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Not one of the best NCL Cruises
Sail Date: May 26, 2012
Reviewed: 5 years ago
Traveled As: Large Group
Room Type: Balcony
Pros: The ships dancers
Cons: No WOW factor, not Handycap friendly!
Recommends Norwegian Gem? No.
Category Ratings
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
|Service and Staff
|Ship Quality
|Cabin / Stateroom
|poor setup for dressing table, when someone sits at the table nobody can get by. Closet are small for bags.


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Our lifestyle is adventurous, community oriented and focused on service and problem solving as part of a professional interdisciplinary team. Join us in improving the health outcomes of 2.2 million American Indians and Alaska Natives.
Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), Indian Health Services (IHS), Great Plains Area, Emergency Medical Services Department, Quentin Burdick Healthcare Facility, Belcourt, North Dakota. Position reports to the Paramedic Supervisor.
The IHS is required by law to give absolute preference to qualified applicants who meet the Secretary of the Interior's definition of Indian for appointment to vacancies within the IHS in accordance with established IHS policy as outlined in the Indian Health Manual Part 7, Chapter 3. The IHS is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
This position is being announced concurrently under Merit Promotion and Excepted Service procedures. Please review vacancy announcement number ++IHS-R3-GP-1849713-ESEP/MP++; for eligibility requirements. NOTE: Applicants must apply separately for each announcement in order to be considered

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nocturne Build Guide by magnusdarkforce
Not Updated For Current Season
This guide has not yet been updated for the current season. Please keep this in mind while reading. You can see the most recently updated guides on the browse guides page.
Nocturne Build
Ability Sequence
Not Updated For Current Season
The masteries shown here are not yet updated for the current season, the guide author needs to set up the new masteries. As such, they will be different than the masteries you see in-game.
jung noc!! over 100 games played!!
At late game ull have to sell ur boots and get other phantom, it will reduce ur mov speed just a little bit, but insted ull get more ciritical chance and a little more atk speed.
U need to make sure play safe cause u dont have magic res and armor except from ur runes.
play gank style ull end ur opponent in less than 5 strikes, ull have critis of 1500 aprx


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I love music.I love t-shirts.I love …..
Original artwork is acrylic on Canvas. I LOVE MUSIC
cord happy headphones heart listening love midori music painitng midori furze
I love this shirt, looks great on cranberry, tastes nice.
Thank you Micheal!!I agree it looks nice on cranberry!!Thank you for your comment!!: )))
A strong artistic feel to this tee, Midori :D!
Thank you soooooooo much, Ellen!!
this looks so fabulous Midori!!I love it very much!! :D
Hi, Karin!!i am glad you like it!!!
so cute! what style!~*
Thank you girlinthestars!!!: )))
me love midori-sama and all her amazing artworks!!! hehehehe.. XDlove it, Midori!! it looks great, black and white!! =D
Thank you, fa!!I've been thinking of doing it for a while.I'm gald I did it!!: )))
Oh I like this; and the original painting of it you did.
Thank you very much, Mui-Ling!!!
Nice Work.
Thank you GiggleSnorts!!: )))
This is a beautiful t-shirt design. Good luck in the challenge!
Thank you Leigh!!: )))
Very eye catching – great design :)
Thank you sooo much!!
Wow, Midori, this is really great. Simple yet very striking. Love the heart created with the cord!
Oh, Thank you sooo much, Anne!!!
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Would you like to save as your currency permanently or for this visit only?
Best Western Plus Newport Mesa Inn
2642 Newport Boulevard, Costa Mesa, CA
0.3 mi from
Airport shuttle
I liked the fact that it was so close to the OC Fair grounds. And also I like the serviceand attention the staff provided. n/a
Clean, comfortable rooms. Laundry facilities if I wanted to do my own laundry. Cleaning service if I wanted that. Very professional Staff.
I would highly recommend this hotel. Great location near freeways, shops, beaches. Great facilities and staff. Would stay again.
Helpful and cheerful staff. Clean room. Comfortable bed. Few restaurants in walking distance.
I enjoyed how peaceful and quiete the stay was. No microwave available in room.
I usually only stay at Best Westerns. But after my experience at the Newport Mesa Inn I never want to go again. Basically got kicked out of continental breakfast because we had a service dog, even though I let them know and asked questions when I checked in the night before. Couldn't even get one glass of juice without being stopped and asked to leave "the common area" because people complained. Really? A couple complaints within a minute? We walked in minding our own business and our dog was quiet in our own arms, beahving perfectly fine. And for those ignorant people's information, we purposely got a small, hypoallergenic nonshedding dog so it would be less inconvenient, especially for those with allergies. Maybe you can at least bother to ask us some questions before just asking us to leave. So we check to see if we can at least sit outside, but that area is occupied by people smoking. So they seriously want us to eat our breakfast outside in the smoking area? And we can't take it to our room either? It says, "The ADA mandates that the service dog and handler have access to all public places. This is the law." So is the hotel and their "common area" not a public place? "Businesses may not: Refuse admittance, isolate, segregate, or treat this person less favorably than other patrons." I'm so angry even as I'm typing this, because it just reminds me what annoying trouble we went through. I have never had this problem at hotels until today. I have half a mind of suing these people, or taking it up to corporate. We came to celebrate my fiancé's birthday and our anniversary, but we left feeling degraded, and our day in Newport was ruined. Thanks Best Western.
they were always helpful. Convenient location. Complete breakfast. Big rooms. It should be a 4 * hotel
Big bedroom Location: literally on the highway. Breakfast not as good
Location- however- think about driving a longer distance than staying close- The food was processed and bad- the hotel was old, bathrooms were dingy- floors dirty- sad the call it an ok hotel. The air didn't work- and the manager said it did- how about the customer is right???? It was just a place to set out heads! Nothing more- ohhhh and ice machine sucke as well-
Close to the venue we had to attend
It was located just across the OC Fairgrounds which very convenient ifuring the fair. It is also easily accessible near the H73 and H55. Also close to all the beaches (Huntington, Newport and Laguna) and shopping malls. Some rooms are too close to the backyard parking. Breakfast has no fruits !!!!!!!!!!
The staff was helpful and business like. Kathleen and the cook were the most friendly people We've ever met. Even though we were the only ones there for dinner, we were treated like royalty. The room was spacious and clean.
The modern clean look No Complaints
I like the cleanliness of the room, friendly staff and felt very safe.
Nice decor. About 20 min drive from disneyland and 20 min from huntington. Clean interior.
My room was very dark and dingy
Bed was new rooms were remodeled
It was modern in decoration Smelled, tv didnt work, toilet broke and leaked all over the bathroom
The rooms were just okay... It's simply a renovated Ramada Inn. The shower head is on the ceiling... With that said if your hair is straighten or you're African-American and not necessarily inclined to get ur hair wet this is not the hotel for u. It's impossible to shower in an overhead shower without getting hair wet while wearing those cheap transparent shower caps. The front desk clerk didn't seem to understand my issue... Perhaps because she wore long curly hair... I assume that's why she didn't empathize
Rooms were very clean Pillows are not very comfortable
when we checked in hotel had not received payment from you and took us 20 minutes to get set up which was a not good as we were rushing to a dinner party.
I liked how when I got there, the woman at the front desk was very nice. She was also accomodating for us to be in the farthest back room away from the demo that they had goong on. We ended up booking for a couple more days and then after for a couple after we stayed with family for a night. The room was cool, modern and very clean. The rooms are accessed from the outside, which is always a plus to me to not have to walk through a huge building. The pool and jacuzzi were nice and clean. I liked the overall modern look of the hotel and would stay here again in the future. There really wasn't anything that I could find that wasn't up to par for this type of hotel. I was very satisfied.
The room was clean, and the bed was comfortable. Checked out at 6:45 in the morning, and the only thing available for breakfast was coffee.
Bathrooms need updating,


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These quality brushes are impeccably crafted by hand using Teijin multi-filament hairs, long considered one of the best, most durable synthetics in the world.Fine yet firm, the hair provides the perfect shape for glazing, washes, and all prima painting. Hair is cupped into anodized, plated black seamless ferrules and are finished with red wooden handles with a super strong Dura-Last lacquered finish. Available in Brights, Rounds, and Filberts.


