text:
Optical Furnace offers improved semiconductor device processing capabilities
Award winning solar manufacturing process
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Contact NREL About This Technology
The highly versatile optical furnace provides semiconductor manufacturers with energy efficient methods to process devices in a high throughput capacity.
Manufacturers of semiconductor devices in the microelectronic and photovoltaic industries have long been plagued by the costs of wafer fabrication. Currently, process steps such as phosphorous diffusion, aluminum alloying, coating deposition, hydrogen passivation and contact formation must be completed at extremely high temperatures. In addition to the substantial cost of heating the system, high process temperatures can introduce impurities and reduce the overall quality of a device. Currently, wafers are either processed in conventional electric or infrared furnaces. Conventional electric furnaces require the exposure of the device to high temperatures for extended periods of time and, as a result, are expensive, slow, and can result in impurity redistribution and distortion of the wafer. In contrast, infrared furnaces use a powerful optical source to quickly raise the temperature of the semiconductor device, offering a slight improvement in required energy and process time over conventional systems. Unfortunately, the non-uniform light source in the infrared furnace creates temperature variations over the wafer which can result in defects, dislocations, and wafer breakage.
Recently, improved optical furnaces have been created that can provide a uniform light source, but lack the speed and throughput required to be utilized on a high throughput production line. Due to the inherent limitations of the current state of the art, there exists a need for an energy efficient method to process wafers at a high throughput level. Using the concepts of an optical cavity furnace, scientists at the National Renewable Energy Lab have created a low cost method to process high quality semiconductor devices at speeds required by both the semiconductor and photovoltaic industries.Description
The optical furnace uses the principles of photo-absorption and other photonic effects to provide manufactures of semiconductor devices with a low cost, high throughput alternative to current process methods. The optical furnace sits on top of a manufacturing line and is formed by placing optical sources within the reflecting walls of the furnace. This design ensures that all energy coming from the light sources is transferred to the wafer only, resulting in substantial energy savings over the traditional method. Once inside the furnace, the wafer is processed in a manner dictated by the control of the following process parameters. First, the power and location of the optical source can be tailored to provide the desired optical flux distribution. Second, the transport rate controller can alter the speed with which the wafers are transported through the furnace. Third, a process substance controller is used to control the withdrawal or addition of substances such as processes gasses from the optical furnace.
These process parameters can be adjusted to a device manufacturer's process line to complete a wide variety of process steps in an energy efficient manner that minimizes impacts to the surrounding layers of the device. For example, manufacturers looking to remove impurities from a semiconductor substrate or solar cell can use the furnace to first hydrogenate the backside of the substrate, and then illuminate it with electromagnetic radiation at intensity and for a time period sufficient to cause the impurities to diffuse to the back side. There, the impurities alloy with a metal already present in the device and form a contact that captures the impurities. This process is ideally suited for a solar manufacturer who seeks to simultaneously passivate defects within the device and form a contact, as the high intensity electromagnetic radiation is sufficient to sinter/alloy the metal contacts. Additionally, a solar manufacturer can use the furnace to produce a thin SiO2 film on a silicon substrate to minimize surface recombination and improve cell efficiency. During dry oxidation, the silicon wafer is about 1000°C, the furnace walls at about 500°C, and the quartz chamber is at about 200°C. This means that the furnace is almost immune to the contamination from hot walls of the quartz chamber that conventional furnaces are plagued with.
The optical furnace also lends itself as a very efficient concentrator of light. This feature of the furnace has been used to develop an online wafer screening system that separates those wafers that have propensity to break during solar cell processing. The light generated by the concentrating furnace is used to optically induce the maximum thermal stress the wafer would be subject to during manufacturing. If the wafer survives this test, it is likely to survive the cell fabrication process without breakage. The optical furnace has the capability to reach the required throughput levels of approximately 2,000 wafers/hr in a modular system that sits quietly on top of any existing line and uses far less energy than the traditional system.Benefits
- N/P junction formation
- Aluminum alloying for back surface field preparation
- Front Contact formation
- Hydrogen passivation
- Wafer screening
- Gettering
- SiO2 deposition
- Thin Film Si
- Solar cell manufacturing
- Solar module manufacturing
- Wafer manufacturing
- Solar equipment manufacturers
The NREL Optical Cavity Furnace won a 2011 R&D 100 Award for its potential to revolutionize the solar cell manufacturing industry in the U.S. by producing higher quality and higher efficiency solar cells at a fraction of the cost of conventional, thermal ovens.
Optical Furnace Portfolio
Equipment Patents
NREL 92-56 US 5,577,157 Optical processing furnace with quartz muffle and diffuser plate
NREL 06-23 US 12/919,433 An Optical Cavity Furnace for Solar Cell Fabrication by Optical Processing
NREL 10-31 PCT/US11/24584 A Cavity-based Furnace for Wafer Screening Machine
Process Patents
Device Optimization
NREL 91-05 US 5,304,509 Back-side Hydrogenation Technique for Defect Passivation in Silicon Solar Cells
NREL 90-88 US 5,358,574 Dry Texturing of Solar Cells
NREL 93-32FWC US 5,639,520 Application of Optical Processing for Growth of Silicon Dioxide
NREL 93-55 US 5,426,061 Impurity Gettering in Semiconductors
NREL 96-07 US 6,852,371 Metal processing for impurity gettering in silicon
NREL 90-87 US 5,429,985 Fabrication of Optically Reflecting Ohmic Contacts for Semiconductor Devices
Process Yield Improvement
NREL 04-07 11/722,981 Screening of Silicon Wafers Used in Photovoltaics
NREL 10-31 PCT/US11/24584 A Cavity-based Furnace for Wafer Screening Machine
Thin film Processing
NREL 94-26 US 5,897,331 High Efficiency Low Cost Thin Film Silicon Solar Cell Design and Method For Making
NREL 10-24 PCT/US11/24584 Thin Film Heterojunction Silicon Solar CellsPatents and Patent Applications
ID Number
|Title and Abstract
Primary Lab
Application of optical processing for growth of silicon dioxide
A process for producing a silicon dioxide film on a surface of a silicon substrate. The process comprises illuminating a silicon substrate in a substantially pure oxygen atmosphere with a broad spectrum of visible and infrared light at an optical power density of from about 3 watts/cm.sup.2 to about 6 watts/cm.sup.2 for a time period sufficient to produce a silicon dioxide film on the surface of the silicon substrate. An optimum optical power density is about 4 watts/cm.sup.2 for growth of a 100.ANG.-300.ANG. film at a resultant temperature of about 400.degree. C. Deep level transient spectroscopy analysis detects no measurable impurities introduced into the silicon substrate during silicon oxide production and shows the interface state density at the SiO.sub.2 /Si interface to be very low.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Dry texturing of solar cells
A textured backside of a semiconductor device for increasing light scattering and absorption in a semiconductor substrate is accomplished by applying infrared radiation to the front side of a semiconductor substrate that has a metal layer deposited on its backside in a time-energy profile that first produces pits in the backside surface and then produces a thin, highly reflective, low resistivity, epitaxial alloy layer over the entire area of the interface between the semiconductor substrate and a metal contact layer. The time-energy profile includes ramping up to a first energy level and holding for a period of time to create the desired pit size and density and then rapidly increasing the energy to a second level in which the entire interface area is melted and alloyed quickly. After holding the second energy level for a sufficient time to develop the thin alloy layer over the entire interface area, the energy is ramped down to allow epitaxial crystal growth in the alloy layer. The result is a textured backside an optically reflective, low resistivity alloy interface between the semiconductor substrate and the metal electrical contact layer.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Impurity gettering in semiconductors
A process for impurity gettering in a semiconductor substrate or device such as a silicon substrate or device. The process comprises hydrogenating the substrate or device at the back side thereof with sufficient intensity and for a time period sufficient to produce a damaged back side. Thereafter, the substrate or device is illuminated with electromagnetic radiation at an intensity and for a time period sufficient to cause the impurities to diffuse to the back side and alloy with a metal there present to form a contact and capture the impurities. The impurity gettering process also can function to simultaneously passivate defects within the substrate or device, with the defects likewise diffusing to the back side for simultaneous passivation. Simultaneously, substantially all hydrogen-induced damage on the back side of the substrate or device is likewise annihilated. Also taught is an alternate process comprising thermal treatment after hydrogenation of the substrate or device at a temperature of from about 500.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C. for a time period sufficient to cause the impurities to diffuse to the damaged back side thereof for subsequent capture by an alloying metal.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Optical processing furnace with quartz muffle and diffuser plate
An optical furnace for annealing a process wafer comprising a source of optical energy, a quartz muffle having a door to hold the wafer for processing, and a quartz diffuser plate to diffuse the light impinging on the quartz muffle; a feedback system with a light sensor located in the wall of the muffle is also provided for controlling the source of optical energy.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
High efficiency low cost thin film silicon solar cell design and method for making
A semiconductor device having a substrate, a conductive intermediate layer deposited onto said substrate, wherein the intermediate layer serves as a back electrode, an optical reflector, and an interface for impurity gettering, and a semiconductor layer deposited onto said intermediate layer, wherein the semiconductor layer has a grain size at least as large as the layer thickness, and preferably about ten times the layer thickness. The device is formed by depositing a metal layer on a substrate, depositing a semiconductive material on the metal-coated substrate to produce a composite structure, and then optically processing the composite structure by illuminating it with infrared electromagnetic radiation according to a unique time-energy profile that first produces pits in the backside surface of the semiconductor material, then produces a thin, highly reflective, low resistivity alloy layer over the entire area of the interface between the semiconductor material and the metal layer, and finally produces a grain-enhanced semiconductor layer. The time-energy profile includes increasing the energy to a first energy level to initiate pit formation and create the desired pit size and density, then ramping up to a second energy level in which the entire device is heated to produce an interfacial melt, and finally reducing the energy to a third energy level and holding for a period of time to allow enhancement in the grain size of the semiconductor layer.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Back-side hydrogenation technique for defect passivation in silicon solar cells
A two-step back-side hydrogenation process includes the steps of first bombarding the back side of the silicon substrate with hydrogen ions with intensities and for a time sufficient to implant enough hydrogen atoms into the silicon substrate to potentially passivate substantially all of the defects and impurities in the silicon substrate, and then illuminating the silicon substrate with electromagnetic radiation to activate the implanted hydrogen, so that it can passivate the defects and impurities in the substrate. The illumination step also annihilates the hydrogen-induced defects. The illumination step is carried out according to a two-stage illumination schedule, the first or low-power stage of which subjects the substrate to electromagnetic radiation that has sufficient intensity to activate the implanted hydrogen, yet not drive the hydrogen from the substrate. The second or high-power illumination stage subjects the substrate to higher intensity electromagnetic radiation, which is sufficient to annihilate the hydrogen-induced defects and sinter/alloy the metal contacts.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Fabrication of optically reflecting ohmic contacts for semiconductor devices
A method is provided to produce a low-resistivity ohmic contact having high optical reflectivity on one side of a semiconductor device. The contact is formed by coating the semiconductor substrate with a thin metal film on the back reflecting side and then optically processing the wafer by illuminating it with electromagnetic radiation of a predetermined wavelength and energy level through the front side of the wafer for a predetermined period of time. This method produces a thin epitaxial alloy layer between the semiconductor substrate and the metal layer when a crystalline substrate is used. The alloy layer provides both a low-resistivity ohmic contact and high optical reflectance.
