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Soil erosion, runoff and nutrient losses in an avocado (Persea americana Mill) hillside orchard under different groundcover management systems
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DOI: 10.1007/s11104-012-1520-0
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- Atucha, A., Merwin, I.A., Brown, M.G. et al. Plant Soil (2013) 368: 393. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1520-0
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Assess the influence of different groundcover management systems on erosion and runoff processes associated with extremely steep hillside avocado (Persea americana Mill) orchards, in a Mediterranean climate with high rainfall variability.
We compared several groundcover management systems at a steep hillside avocado planting in a three-year study: 1) Bare soil (BS), pre- and post-emergence herbicides; 2) Vegetation strip (VS), post-emergence herbicide applied in a 1-m wide strip on the tree row plus groundcover seeded between tree rows; 3) Groundcover (GC), over the entire plot surface.
Trees in the BS plots were 44 and 53 % bigger, and had 150 and 250 % higher yields than trees in VS and GC, respectively. Runoff volumes, soil losses, dissolved organic carbon, PO4-P and total N losses were significantly higher in BS than VS and CG treatments. Total soil nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) content, C-to-N ratios, and essential plant nutrient availability were greater in the GC soil than in other treatments. Soil macroporosity and aggregate stability were 8–27 % and 25 % lower, and soil bulk density significantly higher in the BS than the VS and GC systems at the end of the study. Terbuthylazine herbicide concentrations in runoff water from BS plots ranged from 55.4 to 79.9 μg L−1, exceeding maximum allowed levels for drinking water (0.1 μg L−1).
Soil erosion and runoff rates from newly planted hillside orchards are not environmentally sustainable under current growing practices where groundcover vegetation is completely suppressed. High sediment losses and herbicide residues in runoff water present serious risk of water source pollution, but these impacts can be reduced by alternative soil management systems.
KeywordsErosion control Runoff Nutrient loss Water quality Groundcover management system
Increasing land prices and urban expansion into agricultural valley regions in central Chile have constrained avocado (Persea americana Mill) orchards to marginal soil and steep hills, where other crops have been impractical (Geo-Chile 2005). Potential environmental problems associated with hillside avocado production include increased erosion and runoff when native vegetation is removed from hillsides, and herbicide applications eliminate groundcover vegetation. Herbicides and fertilizers in hillside runoff water may also impact the quality of water consumed by humans and livestock in downslope areas (Pimentel et al. 1995). There are no previous studies evaluating the environmental impacts of extremely steep hillside orchards.
Site preparation for establishing hillside avocado plantations in Chile begins with removal of all native vegetation in the area to be planted, and excavating the underlying soil into raised berms where avocado trees will be planted parallel to the slope. The bermed soil remains loose and vulnerable to wind or water erosion. The ditched channels between berms concentrate runoff and provide few obstacles to rapid outflows down the hillsides on occasions when there are intense rainfalls (Youlton et al. 2010). The climate in avocado growing regions of Central Chile is Mediterranean type, strongly influenced by the Southern Oscillation, causing El Niño and La Niña events with alternate multiyear cycles of torrential and low rainfall events (CONAMA 2006; Gasto et al. 1987). After avocado trees are established, the conventional soil groundcover management consists of residual pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications to eliminate weeds and avoid competition for water and nutrients. In the short-term these hillside plantings have been productive and profitable, but the potential long-term soil losses and runoff volumes generated from these orchards are unknown, and there are no data on potential water contamination from nutrient losses and herbicide residues in exported sediments and runoff water from such plantings.
Several studies in hillside Mediterranean orchards and vineyards have reported impacts of vegetation-free groundcover management systems on soil loss and runoff (Cerda et al. 2009; Gomez et al. 2004; Francia Martínez et al. 2000; Tropeano 1983; Uson et al. 1998; Francia Martinez et al. 2006), as well as the benefits of groundcover vegetation for reducing soil erosion and runoff from these orchards (Toscano et al. 2004; Novara et al. 2011; Martinez Raya et al. 2006; Kosmas et al. 1996; Francia Martínez et al. 2000). However, the risk of competition for water and nutrients between groundcovers and fruit trees and decreased yields has made fruit growers reluctant to change their weed-free soil management systems (Gomez et al. 2004). This paper contributes to the knowledge of how to control soil losses and runoff from very steep hillside orchards, and the impacts these management practices have on tree growth and yield.
Off-site movement of nutrients and pesticide residues in runoff is a well-documented source for pollution of surface and groundwater (Sims et al. 1998; Glotfelty et al. 1984; Leonard 1990; Braun and Hawkins 1991; Simmons and Leyva 1994). Nonetheless, there are few reports on the effects that groundcover management systems have on the load of nutrient and herbicide residues exiting high input perennial cropping systems established on steep hillsides. The removal of all native vegetation from very steep hillsides, construction of downslope berms, and high inputs of fertilizers and herbicides to successfully establish these avocado orchards have potential impacts that require further study.
The present study was conducted to compare the effects of different groundcover management systems on runoff and erosion at a representative hillside avocado plantation, to quantify nutrient losses and herbicide residues in runoff water, and to evaluate the effects of different groundcover management systems on tree growth, nutrition and production, and soil physical properties.
Materials and methods
Experimental site
Characteristics of the soil in each replicate block prior to the establishment of treatments. Soil particle size distribution was based on the USDA system. OM = soil organic matter content; total N and total C based on Dumas combustion analysis; slope (%)
Clay (g kg−1)
Silt (g kg−1)
Sand (g kg−1)
OM (g kg−1)
Total N (mg g−1)
Total C (mg g−1)
Slope (%)
Groundcover management systems
Three treatments were established in Aug. 2008, and maintained as follows: 1) Bare soil (BS)—a combination of two herbicides (glyphosate and terbuthylazine) was applied over the entire plot surface (berms and ditches), at 1.44 and 3.0 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1, respectively. Terbuthylazine was applied in Aug. 2008, June 2009 and May 2010. Glyphosate was applied in Aug. 2008 and 2009, and in June 2010; 2) Vegetation strip (VS)—post-emergence glyphosate applied in a 1-m wide strip centered on the tree berm-row at a rate of 1.44 kg a.i. ha−1, but not to the inter-row ditches, during Aug. 2008 and 2009, and May 2010, to suppress weeds during the growing season. In Aug. 2008 a mixture of ryegrass (Lolium rigidum var. wimmera) and the naturalized burr-clover Hualputra (Medicago polymorpha sp.) was seeded in the ditches between the VS berm-rows at a rate of 75 and 30 kg ha−1, respectively. During Aug. 2009 this groundcover mixture was suppressed with a contact herbicide (paraquat) applied at a rate of 0.9 L a.i. ha−1. During Feb. 2010 this groundcover was mowed to 0.1-m height using a weed trimmer, to prevent possible brush fires during the summer; 3) Complete groundcover (GC)—the same mixture of ryegrass (Lolium rigidum var. wimmera) and Hualputra (Medicago polymorpha sp.) as in the VS treatment, established in Aug. 2008, covering the entire surface of plots (berm-rows and ditches) and mowed to 0.1-m height during Feb. 2009 and 2010, with residues left on site.
Orchard management
The avocado trees were managed as is typically done for hillside commercial orchards in central Chile (Gardiazabal 1998). Trees were fertigated each year, applying 120–250 Kg ha−1 of N, 50 Kg ha−1 of K, and 50–80 Kg ha−1 of P.
Erosion measurement plots
Fifteen runoff/erosion catchment plots (25 m long by 5 m wide), consisting of two berm-rows and one ditch between the berm-rows, were established during Fall of 2008, just before trees were planted. At the lower end of each catchment a plywood weir was constructed to channelize sediments and runoff through a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, into a 120-L high density polyethylene (HDPE) barrel secured by four metal posts driven 1 m into the ground. Outflows from the barrels were measured with tipping buckets attached to a HOBO Data Logger model UA-003-64 (Onset Technologies, Bourne, Mass.) to record the number of calibrated tips and measure overflows when the barrels were full. This system enabled us to measure continuous outflows of water from each plot during each rain event, over 3 years. To estimate soil losses, a water sample was taken from each barrel following precipitation events, after stirring the water in barrels to bring sediments into suspension. Samples were filtered through Whatman Glass Microfibre Filter paper (Fisher Scientific, N.H.), sediments were oven-dried at 40 °C for several days to constant weight, and sediment dry weights were recorded for each sample.
Data-logging soil moisture and temperature
Soil moisture monitoring probes were installed in each plot for continuous datalogging. Volumetric soil water content and temperature at 0.05-m depth in soil were recorded using EC-TM (moisture-temperature) sensors (Decagon Devices, Wash.) logged with Em50 five-port data-logger (Decagon Devices, Wash.). This enabled us to record data at bi-hourly intervals continuously year-round from all 15 plots. Volumetric soil water content data were averaged biweekly for each plot to facilitate trends interpretation and presentation. When soil-monitoring data were lost due to transient technical problems, missing values were estimated by extrapolating from averages of comparable time intervals for other plots at the site.
Tree growth and fruit yield
Tree-trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) was recorded annually during the winter season (July-August) at a permanently marked height (0.3 m above ground) to estimate annual and cumulative increases in tree size. Fruit yield was recorded in 2011, as harvested fruit weight (kg) per tree, number of fruit per tree and average fruit size. During 2008, TCSA was recorded for all trees in each plot. However, during 2009 several trees had to be replaced in the GC plots due to hare (Lepus europaeus) damage to the lower tree trunks. TCSA and yield data were collected from the centermost 15 healthy trees in each plot (to minimize edge effects) and averaged to represent a treatment mean for respective treatments. During 2011, subsamples of ten fruits per tree were individually weighed to estimate fruit size distribution. Yield efficiency of the trees in each treatment was calculated by dividing fruit yield (kg tree−1) by TCSA (cm2).
Leaf nutrient content
Recently matured leaves were sampled in July from the centermost 15 trees in each plot (Lahav and Whiley 2002). Leaves were rinsed with distilled water and oven-dried at 40 °C for several days to constant weight. Samples were digested with hydrogen peroxide and dried ash for 2 h at 450 °C and analyzed for macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations by inductively coupled Argon plasma spectroscopy (ICP AES model Spectro CIROS vision, Kleve, Germany); leaf C and N content was determined by Dumas combustion methods.
Water analysis for nutrient concentrations and herbicide residues