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: Post-Game Talk:
Rangers/Canadiens 2/23/2013
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Dec 2008
Posts: 178
vCash: 500
Originally Posted by
Lots of disturbing things came out of this game.
1) Obviously the lack of offense.
2) Obviously the injuries.
3) There just seems to be a lack of urgency, especially with the younger, unestablished players.
What exactly does Mashinter bring to this team? He's not a good enough skater to forechecking and too slow to take the body. And somebody, either Mashinter or Bickel, has to get into a fight after Biron is run and if they felt the Pacciorety hit was dirty). And I'm not a big fight guy but show some pride.
Miller and Kreider seem too comfortable in their places in the lineup.
The one guy who seems to be really trying to keep his spot and compete is Gilroy (and I can't believe I'm saying that).
4) It's not that they lost the game, they seem to always lose in Montreal, it's the way they lost.
It seems that the coaches are holding the team back for whatever reason. Whether it is retaliating for a bad hit, doing something other than dumping and chasing, or just allowing for more creativity (Ex: Powerplay), they just look scared to do anything. The question is why?
Also getting really sick and tired of the "gut instinct" decisions torts makes... It is getting old.
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Nelson Mandela Quotes About CommitmentQuotes about: Commitment
I had no epiphany, no singular revelation, no moment of truth, but a steady accumulation of a thousand slights, a thousand indignities and a thousand unremembered moments produced in me an anger, a rebelliousness, a desire to fight the system that imprisoned my people. There was no particular day on which I said, Henceforth I will devote myself to the liberation of my people; instead, I simply found myself doing so, and could not do otherwise.
Friends, Comrades and fellow South Africans. I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy and freedom for all. I stand here before you not as a prophet but as a humble servant of you, the people. Your tireless and heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today. I therefore place the remaining years of my life in your hands.
There is an absence of democratic accountability and control in every sphere of government and the state. To address this debilitating legacy requires determined action and a deep commitment to transforming our society from a crisis ridden present into something all South Africans can be truly proud of.
Nelson Mandela
- Born: July 18, 1918
- Died: December 5, 2013
- Occupation: Former President of South Africa
- Cite this Page: Citation


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From Space Ghost's Catster Photos[ View profile page ]
Leave A Comment | 1 person already has
Wow, those beautiful markings run in your family! I love your faces!
Your cat loves a clean toilet -- don't we all? Catster's singing Cat Lady, Sarah Donner, explains why.24
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June 27th 2013 at 9:40 pm
Copyright © I-5 Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.


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Just Okay!
Sail Date: February 12, 2012
Reviewed: 5 years ago
Traveled As: Couple
Room Type: Balcony
Pros: The Food!
Cons: The ship & atmosphere.
Recommends Carnival Pride? No.
Category Ratings
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
Click table then swipe to view all columns.
|Ship Quality
|Layout was not practical.
|Cabin / Stateroom
|Children's Programs
|Most activities were directed towards kids. Not enough adult activities at the pool during the day.
|Not enough activities at one given time. Everyone was always in one location and it was too packed.
|Food and Dining
|Service and Staff


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Citizen - Men's Eco-Drive Military Black Canvas Watch AW1410-08E
£129.00 Was £169.00
This product is currently sold out.
Citizen AW1410-08E men's Eco-Drive quartz watch featuring a black dial with luminous number markers, luminous hands and date display. Brushed stainless steel case with a black canvas strap.
In 1976, Citizen invented the world's first light-powered analog quartz watch that runs using only light as a power source. This technology, now known as "Eco-Drive," can generate power from any light source, artificial, natural and even dim light to keep watches running without ever replacing batteries.
Movement - Eco-Drive quartz
Calibre - J810
Dial colour - Black
Case material - Brushed stainless steel
Strap material - Black canvas
Case width - 44 mm
Case depth - 12 mm
Glass - Mineral crystal
Water resistance - 200 metres
Warranty - 5 years


text:
3500 S. Meridian Suite 845 Puyallup, WA 98373
Charming Charlie in Puyallup, WA
You don't have to travel the world for extraordinary fashion accessories in Puyallup. Visit Charming Charlie South Hill Mall to master your glam style. Our uniquely designed fashion accessory store in Puyallup, WA features a breath taking volume and variety of fashion accessories, ingeniously arranged by color, making that perfect accent fun and easy to find.
Whether you are looking for earrings, shoes, handbags, necklaces, rings, bracelets, or all of the above, you are sure to find fabulous accessories that will help make your outfit spectacular. Stocked full of the all latest trends, Charming Charlie South Hill Mall is spreading fashion accessory style in Puyallup with fabulous, affordable fashions and insider style advice that has women coming back again and again.


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Get all 26 Paulette Humanbeing releases available on Bandcamp and save 70%.
Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality downloads of Colon Cowboy, Strop at Hayes Valley Art Works, Strop Live, Songs Worth Paying For, We're not the petrified feathers, Jingles from Nirvana, Chequessett, Rockridge, and 18 more. , and , .
Paulette Humanbeing Oakland, California
i was born and raised in stockton california
Streaming and Download help


text:
Justin Ireland Photo Photographer
Justin IrelandModel Male Houston, Texas, US
My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/jireland
Mayhem # 11219
About Me
I am putting more focus into my modeling. I am looking to diversify my portfolio. If you have any ideas, comments, helpful hints, or opportunities, tag me, send me a message or email me at firstname.lastname@example.com.
- J. Ireland
Have you worked with Justin Ireland? Add Credits for Justin Ireland! >>
Justin Ireland Photo Photographer
Taylor N Model
Thomas Than Photography Photographer
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KRAVE Publication
willie johnson iii Wardrobe Stylist
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text:
Miss Sussex Borough crowned
2014 Little Miss Sussex Borough Larissa McKay gets crowned by former Little Miss, Delaney Nicole Schweyer 2013
Miss Sussex Borough, Katherine Henkel is crowned by 2013 Little Miss Delaney Nicole Schweyer.
2014 Miss Sussex Borough Katherine Henckel gets crowned by former Little Miss 2013 Delaney Nicole Schweyer
SUSSEX BOROUGH — The 2014 Little Miss, Mister and Miss Sussex Borough pageant was held on June 27, 2014.
The new royalty for 2014 is Little Mister Nathan Houghtaling (first runner-up Albert Decker), Little Miss Larissa McKay (first runner up-Madison Hall) and Miss Katherine Henckel (first runner-up Alison Masson).
Judges were John Leavitt of Hardyston, Salena Abbott of Franklin and Jenna Myslinski of Wantage. Former Little Miss 2013 Delaney Nicole Schweyer crowned the new incoming royalty.
— Photos by Gale Miko
For more photos, visit www.advertisernewsnorth.com.
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This site does not currently take bookings here on Pitchup.com.
Find nearby sites with availability…
If you are the owner of this site, start taking bookings through Pitchup.com by adding your business details.
The camping area is on the old tennis court and camping is available all year round except when we have family weeks or scything courses on.
As a centre for sustainable living we have recycling facilities, 2 compost loos, a reedbed, solar panels, wind turbines and our 12 acre site includes a farm with 2 Jersey cows, 2 pigs and lots of chickens, some woodland, a firepit and a number of rope swings.
Site type
Languages spoken
✓ English
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(2 nights)
Many sites set a maximum occupancy of 6/8 people per pitch, so try breaking your booking down into smaller groups to generate more results. For example, if you're a group of 10, enter 5 people in your initial search and then book 2 pitches.
However, where the pitch or accommodation occupancy allows it, you can now make a booking for up to 30 adults and 30 children on one pitch.
To book multiple pitches or accommodation, use the 'Special requests' box on the booking page to ask to be sited together. Complete the booking form for the first booking (you can add a password and save your card so that we remember your details). Then click "Make another booking like this" at the top of the confirmation page to make the next booking.
Large groups: check the listing page for any group restrictions set out in the terms and section titled 'Please note'.
Large tents/caravans: check the restrictions on unit dimensions to ensure your unit is suitable for the space you will be provided with.