|National Renewable Energy Laboratory
|Development Stage
|Last Updated


text:
Free personalized radio that
plays the music you love
Ice Crystals
Features of This Tracknew age roots
beats in 3/4
unsyncopated ensemble rhythms
straight drum beats
extended harmonic patterns
use of tonal harmonies
inventive synth arrangements
emphasis on instrumental performance
an electric bass riff
a slow moving bass line
subtle use of piano riffs
background string riffs
subtle use of pianos
synth riffs
synth swoops
effected synths
subtle use of staccato synths
mellow sounds
a wet recording sound
These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
Similar Tracks
Don't have a Pandora account? Sign up
Already have a Pandora account? Log In

subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Message view
|« Date » · « Thread »
|« Date » · « Thread »
|"Oliver Heger (JIRA)" <j...@apache.org>
|[jira] Resolved: (CONFIGURATION-225) Document exactly what's returned by ConfigurationEvent.getPropertyValue() after EVENT_ADD_PROPERTY.
|Wed, 13 Sep 2006 20:02:24 GMT
[ http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CONFIGURATION-225?page=all ] Oliver Heger resolved CONFIGURATION-225. ---------------------------------------- Fix Version/s: Nightly Builds Resolution: Fixed I added some notes to the javadoc of ConfigurationEvent and to the user's guide. I hope this is okay. > Document exactly what's returned by ConfigurationEvent.getPropertyValue() after EVENT_ADD_PROPERTY. > --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- > > Key: CONFIGURATION-225 > URL: http://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CONFIGURATION-225 > Project: Commons Configuration > Issue Type: Improvement > Environment: 1.3RC2 > Reporter: Gabriele Garuglieri > Assigned To: Oliver Heger > Priority: Minor > Fix For: Nightly Builds > > > It should be documented that when the property content is a Collection, after EVENT_ADD_PROPERTY, ConfigurationEvent.getPropertyValue() returns only the value of what is being added to the property and not the whole property content as after EVENT_SET_PROPERTY. > It took me a while to understand why in certain circumstances my testcases were failing :) -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - If you think it was sent incorrectly contact one of the administrators: http://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/Administrators.jspa - For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira --------------------------------------------------------------------- To unsubscribe, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com For additional commands, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
|View raw message


text:
Everything you know about Dynamic Time Warping is Wrong
- Melvin Atkins
- 2 years ago
- Views:
1 Everything you know about Dynamic Time Warping is Wrong hotirat Ann Ratanamahatana Eamonn Keogh Department of omputer Science and Engineering University of alifornia, Riverside Riverside, A 951 { ratana, eamonn ABSTRAT The Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measure is a technique that has long been known in speech recognition community. It allows a non-linear mapping of one signal to another by minimizing the distance between the two. A decade ago, DTW was introduced into Data Mining community as a utility for various tasks for time series problems including classification, clustering, and anomaly detection. The technique has flourished, particularly in the last three years, and has been applied to a variety of problems in various disciplines. In spite of DTW s great success, there are still several persistent myths about it. These myths have caused confusion and led to much wasted research effort. In this work, we will dispel these myths with the most comprehensive set of time series experiments ever conducted. Keywords Dynamic Time Warping. Data Mining. Experimentation. 1. INTRODUTION In recent years, classification, clustering, and indexing of time series data have become a topic of great interest within the database/data mining community. The Euclidean distance metric has been widely used [17], in spite of its known weakness of sensitivity to distortion in time axis [15]. A decade ago, the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance measure was introduced to the data mining community as a solution to this particular weakness of Euclidean distance metric [3]. This method s flexibility allows two time series that are similar but locally out of phase to align in a non-linear manner. In spite of its O(n ) time complexity, DTW is the best solution known for time series problems in a variety of domains, including bioinformatics [1], medicine [5], engineering, entertainment [3], etc. The steady flow of research papers on data mining with DTW became a torrent after it was shown that a simple lower bound allowed DTW to be indexed with no false dismissals [15]. The lower bound requires that the two sequences being compared are of the same length, and that the amount of warping is constrained. This work allowed practical applications of DTW, including real-time queryby-humming systems [3], indexing of historical handwriting archives [4], and indexing of motion capture data [6]. In spite of the great success of DTW in a variety of domains, there still are several persistent myths about it. These myths have caused great confusion in the literature, and led to the publication of papers that solve apparent problems that do not actually exist. The three major myths are: Myth 1: The ability of DTW to handle sequences of different lengths is a great advantage, and therefore the simple lower bound that requires different-length sequences to be reinterpolated to equal length is of limited utility [18][7][8]. In fact, as we will show, there is no evidence in the literature to suggest this, and extensive empirical evidence presented here suggests that comparing sequences of different lengths and reinterpolating them to equal length produce no statistically significant difference in accuracy or precision/recall. Myth : onstraining the warping paths is a necessary evil that we inherited from the speech processing community to make DTW tractable, and that we should find ways to speed up DTW with no (or larger) constraints[7]. In fact, the opposite is true. As we will show, the 1% constraint on warping inherited blindly from the speech processing community is actually too large for real world data mining. Myth 3: There is a need (and room) for improvements in the speed of DTW for data mining applications. In fact, as we will show here, if we use a simple lower bounding technique, DTW is essentially O(n) for data mining applications. At least for PU time, we are almost certainly at the asymptotic limit for speeding up DTW. In this paper, we dispel these DTW myths above by empirically demonstrate our findings with a comprehensive set of experiments. In terms of number of objective datasets and size of datasets, our experiments are orders of magnitude greater than anything else in the literature. In
2 particular, our experiments required more than eight billion DTW comparisons. Before beginning our deconstruction of these myths, it would be remiss of us not to note that several early papers by the second author are guilty of echoing them. This work is part of an effort to redress these mistakes. Likewise, we have taken advantage of the informal nature of a workshop to choose a tongue-in-cheek attention grabbing title. We do not really mean to imply that the entire community is ignorant of the intricacies of DTW. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section, we give an overview of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and its related work. The next three sections consider each of the three myths above. Section 6 suggests some avenues for future researches, and Section 7 gives conclusions and directions for future work. Because we are testing on a wide range of real and synthetic datasets, we have placed the details about them in Appendix A to enhance the flow of the paper.. BAKGROUND AND RELATED WORK The measurement of similarity between two time series is an important subroutine in many data mining applications, including classification [11][14], clustering [1][1], anomaly detection [9], rule discovery [8], and motif discovery [7]. The superiority of DTW over Euclidean distance metric for these tasks has been demonstrated by many authors [1][][5][9]. We will first begin with a review of some background material on DTW and its recent extensions, which contributes to our main motivation of this paper..1 REVIEW OF DTW Suppose we have two time series, a sequence of length n, and a sequence of length m, where = q 1,q,,q i,,q n (1) = c 1,c,,c j, c m () To align these two sequences using DTW, we first construct an n-by-m matrix where the (i th, j th ) element of the matrix corresponds to the squared distance, d(q i, c j ) = (q i c j ), which is the alignment between points q i and c j. To find the best match between these two sequences, we retrieve a path through the matrix that minimizes the total cumulative distance between them as illustrated in Figure 1. In particular, the optimal path is the path that minimizes the warping cost = K DTW (, ) min w k = 1 where w k is the matrix element (i,j) k that also belongs to k th element of a warping path W, a contiguous set of matrix elements that represent a mapping between and. k (3) This warping path can be found using dynamic programming to evaluate the following recurrence. γ(i,j) = d(q i,c j ) + min{ γ(i-1,j-1), γ(i-1,j ), γ(i,j-1) } (4) where d(i,j) is the distance found in the current cell, and γ(i,j) is the cumulative distance of d(i,j) and the minimum cumulative distances from the three adjacent cells. A) B) ) Figure 1. A) Two similar sequences and, but out of phase. B) To align the sequences, we construct a warping matrix and search for the optimal warping path, shown with solid squares. Note that the 'corners' of the matrix (shown in dark gray) are excluded from the search path as part of an Adjustment Window condition. ) The resulting alignment. To reduce the number of paths to consider during the computation, several well-known constraints (Boundary onditions, ontinuity condition, Monotonic condition, and Adjustment Window ondition) have been applied to the problem to restrict the moves that can be made from any point in the path and so restrict the number of paths that need to be considered. Figure 1 B) illustrates a particular example of the Adjustment Window ondition (or Warping Window onstraints) with the Sakoe-hiba Band [6]. The width of this constraint is often set to 1% of the length of the time series [1][][6].. LOWER BOUNDING THE DTW DISTANE A recent extension to DTW that significantly speeds up the DTW calculation is a lower bounding technique based on the warping window (envelope) [15]. Sakoe-hiba Band Itakura Parallelogram Figure. The two most common constraints in the literature are the Sakoe-hiba Band and the Itakura Parallelogram Figure illustrates two of the most frequently used global constraints in the literature, the Sakoe-hiba Band [6] and
3 the Itakura Parallelogram [13]. The latter is widely used in the speech community. The lower bound is only defined for sequences of the same length; if the sequences are of different lengths, one of them must be reinterpolated. This lower bounding technique uses the warping window to create a bounding envelope above and below the query sequence. Then the squared sum of the distances from every part of the candidate sequence not falling within the bounding envelope, to the nearest orthogonal edge of the bounding envelope, is returned as its lower bound. The technique is illustrated in Figure 3. A ) Figure 3. The Sakoe-hiba Band A) can be used to create an envelope B) around a query sequence. The Euclidean distance between any candidate sequence and the closest external part of the envelope ) is a lower bound for the DTW distance For clarity, in Table 1, we will show a trivial algorithm that can exploit any lower bound to do faster sequential search. This algorithm is taken from Table of [15]. Table 1. An algorithm that uses a lower bounding distance measure to speed up the sequential scan search for the query Algorithm Lower_Bounding_Sequential_Scan() 1. best_so_far = infinity;. for all sequences in database 3. LB_dist = lower_bound_distance( i, ); 4. if LB_dist < best_so_far 5. true_dist = DTW( i, ); 6. if true_dist < best_so_far 7. best_so_far = true_dist; 8. index_of_best_match = i; 9. endif 1. endif 11. endfor B) ) Note that the tightness of these lower bounds and pruning power essentially depend on the size of the warping window used as well. In general, the smaller the area of allowed warping, the more we can take advantage of pruning. As noted above, the best size of this warping is subject to controversy; we will examine the question in Section 4. U U L L For clarity, we will summarize before continuing. If we are willing to force the sequences to be of the same length, and to constrain the warping, then we have a simple solution for speeding up similarity search under DTW. We will call this solution 4S (Simple Straw man for Similarity Search). As we shall see, the papers that try to speed up this simple approach, or relax its two assumptions, are motivated and misled by the myths discussed above. 3. DOES OMPARING SEUENES OF DIFFERENT LENGTHS HELP OR HURT? Many recent papers suggest that the ability of classic DTW to deal directly with sequences of different length is a great advantage; some paper titles even contain the phrase of different lengths [4][1] showing their great concerns in solving this issue. As further examples, consider the following quotes taken from recent papers: Time warping enables sequences with similar patterns to be found even when they are of different lengths [18], or (DTW is) a more robust distance measure than Euclidean distance in many situations, where sequences may have different lengths [8] or (DTW) can be used to measure similarity between sequences of different lengths. Some of these papers further suggest that the simple 4S solution to DTW similarity search is not useful because it requires that sequences of different lengths to be reinterplolated to the same length, and use this fact to motive new approaches: for example (4S) only works when the data and query sequences are of the same length. [7]. These claims are surprising in that they are not supported by any empirical results in the papers in question. Furthermore, an extensive literature search through more than 5 papers dating back to the 196 s failed to produce any theoretical or empirical results to suggest that simply making the sequences to be of the same length has any detrimental effect. To test our claimed hypothesis that there is no significant difference in accuracies between using variable-length time series and equal-length time series in DTW calculation, we carry out an experiment as follows. For all variable-length time series datasets (Face, Leaf, Trace, and Wordspotting See Appendix A for dataset details), we compute 1-nearest-neightbor classification accuracies (leaving-one-out) using DTW for all warping window sizes (1% to %) in two different ways: 1) The 4S way; we simply reinterpolated the sequences to have the same length. ) By comparing the sequences directly using their original lengths.
