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In 20 years, what will the typical work day be like? That is the question the Working Worlds in 2030 project is trying to answer.
Architecture and design students at the Universities of Darmstadt and Detmold have been working on solutions for the working world of the future, and their concepts, based in part on products from Bayer MaterialScience, were presented by future_bizz at Orgatec in Cologne. Their creative approaches are based on scenarios that employees will face in the future: Working conditions, performance requirements, and responsibilities of employees.
The students were given fictitious descriptions of typical employees during a typical work day in the future. This allowed students to combine the factual information about the working world of 2030 with emotional aspects.
Their concepts therefore reflect more accurately the daily work of the protagonists, their culture, and individuality, said Dr. Lorenz Kramer, innovation manager in the new business unit at Bayer MaterialScience, in a press release.
An example concept is the "AdPack," which is a backpack that works as a mobile office by turning into a chair or lounger. A large, folding touchscreen, that can open over the user's head, is also integrated into the backpack. To manufacture the AdPack, polymer products, including rollable OLED films, could be used.
If privacy is something you need during the workday, you could opt for the Private Device option, which forms a closed tent with wings. This could be made with electroactive, switchable polycarbonate films, and would allow the worker to be completely secluded and have a quiet area to work in.
The "Sky Hangar" is another concept for use as a temporary workspace. The modular office container system is flexible, designed for sustainable assembly and disassembly for many different work situations. Once you use it for one work project and take it down, it can be reconfigured and transported to the next location. Materials recommended for this include polycarbonate for lightweight glazing, and lightweight, rigid PU foam composite systems for temperature insulation.
Some other questions asked were: How will IT devices influence the working environment in the future? How will the trend towards virtualization change offices and work tools? What will the workplace be like for people who primarily work in networks or projects?
What are some of your ideas and solutions to the proposed questions for the working day in 2030? Tell us in the comments section below.
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Recently Completed Programs
Workplace, Workforce, and Working Families
In this program, the Foundation makes grants that seek to enhance scholarly, business, and public understanding of the challenges facing today's working families and to identify how the workplace can be restructured to meet employees' work-family needs, as well as employers' performance needs. The program makes grants in four broad areas:
Basic Research: The Foundation funds innovative, high quality research on the challenges facing today's working families, as well as the efficacy of business and policy responses to these challenges. It also promotes the early career development of work-family scholars.
Faculty Career Flexibility in the Academy: The Foundation partners with the American Council on Education to administer the Alfred P. Sloan Awards for Faculty Career Flexibility, intended to recognize colleges and universities for their leadership and accomplishments in implementing flexibility for their tenured and tenure-track faculty. Each winner receives award monies in the form of accelerator grants.
The National Workplace Flexibility Initiative: This Initiative is a collaborative effort whose overarching goal is to make grants to promote workplace flexibility as a compelling national issue, which will serve as an essential step to reaching our long term goal of making workplace flexibility the standard way of working in the U.S.
Aging and Flexible Work: The Foundation funds original, high-quality research on America's aging work force and issues facing older workers.
View a complete list of the grants in theWorkplace, Work Force and Working Families Program more


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first one i've seen him dunk... was beginning to think he couldnt
Blake with the best air-ball i have ever seen.Nothing but bottom of the net.
Come on guys this game is far from over. Cousins can make it a 2 point game.
Hey DJ maybe you should help Big baby when he is helping on Pick and roll.
Wow that was a god awful possession.
Blake great work on the steal
Welcome back, Jamal!! Superb two bingos in a row!
Man these guys just won't go away.
There we go, much better.
Man can Blake dish the ball or what?
This was a really good game actually, I guess the Saturday afternoon didn't work for a lot of people. The CP, Blake/DJ combination off the pick and roll is great.
It was also really nice to see Jamal back and even have his little two 3PT streak
Great win for the Clips! Sweep of the Kings and tied the most wins of the franchise.
Cousins and Griffin having a good talk it seems.
Good game. Really interesting to see Blake and Cousins cordially talking to each other like that after the game. Could this be the beginning of a new friendship??? haha
Is it true that our defensive rating is better with dj on bench? That doesn't seem right
Felt we were more aggressive tonight and attacked well making the pick and roll instead three ball a key play. As a team we just need to get better on defense and rebounding.
I am waiting for the day that all four California teams make the playoffs. Just how Texas has the luxury of all 3 Rexas teams "might" make the playoffs. I am pulling for Dallas tonight
wow gotta be shortest game thread of the season. Team played pretty well, can't complain. Almost surreal to see Jamal and JJ "healthy" in the same game. Hope they can keep that going for the next 20-25 games.
granger still out, it's a shame he's probably not going to be a rotation guy for us in the playoffs if he's still hurt now.
I think granger will still be a rotation guy
Is that you, Scooby-Doo?
Yes it is, marginally, 105.3 on, 104.4 off, that's a 0.9 difference. This could mean that the defense is better without DJ, this could mean that Ryan Hollins despite his fouling does a lot of other things really well on defense to make up for it, this could mean that DJ plays with non-favorable defensive lineups more than other starters, so we'll have to get some context.
Most (all?) teams starters have a higher Ortg than their bench, so if the opposing bench and starters played equal level defense, their bench would have a lower Drtg because they are playing against an inferior offense. If the bench and starters have the same Drtg, then your starters are actually the better defensive unit because they are accomplishing the same defense against better offensive players. If your starters have a significantly better one (like 2 pts/100), then they are much better
If DJ is primarily on with the starters, then he's on mostly with the other teams best offensive players. Okay, so let's look at CP and Blake to see how this plays out.
Defensive Rating
CP: On (103.1) / Off (107.5) = (-4.4)
Blake: On (104.5) / Off (106.4) = (-1.9)
*Minus being a good thing, meaning the team is giving up less points, just so no one is wondering why that seems odd
Now, the starters don't play ALL their minutes together, but here we see that in contrast to DJ, the team has lower Drtg with Paul and Blake on than off, so that doesn't help DJ. Does this say DJ is a bad defender? No, not at all, but it does suggest that he is probably not a dominant defender (but then again, we already knew this didn't we?). It could also be a product of the minutes he isn't with the other starters, maybe in those minutes he's with poor defensive units.
Here are on/off numbers that would suggest dominant defensive impact on that team:
Marc Gasol 12-13: on (98.2) / off (105.1)
...but context is important, wasn't Marc Gasol always on with Conley and Allen?
Allen 12-13: on (97.2) / Off (103.8)
Conley 12-13: on (97.8) / Off (105.9)
So this seems to suggest more of a starting lineup that is dominant defensively as a unit, without a clear highest impact guy being suggested, but you would need to examine other things to get a better understanding such as who everyone is playing with, who is the main cog in keeping the defense intact. This season with Allen coming off the bench, we see this:
Allen: on (103.3) / off (105.4)
M.Gasol: on (105.1) / off (104.3)
M.Conley: on (106.2) / off (102.4)
Is this significant? Well, Allen is now coming off the bench (28/52) games in favor of the better shooter in Lee. He has the best on/off defensive numbers, so this seems to suggest that maybe Allen (who played 79 games last season) is actually their highest impact defender of the three...but he's also now playing against more benches / bench players, and maybe he's just getting put in more favorable lineups, so this alone can't be used to conclude anything. We'd need some good film analysis and some other supporting numbers at least.
In the end though, something like Defensive RAPM would give you a more accurate description, high and low players put for reference.
Defensive RAPM
Andre Iguodala: 5.5
Kevin Garnett / Larry Sanders: 4.2
Marc Gasol: 4.1 (Allen - 2.4 , Conley - 1.8, Gasol still wins)
Tim Duncan: 3.4
Dwight Howard: 3.3
Amir Johnson: 2.6
Patrick Beverly: 2.5 (Harden: -1.2)
Chris Paul: 1.8
Blake Griffin: 1.5
DeAndre Jordan: 0.6
Marco Belinelli: -3.0
Jimmer Fredette: -3.2
Eric Gordon: -3.5
Gary Neal: -3.7
Byron Mullens: -4.5
We see a good correlation to who we consider good defenders and who we consider bad defenders, so that gives us some validity confidence. RAPM seems to line up with the basic on/off that DJ is an averageish overall impact defender and Blake and Paul have been the ones who are more "plus" defenders this season.
Other Clippers Defensive RAPM
Redick: -1.7
Collison: -1.6
Crawford: -0.8
Green: -0.2
Hedo: -0.1
Barnes: 0.7
Bullock: 0.7
Dudley: 0.8
Davis: 1.0
Granger: 1.6
Hollins: 2.9
Davis and Granger are not Clipper numbers, those are season numbers. Again, RAPM is not a be all / end all, it is better to look at it over multiple seasons and if patterns continue, then it is more suggestive of whatever it was saying. The Clippers most mis-matched position is starting SG. Collison and Redick have played the most minutes there, so maybe there is a correlation with them being the lowest.
