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Talented sprinter Deep Field maintained his unbeaten record with a comfortable victory in the Listed City Tatts Club Lightning (1100m) at Royal Randwick on Saturday, but co-trained Michael Hawkes revealed this morning that a tilt at the Group 1 Darley Classic (1200m) at Flemington on November 8 is unlikely for the Northern Meteor entire.
Deep Field was making his black type racing debut in the City Tatts Club Lightning after recording three dominant race wins in restricted company and he jumped straight to the lead before running away from the rest of the field in the final stages without being asked for an extra effort by jockey Brenton Avdulla.
Hawkes told Racing Ahead that he was happy to see Deep Field score another win in his first serious test as a racehorse and he hopes that the immature four-year-old can continue to improve heading towards the 2015 Autumn Racing Carnival.
"I think that we all saw something quite exciting," Hawkes said.
"We have just taken him along quietly; he is a four-year-old, but he is really like a three-year-old.
"He is a big baby and that is probably why we have just taken baby steps with him, but he couldn't have done much more before Saturday and obviously Saturday was the next level and he handled that with ease.
"Hopefully there will be bigger and better things in store for him."
Hawkes said that Deep Field had come through the comfortable victory in excellent condition, but he confirmed that the full brother to Caulfield Guineas winner Shooting To Win is no certainty to head to Melbourne for the Melbourne Cup Carnival.
The Sydney-based trainer said that a decision on the immediate racing future of Deep Field would be made in a couple of days, but he ruled out a potential clash with the likes of stablemate Chautauqua, Lankan Rupee, Buffering and Terravista in the Darley Classic.
"He has pulled up good and he was nice and bright yesterday," Hawkes said.
"He is still here, he looks well and the next few days will determine what we do and where we go.
"There is nothing left up here in Sydney for him and the next step is Melbourne, but where he runs and what he does is yet to be determined.
"At this stage it is 50/50, but we have said all along that the spring isn't really his time and his time will be the autumn.
"There is probably maybe three races that we are looking at.
"There is Derby Day, maybe Melbourne Cup Day and obviously the Saturday.
"We haven't pinpointed a particular race in general and everybody is saying about the Darley, but we have Chautauqua that is going well enough for a Darley Sprint.
"This bloke is probably not there yet, but he will be in the autumn and that is what we are targeting."
Deep Field has now won his four race starts by a combined total of 23 lengths and has already broken two track records.