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European-trained galloper Side Glance will run in the 2014 Caulfield Stakes next weekend before connections decide whether he backs up in the Group 1 Cox Plate (2040m) at Moonee Valley a week later or chases his second straight win in the Group 1 Mackinnon Stakes (2000m).
Side Glance made his Australian racing debut with a credible sixth place finish in the Cox Plate last year before he recorded his maiden win at Group 1 level when he was the beneficiary of a clever ride from jockey Jamie Spencer in the Mackinnon Stakes.
Andrew Balding stable representative Leane Masterson revealed that Side Glance was no certainty to run in the Cox Plate for the second year in a row and said that the ultimate 2014 Spring Racing Carnival target for the veteran gelding would be decided after he runs in the Group 1 Caulfield Stakes (2000m) at the home of the Melbourne Racing Club on October 11.
"He was just a little bit fresh in the Cox Plate, but then he ran a week later and won quite nicely," Masterson told Racing Ahead.
"He is going to give him a prep run next weekend in the Caulfield Stakes and then we will see how the Cox Plate cuts up before we decide whether he goes for the Cox Plate or back to the Mackinnon.
"I think that he is pretty much coming in with the same sort of form as last year."
Side Glance has been a consistent performer at the highest level of racing in races right around the world in recent years and in the past twelve months has contested races in the United Kingdom, Australia, Dubai, Hong Kong and The United States.
Masterson said that Side Glance was now a very experienced traveler and had no issues settling in at the International Equine Centre in Werribee since he arrived last Saturday.
"He is a seasoned pro now and he has done it all quite a few times before," Masterson said.
"He lost about 14 kilos, which is pretty normal for him, but he has put that all back on again and he seems happy.
"I took him out and gave him a nice canter around the track this morning and he was his usual pulling like a steam train."
Side Glance is currently available at 2014 Cox Plate odds of $67 in the betting market with Ladbrokes Australia.


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WRAPUP 2-Drop in gasoline prices help keep Canada inflation benign
* Inflation well below Bank of Canada's 2 percent target
* Bank not expected to raise rates until second half of 2014
* Wholesale sales unexpectedly remain flat
By David Ljunggren
OTTAWA, April 19 (Reuters) - Canada's annual inflation rate in March slowed to 1.0 percent from 1.2 percent in February, further underlining how little pressure there is on the Bank of Canada to raise rates any time soon.
The main reason for the drop in the annual rate was lower gas prices, Statistics Canada said on Friday. The March rate was slightly less than the 1.1 percent predicted by economists.
The Bank of Canada - which has kept its overnight lending rate at a near record low since September 2010 - this week said it did not expect inflation to hit its 2 percent target until mid-2015. The central bank is not expected to raise rates until the second half of 2014.
"After quite a bit of volatility in the prior few months, Canadian inflation has shown its true colors a little more clearly this month - and those colors are pretty bland," said Doug Porter, chief economist at BMO Capital Markets.
"Inflation, like growth, is at the very low end of what the Bank of Canada is comfortable with." Continued...


text:
IT Charities jobs in Kensington and Chelsea
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CRM Senior Technician & Integrations Specialist
A brand new permanent position has arisen within Mind's CRM team.
Senior Data Processing Officer
A fantastic opportunity has arisen for a Senior Data Processing Officer to join the New Referrals Screening Administration team.
Software Developer Apprentice
Do you have a passion for technology, data usage and analysis? If you're ambitious and keen to learn then Nesta want to hear from you.
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Focusing on the fundraising rather than the technology, this course will give you a thorough understanding of how you can use popular websites and tools to support and extend yo...


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Built in 2003, this hotel comprises a total of 10 single rooms and 140 double rooms spread over 14 floors. Guests may make use of the foyer with 24-hour reception desk, safe, currency exchange facility and lift. There is also a shop, a hairdresser's salon, a bar, a restaurant, a public Internet terminal and a car park and garage. Room, laundry and medical services round off the facilities on offer.
This hotel is situated above the coastal resort about 350 m from the sandy beach. A selection of shops, restaurants and caf�s are to be found in the vicinity and Aquapolis leisure park is located close by. Public transport departs from stops located just 300 m away.
The welcoming rooms come with a bathroom, a direct dial telephone, satellite/ cable TV, a fridge/ minibar and a balcony.
Leisure facilities include an indoor swimming pool, a children's pool, a poolside snack bar, sun loungers, parasols, a sauna and a massage service. It is possible to play tennis and various water sports are on offer on the beach.
The all inclusive programme includes breakfast, lunch and dinner in the Main restaurant, 7 days a week, all served in buffet style. Coffee, tea and snacks, as well as variety of locally produced alcoholic drinks, soft drinks are available throughout the day.
Guests may select their breakfast from an ample buffet.
Room Facilities:
Direct dial telephone
Satellite cable TV
Mini fridge
Double bed
Individual airconditioned
Individual heating