4 The latter case is not as simple as one might think since we need to normalize the returned distance in some way. All things being equal, we would expect longer sequences to be further apart than short sequences, since they have more dimensions on which to accumulate noise. The following normalization policies have appeared in the literature or are common sense ideas. No normalization on the distance. Normalize by the length of the optimal warping path. Normalize by the length of the shorter time series (for each pair of the time series during each DTW computation). Normalized by the length of the longer time series. To give the benefit of the doubt to different-length case, for each warping window size, we do all four possible normalizations above, and the best performing of the four options is recorded as the accuracy for the variable-length DTW calculation. For completeness, we test over every possible warping constraint size. Note that we start the warping window size of 1% instead of % since % size is Euclidean distance metric, which is undefined when the time series are not of the same length. Also, when measuring the DTW distance between two time series of different lengths, the percentage of warping window applied is based on the length of the longer time series to ensure that we allow adequate amount of warping for each pair and deliver a fair comparison Face Trace Figure 4. A comparison of the classification accuracies between variable-length datasets (dotted lines) and the (reinterpolated) equal-length datasets (solid lines). The two options produce such similar results that in many places the lines overlap. The variable-length datasets are then linearly reinterpolated to have the same length of the longest time series within Leaf Wordspotting each dataset. After that, we simply compute the classification accuracies using DTW for all warping window sizes (1% to %) for each dataset. The results are shown in Figure 4. Note that the experiments do strongly suggest that changing the amount of warping allowed does affect the accuracy (an issue that will be discussed in depth in the next section), but over the entire range on possible warping widths, the two approaches are nearly indistinguishable. Furthermore, a two-tailed test using a significance level of.5 between each variable-length and equal-length pair indicates that there is no statistically significant difference between the accuracy of the two sets of experiments. An even more telling result is the following. In spite of extensive experience with DTW and an extensive effort, we were unable to create an artificial problem where reinterpolating made a significant difference in accuracy. To further reinforce our claim, we also reinterpolate the datasets to have the equal length of the shortest and averaged length of all time series within the dataset. We still achieve similar findings. These results strongly suggest that work allowing DTW to support similarity search that does require reinterpolation, is simply solving a problem that does not exist. Subsequently, while Wong and Wong claimed, (DTW is useful) to measure similarity between sequences of different lengths [8] we must recall that two Wongs do not make a right 1. The often-quoted utility of DTW being able to support the comparison of sequences of different lengths is simply a myth. 4. ARE NARROW ONSTRAINTS BAD? Apart from (slightly) speeding up the computation, warping window constraints were originally applied mainly to prevent pathological warping (where a relatively small section of one sequence maps to a much larger section of another). The vast majority of the data mining researchers have used a Sakoe-hiba Band with a 1% width for the global constraint [1][][6]. This setting seems to be the result of historical inertia, inherited from the speech processing community, rather than some remarkable property of this particular constraint. Some researchers believe that having wider warping window contributes to improvement in accuracy [3]. Or without realizing the great effect of the warping window size on accuracies, some applied DTW with no warping window constraints [], or did not specify the window size used in the experiments [19] (the latter case makes it particularly difficult for others to reproduce the experiment results). In [7], the authors bemoan the fact that (4S) cannot be applied when the warping path is not constrained and use 1 Yes, this is a very poor joke!
5 this fact to justify introducing an alterative approach that works for the unconstrained case. To test the effect of the warping window size to the classification accuracies, we performed an empirical experiment on all seven classification datasets. We vary the warping window size from % (Euclidean) to % (no constraint/full calculation) and record the accuracies. Since we have shown in Section 3 that reinterpolation of time series into the same length is at least as good as (or better than) using the original variable-length time series, we linearly interpolate all variable-length datasets to have the same length of the longest time series within the dataset and measure the accuracy using the 1-nearest-neighbor with leaving-one-out classification method. The results are shown in Figure FaceFace Gun results can be summarized by noting that a little warping is a good thing, but too much warping is a bad thing. Table. The warping window size that yields maximum classification accuracy for each dataset, using DTW with Sakoe-hiba Band. Dataset Max Accuracy (%) Warping Window Size (%) Face Gun. 3 Leaf Syn_contrl_chrt.67 8 Trace. 1 TwoPatterns. 3 Wordspotting Leaf ontrol hart We also did an additional experiment, where half of the objects in the databases are randomly removed from the database in each iteration. We measure the classification accuracies for each database size, as shown in Figure 6. As the database size decreases, the classification accuracy also declines and the peak appears at larger warping window size Trace Two-Pattern instances instances 5 instances 4 instances 1 instances 6 instances.1 Warping Window (%) Wordspotting 96 Figure 5. The classification accuracies for all warping window sizes. All accuracies peak at very small window sizes. As we hypothesized, wider warping constraints do not always improve the accuracy, as commonly believed [3]. More often, the accuracy peaks very early at much smaller window size, as shown in Table below. In essence, the 6 55 Figure 6. With fewer objects in the databases, the accuracies become less accurate and peak at larger window size This finding suggests that warping window size adjustment does affect accuracy, and that the effect also depends on the database size. This in turn suggests that we should find the best warping window size on realistic (for the task at hand) database sizes, and not try to generalize from toy problems. To summarize, there is no evidence to support the idea that we need to be able to support wider constraints. While it is possible that there exist some datasets somewhere that
6 could benefit from wider constraints, we found no evidence for this in a survey of more than 5 papers on the topic. More tellingly, in spite of extensive efforts, we could not even create a large synthetic dataset for classification that needs more than 1% warping. All the evidence suggests that narrow constraints are necessary for accurate DTW, and the need to support wide (or no) constraints is just a myth. 5. AN DTW BE FURTHER SPEEDED UP? Smaller warping windows speed up the DTW calculations simply because there is less area of the warping matrix to be searched. Prior to the introduction of lower bounding, the amount of speedup was directly proportional to the width of the warping window. For example, a nearest neighbor search with a 1% warping constraint was almost exactly twice as fast as a search done with a % window. However, it is important to note that with the introduction of lower bounding based on warping constraints (i.e. 4S), the speedup is now highly nonlinear in the size of the warping window. For example, a nearest neighbor search with a 1% warping constraint may be many times faster than twice a search done with a % window. In spite of this, many recent papers still claim that there is a need and room for further improvement in speeding up DTW. For example, a recent paper suggested dynamic time warping incurs a heavy PU cost Surprisingly, as we will now show, the amortized PU cost of DTW is essentially O(n) if we use the trivial 4S technique. To really understand what is going on, we will avoid measuring the efficiency of DTW when using index structures. The use of such index structures opens the possibility of implementation bias [17]; it is simply difficult to know if the claimed speedup truly reflects a clever algorithm, or simply the care in choice of buffer size, caching policy, etc. Instead, we measure the computation time of DTW for each pair of time series in terms of the amortized percentage of the warping matrix that needs to be visited for each pair of sequences in our database. This number depends only on the data itself and the usefulness of the lower bound. As a concrete example, if we are doing a one nearest neighbor search on 1 objects with a 1% warping window size, and the 4S algorithm only needs to examine 14 sequences (pruning the rest), then the amortized cost for this calculation would be (w * 14) / 1 =.1*w, where w is the area (in percentage) inside the warping window constraint along the diagonal (Sakoe-hiba band). Note that 1% warping window size does not always occupy 1% of the warping matrix; it mainly depends on the length of the sequence as well (longer sequences give smaller w). In contrast, if 4S was able to prune all but 3 objects, the amortized cost would be (w * 3) / 1 =.3*w. The amount of pruning we should actually expect depends on the lower bounds. For example, if we used a trivial lower bound hard-coded to zero (pointless, but perfectly legal), then line 4 of Table 1 would always be true, and we would have to do DTW for every pair of sequences in our dataset. In this case, amortized percentage of the warping matrix that needs to be accessed for each sequence in our database would exactly be the area inside the warping window. If, on the other hand, we had a magic lower bound that returned the true DTW distance minus some tiny epsilon, then line 4 of the Table 1 would rarely be true, and we would have to do the full DTW calculation only rarely. In this case, the amortized percentage of the warping matrix that needs to be accessed would be very close to zero. We measured the amortized cost for all our datasets, and for every possible warping window size. The results are shown in Figure 7. Figure 8 shows the zoom-in of the results from to 1 % warping window size Amortized percentage of the O(n ) calculation required Face Gun Leaf trlhrt Trace -Pattern WordSpotting Figure 7. The amortized percentage of warping matrix that needs to be accessed during the DTW calculation for each warping window size. The use of a lower bound helps prune off numerous unnecessary calculations. The results are very surprising. For reasonably large datasets, simply using a good lower bound insures that we rarely have to use the full DTW calculation. In essence, we can say that DTW is effectively O(n), and not O(n ), when searching large datasets. For example, in the Gun, Trace, and -Pattern problems (all maximum accuracy at 3% warping), we only need to do much less than half a percent of the O(n ) work that we would have been forced to do without lower bounding. For some of the other datasets, it may appear that we need to do a significant percentage of the PU work. However, as we will see below, these results are pessimistic in that they reflect the small size of these datasets.