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Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences and Global Center of Excellence Program, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Global Center of Excellence Program, International Research Center for Molecular Science in Tooth and Bone Diseases, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Sciences, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department for Advanced Dental Research, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, 36-3, Gengo, Morioka, Obu, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Global Center of Excellence Program,1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
This study aimed to nondestructively evaluate sealing performance of eight one-step self-etch adhesives (1-SEAs) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The two-step self-etch adhesive (2-SEA) served as the control. Round tapered class-I cavities (D=4 mm, H=2 mm) were prepared in bovine incisors, treated with each adhesive (n=5), and restored with a flowable resin composite. Cross-sections were obtained from each restoration using swept-source OCT with 1310-nm laser. The average percentage of the sealed interface (SI%) for each adhesive was calculated using image analysis software, considering increased signal intensity at the interface as gap. Samples were then sectioned and observed under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Significantly different SI% values were found among different adhesives (analysis of variance, Bonferroni, p<0.05). There was also a significant correlation in SI% between OCT and CLSM (p<0.0001, r=0.96). Additionally, microscopic analysis revealed that the gaps in 1-SEAs occurred not only at dentine–adhesive interfaces but also frequently at adhesive–composite interfaces. Some recent 1-SEAs could achieve reliable short-term sealing comparable to 2-SEA. OCT is a unique tool to nondestructively evaluate the sealing performance of the restoratives through the cavity, provided that cavity walls have a certain minimum inclination with respect to the beam.
Restorative dentistry has been revolutionized with the introduction of resin-based dental adhesives, enabling bonding of biomaterials (mainly composites) to the dental hard tissues. The adhesives have evolved in the past decades toward complex formulations with simplified clinical procedures. Reduced technique sensitivity and short period of application procedure have made one-step self-etch adhesives (1-SEAs) more popular among dentists in recent years. Although the problem of postoperative sensitivity can be remarkably reduced as the smear plugs remain when 1-SEAs are applied, in vitro and clinical reports on bonding performances of 1-SEAs have indicated controversial results.1–3 Furthermore, 1-SEAs act as a permeable membrane, facilitating water movement across the polymerized resin and leading to bond degradation over time.4 Besides hydrophilicity, there are other important factors that contribute to the marginal integrity of 1-SEAs, for instance, operator's variability, composition of dental substrate, size and shape of the cavity,5 and type of composite material used for restoration.6,7
The majority of recent adhesives show quite high immediate bonding performance in the laboratory; however, the clinical bonding effectiveness of some have been found to be not as satisfactory as their initial bond strength values.8,9 Several groups of researchers pointed out that for a single adhesive, there was variation in bond strength data dependent on the bond tests employed.10 The application of stress at the interface may not be uniform, and there are variations in specimen preparations, shape, loading, and properties of the materials as well.11,12 The eventual goal of adhesion is to provide a good seal at the interface of the restorative material and the dental tissue. It seems that evaluation of the adaptation of adhesives can be a useful means of assessing the performance of restorations.2,9,13,14 From this point of view, one can consider that solely mechanical testing cannot indicate the capacity of an adhesive to maintain hermetic seal between tooth and restoration. Conventional microscopic techniques require physical sectioning of the samples usually followed by polishing and processing, and, occasionally, application of a labeling or staining agent. These procedures are time-consuming and provide data on a single cross-section. Therefore, for the analysis of sealed tooth–adhesive interfaces, nondestructive and validated laboratory testing methods are desirable.15–18
In this context, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be employed as a nondestructive imaging technology that produces high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the biological tissue at micron scale. Since its introduction in the early 1990s as a time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) for biological tissue imaging, there has been huge development in the field of OCT.19,20 The principles of OCT are based on low-coherence interferometry; light backscattered from inside the specimen is measured by correlating with light that has traveled a known reference path. Imaging depth of OCT in most tissues is limited to ∼2 to 3 mm due to optical attenuation (absorption, scattering) from the tissue. In spite of its depth limitation, the image resolution of OCT is 10 to 100 times finer than ultrasound imaging. OCT is a real-time noninvasive imaging methodology that does not produce ionizing radiation. It has a great advantage over conventional microscopy, which requires destructive cross-sectioning of the specimens for biological analysis.16,17 A more recent implementation of OCT technology, swept-source OCT (SS-OCT), has improved sensitivity, higher scanning speed, and increased signal-to-noise ratio and has gained much attention in recent years, and has advantages over TD-OCT.21,22
While OCT has become an increasingly popular imaging technique in various fields of medicine, such as ophthalmology, dermatology, and cardiology, only a few studies have so far employed SS-OCT for characterization of synthetic biomaterials. In the dental field, OCT has been applied for nondestructive and label-free assessment of gaps at the composite–dentine interfaces in two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) tomograms,5–18 along with evaluation of voids and defects in restorations,23 thus suggesting its potential applications in clinical dentistry for monitoring of restorations. The basic concept of defect detection through biomaterials by OCT is the optical contrast between the media filling the defect and the body of the material, resulting in detectable changes in the backscatter signal.16,17,24
There are no reports on the quantitative assessment of a large variety of commercially available 1-SEAs using OCT. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to nondestructively assess the sealing performances of 1-SEAs. The null hypothesis tested was that there is no significant difference in sealing performance among current 1-SEAs.
The SS-OCT system (IVS-2000, Santec, Komaki, Japan) used in this study was a frequency-domain OCT. The system is incorporated with a low-coherence near-infrared light source and has the configuration of Mach–Zehnder type of interferometer. The near-infrared light is a fast sweeping laser that repetitively sweeps the wavelength from 1260 to 1360 nm (centered at 1310 nm) at the rate of 20 kHz. The axial resolution of this SS-OCT system in air is 11 μm, which corresponds to 7 μm within dental tissue having a refractive index of about 1.5 (25). The lateral resolution of the system is ∼17 μm, which is determined by the objective lens at the probe. The probe that is connected with the interferometer has a power of 5 mW, which is within the safety limit of American Standard Institute. Laser source emitted from the probe is directed onto the sample at the desired location in X and Z dimensions. The backscattered light carrying information from each single scan point of the sample is returned to the system, digitized in time scale, and then analyzed in the Fourier domain to disclose the depth information (A-scan) of the sample. By combining the series of A-scans in a linear fashion across the sample, a cross-section (B-scan) is obtained. Finally, cross-sectional images can be created by converting the B-scan raw data into a grayscale image with 2001×1019 pixels.
Forty-five freshly extracted, sound bovine maxillary incisors were selected for this study. The labial enamel was slightly polished with 800-grit silicon carbide (SiC) paper to remove the superficial layer and expose enamel. Class I cavities (4 mm in diameter×2 mm in depth) were prepared with round margins located in the labial enamel and cavity floor located in dentine. A flattened tapered diamond bur (# 0814 Robot FG Diamond, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) attached to a high-speed turbine hand piece was used under water coolant to prepare cavities. According to the study design, the teeth were divided into nine groups (n=5/group) corresponding to the materials used: a two-step self-etching adhesive (2-SEA) as a control [Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan] and eight all-in-one adhesives [G-Bond Plus (GBP), GC, Tokyo, Japan; Adper Easy Bond (AEB), 3M ESPE, St. Paul, Minnesota; Bond Force (BF), Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan; Clearfil Tri-S Bond Plus (CTP) and Clearfil Tri-S Bond (CTS), Kuraray Noritake Dental; iBond (IB), Hereaus-Kulzer, Hanau, Germany; Fluoro Bond Shake One (FBS), Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan; Xeno V (XV), Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany]. The cavity was treated with the material in accordance with the instructions supplied by the manufacturers as listed in Table 1. The cavity was then restored with a flowable resin composite (Estelite Flow Quick, Tokuyama Dental) and cured for 20 s with a halogen light curing unit (Optilux 501, Kerr, Orange, California) with a power density of 600 mW/cm2. After 24 h storage in normal water at 37°C, each sample was fixed on a micrometer head stage and scanning laser beam was oriented at 90 deg to the surface of restoration. Cross-sectional B-scan images of the restored samples were taken at every 200-μm interval by moving the sample across the laser beam at mesio-distal direction. Altogether 20 images were obtained from each sample, i.e., 100 images for each group. A schematic illustration of the sample preparation and observation under OCT and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) are shown in Fig. 1.
Schematic diagram of sample preparation and observation under swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The bovine incisors were 3-D scanned by OCT at each stage to generate this schematic diagram. (I) Bovine maxillary incisors were selected and facial enamel surface was flattened by polishing. (II) Round class-I cavity (4 mm×2 mm) was prepared. (III) In each prepared cavity, composite was bulk filled and light-cured after application of the bonding agent according to manufacturers' instructions. (IV) Each specimen was subjected to SS-OCT scanning at 200-μm interval. (V) Each obtained 2-D OCT scan was analyzed by the software. (VI) OCT scanned samples were sectioned and polished. (VII) The cross-sections were observed under CLSM for confirmation of OCT findings.
In this study, for the analysis of image, we have adopted percentage values of sealed interfaces (SI%) parameter to calculate and evaluate the bonding performance of the adhesives. 2-D SS-OCT raw tomograms were imported to image analysis software (ImageJ version 1.45) and a median filter was applied to decrease background noise.16 An experimental threshold determination algorithm developed as a plugin for ImageJ under JAVA was used for image analysis. As shown in Fig. 2, the region of interest (ROI) was selected as a polygon selection using around the whole length of the restoration interface, excluding the specimen surface. The ROI width was ∼80 pixels with the interface around at the center of the ROI. The pixel values on each vertical line (A-scan corresponding to 2 pixels in width) within the ROI were ranked by the software plugin. The pixels that ranked higher than 90% of the pixels on the same line (i.e., the top 10%) were selected. Among them, the pixels bearing higher intensity values equal to or greater than the sum of background noise and the median values were designated as target pixels (white) and all other pixels were designated as null (black). The measurement of the total percentage of these white pixels (gap) over the ROI length was automatically done by the plugin. In order to get the total SI% value, the obtained total gap percentage was subtracted from 100%. SI% value was calculated from each 2-D image as shown in Fig. 2, taken at 200-μm intervals.
(a) The region of interest (ROI) was selected along the interface to highlight the defects (gap) with increased signal value and calculate sealed interface percentage (SI%). The specimen surface was excluded. (b) The area demarcated in (a) as a transparent white patch to demonstrate the process of gap percentage calculation by software; signal intensity profile was drawn and averaged over 2 pixels in width. (c) Signal profile drawn in (b); after ranking all intensity values, the top 10% pixels were designated as the peak. (d) The resulting binary image; peak pixels whose intensity values were similar to or greater than sum of (background noise+median values) are displayed as white. These white pixels indicate gap at the interface. (e) The output binary image; simple arrows showed interface with increased signal intensity at the wall and floors of the cavity (corresponding to gap), in contrast to the sealed interface with no increase in signal intensity indicated by blank arrows. The measurement of the total percentage of these white pixels (gap) over the total ROI length was automatically done by the ImageJ plugin. The total gap percentage was subtracted from 100% to obtain total SI% value for each 2-D OCT image.
Finally, the mean SI% value for each specimen was calculated. The data were subjected to analysis of normality to select a parametric test. Average SI% values for each adhesive were then statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple comparisons using Bonferroni correction. All the analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0, SPSS, Chicago, Illinois) with the significance level set at α=0.05.
For the confirmation of sealed and debonded interfaces under CLSM, representative specimens in each group were cut across the restoration after OCT scanning using low-speed diamond saw (Isomet, Buehler, Lake Bluff, Illinois). The cut samples were reduced up to the OCT cross-section of interest by polishing with 2000-grit SiC paper followed by a series of diamond paste down to a particle size of 0.25 μm in circular motion.16 Samples were ultrasonicated at the end of each polishing step and finally examined under CLSM at ×1250 magnification.
For the calculation of SI% on CLSM images, the following steps were carried out: series of images were opened with ImageJ software and the total length of the restoration interface along with sealed interface was measured manually. SI% value for each representative CLSM image was calculated from sum of gap length and total interface length in a similar manner as for the OCT.
Figure 3 shows representative 2-D OCT image of the control 2-SEA adhesive with no increase in signal intensity at most of the cavity interface, demonstrating a good seal at the bonded dentin–resin complex in confirmatory CLSM images. However, increased signal intensities at the interfaces of 2-D OCT cross-sections in Figs. 4 and 5 correspond to gaps in confirmatory CLSM images. In addition, defects such as voids or bubbles, essentially formed by entrapment of air within the composite material, were clearly observed.
OCT B-scan and corresponding CLSM confirmatory images obtained for CSE group specimen. E, enamel; D, dentin; C, composite. Increase in signal intensity as pointed by arrows at the composite outer surface and at the upper border of the void was observed in OCT B-scan. Almost no increase in signal intensity was observed at the interface, which indicated tight seal of the restoration. Blank arrow heads are pointed toward the thicker adhesive layer, which corresponds to 60 μm in CLSM images.
OCT B-scan and corresponding CLSM confirmatory images obtained for Clearfil Tri-S Bond Plus (CTP) group specimen. E, enamel; D, dentine; C, composite. High signal intensity as pointed by arrows at the surface of composite, upper and lower borders of void, and at the cavity interface with gap confirmed by CLSM images. Due to loss in signal intensity underneath the void (blank arrows), part of interface (with gap in CLSM images) was masked.
OCT B-scan and corresponding CLSM confirmatory images obtained for G-Bond Plus (GBP) group specimen. E, enamel; D, dentine; C, composite. High signal intensity as pointed by arrows at the surface of composite, upper and lower borders of void, and at the cavity interface with gap. Bold arrow heads are pointing toward the interface with no increase in signal intensity, indicating absence of gap as can be observed in corresponding CLSM images. Loss in signal intensity beneath the void is pointed by blank arrow.
The null hypothesis of the present study was rejected since one-way ANOVA analysis of the OCT data revealed significantly different SI% values among different adhesives (p<0.05). The average SI% values for all groups with their standard deviations are plotted in Fig. 6. The control adhesive (CSE) showed the highest nominal SI%, which was not significantly different from CTS and CTP. On the other hand, GBP and AEB attained moderate SI% values, and the lowest sealing performances were achieved by BF, IB, FBS, and XV.
The average SI% for different tested adhesives with their standard deviations. Horizontal bar indicates no significant difference between the adhesives.
A statistically significant correlation was found between OCT SI% and CLSM SI% (p<0.0001, r=0.96, confidence interval=0.89 to 0.99) (Fig. 7). Moreover, high-magnification CLSM images demonstrated that the gap was present not only at the adhesive–dentine interfaces but also between adhesive–composite interfaces in 1-SEAs (Fig. 8).
Regression between OCT SI% and CLSM SI% with confidence intervals of the solid line presented by the dotted lines (R2=0.94, p<0.0001).
CLSM photomicrographs illustrating dentine—adhesive—composite interfaces formed by control adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond [CSE]) and 1-SEAs (Clearfil Tri-S Bond [CTS], Clearfil Tri-S Bond Plus [CTP], G-Bond Plus [GBP], Bond Force [BF], and Adper Easy Bond [AEB]). C, composite; A, adhesive; D, dentine. Scale bar=30 μm at 1250×magnification. CSE showed good sealing ability with dentine and composite (a) and (b) in spite of remarkably thicker layers at corners (b). Notice a good integration of CSE with composite material. CTS showed around 5 μm thickness at cavity wall (c) and 10 to 20 μm thickness at cavity floor (d). However, the adhesive at a similar thickness of 5 μm at the floor of the cavity (e) was debonded from dentine (arrows). In case of CTP, gap (arrows) was occasionally present at adhesive–composite interface (f). A slightly thicker adhesive layer in a different specimen showed no gap (g). For GBP, the gap (arrows) was mainly located at adhesive—composite interface (h) and (i). In BF (j), the gap was mainly located at adhesive–composite interface (black arrows). AEB with 5 μm thickness represented good sealing of the cavity floor (k). In the same specimen, gaps (arrows) at adhesive–dentine interface were found at the cavity wall (l).
In this study OCT appeared as a potential tool to nondestructively evaluate the sealing performances of eight 1-SEAs. When light from OCT probe was directed onto the sample, there was increase in signal intensity of light at the surface of the composite material and at defective biomaterial–tissue interfaces. This increase in signal intensity occurs due to scattering of light traversing through media of different refractive indices. The amount of reflection depends upon the angle of incidence of light and η contrast of the media involved. In the case of resin composite investigated in the current study, η value was calculated as 1.46 by OCT using the optical path-length-matching method previously described.25,26 This value is close to that of tooth structure and remarkably different from that of air (η≈1.0), which assumedly filled the gaps or defects, resulting in significant signal peaks at the border of the defect, as shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5.
Previous works have focused on gap measurement at the bottom of cavity, which is perpendicular to the OCT beam direction. In the current work, a simple pilot experiment was carried out to clarify how the angle of incidence on cavity walls affects the reflection. Several cavities were designed to have an inverted taper with a certain wall inclination (90, 115, 125, and 135 deg) and a flattened floor, as shown in Fig. 9. The cavities were then filled with the flowable composite without any adhesive application. When the lateral wall was perpendicular to the cavity floor, gaps were not visible, since the beam passed parallel to the walls without making interfacial angle. In other cases, interfacial gaps were visible at the lateral wall; however, as noticed from Fig. 9, the calculated gap percentage would still be slightly underestimated with 115 deg wall inclination. It appears that 125 and 135 deg resulted in similar SI% values, indicating that these inclinations are adequate for reliable detection of lateral wall gap by OCT. This assumption was confirmed by the strong correlation found in the results between OCT and CLSM in the main experiment, where the cavities had approximately 125 deg taper.
OCT images explain how cavity wall inclination affects the OCT output signal value, in this case SI%. All cavities were restored with composite resin without preapplication of adhesive resin to create gap along the whole restoration interface. (a) Cavity wall 90 deg to the floor with SI%=30.4. Gap can be noticed at the floor but not at the lateral walls. (b), (c), and (d) Angles between lateral walls and floors are around 115, 125, and 136 deg and SI% values are 17.7, 12.7, and 11.1, respectively. Gap is visible along the whole restoration interface for (c) and (d); however, the expected signal intensity peak could not be noticed at some parts of interface in (b).
It is also important to note that the OCT signal intensity levels decrease through the depth of the object due to attenuation of light through media (Fig. 2). The attenuation is the result of scattering and absorption of light, and depends on several factors including the wavelength of light and the constituents of the biomaterial or tissue. In the case of dental composite, the attenuation is mainly affected by filler particles, metallic oxides, and shade of the material employed.27 With increasing depth of restoration, there was gradual loss of signal value; nevertheless the second peaks indicating presence of gap at the cavity interface could be distinctly obtained at various depths despite the attenuation. In order to account for the attenuation, measurement of gap extension was accomplished by experimentally developed software that detected these second peaks with increased signal intensity on each A-scan line independently along the whole length of the restoration interface.
Apart from the visualization of gaps at the interface, OCT imaging can also detect voids or air bubbles of different sizes within the composite restoration.24 In Figs. 3, 4, and 5, voids of different sizes and almost spherical in shape, filled with air, reflect back most of the light from their boundaries. Such strong backscattering from within the composite occasionally prevents effective signal acquisition from the deeper region of the structure. The attenuation of light due to multiple reflections at the defect boundaries results in dark area with low signal intensity underneath the defect.
CLSM observation was performed for the confirmation of OCT findings (Figs. 3, 4, and 5). The interfacial areas where a peak in OCT signal intensity was observed corresponded well to the gap in CLSM images. However, occasionally additional gaps at the margin of the CLSM images (Fig. 4) could be seen, particularly in the case of 1-SEAs. This raised a concern that the OCT methodology could have produced false-negative results with regard to the presence of gaps at some regions. On the other hand, these gaps were thought to be produced during sectioning, polishing, and ultrasonication procedures. Although, unlike SEM, metal sputtering and vacuum conditions are not required for CLSM, it is still a destructive method. Nonetheless, statistical analysis revealed that SI% calculated from both OCT and CLSM images were significantly correlated with each other (Fig. 7), which, in turn, validates the quantitative SI% measurements by OCT in this study. At the same time, the small difference in the value of OCT and CLSM SI% was mainly attributed to specimen processing procedures and higher magnification and resolution of CLSM. Interestingly, the slope of regression line was close to unity and the intercept was not very large (6.6%); analysis of covariance revealed that this regression line was not significantly different from a standard linear relationship where (Y=X) (p>0.05).
In this study a flowable resin composite Estelite Flow Quick was used, which is based on radical amplified photopolymerization technology that promotes rapid polymerization and requires shorter irradiation time according to the manufacturer. While this feature is desirable in terms of clinical time efficiency, a rapid polymerization may result in a higher rate of modulus development that affects generation of contraction stresses.28 The aim of employing the flowable composite as a filling material for bulk-filling of the relatively large class I cavities (high C-factor)29,30 was to create a severe shrinkage stress condition to challenge the adhesives.
SS-OCT has been previously used for detecting gap defects at the tooth–restoration interfaces.15–17 However, the capability of SS-OCT to detect gap location, whether in between adhesive–dentine or adhesive–composite, depends on the optical thickness of the adhesive in relation to the axial resolution of the system. If the adhesive is adequately thick, it can be clearly distinguished in an OCT tomogram (Fig. 3), and therefore the gap location can be identified. However, the majority of adhesives in this study formed a bonding layer ≤10 μm in thickness, which would make it difficult to judge the axial location of the gap; in order to confirm the location, samples scanned under SS-OCT were prepared for CLSM observation at ×1250 magnification. It was noticed that the failure of 1-SEAs occurred not only at adhesive–dentine interfaces but also in between adhesive–composite interfaces.
Apart from the common categorical classification of dental adhesives, the performance of SEAs is remarkably different among various products in the same category and depends on the specific formulation of each adhesive. The acidic functional monomers such as 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) and 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid (4-MET) are the key ingredients of SEAs that enhance wetting, demineralize tooth substrate, and chemically bond with it.31 The etching efficacy of SEAs depends on hydrogen ions dissociated from the acidic monomers in presence of water.32
A 2-SEA was employed as control adhesive in the present study. The bonding agent has been adopted as the gold standard of SEA systems in several studies.3,33 Under this system, a hydrophilic etching primer is applied first, and after evaporation of solvent and water, a second layer of hydrophobic bond is covered, which seals off the underlying wet dentine. This additional hydrophobic layer, rich in hydrophobic monomer and fillers, renders CSE to achieve good sealing with underlying tooth substrate and overlying resin composite.34 In addition, the material contains MDP as the acidic functional monomer, which has shown good adhesive properties contributing to effectiveness and durability of adhesion to dental tissues.35,36 Also the hydrophilic functional monomer 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in this bonding agent allows sufficient resin monomer penetration into tooth substrate prior to light curing.37
In contrast to the two-step system, in 1-SEAs the ingredients are either incorporated into single bottle or provided as two components that are mixed into one solution before application (such as in FBS). The resulting mixtures are usually hydrophilic solutions consisting of resin monomers, fillers, water, solvents, initiators, and stabilizers.31
Two 1-SEAs (CTS and CTP) that obtained higher SI% values, statistically comparable with the control adhesive, contain MDP and HEMA functional monomers. The presence of ethanol as the solvent might have removed adequate water from the mixture upon air drying.31 Moreover, these two adhesives contain silanated colloidal silica and are more viscous than other 1-SEAs, which might have contributed to producing optimal adhesive layer with sufficient mechanical property.31 In spite of higher sealing performance, some gaps were found in these two adhesives as shown in Fig. 8. In CTS and CTP, adhesive–dentine separation was occasionally observed, indicating the polymerization contraction stress produced by composite counter adhesive–dentine interfacial bond.29 Moreover, the gaps were sometimes located between adhesive–composite interfaces. Despite the air blowing step, residual solvent remaining on adhesive–composite interface of these adhesives may have retarded adhesive-composite copolymerization, leading to formation of gap at this interface.1
In this study GBP obtained moderate SI% values. The presence of phosphoric acid ester monomer and 4-MET in GBP might have improved its sealing performance in comparison to other adhesives with lower SI% values. On the other hand, GBP showed some gap at adhesive–composite interface (Fig. 8). This lower sealing performance of GBP in comparison to CTS and CTP could be because of phase separation in the absence of HEMA.38 Although strong air pressure removes some water and phase-separated micro voids from the adhesive, remaining voids at the upper region of adhesive hamper their copolymerization with composite restoration.
AEB contains methacrylated phosphoric esters and methacrylate functionalized polyalkenoic acid. However, this adhesive showed an average SI% of only ∼50%. There is a possibility that the remaining phase-separated globules of polyalkenoic acid copolymer39 in AEB after mild air blow might have lowered the sealing capability with some areas of dentine. Moreover, the effectiveness of functional monomers in AEB in comparison to MDP has been questioned.36
BF has SI% value comparable to AEB, IB, FBS, and XV. BF contains a phosphoric acid monomer (3-D self-reinforcing monomer), which, according to manufacturers and some researchers, actively interacts with the tooth substrate,40 but its performance in comparison to MDP is still unclear. In CLSM image of BF, gaps dominantly occurred between adhesive and composite (Fig. 8). Presence of lower vapor pressure isopropyl alcohol in BF,15 which requires more time to evaporate during air-drying phase than ethanol, might have led some residual solvents to remain at the composite side of adhesive surface, therefore hampering sufficient copolymerization.
Finally, IB and XV frequently showed separation from both composite and dentin sides. Besides the commonly known compositional issues of 1-SEAs, the lack of an efficient functional monomer and absence of HEMA in the composition of IB and XV might be one reason for their lowest sealing performance.38 FBS is the only 1-SEA with a two-component system that requires mixing before application. This additional procedure of mixing may have included some air bubbles, and also there might be loss of homogeneity of adhesive due to preapplication evaporation of solvent like acetone. Moreover, the glass fillers of FBS appeared to be very large particles potentially hampering penetration of the adhesive into the substrate (figure not shown).41 It appears that 1-SEAs show variation in their sealing ability and that a single component (such as functional monomer, solvent, or filler) cannot be the sole basis of comparison among two different formulations.
The current study looked into sealing performance of adhesives only 24 h after bonding. Further study is required for the long-term assessment of adhesives by OCT imaging before and after thermo-mechanical aging procedure.
OCT acted as a useful tool for the nondestructive assessment and interpretation of the adaptive behavior of dental adhesives through restored cavity, provided that dental cavity walls make certain inclination with regard to OCT beam and appropriate analytic approach was used. Some 1-SEAs obtained internal sealing capacity comparable to the control 2-SEA. Statistically significant SI% correlation was found between SS-OCT and CLSM; moreover, the location of gaps in 1-SEAs observed under CLSM occurred not only at dentine–adhesive interfaces but also, frequently, at adhesive–composite interfaces.
This work was supported, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Nos. 23390432 and 24792019) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and a Research Grant for Longevity Sciences (21A-8) from Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. The funding sources had no involvement in conducting and reporting the study. The adhesive materials and the composite used in the experiment were each donated for research by their respective manufacturer. Authors are grateful to Analytics Japan Co. for their assistance in the development of the software plugin for image analysis in this work.
Baba Bista ; Alireza Sadr ; Amir Nazari ; Yasushi Shimada ; Yasunori Sumi, et al."Nondestructive assessment of current one-step self-etch dental adhesives using optical coherence tomography", J. Biomed. Opt. 18(7), 076020 (Jul 25, 2013). ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.18.7.076020
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Well as you said it depends on the situation. If i think its the safe thing to do i get me and my loved ones out of the mall and call 911. If the shot is in the store im in thats a different situation. I wouldnt go and try to help. The police are going to have hard enough time without trying to figure out whos the GG and whos the BG. All they are going to know is two or more people are shooting guns in a mall full of people. I think i may have read it here but the best way to survive a gunfight is not be there. Never been in that situation. Hope i never am. If so my opinions may change but as of now I say if its safe, get out, call 911 and try to be a good witness.