text:
University of Western Australia, School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
Curtin University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
The depth distributions of refractive index (RI) in normal and early degenerated articular cartilage (AC) were measured and correlated to the pathological statuses. Utilizing a confocal microscope, the depth distribution of RI was determined with an interval of 50 μm from the articular surface and approximated as a smooth curve. The fluctuation of RI was quantified with a specially defined coefficient and the proteoglycan (PG) loss was quantified with histological images. The overall RI of the AC collected from the femoral condyles of mature sheep was 1.4444. Significant differences existed in the refractive indices of different cartilage samples or even in the different depths of the same sample. The RI of normal cartilage distributed as a regular ramp or arch curve with depth and peaked in the middle–deep zone. The cartilage samples detected with high PG losses were coupled with severe fluctuations of RI. The fluctuating level was increased with pathological progress. The coefficient of RI fluctuation can distinguish the normal cartilage from the initially degenerated one, which potentially provides an indicator to detect the pathological development of AC.
Articular cartilage (AC) covers the bony end of synovial joints to provide a sliding surface with extremely low friction and attenuate the high pressure from body locomotion. AC is structurally organized into four visible zones from the surface to subchondral bone: superficial, middle, deep and calcified zones, in terms of the concentration of proteoglycans (PGs), the orientations of collagen fibrils and the morphology of chondrocytes.1 The zonal structure is fundamental for maintaining the normal physiological functions of AC.2 Therefore, the depth-dependent properties of AC were systematically studied to investigate the degeneration mechanism and the repair approaches.
Various physical parameters were involved in the studies of the depth-dependent properties of AC including compression,3,4 tensile strength,5 shear behavior,6 osmotic swelling,7 ultrasound,8,9 and X-ray scattering.10 The mechanical parameters were mainly used to assess the mechanical performance of AC under different loading circumstances. Those nonmechanical parameters were treated as indicators to indirectly quantify the zonal reactions of AC tissue to the harsh loading spectrum in synovial joints.
As one of the key optical properties, the refractive index (RI) of AC and its depth-dependent property were rarely reported. The RI characterizes the manner that light interacts with the materials along the propagating path.11 Therefore, the RI of AC is intimately associated with the microstructure and constitutions of the extracellular matrix. The scattering and anisotropic natures of AC determine the uneven distribution of RI.12,13 Both the biochemical and morphological variances induced by AC degeneration could alter the RI gradient from the articular surface to the deep zone. The depth distribution of RI could potentially be used to monitor the pathological progress of AC. In particular, the RI distribution of AC could help to clinically diagnose osteoarthritis (OA) in early stage when the visual assessment using arthroscopy hardly works. Confocal microscopy was utilized in some studies to measure the tiny deformations of the AC samples applied with various mechanical and biochemical conditions.6,14,15 However, the RI mismatch between the AC specimen and the confocal system can deform the images along the optical axis.16 The RI distribution of AC should be considered in such studies to minimize the errors induced by the mismatched RI.
There have been some specialized techniques proposed for determining the RI of various mammalian tissues.17–21 However, these methods have their limitations to be applied to the RI distribution of AC, such as the large amount of sample consumption or the difficulty to determine the RI within a small spot. The only previous work about the depth-dependent RI distribution of AC was based on an optical coherent tomography (OCT).22 The RI was measured in three different depths of the AC plug with an interval of 0.5 mm. Since the general thickness of health AC is about 1.0 to 2.5 mm depending on the positions and species,23 0.5-mm-thick AC layer is not sufficiently thin to characterize the exact RI distribution with depth. Furthermore, the progress of calcification makes the total thickness of the uncalcified cartilage even thinner, which requires the RI to be measured more intensively from articular surface.
Our previous study proposed a reliable and accurate technique to measure the RI of AC within thin layers,24 which was adopted in the present study to thoroughly investigate the depth-dependent property of RI for the AC collected from femoral condyles of adult sheep. The RI was measured from the articular surface to the deep zone in an interval of about 50 μm. The calcified zone was not included because this zone barely transmits visible light. The corresponding histological images were assessed to explore the association with the RI distributions.
Within 2 h of slaughter, six femoral condyles were harvested from female sheep of 5 years old. Prior to AC collection, the articular surface of each femoral condyle was visually inspected to ensure the absence of OA.25 Four cylindrical AC plugs attached with subchondral bones (Ø3×3 mm) were punched from the load bearing region of each femoral condyle. Despite only six joints being used, a total of 24 AC plugs were collected for the experiment. All AC plugs were then manually cut into two halves along the cylinder axis. One half of the AC plug would be used for RI measurement. The other half for histological section was fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 24 h. Once the fixation was completed, the AC samples were immersed in 1× phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH 7.4) to prevent PGs diffusion into fixative.26
The semicylindrical AC plug used for RI measurement was first embedded in O.C.T. (Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound, Sakura Finetek USA, Inc., Torrance, CA) and then fast frozen with liquid nitrogen. With a cryomicrotome (Leica cryostat CM3050S, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) maintaining at −20°C, the frozen AC plug was transversely sectioned into semicircular discs of 50-μm thick. A series of AC discs, which covered the depth from the articular surface to the end of uncalcified region, were indexed to record the exact depths.
The sectioned AC disc was stained with 0.03 g/L Rhodamine B for 1 min and carefully spread on an electrostatically adhesive slide (Superfrost Plus, Lomb Scientific Ltd., Taren Point, Australia). The deeper side of the AC disc was against the slide to ensure the consistence of light propagation in all confocal scans. A drop of immersion oil (Type F, n=1.518, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) slightly stained with Rhodamine B was placed next to the AC disc. A coverslip was carefully covered on the two specimens so that they could have the same thickness (Fig. 1). Once the redundant immersion oil was squeezed out, the coverslip was sealed for confocal scan.
Schematic diagram of sample arrangement. The shapes of the AC disc and the immersion oil were simplified as rectangles. The three scanning spots were noted in the top view diagram.
A standard confocal microscope (Leica TCS SP2 AOBS, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) equipped with an oil immersion objective (Plan Apochromate, 63× and NA=1.40) was used for image collection. The sample was excited with a 561-nm diode-pumped solid-state laser and the emission fluoresce was recorded through a 550 to 595 nm bandpass filter. Three spots on the intersection region of the AC disc and immersion oil were scanned (Fig. 1). The scanning spot was 0.24×0.24 mm2 corresponding to an image of 512×512 pixels. The scanning plane was shifted along the optical axis of the objective with a step size of 0.47 μm.
The image process and RI calculation were completely identical to our previous work.24 The average RI of the three scanning spots was used as the RI of that AC disc, which further corresponded to the RI of a specific depth in the AC plug. By repeating the same procedure on all AC discs sectioned from the AC plug, a series of RI data coupled with the depth data were acquired.
The discrete RI data and the corresponding depths were approximated to a smooth RI-depth curve. Two different aspects of the RI–depth curve were characterized to quantify the RI fluctuation with depth. One parameter was the amplitude of RI fluctuation (ARI) which was featured as the extent between the global maximum and minimum of the RI–depth curve. The other parameter was the total number of local maxima and minima that appeared in the RI–depth curve (Ne) which indicted how frequently the RI fluctuated. However, the number of local extrema is not directly comparable between AC plugs because the AC plugs had different thicknesses. Considering the AC thickness, the frequency of RI fluctuation could be quantified as the average width of the subinterval (We) divided by the local extrema of the RI–depth curve Display Formula
Here, TAC is the thickness of an AC plug. The denominator of Eq. (1) is the number of subintervals in the RI–depth curve divided by the local extrema. If a RI–depth curve is thinner or has more local extrema, the corresponding We will be lower, which means the local extrema are more densely exhibited in the RI–depth curve.
The coefficient of RI fluctuation (CRI) was proposed to comprehensively quantify the amplitude and frequency of RI fluctuation as Display Formula
CRI is a balanced coefficient that estimates the RI fluctuation with combined effects of frequency and amplitude. A high CRI indicates the RI intensively fluctuated in a wide extent.
The semicylindrical AC plugs retained for histology were decalcified in rapid decalcifier (RDO Rapid Decalcifier, Apex Engineering Products, Aurora, IL) for 5 h and automatically dehydrated in a tissue processor (Leica ASP 200, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Thereafter, the half AC plugs were embedded in paraffin blocks and sectioned perpendicular to the cartilage surface with a thickness of 5 μm (Leica RM2255 rotary microtome, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).
To determine the pathological progress in the AC tissue used for RI measurement, only the AC slices next to the confocal scanning spots were selected to stain with 0.1% Safranin O and 0.02% Fast Green.27 Safranin O is a cationic dye which can bind to glycosaminoglycans (the side chains of PG macromolecules) in the extracellular ground substance of AC. Thus, the Safranin O—Fast Green staining protocol has been widely used as a marker for PG loss.28 After staining, the AC slices were rinsed in 95% ethanol and mounted in slides. All histological sections were automatically imaged by a bright-field digital slide scanner with a 20× dry objective (ScanScope AT, Aperio, Vista, CA).
The histopathology of the AC plugs was subjectively assessed with Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) system,26 primarily focusing on matrix organization, chondrocytes, and PG degradation. The PG contents were also quantified by calculating the intensity of red color in the histological images which was reported proportional to the wet weight fraction of PGs determined in a biochemical way.29,30 An examining region in the histology image was manually selected between the AC surface and the tide mark. For each pixel located in the examining region, the perception of red component (PR) was determined with Eq. (3) based on the RGB color model Display Formula
Here R, G, and B represented the intensity of red, green, and blue of the pixel, respectively. If PR<1/3, the red component of this pixel was treated with no Safranin O stain and the corresponding PR was set to 0. The average intensity of the red color (P¯R) was calculated for all pixels locating in the examining region. The coefficient of PG loss (0≤CPG≤1) was determined by Display Formula
If CPG=1, the PG contents in the corresponding AC slice were severely depleted so that no PG macromolecules could be stained by Safranin O. A very low CPG indicated that little PG loss could be examined in the AC slice. However, CPG was just linearly correlated to the wet weight fraction of PGs rather than the exact percentage of the PG contents lost from the AC matrix. The average CPG was calculated from a series of histological images to reliably estimate the PG loss of an AC plug.
The average RI of each AC plug and the corresponding standard deviation were calculated to assess the RI diversity among samples. The AC plugs were categorized based on the features of RI distributions. The average RI, coefficient of RI fluctuation, and coefficient of PG loss were compared among different types of RI distribution.
Single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) (OriginPro 8 SR4, OriginLab, Orthampton, MA) was applied to each AC plug to test whether the RI data measured from different depths were significantly different (significant level α=0.01). The average RI of AC plug was estimated with single-factor ANOVA (α=0.01) to examine whether the RI was significantly different among the AC plugs. Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) method was used for the multiple comparisons of the average RI between any two AC plugs.
The average RI of each AC plug and the corresponding standard deviation were shown in the bar chart (Fig. 2). The AC plugs were sorted by the thickness which was exhibited as the black dot embedded in each bar. A total of 23 AC plugs were successfully measured in the current study. Most of the AC plugs (from plugs 3 to 18) had thicknesses within the range of 350 to 500 μm. Two AC plugs were thinner than 250 μm and five AC plugs were thicker than 550 μm.
Average RI and uncalcified thickness of AC plug. Each vertical bar represents the average RI of one AC plug and the error bar indicates the corresponding standard deviation. The AC plugs were sorted by the uncalcified thickness which was shown as the black dot.
The overall RI of all AC plugs is 1.4444±0.0363. The thickest AC plug has the lowest average RI (1.3960±0.0399, plug 23), whereas the AC plug with the highest average RI (1.4682±0.0289, plug 6) was in the range of medium thickness (379.75 μm). The single-factor ANOVA test showed that the average RI of the AC plug was significantly different (P<0.01). However, the multiple comparisons of the 23 AC plugs revealed that the RI difference was not necessarily significant between any two of these AC plugs.
For each AC plug, the RI was significantly different with depth (P<0.01). All of the 23 RI–depth curves showed visible fluctuations despite that the fluctuating features were different. Nine RI–depth curves distributed as gentle ramps extending from the articular surface to deep zone. Among these nine samples, six curves were upward and the other three curves had downward tendencies. Four RI–depth curves revealed obvious arch shapes. The RI of arch type distribution gradually increased from the surface, peaked in the middle depth, and decreased thereafter. In addition to these 13 RI–depth curves with regular distributions, the other 10 curves fluctuated as irregular waveforms. This type of RI distribution had two or more local extrema and distinctive fluctuating features. The typical examples of RI distribution and the corresponding histological images were shown in Fig. 3.
Examples of RI–depth curves and the corresponding histological images. The solid dots are the original RI data of different depths and the error bars indicate the corresponding standard deviation. The left side of the histological image is the articular surface. The five examples represent the typical RI distributions of upward ramp (a), downward ramp (b), arch (c) and waveform (d and e). The PG contents were normal in the first three examples (a, b and c) but lost as early OA in the other two examples (d and e).26
In the two examples of ramp type RI–depth curve [Figs. 3(a) and 3(b)], the RI persistently decreased (1.4466 to 1.4159) and increased (1.4232 to 1.5003) with depth, respectively. Despite that the RI locally fluctuated in these two examples, the main trends were still monotonic ramps. The corresponding histological images indicated that the PG contents were retained in high concentrations. There were no visible chondron distortions or surface abrasion. However, the absence of chondrocyte nuclei was occasionally observed in the latter example [Fig. 3(b)].
In the example of arch RI distribution [Fig. 3(c)], the RI on the articular surface was 1.4689 and the maximum RI of 1.4740 appeared in the depth of 134.41 μm which accounted for 32.2% of the entire uncalcified thickness. The RI thereafter decreased to 1.4430 in the deepest region. The histological image of this example showed no noticeable damage on the surface and the tidemark was clear without overlaps. The PG contents in all zones were in normal levels.
The two curves shown in Figs. 3(d) and 3(e) were typical waveform RI distributions. In Fig. 3(d), the RI waved as a cosine-like function. The minimum RI (1.4280) was in the depth of 135.69 μm and the peak RI (1.5085) appeared in the depth of 333.69 μm. The other waveform example [Fig. 3(e)] had completely different features. The RI gradually rose from 1.3952 to the maximum of 1.4764 in middle depth (269.50 μm) and fluctuated locally but decreased to 1.4007 at the deep end. Typical features of early OA (26) presented in the histological images of these two waveform examples. There were some tiny matrix defects parallel to the AC surface. Distorted chondrocytes appeared in both middle and deep zones. The sporadic absence of nuclei in the deep zone implied the partial apoptosis of chondrocytes. The tidemarks were obscure, discontinuous, and overlapped because of the expanded calcified zones. The PG loss was presented in all zones, particularly the upper middle zone.
The microscopic inspection of histology showed that all of the 13 AC plugs with regular RI distribution had distinct zonal arrangement and appropriately organized chondrocytes. Surface abrasion, superficial fibrillation, or proliferative changes of chondrocytes were barely observed. The PG content was well stained by Safranin O indicating little PG degradation. For the other 10 AC plugs measured with waveform RI distributions, however, early pathological development was assessed although mechanical lesions were seldom detected. Visible focal rarefaction and condensation of collagen fibrils existed in the superficial zone or upper middle zone, suggesting cartilage edema and PG loss. According to the OARSI histopathology assessment system,26 the 23 AC plugs used in this study provided sufficient examples covering both physiologically health (Grade 0) and early OA statuses (Grades 1 to 2).
The coefficients of RI fluctuation and the coefficients of PG loss were plotted together in Fig. 4 and were linearly regressed with 95% confidence bounds. The square of correlation coefficient (r2) was only 0.65 and the F-test showed that there was no significant linear correlation between the PG loss and the RI fluctuation. The two dashed lines in Fig. 4 divided the data into two main clusters. The 10 solid dots located in the upper right region represented the 10 AC plugs classified as waveform type of RI distribution. The coefficients of RI fluctuation and the corresponding coefficients of PG loss of these 10 dots were higher than 0.48 and 0.60, respectively. The 12 data points located in the lower left corner of Fig. 4 were detected with regular RI distributions (upward ramp, downward ramp, and arch). The coefficients of RI fluctuation and the coefficients of PG loss of these 12 samples were lower than 0.35 and 0.50, respectively. Only one sample (plug 4, upward ramp type) was found with observable PG loss (0.62) but low RI fluctuation (0.12).
