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Gib'Sea Yachts
Hello everyone
I just purchased a 1990 Gib'Sea 262. Its a French built boat. Anyone have any experience with Gib'Sea's or hopefully even the 262? Would love to hear about sailing experiences, maintenance issues, and the like.
The boat is 26 foot overall and 9'6" beam. Weighs in at 6200 lbs so its a large 26. Accomodations include both a fore, and aft cabin. Really looking forward to bringing the boat home to Cleveland Ohio from Lake Huron where it currently resides.
Any info or opinions would be very helpful.
Bob D
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Walk-Behind Mowers
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The lightest, quietest rotary mower available(153 reviews)
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Light, quiet, clean, and eco-friendly, the Neuton CE5 Mower has all the power and performance of a gas-powered unit, without all the noise and mess!(more)
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Neuton CE6 Cordless Electric Mower
More width and power!(136 reviews)
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The Neuton CE6 Mower gives you the powerful performance of a gas mower with the convenience of battery technology. There is no gas or oil to spill and the lightweight design makes maneuvering tight corners easy and strain-free. (more)
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For more information including application and registration details please visit the Parsons site.
The Parsons Scholars Program provides youth from under-represented backgrounds the opportunity to explore art & design in a college environment. Accepted students receive college credit while preparing for the college admissions process at no cost to them. (Note: this is a pre-college scholarship, and not a college scholarship.) Fore more information, download our information sheet here.
Applications for current 10th graders are open. Please review the information sheet here. You can find the link to the application here. If you are an educator or school administrator who would like for us to host an info session at your school, please fill out this form. Applications are due October 28th.


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From TSTE®
1 TBS TSTE® Cinnabar Smoke Spice Blend
1 TBS TSTE® Light Chili Powder
From the Grocer
8 ears of corn, husked and cleaned
16 oz (1 lb) bacon
PREHEAT a grill to medium heat.
USE two slices of bacon (overlapping on one end) to wrap one ear of corn from one end to the other.
MIX TSTE® Cinnabar Smoke Spice Blend and TSTE® Light Chili Powder and sprinkle evenly over the ears of bacon wrapped corn. Wrap them in aluminum foil and place on the heated grill.
GRILL ears of corn for 15-30 mins (or until bacon is fully cooked and somewhat crispy), turning every 5 mins.
REMOVE foil and serve.
*For smaller portions (pictured on front of the card), cut corn ears in half prior to wrapping. Wrap one slice of bacon per half. Proceed with recipe as directed.
Yield: 8 ears of corn
Total Time: 40 mins
Prep: 10 mins
Cook: 30 mins


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(if this is a private computer)
Yes please, register now!
Start a Conversation
Add A Photo
When you purchase a digital subscription to Cake Central Magazine, you will get an instant and automatic download of the most recent issue.
Here is my version! thanks to all the ideas on this site!
Dr Seuss
Happy Birthday Dr. Seuss
Dr Seuss Birthday Smash Cake


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Seems like surfs are picking up again. Confidence is being restored. I found a 2nd surf (autosurf) for you folks. Gingopay.
This one looks promising, Admin seems to be honest, sincere, and legit. One of my friends actually spoke to her. Being able to do that is nice in these days of anonymity and hiding.
It's 126% ROI in 9 days, paid weekly. Trusted script. Has never been hacked. So a good one.
In any case, this one takes Liberty Reserve, StrictPay, and AlertPay. Autosurf time is 8 seconds. And that's nice. So.... join up and make some bucks!
Here I am after a long hot slow summer. Starting to cool off a little now but this heat still makes it hard to move around too much. Haven't blogged about ...
1 year ago


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Backend changes, see announcements if anything is broken.
How would a str,Agi,luk build fair in Ragnarok?
Hi, I just made a swordman, I don't have any experience with killing classes, my other characters are caster, what skills should I get as a swordman?
My RK is now 150/50. My build is a IB/BB build and I have yet to make a rune or even walk into pvp with him lol. I am about to reset to a hundred spear / dragon breath / crushing strike build. I see a lot of people post about making a Hybrid. Does hybrid basically mean they want to have atk speed with 2h sword but still do good with skills(HS, DB)? If I am really not interested in breaking or melee atk for woe/pvp, how important is AGI. Seems like I could maximize skill dmg(HS, DB) if i ditch AGI. At least make AGI my leftover skill to put points into. Seems like STR/VIT/DEX/INT are the most important. Leaving AGI/LUK as leftover skills. How low can I get by with as far as the leftover skills? Am I going about this all wrong? Is there many 1 AGI RK's out there or is that just silly? :popcorn:
I thought in renewal spiral preskill level for spear mastery is 5?
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"At Arbutus we cater to the discerning client who wants the best possible products and service. Being in the construction industry for over 20 years, we have found Tufdek™ to be the only vinyl decking product to give us quality products, designer colors and excellent customer service, all of which our customers deserve."
Mark Harrison & Magnus Lindquist – Arbutus Sundecks
"I became a Tufdek™ dealer because of the superior quality of the Tufdek™ vinyl. In comparison to other products I've installed over the last 10 years, the strength of Tufdek™ combined with their proprietary Aqueous based inks and revolutionary Polycarbonate surface protection makes Tufdek™ the best waterproofing system on the market. I enjoy being able to offer my customers a product that performs well beyond their expectations."
Dave McCollum – J & S Decking
"Quality, quality, quality! Our business is built on our ability to provide the best quality products and installations. Tufdek™ was the only choice for us when it came to choosing a waterproofing product and being "Authorized Tufdek™ Dealers" allows us to offer the best product, service and warranty in the industry."
Dean Phelps – Island Deckmaster Ltd.
Tufdek is the " WORLD'S STRONGEST " vinyl decking


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Sunbeam® Heritage Series® Hand Mixers Beater
In Stock
Product Actions
Sunbeam® Heritage Series® Hand Mixers Beater
$4.99- See final price in cart
An extra beater is the perfect accessory for the busy cook and baker who has recipes that call for multiples mixtures, or when preparing many dishes at the same time. Keep cooking and baking fast and easy.See More...
Additional Information
Includes one extra beater for hand mixers. Fits Sunbeam® Hand Mixer models 2560, 2561, 2562, 2563, 3156, 2547, 2564, 2565, 2566, 2567 and 2551.
Sunbeam® Heritage Series® Hand Mixers Beater is rated out of 5 by 17.
Rated 2 out of 5 by Tayla from Welding oversight the weld on the top of the beater let loose less than a month after we got it.
Date published: 2014-05-16
Rated 1 out of 5 by Jamie c from Broke immediately! I bought replacement beaters. I noticed they were made of cheap thinner metal compared to the existing ones. They broke within seconconds after I turned on the hand mixer. Now I see that they cut the price in half after I purchased them. Figures. Just going to throw all in the trash and buy a different product completely.
Date published: 2015-12-30
Rated 4 out of 5 by Karen M from Glad to find replacement beaters I love my Sunbeam mixer, but after years, the beaters were beginning to rust. I was glad to find replacements so I didn't have to buy a new mixer.
Date published: 2016-01-31
Rated 5 out of 5 by wrigjose from Satisfied a need Work as expected very happy with purchase so far so good.