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EUR/USD Daily Review 20 Jul 10
Simultaneous Release at
TheGeekKnows.com – Learn Forex Trading and view EUR/USD Reviews.
Good day EUR/USD traders!
Second day of the week and i hope you are already green.
Yesterday i mentioned that despite troubling news from the Euro Zone, the Euro did not suffer a major sell off. While we might be inclined to think that there was no risk aversion, we must also consider the fact that the market may be adverse towards the US instead.
Looking at the EUR/USD chart above, we see that the trading is bounded by 1.2880 to 1.3 for now. I LOVE IT WHEN MY CHART WORKS. Having said so, do remember that support and resistance lines are never a single pip.
The S&P 500 has fallen for now at 1064+.
Oil is pretty much unchanged for now and this may indicate that the global economy is stalling as oil can be a clue to the global economy's health at times.
Gold is rising due to possible risk aversion. It is now trading around $1191+.
Today is not a day for risk seekers.
Housing starts in the US fell more than expected. It hit the lowest level since October and is probably due to the end of the housing tax credits. As housing is a good stimulant for the economy, a lower level of such activities may bring about a cycle of economic depression.
Goldman Sachs, IBM etc posted lower than expected revenues and this suggests to investors that the economic rebound is slowing down and conditions may be turning difficult. In particular, Goldman Sachs said that second-quarter profit dropped a shocking 82 percent.
Last but not least, as the Euro Zone bank stress test results are due this Friday, investors are getting apprehensive. Speculative lists of potential failure banks are reported to be emerging.
Tomorrow is apparently light on data releases but nonetheless we must always be prepared. Sentiments may get rocky as Friday draws nearer.
From a technical point of view, we may continue to trade within this range with occasional intrusions beyond the range. Watch out for extreme events bringing a shift in price expectations.
Are you looking forward to the weekend already? LOL Hope you have a great day ahead while i try to resist the ZzzzZ monster
Trade Safely.
Related Forex Articles from the Koala Forex Training College.
Read more Forex Articles and Views by The Koala at
TheGeekKnows.com – Learn Forex Trading and view EUR/USD Reviews.
©2010 FX Instructor Forex Blog - For Traders, By Traders. All Rights Reserved.