Coefficient of RI fluctuation respecting to coefficient of PG loss. The hollow circles, hollow squares, solid triangles, and solid dots represent the AC plugs classified as the RI distributing types of arch, upward ramp, downward ramp, and waveform, respectively. The solid line is the result of linear regression (α=0.05, r2=0.65).
A statistical comparison based on the types of RI distribution was summarized in Table 1. The four types of RI distribution had close average RI, whereas the average RI of arch type was slightly higher. The AC plugs of downward ramp type had a relatively thin thickness and narrow amplitude of RI fluctuation. Its coefficient of RI fluctuation was also the lowest compared with the other three types of RI distribution. The average thicknesses of AC plugs classified as upwards, arch, and waveform were similar to each other. The AC plugs of waveform type had the highest PG loss and the severest RI fluctuation.
As one of the fundamental optical parameters, RI is intimately related to the composition and microstructure of AC.31 Since the proportions of different compositions in AC vary from individual to individual,32 the RI data acquired from different sample resources are different, which is demonstrated by the inconsistent results previously reported in the limited number of studies. The overall RI measured from the current study is 1.4444±0.0363, whereas the other study using bovine patellae AC acquired an average RI of 1.358±0.022.22 The gap between these two studies may be attributed to the different species and measuring techniques. Even for the same species and technique, the inconsistency of RI still exists. Our previous work reported that the overall RI of the AC collected from the femoral condyles of newborn lambs was 1.3975±0.0156.24 Compared with the current study, the RI of femoral AC has a growth of 3.36% from the newborn to mature stages. The possible reason is the high proportion of water contents and little development of calcification in the newborn AC,33 which enables better optical transparency.
Our previous study demonstrated that the average RI measured from the AC plug of newborn lamb was similar between the samples.24 It may be because the diversities of structure and composition rarely occurred on this initial stage of tissue differentiation. However, the present study revealed significant difference among the average RI of adult AC, indicating the increased diversity of physiological status in mature AC. The LSD multiple comparisons revealed that even for the AC plugs collected from the same condyle, the significant different RI could still exist.
The AC plugs with thinner uncalcified thicknesses were generally accompanied with higher average RI (Fig. 2, AC plugs 1 to 6), whereas those thicker AC plugs could have either high or low RI (plugs 7 to 23). Since the AC samples were harvested from the same positions on the femoral condyles and the sheep were fed under identical conditions, the diverse cartilage thicknesses due to collecting positions23 had been minimized. Considering the anisotropic property of AC,34,35 all confocal scans were implemented with the same light propagating orientation to maximally eliminate the artifacts of the measured RI. Therefore, the inconsistent calcification of AC should be considered as a factor leading to RI inconsistency. The calcifying progress generally leads to the tissue fibrillation and loss of water contents, which could alter the light propagation.
The current study classified the RI distributions into four categories according to the shapes of the RI–depth curves. The first three types of the RI distribution are regular and contain less local fluctuations. The upward ramp type and the arch type actually are similar RI distributions. The amplitudes of RI fluctuation are close for these two types (Table 1) and the difference is only the exact depths of the maximum RI. The RI data of downward ramp type vibrated in narrow extents and could be approximated as constant distributions. The histological images of the first three types of RI distribution rarely exhibited visible pathological degeneration [Figs. 3(a)–3(c)]. Therefore, the RI of normal adult AC should distribute as a regular ramp or arch with depth and the highest RI appears in the middle–deep region. The RI distributing features of normal AC could be interpreted with the unique zonal structure and composition of cartilage matrix.
The density of hydrated AC was determined as an increasing function with depth.7,9 In particular, the water content of normal adult AC decreases from superficial zone to deep zone.36 The RI of water content is close to 1.33, whereas the dry collagen fibrils have a higher RI of 1.53.37 This special biochemical constitution of normal AC enables the increasing trend of RI along depth direction. The orientation of collagen contents has strong influence to the light propagation.38 The oblique and irregular organization of collagens in the middle zone of AC (the middle 40 to 60% depth) could impede the original propagating path of light, which possibly makes the RI peak in the middle–deep region.
The waveform type of RI distribution is characterized as strong irregular RI fluctuation which cannot be universally expressed with simple mathematical functions because the specific RI fluctuations vary from sample to sample. Even for the AC plugs with similar histological statuses, the RI still fluctuated in its unique way [Figs. 3(d) and 3(e)]. The corresponding histological images of the 10 AC plugs with waveform RI distribution showed visible features of early OA, such as PG loss, chondrocytes distortion, and tiny mechanical abrasion. This subjective inspection in the basis of AC histology initially demonstrated that the RI distribution with depth could be altered by the pathological progress in cartilage matrix.
The RI measuring technique adopted in this study was already demonstrated with sufficient high accuracy.24 But unexpected artifacts still may be induced in the measured RI distribution. Since the RI of AC was measured within a thin tissue layer with finite thickness, it actually represented the average RI within this AC layer. The exact RI distribution with depth is hard to acquire, but it can be well approximated by using a small step size of measurement. In this study, the RI specifying to a depth actually represents the average RI within a cuboid tissue about 0.72×0.24×0.05 mm3. Besides, the cryomicrotomy process may trim the most superficial layer off so that the RI–depth curve actually starts from a depth slightly deeper than the articular surface (≤50 μm). The other potential error is that the tissue used for histology cannot ideally be the original tissue with RI measured. To best match the histology assessment with the RI distribution, the AC tissue next to the scanning spot was collected for histological slices. Since the AC slice for histology is only 5 μm, the pathological diversity between the tissues used for RI measurement and histology has been minimized.
Up to our knowledge, optical parameters were rarely involved in the studies of the depth-dependent properties of AC. In the OCT-based study, the highest RI of normal AC was detected in the deep layer, which actually referred to the average RI within the deepest one-third thickness of the AC sample.22 Our study had the consistent result that the RI of normal AC peaked in the middle–deep region. The depth distribution of birefringence was also studied with polarized microscopy because it is closely related to the density and orientation of collagen fibrils.38–41 The birefringence of normal AC decreased from the articular surface but increased throughout the deep zone until it peaked in the tidemark.42 However, for the AC samples collected from dogs with running training, the birefringence in both superficial and deep zones decreased almost a quarter compared with the controls.39 These previous studies suggested that the birefringence of AC could be changed once the organization of the collagen meshwork was altered by external loads. Accordingly, the RI distribution should also react to the zonal orientation and disorganization of collagen fibrils.
The depth-dependent mechanical properties of AC were already comprehensively investigated. It is well known that the tensile and shear properties of AC are mainly determined by the collagen meshwork and the compressive stiffness is predominantly related to PGs.42,43 The PG content of normal AC increases with depth,36,44 which enables the depth increase of compressive modulus.3,44,45 It implies the potential connection between the RI and the mechanical properties of AC. All of these depth-dependent properties of AC demonstrate that the zonal structure has fundamental influence to the performance of AC and also provides the key basis for detecting AC degeneration.
To determine the potential correlation between RI distribution and OA progress, a quantitative technique was adopted in the estimation of PG loss. For normal AC (lower left corner of Fig. 4), the coefficient of RI fluctuation was low and insensitive to the PG concentration. This is because the PG loss in normal AC is maintained in similar levels and hence, the RI fluctuations measured from these samples are similar. However, other factors, such as the development of calcification and the proportions of different matrix compositions, could induce slight diversity in RI fluctuations. In the upper right region of Fig. 4, the 10 AC plugs were detected with waveform of RI distribution and distributed as two separated groups (circled as Group A and Group B). Despite the similar average RI of these two groups, the average PG loss of Group B is 37.50% higher than Group A, but the coefficient of RI fluctuation measured from Group B is averagely 43.28% higher than Group A (Table 2). Comparing the PG loss and RI fluctuation in normal AC, Group A and Group B, it is reasonable to conclude that the severity of RI fluctuation increases with the proportion of PG loss. However, the coefficient of RI fluctuation may still have difficulty in distinguishing the pathological progress of two AC samples in which the PG loss does not sufficiently differ. There is only one AC plug which has very low RI fluctuation as well as a relative high level of PG loss (Fig. 4), but the single exception is insufficient to deny the correlation between RI fluctuation and PG loss.
The correlation of PG loss and RI fluctuation outlined above is based on an average view. For individual AC sample, PG loss is not the only factor that influences the RI fluctuation of AC. Other factors, such as AC thickness and collagen origination, could also alter the RI distribution with depth. Therefore, AC plugs with higher PG loss could even have lower RI fluctuations than those AC plugs with less PG loss (Fig. 4). Despite the difficulty to isolate the exact impact of a single factor to RI fluctuation of AC, the coefficient of RI fluctuation proposed in this study can correctly distinguish the AC samples with initial pathological degenerations from the normal cartilages, which suggests the potential to detect OA in early stage.
PG concentration has been treated as a standard indicator to grade the development of OA.25,26,46 Since the coefficient of RI fluctuation demonstrated the capability to detect the PG loss of AC, it could be potentially incorporated into preclinical applications. In particular, the histological assessment shows that the AC samples are either healthy or merely degenerated in early stage, which suggests the potential of RI fluctuation for the diagnose of early OA. The RI measuring technique utilized in this study is possible to be developed into an in vivo method by accurately manipulating the lens motion of a confocal arthroscopy. In this way, the RI distribution can be acquired with minimum injury to cartilage. Further work is to establish the thorough correlation between the depth distribution of the RI and the AC samples histologically assessed with various grades of OA.
The present study investigated the influence of pathological progress, especially PG loss, to the RI distribution of AC. The tissue differentiation from newborn stage to adult period can increase the overall RI of AC. For mature AC, both the overall RI and the RI distribution vary with samples. The RI of normal AC distributes as a regular ramp or arch and peaks in the middle–deep region. The early degenerated AC samples have remarkable and various RI fluctuations. The progress of PG loss can aggravate the RI fluctuation. Therefore, the quantitative RI fluctuation potentially provides a new approach to detect the pathologically degeneration in AC, especially for early OA. Further work is required to clarify the exact interacting mechanism between the biochemical alterations and the RI distribution of AC.
The authors acknowledge the facilities, scientific and technical assistance of the Australian Microscopy & Microanalysis Research Facility at the Centre for Microscopy, Characterization & Analysis, the University of Western Australia, a facility funded by the University, State and Commonwealth Governments. The authors would like to thank the assistance of CELLCentral of the University of Western Australia for the sample preparation and histology.
Kuyu Wang ; Jianping Wu and Thomas Brett Kirk"Depth-dependent refractive index of normal and early degenerated articular cartilage", J. Biomed. Opt. 18(10), 105003 (Oct 09, 2013). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.10.105003
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SOFIX gained 0.96% to 376.41 as a few strong moves supported the index. First Investment Bank (5F4, BGN 2.564, +6.83%) and Chimimport (6C4, BGN 2.282, +3.73%) advanced as both were very well bid and the supply seemed to be limited. Stara Planina Hold (5SR, BGN 3.469, +2.63%) rallied on better than expected Q2 consolidated results and Monbat (5MB, BGN 6.39, +0.47%) moved higher on moderate volume. Bulgartabac Holding (57B) didn't capitalized on the news of the privatization and the lack of any decent buyers led to 3.43% decline to BGN 26.556.
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Energy sector
Energy regulator considers up to 20% gas price increase in Q4
The State energy regulator is considering two scenarios regarding the increase of natural gas prices in Q4, according to its chairman of Angel Semerdzhiev. Under the optimistic scenario, gas prices in Q4 will rise by less than 10%, while in the pessimistic scenario, the State Energy and Water Regulatory Commission will fulfill the request by Bulgarian gas monopoly Bulgargaz for a jump by 19.98%.
The current gas price is BGN 557.22 per 1,000 cubic metres.
Source: Dnevnik; FFBH
Energy sector
EVN to launch € 51.1m cogeneration plant in Bulgaria
Electricity company EVN Bulgaria announced it will launch on 2 September a cogeneration plant worth €51.1m in Bulgaria's second largest city of Plovdiv. The plant will have a combined capacity of 50 MW. Its construction started a year ago.
The stakes of the state in EVN Bulgaria Elektrorazpredelenie and EVN Bulgaria Elektrosnabdyavane, each of 33%, will be sold on the BSE as part of a government plan to sell its stakes in a number of companies in the energy sector.
Source: SeeNews
Industrial Holding Bulgaria AD [4ID]
Turkish company cancels contract for 55.5k DWT ship with Bulyard
The shipbuilding contract for ship with Hull N 103 between Bulyard Shipbuilding Industry and Turkish company Diler Shipping & Trading Inc. has been canceled, IHB, which holds 61.5% of Bulyard Shipbuilding Industry, announced. The ship will be built for Serdika, a 100% subsidiary of Bulyard Shipbuilding Industry and it is expected to be completed in October 2011.
Bulyard on 15 April delivered the first 55.5k DWT bulk carrier it built for Diler Shipping & Trading.
The initial value of the cancelled contract for the building of the 55.54k DWT ship was USD 41.1m.
In 2009 IHB, which has its own fleet of ships for its marine transportation line of business, bought another ship which it initially was building for a client, namely Navibulgar.
Source: IHB; FFBH
Fund Estates REIT [6BMA]
Fund Estates extends loans from NBG and UBB
Fund Estates REIT announced it has restructured and extended its loan contracts with National Bank of Greece and United Bulgarian Bank. No further details were disclosed.
As of end-June 2011, the outstanding amount on the loan from NBG was BGN 41.2m and the sum due under the loan from UBB was BGN 3m. The loans were taken in July 2008. The loan from NBG's original term was up to 2016 and the loan from UBB had to be repaid in 2011.
Source: Fund Estates; FFBH
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^+1. He wanted to do all he could for the team, but he was trying to do too much. He didn't need to put the team on his back and try to carry them. I think he should have been pulled out when the score was 14-0. I honestly believe Cousins and Morris could have won the game for us if RG3 had been pulled out after his second TD... but I don't think they could have won the game if Cousins had started. I really hope that this doesn't effect his long-term career. I would be surprised to see him at all during the first half of next season... hopefully he makes a full recovery.
Hopefully once they get into his knee it will just be an LCL tear. 3-6 months recovery time. If it's both LCL and ACL, then it could take up to a year to fully recover. Also, I'm getting tired of people blaming Shanahan. RG3 told him that he wasn't injured, that he was just hurt. Professional players play hurt all the time. Now if RG3 said he was in a lot of pain and Shanahan still put him in, then that's a different story. Plus, after he tweeked his knee in the 1st qtr, wasn't he cleared to go back in? Wouldn't that be Dr. Andrews fault?
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Preheat oven to 350 degrees. After rolls have thawed, clean countertops and then spray with cooking spray. Start patting and rolling out dough balls into individual circles about 4" in diameter. Poke holes all over circles with a fork. Place on ungreased cookie sheet and bake for 9-10 minutes, just until bottoms are slightly brown. Let cool.
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So you agree 5.7 is the best round since it's a rifle round that comes out of a pistol.
I think you have touch faith in the 5.7. Great round, but i wouldn't compare it to a .223
Sent from my Jelly bean Xoom using Tapatalk 2
You stated that I was completely clueless about the yawing effects of bullets in relation to wounding performance. You attacked my opinion without provocation in a rude manner.
So I asked you to share your knowledge and enlighten me, but I guess you forgot that too.
As for my experience, it's something I don't like to put out there, or throw around. But since you really want to know, I was stationed in Quantico VA from 88-89, and while I did not directly have anything to do with the development of testing data, I did teach small weapons and tactics at the academy and the basic school, ( OCS).
So I did have first hand information on specifics of various goals with respect to development of ammunition, and I have seen this information become more and more distorted over time.
As far as my experience shooting stuff, let's just say I didn't get the assignment because I am pretty.
So, now, I'll ask you again, please enlighten me on where I am so, what's the word, clueless as to wounding ballistics?
Rifle v pistol bullet terminal effects
AFAIK - under the right circumstances, a rifle bullet has the potential to cause permanent wounds, via their more violent (compared to a pistol bullet) temporary stretch cavity
In general, pistol bullets do not cause permanent wounds via their (relatively weak) temporary stretch cavity - they only wound tissue they actually touch
Hopefully we can all agree on that :smile:
In for outcome.......I'm leaning with the glockman on this one. Experience trumps "science"any day of the week
Sent from my DROID RAZR
This is always going to be a point of debate, until people realize that it's simply two different ways of achieving the same goal, both with limits, advantages and vices.