Date published: 2015-01-10
Rated 1 out of 5 by bnc3 from No excuse to sell mixer but not stock accessories Very disappointed to learn from this site that there are no replacement beaters for my 1502 model. Apparently Sunbeam no longer sells the model, but about accessories for it? Shouldn't have to buy a new mixer when my current one is perfectly good but just needs a new beater. I think I'll shop a different brand for my next one.
Date published: 2015-11-14
Rated 2 out of 5 by rustyvw from Does not fit my earlier model mixer so no use at a I bought the 3 beaters/whisk based on the same model name I have and although they looked identical and mounted the same way they are smaller and do not fit my mixer. I went ahead and bought another hand-held mixer and they do fit it so not a complete waste of money and I will look in thrift shops for the others.
Date published: 2017-01-17
Rated 5 out of 5 by Mali from Sunbeam Hand Mixer I have owned Model #2485 for many years and love it. It is a work horse and I only bring out the large mixer occasionally. Sad to say, while I was mixing cookie batter one of the beaters broke. Can you tell me where I can order a replacement?
Date published: 2015-01-02
Rated 1 out of 5 by ChrisK from Bad design Bought them to replace a beater that the welding broke on but neither set worked with my heritage mixer that is only 2 years old. Mixer works great beaters are terrible Would return them but the shipping is more than I paid for the beaters!!
Date published: 2016-06-18


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Find Hotels in Chinon
Chinon Hotels & Accommodation
Browse through the list of Chinon hotels to find the right hotel at a great price. Each hotel in Chinon has many photos, reviews and a map of its location in Chinon to make sure you get the most out of your stay. Booking your hotel in Chinon couldn't be simpler. Just find a hotel, check the rates and proceed to the checkout. We'll have you enjoying your Chinon hotel in no time. Quick, easy and secure.


text: Silent Code - Bassline Shutup - Out March 11th 2013 by MISSREPRESENT published on 2013-03-03T17:10:52Z SNR002 www.soundcloud.com/slicednoterecordings proudly presents the 2nd release - available to download from all good download stores. Buy on track it down : http://www.trackitdown.net/track/silent-code/bassline-shut-up/drum_and_bass/5482827.html More info on http://www.missrepresent.com/sliced-note-recordings Review : Bassline Shut Up Beginning with some great old skool rave influenced pads before kicking into into a charged, high octane banger with an infectious pulsating bassline over punching beats making for a peak time monster to rock the crowds. Written by Tariq Ziyad firstname.lastname@example.com (Hush Mag ) Genre Jump Up Dnb Comment by Physmatics Awesome Tune!!! 2013/04/26 14:24:03 +0000 Comment by DJ Shad'Y dutty bassline 2013/04/21 18:48:00 +0000 Comment by JRS / DANGER DEE - 2015 What a killer :0 2013/03/07 14:11:17 +0000 Comment by RhythMix™ dam, aggressive! u shud try drumstep sometime, shud b pretty easy fr u haha sick bass in this yo 2013/03/05 02:33:40 +0000 Comment by decibel lecter dnb Tearing brother , phat sound , that bassline is off it's head wicked track 2013/03/04 07:07:11 +0000 Comment by Matt B DNB Missrepressent on the 1's and 2's! BOOSH! 2013/03/03 23:22:45 +0000 Comment by Matt B DNB sounding rude already! 2013/03/03 23:22:08 +0000 Comment by -INFLICTED- Sick track 2013/03/03 21:06:26 +0000 Comment by Aaliyah Latifah keep up the good work! 2013/03/03 19:26:14 +0000


text: Entertainers New York United States. 2017-04-02 Scribner 9781847371034 1847371035 9781410403124 1410403122 Martin Steve Schauspieler. Steve Martin The author shares the stories of his years in stand-up comedy in a humorous memoir that recalls a first job selling guidebooks at Disneyland, his early magic and comedy act, his years of honing his craft, and the sacrifice, discipline, and originality it took to take him to the top. Biography Born standing up : a comic's life 153578765 1st Scribner hardcover ed. 153578765 2007 en Beforehand -- Coffee and confusion -- Comedy through the airwaves -- Disneyland -- The bird cage theatre -- Television -- The road -- Breakthrough -- Standing down. Martin Steve Steve Martin 1945 Entertainers--United States Comedians--United States 2007 9781416553649 1416553649 9780739495582 0739495585 Martin Steve Steve Martin 1945 nyu


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Jam & Jerusalem - Caroline wants to do some rimming
Description:Caroline (Jennifer Saunders) wants to give a demonstration of rimming.
From: Jam & Jerusalem, series 2, episode 1
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(1871-1937) a British scientist, born in New Zealand. His main interest was in the structure of the atom, and he worked for much of his career at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. In 1902 he explained the process of radioactive decay, in which one chemical element can turn into another, and he received the Nobel Prize for this work in 1908. Later work identified alpha, beta and gamma rays, and he discovered and named the proton (= part of the atom) in 1919. His work was of great importance in the later development of nuclear technology. He was made a life peer in 1931.jump to other results
Ernest Rutherford
BrE ; NAmE
Check pronunciation: Ernest Rutherford


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Sperm Exchange - Scene 1
Get Your Gay Access Now!
DVD Title Sperm Exchange
Category Cumshots
Added November 09, 2013
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Duration 19m, 24s
Tags Anal Sex, Ass To Mouth, Blowjobs, Cum Swapping
- This scene does not have any comments yet!
In this superb threesome, blond haired twink Sone gets to live out one of his wildest fantasies. He gets double teamed by dominant studs Mateya and Milos, who are intent on drilling his ass and his mouth. Sone looks like he's died and gone to heaven as the two other studs pull their pricks out, rubbing them all over his face as he blissfully opens his mouth and welcomes the schlongs down his throat. He pumps both guys with cocksucking lips and then invites them to take turns drilling his ass. Sone moans so loudly that the only way to shut him up is to stick another cock down his throat either that, or a load of sperm!
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Sperm Exchange
November 09 2013
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1. Designer Crafts on the Mall 2016
From Friday until August 21, Mall Galleries, The Mall, SW1
This show, organised by the Society of Designer Craftsmen — which was founded in 1887 with William Morris and Walter Crane as early members — features the work of 130 modern members, all designer-makers of high-quality ceramics, furniture, glass, jewellery, metalwork, textiles and woodwork.
Notable glass-makers include Peter Layton and Adam Aaronson. Also see Edward Johnson's furniture, Christine Meyer-Eaglestone's marquetry and hand-woven textile hangings by Arliyah Hussain and Mayumi Kaneko.
Prices from £75, but there's also a super shop with items from £1 to £250.
Admission £5; £3 concessions; children go free.
2. The Cass: Hands On
Open now until September 3, Aram Gallery, 110 Drury Lane, WC2
Aram, with four floors in Covent Garden, is a big, cutting-edge design store with a dedicated gallery space, where founder Zeev Aram has supported new talent on countless occasions. This summer the spotlight is on The Cass art college, "nicknamed the Aldgate Bauhaus because of its gifted graduates", says Riya Patel, show curator.
Patel is revealing how new and experimental design gets made, using as examples the inspirations and making processes of Cass alumni. Explore the stories behind silversmithing, jewellery and furniture making, upholstery and musical instrument making, set against a display of hand tools and a wall of experimental ceramics.