Hollins comes out with flying colors here, he does have the hustle, I'll give him that. All the SF's have shown the be almost exactly the same range on defense and all quite average. Paul being a good and positive impact defender (which we all already know this season) is supported by him being the only positive guard on the team, and Will the closest is 2 points back (1.8 to -0.2).
Random comments
Seriously Mullens? Only player with a -4 or lower defensive RAPM, I didn't think it was that bad. Iguodala has been great for Golden State despite the not so impressive raw numbers, he's brought great defensive impact, and there are a lot of things supporting his defensive impact for them. Him and Bogut's defense is going to be the biggest factor for Golden State doing anything in the post-season after / in conjunction with the shooting and the play of Curry.
RAPM Reference: http://stats-for-the-nba.appspot.com/ratings/2014.html
Basketball-Reference for On/Off stats
^Mullens was bad enough to make us the worst defense in the league when he played significant minutes. He is the anti Tim Duncan on defense.
Not surprised at all. I hated that piece of turd. The only Clippers player I have ever legitimately hated.
As for DJ he plays A LOT of minutes with the bench so I am not surprised.
We've played good defense with Hollins on the floor, he's long, mobile and he's veteran with ok decision making. He's still a net negative because he's bad at other things, especially fouls and turnovers, but he's a good defender, especially as an interior help defender.
Hollins defense wasn't as good last year, I don't think VDN utilized him as well. Hollins had really good defensive on/off numbers when he was Doc on the Celtics though. Doc I think is good at getting long bigs to play defense. Perkins did well with him, Hollins has and Jordan is improved this year.
A workman-like win for the Clippers vs a team that actually really wanted to win. Good job by Blake, CP, DJ (other than the free throws), and Barnes. Nice to see Jamal back and hit a pair of big 3's to help seal the win.
And yeah that was interesting to see Blake & Cousins talking there at the end of the game. Not sure what Blake said, but Cousins cracked a smile said "I had no idea".
Ya I really want to know what blake and cousins said


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Review: Fast delivery, very happy with the
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13 Dec 2009 by Michael P.
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Fast delivery, very happy with the product and the service, cheers again.
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Quincy Kilim Rug - Gray
- Overview
A geometric beehive design is expertly woven in a flat weave on our kilim rug.
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- Dimensions & Care
- Handwoven of 80% wool, 20% cotton.
- 1.5' square (18" square)
- 2.5' wide x 9' long (30" wide x 108" long)
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Shipping Information
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We cannot accept returns on monogrammed, personalized, made to order items, or on items damaged through normal wear and tear. We also cannot accept returns of final-sale items which are identified by a price which ends in .99.
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You may return merchandise through the mail for a refund or replacement. For detailed procedures for returning items through the mail, please contact Customer Service at 1.888.779.5176, 7 days a week, 5:00am - 9:00pm (PT).


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Which former Clipper back up point guard had the highest theoretical peak? We have yet to see Bled's and unfortunately never saw Shaun's. He was about to break out (similar to what Bled is doing now).
Bledsoe. Tbh I hated Livingston's game. Sure he had nice vision but the guy couldn't shoot. They would give him a wide open 15 footer and he wouldn't take it
I don't know how much you can argue that Bledsoe was a higher prospected shooter than Livingston early in his career (Not exactly a shooter himself), but I think I would give it to Bledsoe too if not on the explosive driving abilities than on the energetic defensive level. And much of the defensive prowess is still untapped. Just feels like a whole different roof for Bledsoe
Though Livingston's vision was always a trait that was reveered and should be mentioned in the debate. Think he's obviously the winner in that department.
Definitely Livingston IMO. People were comparing him to Magic because he is a tall PG. It was obvious that Livy had to bulk up, though.
Livingston definitely had more hype, but Bledsoe is developing into a beast, not sure Livingston would've ever been able to live up to the hype even if he stayed healthy.
Yeah, I'd have to go with Bledsoe. I loved Livingston's game, but Bleds relentless havoc on opposing PG's seemed to drive a lot of them crazy. Rubio reminds me a lot of Livingston, and without a shot I don't think either will ever live up to the hype (I know it is likely too late for Livingston). I think Bled is one of the biggest reasons why we killed the Flakers last year, because as soon as he came in they had trouble getting it to half court let alone running anything that resembled a play. I can't remember someone that was under 6'3 that caused so much havoc on the defensive end. I've seen him up close and he looks more like a stout running back or a linebacker than a basketball player in my opinion.
I feel like a dad asked to pick his favorite kid.
Current Livingston would be awesome off the bench.
Blesode has already shown improvement. I was the biggest Livingston fan but its been years and he still has no jumper. If Livingston never got hurt and develpoed a jumper he would be the best pg in the game.
Bledsoe more years to improve.


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Day three of Who Do You Think You Are? Live 2011 and fatigue was starting to take its toll. Fortunately it was a much shorter day for me, due to the deficiencies of public transport on a Sunday (don't get me started on that).
The show was also a lot quieter than the previous two days which pleased me, there were still plenty of people about but it seemed a lot calmer and relaxed, or was that just me. I took the chance to take advantage of the Society of Genealogist's Ask the Experts service, I spent twenty minutes or so discussing the missing 1841 census entry for Henry SHORNDEN/WRIGHT. I have one or two things to try out which might help solve the mystery, but it is just great to be able to discuss a problem with someone else, you know what they say "two heads are better than one".
I deliberately didn't go crazy with the talks/workshops today, although there were several I would have liked to see, but I really wanted to spend a bit more time visiting the stands, taking advantage of the fact that there were fewer people about. Time seemed to fly by and I had a fascinating discussion with a representative from the Science Museum Library and Archives about one of their exhibits and what records they might have relevant to my family history (there is another story in there that I need to research and write about). I learnt so much in those few minutes and not just about the museum but also about research beyond the museum itself.
I also had a fascinating discussion with a lady from the Isle of Man Post Office, about their new genealogy stamps and genealogy in general. It turns out that as well as working for the Post Office she is also a genealogist herself. The stamps themselves have even more depth than I first realised (I will tell you more later). I could quite easily have stood and chatted for hours, but I had to move on.
The first of the talks I attended was given by Dr. Chris Watts and entitled "From census entry to Google Maps". This was an unusual one, I had heard the talk before because it had been made available as a podcast by The National Archives, but it was a very visual talk about taking addresses from census returns and using different types of maps to learn further details, so seeing it in person was a much better experience.
My final talk of the show was by Celia Heritage and was entitled "Do You Know Who You Are Yet?". To be honest I chose this talk because the title intrigued me and I didn't really know what it was going to be about. It turned out to be about the reasons why people research their family history, largely based on the speaker's own motivations and genealogy research. It was definitely thought provoking, I am not quite sure about my motivations, but it has made me think that it would be interesting to look back and see how and why I got started on my family tree and whether those motivations are still the same now.
I then spent a bit longer wandering around the stands, the show was beginning to wind down and I was able to pick up a couple of bargains on my way out, but on the whole I don't think I spent so much money this year, which is probably just as well. Then began the marathon journey home and I think I actually spent longer getting home than I actually spent at the show today! It was sad to say goodbye to Olympia for another year (hopefully there will be another one next year) as it was starting to feel a bit like a second home after three days.


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I'm in a 14 man league this year, its pretty competitive. I'm picking 4th this year and I'm torn as to who I'd take. Unless there's an absolute miracle Lebron and KD will be gone. Which leaves me with 2 choices, I either take James Harden or Chris Paul, but I have been looking at Derrick Rose who seems to have added a 3PT shot to his arsenal. Even if Rose is like 80% the entire year, gives me say 68 or more games I still think he can give me 22pts, 7assists and so forth.
But, I'm a CP3 fan even back when he was a Hornet. And James Harden is a monster, but I think with D12 in Houston, his PTS and boards will go down a bit. Not drastically, but I doubt we see a repeat of last years performance.
I'm probably taking a PG in round 2 or 3 anyways as it'd be a nice compliment to either 3 players, and I'd rather not get the **** end of the stick in the PG department and get guys that get say 4-6 assists a night. What do ya'll think?
I'm picking fourth as well and if I were you I would go with cp3. he will cover your categories in FT, ASST, and Steals. james harden is great but I think cp3 is going to give you better overall numbers.
but at the same time, the league is deep in the PG position
im also in a 14 player competitive league. we play 1 pg 1sg 1g 1sf 1pf 1f 2c's and 3 utilities with 4 bench players. my draft was last night and i picked 9th overall. my first pick was D. Rose. second i picked D. Cousins, third i picked up Bledsoe, then G. Monroe, rondo, Tobias Harris, oj mayo, jimmy butler, h. barnes, derrick williams, taj gibson, reggie jackson, steven adams, jeremy lamb, and t. ross in that order. i basically went with a lot of guys with big upside hoping it works out for me like it did last year ( i won this league last year).
i picked up rondo as a fifth rounder as insurance for d rose and bledsoe as they are both not a sure thing to be healthy all year and ast are hard to replace via waver wire.
in my league it went durrant, lebron, harden, paul, love, curry irving, melo, rose, paul george, lamarcus, mark gasol,etc.. all of the good pgs were gone by round 3. the only ones left were holiday, rondo, teague, lowry, and jennings.
i would recommend going with pg, c, pg and then fill in your needs afterwords, but if harden is available at 4, i wouldn't think twice about it. he made the most foul shots in the league last year and at a really good rate, so he will really bring up your ft% a lot.
