant antibody.
To identify the CDRs essential for binding, a panel of variant HuCC49 MAbs were generated using the baculovirus expression system. HuCC49 was prepared by grafting MAb CC49 CDRs onto the VL and VH frameworks of the human MAbs LEN and 21/28′CL, respectively, as described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma, 14:461-473. Six CDR variants were constructed by replacing a single CC49 CDR of either the light or heavy chain with the corresponding human antibody CDR (LEN and 21/28′CL, respectively). Variants were denoted as L-1, L-2, L-3, H-1, H-2 or H-3. A seventh variant, L-1,2 was made by replacing two CC49 light chain CDRs (L-CDR1 and L-CDR2) with the corresponding CDRs of the human antibody LEN.
Since the seven CDR variants were derived by simply replacing the murine CDRs with the human antibody hypervariable regions, all of the variants carry identical VH and VL frameworks and γ1 and k chain constant regions
SDR heavy chain and light variants were constructed by substituting mutagenic nucleotides in or near the CDRs.
According to the invention, CDR variants are formed by replacing at least one CDR of CC49 in HuCC49 with a corresponding CDR from a human antibody. The CDR variants of the invention include:
Production of Oligomers to Generate VH Variants
Synthesis of three variant VH genes was performed using the overlap extension PCR technique described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma 14:461-473. Four 124-137 base pair long overlapping oligonucleotides, (which together encompass the entire sequence of thevariant VH gene on alternating strands) were used to generate variant VH genes. (
Production of Oligomers to Generate V1 Variants
The three variant VL genes were generated using 30-43 base oligonucleotides as a mutagenic primer. The oligonucleotides contained the desired base changes in the targeted CDR The mutagenic primers for the VL genes were synthesized using a Model 8700 DNA synthesizer (Miligen/Bioresearch, Burlington, Vt.). (
Each of the primers carries a single restriction endonuclease site at its flank. The 5′ primers carry a HindIII site, while the 3′ VH primer carries an ApaI, and the 3′VL primer has a SacII site. The restriction endonuclease recognition sequences are underlined.
The first PCR was carried out in a final volume of 100 μl containing 10 ng of the template DNA, 20 pmol each of the 3′ and 5′ primers, 100 μM dNTPs and 5 units of Taq DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.). Each step of the PCR consisted of 25 cycles of denaturation (94� C., 1 minute), primer annealing (45� C., 2 minutes), and extension (72� C, 2 minutes). The PCR product was extracted with phenol/chloroform, precipitated with ethanol and gel purified prior to insertion into a vector.
The PCR products encoding the VH were treated with HindIII/ApaI. The PCR products were subcloned for sequencing in pBluescript S/K+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) at a HindIII/ApaI site after the plasmid was linearized using the appropriate restriction endonucleases. Inserts were sequenced to check their fidelity to their templates.
To assemble the variable and constant regions of the heavy chain the HindIII/ApaI insert was released form pBluescript. A DNA fragment encoding the human γ1 constant region was excised from pLgpCXHuCC49HuG1 (Kashmiri et al, (1995) Hybridoma 14:461-473), (
The PCR products encoding the VL were treated with HindIII/SacII. The PCR products were subcloned for sequencing in pBluescript S/K+ (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) at a HindIII/SacII site after the plasmid was linearized using the appropriate restriction endonucleases. Inserts were sequenced to check their fidelity to their templates.
To assemble the variable and constant region of the light chain, the HindIII/SacII insert was released from the pBluescript construct. A DNA fragment encoding the human kappa constant region was excised from pLNCXHuCC49HuK (Kashmiri et al, (1995) Hybridoma 14:461-473), (
The baculovirus expression construct of the parental HuCC49 was generated using DNA fragments encoding HuCC49 heavy and light chains obtained from PLNCXHuCC49HuK and pLgpCXHuCC49HuG1. PLNCXHuCC49HuK was cleaved with HindIII. The resulting ˜1.0 Kb DNA fragment encoding HuCC49Huk was subcloned in pBluescript at the HindIII site. The resulting construct was then cleaved with BamHI and the fragment was cloned in the baculovirus vector pAcUW51 at the BamHI site, downstream from the polyhedrin promoter. A ˜1.4 Kb DNA fragment encoding HuCC49HuG1 was cloned from pLgpCXHuCC49HuG1 using HindIII/ClaI. The DNA fragment was filled using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymrerase pAcUW51 was linearized with Bg/II and its ends blunted using the KIlenow fragment. The DNA fragment was then inserted in the pAcUW51 expression construct of HuCC49HuK, downstream from the p10 promoter.
Serum free adapted Sf9 insect cells (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) were cultured at 28� C. in Sf900-II medium (Gibco BRL) without supplements as described by Salgaller et al, (1993) Cancer Res., 53:2154-2161. To develop the recombinant baculovirus, 1�106 Sf9 cells in a 35 mm dish were co-transfected with 0.5 ml pAcUW51 derived baculovirus expression construct of the CDR substituted light chain gene and the HuCC49 heavy chain gene along with linearized BACULOGOLD wild type baculovirus DNA (Pharmingen), using a cationic liposome mediated transfection system, DOTAP (Boehringer Mannheim) according to the suggested protocol. Similarly, variant antibodies containing CDR substituted heavy chain were produced by co-transfecting Sf9 cells with BACULOGOLD baculovirus DNA and baculovirus dual expression constructs carrying CDR substituted heavy chain and HuCC49 light chain genes. Baculovirus recombinant HuCC49 (hereafter referred to as HuCC49) was used as a control antibody. HuCC49 was produced by transfecting insect cells with pAcUW51 carrying HuCC49 light and heavy chains.
Five days after transfection, the infectious supernatants were harvested from the transfectants. 1 ml of this supernatant was serially diluted and used to infect a monolayer of 5�106 Sf9 cells in a 100 mm dish. The cells were then overlaid with 0.5% Baculovirus Agarose (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) as described by Bei et al., (1995) J. Immunol. Methods, 186:245-255. Viral plaques were expanded by three rounds of infection. For each round of expansion, a larger population of freshly seeded monolayers of Sf9 cells were infected, using the highest producing clone as a source of inoculum. The putative recombinant viral plaques were purified and isolated in 1 ml of Sf900 media. If necessary, viruses were further amplified by infecting cells at an Multiplicity of Infection (MOI) of 0.1. To produce the recombinant antibodies, 6.0�108 Sf9 cells were infected with the infectious supernatant at an MOI of 5.
Purification of CDR Substituted MAbs
The culture supernatant was clarified by pelleting cell debris at 10,000�g, and was applied to an ion-exchange column (DE52; Whatman, Hillsboro, Oreg.) at pH 7.2 to remove extraneous proteins. The unbound protein fraction was subjected to protein G (Gibco BRL) affinity chromatography. The material bound to protein G was eluted from the column using 0.1 M glycine hydrochloride buffer, pH 2.6 and the pH of the eluted material was immediately adjusted to 7.4 using 1.0 M Tris buffer, pH 8.0. The buffer was replaced by phosphate buffered saline and the eluted material was concentrated using a Centricon 30 micro concentrator (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.). Protein concentration was determined by the method of Lowry et al., (1951) J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275. The purity of the antibody preparation was analyzed using a precast continuous 4-15% SDS-polyacrylamide Tris-glycine gel (Novex Systems, San Diego, Calif.) and visualized by Coomassie blue staining as described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma 14:461-473.
