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All hotels in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
114 Dante Road, Knoxville, TN, 37912, United States of America, 800-491-6126
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
Lowest price$55
Best Price Guarantee
No-frills motel in Knoxville
- Free WiFi in lobby and free parking
Main amenities
- 82 guestrooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Air conditioning
- Self-serve laundry
What's around
- Bounce USA (1.5 mi / 2.4 km)
- Max Air Trampoline Park (1.9 mi / 3.1 km)
- Knoxville Expo Center (2.2 mi / 3.6 km)
- Sunsphere Tower (6.8 mi / 11 km)
- Women's Basketball Hall of Fame (8.6 mi / 13.9 km)
See all 25 Hotels.com reviews
Fantastic service
Room is not nice
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 2
From 21 reviews
Also popular with travelers from the USA
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $55
- One king bed non smoking
- Two queen bed non smoking
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 82 rooms
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free self parking
- RV/bus/truck parking
Nearby Two Star Knoxville hotels
In the hotel
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
In the room
Home comforts
- Air conditioning
Be entertained
- Cable/satellite TV channels
Food and drink
- Microwave
Top Knoxville hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Knoxville
- Hilton KnoxvilleFrom
"walking distance to all of downtown knoxville. room could use some upgrading, but it was clean and the staff was friendly."Jul 26, 2016
- DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel Oak Ridge - KnoxvilleFrom
"This is a very nice hotel. It is a little off the beaten path but easy to get to. We will definitely be back to the area again soon! "Jul 26, 2016
- Country Inn & Suites By Carlson, Knoxville West, TNFrom
"Friendly and very helpful staff. Super clean facility. Great location close to shopping and great restaurants and very close to the University of Tennessee at Knoxville. We will…"Jul 24, 2016
- Four Points by Sheraton Knoxville Cumberland House HotelFrom
"Very comfortable room. Will stay again when in Knoxville."Jul 23, 2016
Nearby hotels
Recent reviews
1.9 /5 from 25 reviews
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
Spend the extra money
Place needs cleaned up and found a few roaches in our room
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
If your drunk after a Tenn game...
If you are looking for a quick stay after a football game. this place is cheap and will work. Within 7 miles of Neyland and Strip. basically a place to sleep at night (on top of the covers). Only upside to this place is the service was quick and simple.
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
Not bad for the money
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
I hate giving bad reviews but...
As soon as i checked in I lnew i had made a mistake. The checkin clerk was so rude. Once we got to our room (that was a no smoking room i might add) we decided to leave the door open to help with the disgusting smell of smoke. The entire 2 days we were there the smell was so strong. When we got home we had to wash everything twice & air out our suitcase! The shower almost fell apart everytime we used it. We recieved one towel. Good thing? Tv worked.
Express Inn Knoxville, Knoxville
There was mold on air conditioning vent ,there were roaches in the bathroom & in the toilet , it smelled like cigarettes ,& musty, nasty, dirty ,damp . There was some type of body fluid on the bedspread !!! This place should be closed down !!!!!
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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2 New Candidates Emerge for Bulgaria's Chief Prosecutor
Two new candidates have been officially nominated for the post of Bulgaria's Chief Prosecutor.
Galina Toneva, who is currently Deputy Chief Prosecutor, was endorsed on Thursday by Supreme Judicial Council member Kamen Sitnilski. Her nomination was also backed by Supreme Judicial Council members Kalin Kalpakchiev, Yuliya Kovacheva and Rumen Boev.
Specialized Appellate Prosecution Office chairman Borislav Sarafov was endorsed by Supreme Judicial Council members Georgi Kolev, Dimitar Uzunov, Milka Itova, Mariya Kuzmanova and Yuliyana Koleva.
Last week, seven members of Bulgaria's Supreme Judicial Council nominated the Chairman of the Plovdiv Regional Court, Sotir Tsatsarov, 46, for the country's new Chief Prosecutor.
The candidates are now three.
On Tuesday, Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov declared that Tsatsarov was the "best district judge he ever worked with when he was still Chief Secretary of the Interior Ministry."
Tsatsarov is rumored to be well-liked by Borisov's ruling Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria party, GERB, and particularly by Interior Minister, Tsvetan Tsvetanov.
- » Bulgaria's Reformist Bloc to Pick Its Presidential Candidate from Seven Nominees
- » Bulgarian Prosecutors Charge Four Police Officers with Migrant Smuggling
- » Bulgarian Supreme Court of Cassation Gives the Green Light to Registration of DOST Party
- » Parliament Reelects Biser Petkov as Head of State Social Security Agency
- » Bulgaria to Vote for President on November 6
- » Bulgaria's Top Court Scraps Half of Questions in Referendum Proposed by Slavi's Show

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Ratings based on 200 Verified Reviews
They paid and stayed. We double-checked.