After each precipitation event, water samples were collected in HDPE bottles from each barrel by stirring the water and sediments to obtain a homogeneous sample. Samples were filtered through Whatman Glass Microfibre Filter paper (Fisher Scientific, N.H.) and frozen at −5 °C for subsequent analyses of N and P concentrations, using an automated cadmium reduction method and ascorbic acid method, respectively (Clesceri et al. 1998) followed by continuous-flow colorimetry (Perstorp Analytical, Alpkem, Ore.). Each runoff sample was analyzed for herbicide residues. Terbuthylazine analyses were carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (Strategic Diagnostics Inc., Newark, DE) with minimum detection limits of 0.31 μg L−1 for terbuthylazine. Concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically (at 450 μm) in a dedicated RPA-1 spectrophotometer.
Soil nutrient availability
Soil samples were collected during mid-winter from 2009 to 2011 with a 0.02-m-diam metal core, from 0 to 0.1-m depth beneath tree canopies along the berm-rows. Samples were sent to the Cornell Nutrient Analysis Lab (CNAL) and analyzed for plant available nutrients as follows. Macro- and micronutrients were extracted in Morgan's solution (0.72 N NaOAc + 0.52 N CH3COOH, buffered at pH 4.8), using a soil-to-solution ratio of 1:5 (v/v). The extracted mixture was filtered and passed through an automated rapid flow analyzer to detect plant-available PO4-P, while the rest of the bases and micronutrients were quantified by inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) spectrophotometry. Soil pH was determined using 1:1 (v/v) soil to 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, and total C and N by Dumas combustion. Soil organic matter was determined by loss on ignition at 550 °C.
Physical soil properties
Intact core samples were collected using two stainless steel cores taped vertically together, for a 0.07-m internal diameter and a 0.12-m depth. Cores were driven into the soil and lifted out with a hand-shovel to minimize changes to field soil conditions during extraction. The cores were evaluated for soil bulk density, porosity and available water capacity, using procedures described by Moebius et al. (2007), Moebius-Clune et al. (2008) and Karunatilake and van Es (2002). Undisturbed samples were prepared for analysis by carefully separating the taped cores into upper and lower profiles, which represented 0–0.06 m and 0.06–0.12 m soil depth, respectively. Nylon gauze was attached to the bottom of each ring with a rubber band to prevent soil loss. Soil sample cores were saturated (Ψ = 0 kPa) in their rings by raising the water table slowly during 48 h to prevent trapping air in soil pores. Macroporosity (pores of diameter >1,000 μm) was determined gravimetrically by allowing the saturated cores to drain for 3 h, to reach an assumed equilibrium water potential at Ψ = −0.3 kPa. A pressure-cell apparatus was used to determine soil water retention at −1.0, −3.0, −10.0 and −30.0 kPa matric potentials. Soil cores were then oven-dried at 105 °C and weighed to determine bulk density. Available water capacity (m3 m−3) was calculated as the difference in water loss between Ψ = −10.0 and Ψ = −1,500 kPa. Wet aggregate stability of small aggregates (0.25–2 mm) was measured from disturbed samples using a rainfall simulator (Ogden et al. 1997). Samples were oven-dried at 40 °C and shaken over stacked 2 mm and 0.25 mm mesh sieves and a catch plate. A single layer of 0.25 to 2 mm aggregates was spread on a 0.25 mm mesh sieve and placed 0.5 m below a rain simulator, calibrated to delivered 12.5 mm of water in 5 min. Soil and other particles retained on the sieve and disaggregated soil that fell through the sieve onto a filter were collected, dried, and weighed to determine wet aggregate stability.
Precipitation record
During 2008, rainfall amounts were recorded by a standard tubular rain gauge located at the bottom of the hillside. During 2009 and 2010, precipitation amounts and rates were recorded by a RAINEW-111 rain gauge (Premiere Products, Columbus, NE), logged with HOBO data-loggers. There were two rain gauges at the site, one in the upper and another in the lower rows of plots; data presented are the averages of both rain gauges.
Data analysis
A repeated measurement model (JMP, Version 7. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C., U.S.) was used to analyze data within years. When there were significant interactions between treatments and years, data were analyzed as a one-way analysis of variance model for each year. When significant effects were indicated means were compared using Tukey's HSD at P < 0.05, unless otherwise noted in text and tables. During 2008, groundcover treatments were not fully established during the recorded rain events, and the data collected from all plots were pooled and presented as a baseline record for runoff and erosion rates at the site. For the year 2010, data were analyzed using a logistic regression model to determine if treatments had an effect on the presence or absence of surface runoff, and a one-sample T-test was used to determine whether runoff observed in the BS treatment was significantly different from zero.
Tree growth and fruit yield
Leaf nutrient content
Although there were significant differences in leaf nutrient content among the treatments in 2009, 2010 and 2011, there were no consistent treatment trends that spanned all 3 years of evaluation. No significant differences were observed in total N or C content in avocado leaf tissue among treatments for any of the 3 years, and visible symptoms of nutrient deficiencies were not observed in trees under any treatment.
Runoff, erosion and nutrient losses
Precipitation (Prcp), runoff, soil losses, and ammonium-N (NH4-N), nitrate-N (NO3-N), phosphate-P (PO4-P), total N (TN), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses in runoff water collected annually in each groundcover management system. There was no recorded runoff in the GC and VS plots during 2010
Prcp (mm)
Runoff (mm)
Soil loss (Kg ha−1)
Nutrient losses by runoff
Inorganic-N (g ha−1)
P (g ha−1)
TN (g ha−1)
DOC (g ha−1)
0.05 ± 0.03
2.7 ± 1.5
7.4 ± 3.7
0.5 ± 0.2
10.0 ± 4.0
3.1 ± 1.9
0.02 ± 0.00
0.3 ± 0.1
1.4 ± 0.6
0.3 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.7
1.8 ± 0.6
0.01 ± 0.00
0.1 ± 0.0
2.4 ± 1.1
0.1 ± 0.0
3.3 ± 1.1
1.1 ± 0.5
1.30 ± 0.71
758.8 ± 463.5
4.6 ± 2.9
6.9 ± 3.8
15.6 ± 8.4
53.1 ± 27.2
0.16 ± 0.09
3.1 ± 1.9
1.9 ± 0.5
1.2 ± 0.7
3.3 ± 1.3
21.1 ± 11.9
0.02 ± 0.00
0.3 ± 0.1
1.5 ± 0.4
0.2 ± 0.0
2.0 ± 0.3
2.3 ± 0.7
0.05 ± 0.02
3.7 ± 2.6
0.7 ± 0.2
2.5 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.1
52.7 ± 6.4
0.01 ± 0.00
0.2 ± 0.1
0.1 ± 0.0
0.4 ± 0.1
1.0 ± 0.3
1.5 ± 0.9
0.00 ± 0.00
0.80 ± 0.52
238.4 ± 154.0
2.5 ± 1.3
4.9 ± 2.9
7.7 ± 4.5
304.1 ± 277.5
0.03 ± 0.02
0.7 ± 0.2
0.1 ± 0.0
0.2 ± 0.0
0.8 ± 0.2
28.9 ± 0.4
0.00 ± 0.00
1.04 ± 0.60
30.5 ± 18.1
4.0 ± 1.9
5.1 ± 1.5
5.5 ± 2.9
224.0 ± 114.3
0.04 ± 0.02
0.9 ± 0.6
0.5 ± 0.1
0.2 ± 0.0
0.4 ± 0.1
30.3 ± 15.2
0.00 ± 0.00
1.00 ± 0.07
214.1 ± 13.0
4.0 ± 2.6
5.3 ± 3.4
12.5 ± 6.1
48.6 ± 5.6
1.30 ± 0.08
1769.7 ± 98.4
15.3 ± 4.9
6.7 ± 0.8
26.5 ± 7.9
208.8 ± 29.6
2.03 ± 0.28
1459.4 ± 895.8
16.2 ± 7.8
12.3 ± 5.2
28.5 ± 13.5
87.2 ± 55.99
During 2009, runoff volumes, sediment losses, and PO4-P, TN and DOC losses were significantly greater from the BS plots than the VS and CG treatments, with no significant differences between the latter two treatments (Table 2). During the most intense rainfall event on 28 June (58.9 mm), the BS plots generated 1.3 mm of runoff and 758.8 Kg ha−1 of soil loss. During five rainfall events observed in 2009, the GC plots only produced detectable runoff in the first three rains.
In the winter of 2010, three precipitation events occurred. The two treatments with groundcover vegetation (GC and VS) did not generate detectable runoff in any of these three rainfall events. Even though there were fewer rainfall events than in 2009, the BS plots generated higher volumes of runoff and soil losses in 2010 than in the previous years (Table 2). Runoff volumes in the BS plots increased throughout the rainy season in 2010, and the largest runoff occurred in the last rainfall event of that year, with an average across all BS plots of 2 mm. The most soil loss was observed in the second rainfall of 2010 after 109 mm of precipitation, with an average soil loss from BS plots of 1769.7 kg ha−1. Nutrient concentrations and losses in runoff also increased throughout the rainy season that year. The greatest nutrient losses in runoff occurred during the last rainfall event of 2010, with total losses of 16.2, 12.3 and 28.5 g ha−1 of inorganic-N, PO4-P, and TN, respectively—the highest nutrient losses observed for an individual storm during this entire study (Table 2).
Herbicide residues
The average concentrations of terbuthylazine in the runoff water from the BS plots were 55.4, 79.9, and 64.2 μg L−1 in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. The herbicide concentrations were highest in the runoff event following the annual herbicide application, with concentrations as high as 487.2, 260.4 and 388.3 μg L−1 in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. Even though terbuthylazine was applied only in the BS plots, traces of that herbicide were detected in all treatment runoff samples, though in a much lower concentrations than in the BS plots. During 2008 and 2009, the average concentrations of terbuthylazine in runoff water from the VS and GC plots were 15.4 and 5.3 μg L−1, respectively.
Soil physical properties and nutrient availability
Means (±SE) for soil bulk density (g cm−3), macroporosity (%), available water capacity (AWC), and aggregate stability (%). Data were analyzed using a repeated measurement model, accounting for the overall effect of treatments throughout the three-year study. When significant main effects were indicated among treatments, means were separated using Tukey's HSD test (different letters indicate significant differences at ** = P ≤ 0.05, or * = P ≤ 0.1 for BS, VS and GC treatments; ns = No significant differences)
Tukey's HSD
Bulk density
1.34 ± 0.04
1.31 ± 0.08
1.20 ± 0.07
1.38 ± 0.06
1.32 ± 0.05
1.31 ± 0.04
1.35 ± 0.05
1.33 ± 0.01
1.26 ± 0.07
4.47 ± 0.59
4.74 ± 0.78
6.33 ± 0.37
3.26 ± 0.31
2.99 ± 0.58
4.68 ± 0.31
2.83 ± 0.30
3.03 ± 0.57
3.86 ± 0.59
8.19 ± 0.27
6.44 ± .28
8.78 ± 0.83
10.73 ± 0.23
10.85 ± 0.04
12.05 ± 0.20
12.98 ± 0.77
12.99 ± 0.67
13.14 ± 0.97
Agg. stability
24.82 ± 2.28
23.80 ± 1.96
37.38 ± 5.75
21.86 ± 3.04
21.66 ± 2.42
32.18 ± 5.78
29.30 ± 0.87
38.95 ± 2.28
38.68 ± 2.65
Effects of groundcover management systems on soil nutrient concentrations (mg kg−1), O. M. (organic matter content) (%), total C and N (mg g−1), C-to-N ratios, and pH. Values are means (±SE) of five replicates. Data were analyzed using a repeated measurement model, accounting for treatment main effects spanning the 6 years. When differences were indicated, treatment means were separated using Tukey's HSD test. Different letters for each row indicate significant main effect differences at ** = P ≤0.05, or * = P ≤0.1, or NS = no significant differences among BS, VS and GC treatments
HSD test
9.1 ± 0.7
8.1 ± 1.0
11.1 ± 3.2
9.2 ± 1.0
9.5 ± 2.3
15.0 ± 2.9
9.9 ± 0.8
10.5 ± 1.5
12.2 ± 2.1
121.7 ± 15.7
157.2 ± 19.8
196.5 ± 28.6
99.5 ± 32.9
111.61 ± 5.1
161.9 ± 16.5
110.7 ± 18.8
121.8 ± 11.5
167.6 ± 17.9
540.4 ± 49.2
670.7 ± 98.9
700.3 ± 94.3
569.46 ± 39.0
702.4 ± 80.0
725.8 ± 70.4
557.9 ± 43.3
619.5 ± 88.2
651.1 ± 77.9
1.3 ± 0.1
1.2 ± 0.1
1.3 ± 0.2
40.9 ± 14.5
9.9 ± 4.0
9.5 ± 3.4
15.0 ± 4.0
10.8 ± 1.6
7.7 ± 1.9
2.8 ± 0.5
2.3 ± 0.4
3.9 ± 0.2
7.4 ± 0.6
7.3 ± 0.6
7.0 ± 0.4
7.4 ± 0.3
7.4 ± 0.5
7.1 ± 0.4
6.6 ± 0.1
6.8 ± 0.1
7.2 ± 0.1
6.6 ± 0.2
6.5 ± 0.1
6.8 ± 0.2
6.9 ± 0.1
6.9 ± 0.1
7.0 ± 0.1
2.1 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.2
2.8 ± 0.2
2.1 ± 0.1
2.5 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.1
2.2 ± 0.1
2.6 ± 0.2
2.7 ± 0.2
8.0 ± 1.6
3.8 ± 0.9
11.2 ± 3.8
66.6 ± 9.4
50.6 ± 5.4
58.7 ± 4.3
32.2 ± 9.1
33.5 ± 8.5
25.1 ± 2.9
9.0 ± 0.8
10.5 ± 1.4
11.6 ± 1.2
6.1 ± 0.5
7.4 ± 0.6
9.2 ± 0.5
7.0 ± 0.9
8.7 ± 0.5
11.5 ± 1.3
0.9 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 0.1
1.1 ± 0.1
0.8 ± 0.0
0.9 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 0.1
0.8 ± 0.1
0.9 ± 0.0
1.0 ± 0.1
9.5 ± 0.6
10.3 ± 0.7
10.4 ± 0.7
7.4 ± 0.5
8.7 ± 0.6
9.3 ± 0.2
8.3 ± 0.7
9.5 ± 0.5
10.9 ± 0.8
Trends in water content from 2009 to 2011 were complex and varied among years as well as among treatments. Soil water content was different among all three treatments (P < 0.0001), with average soil water contents ranking GC > VS > BS during the time span of this study.
Groundcover competition with tree growth