Radiolabeling of MAbs
The murine MAb CC49 and HuCC49 were labeled with Na125I using the iodogen (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) method as described by Fraker (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 80:849-857 and Colcher (1988) Cancer Res., 48:4597-4603. The protocol routinely resulted in specific activities at 5-10 μCi/μg. The immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled MAbs were assessed by the radioimmunoassay described by Schott et al., (1992) Cancer Res., 52:6413-6417 using bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) immobilized on a solid support (Reacti-gel HW 65F; Pierce)
Immunoglobulin Production
The titer of the transfectants and the putative viral plaques were assayed for immunoglobulin production by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on reactivity of the test aliquot with goat anti-human Fc (γ1) and goat anti-human kappa antibodies as described by Bei et al., (1995) J. Immunol. Methods, 186:245-255. Transfectants and viral plaques derived from each of the expression constructs were positive for immunoglobulin production.
However, when the transfectants and the viral plaques were assayed for immunoreactivity with TAG-72 positive bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), the clones derived from the expression constructs carrying L-1, L-2 and L-1,2 were positive, while those generated by the H-2 expression construct were barely immunoreactivity. Those derived from the constructs carrying either L-3, H-1 and H-3 demonstrated no immunoreactivity with BSM at all.
It was then assessed whether the poor or lack of BSM reactivity of the clones derived from L-3, H-1, H-2 and H-3 expression constructs was due to low levels of immunoglobulin secretion by these clones. To that end, Sf9 cells were infected with the infectious supernatants at an MOI of 5 and cultured under the conditions described above. The secreted antibody was purified from equal volumes of the culture supernatant from each of the infected cultures, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The gel profile under nonreducing conditions showed that the mobility of the variant antibodies was identical to that of the HuCC49, which has a molecular weight of approximately 160 kDa (data not shown). Under reducing conditions, the variant antibodies, like the HuCC49 MAb, yielded two protein bands of approximately 25-28 kDa and 50-55 kDa (
Binding Affinity of Variant Antibodies
The relative binding affinity of the HuCC49 and the CDR substituted variant antibodies to TAG-72 was determined using the competition radioimmunoassay (RIA) described by Milenic et al., (1991) Cancer Res., 51:6363-6371. Serial dilutions of the purified variant MAbs, as well as the parental HuCC49, were prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). 25 μl was added to the wells of microtiter plates containing 10 ng BSM. 125I-labeled HuCC49 (50,000 cpm in 25 μl) was then added to each well. The plates were incubated overnight at 4� C. and then washed and counted in a γ-scintillation counter.
Unlabeled HuCC49 or its variants were used to compete for the binding of 125I-HuCC49 to TAG-72 positive BSM. The variants, L-1, L-2 and L-1,2, were found to completely inhibit the binding of the 125I-labeled HuCC49 to TAG-72, while L-3 did not compete at all (
The relative affinity constants were calculated by the modification of the Scatchard method described by Frankel et al., (1979) Mol. Immunol., 16:101-106.
An approximation of the specific activity of the 125I-HuCC49 was made and used to determine the final concentration for each of the dilutions of the variant MAbs. The calculations were performed as described by Milenic et al., (1991) Cancer Res., 51:6363-6371.
The relative affinity constants (Ka) of the variants were as follows:
Reactivity of the CC49 Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies to the Variant Antibodies
The variant MAbs were also characterized in the competition radioimmunoassay RIA described by Irvine et al., (1993) Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 36:281-292 using mouse anti-idiotypic MAb generated against MAb CC49. Three anti-idiotypic (AI49-8, AI49-3 and AI49-1) were selected, representing each of the anti-idiotypic subsets, α, β, and γ, respectively. In the same manner described above, 100 ng of MAb AI49-3 (β-subset), AI49-1 (γ-subset) or AI49-8 (α-subset) were adsorbed to each well of a 96-well microtiter plate. 25 μl of the serially diluted variant MAbs or HuCC49 was added to each well along with 25 μl of 125I-murine CC49. The plates were washed and counted after an overnight incubation at 4� C.
The results for the light chain variants are shown in
The results for the heavy chain variants are shown in
An analysis of patient reactivity to the variants of HuCC49 show that three of the 6 CDRs (L-CDR2, H-CDR1 and H-CDR3) do not seem to be recognized by the patient, while L-CDR1 and H-CDR2 appear to be involved in the patient's recognition of HuCC49 to some degree. L-CDR3 (which is important for antigen binding) is the immunodominant CDR recognized by the patient. L-CDR3 is immunodominant in mice as well (AI49-1 and AI49-3, the two anti-idiotypic antibodies that inhibit antigen binding of HuCC49, require L-CDR3 for recognition of HuCC49).
The CDR variants were further characterized using the serum from a patient that had received 177Lu-CC49 in a phase 1 radioimmunotherapy clinical trial (Mulligan et al., (1995) Clin. Cancer Res., 1:1447-1454. Several of the patients in this study were found to have anti-idiotypic antibodies to MAb CC49. One patient was selected to perform a preliminary study to identify whether any of the CC49 CDRs were immunodominant.
Using a modification of the method reported by Colcher et al., (1990) J. Nucl. Med., 31:1133-1142 and Mulligan et al., (1995) Clin. Cancer Res., 1: 1447-1454, serial dilutions of the purified CDR variants were incubated with the patient's sera along with 125I-labeled HuCC49. Specifically, the method of Colcher and Mulligan was modified as follows: prior to the study, HAMA and TAG-72 were removed from the sera by adsorption with CC92 conjugated solid support. The amount of sera required for half maximal complex formation with HuCC49 was then determined. Specifically, 8 μl of patient sera was mixed with ˜500, 000 cpm of 125I-HuCC49 and serial dilutions of purified HuCC49 or its variants. The preparations were brought to a final volume of 50 μl.
The ability of the variants to inhibit complex formation of the patent sera with 125I-labeled HuCC49 was monitored using HPLC analysis. 25 μl of each solouton was applied to a TSK3000 analytical column (7.8 mm�30 cm; Tosohaas, Montgomeryville, Pa.) and eluted at 0.5 ml/min with 100 mM KCl in 67 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8). Radioactivity was monitored using a flow-through γ-scintillation detector (Model 170, Beckman).
If the variant contained the CDR recognized by the patient, then the variant would compete with the radiolabeled HuCC49 and complexed formation would not occur and there would not be an alteration in the retention time of the 125I-HuCC49. If the variant no longer contained a CDR recognized by the patient, then complex formation would result. Thus, the ability of the CDR variants to inhibit complex formation of the patient sera with the radiolabeled HuCC49 was determined by the retention time of the 125I-HuCC49. The percent inhibition of complex formation was calculated and plotted versus concentration of each competitor to evaluate the degree of the patient's reactivity with the individual CDR variant.
Padlan et al., (1995) FASEB J., 9:133-139 disclose that the SDRs of light chain are bounded by positions 27d and 34; 50 and 55; and 89 and 96. The heavy chain SDRs are contained within positions 31 and 35b; 50 and 58; and 95 and 101.
In L-CDR1, CC49 and LEN differ in three residues; at positions 27b, 27f and 29. The residues at positions 27b (a buried residue) and 27f were found not to be directly involved in ligand contact, while the one at position 29 was found to interact with ligand in two complexes; in one only by main chain atoms. Residue 27b is located outside the suggested SDR boundaries. Residues 27f and 29 are well within the suggested SDR boundaries.
In L-CDR2, CC49 and LEN differ at position 53 only, and this position was found to be involved in ligand contact in only three of the 31 complexes of known structure. Residue 53 is well within the suggested SDR boundaries.
Since L-CDR1 and 2 of CC49 were replaced with their counterparts from LEN without any significant loss of antigen binding reactivity (above), it was concluded that residues 27b, 27f, 29 and 53 were not important for binding of CC49 to its antigen. L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 of CC49 were not considered for the mutation experiments because they were replaced with the corresponding CDRs of the human MAb LEN without significant loss of antigen binding reactivity.