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Card Magic Tricks
Want to impress your friends with super duper card tricks? Well, go ahead, download the app, learn, enjoy & impress! Become next David Blaine! The app will teach you 12 real magic tricks you'll love to show off. Instructions or steps are provided in text as well as graphic format. Practice makes one perfect! So practice before showing…
Free • 2.1K


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Charlestown Boston Furnished Apartment Rental 12 Mount Vernon Street Unit 2
From $103 / night
Payment Protection
balance of due
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 2/
Bathrooms: 1/
Sleeps: 4/
Type: Apt. / Condo
Book this 2 bedroom, 1 bathroom apt. / condo in Boston today! A total of 4 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a internet access and dishwasher among other amenities offered by this rental.
Travelers are sharing their opinions on this property. It has an overall rating of 4/5 thanks to an average of 2 reviews.
Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $669.00 to as high as $1,854.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 70% of inquiries, which is lower than average.
About the manager
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Short Term Rentals Boston
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- Response rate: 70%
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More properties Call manager +1-857-263-3073
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text:
This weekend was packed with family activities, but I still managed to volunteer a couple of hours at the Go Green Expo in Christchurch. It was at the Fluoride Free NZ booth, where I met the founder, Mary Byrne and her husband Sean. It was really heartening to meet these dedicated folks and to see such a positive response from expo attendees. We gathered a lot of signatures on the petition to keep Christchurch fluoride free. If you would like to support the campaign, please add your name and sign the petition here.
Not convinced about the hazards of fluoridation?
I too, used to think that anyone who questioned the practice of adding fluoride to our water was nut-job, to be quite blunt. It was only when I actually began researching it for myself that I began to realize how insane it is to add this literal hazardous waste to our drinking water. Here is just one of many videos available
If you'd like to learn more, check out the Fluoride Debate on Fluoride Free NZ
For those of you with Sky TV in South Island you can also catch the debate 7.30pm Wednesday 17th of August Face TV (Sky Channel 083)
I've also written a brief article for the community papers in Christchurch Tuesday, August 17th. Please share and feel free to copy for blogs or email!
Sleepless From Seattle
I love Christchurch water! It's one of the many exceptional things we'd heard about the Garden City before moving here. So I was naturally concerned to learn about proposed changes to our water system.
I discovered at an early age how location could affect water quality. When my grandmother moved to the Cascade Mountains near Seattle, she said that the tap water there had a "sweetness" to it. She was absolutely right – there was a huge difference between our aquifers in Spokane and her spring water in Snoqualmie. It wasn't until much later that I paid any attention to what is actually in our water.
I'd heard people protest against fluoridation, but written them off as paranoid conspiracy theorists. It wasn't until becoming a personal trainer that I actually questioned the practice. The research was eye opening.
Our water is being treated with an industrial waste product called hydrofluorosilicic acid. This chemical is a byproduct of the phosphate fertilizer industry. Although classified as hazardous waste, it is barreled up and sold, unrefined, to communities across the country. This is the "fluoride" in public water.
Dr. William Hirzy, Former VP and Senior Chemist at the U.S. EPA Headquarters (2000), had this to say about it: "If this stuff gets out into the air, it's a pollutant; if it gets into the river, it's a pollutant; if it gets into the lake, it's a pollutant; but if it goes right straight into your drinking water system, it's not a pollutant. That's amazing."
Hydrofluorosilicic acid is far different from the sodium fluoride (which is not for ingestion) commonly used in toothpaste. This begs the question: Why would they use this dangerous form of fluoride? A likely reason: cost. Because it costs corporations many thousands of dollars per ton to neutralize and dispose of it, they instead sell it to municipalities as a 'product.'
Chemist and world-renowned fluoride researcher Dr. Paul Connett lectured in Christchurch in July 2016. He listed 50 human studies finding that elevated fluoride exposure is associated with reduced IQ.
Christchurch has managed to remain fluoride free for the last 30 years, but new legislation may allow for fluoridation by 2018 unless the public demands a place at the table in this decision. And that's what is keeping me up at night.