3. Spotlight Festival
Saturday August 13, Seven Dials, Covent Garden, WC2
The historic circle of Seven Dials will be closed to traffic for this free event, a madcap shout-out for art, craft, food, theatre and music. Fake grass will line the roads, with deckchairs galore.
Enjoy discounts, plus fun and frolics in abundant niche boutiques. Eight alfresco restaurants will serve a choice of eight cuisines — register online for a free glass of prosecco.
Interactive workshops and demonstrations include cheese tastings, wine and antipasti pairing, "salad styling", pizza-making, and olive oil blending. Create a flower crown or buttonhole, and help stencil "Seven Dials" in giant letters. There's also music on the stage, hobby-horse racing, giant garden games, free "live art", and much more.
4. Celebration of Craftsmanship and Design
August 20-29, Thirlestaine Long Gallery, Cheltenham College, Bath Road, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire
A must-see for all lovers of fine furniture, this show makes a fantastic day out in the Cotswolds, with a journey time of about two hours from London by train or car.
It's the UK'S largest exhibition of contemporary bespoke furniture — plus some smaller handmade pieces — with everything for sale or available to commission.
Meet enthusiastic, highly skilled designer-makers from more than 75 workshops, and inspect up to 300 exhibits, from little boxes and bowls to imposing beds and capacious cupboards, simply styled in solid wood or decorated with ornate veneers, curves and carving.
Newer materials include plastics and metals, and contemporary techniques embrace laser cutting, CNC machines and complicated moulds. Prices range from £100 to £40,000, and you can commission a treasure for your home, a gift, or a commemorative piece.
Admission £6, catalogue £5.
5. BUST Summer Craftacular
Sunday August 21, 11am-5pm, York Hall, 5-15 Old Ford Road, E2
Make-it-yourself is big in America, reports Debbie Stoller, founder/editor of cult US craft magazine BUST, which is in London for a one-day summer shindig. Find handmade bargains, seconds and one-offs from the likes of popular illustrator Rob Ryan, and all-day workshops by trendy jewellers Tatty Devine.
You can also paint a plant pot, cut out a word banner and blend your own hair oil. Socialise at a pop-up café from Drink, Shop & Do of King's Cross, or cool down with Mexican-inspired ice lollies from the Paleta Girls. Entrance is £3 on the door with goody bags for the first 100 visitors.
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Living Water Christian Fellowship was founded in 2009 in Lott, Texas. The church joined the Biblical Mennonite Alliance in July 2010.
In 2015 the pastor was Josiah Miller; the congregational membership was 22.
[edit] Bibliography
Biblical Mennonite Alliance. "BMA Congregational Directory with Pastors." August 2015.
Biblical Mennonite Alliance. "Directory of BMA Congregations." Web. 9 May 2002. http://www.biblicalmennonite.com/congregations.html.
Hershberger, Brenda. Anabaptist (Mennonite) Directory 2012-13. Harrisonburg, VA: The Sword and Trumpet, 2012: 39.
[edit] Additional Information
Address: 418 Walnut St., Lott, TX 76656
Phone: 254-883-7582
Denominational Affiliation:
[edit] Map
Map:Living Water Christian Fellowship (Lott, Texas, USA)
|Richard D Thiessen
|Date Published
|August 2015
[edit] Cite This Article
MLA style
Thiessen, Richard D. "Living Water Christian Fellowship (Lott, Texas, USA)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. August 2015. Web. 26 Jun 2017. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Living_Water_Christian_Fellowship_(Lott,_Texas,_USA)&oldid=140553.
APA style
Thiessen, Richard D. (August 2015). Living Water Christian Fellowship (Lott, Texas, USA). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 26 June 2017, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Living_Water_Christian_Fellowship_(Lott,_Texas,_USA)&oldid=140553.
©1996-2017 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.


text:
Drinking Water Source Protection Area Delineation Guidelines and Process Manual
- Norma Pitts
- 1 years ago
- Views:
1 Drinking Water Source Protection Area Delineation Guidelines and Process Manual Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Source Water Assessment and Protection Program Revised December 2014
2 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION Definition Summary of Delineation Process Data Evaluation Delineate Protection Area Combined Systems and Conjunctive Delineations Data Management DELINEATION METHODS Volumetric Shape Methods Circle Half-circle Half-circle Modification Analytic Element Models WhAEM GFLOW Modflow Models DETERMINING WHICH MODEL TO USE Availability of Data Hydrogeologic Setting Coarse-grained Sediments Non-karst Carbonate Aquifers and Deep Confined Bedrock Aquifers Sandstone, Shale, and Cyclothem Bedrock Aquifers Karst Initial Karst Delineation Methodology Karst Redelineation Workgroup and Revised Areas Karst Redelineation Method New PWSs in Karst Areas and Karst Re-evaluations i
3 3.2.5 Isolated, Cavernous Aquifers, Including Old Mines Pump Rate Intermittent Pumping Seasonal Variation in Flow Direction Lack of Precision in Flow Direction Data Appropriate Delineation Methods SPECIAL SITUATIONS Combined Public Water Systems Conjunctive Delineations Well Interference Issues Nested Delineations Overlapping Shape Method Delineations DATA ACQUISITION Delineations Input Parameters Pump Rate Recharge Aquifer Thickness Hydraulic Conductivity and Porosity Determination of Flow Direction and Gradient BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: WhAEM and GFLOW Applications APPENDIX B: GFLOW Rules of Thumb List of Figures Figure 1. Delineating the up-gradient portion of a protection area using the half-circle method... 3 Figure 2. Delineating the down-gradient portion of a protection area using the half-circle method... 4 Figure 3. Delineation Method Selection Flowchart... 7 Figure 4. Potential Karst Areas for Ohio EPA s Source Water Assessment and Protection Program Figure 5. Protection areas delineated using GFLOW for water systems pumping 500,000 gallons/day and 1,000 gallons/day ii
4 Figure A-1. Example of a GFLOW/WhAEM box-method delineation for a confined buried valley aquifer 24 Figure A-2. Example of a GFLOW/WhAEM box-method delineation for a laterally extensive carbonate aquifer List of Tables Table 1. Determining Aquifer Thickness for Modeling Table 2. Default Values for Delineating SWAP Areas iii
5 DRINKING WATER SOURCE PROTECTION AREA DELINEATION GUIDELINES & PROCESS MANUAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION As part of Ohio s Source Water Assessment and Protection Program (SWAP), Ohio EPA has developed process manuals for completing the three steps necessary to complete a source water assessment for each public water system (PWS) in the state that uses ground water as its primary source of drinking water. The three steps in a source water assessment for public water supplies using ground water are: 1) Delineate the area from which a public water supply receives its water (SWAP area); 2) Inventory potential significant contaminant sources within the SWAP area; and 3) Determine the susceptibility of the source water (aquifer) to contamination. All of these components of a source water assessment will be completed by Ohio EPA or an Ohio EPA contractor (with the assistance of the public water supplier) unless portions of the assessment have already been or are in the process of being completed by the public water system. The purpose of completing the source water assessment is to provide information that each PWS can use to develop a plan to protect their drinking water supply from contamination. The development of a source water protection plan is strongly recommended by Ohio EPA. This process manual outlines the procedures necessary to delineate source water protection areas for public water system using ground water. 1.1 Definition A drinking water source protection area is the area that supplies water to a public water supply well within a five-year time-of-travel. This means that a drop of water placed at the edge of the protection area would take five years to reach the well. Ohio EPA also delineates an inner management area (based on a one year time of travel) to help identify the most critical portion of the protection area. 1.2 Summary of Delineation Process Data Evaluation. The first step in delineating a protection area is analyzing the information available for the aquifer and site-specific area. Aquifer maps, ground water resource maps, potentiometric surface maps, ground water pollution potential (DRASTIC) maps, and any additional information that is in a Geographic Information System (GIS) coverage or readily available should be analyzed Delineate Protection Area. Ohio EPA will select a method to delineate each protection area based on three factors: hydrogeologic setting, availability of data, and, in some cases, the amount of water the public water system uses each day. Section 2.0 discusses the methods that will be utilized for SWAP delineations. Section 3.0 provides guidelines for selecting an appropriate delineation method. In general, simple methods should be used for simple settings, and more complex methods should be used for more complex settings. Special situations, such as well interference issues and conjunctive delineations, are discussed in Section 4.0. This methodology reflects an effort to provide the best delineation possible for each public water system. 1