7 Amortized percentage of the O(n ) calculation required Face Gun Leaf trlhrt Trace -Pattern WordSpotting Figure 8. Zoom-in of Figure 6, from to 1% warping window size. Note that from Section 4, we recognize that the most accurate results for all datasets happen in this range. If the amortized cost of DTW is linear, where does the claimed improvement from recent papers come from? It is true that these approaches typically use indexes, rather than sequential search, but an index must do costly random access rather than the optimized linear scans of sequential search. In order to simply break even in terms of disk access time, they must avoid looking at more than 1% of the data [16], but for time series where even the reduced dimensionality (i.e. the Fourier or wavelet coefficients) is usually greater than [17], it is not obvious that this is possible. Some recent papers that claim speedups credit the improved lower bounds, for example we present progressively tighter lower bounds that allow our method to outperform (4S) [7]. Indeed, it might be imagined that speedup could be obtained by having tighter lower bounds. Surprisingly, this is not true! We can see this with the following simple experiment. Let us imagine that we have a wonderful lower bound, which always returns a value that is within 1% of the correct value (more concretely, a value uniformly distributed between % and % of the true DTW value). We will call this idealized lower bound LB_Magic. In contrast, the current best-known lower bounds typically return a value between 4% and 6% of the true value [15]. We can compare the speedup obtained by LB_Magic with the current best lower bound, LB_Keogh [15], on 1-nearest neighbor search. Note that we have to cheat for LB_Magic by doing the full DTW calculation then assigning it a value up to 1% smaller. We will use a warping constraint of 5%, which is about the mean value for the best accuracy (cf. Section 4). As before, we measured the amortized percentage of the warping matrix that needs to be accessed for each sequence in our database. For this experiment, we use a randomwalk data of length 18 data points, and vary the database size from 1 objects to 4,96 objects. Figure 9 shows the results. Amortized percentage of the O(n ) calculation required No Lower Bound LB_Keogh LB_Magic Size of Database (Number of Objects) Figure 9. Amortized percentage of the warping matrix that needs to be accessed. As the size of the database is increasing, the amortized percentage of the warping matrix accessed becomes closer to zero. Once again, the results are very surprising. The idealized LB_Magic allows a very impressive speedup; for the largest size database, it eliminates.7% of the PU effort. However, the very simple lower bounding technique that has been in the literature for several years is able to eliminate.369% of the PU effort! The difference is not quite so dramatic for very small datasets, say less than 16 objects. But here we can do unoptimized search in much less than a hundredth of a second. Note that we obtain similar results for other datasets. To summarize, for problems involving a few thousand sequences or more, each with a few hundred data points, the significant PU cost of DTW is simply non-issue (as for problems involving less than a few thousand sequences, we can do them in less than a second anyway). The lesson for the data mining community from this experiment is the following; it is almost certainly pointless to attempt to speed up the PU time for DTW by producing tighter lower bounds. Even if you could produce a magical lower bound, the difference it would make would be tiny, and completely dwarfed by minor implementation choices. 6. AVENUES FOR FUTURE RESEARH In this section, we will attempt to redress the somewhat negative tone of this paper by suggesting many avenues for future research with DTW. Since it has been demonstrated by many authors that DTW is the solution to many data mining problems, we would like to present some of the
8 other applications or problems that can effectively benefit from DTW distance measure. 6.1 VIDEO RETRIEVAL Generally, research on content-based video retrieval represents the content of the video as a set of frames, leaving out the temporal features of frames in the shot. However, for some domains, including motion capture editing, gait analysis, and video surveillance, it may be fruitful to extract time series from the video, and index just the time series (with pointers back to the original video). Figure 1 shows an example of a video sequence that is transformed into a time series. This example is the basis for the Gun dataset discussed in Appendix A. Hand moving to shoulder level Hand moving down to grasp gun Hand moving above holster Hand at rest Aiming gun Figure 1. Stills from a video sequence; the right hand is tracked, and converted into a time series One obvious reason why using time series representation may be superior to working with the original data is the massive reduction in dimensionality, which enhances the ease of storage, transmission, analysis, and indexing. Moreover, it is much easier to make the time series representation invariant to distortions in the data, such as time scaling and time warping. 6. IMAGE RETRIEVAL For some specialized domains, it can be useful to convert the images into pseudo time series. For example, consider Figure 11 Below. Here, we have converted an image of a leaf into a time series by measuring the local angle of a trace of its perimeter. The utility of such a transform is similar to that for video retrieval. potential goldmines for researchers and biographers. Recent work by [4] suggests that DTW may be best solution to this problem. A) Figure 1. A) An example of handwritten text by George Washington. B) A zoom-in on the word Alexandria, after being processed to remove slant. ) Many techniques exist to convert -D handwriting into a time series; in this case, the projection profile is used (Fig. created by R. Manmatha). 6.4 TEXT MINING Surprisingly, we can also transform text into a time series representation. For instance, we consider a problem of translating biblical text in two different languages (English and Spanish). The bible text is converted into bit streams according to the occurrences of the chosen word in the text. For example, subsection of the bible containing the word God in In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth will be represented by. Then the bit streams are converted into time series by recording the number of word occurrences within the predefined sliding window B) ) God Dios x x 1 5 Figure 11. An example of a leaf image converted into a "pseudo time series 6.3 HANDWRITING RETRIEVAL The problem of transcribing and indexing existing historical archives is still a challenge. For even such a major historical figure as Isaac Newton, there exists a body of unpublished, handwritten work exceeding one million words. For other historical figures, there are even larger collections of handwritten text. Such collections are Figure 13. Times series of the number of occurrences of the word 'God' in English (top) and 'Dios' in Spanish (bottom) bible text using 6, words as the window size (z-normalized and reinterpolated to the same length). The two time series are almost identical. The intuition behind this approach is that for each appearance of each word in English, there must be a corresponding Spanish word that also appears in the same vicinity in the Spanish bible text. However, there can be some discrepancies in the number of words in the entire text as well as the position of the word within the sentence
9 between the two languages. This can be overcome by DTW technique. These suggestions are only subsets of variety of problems that could benefit from transforming them into time series, which DTW could be trivially applied to. There are still considerable amount of applications that are left to be explored. 7. ONLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK In th is work, we have pointed out and investigated some of the myths in Dynamic Time Warping measure. We empirically validated our three claims. We hope that our results will help researchers focus on more useful problems. For example, while there have been dozens of papers on speeding up DTW in the last decade, there has only been one on making it more accurate [3]. Likewise, we feel that the speed and accuracy of DTW that we have demonstrated in this work may encourage researchers to apply DTW to a wealth of new problems/domains. 8. AKNOWLEDGMENTS All datasets used in this paper are available upon request, by ing either author. We thank Yasushi Sakurai for his useful comments. We note that some of the claims in this paper might be controversial. We welcome comments and criticism, and will be happy to run experiments on your favorite dataset. The online version on this paper (at will be updated within 48 hours of any contradictory evidence being found. 9. REFERENES [1] Aach, J. & hurch, G. (1). Aligning gene expression time series with time warping algorithms. Bioinformatics. Vol. 17, pp [] Bar-Joseph, Z., Gerber, G., Gifford, D., Jaakkola, T. & Simon, I. (). A new approach to analyzing gene expression time series data. In Proceedings of the 6 th Annual International onference on Research in omputational Molecular Biology, pp [3] Berndt, D. and lifford, J. (14). Using dynamic time warping to find patterns in time series. AAAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases, pp [4] Bozkaya, T, Yazdatani, Z, and Ozsoyoglu, Z. M. (17). Matching and Indexing Sequences of Different Lengths. IKM-97. [5] aiani, E.G., Porta, A., Baselli, G., Turiel, M., Muzzupappa, S., Pieruzzi, F., rema,., Malliani, A., & erutti, S. (18). Warped-average template technique to track on a cycle-bycycle basis the cardiac filling phases on left ventricular volume. IEEE omputers in ardiology, pp [6] ardle, M. (3). Music-Driven Animation. Ph.D. Thesis, ambridge University. [7] hiu, B. Keogh, E., & Lonardi, S. (3). Probabilistic th Discovery of Time Series Motifs. In the 9 AM SIGKDD International onference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. August 4-7, 3. Washington, D, USA. [8] Das, G., Lin, K., Mannila, H., Renganathan, G. & Smyth, P. (18). Rule discovery from time series. Proceedings of the 4 th International onference of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp. 16-, AAAI Press. [9] Dasgupta, D. & Forest, S. (19). Novelty Detection in Time Series Data using Ideas from Immunology. In Proceedings of the International onference on Intelligent Systems. [1] Debregeas, A. & Hebrail, G. (18). Interactive interpretation th of Kohonen maps applied to curves. Proceedings of the 4 International onference of Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, pp [11] Diez, J.J.R. & Gonzalez,.A. (). Applying boosting to similarity literals for time series lassification. Multiple lassifier Systems, 1 st International Workshop. pp [1] Geurts, P. (). ontributions to decision tree induction: bias/variance tradeoff and time series classification. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering and omputer Science, University of Liege, Belgium. [13] Itakura, F. (1975). Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition. IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., Vol. ASSP-3, pp [14] Kadous, M.W. (19). Learning comprehensible descriptions th of multivariate time series. In Proceedings of the 16 International Machine Learning onference. pp [15] Keogh, E. (). Exact indexing of dynamic time warping. In 8 th International onference on Very Large Data Bases. Hong Kong. pp [16] Keogh, E., hakrabarti, K., Pazzani, M., and Mehrotra, S. (1). Locally adaptive dimensionality reduction for indexing large time series databases. In Proceeding so AM SIGMOD International conference on Management of data, pp [17] Keogh, E. and Kasetty, S. (). On the Need for Time Seires Data Mining Benchmarks: A Survey and Empirical Demonstration. In the 8 th AM SIGKDD, pp [18] Kim, S.W., Park, S., & hu, W.W. (4). Efficient processing of similarity search under time warping in sequence databases: an index-based approach. Inf. Syst. 9(5): [19] Kornfield, E.M, Manmatha, R., and Allan, J. (4). Text st Alignment with Handwritten Documents. 1 Intermational workshop on Document Image Analysis for Libraris (DIAL), pp [] Laaksonen, J., Hurri, J., and Oja, Erkki. (18). omparison of Adaptive Strategies for On-Line haracter Recognition. In proceedings of IANN 98, pp [1] Park, S.,, hu, W, Yoon, J., and Hsu, (). Efficient searchs for similar subsequences of different lengths in sequence databases. In IDE-. [] Rabiner, L., Rosenberg, A. & Levinson, S. (1978). onsiderations in dynamic time warping algorithms for
10 discrete word recognition. IEEE Trans. Acoustics Speech, and Signal Proc., Vol. ASSP-6, pp [3] Ratanamahatana,.A. & Keogh, E. (4). Making Timeseries lassification More Accurate Using Learned onstraints. In proceedings of SDM International conference, pp [4] Rath, T. & Manmatha, R. (3). Word image matching using dynamic time warping. VPR, Vol. II, pp [5] Roverso, D. (). Multivariate temporal classification by windowed wavelet decomposition and recurrent neural networks. In 3 rd ANS International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Plant Instrumentation, ontrol and Human-Machine Interface,. [6] Sakoe, H. & chiba, S. (1978). Dynamic programming algorithm optimization fro spoken word recognition. IEEE Trans. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Proc., Vol. ASSP-6. pp [7] Shou, Y., Mamoulis, N., and heung, D.W. (4). Efficient Warping of Segmented Time-series, HKU SIS Tech report, TR-4-1, March 4. [8] Wong, T.S.F & Wong, M.H. (3). Efficient Subsequence Matching for Sequences Databases under Time Warping. IDEAS 3: [9] Yi, B.K., Jagadish, H. & Faloutsos,. (18). Efficient retrieval of similar time sequences under time warping. In IDE 98, pp [3] Zhu, Y. & Shasha, D. (3). Warping Indexes with Envelope Transforms for uery by Humming. SIGMOD 3. pp APPENDIX A: A DESRIPTION OF THE DATASETS USED We have chosen seven classification datasets to be tested in our work. Note that we Z-normalized (mean = and standard deviation = 1) all the datasets used in this work. 1.1 FAE DATASET This is a face classification problem based on the head profiles. We took a number of photos (-35) of four different individuals (1 female, 3 males) making different expressions on the face, e.g. talking, smiling, frowning, laughing, etc. We then convert each head profile, starting from the neck area into a pseudo time series by measuring the local angle of a trace of its perimeter, as shown in Figure 14. The dataset contains 11 instances in total with the length of each instance ranges from 17 to 4 data points. Figure 14. Starting from the neck area, the head profile is converted into a "pseudo time series" 1. GUN PROBLEM This dataset comes from the video surveillance domain. The dataset has two classes, each containing instances. All instances were created using one female actor and one male actor in a single session. The two classes are: Gun-Draw: The actors have their hands by their sides. They draw a replicate gun from a hip-mounted holster, point it at a target for approximately one second, then return the gun to the holster, and their hands to their sides. Point: The actors have their gun by their sides. They point with their index fingers to a target for approximately one second, and then return their hands to their sides. For both classes, we tracked the centroid of the actor s right hands in both X- and Y-axes, which appear to be highly correlated; therefore, in this experiment, we only consider the X-axis for simplicity. The overall motions of both classes are very similar. However, it is possible for human to visually classify the two classes with great accuracy, after noting that the actor must lift his/her hand above a holster, then reach down for the gun. This action creates a subtle distinction between the classes as shown in Figure Figure 15. (left) some examples from the Gun-Draw data. (right) some examples from the Point data The dataset contains instances, for each class. Since each actor was periodically signaled every 5 seconds before each repetition of Gun-Draw/Point, the video clip (captured at 3 frames per second) was easily segmented into 15 data points for each instance. 1.3 LEAF DATASET This dataset contains a collection of six different species of leaf images, including genera of plant, i.e. oak and maple (all original images can be found at [http://web.engr.oregonstate.edu/~tgd/leaves/dataset/herbari
11 um]). The dataset comprises four different species of Maple and two species of Oak, with 44 instances in total. We convert each leaf image into pseudo time series using similar method as the Face Dataset. Figure 11 shows an example of a Glabrum maple image converted into a time series. The length of each time series ranges from to 475 data points. 1.4 SYNTHETI ONTROL HART This six-class dataset was retrieved from the UR Time Series Data Mining Archive [http://www.cs.ucr.edu/ ~eamonn/tsdma/]. It contains 6 instances in total with instances in each class. Each instance has the same length of 6 data points. 1.5 TRAE DATASET This dataset is a subset of the Transient lassification Benchmark first introduced by Davide Roverso [5]. This is a synthetic dataset designed to simulate instrumentation failures in a nuclear power plant. The full dataset consists of 16 classes, 5 instances in each class. Each instance has 4 features. For simplicity, we only use the second feature of class and 6, and the third feature of class 3 and 7 for our experiment. Our dataset contains instances, 5 for each class. The length of each instance ranges between 79 and 386 data points. 1.6 TWO-PATTERN DATASET This four-class dataset contains 5, instances. Each instance has the same length of 18 data points. The dataset was introduced in [1]. Each class is characterized by the presence of two patterns in a definite order, downdown, up-down, down-up, and up-up. 1.7 WORDSPOTTING DATASET This is a subset of the WordSpotting Project dataset created by Rath and Manmatha [4] In the full dataset, there are,381 words with four features that represent each word image s profiles or the background/ink transitions. For simplicity, we pick the Projection Profile (feature 1) of the four most common words, the, to, be, and that, to be used in our experiment. the has 19 instances; to has 91 instances; be has 38 instances, and that has 34 instances. Once combined, we obtain a dataset of 7 instances, with the length of each instance ranges from 41 to 19 data points.
Three Myths about Dynamic Time Warping Data Mining
Three Myths about Dynamic Time Warping Data Mining Chotirat Ann Ratanamahatana Eamonn Keogh Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of California, Riverside Riverside, CA 92521 { ratana,More information
An Order-Invariant Time Series Distance Measure [Position on Recent Developments in Time Series Analysis]
An Order-Invariant Time Series Distance Measure [Position on Recent Developments in Time Series Analysis] Stephan Spiegel and Sahin Albayrak DAI-Lab, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7,More information
Modelling, Extraction and Description of Intrinsic Cues of High Resolution Satellite Images: Independent Component Analysis based approaches
Modelling, Extraction and Description of Intrinsic Cues of High Resolution Satellite Images: Independent Component Analysis based approaches PhD Thesis by Payam Birjandi Director: Prof. Mihai Datcu ProblematicMore information
The Scientific Data Mining Process
Chapter 4 The Scientific Data Mining Process When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, it means just what I choose it to mean neither more nor less. Lewis Carroll [87, p. 214] InMore information
The Role of Size Normalization on the Recognition Rate of Handwritten Numerals
The Role of Size Normalization on the Recognition Rate of Handwritten Numerals Chun Lei He, Ping Zhang, Jianxiong Dong, Ching Y. Suen, Tien D. Bui Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence,More information
Social Media Mining. Data Mining Essentials
Introduction Data production rate has been increased dramatically (Big Data) and we are able store much more data than before E.g., purchase data, social media data, mobile phone data Businesses and customersMore information
Data Mining for Model Creation. Presentation by Paul Below, EDS 2500 NE Plunkett Lane Poulsbo, WA USA 98370 paul.below@eds.