text:
German Manufacturing Employment Declines In June
RTTNews - Friday, Germany's Federal Statistical Office reported that the number of people worked in local manufacturing units with 50 or more employees declined 3% or 154,900 in June from the previous year. At the end of June, 5.1 million persons worked in manufacturing units. This reflects the impact of current weakness on the manufacturing sector, the statistical office said.
At the same time, the number of hours worked in June decreased 12.6% annually to reach 607 million. Total gross wages and salaries amounted to EUR 18 billion, which was 6.4% lower than in June 2008.
For comments and feedback: contact email@example.com


text:
A special Dine and Dial call for Military Survivors and friends will be Wednesday, July 9, 2014, 8 p.m.- 9-15 p.m. EDT, (7 p.m. - 8:15 p.m.Central) as part of the audio Dine and Dial Financial Conference call series. (Those who serve Survivors are also welcome to join in as there are150 open lines) The Dine and Dial agenda consists of a brief presentation for Survivors on the featured topics, followed by an open dialog. The theme will be on Maximizing Money. The 1st featured topic for July call is a presentation on the Tricare options of Delta Dental (including the Tricare Retirement Dental Program) and an overview of the new Veterans Affairs Dental Insurance Program and will feature Lynn Jamroz, RDH who is the Marketing Representative, Marketing and Communications, East Central Region of Delta Dental of California Federal Government Programs (email@example.com ; office 630-587-6397.) Background info can be found at www.trdp.org ; www.deltadentalfeds.org; www.deltadentalvadip.org ; www.phsaddp.com. This will be followed with brief discussion of the practical uses on the new interactive benefits report and the DS Log directions for those eligible for the DS login accessibility.
The final(and the main presentation) segment will be a follow-up presentation by Greg Housel, Community Affairs Specialist FDIC Kansas City Regional Office, 816-234-8047; email@example.com. on "Comparison Shopping and Budgeting" and will be a special opportunity for Survivors to speak to a panel of Survivor Outreach Financial Counselors and other professionals that have worked with Survivors on financial issues and opportunities. With many positive changes over the last years including the on line interactive benefit report availability for Survivors, it will be a great call for Survivors to be able to ask questions and also acquaint themselves on ways to optimize their use of some of financial assets. This call is free to you unless you have a phone plan that charges for out of area calls. Note: some of the specifics will be based on Missouri issues as this conference call originates from Missouri and is a locally based dial in program, but the concepts are non state specific applicable. All Survivors and friends are invited to join in on this educational presentation. The Dine & Dial Conference call date and assess code is: Wednesday, July 9, 2014 at 8 pm EDT
(7:00 pm CENTRAL (1-626-677-3000 access code 7681905.)
The following Dine and Dial Financial call for Survivors and friends is tentatively scheduled for Wednesday Oct 15 (11 A.M. Eastern; 10 A.M.Central)
Incidentally , the program for Surviving Spouses and children on theinteractive Benefit Report topic has been achieved so it is available for listening at your leisure. Eligible Survivors want to better understand howto use the interactive report or to simply obtain a DS log in account, can view the 1 hour prerecorded presentation at:http://www.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Videos/Accessing_the_Interactive_Online_Survivors_Benefits_Report_APR10.asx
at one's leisure. Additionally, eligible Survivors who do not have a DoD Self-Service Logon can now easily request one at:
(For more information http://www.va.gov/EAUTH/DSLogon.asp)
Best Personal Regards,
Mark J. Dunlop, MSFS,CEBS,CFP,ChFC,AFC,AEP,RFC Survivor Outreach Services
Financial Counselor Army Community Service (ACS)
486 Replacement Ave.
Building 486 Room 141
Fort Leonard Wood, Mo 65473
Direct (573) 596-0153; DSN 581-0153
Fax (573) 596-0551
E-mail: email@example.com
3/17/2017Magnolia Chapter Celebrates 10th Anniversary
3/10/2017Internet Scamming Message from NE Regional
3/9/2017April 5 Gold Star Wives Day in Nebraska
1/29/2017March 9, 2017 -- GSW testifying before Joint House and Senate Veterans' Affairs Committees
7/11/2017 » 7/17/2017GSW National Convention
Birmingham, Alabama Office
P.O. Box 361986
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Phone: 1-888-751-6350
Washington DC Office
200 N. Glebe Road Rm 425
Arlington, VA 22203-3755


text:
XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
About the Listing
Custom built home in highly sought after location. Attention to detail through out this home. Stunning location and craftsmanship.
Share Listing
Property Details for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
Bedrooms: 4
Bathrooms: 2 Full | 1 Three-Qtr | 1 Qtr
Lot Size: 0.00 Acres
Year Built: 2016
Garage Dimensions: 3 car
Garage: Attached Garage
Style: (SF) Two Stories
Neighborhood: Twenty One Oaks
Water: City Water/Connected
Sewer: City Sewer/Connected
Square Feet: 4886
Above Ground Sq Ft: 3568
Below Ground Sq Ft: 1318 (approx)
Room Information for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
Main Floor
Living Room: 20x19
Dining Room: 15x12
Kitchen: 11x15
Office: 12.4x11
Lower Floor
Family Room: 19.6x16.6
Bedroom 4: 11x11
Game Room: 16x6
Upper Floor
Bedroom 1: 14.4x17
Bedroom 2: 12x17.4
Bedroom 3: 14.6x13
Loft: 11.4x17
Bonus Room: 10x14
Dining Room Description: Informal Dining Room, Breakfast Area
Family Room Characteristics: Lower Level, Great Room, Family Room, Loft
School Information for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
School District: South Washington County
School District Phone: 651-458-6201
Interior Features for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
Air Cond: Central
Heating: Forced Air
Fireplaces: Yes
Basement: (1318 sq Finished) Walkout, Full, Finished (Livable), Drain Tiled
Exterior Features for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
Roof: Asphalt Shingles
Zoning: Residential-Single
Financial Considerations for XXXX Sunflower Court, Woodbury, MN 55129
Tax/Property ID: 4673505
Tax Year: 2016
Monthly Payment = $0
INRIX Drive Time
Calculate Your Drive Time From This Property
Similar Listings For Sale
The data relating to real estate for sale on this web site comes in part from the Broker Reciprocity Program of the Regional Multiple Listing Service of Minnesota, Inc. Real estate listings held by brokerage firms other than the owner of this website are marked with the Broker Reciprocity logo or the Broker Reciprocity thumbnail logo and detailed information about them includes the name of the listing brokers.


text:
vintage shooting gallery cast iron pipe
- Sold for: Start Free Trial or Sign In to see what it's worth.
- Item Category: Ethnic, Folk & Native American Art
- Source: eBay
- Sold Date: Jun 03, 2011
- Channel: Auction House
old cast iron pipe from shooting gallery. it has hole on bottom side for mounting, look at photo 2. heavy cast iron - 5 x 6


text:
Manager Terry Francona's critical comments of Indians left-hander Nick Hagadone Thursday night proved to be a hint of a move to come.
The Indians optioned Hagadone to Triple-A Columbus Friday and recalled left-hander Kyle Crockett.
Crockett, 23, joins the Indians for the second time this season. He became the first member of the draft class of 2013 to reach the majors on May 16, when his contract was selected from Double-A Akron.
In three appearances in that stint, Crockett compiled a 2.08 ERA in 4 1/3 innings. He gave up only one earned run and batters hit .154 against him. In his final two outings, he threw three scoreless innings as opponents went 0 for 7 with men on base. In those two games, lefties were 0 for 5 against Crockett.
He was optioned to Columbus on May 22. In the minor leagues this season at Double-A and Triple-A, he has a 0.74 ER in 24 1/3 innings and 21 appearances.
Hagadone departed with a 7.71 ERA after a disappointing effort in Thursday's 5-2 loss to the Red Sox at Fenway Park. Called on to relieve starter Josh Tomlin with two out in the sixth inning, Hagadone walked No. 9 hitter Jackie Bradley Jr. and gave up a two-run double to Brock Holt before getting Dustin Pedroia to ground out.
13. "It worked about as bad … that's not how we drew it up," Francona said.
Francona needs a reliever to pitch before Bryan Shaw and closer Cody Allen and he thought Hagadone could be the guy. In his first two appearances against the Red Sox after being called up from Triple-A Columbus on June 2, Hagadone struck out four in two innings. He got the win on June 3, pitching 1 1/3 innings and allowing one hit. But Friday at Texas he walked the only batter he faced. On Tuesday at Kansas City he faced three batters and allowed two hits, one a home run.
"You wanted him to build off what he had done in Triple-A and his first couple outings here because we need to find a way to get to Shaw and Cody," Francona said Thursday. "We can't pitch those guys every night that early. He walked Bradley and then ran the count full to Holt where he could get a good enough swing and hit that double."
Hagadone said he didn't feel the same as he had when he was first called up.
"Not really. I think that shows. I haven't gotten anybody out in like a week, so it's obviously not the same," he said.


text:
News About Simon Wilde
2016 Missile Stakes Tips and Betting Preview
Five runners remain in the field for Saturday's Group 2 Missile Stakes (1200m) at Randwick follow scratchings; and betting markets for the feature have been blown wide open following the removal of boom colt Capitalist.
Rebel Dane is now ...
Tycoon Tara Causes Upset in Geoffrey Bellmaine Stakes
Classy mare Tycoon Tara has justified her notable support from punters at Caulfield this afternoon, leading from start to finish to take out the Group 3 Geoffrey Bellmaine Stakes (1200m) by more than a length.
Jumping from the gates well, jockey Ben Melham...