I just started a Fantasy basketball league and so far we have 3 teams. If you want to join send me your email. The draft will be today at 5PST.
I hope you picked CP3. I was hoping I could get him but I had the 7th pick -.-. I knew he was going to be a great pick at 3 since I knew his numbers would be up this season especially due to better coaching, better shooters and playing at a WAAAY faster pace.
People in my league didn't pick D Rose until around 10 and that guy who picked him is the worst player in my league by far so yea.... I warned him to not believe in the hype . Even if he didn't get injured it wouldn't have been worth it.
My cousin who had the 3rd pick definitely picked CP3 to troll me.
Btw in my league Davis, Love, and CP3 are the top players. I know its different for each league since they play with different rules(scoring rules).
Guys I need your help, in my league someone wants to trade me Paul George and Kevin martin for Kevin Durant and lamarcus alridge. Should I accept that trade?
No way! Durant is more valuable than George by a good margin and LMA is more valuable than Martin. Its a robbery tbh.
hell no. wtf. the only category you win is 3ptm. i would hold on those 2 and look to trade some other people on your team instead. those are 2 possible mvp's this year
Thanks I decided to not do the trade, both players along with Affalo have been my best players


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If we were in the playoffs right now... Do u think blake and D.J could handle the great Tim duncan..
Lamarcus on portland
Zach and marc memphis
Roy hibbert on pacers
They can hold their own. The problem is that everyone in the world knows they have nobody behind them. Get them in foul trouble or tire them out and we're toast.
Blake could take Z-Bo, but I still don't know if DJ could handle Marc Gasol. It's been two straight playoff series where Gasol dominated DJ. DJ's improved a lot since last year, but I'm not sure if he could match Gasol's physicality.
Up until the 2nd round
DJs 1v1 defense against the better Cs in this league to me is still a bit suspect
It's simple, we don't put DJ on the opposing teams big men shooters like LMA, Duncan, Gasol, Ibaka....etc because that takes DJ away from the glass where he's the best in the league.
Also Blake isn't tall and lengthy enough to prevent the opposing teams soft handed bigs like Lopez, Randolph, Splitter....etc from getting offensive tip ins.
Don't think either match up would go well Z-Bo is physical and it seems when they play Blake is the one that ends up getting hurt. It's not a great match up at all and we need a different look from a third big to mix and match,
It all comes down to maturity and basketball IQ for Blake and DJ its only half the season, a long time for this two guys to improve their game with the help of Doc.
I don't think it's them that worries me. I think the problem lies with can a combination of Blake, DJ, Hedo, and Hollins match up against the opposing front court rotation. I'm not too worried about Portland's, Houston, or San Antonio, but there are a lot of other ones that would have me worried.
Memphis for example: I think with Blake and DJ's new elevated play, we would do well straight up. The problem is that they bring in Davis, and Koufus as relief. Blake and DJ can't keep up with all 4 players for an extended period of time.
They definitely can when they're on the court. But once they get in foul trouble (which happens very often), we're screwed.
They can but the problem is when they are off the court who fills the void?


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Maxi Dresses
Feast your eyes on our nomination for the super-dress of the season. The languid elegance and longer length of the maxi dress flatters the short or tall, curvy or streamline - and is, (whisper it), comfortable whilst looking like you've gone that extra mile to wear something special. Is that cheating?
8 Styles Found


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very good lecture
Recently attended Microchip Masters and Cisco had a demo on network and lighting which gives a lot of flexibility to the end user
pretty interesting
Hi catching up
Thank you Carol and Alex
Not planning to do it in large scale but it is good to know all prospects and trends
Hi from Oregon
Good presentation....very useful.
Systems engineer - making up session 5
@Alex - Thanks Alex. See you in a couple of weeks.
@Carol - Thank you Carol.
@Carol - I don't think this next question has been asked or mentioned in the presentation, and at this late posting, I don't expect anyone will answer, but I'll ask anyway. We already see LEDs in automotive tail lights, but when do you think they will be the primary source of lighting for headlights (and I don't mean those little decorative trim lights).
Concerning load shedding... Here in Maryland our energy supplier, Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE) has for the past couple of years implemented turning off our A/C. The program is an opt-in, and there are choices of 50%, 75% and 100%. It is offered at not only the industrial/commercial clients, but also the home market. My household is a subscriber of this plan. The A/C shutdowns occur on days of extreme temperatures, and the load shed by BGE is significant, and the program has been successful.
@Alex - Not presently doing anything w/LEDs, but a project doing the design/development would be nice.
@Alex - HW/SW/FW
Carol, thank you for a week of great lectures!
@Alex - not involved in lighting and buildings arena (beside my own)
@Alex - job function s/w, h/w and currently focus on standardization
Good to have access to recorded sessions...
Missed a class due to travel.
Thanks again carol
Alex stop interupting your presenters
Interesting and Informative
Sums it up for me about the weeks classes
Mostly higher level code interfacing with firmwre in embedded applications
Maintaing older legacy software and also research and development of new software applications
Software Engineer II
Picking up the last class this week
Thank you for this week!
Interest in lighting at this point is in the area of smart home opportunities for unitilities.
Thanks, Carol, for making yourself accessible. I'm going to go check out your book (and the rest of your talks this week which I couldn't make it to).
I am interested in entertainment lighting uses for Film, Television and Concert Lighting.
Keep up the good work, and good day. Rod.
I hear her
I hope you all enjoyed this as much as I have. Thanks to Alex, EDN, and Digikey.
Have a great weekend.
If you would like to discuss more, email me at
sales at reliabulb dot com
Good points. And I'm not a betting woman. No one knows how the future will turn out. But don't lose heart. The industry is oving forward. Someday there will be the killler app for lighting controls. Or someday it will just seem backwards and out of date to not have lighting control. It is money down the drain. Money motivates, even if logic doesn't always.
reposting, 'cause I'm not sure what's happening (apologies if already posted):
Agreed in general wrt 6loPAN et al revolution precipice, but question: I'm interested in different markets, and obviously a not-insignificant market exists outside the realm of customers served by traditional building automation people--what I'm getting at is cost on, let's say, "RF system cost" for each "POL" (which could be an individual lamp or luminaire). Currently, COTS components are available in the budget of aforementioned building automation-scale people, but they're still not--ok, I'll be crude: X10 still exists and is in some sort of wide use (granted, in only 1 particular niche vertical, but my point is, if those such individuals can afford a 'house-wide' deployment, then we've removed acquisition cost from the list of issues for everyone else). Oh, question: any ideas, sense about anything happening to change that? (could be company, concept, massive tipping point trend; anything)
Thanks for sharing your insight and knowledge about LEDs...
thanks again for the presentation. Have a nice weekend.
hm...anyone else? (post streaming still working for everyone else?) stopped..
not seeing my post - test
Seems there are niche markets for certain custom LED designs. I wonder if there's a forum or onine gathering place for pooling demand to enable funding custom LED systems. Sort of like kickstarter.com, but demand sourced.
Thanks for a week of great talks
Thank you Carol and everyone for this interesting week. You all have a great weekend.
BENEFIT: I didn't expect much from this module. But it was very informative. I now realize the effect of this fast growing electric load trend such as decreasing power factor. :o) LED as participants in the network of things is another point of awareness for me.
About LEDs pICKING UP RF NOISE, EMAIL ME AND LET'S DISCUSS.
@LevitonDave: actually, many business customers are on contracts that specify that they are interruptable. These buninesses typically have back up generators anyway, so they are cut off (with warning, usually) when there is a potential overload situation.
About noisy industrial environments, that's a really interesting niche. Email me and let's discuss.
UTILITIES: One issue for them will be the increase in reactive energy. Edson light bulbs didn't have any to speak of. It may even pass that homes will be offered a break for the use of corrective power factor solutions.
Thanks Carol, it's been an interesting week and I know much more about LED lighting and control then I did on Monday morning. A great way to spend my lunch time.
Thanks to you and Alex. See all later.
Great insight to an important topic.
UTILITIES: I am referring to street lights applictions, but smart homes are likely to get a break for utilizing LED light fixtures. Some utilities are even giving some light bulbs to customers to promote their use.
What a lovely group of people here! Thanks for the nice feedback. Never gotten that at technical conferences.