The immunodominant L-CDR3 of CC49 differs from LEN at three positions, 94, 96 and 97. Each of the three residues of CC49 L-CDR3 was replaced with the residue present at the corresponding position in the LEN CDR to generate light chain variants 94L, 96L and 97L, respectively. Another light chain variant, 94,97L was generated carrying two substitutions, one at position 94 and the other at 97. Two additional variants were derived from the HuCC49 light chain variant L1,2, in which the L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 of CC49 were earlier replaced with their counterparts from the human MAb LEN. One variant, 97L1,2, carried a single substitution at position 97. The other, 94,97L1,2, had substitutions at two positions, 94 and 97.
Of the three residues that differ between L-CDR3 of CC49 and LEN, a partially buried residue at position 97 was not important for the antigen binding activity of CC49. This residue is not located within the suggested boundary of SDRs of the L-CDR3. Thus, variant 97L did not show any loss in antigen binding activity). Variant 97L1,2 showed only an insignificant loss of antigen binding activity.
Positions 94 and 96 of L-CDR3 are involved in ligand contact in 19 and 22 known antibody:antigen complexes, respectively. Thus it was consistent that variants 96L and 94L suffered total and near total loss of antigen binding reactivity. When the mutation at position 94 was imposed on the variants 97L and 97 L1,2, it destroyed their antigen binding function.
H-CDR1 of CC49 and 21/28′CL differ at three positions, 31, 32 and 34. The residue at position 31 is directly involved in ligand binding in 12 of the 31 complexes; in five of those, only main chain atoms were involved. The residue at position 32 is ligand contacting in eight of the 31 complexes of known structure. The residue at position 34 is involved in ligand contact in none of the 31 complexes of known structure. Residues at positions 32 and 24 of the CC49 H-CDR1 were replaced with the corresponding residues of 21/28′CL MAb (32,34H) to test whether position 32 is important for ligand contact and in eliciting anti-idiotypic response.
H-CDR2 of CC49 differs from human MAb 21/28′CL at eleven positions. The residues at positions 60, 61, 62 and 64 were not ligand contacting in any of the complexes of known structure. Therefore, these residues of CC49 were prime candidates for replacement. Accordingly, a heavy chain variant of HuCC49, 60-62,64H, was generated by replacing these residues of HuCC49 with their counterparts in human MAb 21/28′CL.
H-CDR3 was not considered for mutations, because it did not show any reactivity to patient's sera (above).
The following SDR variants were made:
Production of Olizomers
The oligomers were produced essentially as described in Example 1. pLgpCXHuCC49Huγ1, the expression construct for parental HuCC49 heavy chain genes was used as the template for heavy (32,34H and 60-62,64H) chain variant gene synthesis pLNCXHuCC49HuK, the expression construct of the parental HuCC49 light chain gene was used as a template for the light (94L, 96L, 97L and 94,97L) chain variant gene synthesis. Variants L1 and L1,2 were developed by replacing only the L-CDR1 or both L-CDR1 and L-CDR2 of CC49, respectively, with their LEN counterparts. For the synthesis of 94L1,2 and 94,97L1,2 genes, an expression construct of the L1,2 variant in a baculoviral expression construct was used as a template.
Mutagenic oligonucleotide primers, ranging in size from 37 to 56 nucleotides, were synthesized using a Model 8700 DNA synthesizer (Milligen/Bioresearch, Burlington, Vt.). They were purified on oligo-Pak columns (Milligen/Bioresearch) according to the supplier's recommendation. The sequences of the mutagenic primers were as follows, where the mutagenic changes are underlined:
The PCR products were assembled and sequenced as described in Example II. The 425 base pair (bp) PCR product obtained using the HuCC49 light chain construct as a template carried sequences encoding the leader peptide, the CC49 VL domain and the amino terminus of the kappa (k) constant region, terminating in a SacII site located 10 bp downstream of the VL. Similarly, the 432 base pair (bp) PCR product from the heavy chain template encompassed sequences encoding the leader, the VH and the amino terminus of the CH1 domain, extending to the ApaI site, which is located 17 bp downstream from the start of the CH1 domain.
Generation of Recombinant SDR Substituted CC49 MAb
SDR substituted variants were generated essentially as described Example III, except for the following. The Sf900-II medium included 50 μg/ml of antibiotic, gentamicin and the infectious supernatants were harvested six days after transfection.
Purification of SDR Substituted CC49 MAb
Three days after infection, the tissue culture supernatant was harvested and clarified by centrifugation at 2000�g for 10 minutes. Tris buffer was added to the supernatant to a final concentration of 20 mM. Following incubation at 4� C. for 2-3 hours, any contaminating proteins were pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000�g for 15 minutes. The supernatant was applied to a protein G agarose column (Gibco BRL) and the bound protein was eluted from the column, using 0.1 M glycine hydrochloride, pH 2.5. The pH of the eluted material was immediately adjusted to 7.0 with 1.0 M Tris buffer, pH 8.0. The protein was concentrated using a Centriplus 30 microconcentrator (Amicon, Beverly, Mass.), centrifuged at 3000�g for 80 minutes. The concentrated protein was recovered in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The protein concentration was determined by the as described in Example III. The purity of the antibody preparation was evaluated by electrophoresis on 4-12% SDS-PAGE, under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie blue, as described in Example III.
The ability of the variants to express immunoglobulin molecules and their antigen reactivity of the heavy (32,34H and 60-62,64H) or variant light (94L, 96L 97L, 94,97L97L1,2 and L94,97L1,2) chain variants was evaluated using ELISA assays.
ELISA assays were carried out by coating individual wells of a 96-well polyvinyl microtiter plates with 1 μg/well of TAG-72 positive bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis, Mo.), and following the procedure described by Bei et al., (1995) J. Immunol. Methods, 186:245-255.
Not all variant antibodies were positive for antigen binding activity. Results of the ELISA assay for the binding activity to the TAG-72 positive BSM showed that the variant antibodies specified by expression constructs carrying the variant genes 32,34H and 96L were not reactive with BSM. In contrast, variant antibodies expressed by 97L and 60-62,64H constructs showed strong BSM binding activity. While immunoglobulin molecules expressed by 94L and 94L1,2 constructs showed moderate positive antigen binding reactivity, those expressed by 94,97L1,2 were only weakly positive. (
A partial or complete loss of antigen binding activity of the variant immunoglobulins might be attributed to the detrimental effect of the SDR substitutions on the combining site of HuCC49. Alternatively, the plaques may show lower or no antigen binding reactivity because some of the expression constructs failed to express, were expressing at significantly lower level, or producing antibodies that were not physically normal. To examine these possibilities, variant antibodies were produced and purified from a larger batch of cells that were freshly infected with inoculum derived from the highest producing clone for each of the constructs. The concentration of the secreted variant antibodies in culture supernatants ranged between 2-3 μg/ml. Purified immunoglobulin molecules were characterized by SDS-PAGE. Under reducing conditions, immunoglobulin molecules expressed by each of the constructs yielded two bands that co-migrated with the heavy and light chains of HuCC49 MAb (data not shown) Antibodies produced by the insect cells harboring expression constructs 97L1,2 and 94,97L1,2 genes paired with the HuCC49 heavy chain gene showed similar results (data not shown). These results make it evident that all constructs expressed and produced comparable levels of immunoglobulin molecules of appropriate size. Therefore, it can safely be concluded that the variant HuCC49 MAbs carrying 96L and 32,34H substitutions suffered a total loss of antigen binding activity.