text:
Palmer PDI-06-16 Ohm
Load Box
- Format: 9.5''/ 1 RU
- Adjustable in 6 steps (100%, 70%, 50%, 35%, 25%, 18%)
- Reduces the volume of a guitar speaker at full saturation of the tubes
- Made for 16 Ohm loudspeakers
- Bypass/ attenuator switch for fast switching between full and reduced output power
- Input: 1x 6.3 mm jack socket
- Output for loudspeaker 1x 6.3 mm jack socket in parallel
- Output impedance: 16 Ohm
Further information
|Noise Supression
|DI Interface
|Speaker Simulation
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text:
MORE than 700 new homes need to be built annually in Rushmoor to meet the growing demand for affordable housing, according to a major survey carried out in the borough.
The Housing Needs and Stock Condition Survey was commissioned by Rushmoor Council and carried out by Fordham Research last year. It covered all areas and types of housing in the borough and included 989 detailed interviews and 1,491 postal questionnaires.
It found that compared nationally, Rushmoor has a young housing stock, which is in relatively good condition. However, the consultants still found £5.2 million worth of urgent repairs that need to be carried out to the homes of owner-occupiers on low incomes.
The survey, the results of which have just been published, also revealed that 3,520 (11%) of all households in the borough are living in unsuitable housing. Of these, 1,113 households need to move within the borough to resolve their housing problems, but an estimated 959 (86.2%) of them cannot afford to buy or privately rent.
On top of that, there are a projected 930 new households needing homes each year. But, compared with the number of affordable homes being provided by housing associations in the borough, Fordham Research concluded that over the next five years there would be an annual shortfall of 737 homes.
Coun. David Welch, Cabinet member for Community, said: "The survey clearly demonstrates the overwhelming need for new affordable housing to help those local families on low and middle incomes.
"The survey gives the council the long needed evidence to justify its Housing Strategy and Local Plan policies, which will enable us to secure and fund new affordable housing for rent and shared ownership in the future.
"Over the next 12 months we will also review our grant giving policies to owners of property in disrepair and look at other innovative approaches to assist them."
All those who returned their questionnaires were entered into a prize draw for £100. The winner was Mr R Edwards of Farnborough.


text: First, Sean Hannity, whose technique of using grainy footage and frightening music makes "Dora the Explorer" menacing. Second, Lou Dobbs, whose credibility is in shreds after he's devoted so much time to the "birther" nonsense. Third, Glenn Beck, who called President Obama "a racist" with "a deep seated hatred of white people"–a claim contradicted by his statement, "I'm not saying that he doesn't like white people." The winner in this tight competition is the always buffoonish Beck, with his disgraceful and absurd labeling of Obama. Watch:


text:
Raiders RCB Sean Smith is recovering from shoulder surgery.
Raiders RCB Sean Smith (shoulder) is inactive for Week 9.
Raiders RCB Sean Smith (shoulder) is listed as questionable for Week 9.
NFL Network's Ian Rapoport reports Raiders CB Sean Smith (shoulder) is expected to miss just one week.
Raiders CB Sean Smith suffered a let shoulder injury in Sunday's game against the Bucs, and will not return.
Raiders CB Sean Smith was benched against the Saints Week 1.
Raiders signed CB Sean Smith, formerly of the Chiefs, to a four-year, $40 million contract.
The Kansas City Star's Terez Paylor reports the Chiefs "are making a strong push" to re-sign free agent CB Sean Smith.
NFL Network's Ian Rapoport reports the Raiders "have turned their attention" to free agent CB Sean Smith.
The San Francisco Chronicle reports the Raiders and 49ers are "very interested" in free agent CB Sean Smith.
The Kansas City Star reports free agent CB Sean Smith is drawing "significant interest."
The Chicago Tribune passes along "word on the street" from the Combine that free agent CB Sean Smith is seeking $8 million to $10 million per year.
NFL suspended Chiefs RCB Sean Smith three games for violating the league's substance-abuse policy.
Chiefs RCB Sean Smith has been sentenced to two years' probation in his June 2014 drunk-driving case.


text:
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Excellent open mind IT consultant with strong relation skills & technical background.
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Very good and talented.
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Fabrice is a great and talented professional. His capacity of analysis, disponibility and reactivity are very precious help. He shows constructive energy, dynamism and positive attitude and is able to pass on these skills to people.
- David Magny (3/21/08)
Fabrice is a very high level Java / Open Source Consultant and leader, he's involved in projects in a very efficient way to provide solutions to every problems we met.Aslo Very valuable on all "hot" projects.
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I met Fabrice during ObjectWeb meetings and I really enjoyed his enthusiasm and his open-mindedness while discussing with him.Furthermore, Fabrice does not hesitate to take initiatives and responsibilities for developing innovative projects.
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Fabrice is an open-minded IT Professionnal commited to promote Open-Source tools and technologies.
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Peer Assessment:77
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text:
False awakenings are a curious phenomenon for lucid dreamers and non-lucid dreamers alike.
They are essentially ultra vivid dreams in which you are convinced you have woken up in physical reality. They are most likely to happen when you are excited about a big day ahead - and if you're a lucid dreamer.
Self-awareness determines how consciously "in tune" you are with your current reality. Lucid dreamers aim to be highly self-aware while awake and while dreaming, for the greatest frequency of lucid dreams. But the modern world is so distracting, most people are not very self-aware at all.
And this comes into play in the paradox of a false awakening. The dream of awakening is highly vivid, suggesting a high level of self-awareness (for a dream, at least). Yet many false awakenings go unrecognized; assumed to be waking reality, there is absolutely no awareness that it's all a dream.
A false awakening may involve getting up, having breakfast, getting dressed, heading out for work... all the things you do every day on autopilot. It can all appear all too real and solid to warrant questioning its authenticity. Indeed, you will only appreciate how real a false awakening is when it happens to you - it reveals the remarkable capacity of the human brain to emulate reality.
Eventually, you will start doing a more complex task in your dream that draws on part of the conscious brain that is still asleep. Maybe you look in the bathroom mirror, or attempt to read a signpost on your way to work. This exposes the illusory nature of the dream and BAM! You wake up.
Or perhaps not.
Some people report having multiple false awakenings in succession, doing the same things over and over, never knowing when they have truly woken up. They keep unconsciously rebooting the waking dream scenario... As uncanny as it sounds, if you have just had one false waking experience, you are much more likely to have another. The conditions are already ripe.
I've never had multiple false awakenings (as far as I can remember). So when they do occur, I rather enjoy them. Sometimes my false awakenings drag on for several minutes then I abruptly wake up; other times I realize I'm dreaming and become lucid. They most often happen when I am sleeping in a different place, or am excited or anxious about the events of the next day.
In one false awakening, I had the fortune of doing a reality check early on and tried to push my hand through the glass window of my bedroom. Yet my reality was so vivid, my brain refused to accept the possibility of it passing through. Instead, my hand bounced off the glass realistically.
I was dumbstruck. Being unable to rationalize what was happening, I clumsily explored my house, knowing that something was wrong but unable to define it. I was stuck in a limbo-like dream world.
Eventually I went into the kitchen and found my partner cooking a roast dinner at 7am. Logic bomb! I instantly became lucid and flew away.
Galantamine also has a reputation for inducing bizarre false awakening scenarios.
I recall one time I took this supplement and I woke at 3am to hear my mum outside my window calling me. Even though I knew she couldn't be out there, it took me over a minute of listening to her to rationalise this because she sounded so real!
1. Reality Check on Waking - Perform a reality check when you wake up every day. This is will be your best chance of recognizing a false awakening as soon as it begins.
2. Use Your Alarm Clock - Whenever you look at the time, ask yourself "Am I dreaming?" Numbers and letters are notoriously hard to read in dreams because the language centers of the brain are largely shut down. So numbers or words are prone to changing or turning into unreadable symbols after a few seconds. Your alarm clock will expose this.
3. Look At Your Reflection - Since the first thing people do in the morning is go to the bathroom, this is an ideal reality check. Allow yourself a few seconds to examine your face, check that the reflection of the room is normal, and see if you can push your hand into the mirror itself.
4. Leave Notes For Yourself - Written reminders placed around the house (like door handles, light switches and banisters) will prompt you to do a reality check and reveal if you are dreaming. Be sure to acknowledge them every morning - don't ignore them.
5. Check During Breakfast - False awakenings can involve eating breakfast so the moment you taste food or drink in the morning, do a reality check. If you are dreaming, you will suddenly be able to taste the food you are eating with more intensity, which is a wonderful wake-up call.
As a lucid dreamer, you invite more false awakenings into your dreams. This is a great opportunity to have more guided dreams, so seize the moment you wake up and ask yourself: "Am I dreaming now?"False awakenings can be hard to spot but with practice you will become better at recognizing that curious feeling that something is not right with the world...
Lucid dreaming, like any advanced skill, requires a considerable investment of time, energy and dedication in order to master. Yet, as a lucidity researcher, I'm regularly asked by those new to the subject, for an easy and low-effort technique. Something that
Members of our lucid dream forum have been asking how to create dream characters in lucid dreams. The most common problem is having characters who look nothing like they should. Or they seem disinterested in your company. Or they fail to show up on command altogether. So, how to combat this? It's a matter of finding creative solutions that bypass logical expectations.
To lucid dream, I recommend being able to remember at least one vivid dream per night. That will boost your self awareness in dreams (making lucidity more likely) and also means you can actually remember your lucid dreams. Which is nice. Here are four detailed tips on how to remember your dreams more frequently. And if you don't think you dream at all - trust me, you almost certainly do. It takes an extraordinarily rare sleep disorder to deprive someone of dream sleep.
It is estimated that these wise and wily Indians have been using mugwort in their healing and ritual practices for 13,000 years, where it is known as the 'dream sage'. They use the herb to promote good dreams, which they consider an essential aspect of normal human functioning! But that's not all...
Silene Capensis has been used for millennia by the Xhosa shaman of the river valleys in the eastern cape of South Africa, where it is known as Undela Ziimhlophe or 'white paths'. It's fragrant white flowers open only at night, when they emit a fragrant and almost hypnotising aroma. Also known as African Dream Herb or Ubulawu, Silene Capensis induces spectacularly vivid dreams - yet has never entered the mainstream and remains a fringe taste within western culture.
Experts agree that everyone is capable of having lucid dreams. Dreaming itself is a normal function of the mind. We all dream every night, even if we don't remember. And we all achieve conscious awareness while awake every single day. So what does it mean to combine these states? Why, the amazing ability to have conscious - or lucid - dreams. Sounds simple, doesn't it? So why do I keep hearing from people who say they can't achieve their first lucid dream?