Short-term studies comparing different groundcover management systems have shown that competition for nutrients and water between weeds or mowed sod covers and fruit trees can cause substantial growth reductions and yield losses, in comparison with weed-free groundcover management systems. As previously reported by others (Robinson and O'Kennedy 1978; Shribbs and Skorch 1986; Welker and Glenn 1989), we also observed reduced tree growth and fruit yield in the GC compared with BS plots. However, in our study soil water contents in GC plots were actually greater than those in the BS plots, suggesting that trees in the GC and VS treatments were not experiencing more water stress than BS trees. Moreover, leaf nutrient contents were not significantly different among treatments, which suggests that trees in the VS or GC plots were not more stressed than BS trees by nutrient deficiencies. In addition, total soil N and C contents were greater in the GC than in the BS treatments, probably due to C input from groundcover residues and N2 fixation by the Hualputra legume groundcover (Ovalle et al. 2006; Nyborg et al. 1995b; Janzen et al. 1998; Solberg et al. 1998; Kumar and Goh 1999). However, during decomposition of cover crop residues there may be an initial period of soil N-immobilization, followed by a period of net N re-mineralization (Kumar and Goh 1999; Recous et al. 1999). The duration of this period depends on the C-to-N ratios of the crop residue (Reinertsen et al. 1984), lignin and polyphenol contents (Kumar and Goh 1999), and initial soil N concentrations (Reinertsen et al. 1984; Recous et al. 1995), among other factors. In the present study, uptake of N by groundcovers, retention of N during initial groundcover residue decomposition, and the low initial soil organic matter content at this site, could have interacted to reduce soil N availability transiently in the GC and VS plots compared with the BS treatment (Nyborg et al. 1995a). This temporary restriction in soil N availability may explain the decreased growth and fruit yield of trees in the VS and GC treatments compared to BS.
Additionally, even though groundcovers are relatively more efficient than fruit trees in recycling N mineralized by decomposing groundcover residues (Haynes and Goh 1980; Sanchez et al. 2003; Yao et al. 2005), during the first years of our study there were minimal groundcover residues to be recycled, and the groundcover vegetation was directly competing for nutrients and water with the newly planted avocado trees. This initial competition, at a vulnerable stage for the newly planted avocado trees, might have been masked in the overall effects of groundcover management on soil moisture and leaf nutrient contents, but it could have been enough to affect tree growth. Although we did not directly measure above-ground biomass of the avocado trees, those in the BS plots were bigger than those in the groundcover treatments, but they had similar foliar N concentrations. This suggests a greater total N uptake by trees in the BS plots, probably because N was less available in GC and VS than in BS plots. Other factors such as tree-groundcover root competition could have also resulted in tree growth reductions and yields losses in the groundcover plots (McMurtrie and Wolf 1983).
Welker and Glenn (1989) observed that growth of young peach (Prunus persica) trees was proportional to the surrounding vegetation-free area, suggesting that restriction in soil volume due to sod competition resulted in smaller peach root systems and consequentially smaller trees. However, in our study the growth of trees in both the GS and the VS plots was equivalently reduced, despite the closer groundcover proximity to avocado trees in the GC than in VS treatments. In this context it is also noteworthy that the winters where evergreen fruit trees are cultivated are generally warmer than those where deciduous fruit trees are grown. The warmer temperatures during humid winter months, and irrigation during the drier summer months (November through March) at our site in Chile, allowed for continuous growth of weeds and groundcovers throughout the year in our study. These conditions presumably increased competition between groundcover vegetation and newly established avocado trees, and yearly post-emergence herbicide application in the VS treatment may have not been sufficient to eliminate weed competition. Similar effects on tree growth and fruit yield were observed by Castro and Pastor (1994) and Wright et al. (2003) in a groundcover management systems studies in an olive grove and citrus orchard, respectively.
The use of groundcovers as an alternative groundcover management system for hillside avocado orchards had negative effects on tree growth and productivity during the first 3 years after orchard establishment. These economic downsides partly explain the reluctance of avocado growers to change their soil management practices. However, long-term studies of alternative groundcover management systems in other orchard crops have shown that continued interactions of fruit trees with competing groundcover vegetation enables trees to adapt and compensate or avoid groundcover competition for water and nutrients (Atucha et al. 2011a, b). Furthermore, the long-term deterioration of soil physical conditions and biological activity in weed-free orchard soils (Oliveira and Merwin 2001; Yao et al. 2005) may eventually be more detrimental for orchard productivity than the short-term groundcover competition during initial orchard establishment.
Mitigation of nutrient losses
Previous studies have shown that groundcovers can provide runoff and soil erosion control in perennial fruit plantings on hillsides (Francia Martinez et al. 2006; Garcia-Orenes et al. 2009; Gomez et al. 2003; Martinez Raya et al. 2006; Youlton et al. 2010). The interception of rainfall by groundcovers dissipates the impact of raindrops on the soil surface, ultimately reducing runoff and erosion (Francia Martinez et al. 2006). We observed a significant reduction in runoff and erosion in both groundcover treatments compared to the bare soil treatment, and similar observations were reported by Youlton et al. (2010) and Francia Martinez et al. (2006), in avocado and olive orchards under different groundcover treatments.
During 2008, before the establishment of treatments in our study, runoff volumes increased and erosion rates decreased throughout the wet season. The high erosion rates observed at the beginning of the rainy season in 2008 suggest a high vulnerability of the newly constructed berms to rainfall, as a consequence of the disturbance of the soil during excavation in the swales and mounding up the berms. On the other hand, the increased runoff toward the end of the wet season in 2008 probably resulted from soil compaction and surface crusting due to preceding rain events that year, leading to soil-surface sealing that reduced infiltration and increased runoff (Lindstrom and Onstad 1984; Gomez et al. 1999, 2004). Saturated soil conditions at the end of winter in 2008 might also have reduced infiltration and increased runoff compared to the initial rainfall events that year (Bissonnais et al. 1995). These results highlight the importance of protecting soil from erosive forces after the construction of berms and during hillside orchard establishment, the period when soil is most vulnerable to erosion due to its recent disturbance, and lack of surface vegetation and crop residues.
Soil compaction in the BS plots was greater than in the GC treatment, as reflected by the higher soil bulk density and lower macro-porosity in the BS compared to the GC plots (Table 3). Soil management effects on aggregate stability influence susceptibility to soil degradation, and are fundamental for promoting soil conservation (Boix-Fayos et al. 2001; Ramos et al. 2010). In our study, aggregate stability increased in soil beneath groundcovers. Organic substances supplied by roots are a source of energy for microorganisms in the rhizosphere, and materials produced by these microorganisms (e.g. mucilaginous polysaccharides) play an important role in the stabilization of soil aggregates (Gale et al. 2000; Six et al. 2004; Ramos et al. 2010). In addition, soil organic matter content, which has been extensively correlated with aggregate stability (Oades 1984; Caravaca et al. 2002; Ramos et al. 2010), probably contributed to the greater aggregate stability observed in the GC plots, which likely reduced runoff volumes and soil erosion in that treatment.
The increased soil organic matter content in GC and VS plots, attributed to groundcover residues and rhizosphere decomposition (Manns et al. 2007), improved soil fertility and soil physico-chemical conditions, facilitating soil-water storage during the summer months. The assimilation of N and P from fertilizers and N2 fixation by the groundcover into microbial biomass and stable forms of soil organic matter probably reduced losses through surface runoff in the GC and VS in comparison to the BS plots.
Mitigation of water quality impacts using groundcovers
Total nutrient losses in our study were lower than those reported in other studies for perennial fruit crops (Ramos and Martinez-Casasnovas 2004, 2006; Francia Martinez et al. 2006; Duran Zuazo et al. 2004). However, NH4-N concentrations exceeded both the 0.5 mg L−1, threshold concentration for public water supplies (Hütter 1994), and the 5 mg L−1 limit for irrigation sources (Ayers et al. 1985) during the first rainfall events of 2009.
Average PO4-P concentrations in most runoff events in all our treatments exceeded established limits of 0.05 mg L−1 (US-EPA 1976) that may lead to eutrophication of surface waters. The P concentrations in runoff remained below the critical threshold level of 2 mg L−1 for agricultural water use (Ayers et al. 1985). However, since total nutrient losses were estimated based on dissolved nutrients in runoff water, our results probably underestimated the total amounts of nutrients lost, because we did not account for nutrients bound to soil in particulate forms. Particulate P can account for 75–95 % of the P losses in runoff water from agricultural land, according to reports that P losses in sediment transport were 2.8 fold higher than those dissolved in runoff water (Sharpley et al. 1994; Duran Zuazo et al. 2004).
Considering water quality, the average terbuthylazine concentrations in surface BS treatment runoff water during this study (55.4 to 79.9 μg L−1) were substantially higher than the guideline values for pesticide residues in drinking water, set at 7 μg L−1 for terbuthylazine (Younes and Galal-Gorchev 2000), and the European Union maximum level of 0.1 μg L−1 in water intended for human consumption (Hamilton et al. 2003). Terbuthylazine can also be transported through sediments, due to its moderate sorption and a relatively long persistence in soils (Blanchoud et al. 2007), increasing the risk of water contamination and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms (FCS 2007). The concentrations of this herbicide in runoff from our site are therefore a real concern for this region of Chile.
Our study demonstrated substantial impacts of groundcover management systems on soil erosion and runoff in newly planted hillside avocado orchards under natural rainfall conditions, and suggests the potential for protecting these hillsides by managing groundcovers to reduce erosion and associated environmental problems. One year after the establishment of the orchards, soil erosion, runoff, and nutrient losses were reduced with groundcover, in comparison with the bare soil. Deterioration of soil physical properties- higher soil bulk density and lower macroporosity and soil aggregate stability- were observed without groundcover, which in the long-term might be more detrimental and unsustainable for orchard productivity than the initial short-term groundcover competition. The high concentration of triazine-type herbicide residues detected in the runoff water from bare soil plots presents a significant risk of contamination of drinking water sources. Future research should focus on the impact these steep hillside orchards have at the watershed scale.
The author would like to express their appreciation to Towards Sustainability Foundation for the financial support, and to Jorge Schmidt for providing the site and maintenances of this project.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.