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*From the Department of Clinical Research (Drs. Taut, Wurst, and Häfner), Nycomed, Konstanz, Germany; the Department of Biometrics (Dr. Rippin), Omnicare Clinical Research, Cologne, Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine IV (Dr. Schenk), General Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria; the Department of Intensive Care (Dr. Findlay), University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; St. Joseph's Health Center (Dr. Lewis), University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; the Department of Pulmonology (Drs. Seeger and Günther), Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; and the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (Dr. Spragg), University of California San Diego and the San Diego VA Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA. Nycomed GmbH (formerly Altana Pharma GmbH), Konstanz, Germany was the sponsor of the clinical studies and supplied the study medication.
Correspondence to: Roger G. Spragg, MD, VA Medical Center, 151A, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Drs. Taut, Wurst, and Ḧafner are current or former employees of Nycomed. Drs. Rippin, Schenk, Findlay, Lewis, Seeger, Guenther, and Spragg have contractual relationships with Nycomed.
Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians (www.chestjournal.org/misc/reprints.shtml).
Studies to date have shown no survival benefit for the use of exogenous surfactant to treat patients with the ARDS. To identify specific patient subgroups for future study, we performed an exploratory post hoc analysis of clinical trials of recombinant surfactant protein-C (rSP-C) surfactant (Venticute; Nycomed GmbH; Konstanz, Germany).
We performed a pooled analysis of all five multicenter studies in which patients with ARDS due to various predisposing events were treated with rSP-C surfactant. Patients received either usual care (n = 266) or usual care plus up to four intratracheal doses (50 mg/kg) of rSP-C surfactant (n = 266). Factors influencing the study end points were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of covariance, and logistic regression models.
ARDS was most often associated with pneumonia or aspiration, sepsis, and trauma or surgery. For the overall patient population, treatment with rSP-C surfactant significantly improved oxygenation (p = 0.002) but had no effect on mortality (32.6%). Multivariate analysis showed age and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score to be the strongest predictors of mortality. In the subgroup of patients with severe ARDS due to pneumonia or aspiration, surfactant treatment was associated with markedly improved oxygenation (p = 0.0008) and improved survival (p = 0.018).
rSP-C surfactant improved oxygenation in patients with ARDS irrespective of the predisposition. Post hoc evidence of reduced mortality associated with surfactant treatment was obtained in patients with severe respiratory insufficiency due to pneumonia or aspiration. Those patients are the focus of a current randomized, blinded, clinical trial with rSP-C surfactant.
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Once every month, Chabad of Burbank has a traditional Shabbat family dinner, giving Jews an opportunity to celebrate the sabbath with family and friends. This is a great opportunity to learn more about the traditions and customs of Shabbat, while enjoying great food.
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Nike is the 600-pound gorilla of the college football world, selling the most cleats and outfitting dozens of football programs across the country including No.-1 ranked Oregon. But upstart Under Armour has been making inroads as it takes on the Swoosh in the $250 million football cleats category.
It make its biggest splash yet today by outfitting both No. 2 Auburn and South Carolina from head to toe in the 2010 SEC Championship Game (CBS, 3:30 p.m. ET). The rival coaching staffs will also wear Under Apparel apparel on the sidelines.
The two schools in the 2009 SEC Championship Game, Alabama and Florida, are both outfitted by Nike.
As a bonus, Heisman Trophy hopeful Cam Newton will wear Under Armour's new Nitro CompFit cleat which hits stores next year.
Under Armour now provides cleats, unis and other gear for 13 Division I college football programs. That's not bad considering company Kevin Plank founder only signed his first deal five years ago with the University of Maryland, which previously had a deal with Nike. (He was a former walk-on football player at the school who became special teams captain).
But Under Armour will never try to outfit as many schools as Nike, says Walker Jones, the company's director of sports marketing. Instead, it will try to build a small but select list of schools. Under Armour has turned down half a dozen programs already, he says.
"We'll go maybe 15 (schools); maybe 20. It will never be 50, I'll tell you that," says Jones.
Football cleats generate about $250 million in sales, says retail analyst Matt Powell of SportsONE Source. Under Armour entered the cleated footwear business in 2006. Nike's the clear No. 1. But Jones says Under Armour has grown into a "strong No. 2." Other players are Adidas and Reebok--Michael McCarthy
Reid Cherner has been with USA TODAY since 1982 and written Game On! since March 2008.
He has covered everything from high schools to horse racing to the college and the pros. The only thing he likes more than his own voice is the sound of readers telling him when he's right and wrong.
Michael Hiestand has covered sports media and marketing for USA TODAY, tackling the sports biz ranging from what's behind mega-events such as the Olympics and Super Bowl to the sometimes-hidden numbers behind the sports world's bottom line.