Great conversations, too. We're all learning from each other.
Utilities are worried about load for their generating capacity. Load shedding is typically to avoid brownouts. usually there is a billing break if a business/building provides the utility the ability to turn off some portions of the load to avoid brownouts.
@Carol: btw, (OT and all, but) you might think of doing something like this: http://amzn.to/LenkLEDbook (also: bitly gives you metrics)
Thank you
To answer a couple of the questions that were asked about wireless vs PLC, I think they are both useful technologies and I don't see either one going away anytime soon. They both have their uses. I think wireless is about to have a revolution based on 6loPAN driven technology improvement - open protocol, low power sensor, allows smaller IC, etc.
Thanks Carol for the series of lectures. Enjoy Atlanta.
Thanks Alex, DN and Digikey.
Thank you, Carol.
Thank you.
I would think that DSM by utilities would be left to the industrial customer to control. In other words, if the utility says you need to cut your usage by 20%, the business would decide what 20% on their own. It would make no sense for the utility to have to understand the business enogh to pick what to control.
Utilities are unlikely to get involved in lighting control. UNLESS they can package it as a paid service, particularly in a multi-building facility. But pursue that thought...
great info Thanks
thnks Carol & Alex
thanks Carol
thanks Carol , hope you ll be on the digikey again soon
Thank you Alex you too!
@flaredOne - got one e-version yesterday
Ok, since a couple of people asked, at the risk of being flamed, here's the link to the book.
You can contract me at
sales at reliabulb dot com
@Carol: In a nut shell, will utilities get involved in wireless control of LED lighting, or because they own the poles, they are likely to use power iight communications and sensors to drive their policies?
@kim - insert RF inductors in the LED wiring (virtual o/c).
(we should see caffeine-cards just showing up in the next several weeks?)
Thanks Carol! very enlighting serries, pun intended.
Thanks Carol!
@Carol: you should post a link to your book right here!
Carol Thank you Carol for the courses this week, thanks Alex
Thanks Carol:for sharing your knowledge and experience
As always, the FIRST tool I-as-designer need is a datamining tool to quickly/efficiently search out and tabulate (create a full-fledged link page to) references/resources for design info. Second tool would be a "reputation"-based tabulator, helping define "who's out front" in design choices (no sense spending time evolving a system using an evolutionary deadend protocol...).
Thanks, Carol!
Thanks for a great week - good overview and background.
Thank you for a week of informative presentation!
Thank You Carol
Thank you Carol, Alex and Digi-Key. Lots of great information
Thx. Carol and Alex
tnkx carol!!!
Thanks Carol.
Thanks Carol
Thank you, Carol, what is the best way to contact you?
Thank you Carol!
thank you Carol,
Great week of lectures Carol, thanks very much.
Thanks, Carol -- great series!
What are people doing for the matter of [reasonably accurate] ~POL power consumption metrology (&xmission etc etc)?
Thanks Alex.
Good stuff, thanks Carol!
@Carol - question - what is the industry trend for communication, wireless or PLC for lighting control?
@flaredOne - True for retrofit - not for new construction.
I have an application for controlled lighting in an RF intense environment. However, LED's de-modulate the RF signal and treat it as a DC bias and change the lighting level. Any suggestions?
Thanks for the info this week Carol! Are there LonMark profiles for lighting control? If so, how widely used are they?
EnOcean is a wireless Lighting and HVAC protocol out of Germany that has a large alliance behind it.
"brick-and-mortar" physical wiring is going to be counter-productive (hard to justify, ROI, etc) for MOST implementations, particularly upgrades.
How about Echelon COS power line communications for light control, no IP overhead?
@Carol Have you installed smart lighting and/or LED lighting in your home? How was your experience with it? Is there anything you are waiting on for costs or protocols to mature?
@ RMRSS - in my oppinion, there is no need of that, this is more "slow" process
Hi Carol, Alex and all.
I'm sorry for the tardiness.
What network protocol appears to be winning industry acceptance?
what do you really mean by SaaS in this context?
Question: Do you see ZigBee or Zwave becoming dominant for installations?
Carol, since most building electrical things are powered over the powerline, I'd like to know what industry coverage PLC access has ?
Hi Carol,
How about fiber optics for distribution and control?
"mesh"-networking heating up? Adhoc networks (particularly with mobile elements (smartphones meandering between offices)) are going to be fussy.
@Paul Scott
Be sure to click 'Today's Slide Deck' under Special Educational Materials above right to download the PowerPoint for today's session.
it's not really necessary to have a unique IP address for each light. Out of the building, it is not really useful to have those lights addressable. In fact, that could be a problem.
Hi Carol - There is another control protocol similar to DALI called Sector by Leviton that supports ballast based digital dimming.
And (if we're looking for logical placement points for adjunct equipment) sounds like thermostat enclosures will probably start including WiFi access points too...
Is there any design and development tool for controlling integrated LED lighting system?
Add some infra red LEDs around the perimeter of the traffic lights.
same problem with LED tail lights, not hot enough to melt snow and ice. needs heater!
so thermostats are going to start encompassing optical sensors too?
I'm listening on Firefox on a Mac. Yesterday I listened on Firfox onunder Redhat Linux. Firefox isn't the issue.
Sounds like a niche for a smart phone app to allow you-working-late to control local lighting.
interested in building automation, monitoring and local control also.
It's working fine for me with Firefox
Many thanks for your fine coverage that was well balanced between breadth and depth.
I use Firefox 11 without any problems
industrial environments have a HUGE problem with localized RFI, data-swamping noise, associated with various processes (welding, etc). 4-20 mAmp circuits were an early solution...
You should let people know that the broadcast is not supported under Firefox. I just now got in via IE.
I think large scale adoption won't take place until electricity prices zoom up. NA electricity is too cheap! Comments?
audio dropped out with foreign content for a few seconds there...
What slide are we on now?
Interested in lighting sensors and controls
interested in building automation, monitoring and local control
Audio fine
the mention of "Big Data" seems gratutious. This is not a hugh amount of data.
- TI has some excellent reference designs for LED based lighting, that includes both schematics and source code. Its freely downloadable (once you register at TI),,and you may be able to glean some ideas by studing what they did. The URL reference is http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/microcontroller/32-bit_c2000/tools.page and look under the "Lighting" heading under Application kits.
some indication, summarizing comments; some browsers are NOT hearing her.
no hear!
Illuminating crystals to be viewed with spectrum analyzer and photographed
yes , i hear carol
I hear
All I'm hearing is Blog Talk Radio also. There is no video.
Audio is good nos, I had problems at the start
I can hear fine.
yes, Carol is still coming thru
can not hear her
All I can hear is "Blog Talk Radio"
I hear Carol fine
audio is ok
78RPM, download the slide deck above
we can
Press F5 to get rid of the Blog talk radio.
yes sound is fine
Audio is fine here
Yes I am getting audio feed
Yes, I can hear Carol. Keep on trucking!!!
Electrical Engineer
Interest in Smart Grid and control
Hear fine
I can hear
Carol coming thru fine
I can hear fine
yes i can
yes can hear her!
can hear her fine.
Loud and clear.
Yes we hear fine
no problem with the audio
Carol is still coming through
audio is ok for me
can still hear alex and carol
I can hear her on IE but she fails in Firefox.
Sounding loud and clear! :)
distributed sensor systems with adhoc networking. Yes, we're hearing carol.
Hearing good here.
Yep, we can hear her
Yes, I can hear her
I can still hear Carol
I can still hear her.
I hear Carol.
Hear fine!
sound is ok
yes, can hear her
I hear carol
Ref only. Not involved in building lighting control.
Yes, can hear Carol.
yes, can hear okay
I can hear her
Yes I can hear Carol
Still hearing her
Re-Lamped church facility in 2011 from ComEd Grant using energy efficient FL fixtures.
Would like to see possible replacements for large incandescent bulbs - 500w R40 Mogul base.
Hear her fine
I hear her just fine.
Can u still hear Carol?
very interested in power line carrier communication (PLC) and control of lighting. wires already go to each fixture, so use them for other functions too.
I hear her fine.
Audio is good
Where's the presentation? All I get is Blog Talk Radio.
More interested in control systems
Backlighting & Indication
general knowledge
working on public lighting automation
Job function: Electrical Test Engineer. (unemployed)
I am not sure about this but it is an area of interest as to green energy and smart grid.
I have plan to install smart lighting system, and especially in •Goal is to connect to Smart Grid and communication with Utilities.
System dropped my first comment (grrr).
Hardware design project/proto/product engineer
No specific implementation at hand, keeping up with State of the art.
Good morning from sunny Sebastopol, CA. Just went through the slide deck, and Carol did an excellent job. I'm in the Solar Power part of the engineering world, but smart LEDs are part of the same green energy continuum.
@Hellmut - it has started.