Competition Radioimmunoassay
Competition radioimmunoassays (RIAs) were performed to determine relative binding of the variant MAbs and the parental HuCC49 to BSM. Details of the procedure are described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma, 14:461-473. Serial dilutions of the purified unlabeled variant antibodies or the parental HuCC49 MAb were used to compete with radiolabeled HuCC49 for binding to the TAG-72 positive BSM. Briefly, 25 μl of serial dilutions of the purified SDR substituted variants or the parental HuCC49 in PBS containing 1% BSA were added to wells of 96-well microtiter plates containing 10 ng of BSM. 25 μl of 125I-labeled HuCC49 (50,000 cpm) was added to each well to compete with the unlabeled parental or variant HuCC49 for binding to the BSM coated on the plates. The plates were incubated overnight at 4� C. and then washed and counted in a γ-scintillation counter.
Competition profiles of the light chain variants presented in panel A show that the variant 96L failed to compete, while all other variants antibodies competed with the parental HuCC49 completely and with similar slopes. (
The relative affinity constants were calculated as described in Example IV. The relative affinity constants (Ka) of the variants were calculated from the linear parts of the competition curves. The Ka of 97L and 60-62,64H MAbs were 3.6�108 M−1 and 2.2�108 M−1, respectively. These values are comparable to 3.2�108 M−1, the Ka of the parental HuCC49. The variant 97L1,2 was found to have a Ka of 1.4�108 M−1, which is approximately 2- to 3-fold less than the Ka of HuCC49 MAb.
Two new expression constructs were then generated and expressed in Sf9 cells; in one of them, the gene encoding the variant heavy chain 60-62,64H was paired with the gene encoding the light chain variant 97L. Gene 60-62,64H was paired with the 97L1,2 light chain gene in the other construct. Competition profiles of the purified antibodies show that these variant MAbs competed completely with HuCC49 MAb for antigen binding, yielding competition curves of the same slope as HuCC49. (
In a reported Phase I clinical trial, in which 177Lu-labeled MAb CC49 was administered to adenocarcinoma patients, several patients were found to have anti-idiotypic antibodies to MAb CC49. Sera collected from the study was used to examine the potential immunogenicity of the variants. The sera was obtained by separating the blood by centrifugation. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine antigen reactivity of the variants by monitoring complex formation between antibodies in the patient sera and the variant MAbs.
Prior to HPLC analysis, any free TAG-72 and human anti-murine antibodies other than anti-idiotypic antibodies to CC49 present in the sera were absorbed out using MAb CC92 conjugated to a solid support. MAb CC92 is a murine anti-TAG-72 antibody which as the same isotype as CC49 and recognizes an epitope of TAG-72 other than that recognized by CC49. Patient sera was then incubated with 125I-labeled HuCC49 (approximately 500,000 cpm) and 5 μg of the cold competitor; either HuCC49 or one of the variant MAbs.
The competition assay is described in Example V. Briefly, patient sera was mixed with ˜0.3 μCi of 125I-HuCC49 and serial dilutions of purified HuCC49 or its variants. Prior to the assay, the amount of sera required in half-maximal immune complex formation was determined. The mixture was brought to a final volume of 50 μl. 25 μl of the final solution was applied to a 7.8 mm�30 cm TSK3000 analytical column (Tosohaas, Montgomeryville, Pa.) and eluted at 0.5 ml/min with elution buffer (100 mM KCl in 67 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.8). Radioactivity was monitored using a flow-through Model 170 γ-scintillation detector (Beckman).
Complex formation of the radiolabeled HuCC49 with the anti-idiotypic antibodies in patient sera reduced the retention time of the radiolabel on the column. The ability of the variant to inhibit complex formation with 125I-labeled HuCC49 was determined by the differential in the retention time of the radiolabel on HPLC column, when a mixture of sera and 125I-labeled HuCC49 was loaded on the column with or without incubation with the cold competitor. Inhibition of complex formation by a competitor indicates that the competitor shares the immunogenic epitope with HuCC49. (
From an analysis of the percent of input counts recovered as a complex, when a mixture of 125I-labeled HuCC49 and sera from each of the four patients was incubated with 5 μg of cold competitor and subjected to HPLC analysis, it is evident that the variant antibodies 97L and 32,34H, like HuCC49, inhibited complex formation. In contrast, the variant MAbs 96L and 94,97L1,2, like the nonspecific Human immunoglobulin did not inhibit complex formation of HuCC49 with sera from any patient except EA. Complex formation with EA sera was partially inhibited by the two variants. The variant MAbs 94L, 94,97L, 97L1,2 and 60-62,64H inhibited complex formation only partially with sera from all patients. The variant 97L/60-62,64H, whose antigen binding activity was comparable to that of parental HuCC49, inhibited sera of three patients (DG, CP and DS) only partially, but completely inhibited the sera from EA patient to form complexes with HuCC49. More importantly, the variant 97L1,2/60-62,64H did not compete with HuCC49 to form complex with anti-idiotypic antibodies present in sera from two patients (CP and DS) while showing only partial competition with sera from two other patients (DG and DS).
Using serial dilutions of the competitors, competition profiles were developed to determine the relative amounts of unlabeled competitor antibodies required to achieve 50% competition of the binding of 125I-labeled HuCC49 to the anti-idiotypic antibodies present in sera from one of the patients (CP). The percent inhibition of complex formation was calculated and plotted versus the concentration of competitor.
The competition profiles show that the cold HuCC49 competed completely and it required approximately 250 ng of the parental HuCC49 antibody to achieve 50% competition. In contrast, variant 97L1,2/60-62,64 H inhibited binding of the radiolabeled HuCC49 to the sera anti-idiotypic antibodies only minimally; even 1 μg of the variant failed to achieve more than 25% competition, that was achieved by 60 ng of HuCC49. This variant, which retains moderate antigen binding activity and reacts with patient's sera only minimally, might be most advantageous for clinical applications. This variant was further studied for plasma clearance and biodistribution in an animal model.
Since the rate of plasma clearance has a bearing on in vivo tumor targeting, a comparison of the pharmacokinetics of the variant to the parental HuCC49 was assessed using the procedures described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma, 14:461-473.
To study pharmacokinetics, athymic mice bearing TAG-72 positive LS-174T tumors (Colcher et al., (1983) Cancer Res., 43:736-742) were injected intravenously in the tail vein with a mixture containing 1.4 μCi 131I-labeled HuCC49 and 4.4 μCi 125I-labeled variant MAb 97L1,2/60-62,64H. Blood samples were collected at various time points via the tail vein into 10 μl heparinized capillary tubes (Drummond, Broomall, Pa.). The amounts of 131I and 125I in the plasma were determined and corrected for the respective rates of the decay of the two radionuclides. The percentage of the injected dose of each radionuclide remaining in the plasma was then calculated for each time point. The results suggest that the blood clearance patterns of the two antibodies are not significantly different. (
Biodistribution assays were performed as described by Kashmiri et al., (1995) Hybridoma, 14:461-473. To investigate the ability of the variant HuCC49 MAb to localize to human tumor xenograft and determine radiolocalization index (RI), athymic mice bearing TAG-72 positive LS-174T tumors (Colcher et al., (1983) Cancer Res., 43:736-742) were injected intravenously in the tail vein with a mixture containing 1.4 μCi 131I-labeled HuCC49 and 4.4 μCi 125I-labeled variant MAb 97L1,2/60-62,64H. The amount of 131I and 125I were determined in blood samples collected via tail vein at specified times. For each time point, 5 mice were sacrificed to collect and weigh tumor, blood and all other major organs. Radioactivity was measured in a γ-scintillation counter and it was corrected for the decay. The percentage of the injected dose per gram (% ID/gm) for each organ was determined.
The % injected dose of the two antibodies per gram of either tumor or different normal tissues that were collected at different time points shows that the biodistribution patterns of the two antibodies are essentially the same. Both showed significant tumor localization by 24 hours. (
In this Example, the humoral immune response against HuCC49 CDR-replacement variants is examined.