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text:
This work is available for countries where copyright is Life+70 and in the USA.
Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up and Peter and Wendy are the stage play and novel (respectively) which tell the story of Peter Pan, a mischievous little boy who can fly, and his adventures on the island of Neverland with Wendy Darling and her brothers, the fairy Tinker Bell, the Lost Boys, the Indian princess Tiger Lily, and the pirate Captain Hook. The story was written by Scottish playwright and novelist J. M. Barrie, inspired by his friendship with the Llewelyn-Davies family.
Good day. It's my pleasure meeting you, and that you enjoying your day? Can you allowed me to introduce my self to you. My name is Kine Gaye . I will like to get acquainted with you. please I'll be glad if you write to me or send your email address direct at my private email address (email@example.com) because i have some important thing i will like to discuss with you privately.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Language: English
Published in: 1911
Word count: 47,232 words (≈ about 3 hours)
Source: http://www.gutenberg.org
Copyright: This work is available for countries where copyright is Life+70 and in the USA.
A list of books that were turned into movies.
A wee list of books by yon scots writers...


text:
Joliet festival celebrates farm heritage
Photo courtesy of the Heritage Tractor Adventure
Antique tractors rev up for the start of the Heritage Tractor Adventure.
They'll start their engines on June 7. Then, at a blistering pace of 6 miles per hour, more than 300 antique tractors will roll down the towpath of the Illinois & Michigan canal from Joliet to Ottawa. The 120-mile journey will take this armada two days. The tractors are part of the second annual Heritage Tractor Adventure, an event devised for kids and tractor buffs by the Heritage Corridor Convention and Visitors Bureau to promote tourism in the far south suburban area. "Any boy loves tractors," says Max Armstrong, WGN Radio's agriculture correspondent, who will lead the parade. He was quick to add that girls love tractors, too. "The roar, the wheels turning and smoke belching--there will be 318 in all, and all kinds of colors--red, green, yellow."
Though safety is paramount, Armstrong said it is not difficult to talk the tractor owners into letting kids get in the driver's seat. "People are anxious to show off," he says.
For the event, Armstrong will ride a 1953 International Harvester. He started driving his family's tractor on the farm in Indiana when he was 9 years old. Eight years ago, when his father decided to sell the machine, Armstrong bought it. "These are the tractors that shaped agriculture over the last 55 years," he adds.
Dave Galbreath, a tractor owner who lives near Paris, Ill., agrees. "People have this in their blood," he says.
Galbreath and his wife Beckie own six pre-1940 tractors. Both will take part in the ride, driving tractors that date from 1936 and 1937. Galbreath says he has been collecting antique tractors and farm equipment since he was in high school.
The tractor ride will take place between June 7 and June 11. The first day will include registration for the tractors and a picnic dinner. For children, there will be hay rides, train rides and a petting zoo. Everything is free except for dinner. On Sunday, the tractors will parade through downtown Joliet. On Monday they will begin their journey to Ottawa.
Though Galbreath grew up on a farm, he stresses the event is also for the urbane. "Last year there was one guy who got his tractor just two weeks before the ride," Galbreath says. "He was a city boy who had never been on a farm, but he's coming back this year."
--Ian Salisbury, Medill News Service
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text:
A&E consultant Andrew Hobart gave Najiyah Hussain "laughing gas" instead of oxygen to revive her on 18 January when she was brought into Newham hospital suffering fits.
The Crown Prosecution Service has decided that 36-year-old Mr Hobart's behaviour did not amount to gross negligence.
A CPS spokesman said: "We've taken expert opinion from one professor and two doctors with expertise in anaesthetics. Their advice was Mr Hobart's actions did not amount to gross negligence."
The girl's family plans to take legal action against the hospital.
- More about:
- P Funk