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Ahmedabad, Feb.25 (ANI): The verdict on the quantum of punishment for the 31 accused in the Godhra train burning case has been postponed till March 1, by a special court in Ahmedabad.
The tragedy had left 59 people dead and triggered communal violence in Gujarat that claimed the lives of over 1,200 people.
On Tuesday,the special court, which had accepted the theory of conspiracy behind the burning of the Sabarmati Express coach carrying kar sevaks returning from Ayodhya, had acquitted 63 people, including the main accused Maulvi Umarji while other key accused Haji Billa and Rajjak Kurkur were convicted.
The trial began in June 2009 and is being conducted inside the Sabarmati Central Jail in Ahmedabad with charges framed against 94 accused in the carnage that led to communal riots in Gujarat.
The accused had been charged with criminal conspiracy and murder for burning the S-6 coach of the train on February 27, 2002 near Godhra, in which 59 people were killed.
Scientific evidence, statement of witnesses, circumstantial and documentary evidence placed on record formed the basis of the judgment. (ANI)

subset: commoncrawl


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There are at least five scenes in Mudville in which hot dogs are consumed and commented on. It's a baseball novel, after all.
One of these scenes feature what I call in the book as a "divey" place on the outskirts of town called Uncle Franky's. The hot dogs there are good, Roy decides, especially with Uncle Franky's sauce.
I didn't make up the name Uncle Franky's. I drive by it one all the time in Minneapolis. It's on Broadway Avenue in what's called "Nordeast," one of the more colorful neighborhoods in the city. I'd never actually eaten there — I just liked the name and the logo.
So my wife and I checked out their new location on campus where we both work. It's in an out-of-the-way corner of an old building called "Dinkydale" on 14th Ave SE and Fourth Street… the very Fourth Street that Bob Dylan once sang about (he used to live in an apartment above an adjacent building and worked the corners and coffee shops of the neighborhood).
First of all, scratch divey. It'a a nice, well-kept place with a staff that seemed to genuinely enjoy making hot dogs and serving them to you.
Second of all, scratch the sauce. They had every topping you can imagine, but none were branded as Uncle Franky's condiments. You can get outrageous combinations of things, like a frankfurter topped with sliced Italian beef… certainly an intriguing thought but I wasn't sure my gut could handle it.
Speaking of food that made Chicago famous, my wife went for the Chicago Dog.
I went for my favorite meal from childhood — a coney.
All in all, they do a hot dog proud at Uncle Franky's.


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Hikers in some areas know them well, and so does anyone with intense yard work experience: the slash pile. A new high-tech blanket developed promises to transform these awkward plant scrap mountains into several useful green products.
Since the piles contain stumps and other woody chunks, sawmills and paper mills have little use for them. Hauling the material offsite to be processed into fuel would be cost-prohibitive. Usually the slash piles that are especially common in the Pacific Northwest are either left to rot or subject to controlled burning in order to prevent forest fires. Can you say "excess CO2 emissions?"
PHOTOS: Google Maps Tries To Save the Planet
To prevent that, University of Washington chemical engineering professor Daniel Schwartz, along with students that included forestry resources PhD candidate Jenny Knoth, looked for a way to make fuel from slash piles without having to move them. They came up with what they're calling a "pyrolysis blanket" that wraps around the pile, causing the waste to smolder into a charcoal-like substance.
The blanket is made from a heat-resistant laminate that's also impermeable to air. Adjustable vents in the material allow for the airflow to be controlled depending on the desired effect, according to Mara Grunbaum of Ecomagination.com. When a slash pile is burned under the blanket, the lack of oxygen creates a form of solid carbon known as "biochar."
Knoth, along with fellow students Ken Faires, Derek Churchill, Nate Dorin and John Tovey III, created a startup now known as Carbon Cultures to further develop the blanket. Last year they received a $50,000 National Science Foundation grant for support.
Readers familiar with biochar know the stuff as a potential geoengineering approach because making it prevents CO2 formation. When added to soil, biochar boosts agricultural yields so farmers, landscapers and gardeners love and value it. Biochar can also be burned as a greener alternative to mined coal.
Biochar Could Put Huge Global Dent in Greenhouse Gases
The Carbon Cultures team says its blanket can process small slash piles into biochar within a day, and they call the low-cost technology easy for forestry crews to use. This summer the students plan to test their blanket on large slash piles and make adjustments to reduce soot and emissions further from the process, Grunbaum reported. Just in time for outdoor grilling season.
Photo: Slash piles like this one at Taylor Mountain in Washington could be transformed into fuel with a new blanket in development. Credit: Monty VanderBilt