A clone producing humanized CC49 HuCC49) was grown in protein free hybridoma medium PFHM-II (GIBCOBRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) as described by Kashmiri (1995), Hybridoma, 14:461-473. The humanized CC49 monoclonal antibody (MAb) was purified from the tissue culture supernatant by Protein G affinity chromatography as described by Kashmiri (1995), Hybridoma, 14:461-473.
Seven HuCC49 CDR-variants were produced as described in Examples I-III.
MAb HuCC49, BL-3 and the CDR-replacement variants of HuCC49 were labeled with Na125I using the iodogen method (Pierce, Rockford, Ill.) as described by Fraker et al. (1978), Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 80:849-857; and Colcher et al. (1988), Cancer Res., 48:4597-4603. BL-3 is an isotype-matched control for CC49 (described by Colcher et al. (1987), Cancer Res., 47:4218-4224). The labeling procedure typically resulted in specific activities of 5-10 μCi/μg.
Patients and Sample Collection
Patients with recurrent metastatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled in a Phase I Study to assess the maximum tolerated does of intravenously administered 177Lutetium radiolabeled MAb CC49 (Mulligan, (1995) Clin. Cancer Res. 1:1447-1454).
In the Phase I Study, adenocarcinoma patients were given a test dose of 0.1 mg (i.v. bolus) of MAb CC49 and observed for 30 minutes prior to administration of the 177Lu-labeled MAb CC49. The radiolabeled MAb was given as a 1 hour i.v. infusion. Blood samples were collected prior to and at the end of the infusion, and 0.5, 1 and 2 hours after the infusion, and afterward, daily for 7 days. Patients returned for a follow-up examination at 3, 6 or 8 weeks, at which time blood samples were collected. Sera was separated and stored at −20� C. until analyzed. Sera from these patients provided a resource for assessing the humoral response of patients to the murine MAb CC49. The patient characteristics are presented in Table 1, below.
Patient Characteristics
Dose Level
mg MAb
10 mCi/m2
25 mCi/m2
15 mCi/m2
aPatients were administered 177Lu-PA-DOTA-CC49 by intravenous injection.
bPatient received new formulation of 177Lu-PA-DOTA-CC49 that was labeled using a modification of the method described by Mulligan et al. (1995), Clin. Cancer Res. 1: 1447-1454.
PA-DOTA was conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA), radiolabeled with Na125I, incubated with the patient sera and analyzed for immune complex formation by size-exclusion HPLC. None of the sera showed detectable reactivity with the PA-DOTA-HSA conjugate (Data not shown).
Determination of Patient Humoral Response
The sera from the twelve patients was evaluated for the presence of human anti-murine antibodies (HAMA) in response to MAb CC49 using high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) as described by Mulligan et al. (1996) Clin. Cancer Res., 1:1447-1454. The analysis was performed by adding about 500,000 cpm (0.4 μCi) of 125I-BL-3 to 50 μl of patient sera. Following a 60 minute incubation at 37� C., 25 μl of the mixture was applied to a size-exclusion column (TSK 3000SW; TosoHaas, Montgomeryville, Pa.) equilibrated in 67 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) containing 100 mM KCl. The sera samples were eluted at a flow rate of 0.5 m/min. The protein was detected by absorbance at 280 nm and the radioactivity was measured using a flow-through γ-scintillation counter (Model 170, Beckman Instruments, Inc., Berkeley, Calif.). The presence of HAMA was indicated by a shift in the elution profile of the 125I-BL-3 because the formation of immune complexes with the radiolabeled BL-3 results in a shorter retention time. The patients' pre-study sera, normal human sera and phosphate buffered saline with 125I-BL-3 were used as controls. A patient with a known HAMA response from a previous study (Colcher et al. (1990), J. Nucl. Med., 31:1133-1142) served as a positive control. The patients' sera were demonstrated to have antibodies against the variable region of the murine CC49.
Lack of complex formation is evident (
At one week, none of the patients showed a detectable response against the HuCC49 (
Three patterns of HAMA-HAVRA response are evident. The patterns of the HAMA and HAVRA responses elicited in each of the patients were very similar, differing only in the apparent level of antibody. Patients DG, LW, LQ and CP developed HAVRA simultaneously with HAMA. Patients DS and JM appear to have a strong HAVRA, while HAMA response is modest. While in patients TD, JG, and EA, the HAVRA level is lower than HAMA at 3 weeks, followed by HAMA and HAVRA attaining high levels at later timepoints. In no patient was there a HAVRA response without the development of HAMA.
The HAMA results for the twelve patients are summarized below in Table 2.
HPLC Analysis of Patients' Anti-mouse immunoglobulin
response after i.v. injection of 177Lu-CC49
Days Post-Injection
of 177Lu-CC49
aThe values are the percent of 125I-BL-3 detected in complexes after a brief incubation with the patient sera and resolved by size-exclusion chromatography. The timepoints of each patient are background corrected using the patients' pre-study sera.
The patterns of the HAMA responses are varied and are consistent with previous findings by Colcher et al. (1990), J. Nucl. Med. 31:1133-1142. Ten out of the twelve patients (83%) demonstrate a HAMA response at 3 weeks following a single intravenous injection of 20 mg 177Lu-labeled CC49, two patients (LW and JG) have minimal responses evident at 7 days with complexes of 3% and 4%, respectively. One patient (RW) may be considered a nonresponder. Some of the patients show an escalating HAMA response, while others plateau. Yet another (JJ) peaks at 3 weeks, followed by an apparent decrease in the HAMA level. Overall, at 3 weeks, 8 of 12 patients (57%) at and 6 weeks, 9 of 11 (82%) were HAMA positive.
Specificity of Patient Response
The specificity of the patients' antibody response to CC49 was assessed using 125I-labeled HuCC49 and HuCC49 CDR-replacement variants to determine whether or not any of the responses were directed against the variable region of CC49. To accomplish this, the HPLC methodology was employed using 125I-HuCC49 as the probe (See, Kashmiri et al. (1995), Hybridoma, 14:461-473).
To eliminate the artifactual influence of TAG-72 in the HPLC analysis for anti-CC49 antibody responses found in the patient's serum, immunoadsorbents were prepared as reported by Ferroni et al. (1992) J. Clin. Lab. Analysis, 4:465-473. For the purpose of these studies, purified MAb CC92 was coupled to Reacti-gel (HW65F, Pierce) according to the method of Heam et al. (1979), J. Chromatog., 185:463-470. MAb CC92 is a second-generation monoclonal antibody that reacts with TAG-72, but with an epitope distinct from the one recognized by CC49.
Before probing the patients' sera with the 125I-HuCC49, removal of HAMA and circulating TAG-72 were confirmed using 125I-BL-3 and 125I-B72.3, respectively (data not shown). MAb B72.3 is an anti-TAG-72 MAb that has been shown to form complexes with TAG-72 in patient sera (Colcher et al. (1990), J. Nucl. Med., 31:1133-1142).
In the competition assay, 5 μg of the cold competitor (either purified HuCC49 or one of its variants) was added to a mixture of patient sera (collected 8 weeks post-i.v. injection with 177Lu-CC49) and 125I-HuCC49 and then analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography for the absence or presence of complexes. The percent inhibition of complex formation was calculated. If the variant competed with the 125I-labeled MAb, and complex formation was inhibited, then the variant still contained the immunodominant CDR. If the variant failed to inhibit complex formation, then the CDR that is no longer present in the variant is recognized by the patient and hence it is an immunogenic CDR. An example of this assay (using serum from patient LQ) is shown in
The results are very striking, see Table 3.