Sept 03-23-05 22 2005 Data Mining for Model Creation Presentation by Paul Below, EDS 2500 NE Plunkett Lane Poulsbo, WA USA 98370 firstname.lastname@example.com page 1 Agenda Data Mining and Estimating Model CreationMore information
ECE 533 Project Report Ashish Dhawan Aditi R. Ganesan
Handwritten Signature Verification ECE 533 Project Report by Ashish Dhawan Aditi R. Ganesan Contents 1. Abstract 3. 2. Introduction 4. 3. Approach 6. 4. Pre-processing 8. 5. Feature Extraction 9. 6. VerificationMore information
Comparing the Results of Support Vector Machines with Traditional Data Mining Algorithms
Comparing the Results of Support Vector Machines with Traditional Data Mining Algorithms Scott Pion and Lutz Hamel Abstract This paper presents the results of a series of analyses performed on direct mailMore information
Handwriting and Gestures in the Air, Recognizing on the Fly
Handwriting and Gestures in the Air, Recognizing on the Fly Sharad Vikram Computer Science Division University of California, Berkeley email@example.com Lei Li Computer Science Division UniversityMore information
EM Clustering Approach for Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Big Data Set
EM Clustering Approach for Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Big Data Set Amhmed A. Bhih School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Princy Johnson School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering MartinMore information
An Overview of Knowledge Discovery Database and Data mining Techniques
An Overview of Knowledge Discovery Database and Data mining Techniques Priyadharsini.C 1, Dr. Antony Selvadoss Thanamani 2 M.Phil, Department of Computer Science, NGM College, Pollachi, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu,More information
Evaluating an Integrated Time-Series Data Mining Environment - A Case Study on a Chronic Hepatitis Data Mining -
Evaluating an Integrated Time-Series Data Mining Environment - A Case Study on a Chronic Hepatitis Data Mining - Hidenao Abe, Miho Ohsaki, Hideto Yokoi, and Takahira Yamaguchi Department of Medical Informatics,More information
Support Vector Machines with Clustering for Training with Very Large Datasets
Support Vector Machines with Clustering for Training with Very Large Datasets Theodoros Evgeniou Technology Management INSEAD Bd de Constance, Fontainebleau 77300, France firstname.lastname@example.com MassimilianoMore information
Image Compression through DCT and Huffman Coding Technique
International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 4106, P-ISSN 2347 5161 2015 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Research Article RahulMore information
Introduction to Pattern Recognition
Introduction to Pattern Recognition Selim Aksoy Department of Computer Engineering Bilkent University firstname.lastname@example.com CS 551, Spring 2009 CS 551, Spring 2009 c 2009, Selim Aksoy (Bilkent University)More information
So today we shall continue our discussion on the search engines and web crawlers. (Refer Slide Time: 01:02)
Internet Technology Prof. Indranil Sengupta Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No #39 Search Engines and Web Crawler :: Part 2 So today weMore information
Data Clustering. Dec 2nd, 2013 Kyrylo Bessonov
Data Clustering Dec 2nd, 2013 Kyrylo Bessonov Talk outline Introduction to clustering Types of clustering Supervised Unsupervised Similarity measures Main clustering algorithms k-means Hierarchical MainMore information
QÜESTIIÓ, vol. 25, 3, p. 509-520, 2001 PRACTICAL DATA MINING IN A LARGE UTILITY COMPANY GEORGES HÉBRAIL We present in this paper the main applications of data mining techniques at Electricité de France,More information
Clustering. 15-381 Artificial Intelligence Henry Lin. Organizing data into clusters such that there is
Clustering 15-381 Artificial Intelligence Henry Lin Modified from excellent slides of Eamonn Keogh, Ziv Bar-Joseph, and Andrew Moore What is Clustering? Organizing data into clusters such that there isMore information
Strategic Online Advertising: Modeling Internet User Behavior with
2 Strategic Online Advertising: Modeling Internet User Behavior with Patrick Johnston, Nicholas Kristoff, Heather McGinness, Phuong Vu, Nathaniel Wong, Jason Wright with William T. Scherer and MatthewMore information
Principles of Dat Da a t Mining Pham Tho Hoan email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com. n
Principles of Data Mining Pham Tho Hoan email@example.com References [1] David Hand, Heikki Mannila and Padhraic Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT press, 2002 [2] Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber,More information
Local outlier detection in data forensics: data mining approach to flag unusual schools
Local outlier detection in data forensics: data mining approach to flag unusual schools Mayuko Simon Data Recognition Corporation Paper presented at the 2012 Conference on Statistical Detection of PotentialMore information
A Review of Data Mining Techniques
Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology IJCSMC, Vol. 3, Issue. 4, April 2014,More information
A Mathematical Programming Solution to the Mars Express Memory Dumping Problem
A Mathematical Programming Solution to the Mars Express Memory Dumping Problem Giovanni Righini and Emanuele Tresoldi Dipartimento di Tecnologie dell Informazione Università degli Studi di Milano Via BramanteMore information
Data Preprocessing. Week 2
Data Preprocessing Week 2 Topics Data Types Data Repositories Data Preprocessing Present homework assignment #1 Team Homework Assignment #2 Read pp. 227 240, pp. 250 250, and pp. 259 263 the text book.More information
High-dimensional labeled data analysis with Gabriel graphs
High-dimensional labeled data analysis with Gabriel graphs Michaël Aupetit CEA - DAM Département Analyse Surveillance Environnement BP 12-91680 - Bruyères-Le-Châtel, France Abstract. We propose the useMore information
Performance Analysis of Naive Bayes and J48 Classification Algorithm for Data Classification
Performance Analysis of Naive Bayes and J48 Classification Algorithm for Data Classification Tina R. Patil, Mrs. S. S. Sherekar Sant Gadgebaba Amravati University, Amravati firstname.lastname@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com information
Classification of Household Devices by Electricity Usage Profiles
Classification of Household Devices by Electricity Usage Profiles Jason Lines 1, Anthony Bagnall 1, Patrick Caiger-Smith 2, and Simon Anderson 2 1 School of Computing Sciences University of East AngliaMore information
Gas Dynamics Prof. T. M. Muruganandam Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Module No - 12 Lecture No - 25
(Refer Slide Time: 00:22) Gas Dynamics Prof. T. M. Muruganandam Department of Aerospace Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module No - 12 Lecture No - 25 Prandtl-Meyer Function, NumericalMore information
Data Mining - Evaluation of Classifiers
Data Mining - Evaluation of Classifiers Lecturer: JERZY STEFANOWSKI Institute of Computing Sciences Poznan University of Technology Poznan, Poland Lecture 4 SE Master Course 2008/2009 revised for 2010More information
Sanjeev Kumar. contribute
RESEARCH ISSUES IN DATAA MINING Sanjeev Kumar I.A.S.R.I., Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 email@example.com 1. Introduction The field of data mining and knowledgee discovery is emerging as aMore information
Clustering. Adrian Groza. Department of Computer Science Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
Clustering Adrian Groza Department of Computer Science Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Outline 1 Cluster Analysis What is Datamining? Cluster Analysis 2 K-means 3 Hierarchical Clustering What is Datamining?More information
Determining optimal window size for texture feature extraction methods
IX Spanish Symposium on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Castellon, Spain, May 2001, vol.2, 237-242, ISBN: 84-8021-351-5. Determining optimal window size for texture feature extraction methods DomènecMore information
Temporal Data Mining for Small and Big Data. Theophano Mitsa, Ph.D. Independent Data Mining/Analytics Consultant
Temporal Data Mining for Small and Big Data Theophano Mitsa, Ph.D. Independent Data Mining/Analytics Consultant What is Temporal Data Mining? Knowledge discovery in data that contain temporal information.More information
Part-Based Recognition
Part-Based Recognition Benedict Brown CS597D, Fall 2003 Princeton University CS 597D, Part-Based Recognition p. 1/32 Introduction Many objects are made up of parts It s presumably easier to identify simpleMore information
Visualization of General Defined Space Data
International Journal of Computer Graphics & Animation (IJCGA) Vol.3, No.4, October 013 Visualization of General Defined Space Data John R Rankin La Trobe University, Australia Abstract A new algorithmMore information
Advanced Ensemble Strategies for Polynomial Models
Advanced Ensemble Strategies for Polynomial Models Pavel Kordík 1, Jan Černý 2 1 Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Czech Technical University in Prague, 2 Dept. of ComputerMore information
Visual-based ID Verification by Signature Tracking
Visual-based ID Verification by Signature Tracking Mario E. Munich and Pietro Perona California Institute of Technology www.vision.caltech.edu/mariomu Outline Biometric ID Visual Signature AcquisitionMore information
Bootstrapping Big Data
Bootstrapping Big Data Ariel Kleiner Ameet Talwalkar Purnamrita Sarkar Michael I. Jordan Computer Science Division University of California, Berkeley {akleiner, ameet, psarkar, email@example.com information
Towards better accuracy for Spam predictions
Towards better accuracy for Spam predictions Chengyan Zhao Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2E4 email@example.com Abstract Spam identification is crucialMore information
What mathematical optimization can, and cannot, do for biologists. Steven Kelk Department of Knowledge Engineering (DKE) Maastricht University, NL
What mathematical optimization can, and cannot, do for biologists Steven Kelk Department of Knowledge Engineering (DKE) Maastricht University, NL Introduction There is no shortage of literature about theMore information
Subspace Analysis and Optimization for AAM Based Face Alignment
Subspace Analysis and Optimization for AAM Based Face Alignment Ming Zhao Chun Chen College of Computer Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou, 310027, P.R.China email@example.com Stan Z. Li MicrosoftMore information
Data Mining Project Report. Document Clustering. Meryem Uzun-Per
Data Mining Project Report Document Clustering Meryem Uzun-Per 504112506 Table of Content Table of Content... 2 1. Project Definition... 3 2. Literature Survey... 3 3. Methods... 4 3.1. K-means algorithm...More information
What is Data Mining, and How is it Useful for Power Plant Optimization? (and How is it Different from DOE, CFD, Statistical Modeling)
data analysis data mining quality control web-based analytics What is Data Mining, and How is it Useful for Power Plant Optimization? (and How is it Different from DOE, CFD, Statistical Modeling) StatSoftMore information
3 th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Vancouver, B.C., Canada August -6, 24 Paper No. 296 SOFTWARE FOR GENERATION OF SPECTRUM COMPATIBLE TIME HISTORY ASHOK KUMAR SUMMARY One of the importantMore information
A Stock Pattern Recognition Algorithm Based on Neural Networks
A Stock Pattern Recognition Algorithm Based on Neural Networks Xinyu Guo email@example.com Xun Liang firstname.lastname@example.com Xiang Li firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract pattern respectively. RecentMore information