text: A Lewisville woman faces a charge of intoxication assault after authorities say she backed over two swimmers with a boat Sunday at Lake Grapevine, seriously injuring them with the boat propeller, according to authorities and an arrest affidavit released Monday.The two women were taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital in Dallas. At least one of them suffered severe lacerations, Grapevine police said. Their conditions were unavailable Monday.Authorities identified the driver of the boat as Amanda Renee Harrolle, 33, of Lewisville. She was arrested Sunday and released from the Denton County Jail a few hours later after posting $20,000 bail.Harrolle is expected to be charged with intoxication assault with a vehicle causing serious bodily injury, authorities said Monday.The accident was reported about 6 p.m. Sunday in the Marshall Creek area on the northwest side of the lake.The two swimmers were in about five feet of water when the boat backed over them, Grapevine police said.The boat stopped after the women yelled that they had been hit, according to the affidavit.The women were helped onto the boat and driven to the Dove Loop boat ramp, where they sought medical help.Patricia Vannoy, a Texas Parks and Wildlife Department game warden, said in an affidavit that she detected a strong odor of alcohol on Harrolle's breath when she interviewed her. Harrolle said she had had three drinks of vodka and 7UP, according to the affidavit.Harrolle also failed portions of a sobriety test, the affidavit stated.Harrolle was taken to Texas Health Harris Methodist Hospital H-E-B in Bedford for a mandatory blood draw and then booked into jail. Blood results were not available Monday.Domingo Ramirez Jr.,817-390-7763Twitter: @mingoramirezjr


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February 14, 2017, 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM @ Storytime Room
Stop in for a traditional children's activity in our storytime room. This program features stories, fingerplays, and crafts on popular themes and is designed for independent listeners ages 3½-5.
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February 14, 2017, 10:30 AM - 11:00 AM @ Library
This high energy program has something for everyone: singing, dancing, and—of course—stories! Ages 0-3 with a caregiver are welcome to join us in the library's programming center. No registration required.
February 14, 2017, 2:30 PM - 4:00 PM @ Library
Join us for several open-ended study and hangout sessions. Enjoy a relaxing and hassle-free environment where games, snacks, and a place to study will be provided.
February 14, 2017, 5:30 PM - 6:30 PM @ Storytime Room
Children and pets have a special bond because animals do not judge or interrupt a reader. Practice your reading individually with a trained therapy dog and her trainer in the library's storytime room!
February 14, 2017, 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM @ Library
Check out reader favorites from several different genres with the Good Reads book discussion group. This readers' choice series offers many fantastic books to read and discuss with friendly faces.
Today's Book: After You by Jojo Moyes
February 14, 2017, 7:30 AM
February 14, 2017, 6:00 PM


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Staybridge Suites Indianapolis-Carmel
Enjoy this Carmel Hotel's Convenient Location
Less than 10 miles north of the city of Indianapolis sits the suburban city of Carmel. The Staybridge Suites Indianapolis - Carmel hotel's spacious suites and convenient location make every traveler feel at home.
The hotel boasts quick access to US-31, making the commute to Indianapolis easy. Surrounding the hotel are many large companies, including Delta Faucet, Ingersoll Rand, MISO, and CNO Financial Group. The hotel's property in the Indianapolis, Indiana area is also close to Butler University.
This hotel's location north of downtown Indianapolis makes it easy to get to attractions, such as the Indianapolis Children's Museum and the Conner Prairie. Close by in Carmel, Indiana, you will find popular youth sports venues, including Grand Park Youth Sports Complex in Westfield, Indiana. You can also take in professional sporting events at Banker's Life Fieldhouse and Lucas Oil Stadium, both about 13 miles away.
Guests enjoy apartment-style living at this extended stay hotel, where all suites include a flat screen TV, a sleeper sofa and a complete kitchen. A complimentary hot breakfast bar, free guest laundry facility and free high-speed, wireless Internet Access are just a few of the many amenities offered to the hotel's guests. Staying in Indianapolis, Indiana feels more like home when you choose the Staybridge Suites Carmel hotel.
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 11:00 AM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
- Late Check Out Available
- Parking: Free
- Print Fact sheet
- Chat Online
- Important Update
Hotel Highlights
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Housekeeping Full Service
- Complimentary Breakfast Buffet
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-Site Fitness Center Available
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
Check in
June 28, 2017
WE arrived a day early but staff got a room for the night then moved us to our reservation. Hanna on the desk very very helpful.
Home away from Home
June 27, 2017
Clean, comfortable sleeping rooms and common areas. Staff is friendly, professional, and caring
Excellent Stay!
June 27, 2017
Great hotel and amenities. Will definitely be my hotel choice in the future.
Overall great experience
June 26, 2017
The staff was welcoming, the room was excellent. We'll be back!


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WOLFGANG PAUL, probably the outstanding German nuclear physicist of the post-war era, died in Bonn on Tuesday shortly after a public celebration of his 80th birthday. With his death, not only Germany but all Europe has lost a grand old man of science, whose advice was sought and respected in very broad circles. He was a man of sterling character and of broad liberal views based on a deeply humanistic upbringing, and one of the few German physicists of his generation with impeccable credentials for dealing with his European colleagues after the Second World War.
Paul was trained at the Munich and Berlin Institutes of Technology, and obtained his MS in 1937 with Hans Geiger (of Geiger- counter fame) as examiner. In Berlin he became closely associated with the distinguished spectroscopist Hans Kopfermann, whom he followed first to Kiel (where he got his doctorate in 1939) and later to Gottingen. Kopfermann and the theoretical physicist Richard Becker exerted a deep and lasting influence on Paul's thinking throughout the troubled years of Nazi Germany; both men were non- Nazis, and Paul took no part in war- directed projects such as the German atom-bomb research. In Gottingen, Paul became involved with those experimental topics to which he was later to make fundamental contributions: molecular beam spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and electron acceleration.
In 1952, Paul was appointed as professor and director of the Physics Institute at the University of Bonn, a post that he occupied until his retirement in 1981. Bonn became under his leadership a fertile centre of experimental physics. It is in that laboratory that Paul and his co- workers developed the sextupole focusing of molecular beams, the radio-frequency (RF) quadrupole mass spectrometer and the RF ion trap (1955). That mass spectrometer possesses unprecedented mass resolution and has found wide application in silence and technology. The ion trap, the 'Paul trap', especially when used to store single ions, allowed physicists to hold elementary parts of matter long enough to study and precisely measure values, thus opening up whole new areas of physics. It is for this contribution that Paul was awarded, jointly with the American scientists Norman Ramsey and Hans Dehmelt, the 1989 Nobel Prize in physics.
Accelerator physics was also actively pursued in Bonn. Paul and his associates built two electron accelerators: a 500-MeV electron synchrotron, the first strong-focusing one in Europe; and in 1965 the 2.5-GeV machine. Paul's experience in this area had many fruitful ramifications. In 1957 he helped found, together with W. Jentschke and W. Walcher, the famous DESY laboratory in Hamburg. Paul was, in 1964-67, director of the nuclear physics division of Cern, the joint European laboratory for particle research in Geneva, a member and later chairman of its Scientific Policy Committee, and German scientific delegate Cern's council.
Wolfgang Paul was a member of several academies and received many honours and distinctions, including the Ordre pour le Merite and the Grand Cross with Star of Germany. He is survived by his second wife, Doris, a professor of medieval literature, two daughters and two sons, the latter both physicists - with whom he had collaborated on neutron storage experiments.
(Photograph omitted)
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Description: In 1919, the United States embarked on the country's boldest attempt at moral and social reform: Prohibition. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution prohibited the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol around the country. This "noble experiment," as President Hoover called it, was intended to usher in a healthier, more moral, and more efficient society. Nowhere was such reform needed more, proponents argued, than in New York City--and nowhere did Prohibition fail more spectacularly. Dry Manhattan is the first major work on Prohibition in nearly a quarter century, and the only full history of Prohibition in the era's most vibrant city. Though New Yorkers were cautiously optimistic at first, Prohibition quickly degenerated into a deeply felt clash of cultures that utterly transformed life in the city. Impossible to enforce, the ban created vibrant new markets for illegal alcohol, spawned corruption and crime, fostered an exhilarating culture of speakeasies and nightclubs, and exposed the nation's deep prejudices. Writ large, the conflict over Prohibition, Michael Lerner demonstrates, was about much more than the freedom to drink. It was a battle between competing visions of the United States, pitting wets against drys, immigrants against old stock Americans, Catholics and Jews against Protestants, and proponents of personal liberty against advocates of societal reform. In his evocative history, Lerner reveals Prohibition to be the defining issue of the era, the first major "culture war" of the twentieth century, and a harbinger of the social and moral debates that divide America even today.
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List price: $23.00Copyright year: 2007Publisher: Harvard University PressPublication date: 12/15/2008Binding: PaperbackPages: 360Size: 6.00" wide x 9.25" long x 0.75" tall Weight: 1.188Language: English
Michael A. Lerner is Associate Dean of Studies at Bard High School Early College in New York City.
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Make no mistake, you bought your Zephyr because you understood you would be getting best-in-class service and dependability both impeccably combined into one vehicle. You purchased your Zephyr because its a reputation for strength and American engineering struck a chord inside you; so why would you settle for second rate when it comes to superior quality auto parts? Lincoln car, truck, or SUV owners have come to expect a certain level of performance when driving their Zephyr around town. It's not a regular occurrence that you find yourself in need of a replacement Drag Link to fix your car or truck.
If steering weren't important, then all of our roads would be completely straight and there would be no need to turn. That would be very dull for Lincoln Zephyr owners, and it would also mean that four-wheelers wouldn't need a drag link. Your Lincoln Zephyr drag link completely bypasses the need for an idler arm by connecting the pitman arm to the tie rod on its opposite side. A drag link is used in steering linkages that are not typical or symmetrical, and most commonly on four-wheel drive trucks with solid front axles.
Given all the trouble that can be involved with fixing broken parts on your car or truck, let www.carpartsdiscount.com be the first place you go to make buying it easy. At Car Parts Discount, we have live customer service members on the phone with enough expertise to help you select the appropriate Lincoln Zephyr part for your needs. Get your Zephyr back on the road with the best repair parts from the experts at Car Parts Discount. Just choose your year from the list below to find the right Lincoln Zephyr Drag Link for your 1942, 1941, 1940, 1939, 1938, 1937, 1936 model.