6 1.2.3 Combined Systems and Conjunctive Delineations. Coordination with the Division of Surface Water is necessary when delineating the SWAP area for public water systems that utilize both ground water and surface water. In addition, a watershed delineation will be completed for systems using ground water that are under the influence of surface water (See Section 4.2) Data Management. Once the delineation is complete, it will be added to the statewide GIS delineation database and attributes used to create the delineation will be recorded. 2.0 DELINEATION METHODS Several different methods will be used to delineate source water protection areas. These methods include shapes based upon the volumetric equation, analytic element modeling methods, and numerical modeling methods. 2.1 VOLUMETRIC SHAPE METHODS Ohio EPA s shape methods for delineating protection areas are based in part on the volumetric equation which requires an understanding of the pumping rate of the wells, the open interval or length of the well screen, and the aquifer porosity. The shape methods do not incorporate parameters such as aquifer hydraulic conductivity or transmissivity, recharge, hydraulic gradient, or hydrogeologic boundaries, all of which could alter the size and shape of the well field s zone of contribution Circle. The circular shape method delineates a circular protection area using the calculated fixed radius volumetric equation: R Qt nh Where: R = radius of the circle (feet), Q = the pumping rate of the well (ft. 3 /year), t = the time of travel for which volume is being calculated (years), n = the porosity, and h = the length of the well screen (feet). The applicability of the circle method is limited because in some hydrogeologic settings it may over-protect down-gradient areas as well as under-protect up-gradient areas within the well field s zone of contribution Half-Circle. Ohio EPA s half-circle method incorporates flow direction by allowing the shape, but not the area, of the calculated circle to be altered. This corrects for some of the limitations of the circle method. If the direction of ground water flow is known within 180 degrees, the half-circle method will allow a circular shape to be altered to a half circle shape oriented in the up-gradient direction of ground water flow. This shape method will more appropriately represent the well field s zone of contribution for areas where the water table is sloped. The equation for a half-circle is: 2
7 2Qt R nh Where: R = radius of the circle (feet), Q = the pumping rate of the well (ft. 3 /year), t = the time of travel for which volume is being calculated (years), n = the porosity, and h = the length of the well screen (feet). The application of the half-circle method is illustrated in Figure 1, where a public water system s well is located just north of a river that is flowing west. The hydrogeologist might assume that the primary flow direction in the aquifer is most likely toward the west, following the gradient of the stream. This assumption does not account for other influences on flow direction, such as a potential northerly/northwesterly flow toward the river from an upland area or a southerly flow component produced by pumping-induced flow from the river. Because the flow directions may vary, the hydrogeologist may decide to calculate the volumetric equation for a half-circle, and place the half-circle east of the well. This area covers southerly, northerly and westerly flow to the well. It also covers more of the presumably up-gradient area than the circle would have covered. BEDROCK Primary Ground Water Flow Direction Sand and Gravel Alluvial Aquifer Half-Circle Area Original Circular Area Well River River Flow Direction Figure 1. Delineating the up-gradient portion of a protection area using the half-circle method (blue arrows indicate possible ground water flow direction). 3
8 At this point, the down-gradient side of the well remains unprotected. To provide a down-gradient SWAP area boundary, a small circle is delineated around the well. Lines are drawn tangentially from the smaller circle to the up-gradient volumetric shape, as shown in Figure 2, to create the down-gradient SWAP area boundaries. BEDROCK Sand and Gravel Alluvial Aquifer Drinking Water Source Protection Area Small Circle River Figure 2. Delineating down-gradient potion of the protection area using the volumetric half-circle method. The radius of the small circle depends on the public water system s pump rate, as follows: IF Pump Rate is 2,500 gallons per day (gpd) or less = 50 ft. radius IF Pump Rate is 2,500 gpd to 10,000 gpd = 100 ft. radius IF Pump Rate is 10,001 to 50,000 gpd, R= 50 + Q/200 (where Q = pump rate) IF Pump Rate is 50,000 to 1 million gpd, R= ( )Q The designation of specific down-gradient boundaries is based on modeling that was conducted using the U.S. EPA software MONTEC, and based on Ohio EPA sanitary isolation radii. MONTEC uses a Monte Carlo probability analysis to estimate protection areas for a single well based on a range of possible values for various hydrogeologic parameters. It then delineates protection areas that represent some (requested) percentile of the possible protection areas, given that combination of values. Ohio EPA used the 95 percentile to determine the extent of the down-gradient protection area. For public water systems pumping less than 50,000 gallons/day, the estimated down-gradient extent was very small and the sanitary isolation standard was used as a more conservative value. 4
9 For systems pumping more than 1 million gpd, the SWAP area will be approaching a circular shape but other factors, such as induced recharge from a river and the presence of flow boundaries, may affect the shape of the protection area. For public water systems pumping large amounts of water it is advisable to use a more complex delineation method Half-Circle Modification. If flow direction is known within 90 degrees the half-circle method can be modified so the arc of the ½ circle is oriented in the up-gradient direction instead of the down-gradient direction. This produces a protection area that protects a greater percentage of area in the up-gradient direction. This method produces protection areas that more closely resemble protection areas derived using the uniform flow equation. 2.2 Analytic Element Models Analytic element models (AEM) are more sophisticated than the shape methods, in that hydrogeologic features such as streams, lakes and flow boundaries can be in incorporated into the model. These models are not based upon the development of a model grid, and therefore, can be developed in less time than more complex, three-dimensional numerical ground water flow models such as MODFLOW. To use an analytical model, ground water flow direction, transmissivity, aquifer thickness, recharge, and porosity must be known or reasonably estimated. Since analytical models assume two dimensional horizontal flow, they may not be appropriate for the prediction of detailed flow patterns and water table head values very close to rivers (local 3-D effects), in karst systems (conduit flow), and for wells that pump very little water (capture zone is very small) (Haitjema, 1995). Analytic element models can simulate fully penetrating streams and appropriately model unconfined and semi-confined settings. Analytic element models can also be used to simulate simple confined settings using a box method similar to creating a sandbox model in MODFLOW (see Appendix C). Their ability to simulate non-rectilinear flow boundaries makes analytic element models appropriate for modeling confined buried valley settings. Ohio EPA will be utilizing two analytical element modeling programs: GFLOW and WhAEM. Appendix C describes how to set up WhAEM and GFLOW models and presents rules of thumb for using GFLOW WhAEM. WhAEM, a U.S. EPA ground water modeling program, is a two dimensional single layer model that assumes horizontal and steady-state flow and pumping, as well as homogeneous and isotropic aquifer conditions. Mathematical functions are used within the WhAEM model calculations to represent the influences of hydrogeologic features such as streams, lakes, and flow boundaries in order to determine the size and shape of the well field s protection area. If the difference in hydraulic conductivity between two hydrogeologic settings is greater then two orders of magnitude, then the boundary between the hydrogeologic settings can be considered a no-flow boundary. WhAEM can not adequately represent variations in aquifer thickness, hydraulic conductivity, porosity or recharge and WhAEM should not be used if inhomogeneities influence the ground water flow regime. WhAEM also has an option to use the uniform flow equation to calculate protection areas in very simplified settings GFLOW. GFLOW is a single layer model that assumes horizontal and steady-state ground water flow and pumping conditions in a heterogeneous geologic setting. Mathematical functions are used within GFLOW to represent hydrogeologic features such as streams, lakes, no-flow boundaries, and inhomogeneities. GFLOW can therefore adequately model settings such as buried valleys with permeable sandstone valley walls. GFLOW offers some capabilities for modeling local transient and three-dimensional ground water flow, but is more appropriately used to model regional horizontal ground water flow. GFLOW should be chosen over WhAEM when there are 5