4.7 Room cleanliness
4.5 Service & staff
4.4 Room comfort
4.6 Hotel condition
Expedia Verified ReviewsThey paid and stayed. We double-checked.
by A verified traveler from GA
A little disappointingPosted Mar 22, 2016 on Orbitz
Pros: Clean, friendly staff. good quick breakfast.
Cons: larger pillows..
Location: location was good. whatever anyone needed to do nearby was nearby
Room wasn't cleaned the whole time we were there. I had the "do not disturb" door hanger on once, but the rest of the time the room was available to clean. I still left a $20 tip for no service.
by A verified traveler from Idaho
Mediocre, but only because of the other guests...Posted Feb 21, 2016 on Orbitz
Location: Starbucks is close-by as well as fast food joints and the Traverse Mountain Outlets.
The doors are all soft shut, yet everyone seems to pull them and slam them anyway. The walls were pretty thin, you can hear the room above you and anyone in the hallway. Near the highway and you hear the cars all night. Spouse loved the breakfast, but was not thrilled with being served moldy bagels. Idk if you have ever been to Utah and specifically near SLC, but everyone there seemed to be traveling with children and the parents kind of let them run all over the hotel without supervision until the pool closed around 10 or 11pm. This is where 95% of my noise complaints come from...then 5% the highway noise, but I should have recognized that when booking...Very clean rooms and nice set up, almost like a suite set-up minus a door separating the sitting room/kitchenette. The bedding didn't really like staying on the bed corners, but it wasn't distracting enough to take from our sleep, like the other guests noise...
by A verified traveler from syracuse, UT
Our 2nd StayPosted Jan 29, 2016
For the past two visits we have stayed at the same hotel. Didn't even look for another one. Has everything you need for 4 children (2 disable). We love it! Definitely recommend
by A verified traveler
Posted Jan 6, 2016 on Hotels
by william
Posted Jan 2, 2016 on Hotels
by A verified traveler
Trip with the grand kidsPosted Dec 23, 2015
This was an overnight stop on a road trip with the littles. We got in after dinner time. There are lots of good places to eat very close to this hotel. It is right next to Thanksgiving point and within easy walking distance. Our room was nice enough but on the smallish side. Breakfast was good. The breakfast room is comfortable.
by Admir from Stockholm
Good choice, not fancy but calmPosted Dec 14, 2015 on Hotels
Good choice if you are on a business trip visiting some company that is close to the hotel. In addition, it is literally minute walk to the Thanksgiving Point. Hotel is not very fancy, instead focus is it is calm. The only remark would be a simple breakfast, but there are plenty of places close to the hotel that you can do instead.
by Charles from Sparks
Great choice for Lehi hotelPosted Dec 3, 2015 on Hotels
Very nice accomdations
by A verified traveler
Posted Nov 29, 2015
Great....comfortable and clean....staff cordial and friendly.
by A verified traveler from NV
One of our favorite hotels!!Posted Nov 10, 2015
This hotel is very well maintained and clean, very comfortable, and spacious rooms! Whenever we need a hotel in this area this is where we go! Thank you Springhill Suites Lehi for your staff and housekeeping, you all are wonderful!
Comment from Hotel Management
Nov 18, 2015 by Courtney Polifka, Hotel Management
Thank you Amy for taking the time to share your experience. We appreciate your comments and are so glad you enjoyed your stay with us. We hope to see you again soon.


text:
New York, NYUSA
November 7, 2013
Insights about UX. Additional insights in cognition, one of the main fields I am working for financial institutions.
recommended by a friend
I am a partner at Wellershoff & Partners specialized in the emerging fields of cognitive risk management and family governance.
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Follow along with step-by-step beading projects and share your designs with beaders around the world—it's quick & easy!