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A: Bad idea. Most people who drink diet soda are drinking it as a replacement for water and water is always the best hydrator. Water can actually help boost metabolism. There's some evidence that suggests that diet drinks can even have a negative effect on weight loss. A recent study found that study animals who ate yogurt sweetened with saccharine versus those who ate it sweetened with sugar experienced weight gain. How's that for depressing? They're not certain why this would happen. It could be some metabolic change stimulated by the artificial sweetener or it could be a behavioral change (I'm eating low-cal yogurt so I can have the cupcake.) Some researchers speculate that the artificial sweetener actually triggers your insulin levels and if your insulin levels are triggered you will crave and therefore eat more carbohydrates and more calories overall. In my experience, clients who drink diet soda aren't drinking water. Despite the fact that some research indicates that water is not important for weight loss, I have seen over and over again clients who are perfect eaters/exercisers but drink no water and can't seem to lose an ounce. When I insist they up their water intake they lose weight. There is no better research then 10 years of experience! If you are a diet soda addict, try to reduce your intake if you can't cut it out entirely and make it your goal to get in 6-8 cups of water before drinking your diet soda (this trick always works because there is only so much fluid you can fit into your body : ) . Also try to get in 1 liter by lunch…busy people always wait until the end of the day and there is no way to cram it all in after 6 without having your sleep suffer from the constant bathroom trips. I give a host of tips on water in The Wall Street Diet including recommended daily amounts and how water intake affects weight loss. (You can find a hot tip on the dangers of "diet" mixers on page 134 of The Wall Street Diet.) Bottom line…less diet soda and more water is the way to go to reach your goal.Q: I really, truly can't exercise. Is my diet doomed?
A: I'm so glad to have a chance to answer this question. If I had a dime for everyone who tells me that they can't diet because they can't exercise! My response: Don't! Exercise, that is. If no time to exercise is keeping you from dieting then you should cross exercise off your to-do list for now. It does take time to exercise; it doesn't take time to eat well. In my experience roughly 80 percent of weight loss is the result of food intake not calories spent in exercise. I myself am an avid exerciser and depend on it to reduce stress as well as for heart and whole body health. But for busy people, adding exercise can become a stress in itself and a barrier to weight loss because it's an excuse not to eat well. If you're already exercising, great; continue. But if you can't find time to exercise now, don't worry. Focus on eating well - rely on the Wall Street strategies for busy people - and you'll ultimately reach your goal. For lots of details on how to think about exercise so you won't be discouraged, as well as countless suggestions, see The Wall Street Diet. (Page 199 gives my famous "twenty minute rule".)Q: My spring calendar is filled with celebrations and parties. How do I control myself when I'm standing next to the mixed nuts and they're handing out wedding cake?
A: First, observe the arm's length rule. Always stay an arm's length of pickable, poppable, unstoppable food. You know what I'm talking about – cheese, nuts, hummus dip… It may sound simple but it's a tip that's saved my clients thousands of calories. Be strategic about where you sit and you'll have less to sit on! Second, have a plan. Think ahead about your food intake on celebration day. Don't go anywhere hungry. Pack a protein bar if you've got a long stretch between meals. Make a decision in advance about what treats you're going to enjoy. One piece of wedding cake is fine if you've decided in advance that it will be your treat for the day. A few other tips include: keep a seltzer with lemon or lime in your hands at all times to keep your hands busy. Wear form-fitting clothes (it's amazing what a snug waistband will do for your willpower!) Be the talker, not the eater. Focus on the celebration – the people, the event – not the food. For a full selection of very specific, very helpful tips on how to handle celebrations, including top cocktail party food picks (page 226), see The Wall Street Diet.


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Today's post was shared by Steven Greenhouse and comes from mynorthwest.com
BY Josh Kerns on November 12, 2013 @ 5:09 pm (Updated: 5:40 pm - 11/12/13 ) Everett Mayor Ray Stephanson and Snohomish County Executive John Lovick are urging Machinists union members to approve the proposed contract extension with Boeing to make sure the 777X is built in the Puget Sound area. But plenty of union members say they aren't swayed by the plea.
"So much depends on this vote," said Lovick. "The nation and the world are watching to see what happens. Our competitors will take advantage of any opportunity to move ahead of us."
Boeing officials have promised to build the next generation jet in Washington state if union members approve a new eight-year contract extension. Governor Jay Inslee signed several tax breaks and other incentives for Boeing into law Monday.
Union members say Boeing's demands for concessions on health care and pension equates to extortion.
"It is not an extension. It is a whole new contract," says one Boeing machinist who spoke with KIRO Radio on condition of anonymity via phone from the Everett plant, where she works on the 777. "It guts our contract. It leaves us no room for anything, ever."
The structures mechanic says along with elimination of the company pension plan in favor of a 401(k), workers are most angry with what amounts to just a six percent raise total over the next 10 years, while the top five executives received a 55 percent raise last year.
"(CEO Jim) McNerney's now making $27 million and they want to begrudge us our little...


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George Pickow was a photographer and film-maker responsible for images of such musical giants as Nina Simone, Louis Armstrong, Pete Seeger and Dizzy Gillespie. His marriage to Jean Ritchie, from a family of Kentucky Mountain singers, gave him a unique perspective on the lives of musicians, but he also photographed artists, including Edward Hopper, and artisans plying their trade. He also made documentaries, built dulcimers and ran an independent music label.
George Pickow was born in Los Angeles in 1922 but his family moved east and Pickow attended high school in Brooklyn before studying fine art at Cooper Union, on the edge of Manhattan's East Village. During the war he made training films for the navy, then travelled around Europe and Israel. Back in New York he met his future wife, a singer and dulcimer player. After graduating from the University of Kentucky in 1946 she had become a social worker on Lower East Side.
The pair married in 1950 and lived in Greenwich Village, on the corner of Bleecker Street and Seventh Avenue South, a few blocks from where Jac Holzman, the founder of Elektra Records, ran the Record Loft. As Holzman recalled in 2010: "Sooner or later everybody in the very narrow world of city folk came into the store: singers, guitar players, collectors and aficionados like George Pickow."
So it was that in 1952 Ritchie – long before Judy Collins, Tim Buckley, or The Doors – became the act that launched Elektra Records with Jean Ritchie Singing the Traditional Songs of her Kentucky Mountain Family.
By the time the record, arrived in late 1952, George and Jean were in Britain and Ireland on a year's Fulbright scholarship to trace the sources of Ritchie family songs. Pickow's images of musicians and folkways from the Co Armagh to Co Cork leg of their tour now form the Ritchie-Pickow Photographic Archive of the James Hardiman Library at the National University of Ireland, Galway. As he had in Jean Ritchie's Swapping Song Book (1952), he documented not only musicians but also everyday life and work.
Pickow's legacy is immense. With Alan Lomax and Peter Kennedy he co-directed the documentaries Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953), about the traditional May Day celebrations in Padstow, Cornwall, and, with Lomax, Ballads, Blues, Bluegrass (1961). He also contributed to Festival (1967) and No Direction Home: Bob Dylan (2005). His published work included photo essays for Life and National Geographic; and images of such musicians as Little Richard, Sarah Makem, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee and Josh White; artists Chaim Gross and Reginald Marsh; and ordinary people at work, weaving, making instruments, churning butter. Other decades-long sidelines were building dulcimers and co-running the label Greenhays.
George Pickow, photographer and journalist: born Los Angeles 11 February 1922; married 1950 Jean Ritchie (two sons); died Roslyn, New York 10 December 2010.
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LOCATION: In Psevdas, 200m from the centre of the village and 20 km from the Larnaca town. Easy access to the main traffic routes. DESCRIPTION: The land falls within the residential zone H2. The building density is 90% build with 50% coverage. Road, electricity & water are very near. 250617L-479-W-LR
Building Plot
180,000 €
Land area: 1,334 m²
- 2 floor