10 local inhomogenieties that influence the ground water flow regime. GFLOW also has an option to use the uniform flow equation to calculate protection areas in very simplified settings. 2.3 MODFLOW MODELS MODFLOW is a grid based numerical model that provides for multi-layer (multiple aquifer) three dimensional representation of ground water flow (McDonald and Harbaugh, 1984). Aquifer conditions can be defined as either homogeneous or heterogenous, steady-state or transient pumping conditions, confined, unconfined or semi-confined. Ground water flow models such as MODFLOW provide the best solution to understanding both horizontal and vertical flow conditions within an area of interest. The development of a MODFLOW model to determine a well field s protection area is most appropriate when 1) confident, detailed hydrogeologic data is available for the area, and 2) the complexity of the hydrogeologic setting cannot be appropriately modeled by simpler non-grid based models (Ohio EPA, 1994). The benefits of MODFLOW are that specific details on all hydrogeologic parameters can be represented on a three-dimensional basis within the model to provide both a regional and local scale understanding of the ground water flow and the well field s zone of contribution. The main disadvantage to using a grid based model is the large amount of time and data needed to properly develop and execute the model. 3.0 DETERMINING WHICH MODEL TO USE The method selected to delineate a protection area is based on three factors: the availability of data (potentiometric surface maps, pump tests, etc.), the hydrogeologic setting (carbonate aquifer, sand and gravel aquifer, etc.), and in some cases the amount of water the public water system pumps each day. Ohio s approach does not vary by type of public water system. In addition, arbitrary fixed radii, such as a 500 foot circle, are not used. For all delineations an attempt is made to use site specific data and provide the most accurate source water protection area possible, regardless of the type of PWS. The flowchart shown in Figure 3 outlines the general methodology used to determine which model will be applied to delineate source water protection areas. The flow chart should not be regarded as a rigid set of rules. In general, analytic element models (GFLOW and WhAEM) and numerical models (MODFLOW) should be used for complex hydrogeologic settings, such as coarse grained sediment aquifers. In simpler confined or semi-confined settings the box method option in WhAEM (or GFLOW) should be used, if data is available for the area. The shape method should be limited to systems in: o carbonate aquifers that pump less than 10,000 gallons per day; o other aquifers that pump less than 25,000 gallons per day; or o areas that lack the data necessary to develop an analytic element model. The following sections describe the rationale behind delineation method selection in more detail. 3.1 Availability of Data The choice of a delineation method, in an ideal world, is governed by a simple rule: simple methods for simple hydrogeologic settings; sophisticated methods for complex hydrogeologic settings. In reality, data availability is the limiting factor in method selection. Simple methods need a minimum of data while sophisticated methods are almost useless without abundant data of reasonably high quality. Since abundant high quality data are rarely in supply and are prohibitively expensive to 6
11 acquire, hydrogeologists are often left with no choice but to apply simple methods to complex settings. Ohio s available GIS layers will provide much of the data necessary to delineate protection areas. However, availability of potentiometric surface maps is critical for delineation method selection. A regional potentiometric surface map for Ohio s western carbonate aquifers was completed by the United Stated Geological Survey. Additional county scale maps have been completed by USGS and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Water for several Ohio counties. If a potentiometric surface map is not available for an area, Ohio EPA staff may develop a local potentiometric map using historic well logs. Where insufficient well logs exist to create a potentiometric map, other methods of estimating a flow direction and gradient may be undertaken. If data are lacking for even a flow direction estimate, hydrogeologists will have no choice but to use some variation of the volumetric equation. 3.2 Hydrogeologic Setting The delineation method selection varies based on hydrogeologic setting because average linear velocity differs for different hydrogeologic settings. The average linear velocity, which takes into account hydraulic conductivity, gradient, and porosity, dictates the shape of a protection area (Ohio EPA, 1994). In hydrogeologic settings with low average linear velocities (primarily low hydraulic conductivity and gradient values), protection areas are more circular and simplistic delineation methods can be applied. In settings with higher average linear velocities, protection areas are longer and narrower, and more complex delineation methods may be required Coarse Grained Sediment Aquifers. Coarse grained sediment aquifers are characterized by relatively homogeneous coarse-grained sediments with moderate to high hydraulic conductivity and a moderate to high average linear velocity (Fetter, 1991; Freeze and Cherry, 1979; Driscoll, 1989). These aquifers include buried valleys, alluvial settings, valley fill, beach ridges, and outwash/kame deposits. Coarse-grained sediment aquifers often have complex flow boundaries in the form of valley walls (usually barrier boundaries) and streams (recharge boundaries). Typically the streams penetrate the aquifer only partially, and may or may not be in hydraulic connection with the aquifer. In addition, a public water system may have wells drilled into both a shallow unconfined aquifer and also a deeper confined aquifer. In these types of complex settings a more complex model, such as GFLOW, is preferred. Ohio EPA staff will consider using the numerical ground water flow model MODFLOW, with the particle tracker MODPATH, to delineate systems located in more complex settings (such as multiple aquifer settings) provided there are an acceptable quantity and quality of water level data with which to calibrate the model. The MODFLOW modeling will be done for an entire aquifer or section of an aquifer rather than for a single public water system. MODFLOW-delineated SWAP areas will be primarily for community systems. Non-community systems that pump a significant amount of water may be delineated with this method, but it is assumed that these will be exception rather than the rule. In some cases, more complex analytic element models and numerical models may not produce appropriate delineated protection areas. This is especially true for public water systems that are intermittent pumpers and pump small amounts (less than 10,000 gallons/day) of water. This issue is discussed in more detail in Section
12 Figure 3. De line ation Me thod Se le ction Flowchart Does the aquifer have a moderate to high hydraulic conductivity (most unconsolidated aquifers,shallow bedrock aquifers and karst aquifers) YES Karst Aquifer? NO YES Use Regional Delineation or Modified Volumetric Shape (See Section 3.2.5) S T A R T YES Is a potentiometric surface map available, can flow direction be estimated, or is the area targeted for ODNR mapping?* NO Pumps <10,000 gallons/day? NO YES Use Volumetric Shape Method ** Flow direction varies <90 degrees & high confidence: 1/4 circle Flow direction varies degrees &/or moderate confidence: 1/2 circle Flow direction varies >180 degrees: circle NO NO Use Calculated Fixed Radius (Circle) Method Multiple aquifers and enough data to calibrate a MODFLOW model? NO Enough data for GFLOW or WhAEM? *If the public w ater sysytem has a population greater than 500, every attempt should be made to determine a flow direction (based on historic well log data or resource characterization data) before defaulting to a circular delineation *If sufficient data exists, the modeler may choose to use GFLOW or WhAEM, as long as the area determined by the model is reasonable. Aquifer has a low to moderate hydraulic conductivity and gradient (laterally extensive carbonate aquifer, deep confined aquifers). Use WhAEM Box Method. For systems pumping small amounts of w ater consider using shape method (if box method delineation is inappropriate) YES Use MODFLOW YES Use WhAEM (only if no-flow boundaries can be assumed) or GFLOW 8