text: Racer X: Jake, the last time I saw you, you were standing atop a podium in Italy. Are you still feeling the afterglow of being on the winning Motocross of Nations team? Jake Weimer: Yeah, I am. I was actually talking to my dad about this. It's kind of weird about the whole motorcycle-racing deal; because we race so often, you only get to enjoy a win for a short amount of time, and then it's like you're right back to it and you have to start paying attention again, and then you have to race again. Meaning you're only as good as your last race? Exactly. It's one of those types of deals, so you'd better enjoy it while you can, because it lasts for just a short moment. It's not a one-hit deal and then you get to celebrate all year. It's like we race so much that you've got to enjoy it while you can. I'm still, you know, very pumped on the win. I think about it all the time. The experience of going over there and being able to win, it was definitely one of those races I'll never forget. Have you been able to sense just how important winning the Motocross of Nations was to the American fans? Well, yeah, for sure. I really started to realize just how serious it was when we first got over there. The size of the facility, how much time and effort they put into it, the flags hanging everywhere, the pits – there was a lot of time and effort and money that went into that one event. And the fans... It's a big deal to everybody; everybody is serious about it, and they want to win. When the signal was given that it was time to go out for the first moto, how were you feeling? I was very excited. I was super-pumped. You know, the first day that we competed [Saturday] was the qualifying day. It kind of sucked because, right out of the gate, we got a horrible gate pick. So we were thirty-third and clear on the outside. We all had to work our asses off that day to just try and get the best gate pick that we could for the real deal. I wouldn't say that was an amazing day. It was a tough day. But after seeing my two teammates ride and how I felt personally and mentally, I was a little bit nervous, but I was confident that we could do it. It was exciting because we didn't really know what was going to happen. That was the first I've ever raced [against] 450s. I'm on my 250, and I'm in these classes where it matters if you beat them. But before the gate dropped, it was very, very exciting. The fans over there are just insane. Could you feel that while you were racing? Oh, 100 percent. You can definitely feel the energy over there. Was it a different rush than, say, racing in a stadium before 45,000 fans? Yeah, for sure. I think the whole event is a one-off deal. Everything is different. You're not racing for you. I think as a rider it means a whole lot to put on red-white-and-blue and represent your colors and your country. That was a big deal. To pull out onto the track with the bike and all the gear, it was like, "America, here we are. We're going to ride our asses off and we're going to try and win." There's a lot tension and everybody wants to win and other countries aren't afraid to try and take you out so that you don't win. There are just a lot of different elements that we don't normally deal with. In the first moto, both you and Ryan Dungey rode really well - Dungey was third and you were eighth. The two results put Team USA atop the board. Did you feel good about the race? Yeah, I did. I felt good during the race. I felt like I started off a little bit slow, but toward the end I really got some steam going. I felt really good. Again, it was a little bit of a tough situation, because Dungey had to start inside because his biggest competition was starting inside. My biggest competition on the 250Fs also started inside, so I had to start outside. In hindsight, I think we probably did the right thing, but it made it tough for me. I had to come through some people, get by some 450s. I ended up finishing decent. The first moto, I was happy with. I felt like I rode well. The second moto didn't go as well for you. To give you a little rundown on the race, I had a better start. I was around sixth or seventh. I was better off than I was in the first moto, so I felt good. I didn't feel like I was really tired or really fatigued, so I felt good. Then on the first lap I got really out of control and got really bad headshake. I hit a really low part of my stomach on the handlebars and knocked the wind out of myself. Then I was trying to regroup and trying to make myself stay focused and trying to stay in it. And then I fell down once, and then I got up and was trying to hurry. I fell down again that same lap. From there, I was just having a tough time getting going. There were people everywhere and it was tough, and then I ended up falling again. So I fell three times. Between the second and third motos, it was pretty somber back in the Team USA pit area. What was going through your head? Well, I obviously was very disappointed in myself for how that last moto went down for me. I was bummed. I was bummed big-time. Tough question, but did you feel like you had blown it for the team? For sure. As a rider, that's probably your biggest fear in going to ride the Motocross of Nations. You're like, "If we lose, we lose, but I don't want to be the reason why." I mean, I'm sure everybody felt like that. I know I did. I didn't want to be the one that lost it for us. But then my dad said to me, "It's not about you right now. You need to get dressed and you need to go out there and cheer your teammates on." After he said that, I felt better about it. And then Ryan and Ivan rode so well in the final moto. It was pretty cool to see. I don't know if you noticed it, but once Dungey rode into the lead and Ivan rode into a safe position, could you hear the crowd go totally quiet? I noticed a number of fans and members from the other teams looking over where all the Americans were standing, and all of them had these looks on their faces like, "Shit, they're going to win this thing again?" Oh, for sure. Right out of the gate, [Antonio] Cairoli went down, so the Italians were bummed. It's weird how it all plays out. It's like they don't want you to win, but they do. They're screaming and yelling and revving their chainsaws and then it's looking like we're going to win and then, like you said, it kind of got quiet. The air horns were less and the chainsaws weren't going as much. At that point, my eyes were just fully glued on the American riders and just hoping for the best. So I was pretty focused just on them, really. Up on the podium, and with thousands of fans looking up at you guys, you and Ryan looked almost dazed. For Ryan and I, we'd never been there. When you see it, it's just ridiculous. No matter how many stories you hear or how you listen to somebody who has been there, you will never know what it's like unless you're there. Okay, back to the present: Do you have your 2010 Kawasaki KX250Fs yet? I haven't ridden one. I don't even know if they have them. I honestly have no idea. With all the craziness that went on during the off-season, Mitch Payton said, "Even in the beginning, I wanted to keep two guys. I wanted to keep Christophe [Pourcel] and I wanted to keep Jake." Did getting things lined up for 2010 go pretty smoothly? Yeah, for the way the economy is and stuff, I suppose it went as smooth as it could go. It's tough. It's tough for everybody: mechanics, riders, teams. It's a little bit of a tough situation. I guess the bottom line is that I'm where I want to be and I'm happy where I'm at. Yesterday, I asked Mitch which of his riders would be riding which coast, and he answered, "They'll find out the week before." Have you heard different? No. Do you have a preference? Probably West, but it is what it is. I really have thought about it very little at this point, just because I haven't tested one time. Obviously, everybody is on different tires now and there are new bikes, so there's a lot to go through. We're only two months out from the season opener in Anaheim. This is the time motocross and supercross becomes a full-time job for a racer. Oh, 100 percent. This is everyday time. This is not an off-season. Honestly, it's busier now than when we race because of all the testing. Also, a lot of our training is done now to get a good base built up. It's now time to get ready for the whole year, really. Everything is going on right now: training, testing, riding... Last year, Ryan Dungey only beat you by four points to win the West Region Supercross Series. You also won three main events. I'm guessing you feel pretty good about making a run at your first title in 2010. For sure. That's definitely the goal, to get a supercross title. That's the main focus right now. Once we get moving on that, we'll have to switch it over and go back to outdoors and try and win that one, too. But as of right now, the main focus is getting prepared for supercross and getting strong and getting the bike ready and taking baby steps to move forward to that.


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Triple Bunk Bed Design IdeasIf you have kids, you know how important it is to save space. In fact, is it even possible? Children seem to promote sprawl wherever they go, whether its a sprawl of toys, food, or clothes, they ... read more
Important Notice! Don't Spend Money on Flooring before You Have a Look at ThisCordwood flooring tends to be both beautiful and warm. It can be planned and geometrical or more freely artistic. Sunny Pettis Lutz chose a very free, artistic approach to her cordwood flooring and ... read more
A Bench Made From An Old Wooden Cable SpoolIf you are anything like me, you love to visit second-hand stores or scrap yards or demolition companies to find your next treasure. I am always thinking of ways to reuse this log or make A Bench Made ... read more


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Moving Forward with Coal Ash
Addressing coal ash at facilities across North Carolina
- A map of coal ash facilities and storage ponds can be found here.
- A major thrust of DEQ's work has been gathering comprehensive data about coal ash facilities statewide. The information is essential as DEQ prioritizes closure plans for all 14 facilities with coal ash storage ponds.
- Duke Energy must provide state officials with comprehensive information as part of Governor McCrory's Executive Order 62 on coal ash and the Coal Ash Management Act.
- Public and private drinking water wells within 1,500 feet of each facility are being evaluated for numerous constituents that could indicate the presence of any contamination associated with coal ash.
- DEQ is evaluating the utility's existing wastewater discharge permits, as well as reviewing wastewater permit renewals and storm water permit applications for the coal ash facilities. The storm water and wastewater permits will be subject to public comment periods that will include public hearings.
- Staff with the department's dam safety program inspected all 32 coal ash impoundments and reviewed video of the piping systems at each facility. The state program identified 63 areas of concern at 30 coal ash impoundments and directed Duke to provide repair plans. The department received all 63 plans and has reviewed and approved nearly half of them
Coal Ash Excavation & Disposal
- The state Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources invited public comment on draft permit modifications to state mining permit #53-05 for the Colon Mine in Lee County located five miles southeast of the City of Sanford off Brickyard Rd. and state mining permit #19-25 for the Brickhaven No. 2 Mine Tract "A" in Chatham County located six miles south of Moncure off of Moncure-Flatwood Rd. The public comment period began March 23, 2015 and ended May 16, 2015. You may view the Hearing Officer Reports for Mining Permits and Structural Fill Permits.
Environmental Justice Reviews
The state environmental department will conduct an environmental justice review of each Duke Energy coal ash landfill application and request federal review of the reports.
Additional environmental justice documents and information about coal ash permits can be found here.