Consultant; Systems-level design engineer (hw -> sw); Yes, planning several projects in this [lighting w/energy consumption consciousness] arena.
Not doing or planning in the near future to do any building lightning but it certainly is an interesting topic and a source for a lot of potential cost savings!
Yes, building energy savings is of definite interest. Outside night lighting especially.
Day job - Distinguished Member Technical Staff
Other job - Chairman, Board of Trustees for a local Methodist church - responsible for facility, etc.
No immediate plans for lighting systems projects but very interested in it.
LED system design
Building automation monitoring and control possible future position
Energy saving (low power design) at chip and system level is important in every application. Every project I have worked on recently has pushed for low power.
HW/FW engineer
when will it start?
We are planning to develop network capabilities to lighting
We have done a lot of these upgrades to control costs and look to do more in the near future
interested in PLC control of lighting in new or retrofit applications. no current or near term plans
Planning to do smart/centralized remote lighting for commercial/residential lighting.
R&D Engineer
Software developer.
Embedded systems design, HW/SW
Planning for lighting display.
No Network/ Building application
RD Engineer, THermal/optical analysis/Testing for SSL products
Systems Integration: Both HW and SW...
Just interested from a learning aspect.
I worked in a building once where the heat from the lighting was used to heat the building. What then?
No plan
Part of our service
Lead designer/Packaging engineer
my job function: systems engineer
Software Engineer.
Technical Trainer
Sales Engineer
Looking for more depth and detail on using and designing boost SMPS for LED lighting appications. Soft start. Handling LED sometimes wide parameter (forward voltage drop, etc.). Analog feedback vs. hysteretic control. I realize that is likely a whole new course, not just one answer. :-)
Engineering Director (SW & HW)
where does the aduio appear
Design Consultant
Job function: Research and Systems Integration.
embedded sw egr
engineering technician R&D, S/W, H/W, F/W, interested in displays so yesterday's presentation was great!
Hardware/Software Developer
Design Engineer
poweer supply engineer
some reason,I can hear the lecture, it is always lot told radio.
thanks Design News for the Coffee
Consumer product design, interested in the electrical design.
job function : sustaining engineering for an instrumentation manufacturer
mostly communication and embedded control electronics with some firmware support
HW/SW Design
System engineer
consultant - firmware engineer
R&D Lab Engineer.
Job function: firmware, drivers and some hardware
Good afternoon, Carol.
engineer - embedded
chipset architect
V.P. of Operations,
Chief Dev. Engineer
Development Engineer; interested in automotive lighting applications
hardware design engineer
Hello All
hw/sw embedded engineer
Hardware Architect
Program manager, Alex
Sr Embed Des Eng.
firmware eng
Hi there.
how this work?
good morning everyone
hello guys
hardware eng, lpe
general interest
Good afternoon Alex.
Good evenning
Good day all.
Good morning!
hello everyone
good afternoon
hi all,
Hi! from the Space Coast of Florida!
Good afternoon folks.
Good evenning from Germany
Hello and happy Friday!
Good morning
Having my Starbuck's brew this morning. Thanks.
TGIF from central Iowa!
hi carol
Good Day!
Good morning all and happy Friday.
Hi All
Bonjour from NoVA at 71F with a "refreshing" wind.
hi all
good afternoon everyone
Hi Alex. Thx for the Starbucks! How can we get our CEC certificates?
Howdy folks! :)
If "Blog talk radio" keeps repeating, also press F5.
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Alcoa in Vietnam
It All Starts With Dirt
The Alcoa Story
Alcoa Vision & Values
Alcoa in Vietnam
The Alcoa Story
Alcoa's 125 Years
Inventing the Process: Charles Martin Hall
Charles Martin Hall's discovery came on February 23, 1886 when he was only 22 years old. The globules from this discovery are referred to as Alcoa's "crown jewels."
The patent application was filed on July 9, 1886 but not actually issued until April 2, 1889.
Financing the Business
Hall had difficulty finding financial backing to commercialize his process.
Hall sought assistance from Cowles Electric Smelting & Aluminum Company, which made alloys. Hall worked on the process for them for 90 days. They weren't interested, so Hall was back where he started. However, at Cowles, he met Romaine C. Cole, who recognized the value of Hall's invention and recommended contacting Capt. Alfred E. Hunt—one of the foremost metallurgists in the steel industry.
Hunt was so impressed with Hall's process that he called a preliminary meeting of five of his associates (all under age 35) on July 31, 1888. Although the first name selected for the business was Pittsburgh Aluminium Company, the enterprise was incorporated as The Pittsburgh Reduction Company on October 1, 1888.
On August 8, 1888, they agreed to put up $20,000, $5,000 at a time, to build a pilot plant.
Our First Employee: Arthur Vining Davis
Alcoa's first employee, Arthur Vining Davis came to Pittsburgh in 1888 from Amherst College at the age of 21. His father asked Capt. Hunt for help in finding his son a job. Hunt hired Davis at his Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory, but soon decided that Davis would be a perfect team with Hall.
In the beginning, Davis and Hall were each taking 12-hour shifts and soon the plant was making between 30 to 50 pounds of aluminum per day at $8.00 a pound.
Alcoa's Strategy: Growing the Business
As the business progressed, Hall did research and Davis moved into the leadership role.
The Pittsburgh Reduction Company was busy trying to perfect its process and find a market for aluminum before its patent protections expired. For example, in 1890, Davis borrowed molds from the Griswold Company of Erie, PA, a manufacturer of cast iron cookware, and had some aluminum teakettles made. Griswold was impressed and placed an order for 2,000 kettles. Griswold wanted the kettles, not the aluminum, so Alcoa went into the fabricating business to prove that there was a market for this metal.
Soon the pilot plant was inadequate. The company sought additional backers, including the Mellons, and returned most earnings to the company during the first decade.
This additional investment allowed the company to move operations to New Kensington, PA (30 miles outside of Pittsburgh) in 1891. The first metal was produced there in November 1891. Their strategy was vertical integration. After establishing their core smelting business, the company expanded downstream into fabrication, and upstream into the extraction and manufacture of raw materials and power generation. In August 1895, they started producing metal at the new Niagara Works plant in New York.
Hall and his backers wanted to make aluminum a common metal. To do this, they would have to promote the use of aluminum as a substitute for more familiar commodities. The best way to compete with steel and wood was to lower the price of their product by refining their process and expanding production capacity. Between 1888 and 1897, they were able to reduce the price from $8.00 a pound to 36 cents a pound.
Patent Problems
Heroult – Shortly after Hall filed his patent application, he learned that Paul Heroult from France had filed a similar application. Although Heroult's invention pre-dated Hall's, his application did not provide a "Preliminary Statement," as had Hall's. Under US patent law, this limited Heroult to the date on his application – May 22, 1886. Hall prevailed because his records proved that his date of invention was February 23, 1886.
Cowles and PRC – Patent disputes arose between the Cowles brothers and Hall. Cowles had started using Hall's process without licensing, and had acquired rights to the Bradley patents for the electric arc process they employed. After suits and countersuits, Cowles and Hall settled by Pittsburgh Reduction Company licensing the Bradley patents through 1909, and Cowles agreeing to purchase 146,000 pounds of aluminum annually at ten cents off the list price.
Antitrust Problems
The Sherman Act became law on July 2, 1890, two years after The Pittsburgh Reduction Company began. The law makes restraints of trade illegal and declares that every person who monopolizes trade or commerce among the several states or with foreign countries shall be guilty of a misdemeanor.
By 1912, the Justice Department believed that Alcoa had violated the Sherman Act on three counts: making restrictive covenants, engaging in alleged acts of unfair competition and participating in foreign cartels. During the next five years, Alcoa held a monopoly on North American aluminum production and produced more than 63% of the total world output.
Leadership Changes
By WWI, the Mellons controlled as much as one-third of the company stock, but they left management to others. A.V. Davis was considered too young when Hunt died in 1899, so Richard B. Mellon became President. Davis was the General Manager of operations.
In 1907, the company was renamed Aluminum Company of America, and A.V. Davis was named President in 1910.
In 1914, Hall died, and his will granted A.V. Davis his stock and the voting rights to additional stock. Davis became Chairman and moved to New York City. Roy Arthur Hunt, Captain Hunt's son, was the operating manager and day-to-day administrative manager in Pittsburgh. Davis' brother, Edward, was in Pittsburgh and worked on developing Alcoa's sales force. Leadership traveled between New York and Pittsburgh.
World War I
By the time the US entered the war, 90% of Alcoa's production was used in military applications. By 1918, the New Kensington works was producing mess kits, canteens and helmets, instead of cooking utensils. Aluminum became regulated like other strategic materials and prices remained low.
As the war ended, Alcoa found itself with excess capacity, a huge decline in demand, and a return of imports. Price controls were lifted and the expansion of aluminum spilled over into civilian uses.