HPLC Analysis of Patient Reactivity to
CDR-Replacement variants of HuCC49a
Hu IgG
Light Chain
1, 2
Heavy Chain
aThe sera from patients injected with 177Lu-CC49 were tested for reactivity with variants of HuCC49 in which individual CDRs had been substituted with human sequences in both the heavy and light chains of HuCC49. Five μg of the purified CDR-replacement variants were added to a mixture of 125I-HuCC49 and the patient sera and then analyzed for the presence or absence of immune complex formation.
bThe number indicates which CDR in the HuCC49 has been replaced with a human CDR sequence.
cThe values are the percent of complexes, the higher molecular weight species, resolved by size-exclusion chromatography.
Of the six patients analyzed, all six demonstrated reactivity with CDR3 light chain indicating that light chain CDR3 may be immunodominant in murine CC49 MAb. In the heavy chain, CDR2 appears to be dominant but not with the same level of consensus (four of the six patients show the same level of reactivity, the other two demonstrated partial reactivity). Concordance was obtained among the six patients in regard to CDR2 of the light chain and CDR1 and CDR3 of the heavy chain, which do not appear to contribute to the immunogenicity of the MAb. This is also the case with the light chain CDR1 and, it follows, the variant with the dual substitution of CDR1 and 2 in the light chain, in which all six patients displayed a partial recognition of the variants. Partial recognition with the heavy chain CDR2 variant with two patients may be due to a loss of part but not all of the cognizant epitope, a change in the conformation or conformational epitope, or loss of amino acid residues that might stabilize the antibody:antibody interaction.
Ouantitation of Patient Antibody Response
Quantitation of the HAMA or anti-variable region antibody levels in four patients was performed using HPLC analysis. The quantitation study was performed by adding either 500 ng of unlabeled BL-3 or 250 ng of HuCC49, respectively, to the mixture of patient serum and 125I-HuCC49 and calculating the amount of BL-3 or HuCC49 bound in complexes.
As shown in Table 4, below, at 6 weeks, the amount of HAMA varies from patient to patient by 43-fold, while the variability of HAVRA is within 4-fold. Furthermore, the HAMA versus HAVRA levels may vary from 10 to 145-fold. Clearly, HAVRA can be detected at 3 weeks, and, not surprisingly, it does not appear to attain the same levels as HAMA. In patient EA, there is a dramatic 10-fold increase in the level of HAVRA from 6 to 8 weeks that is noteworthy.
Quantitation of anti-CC49 variable region and anti-murine
response of patients administered 177Lu-CC49
μg of Ab/ml Sera
3 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
3 weeks
5 weeks
6 weeks
3 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
3 weeks
6 weeks
Competition Radioimmunoassay
To confirm whether the HAVRA was actually an anti-idiotypic response, including internal image anti-idiotypic antibodies, to the murine MAb CC49, the sera from one patient (EA) was selected and assessed for blocking of the binding of 125I-HuCC49 to BSM in a radioimmunoassay.
The immunoreactivity of the radiolabeled MAbs was assessed using bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) immobilized on a solid support (Reacti-Gel HW65, Pierce) as a modification of the method reported by Heam et al. (1979), J. Chromatog., 185:463-470 and Schott (1992) Cancer Res., 52:6413-6417. Briefly, bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), which is TAG-72 positive, was adsorbed to each well of a 96-well polyvinylchloride microtiter plate at 10 ng in 50 μl of phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) as described by Horan Hand et al. (1992), Cancer Immunol, Immunother., 353:165-174. After treating the wells with 5% BSA in PBS, serial dilutions of the patient sera (25 ∥l in 1% BSA in PBS) were added to each; 125I-CC49 (38 nCi in 25 μl) was also added. Following an 18 hour incubation at 4� C., the plates were washed and the wells counted in a γ-scintillation counter. The percent inhibition was calculated and compared to that of unlabeled CC49. Human IgG (Organon Teknika, Durham, N.C.), which does not react with TAG-72 was included as a control antibody.
It was found that the patient sera could block the binding of 125I-HuCC49 with BSM (
All references cited in this disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference.
|Cited Patent
|Filing date
|Publication date
|Apr 8, 1983
|Mar 28, 1989
|Genentech, Inc.
|Recombinant immunoglobin preparations
|Feb 16, 1993
|Dec 5, 1995
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Family of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen chimeric antibodies
|Apr 14, 1994
|Jan 9, 1996
|The Ohio State University Research Foundation
|Biostaging of adenocarcinomas utilizing radiolabeled tumor-associated glycoprotein antibodies
|Jul 2, 1990
|Apr 30, 1996
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services
|Second generation monoclonal antibodies having binding specificity to TAG-72 and human carcinomas and methods for employing the same
|Oct 7, 1993
|Jul 9, 1996
|Chiron Corporation
|Biosynthetic binding proteins for immuno-targeting
|Jun 7, 1995
|Dec 17, 1996
|Protein Design Labs, Inc.
|Humanized immunoglobulins
|Sep 12, 1994
|Nov 18, 1997
|International Bio-Immune Systems, Inc.
|Monoclonal antibodies against human colon carcinoma-associated antigens and uses therefor
|Jun 16, 1994
|Nov 2, 1999
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Composite antibodies of human subgroup IV light chain capable of binding to tag-72
|Jun 7, 1995
|Nov 2, 1999
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Composite antibodies of human subgroup IV light chain capable of binding to TAG-72
|Jul 2, 1997
|Nov 30, 1999
|Genentech, Inc.
|Anti-IgE antibodies and methods of improving polypeptides
|May 9, 1995
|Apr 25, 2000
|Genentech, Inc.
|Humanized antibodies and methods for making them
|Jun 7, 1995
|Jan 30, 2001
|Protein Design Labs, Inc.
|Humanized immunoglobulins and methods of making the same
|Sep 28, 2000
|Dec 25, 2001
|The Dow Chemical Company
|High affinity humanized anti-CEA monoclonal antibodies
|Oct 30, 1997
|Dec 17, 2002
|The Dow Chemical Company
|Humanized anti-tag-72 monoclonal antibodies using human subgroup 4 kappa light chains
|May 13, 1992
|Nov 18, 1992
|George E. Mark, Iii
|Method for reducing the immunogenicity of antibody variable domains
|Sep 1, 1994
|Mar 2, 1996
|Syed V. S. Kashmiri
|Production of a single-gene-encoded immunoglobulin
|Mar 26, 1987
|Sep 30, 1987
|Medical Research Council
|Recombinant antibodies and methods for their production
|Oct 18, 1989
|May 2, 1990
|The Dow Chemical Company
|A novel family of high affinity, modified antibodies for cancer treatment
|Jun 7, 1988
|Jan 26, 1989
|The United States Of America, As Represented By Th
|Second generation monoclonal antibodies having binding specificity to tag-72 and human carcinomas and methods for employing the same
|Sep 5, 1988
|Mar 9, 1989
|Celltech Limited
|Recombinant antibody and method
|Oct 4, 1989
|May 3, 1990
|The Dow Chemical Company
|A novel family of high affinity, modified antibodies for cancer treatment
|Jun 29, 1990
|Jan 10, 1991
|Oncogen Limited Partnership
|Novel antibodies reactive with human carcinomas
|Dec 13, 1991
|Jun 24, 1993
|Dow Chemical (Australia) Limited
|Composite antibodies of human subgroup iv light chain capable of binding to tag-72
|Oct 26, 1995
|May 9, 1996
|The Government Of The United States Of America, Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services
|Tumor-specific antibody fragments, fusion proteins, and uses thereof
|Jan 17, 1997
|Jul 24, 1997
|Smithkline Beecham Corporation
|Anticoagulant agents useful in treatment of thrombosis
|Oct 24, 1997
|May 7, 1998
|Cell Genesys, Inc.