A Robust Method for Solving Transcendental Equations
www.ijcsi.org 413 A Robust Method for Solving Transcendental Equations Md. Golam Moazzam, Amita Chakraborty and Md. Al-Amin Bhuiyan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jahangirnagar University,More information
Synchronization of sampling in distributed signal processing systems
Synchronization of sampling in distributed signal processing systems Károly Molnár, László Sujbert, Gábor Péceli Department of Measurement and Information Systems, Budapest University of Technology andMore information
Comparison of Non-linear Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Classification with Gene Expression Microarray Data
CMPE 59H Comparison of Non-linear Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Classification with Gene Expression Microarray Data Term Project Report Fatma Güney, Kübra Kalkan 1/15/2013 Keywords: Non-linearMore information
COMPUTING CLOUD MOTION USING A CORRELATION RELAXATION ALGORITHM Improving Estimation by Exploiting Problem Knowledge Q. X. WU
COMPUTING CLOUD MOTION USING A CORRELATION RELAXATION ALGORITHM Improving Estimation by Exploiting Problem Knowledge Q. X. WU Image Processing Group, Landcare Research New Zealand P.O. Box 38491, WellingtonMore information
Introduction to Machine Learning Using Python. Vikram Kamath
Introduction to Machine Learning Using Python Vikram Kamath Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Introduction/Definition Where and Why ML is used Types of Learning Supervised Learning Linear RegressionMore information
Establishing the Uniqueness of the Human Voice for Security Applications
Proceedings of Student/Faculty Research Day, CSIS, Pace University, May 7th, 2004 Establishing the Uniqueness of the Human Voice for Security Applications Naresh P. Trilok, Sung-Hyuk Cha, and Charles C.More information
Manifold Learning Examples PCA, LLE and ISOMAP
Manifold Learning Examples PCA, LLE and ISOMAP Dan Ventura October 14, 28 Abstract We try to give a helpful concrete example that demonstrates how to use PCA, LLE and Isomap, attempts to provide some intuitionMore information
Distance Degree Sequences for Network Analysis
Universität Konstanz Computer & Information Science Algorithmics Group 15 Mar 2005 based on Palmer, Gibbons, and Faloutsos: ANF A Fast and Scalable Tool for Data Mining in Massive Graphs, SIGKDD 02. MotivationMore information
Biometric Authentication using Online Signatures
Biometric Authentication using Online Signatures Alisher Kholmatov and Berrin Yanikoglu email@example.com, email@example.com http://fens.sabanciuniv.edu Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul,More information
A Simple Feature Extraction Technique of a Pattern By Hopfield Network
A Simple Feature Extraction Technique of a Pattern By Hopfield Network A.Nag!, S. Biswas *, D. Sarkar *, P.P. Sarkar *, B. Gupta **! Academy of Technology, Hoogly - 722 *USIC, University of Kalyani, KalyaniMore information
Spotting Words in Handwritten Arabic Documents
Spotting Words in Handwritten Arabic Documents Sargur Srihari, Harish Srinivasan,Pavithra Babu and Chetan Bhole Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition (CEDAR) University at Buffalo,More information
Ensemble Methods. Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2 (VU) (707.004) Roman Kern. KTI, TU Graz 2015-03-05
Ensemble Methods Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining 2 (VU) (707004) Roman Kern KTI, TU Graz 2015-03-05 Roman Kern (KTI, TU Graz) Ensemble Methods 2015-03-05 1 / 38 Outline 1 Introduction 2 ClassificationMore information
CHAPTER 6 TEXTURE ANIMATION 6.1. INTRODUCTION Animation is the creating of a timed sequence or series of graphic images or frames together to give the appearance of continuous movement. A collection ofMore information
Time series databases. Indexing Time Series. Time series data. Time series are ubiquitous
Time series databases Indexing Time Series A time series is a sequence of real numbers, representing the measurements of a real variable at equal time intervals Stock prices Volume of sales over time DailyMore information
Data quality in Accounting Information Systems
Data quality in Accounting Information Systems Comparing Several Data Mining Techniques Erjon Zoto Department of Statistics and Applied Informatics Faculty of Economy, University of Tirana Tirana, AlbaniaMore information
Offline Word Spotting in Handwritten Documents
Offline Word Spotting in Handwritten Documents Nicholas True Department of Computer Science University of California, San Diego San Diego, CA 9500 email@example.com Abstract The digitization of writtenMore information
AUTOMATION OF ENERGY DEMAND FORECASTING. Sanzad Siddique, B.S.
AUTOMATION OF ENERGY DEMAND FORECASTING by Sanzad Siddique, B.S. A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the DegreeMore information
Detection and Restoration of Vertical Non-linear Scratches in Digitized Film Sequences
Detection and Restoration of Vertical Non-linear Scratches in Digitized Film Sequences Byoung-moon You 1, Kyung-tack Jung 2, Sang-kook Kim 2, and Doo-sung Hwang 3 1 L&Y Vision Technologies, Inc., Daejeon,More information
Supervised Feature Selection & Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction
Supervised Feature Selection & Unsupervised Dimensionality Reduction Feature Subset Selection Supervised: class labels are given Select a subset of the problem features Why? Redundant features much orMore information
Character Image Patterns as Big Data
22 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition Character Image Patterns as Big Data Seiichi Uchida, Ryosuke Ishida, Akira Yoshida, Wenjie Cai, Yaokai Feng Kyushu University, Fukuoka,More information
Tracking Moving Objects In Video Sequences Yiwei Wang, Robert E. Van Dyck, and John F. Doherty Department of Electrical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA16802 Abstract{ObjectMore information
Performance Metrics for Graph Mining Tasks
Performance Metrics for Graph Mining Tasks 1 Outline Introduction to Performance Metrics Supervised Learning Performance Metrics Unsupervised Learning Performance Metrics Optimizing Metrics StatisticalMore information
Data Mining for Manufacturing: Preventive Maintenance, Failure Prediction, Quality Control
Data Mining for Manufacturing: Preventive Maintenance, Failure Prediction, Quality Control Andre BERGMANN Salzgitter Mannesmann Forschung GmbH; Duisburg, Germany Phone: +49 203 9993154, Fax: +49 203 9993234;More information
Statistical Models in Data Mining
Statistical Models in Data Mining Sargur N. Srihari University at Buffalo The State University of New York Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Biostatistics 1 Srihari Flood ofMore information
Classification of Fingerprints. Sarat C. Dass Department of Statistics & Probability
Classification of Fingerprints Sarat C. Dass Department of Statistics & Probability Fingerprint Classification Fingerprint classification is a coarse level partitioning of a fingerprint database into smallerMore information
Appendix E: Graphing Data
You will often make scatter diagrams and line graphs to illustrate the data that you collect. Scatter diagrams are often used to show the relationship between two variables. For example, in an absorbanceMore information
Classifying Manipulation Primitives from Visual Data
Classifying Manipulation Primitives from Visual Data Sandy Huang and Dylan Hadfield-Menell Abstract One approach to learning from demonstrations in robotics is to make use of a classifier to predict ifMore information
Analysis of Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models
Analysis of Bayesian Dynamic Linear Models Emily M. Casleton December 17, 2010 1 Introduction The main purpose of this project is to explore the Bayesian analysis of Dynamic Linear Models (DLMs). The mainMore information
Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) in Semi-supervised Learning Reducing Dimension and Maintaining Meaning
Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) in Semi-supervised Learning Reducing Dimension and Maintaining Meaning SAMSI 10 May 2013 Outline Introduction to NMF Applications Motivations NMF as a middle stepMore information
Junghyun Ahn Changho Sung Tag Gon Kim. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 373-1 Kuseong-dong, Yuseong-gu Daejoen, Korea
Proceedings of the 211 Winter Simulation Conference S. Jain, R. R. Creasey, J. Himmelspach, K. P. White, and M. Fu, eds. A BINARY PARTITION-BASED MATCHING ALGORITHM FOR DATA DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT JunghyunMore information
Introduction to Machine Learning and Data Mining. Prof. Dr. Igor Trajkovski firstname.lastname@example.com
Introduction to Machine Learning and Data Mining Prof. Dr. Igor Trakovski email@example.com Neural Networks 2 Neural Networks Analogy to biological neural systems, the most robust learning systemsMore information
Chapter 1 MINING TIME SERIES DATA Chotirat Ann Ratanamahatana, Jessica Lin, Dimitrios Gunopulos, Eamonn Keogh University of California, Riverside Michail Vlachos IBM T.J. Watson Research Center GautamMore information
Principles of Data Mining by Hand&Mannila&Smyth
Principles of Data Mining by Hand&Mannila&Smyth Slides for Textbook Ari Visa,, Institute of Signal Processing Tampere University of Technology October 4, 2010 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1 DifferencesMore information
CS231M Project Report - Automated Real-Time Face Tracking and Blending
CS231M Project Report - Automated Real-Time Face Tracking and Blending Steven Lee, email@example.com June 6, 2015 1 Introduction Summary statement: The goal of this project is to create an AndroidMore information
Broadband Networks. Prof. Dr. Abhay Karandikar. Electrical Engineering Department. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Lecture - 29.
Broadband Networks Prof. Dr. Abhay Karandikar Electrical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 29 Voice over IP So, today we will discuss about voice over IP and internetMore information
A STUDY ON DATA MINING INVESTIGATING ITS METHODS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Mrs. Jyoti Nawade 1, Dr. Balaji D 2, Mr. Pravin Nawade 3 1 Lecturer, JSPM S Bhivrabai Sawant Polytechnic, Pune (India) 2 AssistantMore information
On Correlating Performance Metrics
On Correlating Performance Metrics Yiping Ding and Chris Thornley BMC Software, Inc. Kenneth Newman BMC Software, Inc. University of Massachusetts, Boston Performance metrics and their measurements areMore information
Building an Advanced Invariant Real-Time Human Tracking System
UDC 004.41 Building an Advanced Invariant Real-Time Human Tracking System Fayez Idris 1, Mazen Abu_Zaher 2, Rashad J. Rasras 3, and Ibrahiem M. M. El Emary 4 1 School of Informatics and Computing, German-JordanianMore information
Extension of Decision Tree Algorithm for Stream Data Mining Using Real Data
Fifth International Workshop on Computational Intelligence & Applications IEEE SMC Hiroshima Chapter, Hiroshima University, Japan, November 10, 11 & 12, 2009 Extension of Decision Tree Algorithm for StreamMore information
Practical Data Science with Azure Machine Learning, SQL Data Mining, and R
Practical Data Science with Azure Machine Learning, SQL Data Mining, and R Overview This 4-day class is the first of the two data science courses taught by Rafal Lukawiecki. Some of the topics will beMore information
The LCA Problem Revisited
The LA Problem Revisited Michael A. Bender Martín Farach-olton SUNY Stony Brook Rutgers University May 16, 2000 Abstract We present a very simple algorithm for the Least ommon Ancestor problem. We thusMore information
Why do statisticians "hate" us?