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Selected UCRS Success Stories
CONET can rely on the firm foundation of year-long expertise in the development, integration and management of mission-critical communications solutions.
Recent examples for project solutions successfully delivered by CONET's critical communications specialists and their UCRS partners include a number of control room installations with varying levels of integration complexity, scale as well as security and availability requirements for customers like the German Armed Forces, German Rail and the Austrian motorway and tunnel maintenance company ASFINAG.
Exemplary Successful Projects Powered by CONET UC Radio Suite
DB Station&Services AG, the German Rail division for the operation of the stations, decided to introduce a new centralized and unified communications solution. As a subcontractor to telent GmbH, CONET designs and implements a special communication system as part of the new command & control concept for up to 27 3S railway stations. The new solution offers a comfortable user interface, accelerates communications, increase reliability and shorten reaction times.
For a public European finance body with 20 connected institutes, CONET and BT Group designed a new tap proof voice conferencing system with customer specific functionality, encryption and individually designed and modified Android-based phones for VIP and regular conferences. The new infrastructure fulfils all the special requirements of the banking sector towards access security and confidentiality.
The Austrian public sector body responsible for operating and managing the country's motorways and tunnel system (Autobahnen- und Schnellstraßen-Finanzierungs-Aktiengesellschaft ASFiNAG) contracted A1 Telekom Austria AG and CONET to implement a new emergency call system. The new solution CN.as COM offers IP radio integration in the command & control center together with tunnel sounding, handling of emergency calls for road tunnels and conferencing.
144 Notruf Niederösterreich, the Lower Austrian Emergency Call System, coordinates emergency and rescue operations as well as hospital transports in the country via a central control room and several local offices. CONET took part in implementing the control room communications system and was responsible vor the integration into the central dispatching system, the contact center solution as well as the connectivity to Austria's public TETRA system.
In the area of defense solutions, CONET implemented an IP radio integration into the command & control system of the German Airforce (Luftwaffe), including the implementation of crash circuits for flight accidents, integration of flight radio into the VoIP solution as well as in the mobile command posts of the air force. In the German Army (Heer), CONET solutions facilitate IP radio integration and control as well as radio communications in training operations.
In Cisco's Customer Information Center National Security, exemplary solutions by CONET provide the IP radio integration with integrated video surveillance and facility management as well as building access management. In a comprehensive demonstration scenario and live operation, customers and training participants can take a closer look on the powerful functionality of CONET UC Radio Suite in the control of critical communications.
At the safety lab of Fraunhofer FOKUS, the Innovation Center for Public Safety and Security and its partners IBM, Frequentis, Cisco, CONET and Hörmann demonstrate collaborative solutions for public safety. In this demonstration environment and research laboratory, the CONET UC Radio Suite plays an integral part of the safety lab in providing experts and decision-makers with an independent framework that permits them to shed light on the interaction of new technology and challenges in everyday usage.
Related Solutions
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Help keep your PC operating at peak performance: Speeds up computers that have become sluggish and slow. Over time, your computer's performance drops, the result of too many startup applications, Windows registry problems and Internet clutter. WinCleaner OneClick safely corrects these problems - automatically - with just the click of a button.
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Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH) has issued a recruitment notification for the recruitment of Consultant through recruitment notification – ONGC Tripura Power Company Limited (OTPC) Recruitment 2016 . Candidates who have completed B.E/B.Tech can apply for the new recruitment notification from Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH).
Eligible candidates can apply offline for the Consultant Job on or before 05/03/2016. Find more information about the vacancy like Age limit, Selection Process, Qualification, Application fee, How to apply etc can be found below.
Company Name : ONGC Tripura Power Company Limited (OTPC)
Vacancy Name : Consultant
Educational Qualification : B.E/B.Tech
Total No of Vacancy : 01 post
Salary : Rs. 75,000 /- Per Month
Job Location : Tripura
Last Date to Apply for this job: 05/03/2016
Address for the Job Vacancy :ONGC Tripura Power Company Limited,Tripura
Detail of Post :
Position Consultant- Civil (One Position)
Place of Posting Palatana, Tripura
Qualification BE (Civil)
Experience Minimum 20 Years of industrial experience in the area of civil construction
Age Group 50 – 60 years
Industry Type Power Generation
Compensation Rs 75,000/- pm (Fixed as per approved norms) + Rs 2500/- towards communication charges
Job Description
• Coordination with Management and Contractors for day to day activities related to civil
• Preparation of new estimates along with checking bills of various contractors.
• Ensure proper documentation and closure of contracts
• Ensure execution of various projects by contractors ie inside or outside plant premises, CSR related jobs, additional 132 KV bay etc
• Responsible for all construction safety matters.
• Responsible for Issues pertaining to engineering certificate after physical verification
• Planning & implementation of Horticulture Development
• Any other jobs assigned from time to time.
Desirable Qualities/
• Familiar with all the relevant IS codes pertaining to Power plant structures, buildings , Roads , culverts, drains,
river bank , Bypass constructions,
• Should have good communication skills in English for drafting letters and technical notes.
• Should be familiar with structural engineering.
• Should be familiar with all kinds of quality checks and techniques at all stages of residential -Industrial civil & structural constructions
• Should be familiar with Ms Office like Microsoft Word, MSExcel, basically a computer literate.
• Understanding of local language would be prefererd
• Recently retired civil engineers from an indudtry may also apply Contact Details Company Name: ONGC Tripura
Power Company Ltd. Website : www.otpcindia.in Contact Person : Sr. Manager (HR & Admin) Address : 6th Floor, IFCI Tower, 61, Nehru Place, New Delhi – 110019
Selection Procedure :
Candidates can apply on or before 05/03/2016
No detailed information about the selection procedure is mentioned in the recruitment notification.
How to apply ? :
Interested Candidates can apply on or before 05/03/2016
Important dates to remember :
Last Date to Apply for this job 05/03/2016


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To train a new genre of dynamic professionals, who know the latest trends and are capable of handling new challenges. While millions of new jobs are being created, most multinational and conglomerates are finding it difficult to head-hunt for key positions in the field of office Administration / Business management . Education and certification is the key to success and the time is right for imparting training to professionals involved in office administration so that they can effectively take-on the challenges in the future.
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ITI INSTITUTE is one of the leading training centers professionally managed by a team of experts in training. ITI INSTITUTE is committed to customer satisfaction. In the past, we have created a very friendly learning environment with the latest courses in Logistics/ Supply Chain Management, Purchasing/Procurement, Human Resource Management, Travel and Tourism, Business Administration/ Secretarial, Computers and Languages. Whether you are new to these industries or are looking to improve your skills, we have the right course for you. Well-qualified, experienced certified instructors train the participants with easy-to-use step by step training material in the most optimized period of time. We provide lifetime free telephone/e-mail support to our clients.See all ITI Institute courses
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James Ward Morris
|This article was imported in part or in full from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges and may require rewriting or reformatting to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Editing help is available.
James Ward Morris (November 14, 1890 – November 15, 1960) was a United States federal judge.
Born in Smithfield, North Carolina, Morris received an A.B. from the University of North Carolina in 1912. He attended the University of North Carolina School of Law, but read law to enter the bar in 1913. He was in private practice in Tampa, Florida from 1913 to 1933. He was in the United States Army from 1917 to 1919. He was a Special assistant to U.S. attorney general from 1933 to 1935. He was an Assistant U.S. attorney general from 1935 to 1939.
Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Morris was nominated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on May 23, 1939, to a new seat created by 52 Stat. 584. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 15, 1939, and received his commission on June 19, 1939. Morris served in that capacity until his death.
- James Ward Morris at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
|Legal offices
|Preceded by
new seat
|Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
|Succeeded by
Spottswood William Robinson III


text: To get from Francavilla Fontana to Trecate by train you can catch one of the 5 trains that everyday travel between these two cities. The first train to Trecate leaves from Francavilla Fontana at 06:41 and the last train departs at 19:18. If you choose a local train the trip lasts on average 10:21 hours. For your trip from Francavilla Fontana to Trecate by train you can choose to leave from one of Francavilla Fontana main stations: Francavilla Fontana On Wanderio you can compare all schedules, fares and railway companies to Trecate and book the best itinerary starting from Francavilla Fontana.


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Graphics : Web : Mobile Design & Development
We are a Seattle, Washington based graphic design team fully capable of handling all of your creative web, print, mobile and business branding needs. While there are countless businesses out there, we know that every one of them is unique - especially yours, and your design should convey just that. We take the time to know your business before we pick up a pencil, ensuring that your design will show the right message to your target audience.
All of our work is completely custom and we never cut corners with pre-fab designs. Everything we do is tailored specific to your business' needs from start to finish.
We're dedicated to helping your business grow. Please visit our Services page to see how we can help.
RB Engineers, Inc. came to us in need of business branding. We created a logo, business cards, marketing booklets, and a website - all fully customized to their firm.
Be sure to check out our Facebook and click on the 'like' button at the top!
Getting started with consistent and complete marketing materials will help you reach the customers that you need and present your image in a professional manner. We work with you each step of the way to make sure you look your best. We also understand that good graphic design should reflect your business and should be an enjoyable process.
We work as a team to bring the vision you have for your business to life, with combined experience of 30 years in the industry we have what it takes to get the job done!


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MediathekView allows you to view and save the public TV service.
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Home > Product Categories > Connectors & Adapters > Audio Connectors > 1/4" Connectors Jacks & Plugs > NSJ12HC
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Trialling The -Ten- Anti Ageing Skincare Range
Finding the elixir that will not necessarily halt the ageing process, but at least ensure my face stands the test of time is somewhat daunting. With so many skincare creams on the market, where do you actually start? What ingredients... Continue reading →


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Look out, we've got some hot bargains coming up! This Xmas Eve we're having a big 72 hour flash sale on some of our sexiest nukige! Who needs milk and cookies and when you can enjoy some melons and cream! Come frost your tree to one of our top sex romps and bring in Xmas with a climax! Full list after the break. Continue reading
Final Review of 2013
Okay, so we know a lot of you have been enjoying the personal looks back from various members of our staff, but I bet a lot of you are still wondering how we've done in terms of business during 2013. So, let's get started with a review of what's happened and changed in the last year! Continue reading
Announcements from Otakon 2013
This year we also have a bunch of brand new announcements from Otakon! Continue reading
2013, the Year to Come
Last time we took a look back at 2012, so today it's time to look forward at what's in store for 2013! Continue reading
The World's Not Over!
Well, looks like the world didn't end on us, so that means life–and business–must go on! With that said, let's take a look back on 2012 before talking about what's to come in 2013. Continue reading
MangaGamer's Holiday Sale
Today we're proud to announce the start of our Holiday Sale! Starting from now until December 28th, everything in our catalog is 20% off*!
Come get a new game like Da Capo 2 or ef – the first tale. and enjoy warm, cozy nights with a cute girl at your side! Or cuddle up by the fire with a great story like DEARDROPS and Dengeki Stryker! Buy a few copies for your friends! Or come by after opening your presents to put that Christmas money to good use!
Everything's on sale, so there's never been a better time to buy all those games you've been holding off on!
*"Slave Witch April" and "Which girl should I choose?" are excluded from the sale
Tester's Corner: Boob Wars Ed. Vol 1
Tuna Salad, go!
Boob Wars
We at MangaGamer are proud to announce that Boob Wars is now on sale! Continue reading
Boob Wars: Battle System
Today we're providing a crash course on the battle system in Boob Wars, so you can fight your way to the conquests that await! Continue reading
Today we're bringing you intel on the flattest of chests: two elegant plains that will never sag or wither with age! Continue reading