|Targeted cytolysis of cancer cells
|Feb 25, 1998
|Sep 2, 1999
|The Dow Chemical Company
|High affinity humanized anti-tag-72 monoclonal antibodies
|Oct 29, 1999
|May 11, 2000
|The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary, Department Of Health And Human Services
|Variants of humanized anti-carcinoma monoclonal antibody cc49
|Jun 26, 2003
|Jan 8, 2004
|The Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services
|Humanized anti-tag-72 cc49 for diagnosis and therapy of human tumors
|Abergel et al., "Crystallographic Studies and Primary Structure of the Antitumor Monoclonal CC49 Fab'," Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 17:438-443, 1993.
|Colcher et al., "Radioimmunolocalization of Human Carcinoma Xenografts with B72.3 Second Generation Monoclonal Antibodies," Cancer Research 48:4597-4603, 1988.
|Divgi et al., "Clinical Comparison of Radiolocalization of Two Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) Against the TAG-72 Antigen," Nucl. Med. Biol. 21(1):9-15, 1994.
|Gonzales et al., "Minimizing immunogenicity of the SDR-grafted humanized antibody CC49 by genetic manipulation of the framework residues," Mol. Immunol., 40:337-349, 2003.
|Hakimi et al., "Reduced immunogenicity and improved pharmacokinetics of humanized anti-Tac in cynomolgus monkeys," J. Immunol. 147:1352-1359, 1991.
|Hand et al., "Potential for Recombinant Immunoglobulin Constructs in the Management of Carcinoma," Cancer Supplement 73(3):1105-1113, 1994.
|Iwahashi et al., "CDR Substitutions of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody (CC49): Contributions of Individual CDRs to Antigen Binding and Immunogenicity," Molecular Immunology 36:1079-1091, 1999.
|Johnson et al., "Analysis of a Human Tumor-associated Glycoprotein (TAG-72) Identified by Monoclonal Antibody B72.3," Cancer Research 46:850-857, 1986.
|Jones et al., "Replacing the Complementarity-determining Regions in a Human Antibody with those from a Mouse," Nature 321:522-525, 1986.
|Kashmiri et al., "Development of a minimally immunogenic variant of humanized anti-carcinoma monoclonal antibody CC49," Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 38:3-16, 2001.
|Kashmiri et al., "Generation, Characterization, and in Vivo Studies of Humanized Anticarcinoma Antibody CC49," Hybridoma 14(5):461-473, 1995.
|Kashmiri et al., "SDR grafting-a new approach to antibody humanization," Methods, 36:25-34, 2005.
|Kashmiri et al., Chapter 21 in Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 248: Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols, p. 361-376; Lo (ed.), Humana Press, Inc., Tolowa, NJ, 2003.
|Mulligan et al., "Phase I Study of Intravenous <SUP>177</SUP>Lu-labeled CC49 Murine Monoclonal Antibody in Patients with Advanced Adenocarcinoma," Clinical Cancer Research 1:1447-1454, 1995.
|Muraro et al., "Generation and Characterization of B72.3 Second Generation Monoclonal Antibodies Reactive with the Tumor-associated Glycoprotein 72 Antigen," Cancer Research 48:4588-4596, 1988.
|Padlan et al., "Identification of Specificity-determining Residues in Antibodies," The FASEB Journal 9:133-139, 1995.
|Padlan, "A Possible Procedure for Reducing the Immunogenicity of Antibody Variable Domains while Preserving their Ligand-binding Properties," Molecular Immunology 28(4/5):489-498, 1991.
|Padlan, "Anatomy of the antibody molecule," Mol. Immunol. 31:169-217, 1994.
|Pascalis et al., "In Vitro Affinity Maturation of a Specificity-Determining Region-Grafted Humanized Anticarcinoma Antibody: Isolation and Characterization of Minimally Immunogenic High-Affinity Variants," Clinical Cancer Research, 9:5521-5531, 2003.
|Paul, Fundamental Immunology, Raven Press, NY, Ch. 8, p. 242, 1993.
|Reichman et al., "Reshaping human antibodies for therapy," Nature (London) 332:323-327, 1988.
|Rixon et al., "Preferential Use of a H Chain V Region in Antitumor-associated Glycoprotein-72 Monoclonal Antibodies," The Journal of Immunology 151(11):6559-6568, 1993.
|Rudikoff et al., "Single amino acid substitution altering antigen-binding specificity," PNAS 79(6):1979-1983, 1982.
|Saldanha et al., "A single backmutation in the human kIV framework of a previously unsuccessfully humanized antibody restores the binding activity and increases the secretion in cos cells," Mol. Immunol. 36:709-719, 1999.
|Schier et al., "Isolation of picomolar affinity anti-c-erbB-2 single-chain Fv by molecular evolution of the complementarity determining regions in the center of the antibody binding site," J. Mol. Biol. 263:551-567, 1996.
|Sha et al., "A Heavy-chain Grafted Antibody that Recognizes the Tumor-associated TAG72 Antigen," Cancer Biotherapy 9(4):341-349, 1994.
|Sharkey et al., "Evaluation of a complementarity-determining region-grafted (humanized) anti-carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody in preclinical and clinical studies," Cancer Res. 55:5935s-5945s.
|Slavin-Chiorini et al., "A CDR-grafted (humanized) domain-deleted antitumor antibody," Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 12:305-316, 1997.
|Slavin-Chiorini et al., "Biological Properties of Chimeric Domain-deleted Anticarcinoma Immunoglobulins," Cancer Research (Supplement) 55:5957s-5967s, 1995.
|Tamura et al., "Structural Correlates of an Anticarcinoma Antibody: Identification of Specificity-determining Residues (SDRs) and Development of a Minimally Immunogenic Antibody Variant by Retention of SDRs Only," Journal of Immunology 164(3):1432-1441, 2000.
|Wu et al., "Humanization of a murine monoclonal antibody by simultaneous optimization of framework and CDR residues," J. Mol. Biol. 294:151-162, 1999.
|Xiang et al., "Complementarity Determining Region Residues Aspartic Acid at H55, Serine at H95 and Tyrosines at H97 and L96 Play Important Roles in the B72.3 Antibody-TAG72 Antigen Interaction," Protein Engineering 9(6):539-543, 1996.
|Xiang et al., "Light-chain framework region residue Tyr71 of chimeric B72.3 antibody plays an important role in influencing the TAG72 antigen binding," Protein Eng. 12:417-421, 1999.
|Xiang et al., "The Tyrosine Residue at Position 97 in the V<SUB>H </SUB>CDR3 Region of a Mouse/Human Chimeric Anti-Colorectal Carcinoma Antibody Contributes Hydrogen Bonding to the TAG72 Antigen," Cancer Biotherapy 8(3):253-262, 1993.