13 3.2.2 Non-karst Carbonate Aquifers and Deep Confined Bedrock Aquifers. Non-karst carbonate aquifers and deep confined bedrock aquifers in Ohio are characterized by relatively low hydraulic conductivity values and low to moderate gradients (Hanover, 1994). Aquifers in this category include the laterally extensive carbonate aquifers in western Ohio, deep bedrock aquifers (gradient is controlled by shallow dip of bedrock, not topography), and till plains. The combination of low hydraulic conductivity and low to moderate gradient has a profound effect on the shape of the fiveyear capture zone. Where both hydraulic conductivity and gradient are low, the capture zone will be nearly circular, even at very low rates of pumping. Generally, systems pumping small amounts will generate more circular capture zones in this setting than a system pumping the same amount in a coarse-grained aquifer setting. This means that in these settings it may be more reasonable to delineate protection areas using an analytic element method or the uniform flow equation if flow directions are known (even for small pumpers), or a volumetric circle if information on flow direction is lacking. Volumetric shapes should be limited to areas where the pump rate is very low and produces inappropriate shaped protection areas (See Section 3.3). A generalized potentiometric map that covers a large portion of a regional carbonate aquifer in western Ohio was completed by the United States Geological Survey in The map was based on water levels measured concurrently in selected wells throughout the region. Modelers should delineate most of systems in this carbonate setting with WhAEM/GFLOW, using the USGS potentiometric map to determine flow direction(s) and gradient Sandstone, Shale, and Interbedded Shallow Bedrock Aquifers. The guidelines for coarsegrained sediment aquifers apply in large part to bedrock aquifers with high gradients. This is because when the gradient for bedrock aquifers approaches 0.01 or greater, the resulting protection area is shaped more like the area of a coarse-grained aquifer. Bedrock aquifers that exhibit high gradients are typically shallow (located above the floor of the nearest major valley), and are located in areas with significant topographic relief. It is expected that topography will provide the best indicator of flow direction for many systems in this setting. The determination of flow direction is most reliable where the well is shallow, drilled into an unconfined to partially confined aquifer, and the screened or open area is located topographically higher than the nearest valley. If flow direction information is available then GFLOW or WhAEM can be used. However, the volumetric shape method will be used for delineating most of the systems within this setting, largely because these aquifers generally do not exhibit the complex flow boundaries and these settings tend to have very little information available about them. With the exception of northeast Ohio, where the Sharon Conglomerate and other hard-rock aquifers are used by numerous community water systems, the majority of public water systems using this kind of aquifer are small systems. The owners and operators of smaller systems are least likely to have detailed information about the aquifer Karst. In an attempt to identify potential karst regions, Ohio EPA digitized the locations of surficial karst features and created a map (based on ODNR aquifer GIS data) of carbonate aquifers that have less than 25 feet of glacial cover and are prone to developing karst (Figure 4). In 2001, the U.S. EPA Region V Karst Workgroup discussed the influence of glacial cover on karst development and determined that karst could likely form with a maximum of 25 to 50 feet of glacial cover. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey, had previously determined that surficial karst features were not identified if greater than 25 feet of glacial deposits were covering the carbonate aquifer. Since 25 feet is Ohio EPA s current well depth standard and a 9
14 Figure 4. Areas of potential karst geology. 10
15 statewide map of areas with less than 25 feet of glacial cover existed, Ohio EPA decided to use 25 feet as the cutoff for potential karst regions. In addition, the potential karst region excludes select dolomite aquifers that do not exhibit surficial karst features and Ordovician aged carbonates. The Ohio Department of Natural resources confirmed that the excluded dolomite aquifers were unlikely karst aquifers. The dolomite aquifers that were excluded are still relatively susceptible to contamination, but since surficial karst features were not found in these regions it was assumed that large solution channels were not formed and the flow rates were more analogous to a typical fractured bedrock aquifer. Therefore, the excluded thin till dolomite aquifers will be delineated using the non-karst carbonate aquifer methodology (Section 3.2.2). The Ordovician carbonates were excluded because no public water system wells used the Ordovician carbonates as a source of water (due to the presence of the highly productive sole source buried valley aquifers that are incised into the Ordovician carbonates). In addition, not all of the public water systems in the potential karst areas were identified as karst and additional public water systems that are outside the potential karst were identified as karst. For example, if a public water system was located in a shallow alluvial valley that overlay the potential karst area it was not be considered karst and was delineated based on the coarse grained sediment aquifer guidelines. In addition, when conducting assessments for public water systems that are near the potential karst region (within 2 mile) staff checked the depth to bedrock on the public water system s well log. If the well log indicated the public water system has less than 25 feet depth to limestone bedrock, it was treated as a potential karst setting (even though it is out of the mapped potential karst region) Initial Karst Delineation Methodology. From 2001 until January 2007 Ohio public water systems located in karst areas were delineated using a variation of the calculated fixed radius equation. Site-specific pumping information was used, but default values of 1% porosity and ten feet aquifer thickness (or less if the open borehole thickness was less than 10 feet) were used in the equation. The porosity value was lowered from the standard value of 3% for carbonate aquifers to provide for a more conservative delineation, given the uncertainty of hydrogeologic information in karst settings. This simplistic delineation method was chosen primarily due to a lack of time to collect additional data on the karst aquifers or conduct dye traces or detailed fracture flow modeling for hundreds of water systems located in karst settings. The primary issue with the delineation method used in karst regions is the protection areas for the municipal community public water systems can be extremely large, and may be overprotective in the down-gradient direction and potentially under-protective in the up-gradient direction. Since many Ohio rules and regulations are being tied to drinking water source protection areas, these areas are coming under increased scrutiny. The large source water protection areas created using the default karst region delineation method are not readily scientifically defensible. While Ohio EPA s potential karst approach was consistent, the selection of 10 feet as an aquifer thickness and 1% porosity was not backed by site-specific data.. 11