Why do statisticians "hate" us? David Hand, Heikki Mannila, Padhraic Smyth "Data mining is the analysis of (often large) observational data sets to find unsuspected relationships and to summarize the dataMore information
An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision
An Iterative Image Registration Technique with an Application to Stereo Vision Bruce D. Lucas Takeo Kanade Computer Science Department Carnegie-Mellon University Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 AbstractMore information
Mobile Phone APP Software Browsing Behavior using Clustering Analysis
Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Bali, Indonesia, January 7 9, 2014 Mobile Phone APP Software Browsing Behavior using Clustering AnalysisMore information
Storage Management for Files of Dynamic Records
Storage Management for Files of Dynamic Records Justin Zobel Department of Computer Science, RMIT, GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne 3001, Australia. firstname.lastname@example.com Alistair Moffat Department of Computer ScienceMore information
Parallel Data Selection Based on Neurodynamic Optimization in the Era of Big Data
Parallel Data Selection Based on Neurodynamic Optimization in the Era of Big Data Jun Wang Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories,More information
Image Estimation Algorithm for Out of Focus and Blur Images to Retrieve the Barcode Value
IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering Volume 1 Issue 10 April 2015 ISSN (online): 2349-784X Image Estimation Algorithm for Out of Focus and Blur Images to Retrieve the BarcodeMore information
Analytics on Big Data
Analytics on Big Data Riccardo Torlone Università Roma Tre Credits: Mohamed Eltabakh (WPI) Analytics The discovery and communication of meaningful patterns in data (Wikipedia) It relies on data analysisMore information
Azure Machine Learning, SQL Data Mining and R
Azure Machine Learning, SQL Data Mining and R Day-by-day Agenda Prerequisites No formal prerequisites. Basic knowledge of SQL Server Data Tools, Excel and any analytical experience helps. Best of all:More information
Introducing diversity among the models of multi-label classification ensemble
Introducing diversity among the models of multi-label classification ensemble Lena Chekina, Lior Rokach and Bracha Shapira Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Dept. of Information Systems Engineering andMore information
International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 1449
International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering 1449 Available Online at www.ijecse.org ISSN- 2277-1956 Neural Networks in Data Mining Priyanka Gaur Department of Information andMore information
STATISTICA. Clustering Techniques. Case Study: Defining Clusters of Shopping Center Patrons. and
Clustering Techniques and STATISTICA Case Study: Defining Clusters of Shopping Center Patrons STATISTICA Solutions for Business Intelligence, Data Mining, Quality Control, and Web-based Analytics TableMore information
Vector storage and access; algorithms in GIS. This is lecture 6
Vector storage and access; algorithms in GIS This is lecture 6 Vector data storage and access Vectors are built from points, line and areas. (x,y) Surface: (x,y,z) Vector data access Access to vectorMore information


text:
400G 13' x 165' Coirmat 2145 sq ft/roll
Please Login to receive Special Pricing
Not Registered? Create an Account
Coirmat, made from well cleaned, high strength, fresh water cured coconut fiber. Coconut fiber is extracted from coconut husks which are submerged in fresh water streams or storage tanks for a period of several months. During this process known as retting, water constantly flows through the coir fiber matrix removing impurities present in the fiber. The clean fiber is extracted and spun into yarn which is then woven into KoirMat. KoirMat erosion control matting is highly versatile with a wide array of applications in bioengineering and erosion control. KoirMat by far exceeds the demand for an environmentally friendly and economic erosion control product
- High tensile strength and durability make it suitable for the most severe erosion control problems, such as steep slopes and high velocity flow channels This matting lasts four to eight years, allowing for full vegetation establishment and is easy to install 6.5 ft available by special order
- This extended longevity period allows enough time to establish adequate vegetation allowing erosion control the way nature intended
- Coir matting is made from 100% natural lagoon seasoned coir fiber and are 100% biodegradable
- Density: 11.8 oz/sq-yd
- Material: Coconut Fiber
- Permittivity: 8 ft/sec
- Color: Natural/Earth Tone
- Thickness: .3 in
- Area: 2145 sq-ft
- Standards: ASTM D 1117, ASTM D 4595, ASTM D 1388
- Length: 165 ft
- Width: 13 ft
- Special Features: 4070 x 3923 mg -cm Flexural Rigidity, 163 percent Water Absorption, 3.2 psf Shear Stress
- Usage: Highway and Rail Embankments, Slope and Channel Stabilization, Wetland Construction, Mining Operations and Landfills, Stream and River Bank Stabilization, Tidal Marshes, High Altitude Planting, Golf Courses, Detention Ponds, Ski Slopes and Ski Lift Tracks, Dams and Reservoirs
Customers Also Purchased
Customers Also Purchased
Alternate Products
Alternate Products
Prod.# 262EXCEL2P$77.69


text:
Archive for category Mobile Gaming
Your ideal MMO tie-in mobile app
Posted by Ian "Orkchop" Rosenfield in Analysis and Opinion, Mobile Gaming on June 4, 2011
This post is brought to the pages of Nitpixels by a guest author. Want your words on Nitpixels? Send a pitch to email@example.com.
Blizzard recently revamped their Mobile Armory app for World of Warcraft and added the ability to chat with guild members in the game from your phone. This is in addition to some basic in-game Auction House functionality. I also found out that Dragon Age Legends, a Facebook game, has a mobile site where you can craft items and collect gold. As mobile phones get better at gaming, and indeed have their own MMOs, it seems natural to integrate mobile experiences into persistent world games.
Imagine a game being developed now, where they could integrate mobile phone and other out-of-game features while designing the game from the ground up. What type of mobile integration would you like to see in a next-gen MMO? Would you like to handle crafting from your phone? What if instead of being menu driven, crafting was a mini-game you could play while away? While it could limit crafting, it's also nice to be able to accomplish something in your main game while you're away from your system. It would also be nice to handle all of the "busy work", like buying and selling items, while you were away, so that when you have time to sit down and play you can jump right into the game.
Social features and communications also seem like a perfect fit. I like the idea of messaging people in-game and modifying an in-game calendar from the device where I do most of my real life messaging and calendaring. Would you like to post achievements and screenshots to Twitter a la RIFT?
What features would you look forward to in a mobile app for your next game?
Guest Post: What makes a mobile game mobile?
Posted by Ian "Orkchop" Rosenfield in Analysis and Opinion, Mobile Gaming on April 27, 2011
This post is brought to the pages of Nitpixels by a guest author. Want your words on Nitpixels? Send a pitch to firstname.lastname@example.com.
I've been playing a lot of mobile games recently. When writing a quick Marketplace review for Dungeon Defenders I noted that it didn't feel like a "mobile" game. It is a fun game, and its mix of tower defense and Diablo-style hack-and-slash is intriguing. Using Unreal Engine 3 even makes it look like a console game. Unfortunately the 20 minute levels with no way to save also felt too much like a console game, and not something I'd be able to play often on my phone.
One of the biggest factors affecting mobile games is that their users are, well, mobile. The games are targeted to an audience that might not be sitting down for a dedicated multi-hour gaming session. The player could be on a subway, in a doctor's office, or waiting for their World of Warcraft raid to fill up. The problem isn't really even that they're on the move, it's that they can be interrupted at any moment. The game needs to be able to be paused and saved on the fly. You don't want to be 15 minutes into a level, have your number called, and lose all your progress.


text:
bon goût
Verified Purchase
bon goût
Ce thé est très bon et la composition donne encore plus envie d'en boire, on se fait du bien de l'intérieur
Was this review helpful to you?
bon goût
Posted by 5123493929057070316 on Apr 26, 2014 | Verified Purchase
Ce thé est très bon et la composition donne encore plus envie d'en boire, on se fait du bien de l'intérieur
Posted by greenisthenewblack on Dec 21, 2011 | Verified Purchase
Smells wonderful and fruity, tastes ok. I think this tea probably needs some sweetener to be great, and I also think that since it feels a bit summer-y, it will be great as iced tea.
will rebuy - a lot
Posted by 5152937929417868974 on May 08, 2014 | Verified Purchase
My favorite Zhena's tea.
Posted by lamemope on Feb 21, 2014 | Verified Purchase
My favorite Zhena's tea.
repeated order
Posted by Reviewer2044617 on Mar 13, 2012 | Verified Purchase
I love the smell of the product as well as the taste. That was my second order of the tea.
Acai Berry
Posted by Reviewer2470725 on Mar 06, 2012 | Verified Purchase
My husband loves this one. Would also love to try the Goji Cacao Berry tea.
Excellent and fast
Posted by Reviewer2611061 on Feb 09, 2012 | Verified Purchase
Fast delivery and product as described. 5 star !!!!
My kids really like this tea!
Posted by emmsmama on Feb 03, 2012 | Verified Purchase
My kids like to drink tea on occasion and this is their favourite and I like it too. We drink it hot, but I'm sure it would taste very yummy as an iced tea as well. I drink tea black, with no added milk or sugar and this tea tastes yummy that way, and my kids drink it with a tsp of sugar. I'm in Canada and was VERY happy with how quickly and easily I received my order from iHerb. I will definitely be ordering again once I get up a big enough order to make the shipping worth it again.
Like it
Posted by Reviewer3077108 on Jan 08, 2012 | Verified Purchase
Very tasteful! My family like it very much. I'm gonna order it again and again :)
very good
Posted by Reviewer1832984 on Nov 06, 2011 | Verified Purchase
This tea is very good!
1-10 of 14 total
1 2


text:
The display and use of drug information on this site is subject to express terms of use. By continuing to view the drug information, you agree to abide by such terms of use.
SIDE EFFECTS: Stomach upset and itching may occur. If either of these effects persists or worsens, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: numbness/tingling (especially of the arms/legs, around the mouth/tongue), strange feeling on the skin of the arms/legs, mental/mood changes (such as confusion, psychosis, seizures), difficulty walking, unsteadiness, slow/shallow/troubled breathing, dizziness/feeling of spinning, unexplained fever, slurred speech, muscle weakness, change in the amount of urine, red/pink urine.This medication may rarely cause a severe intestinal condition (Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea) due to a type of resistant bacteria. This condition may occur during treatment or weeks to months after treatment has stopped. Do not use anti-diarrhea products or narcotic pain medications if you have any of the following symptoms because these products may make them worse. Tell your doctor right away if you develop: persistent diarrhea, abdominal or stomach pain/cramping, blood/mucus in your stool.Use of this medication for prolonged or repeated periods may result in a new infection. Tell your doctor if you notice any symptoms of a new infection (such as white patches in your mouth, a change in vaginal discharge).A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider and is not for distribution, except as may be authorized by the applicable terms of use.
CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. A healthcare professional should be consulted before taking any drug, changing any diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Use the pill identifier tool on RxList.