|U.S. Classification
|435/7.1, 424/178.1, 424/130.1, 530/388.85, 530/387.3, 530/391.3
|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Apr 15, 2005
Owner name: SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SE
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KASHMIRI, SYED V.S.;PADLAN, EDUARDO A.;SCHLOM, JEFFREY;REEL/FRAME:016086/0977
Effective date: 20000118
|Jul 14, 2009
|Certificate of correction
|Feb 14, 2011
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
|Feb 16, 2015
|Fee payment
Year of fee payment: 8


text:
Scott Puopolo's Articles
SP360: Service Provider
Making Money in Internet Video
If you are a service provider, the title of this blog probably has you shaking your head. SPs know only too well that Internet video is costing them money becauseRead More
SP360: Service Provider
Two Sides Are Better Than One
If there's one thing that service providers are familiar with, it's change. There's been nothing but change – wave after wave of disruptive change – from the industry deregulation ofRead More
SP360: Service Provider
Cisco IBSG Study – By 2013, Public Cloud Computing Services Revenue Will Reach Nearly US$44 Billion
Cloud computing has raised a lot of questions with service providers (SPs) and enterprises alike. Because the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) is in the business of answering questions,Read More
SP360: Service Provider
The Cut Stops Here: New Platforms for Growth
The service provider (SP) industry is at an inflection point. During the past couple of years, SPs have dealt with the economic downturn by focusing the majority of their attentionRead More
SP360: Service Provider
CTO Telecom Summit 2010: Trends and Takeaways
Chris Osika, U.S. Service Provider Lead for Cisco's Internet Business Solutions Group, just returned from CTO Telecom Summit where he gave the keynote speech and I want to share withRead More
SP360: Service Provider
Next-Generation Managed Services – Vodafone Adopts a New Operating Model
Service providers are under pressure to differentiate themselves from the competitors, to be more innovative in creating new services, and to move towards a lower-cost operating model by reducing operationalRead More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1948 Sport Magazine-Kentucky Wildcats Ralph Beard Newstand Edition
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Sports
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Nov 27, 2014
- Channel: Auction House
January 1948 Sport Magazine - Ralph Beard and Arnold Ferrin.Buyer to pay shipping/handling. If purchasing multiple items, please wait until a revised invoice is sent. I combine shipping to help save you money. Please save me as a favorite seller, sign up for newsletter and visit my eBay store!!!


text:
vacation time!
Sail Date: February 01, 2011
Reviewed: 6 years ago
Traveled As: Couple
Room Type: Balcony
Despite all, would again sail on the Pride, mainly because it goes out of Baltimore. Flying into Florida to catch a cruise is too much of a hassle these days!
Pros: being able to leave out of Baltimore and not having to fly anywhere
Cons: food, rough seas


text:
Air Serv International
Florida, United States
|Air Serv Limited
|Fleet size
|See Equipment below
|Warrenton, Virginia, United States
Air Serv International is a nonprofit humanitarian organization that uses aircraft to fly relief workers and supplies to help victims of disasters in some of the most remote and challenging areas in the world. It flies where other air carriers cannot, or will not, fly. It is headquartered in Warrenton, Virginia, United States.[1]
Air Serv was founded in 1984 in the state of Florida as a humanitarian 501 (c) 3 Charitable Organisation.[2] In 1997 it set up a subsidiary for-profit company in Uganda, Air Serv Limited.[3] In 2007 it also maintains offices in Afghanistan, Canada, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Jordan and Mozambique.[1] Air Serv is affiliated with various charity umbrella organisations, including Independent Charities of America, InterAction and Do Unto Others.[4]
Air Serv was active in Banda Aceh in the wake of the 2004 Tsunami and late in 2005 was involved in relief work following the Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan.[5]
Air Serv uses a variety of turboprop and piston engined aircraft as well as some leased or chartered helicopters and larger aircraft when required. As of November 2007 the fleet numbers 19[2] and includes:
- 1 Beechcraft 200 Super King Air[6]
- 1 Beechcraft 1900C[2]
- 6 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan[6]
- 2 De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter[6]
Accidents and incidents[edit]
Accident 31 August 2007. A Twin Otter being ferried back from Punia (PUN) (Democratic Republic of Congo) to Goma (GOM) in VMC. It was involved in an accident some 8-10 minutes after departure. The airplane crash-landed in the Oku River between Punia and Tchamaka. The airplane came to rest inverted in the water and was badly damaged. The aircraft was leased from Solenta Aviation and operated by Air Serv International
An Air Serv leased nineteen passenger Beechcraft 1900C crashed on 1 September 2008 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, about 15 km northwest of Bukavu[7][8] carrying two crew and fifteen passengers.[9][10][11][12] The aircraft, registration ZS-OLD, was wet leased and flown by crew from South Africa's CEM Air.[13] Based at Lanseria Airport, Johannesburg South Africa, it was arriving at Bukavu following technical service at N'Dolo Airport, Kinshasa.[14] The aircraft was under the command of 24-year-old Rudi Knoetze of Johannesburg when it crashed into a mountainous ridge.[15] Passengers included twelve Congolese, one French, one Indian, and one Canadian.[16]
Accident 4 March 2009.An Air Serv Cessna Caravan registration 5X-ASI had to perform a forced landing shortly after take off from Maridi, Sudan, when it suffered engine failure. The airplane landed back on the runway before eventually coming to a stop off the end of the landing strip. The wing struck a tree during the forced landing. The wing reportedly came off as a result. [(Aviation Safety Network)]
According to the authors of The Power of Unreasonable People Air Serv has provided more than 150,000 flights enabling hundreds of humanitarian relief organizations access to parts of the world under stress. [17] Of these flights Air Serv has delivered more than 1,600 metric tons of supplies and served more than 230,000 passengers and patients. [18] The environment that Air Serv operates in is often war torn countries, ravaged by fighting and unrest between rebel forces and governments. [17] One pilot working with Air Serv recounted how she was held at gunpoint by a local needing transportation until the police aided her in resolving the issue. [19] Another pilot that formerly flew with the Air Force remarked how he was shot at more than when he flew with the military. [20] Sometimes fighting stops only for the planes to come in and deliver supplies and then the fighting will resume.[17] On one flight the pilot of Air Serv was given 30 min by the rebel forces fighting in that region to land, refuel and evacuate fellow humanitarians and be back up in the air.[21] Other factors that Air Serv pilots must deal with is inadequate runways and severe weather conditions.[17] Landing in mud so deep that the plane becomes stuck requiring locals to dig out with machetes [22] and rain that is so severe that it removes paint from the aircraft are just a few of the weather related challenges Air Serv has faced.[23] Air fields that these pilots use are sometimes just desert areas marked by rocks showing where the pilots must land. [24]
- ^ a b Air Serv Contact web page retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ a b c Air Serv Press Release announcing the commencement of Beech 1900C operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ Report on Air Serv retrieved 2007-11-01.
- ^ Air Serv "About Us" web page retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ^ Air Serv 2005 Annual Report retrieved 2007-11-02.
- ^ a b c US civil aircraft register search using "Air Serv" as the search parameter. Search conducted 2007-11-01.
- ^ "'No survivors' in DR Congo crash" BBC News 2 September 2008
- ^ Joe Bavier "Aid plane crashes in Congo, no sign of survivors" Reuters 2 September 2008
- ^ Air Serv press release
- ^ Avionews
- ^ "Aid plane with 17 on board crashes in eastern DR Congo" United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 2 September 2008
- ^ "RDC: Un avion humanitaire de l'ONU avec 17 personnes à bord s'écrase dans l'est" (in French) United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), 2 September 2008
- ^ Preliminary Report NTSB
- ^ "Crash d'avion près de Bukavu, 17 morts" (in French) Radio Okapi, 2 September 2008
- ^ "SA pilot killed in DRC crash" News24 2 September 2008
- ^ "Crash au Kivu: les secours n'ont pas encore pu atteindre l'épave, selon l'ONU" (in French) 3 September 2008 Archived September 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d Hartigan, John Elkington, Pamela (2008). The power of unreasonable people : how social entrepreneurs create markets that change the world ([Repr.]. ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 978-1-4221-0406-4.
- ^ "Member Profile | NBAA Insider, May-June 2009 | NBAA - National Business Aviation Association". www.nbaa.org. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ Pittman, Lacey. "A Pilots Perspective: Flying in Politically Unstable and Hostile Environments" (PDF). airserv.org. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "A pilot's humanitarian takeoff | Devex". www.devex.com.
- ^ "A pilot's humanitarian takeoff | Devex". www.devex.com. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "A pilot's humanitarian takeoff | Devex". www.devex.com.
- ^ Pittman, Lacey. "A Pilot's Perspective: Flying in Politically Unstable and Hostile Environments" (PDF). airserv.org. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "Air Serv International History - Bing video". www.bing.com.