16 Karst Redelineation Workgroup and Revised Karst Areas. In 2006 a karst redelineation protocol was developed to address the need for more scientifically defensible drinking water source protection areas for the 167 public water systems located in karst areas and delineated using the initial karst delineation method. The protocol was developed by an internal Ohio EPA workgroup, consisting of Heather Raymond (CO), John McGinnis (SWDO), Pat Heider (NWDO), Mike Bondoc (CDO), Linda Slattery (CO), Barb Lubberger (CO), and Mike Eggert (CO; Team Sponsor). The karst workgroup evaluated whether or not the criteria that were used to classify a public water system as karst were appropriate. The workgroup decided that the 25 feet till thickness cutoff should not be reduced after researching other state karst criteria and learning that several other states define areas with even a thicker till layer as karst and no states used a thinner till thickness cutoff. However, the karst workgroup felt that there might be special circumstances where an individual well should be excluded from the karst definition and delineated using a traditional method. The karst workgroup developed the following list of criteria for excluding PWSs from a karst classification: feet depth to bedrock. 2. Clear evidence that the well(s) is confined. 3. Best Professional Judgment, based on factors such as: a. Low D.O. (<1.0 mg/l). If this information is not available for a municipal community PWS, the district staff may collect it prior to redelineating the water system using the revised karst delineation method. b. Lithology (tight formation, absence of secondary porosity features, more dolomitic aquifer, etc.). c. Lack of surficial karst features (sinkholes, losing streams, springs, caves, etc.). d feet depth to bedrock (near 25 feet cutoff combined with other factors). e. Lack of water quality impacts (nitrate, etc.), especially for wells <50 deep. f. Negative Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP). District staff with expertise in the local geologic setting may determine what combination of the above-mentioned factors would be necessary to exclude a water system from the karst classification. Staff can also use the following list of indicators for karst formation, developed by the Minnesota Department of Health, as rationale for including a public water system located in a carbonate aquifer within the karst classification: 1. Indicators of rapid surface water recharge to the well: a. Well water becomes turbid following rainfall or snowmelt. b. Well water shows bacterial contamination following rainfall or snowmelt. c. Chemical or isotopic analysis or temperature changes of the well water indicate surface water mixing with groundwater. d. Water can be heard running into the uncased portions of the well. e. Air is sucked into the well or blown out as barometric pressure changes. f. Rapid increase in the static water level. 2. Indicators of secondary porosity features at the well site: a. The driller s log indicates cavities or large fractures were encountered during drilling b. Video logging shows the presence of fractures or cavities. c. Presence of cavities indicated by caliper, acoustic, sonic, or other borehole geophysical instruments. 12
17 d. Pumping test analysis indicates that water level response to stressed conditions is being influenced by recharge from secondary porosity features. e. Cuttings samples could not be collected because of voids that were encountered at these intervals. f. Evidence of rapid horizontal flow such as grout migrating from new well construction to existing wells or springs. 3. Regional indicators of secondary porosity features in the bedrock: a. The bedrock topography exhibits linear features such as ridges and valleys that abruptly change orientation or terminate abruptly. b. Exposures of the bedrock show fracturing, structural deformation, or solutionweathered features. c. Rock cores of the bedrock show fractures or solution-weathered features. d. Karst features, particularly sinkholes and disappearing streams, or the lack of surface water bodies, indicate rapid recharge to the bedrock is occurring. e. Mapping shows the bedrock aquifer is part of a springshed, or springs are present that drain carbonate rocks. f. Tracer studies show pathways from secondary porosity features to the well. g. The migration of contaminant plumes in the bedrock indicate preferential flow along linear features such as faults or fracture directions. h. The entire region up-gradient of the well has less than 25 feet depth to bedrock and exhibits one or more of the secondary porosity features mentioned above Karst Redelineation Method. The following redelineation method is proposed for all public water systems located in potential karst areas, regardless of system size or pump rate. The method is based in part on an approach used by the Minnesota Department of Health, and incorporates elements of hydrogeologic mapping and volumetric determinations. Step 1. Determine a five-year calculated fixed radius using the volumetric equation (see section 2.1.1). Unlike the initial karst delineations, aquifer thickness will be based on the actual aquifer thickness at the well location (see section 5.1.3) and porosity will default to 3%, unless site-specific porosity data is available for the aquifer. The calculated fixed radius area determined in step 1 will be considered the inner management zone for public water systems in karst areas. The outer management zone is calculated in Steps 2-7. Multiple Wells. If there are multiple wells in a karst area and the protection areas overlap, a regional composite protection area may be appropriate. If the inner management zones determined in Step 1 overlap, the Ohio EPA ArcView Shape Method application can be used to address potential well interference issues and ensure a large enough circular area is delineated in Step 1. Step 2. Extend the calculated fixed radius (determined in Step 1) up-gradient to one of the following boundary conditions (in decreasing order of preference): A. Geologic boundary, such as a different bedrock unit; B. Groundwater flow divide; C. Extensive surface water feature that is hydraulically connected with the aquifer, including surface water features that follow cross-cutting fractures. Examples include 13
18 perennial rivers, streams, or lakes, whose volume is at least comparable to the volume calculated in Step 1. Step 3. If there is uncertainty in flow direction or the flow direction fluctuates, the area should be expanded laterally to address the variation in flow direction and uncertainty. Step 4. The effects the orientations of fractures have on the contribution area to the well should be addressed if the primary flow direction differs from the primary fracture orientation, fracture traces are apparent at the ground surface, fractures are widely spaced and do not form an interconnected fracture network, and fracture data is readily available. The contribution area(s) attributed to fractures should be determined by orienting the capture zone determined in Step 1 along the compass orientation of fractures. Extend the capture zone obtained in Step 1 up-gradient along the compass orientation of a fracture until one of the following boundaries is encountered (in decreasing order of precedence): A) a geologic boundary, such as a different bedrock unit; B) a groundwater flow divide; C) an extensive surface water feature that is hydraulically connected with the aquifer; or D) the five-year time of travel extent determined using the Darcy equation. Step 5. Prepare a composite capture zone. Merge the areas generated from Steps 1, 2, 3, and 4 to define the drinking water source protection area. Step 6. In rare circumstances it may be appropriate to expand the protection area to include areas where surface water runoff may enter the protection area and quickly recharge the aquifer through infiltration or direct discharge into karst features such as sinkholes, disappearing streams, or exposed bedrock. If karst features occur within the protection area determined in Step #5, the springshed or watershed that drains such features should be added to the protection area. In addition, areas of higher topography that are adjacent to the protection area determined in Step #5 should be included if surface drainage from them may reach geologically sensitive portions of the aquifer. Before the delineation is expanded based on items outlined in Step 6, the district staff person should discuss the expansion of the area with the karst workgroup. This will ensure consistency of application of step 6 throughout the three district offices and central office. Step 7. Merge the boundaries of the surface water contribution area(s) determined in Step 6 with the composite capture zone that was prepared in Step 5. The combined area obtained from Steps 5 and 6 forms the drinking water source protection area. Step 8. Update the statewide delineation shapefile with the new delineation and revised input parameters New Public Water Systems in Karst Areas & Karst Reevaluations. All new public water system wells that are drilled in a karst area will be delineated using the revised method outlined above. In addition, once the existing karst delineations have been revised using the new method, staff will evaluate whether or not other public water systems located outside the original karst area should be redelineated using the new karst delineation method. This evaluation is important because during field investigations staff found errors in the statewide glacial aquifer map that Ohio EPA originally used to determine till thickness. For example, staff observed bedrock at the ground surface in areas mapped as having >25 feet of till. In addition, some of the karst features in our GIS shapefile currently lie outside the less than 25 feet of till area, indicating that either the area was mapped incorrectly or these features can occur in regions with thicker till than originally considered 14