What Alcoa Learned
Prior to the war, Alcoa concentrated on production. The war brought the realization that product improvements would be necessary. Germany had developed Duralumin, a copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy with extraordinary strength and Alcoa had nothing like it. Alcoa's research facilities were practically non-existent. With pressure from the government, Alcoa developed its 17S alloy, a Duralumin substitute.
Alcoa knew it would have to invest more in research. Francis C. Frary – a brilliant scientist who had achievements in chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy – was hired, and started in December 1918. He was responsible for improving the Hall Process from 97.75% pure aluminum to 99.99% pure. In 1930, the state-of-the-art Aluminum Research Laboratory was built in New Kensington. Research continued to be decentralized and Frary's organization became known as the Laboratories.
Expanding Outside the U.S.
After World War I, as power resources in the US became increasingly expensive, Alcoa expanded. Alcoa entered the bidding for developments in Canada by James B. Duke. By 1925, a deal was struck giving Duke $16 million in preferred stock and 15% of the common stock. Upon Duke's death three months later, Alcoa purchased a controlling interest in the Canadian venture to help the Duke executors pay the estates taxes.
By 1928, Alcoa had over half of the world capacity in primary aluminum: 90,000 metric tons in the US, 45,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Europe, but managing overseas operations presented problems. On June 4, 1928, Alcoa divested its ownership/interest in 34 companies worldwide and transferred them to Aluminium Limited of Canada.
Davis' brother, Edward went to Canada with a few technical experts and salesmen to be President of Aluminium Limited, and Roy Hunt became President of Alcoa.
Alcoa Antitrust Case
By 1924, the FTC had issued a report criticizing Alcoa's practices. Further complaints were filed and investigations were undertaken, leading up to the 1937 antitrust case against Alcoa.
The FTC believed Alcoa tried to monopolize bauxite, attempted to monopolize the water power of the world, dominated and controlled the foreign market for aluminum in the US, and engaged in injurious price cutting.
Alcoa won the trial on all 130 counts. But the Government won the appeal. Review by the Supreme Court was impossible, since four of the justices had been involved in prior antitrust suits against Alcoa. A special act of Congress was necessary to give the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals the weight of a Supreme Court opinion in this matter. The court found Alcoa controlled over 90% of the US market for aluminum ingot. This proportion alone was sufficient to support a violation of the Sherman Act, regardless of intent to monopolize.
The Alcoa case is still one of the longest trials to date. The company came close to being dissolved, and may have been, if not for gratitude for the role Alcoa played in winning World War II.
World War II
World War II began during the antitrust proceedings. While Alcoa was fighting in the courts, the company's aluminum became the strategic material critical to winning the war. Aluminum was so important, that in 1942, eight German saboteurs landed from U-boats; four on Long Island and four just south of Jacksonville, FL on a mission to destroy Alcoa's plants in Alcoa, TN, Massena and East St. Louis.
As early as 1939, R. S. Reynolds (President of Reynolds Metals) traveled to Europe and saw the German military buildup. When he returned to the US, Reynolds urged Davis to triple capacity for aluminum production for aircraft, but Alcoa was slow to move.
The government believed that the shortage was due to Alcoa having a monopoly in US primary aluminum production. Alcoa received negative publicity for failing to anticipate war production needs. Alcoa's monopoly was cited as the principal reason.
With astounding speed, Alcoa met the war time challenge. In three years, Alcoa built over 20 plants: 8 smelters, 11 fabricating plants, 4 refineries, and operated them for the government. Total investments in the industry during World War II rose to $672 million, of which $474 million were Alcoa investments. Employment rose from 26,179 in 1939 to 95,044 by 1944.
After the war was over, the US canceled Alcoa's plant leases and most plants were sold to Kaiser and Reynolds, at or below the cost to build them and Alcoa was required to license the technology necessary to run them. The only plant Alcoa was permitted to keep was the Cressona extrusion plant.
The country was left with an oligopoly of four major companies – Alcoa, Aluminium Limited, which was to become Alcan, Reynolds and Kaiser. In 1947, Alcoa petitioned for a ruling that it no longer monopolizes the market, but the ruling was rejected and the Justice Department retained jurisdiction over Alcoa until 1957.
Family to Institutional Ownership
In 1949 George Clapp, one of the original founders of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, died and was replaced on the Board by Alfred M. Hunt, Captain Hunt's grandson. In 1950, the court ordered Alcoa's major shareholders to divest either Alcoa or Aluminum Limited (Alcan) holdings. Only E. K. Davis sold his Alcoa shares. The court retained jurisdiction over Alcoa to assure that Reynolds and Kaiser did not become weak, ineffective competitors.
In 1951 Roy Hunt retired as President and Irving W. (known as Chief) Wilson became the first President from a non-founding family.
Alcoa had been listed on the Curb exchange in 1925, the forerunner of the American Stock Exchange, but on June 11, 1951, Alcoa moved to the "Big Board." Alcoa ventured into television advertising in 1951 by sponsoring Edward R. Murrow's "See It Now" CBS news program. In 1952, Alcoa Foundation was established and that same year, the Alcoa Building in downtown Pittsburgh was completed as a showcase of aluminum architectural applications.
In August 1957, A.V. Davis retired after 69 years of service.
Aluminum Competition: Out of the Antitrust Shadow
Not long after the end of Alcoa's monopoly, there was competition: Anaconda in 1955, Ormet in 1956 and Harvey in 1958. These newcomers established smelters in the US. Alcoa's loss of market share was more than offset by increased demand for products.
Roy Hunt had been averse to overseas expansion since the 1920s. Alcoa passed up oversees opportunities until Lawrence Litchfield, head of bauxite operations, contracted to enter a French/Swiss/Canadian consortium to mine in Guinea in 1957 without Hunt's knowledge. Hunt was furious, but his active opposition waned. The 1958 Brokopondo venture in Suriname for construction of a hydroelectric plant and smelter was Alcoa's first major offshore mine-to-metal venture.
Alcoa in the 1960s
After success with Brokopondo, Alcoa was eager to participate in offshore ventures, and in 1961, formed Alcoa of Australia with Western Mining to develop Australia's huge bauxite reserves. In the mid-1960s, Alcoa began developing aluminum operations in Brazil.
Alcoa moved into the real estate development business starting with Century City in Los Angeles. According to Tod Hunt Jr., at one point, Alcoa was the second largest real estate developer in the U.S.
Frederick J. "Fritz" Close (Chairman 1966-1970) was Alcoa's most notable salesman. Close was a champion of research and development and led the company during its venture into commercial real estate construction. He carried an enthusiastic spirit for the development of new initiatives, and it was John Harper who drove the strategy.
John D. Harper (President 1963-65; President and CEO 1965-70; Chairman and CEO 1970-75) joined Alcoa full time in 1933. Under his command, Alcoa moved deeper into fabricated products. Harper had a talent for politics. Krome George said of Harper, "drop him in the middle of the Sahara Desert, and he'd know the guy that ran the nearest oasis in ten minutes."
In 1961, Alcoa entered the market for aluminum ends for beverage cans first in juice cans. Alcoa developed the Easy-Open aluminum technology and convinced the Pittsburgh Brewing Company to use it in 1962 for their Iron City Beer, followed by the Schlitz and Busch brewing companies. By the end of 1963, the aluminum top had been adopted by most brewers and was on 40% of all US beer cans. By 1968, aluminum ends were more than 80% of the canned beer market. (Today, nearly 100% is aluminum.)
Close was the force behind the rigid container sheet (RCS) -- Alcoa and the industry's most important new product of the post-war era, but Harper was the one that committed Alcoa to the RCS market in advance of the industry.
In 1965, the first "outside" director was added to the board, Paul Miller of First Boston Corp.
Alcoa in the 1970s
The 1970s brought further overseas expansion. By early in the decade, Alcoa established fabricating plants in Colombia, El Salvador, France, The Netherlands, West Germany, Morocco, Tunisia and Libya.
Additional outside directors and increasing ownership by institutional investors brought additional pressures to maximize profits. Energy costs surged due to the oil shortage and embargo. Power costs at Alcoa's seven domestic smelters increased 400% during this decade. Additional competition from non-aluminum materials rose during this decade as well.
In 1978, primary aluminum began trading on the London Metal Exchange.
W.H. Krome George (President 1970-72; President and COO 1972-75; Chairman and CEO 1975-1983) invested in modernization and introduced computer information systems into smelting and rolling operations and used mathematic modeling to control production and cut costs. Under George's leadership, Alcoa's foreign investments surged in Brazil and Australia and the Business Unit concept emerged.
Alcoa in the 1980s and 1990s
While Krome George argued that aluminum still had untapped high technology potential, Charlie Parry (President 1981-83; Chairman and Chief Executive Officer 1983-87) expanded away from aluminum and diversified into non aluminum products. Alcoa moved into products where our technical know-how with aluminum-related materials was thought to give us an advantage.