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MAVERICK MP Chris Davis has been handed his last political lifeline by his LNP colleagues after apologising to the party room for speaking out of turn.
Deputy Premier Jeff Seeney addressed the media after the party room meeting to announce Dr Davis would remain in the LNP government.
He said the events of the past few weeks resulted in Dr Davis's axing as Assistant Health Minister, had damaged the party.
But he said MPs had accepted Dr Davis' apology.
"We've had a long discussion about the need for unity in politics, and Dr Davis has apologised to the party room and accepted those are the processes within he must work," Mr Seeney said.
"We're very pleased he has decided to do that."
Earlier, Dr Davis revealed he had been encouraged by members of his electorate to "go independent" and quit the LNP following his axing as Assistant Health Minister.
Dr Davis said he had been overwhelmed by the support from his Stafford constituents since being terminated by the Premier last Tuesday night, and speaking out again in a television interview Friday night.
"Going independent is something that a lot of people in my electorate want me to do," said Dr Davis today.
"I have great respect for our independents, but I am betting there is a real willingness within the LNP for us to bury the hatchet and find other solutions."
Dr Davis was asked to comment on scathing remarks by Ministers heading into Cabinet this morning.
Housing Minister Tim Mander said Dr Davis should start airing his concerns within the party room rather than in public.
"What Chris has to realise is that if you continue to cry wolf you will eventually lose credibility," he said.
"It's no good roaring like a lion in public and being meek as a mouse in the party room.
"None of the issues that Chris is talking about have been raised in the party room and that's the only way he's going to have some influence. That's what he needs to understand."
Water Minister Mark McArdle said Dr Davis had not raised his concerns about the political donation rule changes with him and urged him to rethink his position within the LNP.
"It's a matter for him now to take the step that he feels most appropriate," Mr McArdle said.
"The LNP needs people who are going to support the LNP and understand what we going to achieve for Queensland. People who aren't prepared to do that need to rethink their position within the LNP."
Dr Davis said it was obvious some members of the LNP were not happy with him, but neither was he.
"If I thought the prognosis was hopeless I would act accordingly," he said.
"I think there's a real opportunity to improve, and if there isn't, there are other alternatives."
He ruled out quitting politics and forcing a by-election in Stafford which could embarrass the government in the same way as the Redcliffe by-election result did.
"That's not what my electorate wants," Dr Davis said.
Dr Davis's future is expected to be discussed at the LNP's Party Room meeting this afternoon.
Originally published as Davis apology secures political lifeline


text:
HP Compaq 8200 Elite Ultra-slim PC Intel Core i5 (2400S) 2.5GHz 2GB 250GB DVD Writer SuperMulti (LightScribe) LAN Windows 7 Professional 32-bit ATI Radeon HD 5450 (Energy Star)
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Prime Numbers 2 is a proper EP in the sense that it brings together three disparate but not disconnected arrangements, all different, and all interesting. 'RIP', the A, is the one that's getting all the hype and play, and it's no surprise why: it's as chic a piece of jazzy house as I've heard since the glittering second heyday of the deep sound of the late '90s. Think Norma Jean Bell, Ibex, Common Factor's 'World is Mine' and Larry Heard's Trackmode compilations of that time. The arrangement is neat, but the real feature here is the vocal. On first listen my instant reaction was, 'Shit, who's this, they can really sing…' And lo and behold, it's a beyond-the-grave sample of Minnie Ripperton (hence 'RIP') – and this is a dedication that does her legacy proud. My one complaint with this track is that it ends right where a big build should be. But then again, that just makes you wanna hit replay.
The B-sides are less obvious, as all good B-sides should be, but (arguably) more interesting. I wonder what will become of the B-side logic with the death of vinyl becomes a dusty fact? Anyway, the B1 by Regie Dokes and Piranhahead as Napiheadz performs a weird rhythmic inversion, beginning with a nose-forward house groove that slowly (and disconcertingly at first) gets all arse-about-snout as it rediscovers itself as a reggae number. But thankfully for the house DJs among you, the reggae is re-subsumed by old faithful as the boom boom returns, just in time for your segue. The B2, which apparently cropped up on an old Theo Parrish mix a few years back, is very Detroit minimal house by Regie Dokes, and works either as a tool for the more vocally inclined, or a precious and undertated slab of mumbling grooves for those who like it late and lean.
Overall, a varied, accomplished and interesting EP from a promising young label.
Published /
Sat / 23 Feb 2008
Words /
Peter Chambers
Tracklist /
A Linkwood - RIP
B NapiHedz - Jah Bless
B2 Reggie Dokes - Black Thoughts


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