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The last time Seattle went to Portland's Providence Park, they were without Clint Dempsey because of a heart problem. Dempsey made up for lost time on a sweltering Sunday night, heading in the equalizer in the fourth minute of stoppage time against the Timbers after coming on as a substitute just shy of the hour mark.
The 42,333 packed into CenturyLink Field Wednesday night hoped the Seattle Sounders had rebuilt the traditionally ironclad walls of their home fortress. Despite being poised for a fifth consecutive home win after an early Will Bruin goal, Seattle conceded a tying goal in the game's final seconds for a 1-1 draw with Orlando City SC.
In a downpour at Yankee Stadium, a first-half goal from Cristian Roldan wasn't enough to keep the Seattle Sounders afloat. A pair of second-half scores by New York City FC's David Villa, one from a controversial penalty decision, sank the Sounders 2-1 Saturday afternoon. The defending MLS champions are 5-7-4 and seventh in the Western Conference.
As far as banishing demons go, Tuesday's fourth-round U.S. Open Cup win for the Seattle Sounders will do little to alleviate the collective grief lingering from the 2015 debacle against the Portland Timbers that featured three red cards for Seattle. Still, with both sides fielding backup-heavy lineups, the 2-1 victory over Portland advanced the Sounders in the tourney.
Playing with a brace on his arm that affected movement and balance wasn't too great a hindrance for Will Bruin. The 27-year-old forward headed in his fourth goal of the season to give the Sounders a 1-0 win over Bruin's former club, the Houston Dynamo, at CenturyLink Field Sunday, Seattle's third consecutive win at home.
Conceding two goals in the first half and a third in the second, the Sounders stumbled in a 3-0 loss on the road to the Columbus Crew Wednesday. Forced to make six changes to the starting lineup that beat Portland at home 1-0 Saturday, Seattle was outshot 12-6.
Off the field, Cristian Roldan is the kind with whom everyone wants to be friends. On the field, people will soon seek to wear the same color uniform as the University of Washington product. The Sounders midfielder Saturday was the feisty soul of the Sounders and the sole scorer in a 1-0 rivalry victory over the Portland Timbers.
For 42 years, the Seattle Sounders and Portland Timbers battled across the divisions and incarnations of American soccer, besting one another many times over as the rivalry developed into the fiercest in the American game. Never, though, have they met with a championship star over each club's crest and a pair of ravenous fan bases demanding continued glory.
In both a literal and metaphorical sense, the sun Saturday afternoon burned off the clouds that have covered Seattle and its Sounders lately. A ricochet goal from midfielder Harry Shipp banished the gloom, snapping a four-game winless streak and providing proof that Seattle still knows how to find the back of the net at Century Link Field.
Even Humpty Dumpty would offer Sounders coach Brian Schmetzer his sympathies for Seattle's dreary 2-5-4 start to the season, second-worst in MLS. Absent healthy defenders, Schmetzer has been forced to field eight backfield lineups filled with second and third-choice options, with predictable results.
Good thing MLS doesn't have relegation, or the defending champions would be a fine candidate for a tumble from the top shelf. After a first half in which Sporting KC didn't have a shot on goal, Gerso Fernandes scored three times in 13 minutes to crush the Sounders 3-0 Wednesday night at Children's Mercy Park.
David Accam (60th minute), Luis Solignac (73rd) and Nemania Nikolic (76th) scored goals in a 16-minute span of the second half, lifting the Chicago Fire, normally a gimme win for Seattle, to a 4-1 victory over the Sounders Saturday night at sold-out Toyota Park. The drubbing was such that Clint Dempsey left the match in the 79th minute.
The Chicago Fire, once seen as something appalling, are flipping the script in hopes of becoming something appealing through a series of acquisitions, including World Cup winner Bastian Schweinsteiger of Germany. The club started 2017 3-3-3, good enough for sixth in the Eastern Conference standings as they get set to host the Seattle Sounders Saturday (6 p.m., ESPN2).
Just as the Mariners have their AAA affiliate in Tacoma, so too might the Seattle Sounders have their minor-league team -- right next to Cheney Stadium. Plans for a 5,000-seat, soccer-specific stadium for the S2 United Soccer League franchise were announced Monday by the Sounders and the Tacoma Rainiers. The estimated opening is 2020.
Five minutes into the MLS Cup rematch Saturday, the Sounders' Jordan Morris jumped and flicked a header behind him into the net, wrong-footing Toronto keeper Clint Irwin and causing the Clink to erupt in early celebration. Seconds later, assistant referee Adam Garner raised his flag to signal that Gustav Svensson was offside, nullifying the goal and sucking the air out of the stadium.
The regular-season rematch of the previous season's championship game is always a high-drama affair. Pundits speculate about what might have been, and how big a chip the losers have on their shoulders. Unfortunately for those who favor easy narratives, Saturday's MLS Cup match between the Seattle Sounders and Toronto FC at CenturyLink Field (noon, ESPN) will lack some of the anticipated intrigue.
After three defensive blunders put the Seattle Sounders deep in the hole Saturday night, an astonishing rally of three goals in 15 minutes created a 3-3 draw against the New England Revolution at CenturyLink Field. The match marked the first time in Sounders history, stretching back to its NASL days in the 1970s, that the club earned points after trailing by three.
After playing five of their first seven games on the road and coming away with a 2-3-2 record, the Seattle Sounders are looking forward to spending some time at home. Clint Dempsey said Thursday that the early road tests helped the team find its identity, but the Sounders will need to make the most of the home field in four of their next six.
A trio of goals in 15 minutes of the first half gave the Seattle Sounders rare dominance over the Los Angeles Galaxy at the StubHub Center in Carson, CA., Sunday. The 3-0 victory eased the hand-wringing over the club's under-performing offense. Clint Dempsey and Jordan Morris found the net, supplemented by an Ashley Cole own goal.
Ahead of the final leg of three road games in a row, this one against the LA Galaxy Sunday (1 p.m., ESPN), uncertainty hangs over the Seattle Sounders. In need of points after a 1-2-3 start, Seattle can't be certain what combination of players will give it a chance at the StubHub Center in Carson, CA.


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|East RidingYorkshire
|Nearby places
[Transcribed information mainly from the early 1820s]"WILBERFOSS, a parish in the wapentake of Harthill, 5 miles WNW of Pocklington. The parish church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist (see Churches for photograph). the patronage of the living is still in the Wilberforce family. Pop. 385.
Here, in 1153, Helias de Catton, founded a Nunnery for Benedictines, which was endowed by his son Alan, with divers lands. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Not a vestige of this Nunnery is now to be seen, Valued at the dissolution at 21L. 16s. 10d. -Dugdale. -Burton.
Wilberfoss is remarkable for having been the ancient seat of the family of Wilberfoss, which is said to have taken its name from the place, and to have flourished here ever since the Conquest; till William Wilberfoss, Esq. who was born A. D. 1710, sold the family estate and the mansion. William Wilberforce, Esq. M.P. celebrated for his senatorial abilities and philanthropy, is a descendant of this ancient family."
"NEWTON UPON DERWENT, in the parish of Wilberfoss, wapentake of Harthill, and liberty of St. Peter's; 1 mile SW. of Wilberfoss, 6 miles W. of Pocklington. Pop. 205. Robert Harrison, music preceptor, who resides here, is a blind man and famous for his mechanical ingenuity."
"WHINBERRY HILL, in the parish of Wilberfoss, and wapentake of Harthill; 1 mile NNE. of Wilberfoss, 6 miles WNW. of Pocklington."


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Jay Z is the greatest rapper in the game according to the most powerful man in the world – President Obama.
POTUS called into "Sway in the Morning" and let us in on his Top 5. According to the Prez, many of the newer lyricists are talented, but Hov's track record sets him apart.
As for his other four picks, President Obama shouts out Kendrick Lamar, Chance the Rapper, Drake, and Kanye West. We have to admit, he's got a pretty solid five.
"I think the young guys, Kendrick and Chance, are doing amazing work," he said after Sway Calloway acknowledged his love for hip-hop. The Prez continued, "I love Drake, and the girls love Drake, so he's commercially just doing great and unbelievably talented. You know, Jay Z's still the king – he's got a track record, same with Kanye."
Listen to his full response below. He also predicts the Golden State Warriors will take the NBA championship this year.
PHOTO CREDIT: Getty
The Carters: Beyonce, Blue Ivy, & Jay Z Take Over Europe This Summer
18 photos Launch gallery
The Carters: Beyonce, Blue Ivy, & Jay Z Take Over Europe This Summer
1. The Carters arrived to Capri, Italy in style this August.Source:Instagram 1 of 18
2. Beyoncé & Jay Z were greeted in Capri by a bunch of happy fans.Source:Instagram 2 of 18
3. Of course, Bey & Jay took jet skiing to another level. Check out Beyonce's gown.Source:Instagram 3 of 18
4. Bey enjoying time with her family in the South of France.Source:Instagram 4 of 18
5. Daddy's little girl, Blue Ivy CarterSource:Instagram 5 of 18
6. Bey & Jay holds hands in the South of France.Source:Instagram 6 of 18
7. Blue's getting so tall.Source:Instagram 7 of 18
8. Bonnie & Clyde.Source:Instagram 8 of 18
9. Jay and Bey take their little one on the waters in the South of France.Source:Instagram 9 of 18
10. Blue Ivy gets gangster in Nice on Sunday.Source:Instagram 10 of 18
11. Bey's waves are spinnning—plus a tiny braid for flair.Source:Instagram 11 of 18
12. Blue-Bey.Source:Instagram 12 of 18
13. Blue asks Grandma Tina "Do you really know how to swim?" as she jumps into the water.Source:Instagram 13 of 18
14. Tina goes in.Source:Instagram 14 of 18
15. "I took a leap of faith, by jumping off the highest third story, on a boat into the ocean," said Tina.Source:Instagram 15 of 18
16. Tina shows off her amazing cheekbones.Source:Instagram 16 of 18
17. "Sunnin and funnin" with her man.Source:Instagram 17 of 18
18. Getting silly with boo Richard Lawson in the South of France.Source:Instagram 18 of 18
comments – Add Yours


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Recent History
Purple Mask
$12.99 $7.79
You'll be the belle of the Masquerade ball ナ or maybe just the neighborhood Halloween party! Our gorgeous Purple Mask is simple and elegant, with lavender brocade trim and subtle sparkle for a timeless look, no matter where you wear it. This classic women's Halloween costume accessory is just right for sophisticated and fun style this fall!
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The Selenium Shift is beauty at its finest. Chris Severson has shown us how far someone can take just a pack of cards. When we first saw it live, we knew that Chris had mingled mechanics with choreography and created a move that looks like real magic. A change, a vanish, and so much more, the Selenium Shift will have your spectators screaming CGI. How far will the move take you?
Chris has been shuffling paper for over 12 years and was entrapped by magic at a young age. He believes that magic alone is not an art. Being able to buy a trick off the Internet or learn a card sleight from YouTube does not make art. He believes that what makes magic a true art form is not the ability to fool someone, but to make them question their own deep seated beliefs in reality and what they have just witnessed. The ability to bend their thoughts and emotions, read their body language, and interpret social psychology; that interaction between the spectator and magician can be monumental. He knows it takes years and even decades to make magic an art, and he strives to do just that.
Accept the Code of SecretsBECOME A MAGICIAN


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Van Winkle's is a website dedicated to exploring how sleep affects and informs our lives, both at night and during the day. Sleep may account for one-third of our time, but it influences us around the clock. Whether it's sleep as related to science, health, family, pets, sex or travel, we're eager to learn more.
Theresa Fisher
Please contact me anytime with questions, concerns or suggestions.
Van Winkle's is published by Casper Sleep, Inc.