In 1987, Paul O'Neill was selected as Chairman, the first to come from outside Alcoa. Krome George, who had met Paul O'Neill while on International Paper's board, was instrumental in O'Neill's rise to become Chairman of Alcoa.
O'Neill reined in product diversification and re-focused on Alcoa's core aluminum businesses. Safety became a primary concern and profit sharing for employees and stockholders was instituted, both of which boosted internal morale and favorable market reaction.
O'Neill favored a decentralized Business Unit structure, and completely turned the traditional corporate structure pyramid on its head. Alcoa was focused on the customer. The reverse pyramid model emphasized the importance of customer satisfaction as the way to profitability.
The collapse of the Soviet Union plunged aluminum prices as Russia flooded the market with aluminum in a desperate move to raise cash. In addition, the economic downturn of the early 1990s necessitated layoffs and other cost-cutting measures at Alcoa.
By the mid-1990s, O'Neill's strategy was paying off and revenues were rising again. Information systems were upgraded and plans began for a new, state-of-the-art corporate office on Pittsburgh's north shore.
Alain J. P. Belda succeeded O'Neill as CEO in 1999, the year the company was officially renamed Alcoa Inc. to represent our global focus.
Alcoa 2000 through today
As President under Chairman O'Neill, Alain Belda championed the Alcoa Business System as the method that fulfills the promises of the quality campaigns of the 1980s and '90s. Alcoa made strategic acquisitions, including Alumax, Reynolds and Howmet businesses.
In 2001, Paul O'Neil left Alcoa and became Secretary of the Treasury. Belda became chairman and chief executive officer.
As Chairman and CEO, Belda continued the direction O'Neill began with expansion through acquisition, careful cost management and realigning businesses to focus on Alcoa's most important markets: aerospace, ground transportation and defense.
The events of 9/11, rising fuel costs, increasing instability within the metal markets, and the global economic downturn sent Alcoa on a roller coaster ride in the first years of the new millennium. After an initial drop, aircraft orders gradually rose again in the years after 2001, but global increases in energy costs brought another round of slowing in all transportation markets.
Klaus Kleinfeld became president and chief executive officer in May 2008.
Alcoa's 125th Anniversary
Click below for a brief, interactive overview of Alcoa's first 125 years.
125th Charles Martin Hall Anniversary Celebration
Aluminum: The Miracle Metal
Read the press release
Copyright © 2016 Alcoa Inc.
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text:
Claudia Pearson Tea Towel - Popcicles
- Overview
Brooklyn artist Claudia Pearson has illustrated everything from children's books to New Yorker pages. This year, she worked with us on an exclusive collection of tea towels featuring images of summer barbecues and picnics.
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- Details + Dimensions
Overall product dimensions: 17"w x 28"l.
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These items ship from our Distribution Center by UPS and arrive in your home within 4-5 business days of order receipt.
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For further assistance please call our customer service department at 1.888.922.4119 or send an email to email@example.com


text: It will be hard to choose from these two new wonderful Felt Wands. Each is double sided - that is, the design is on both front and back of the wand (see image below). The Flower wand has a beautiful purple and pink flower with pink and purple ribbons flowing down from the blossom. The Mushroom wand has a cute red and white mushroom sitting on green leaves with red and white ribbons flowing down from the base of the leaf. This is the perfect accessory for the fairy or gnome who wishes to celebrate the season! Wands are 13" long. Made with 100% wool felt in Nepal. Fair Trade.


text:
Thanks Excellent
Thanks Eric and Lauren.
I understand the lifetime of flash memory is limited in the number of erase\program cycles, but is the lifetime of data storage in flash drives limited?
hello all from Edmonton, Alberta
Lots of Options on DigiKey web site for EEPROM (serial/parallel and variants), NOR and NAND Flash, F-RAM and more ...
Users comments and Presenter Q & A with users in 'live chat' (blog) area helps a lot ...
catching up
Thanks Eric
eric: let suppose we have a memory device and we are using it for task 1.
after complition of task device became idel than we use it for task 2. but the task 2 need diffrent memory capcity as in task 1.
i mean that can we increase or decrease the memory capcity and restrict it accourding to the task requirement...?
pradhmanyu: Do you mean restrict the storage space you use on a device? I'm not sure I understand your question.
hello Eric...
Thanks for sharing your knowlage.
i had one question.
Can we change the capacity of any memory device as our requirement? means can we programed the capacity of our memory device??
5 PM whistle time here in CNY. Got to run. See you online tomorrow, God willing.
How's the weather down Houston way ? My sister used to live in suburbs north of Houston, Wood something. Been there once, visiting, back in 82. Now she's in Tulsa.
We're still buying the 5V SRAM parallel interface chips. They were supposed to go EOL but are still available. I didn't know about Cypress. And I think Freescale or TI have some other magneto semiconductor technology for NV memory applications, but I don't have any experience with them.
I'm on Digi-Key's website on another computer and Ramtron isn't even listed anymore. only Cypress and Fujitsu. But if you want the 40MHz SPI part, only Cypress.
Yeah, I'm trying to read and record 1M 24-bit readings per second. That definitely won't work.
We use 100-400 KHz clock depending on other peripherals. Only change major parameters via user interface or computer comm. link when using I2C non-vol backup. The major use in our products use the bytewide parallel SRAM interface to an intel 80188 style uP. These write through in nS bus cycles. We use CRC or checksums and redundancy to protect against loss of power during updates. Batteries not required. Being the software guy, the FRAM is the best, parallel or I2C. Haven't tried the SPI yet.
I haven't used I2C because I thought it was too slow. How fast do you use it at?
My system is 3.3V but I have to use a 5V phase detector. I'm using a logic level shifter for it.
Only problem is sole-source by Ramtron in Colorado. Supposed to be licensed by Japanese company too, I think Fujitsu. But have had supply problems, and obsolescence issues too. We use 5v tech in our legacy items, now everything is 3v . Also, we used parallel chips so could use for fast bus access RAM just like normal data memory. Now mostly use I2C serial style for non-vol database for embedded products. The quick write, virtually infinite write longevity can't be beat.
I've been a long time user of FRAM. Love it, the best memory technology out there.
Here I was singing the praises of FRAM and suddenly thought no one was here.
It was quiet, I thought I was the only one left.
Hi @Kentij , what's up?
Now that my posts are going through if I refresh my browser between posts, Is anybody else on here?
Unlike Flash and EEPROM, FRAM has a 40MHz SPI not 20MHz and as I said before, no write delay.
Thanks, Eric
FRAM also has trillions of read/write/modify cycles. And, most importantly, are available from Digi-Key.
@alaskaman66: EPROMS, EEPROMS, Flash all erase in high radiation environments unless they are Rad hardened. FRAM does not, is byte programmable and has no write delay
Thank you Eric!
What technology is used for solid state drives and who is a technology leader?
What advantages and disadvantages of solid state drives over other storage media?
Thank you. See you tomorrow.
Hang in there, Friday's a comin' !
Thanks everyone for attending, see you tommorow for "The Challenges of Using NAND Flash Memory in Embedded Systems"!
Alaskaman66: Can SD cards be ganged togethor for additional capacity?
You can have more than one SD card on the same bus, if that's what you're asking, but it's something I don't see often!
Atlant: you're welcome, it's an often overlooked aspect of those storage technologies - some often don't realize that before.
Atlant: yes, with TLC, cell life must be quite short.
Eric: By the way, I was very interested in your comments about the poor random I/O rates on SD, SB, etc. -- thank you very much for that information!
Atlant: Agreed, and datasheets for SD cards and thumb drives are a rare thing, so you don't really know what kind of random write performance you can achieve.
But one also encounters the even-lower endurance of the TLC parts as compared to MLC.
Atlant: with enough ECC they still achieve the same bit error rate, you should be able to get good results.
eric: One "trick" is that manufacturers are somewhat "cagey" (non-descriptive) about which sort of Flash you're dealing with, especially when it's a packaged system like a USB stick or an SD (etc.) card.
Thanks Atlant!
eric: Oh yes! We had bad results with 4-level MLC and would never even consider 8-level MLC!
Atlant: and that is worse with MLC and TLC devices where there are 4 and 8 possible states per cell, depending on the amount of charge on the floating-gate.
Alaska: My Nikon uses Class-10 full-sized SD in the 2TB-compatible format.
Alaskaman66: Eric, does Error Correction use CRC math?
The most common ECC types are Hamming codes and BCH codes.
eric: (Re wear leveling) Yes, but we're going to take explicit steps to force our non-scrubbing file system (UBIfs) to scrub by reading through the entire medium from time-to-time.
Heat and radiation are some of electronics worst enemies
Alaskaman: The difference between a "1" and a "0" in a Flash (SLC!) cell is now down below 100 electrons, so it doesn't take too many electrons leaking off of the floating gate to flip a bit.