19 possible. Since new information, such as the bedrock topography DEM and surficial DEM, is now available, staff will compare areas mapped with less than 25 feet of bedrock using the updated data with the thin till areas on the glacial aquifer map. If new thin till areas are found, the water systems within those areas will be evaluated and may be redelineated using the new karst method Isolated, Cavernous Aquifers, Including Old Mines. Public water systems that utilize old mines as their source of water may be delineated by determining the extent of the mine plus some recharge buffer as the delineated area. If the extent of the mine cannot be determined, the circle shape method will be used. The inner management zone for these public water systems should be determined using the revised karst methodology (see section Step 1 ). 3.3 Pump Rate Analytic element models and MODFLOW models often do not provide appropriate delineations for public water systems with small pumping rates that are located in hydrogeologic settings with moderate to high average linear flow velocities. For example, in Figure 6, the public water system in the upper portion of the figure pumps 500,000 gallons per day, and the public water system in the lower portion of the figure pumps 1,000 gallons per day. The hydraulic conductivity in the valley is 300 ft/day. The GFLOW delineated five year time of travel pathlines (protection area) for the water system pumping 1,000 gallons per day is almost as long as the protection area for the larger public water system, but not nearly as wide. The GFLOW delineation for the smaller public water system is inappropriate because most small public water supplies pump intermittently, flow direction may vary seasonally in river valley aquifers, and flow direction information is often imprecise Intermittent Pumping. Many of Ohio s smallest public water systems pump intermittently. This means the water system does not pump at a continuous rate throughout the day. Instead, they may pump at a fairly hard rate for a short period of time to fill up a tank, and then stop pumping until the next day. While pumping, the capture area around the well may be fairly extensive, and somewhat circular. Ideally, the SWAP area for such a system would include all the capture area created at the height of pumping and extend up-gradient from that shape in accordance with natural background flow directions and gradients. Unfortunately, analytical element delineation methods are difficult to apply to this scenario because they are not designed to handle intermittent, nonsteady pumping conditions. If the actual pumping rate is input, the model will simulate a well pumping at that rate 24 hours a day, which will produce an inappropriately shaped SWAP area (see Figure 6). If the daily pumping rate is input, the model will simulate a well steadily pumping at a much lower rate, thereby underestimating the actual area contributing to the well when the pump is on, and potentially overestimating the up-gradient reach of the SWAP area. Numerical methods are best equipped to simulate SWAP areas for transient pumping scenarios, but from the standpoint of resources, it would be impossible to create numerical models for each of Ohio s 4,000 transient systems and often data is lacking to create a numerical model. Many small systems do not maintain flow meters, and may not know how often the pump cycles on and off. Most systems provide their pumping information in terms of gallons per day and, in many cases, this number is an estimate based on the average number of people who use the water each day and rules of thumb regarding the average amount of water each of those individuals would use. It is worth noting that a system pumping 10,000 gallons/day is pumping an average of 7 gallons/minute, and few systems located in aquifers with moderate to high hydraulic conductivity values would be expected to have a pump set at this rate. Rather, the system would have installed a higher rated pump (e.g., 30 gallons/minute) that pumps to a water tank until it is full, then shuts off. Based on 15
20 this reasoning, Ohio EPA will assume that any system that is pumping 10,000 gallons/day (gpd) or less is pumping intermittently. Figure 5. Protection areas delineated using GFLOW for water systems pumping 500,000 gallons/day and 1,000 gallons/day Seasonal Variation in Flow Direction. Analytical element models may be inappropriate for small pumping water systems located in unconfined alluvial settings because the flow direction may vary seasonally. Shifts in flow direction are due to fluctuations in river stage. When the river stage is low, the river behaves as a gaining stream and flow direction is typically towards the river. In the spring, when river stage is high, flow direction may reverse and flow away from the river. The long and narrow protection areas delineated using analytic element models assume a single flow direction and provide little protection for the down gradient area around the well(s) Lack of Precision in Flow Direction Data. The narrow protection area produced by analytic element models (for small pumpers) requires an accuracy in flow direction information that is difficult, if not impossible, to have. The protection area delineated by analytic element modeling may not include the actual five year time of travel area and is therefore inappropriate Appropriate Delineation Methods. Public water systems that pump less than 10,000 gallons/day and are located in areas with moderate to high average linear velocities will be delineated using a volumetric shape method, unless the small system is nested within the protection area of another public water system or the shape method delineations for multiple small pumpers overlap (See Section 4.0). If sufficient information exists and the modeler believes the average linear velocity will be low enough to produce an acceptable delineation, WhAEM or GFLOW can also be used. Intermittent pumping will not be assumed for systems pumping greater than 10,000 16
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Make certain that your wife can operate the slide on the Walther PPK/S before you buy one. It's a great little firearm but the slide is very stiff and there is not much to grab onto.
I'm only mentioning it because that is the firearm that my wife originally wanted and she had big trouble working the slide. She just does not have the hand and finger strength.


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Comic hand works like a dress up game but instead of dressing up characters you create original comics.
This game requires Adobe Flash Player.
Click to Start or Update Flash Player
CH Tips
Eye balls
Every item has an eye ball beside of it. Click the eye ball to make an item appear and disappear.
Moving items
Use the arrows by an item to move that item in the position you want. You can also move items by dragging the drag bar with your mouse above each item.
Red X's
The red x's are what make the interface and arrows disappear. To make them reappear just click the area they were last in. They don't actually disappear so there still there just not visible.
Tutorial can be found at www.comichand.com
Is this game not working? Any suggestions? Send your comments.


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Paint online woman. Invites children to share their stories, pictures,.EPA Globa
Use this security logo:
Freeware is computer software that is available for use at no cost or for an optional fee.
Tutorial not found. Let know us about any useful video tutorial.
paint online woman, pictures, learn about safety with


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United Nations, June18: The United Nations has urged Pakistan and India to take necessary steps to ease tensions between the two nations.
This was stated by UN Associate Spokesman Farhan Haq at a briefing in New York.
He said the United Nations continues to urge the two countries to try to resolve bilateral issues peacefully and amicably.
UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon hopes Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif "will continue to engage with each other" to try to resolve the Kashmir situation "peacefully and amicably".
Read More: Ban Ki-moon hopes for 'amicable' Kashmir resolution
Earlier US Secretary of State John Kerry also voiced his concern over heightened tensions between nuclear rivals Pakistan and India.
OneIndia News