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Goat's cheese and walnut celery bites recipe
Add the nutritious crunch of celery plus the creamy extravagance of goat's cheese to your next party table for a guilt-free hors d'oeuvre that still feels decadent.
Serving Size:
Serves 6
- 4 celery stalk
- 150 g goat's cheese
- 2 tbs creme fraiche
- 1/4 cup walnuts (chopped)
- 1 tbs honey (for drizzling)
Use a vegetable peeler to peel the stringy bits off the celery stalks.
Cut each stalk into four even pieces (about 3cm in length).
Use a fork to mash together the goat's cheese and creme fraiche. Add the chopped walnuts and mix through.
Spread about half a teaspoon of the goat's cheese mixture into the valley of each piece of celery.
Arrange on a platter, sprinkle with extra chopped walnuts then drizzle with honey.
- You can use plain yoghurt instead of creme fraiche.
- The creme fraiche is just to soften the goat's cheese a bit and make it spreadable. Use as much or as little as you like.
- Peeling the celery stalks makes these nibblies so much yummier and takes all the bitterness out of the celery taste.
- This recipe was created by Penny Flanagan for Kidspot.


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Status: Closed
Know more about this business than we do? Cool! Please submit any corrections or missing details you may have.Help us make it right
Norman Schafer, MD offers the services of a General Practitioner in Cottage Grove, OR. A General Practitioner offers physical examinations, cholesterol testing, wound care, pap smears, immunizations, skin biopsies, fitness programs, stress reduction plans, ongoing evaluations, bone density testing and menopause treatment among other services.
Please call Peace Health at (541) 942-5505 to...
Be the first OregonLive.com user to add photos or videos of Peace Health
Peace Health is located at 1450 Birch Ave, Cottage Grove, OR. This business specializes in Doctors & Clinics. Peace Health is open Mon-Fri 9:00am-5:00pm and accepts Visa.
Paul Benda, MD practices as a Pediatrician in Cottage Grove, OR.Paul Benda, MD graduated from Or Hlth Sci Univ Sch Of Med, Portland Or 97201.


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4 colors
Naturalizer 'Michelle' Almond Toe Pump (Women)
ALEGRIA 'Flare' Mary Jane Wedge
A demure ornamental detail adorns the adjustable mary-jane strap on this versatile rounded-toe shoe set on a cinched wedge. Color(s): black leather, blanca rosa leather, champagne finery leather, pewter florette leather, quarry dottie leather, thrones leather, winter garden leather. Brand: Alegria by PG Lite. Style Name:Alegria 'Flare' Mary Jane Wedge ... Learn More
BELLA VITA 'Nara' Block Heel Pump
A curved almond toe and block heel amplify the timeless sophistication of a standby pump that effortlessly pulls together your look. Color(s): almond suede, black leather, black patent, black suede, gold glitter, grey flannel, leopard pony leather, natural snake print leather, navy suede, nude leather, silver glitter, tapestry fabric. Brand: ... Learn More
CLARKS® 'Keesha Rosa' Pump
A patent cap toe and grosgrain ribbon underscore the everyday sophistication of a casual pump grounded with a comfort-enhancing OrthoLite footbed and low, stacked heel. Color(s): black leather, bronze snake, dusty pink leather, gold metallic leather, grey tweed fabric, navy leather. Brand: Clarks. Style Name:Clarks 'Keesha Rosa' Pump (Women). Style Number: 1141335. ... Learn More
CLARKS® 'Rosalyn Belle' Pump
A modern classic, this stylish pump from the Artisan Collection features a buckle accent at the vamp and a walkable block heel. Clarks Plus Intelligent cushioning and an OrthoLite footbed provide foot-pampering comfort. Color(s): black leather, dark brown leather, navy leather. Brand: Clarks. Style Name:Clarks 'Rosalyn Belle' Pump (Women). Style Number: 1143881. Available in stores. ... Learn More
EARTH® 'Dorado' Pump
Pieced leather in mixed finishes drapes and gathers gorgeously around this shoe from the roomy toe to the laser-etched counter. Elastic goring, a generously padded footbed and a low block heel provide day-to-night comfort. Color(s): bark leather, black leather, prune leather. Brand: EARTH. Style Name:Earth 'Dorado' Pump (Women). Style Number: ... Learn More
LOUISE ET CIE Jacoba Kitten Heel Pump
A graceful kitten heel adds a feminine touch to a quintessential pointy-toe pump perfect for your 9-to-5 style. Color(s): angel food, black leather, black patent, black suede, blue moon leather, blue moon suede, crimson patent, le rouge red suede, navy leather, platino leather. Brand: LOUISE ET CIE. Style Name:Louise Et ... Learn More
ROCKPORT 'Total Motion Kalila' Pump
A classic pointy-toe, kitten-heel pump is crafted from smooth leather with a generously padded footbed. Color(s): black leather, black patent leather, icy blue leather, metallic leather, pink snakeskin, roccia python print leather, taupe snake print leather, warm taupe patent leather. Brand: Rockport. Style Name:Rockport 'Total Motion Kalila' Pump (Women). Style ... Learn More
ROCKPORT 'Total Motion' Pump
A supportive heel, generously cushioned footbed and flirty pointy toe perfect a go-to pump in metallic, python-embossed or patent leather. Color(s): black leather, black patent, black suede, eiffel tower kid suede, light gold, metallic brown, nero, nude leather, pale mauve leather, peacoat, smog leather, warm taupe patent. Brand: Rockport. Style ... Learn More


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The cousin of Alex Rodriguez, that some questioned whether he even existed, is named Yuri Sucart and he lives in Miami.
Amy K. Nelson of ESPN.com reports when an ESPN Deportes producer called his home, a woman identified as Sucart's wife Carmen said her husband was the cousin that A-Rod referred to in his press conference.
"I told you my husband has nothing to say," she told ESPN. "What A-Rod said at the press conference is what happened and that is all. And if you want to talk to my husband, why don't you talk to his lawyer?"
Sucart, 46, is seen as a person extremely loyal to Rodriguez.
"Yuri was a mule, not a guy who would initiate anything," ESPN quotes a source described as a friend once close to Rodriguez. "He did what Alex told him to. He was only looking out for Alex. He is not a guy who would take the initiative to go out and buy drugs. Alex said during the press conference that his cousin just did what was asked -- that is perfect for Yuri's MO. He is a person who would be with him forever, a loyal guy without a bad bone in his body."
Charles Colaw, a personal trainer in Dallas, says he met Sucart when A-Rod played for the Rangers and helped him with a problem he had with his back.
"He would talk about Alex all the time," Colaw said. "It seemed like he lived his life vicariously through (Rodriguez). But he never talked to me about drugs or any of that stuff."
Reid Cherner has been with USA TODAY since 1982 and written Game On! since March 2008.
He has covered everything from high schools to horse racing to the college and the pros. The only thing he likes more than his own voice is the sound of readers telling him when he's right and wrong.
Michael Hiestand has covered sports media and marketing for USA TODAY, tackling the sports biz ranging from what's behind mega-events such as the Olympics and Super Bowl to the sometimes-hidden numbers behind the sports world's bottom line.


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Drunk Driver Dressed As The Joker Takes Hilarious Booking Photo [PHOTO]
Dennis Lalime is going to have a tough time showing his (unmade-up face) around town.
Dennis Lalime is going to have a tough time showing his (unmade-up face) around town.
Stage moms aren't the only ones who use their kids to try and rake in some cash.
Oh I am sorry officer I didn't know I couldn't do that.
Does this mean Mark Zuckerburg gets a finders fee?
This kid needed a little thrill the last month of his sentence, so he decided to liven things up with jail.
Nothing like starting a bucket list and getting stuck on number one.
I really wish one of the cops would have shot the statue and would have been like "Got'em!"
You could say a Palm Bay, Florida man and his wife got into an "eated" argument.
You thought nobody watched American Idol anymore.
This has to be one of the easiest arrests ever.
Let's just say you got away with a crime, the dumbest thing you could possibly do is brag about it on any social media.
In our experience, parents generally let their small children drive when they're too drunk to drive themselves. But a father in Ohio was apparently stone cold sober when he let his 9-year-old daughter drive the family car. Can't blame alcohol for this one, dude. That dumb decision was all yours.


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G.O.P. Senator Vital to Health Bill's Passage Opposes It
- Senator Dean Heller of Nevada became the latest Republican to say he cannot support a bill to repeal the Affordable Care Act in its current form.
- Mr. Heller, perhaps the most vulnerable Republican facing re-election in 2018, said the legislation "takes insurance away from tens of millions of Americans."


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Roseisle is located in the county of Scotland. neuvoo.co.uk centralises 1,043 job vacancies in the area, particularly in sectors such as Energy, Engineering, PR, Customer Service or IT. Currently, qualified candidates are needed for jobs such as Process Engineer, System Engineer, Performance Engineer, Compliance, Safety Engineer or Plant Engineer. Nearby areas like Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen, Dundee, Livingston or Paisley also have multiple job vacancies to offer.
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Recipe: Big-Batch Veggie Chili
This updated chili is hearty, meatless, and even better the next day. We tested it with Wick Fowler's 2 Alarm Chili Kit.
Why We Love Your Way
How do you prefer your Southern favorites? One is the classic tried-and-true recipe and the other is reinvented for quick weeknight meals.