Atlant: yes, static wear leveling can also help, assuming you write some data.
What storage media are the HD cameras using, like Nikon
Alaskaman: Yes.
jack212: :) We not device manufacturers, though...
Do flash devices self-erase in high radiation environments?
Thanks. "low demand" is the feedback I was looking for.
Good presentation
I am pleased with the slides being
there online days before...
Fantastic lecture with great information. Thanks Eric!
jack212: I don't really know unfortunately, we don't get much demand for that...
"...when the day comes..."
Eric: Right. We've seen the phenomenon where seldom/never-read pages on our device silently sit there accumulating disturb errors and whe the day comes that we finally read the page, blamm! It's got too many errors to be corrected by the ECC.
It's therefore important that one's Flash File System knows that it has to "scrub" its way through all of the Flash every so often, correcting all the accumulated simgle-bit errors.
Thanks Eric!
Atlant: If it's being read often however, you might be getting some recoverable ECC errors, which might trigger a refresh of the block. It it's sitting there idle, however, this won't help.
Eric: Great -- thanks!
Atlant: yes, I had this planned for tomorrow (disturbs), but the lecture might be a little long, so I may have to go fast through that stuff.
Is OneNAND still a viable option?
mRIu2012: Program/Erase cycles
Eric: More coverage of write-disturb and especially read-disturb would also be good. Many people don't realize that the data stored in a NAND Flash degrades with *EVERY READ* (albeit at a much slower rate than when neighboring cells are written) so there is can be no such thing as a reliable "Read only" Flash memory; bad block recovery still has to be possible.
Atlant: Yes, wouldn't have been a bad idea. For Flash memory usually the typical data retention time is 10 years. This does decrease with read/program disturbances, however.
Thank you Eric and Lauren
Eric: on the last slide what are the units for the solid state media expected life?
Thank you
Thanks Again Eric and Lauren!
Thanks, Eric!
Lots of good info by the group and you, thanks alot, connect with everybody tommorrow. Thank you
Thanks a lot Eric!
Thank you Eric.
Thanks Eric.
Thank you Eric and Lauren.
Very informative lecture!
Eric: It would be good to add "retention time" to your comparison table. While magnetic disks physically wear out (or develop head stiction, etc.), the data they store lasts until the mechanical device fails. But Flash memories (of all sorts) have their bits decay over time so data stored for (say) 10 years on a device may become unreadable even though the device itself hasn't really "failed".
@gaun this was a 32 bit application so 2 16 bit SDRAM connected to the 16 bit data bus
@gaun parallel address and data lines
Alaskaman: Essentially, yes. See the Wiki article for details.
Can SD cards be ganged togethor for additional capacity?
Eric, does Error Correction use CRC math?
Ooops late will catch start in archives
@tomboalogo: Connected using what bus?
@gaun external SDRAM for framebuffer and main memory
hi all
From colombia
@kostya2012: What interface?
@Atlant: Soldered RAM or the internal mcu/cpu RAM or RAM connected to GPIO lines.
gaun: Do you mean RAM DIMMs (etc.) as compared to soldered-on RAM?
USB thrumb drive connection to instrument
Are people using RAM using external RAM?
USB Thumb drive
I work on unmanaged flash devices. I write device drivers for Micron's Flash Data Interface (FDI), which is a file system for flash. This free product is especially useful for Mobile Phones (feature phones, not smart phones).
Thumb USB drive, NAND, NOR, SPI
USB Thumb drve.
USB Mass, SD, NOR Flash
RAM flash
NOR, NAND, SDcard, Serial dataflash, RAM of course
Using a SD Card...
late join
Have used EEPROM and FRAM for storage.
@mharkins: bus please.
Currently considering SD Card.
not using yet
NOR Flash, NAND Flash, SD, USB Mass
Compact Flash Card and USB
NAND flash
RAM, flash
USB Flash memory (thumb drive)
RAM, Unmanaged (NAND) Flash
microSD using SPI bus.
SD cards
None at this time
Unmanaged Flash, USB, Compact Flash
Audio is good
hello from Prairieville, LA
Gaun: Nope, This town has a population of about 3200. We do have NOAA, Alyeska Pipeline Terminal, and Coast Guard here
Hello from NB
Audio is loud and clear...
Hello everyone!
greetings from Raleigh NC
Hello once again from Cedar Park TX
Hi all - Audio is live!
hello from Timisoara, Romania
Hi All.
@Alaskaman66: Are there a lot of tech companies in Valdez?
Hi everyone..
Good afternoon everyone from cloudy and chilly Toronto
Good morning, everyone...
Good Morning from Valdez everyone
Good morning from CA
Hello Everybody!
It going to be an other great webinar.
Howdy folks! :)
ready for another! :)
Hello from Reston, VA
Please join our Digi-Key Continuing Education Center LinkedIn Group at http://linkd.in/yoNGeY
Good afternoon everyone.
The streaming audio player will appear on this web page when the show starts at 2pm eastern today. Note however that some companies block live audio streams. If when the show starts you don't hear any audio, try refreshing your browser.
Hello from Milwaukee!
Be sure to click 'Today's Slide Deck' under Special Educational Materials above right to download the PowerPoint for today's session.
Greetings from eastern Mass. A cold and slushy/snowy 32°F all day.
Morning everybody.
Wish you all well, everyone!
Thanks to those who answered my questions yesterday. I didn't see them until I went over everything last night.
Hello from Oregon
Has anyone noticed lately how the chicken at fast food restaurants seems to come from Cornish game hens? And they charge even more for them! As my dad always said, "They sure don't make 'em like they used to."
Hello to all
good morning
Good morning from Edmonton, AB
Good morning from Los Anageles!
Good morning
Good Morning from San Jose, CA.
It's 44°F now and a High of 54°F.
Rain Tonight.
Good Morning from Windy Snowy Boston!
Morning from portland oregon
greetings from Fresno, CA
Good morning, everyone
Good morning from Mesa, AZ
Good morning from Mobile, AL
Hello all from Richmond, TX. Balmy 46F.
Hello from GA
Day 4 slides - thanks for the comparison tables; great to have a handy summary on tradeoffs for storage media.
really, great slides, very informative
Getting slides too!
Starbucks please!!!
Getting slides
Hi from Portlandia
As of 2013-03-05 10:15 working link is http://downloads.deusm.com/designnews/CEC-March-7-Day-4-Files-Systems.ppt .
Slide deck download for March 7 Day 4 is an error: 404 at 2013-03-05 10:05 (GMT-5).
Hi , y'all


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About two leadoff guys
As the Reds have had little luck in talks about leadoff hitters, I've gotten several questions this week about Red Sox CF Jacoby Ellsbury.
I would say that the chances of Boston moving Ellsbury are slim, especially if they don't go after Josh Hamilton. Red Sox GM Ben Cherington told reporters as much today.
According to Tim Britton of the Providence Journal, trading Ellsbury is "not our intent," said Cherington. "We're expecting him to have a good year in 2013 and be a big part of what we're doing."
Ellsbury agent Scott Boras held court with reporters and was asked if a "sign and trade" was doable.
"I do what Jacoby Ellsbury tells me to do," Boras said. "And I think Jacoby is at this point focused on playing in Boston and seeing where things go after this year. I'm sure Ben and I will be talking about his contract here in January, and until we're told otherwise, that's the focus of it."
Boras was also asked a lot about Michael Bourn, whom he viewed as a "franchise guy."
"I think there are a number of teams that feel Michael Bourn is the centerpiece of what they want to do," Boras said. "Atlanta was not a playoff team until he got there in '12. They weren't in '11. A lot of teams have come to me and said they viewed him as the core of the Atlanta team. So I think Michael's… being a quality leadoff hitter, having speed, and just having the defensive dominance. For a pitching staff to gain that many more outs, it just enhances the investment you made in your pitching. And it also provides for the core of the lineup, that guy who's just constantly on second base and gives them the ability to score more runs. He's really a key guy for success."
More from Boras on Bourn:
"I think that the value of a player, to me, is represented upon his standing among his peers. So when you take out the metrics of the game, the performance, the great thing about Michael is that his consistency is greater than all. His defensive acumen, there's just a huge separation between him and every other player at that position. And offensively, he provides the leadoff spot. I think if you have center field, you have leadoff, and your 3-4-5 hitter, there aren't many of those in the game. Those all add premiums to him that most of the other players in this market don't have."
**My translation for the Reds: Bourn's price is too high for them.
3 Comments
I agree with your translation. The only metrics Mr. Boras won't take out are the $$$. The Red Sox now have two centerfielders, don't they? I would think the Victorino signing makes Ellsbury expendable. Apparently that's not so. How do you divvy up them and Gomes in the Fenway outfield.
Well. We lost out on who I felt was our best candidate for leadoff now that Ben Revere signed with the Phillies.