- "River Stones": on
"We can do great work, but M. Nature always does better. You made a gorgeous necklace…" read »
- "Fly away - Dragonfly Dreams": on
"Great summer design!…" read »
- "Southwestern summer": on
"Great design! Fabulous colors! Love both versions! …" read »
- "Summer sand dollar": on
"Great design for the beach or any where. Love the colors in the glass.…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"Fabulous soft colors! Excellent design! …" read »
- "Festive": on
"Definitely festive, bright and colorful! It is such a happy bracelet it makes me smile.…" read »
- "Festive": on
"Beautiful pc beads and tassel! It certainly is bright and perfect for all seaons!…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"You've posted some wonderful necklaces. This pendant is so beautiful!! The stones you chose to compliment…" read »
- "Festive": on
"Either you made or selected a variety of p c beads of beautiful, harmonious colors, and…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"How beautiful. I got lost in that focal stone! …" read »
- "River Stones": on
"YUM!!!…" read »
- "Circles with a Sharpie": on
"Great tut!!!!! …" read »
- "Gifted": on
"The contrast between the beads make a very effective design. It has a nice flow and…" read »
- "Circles with a Sharpie": on
"Thanks for the compliments. Let me know how every thing turns out. Thought for the…" read »
- "Fall Tones": on
"I'm ready for cooler temps too. This necklace is great. I love the color scheme …" read »
- "Here Comes The Sun": on
"This is so pretty. Great choice of stones to go with the pendant.…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"Gorgeous! The colors are so serene and restful.…" read »
- "Turtle Beach": on
"Thanks guys! Becky, I'm with you! More IS more, lol!…" read »
- "Circles with a Sharpie": on
"Thanks for the step by step! The photos really help, I was definitely trying to put…" read »
- "Gifted": on
"Very groovy, Annie! I have to ask, is it choker style? I imagined campfire and guitar…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"This looks so peaceful and lovely, with all the elements in perfect balance.…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"The stones are gorgeous whatever name they go by! I like your choice of smokey quartz…" read »
- "Circles with a Sharpie": on
"Thank you LRC! I am anxious to try out your instructions. They are…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"Yes, I believe it is the same stone, just a different name.…" read »
- "Circles with a Sharpie": on
"Well rats! I goofed setting this whole thing up. That's what happens when you…" read »
- "River Stones": on
"Love the soft muted colors! It looks like the pendant and the Wild Horse Jasper…" read »
- "Tiger Eye": on
"Wow! This is wonderful. Love these necklaces and tiger eye is a favourite of…" read »
- "Fall?": on
"I too love the bracelets you keep coming up with - you definitely have a wonderful…" read »
- "Here Comes The Sun": on
"I love the soft muted colours - so serene and relaxing. Beautiful design!…" read »
- "I took a Class": on
"Amazing! Can't believe this is your first time weaving! I am very impressed!…" read »
- "Fall Tones": on
"I love this colour mixture and the design is so appealing - very nice.…" read »
- "Turtle Beach": on
"Ooooh - this is so cool and I love it all especially the turtles. …" read »
- "River Stones": on
"This is gorgeous - love the stones - love the design. Fantastic!…" read »
- "Turtle Beach": on
"Beautiful Gail! I agree the turtles are such a cute addition.…" read »
- "I took a Class": on
"Thanks ladies. It was fun, but intense. Kept repeating the mantra: single up…" read »
- "Here Comes The Sun": on
"Gorgeous stone combo! And what a cute 'lil furry critter!…" read »
- "Turtle Beach": on
"Gorgeous!…" read »
About this design:
This is from a fresh pick I did with the same name.
Components:Impressions Jasper, Chocolate Matte shell pearls, Slate shell pearls, Toho matte iris grey and beige picasso ll/0, Antique brass 1-3 connector is all from LB. Antique brass chain and clasp my stash, seed beads 6/0 also my stash.
Read the comments (or add your own)
Beautiful. A little tribal; a little beach; all good!
I remember that pick. And oh my gosh this is beautiful! Like Laud said its beachy…but not a USA beach.
I'm guessing that's jasper?
Love how all the muted blend together and stand out at the same time
Thank you Laud, Deb and Peggy!
Yes Peggy it's Impression Jasper. The czech glass beads from my pick didn't match the jasper. They were more blue instead of the greenish undertone I found the jasper to have, once I saw it in real. Either did the ribbon. I would be taking a wild guess, but I think the Aventurine Heishi I order might go with the Impression jasper also. Guess I will see when it arrives.
I remember the pick and I love how you brought interest to the Impression Jasper
It could be Bahia Honda in the Keys! I love impression jasper(so much that I hoard it), and this necklace is a fave!
Very, very nice, Wanda! I have my own hoarded stash of undyed Impression Jasper.
Thank you Asia, Susie and Becky!
I'm not a big fan of the dyed impression I have to admit. But when I received this undyed stuff I was like a little kid in a candy store. I was so impressed with it(hehe)!
I love the Impression Jasper also and this is gorgeous!!
Oh yes, this is an amazing piece. Love your work. So talented.
chocolate makes it tempting with all the other beads, beautiful!
I love this piece….it's beautiful and goes will with your tile too! LOL
Sorry…..make that "goes WELL" with your tile! LOL
This pieces is so nice and feminine and can go with a lot of things. I did't know how to use a three connector on one chain. Thanks for showing this necklace. I just love it.
Love the stones and what you have done with them, Wanda ! A gorgeous necklace – - -
I remember this as a pick and it impressed me then and the necklace impresses me now. Wow!
beautiful necklace!
I love this necklace, especially the colors and stone combination.
Thank you all for your kind comments, you are all just so AWESOME!!
Wanda!!! Brown pearls with light blue impression jasper??? "Would've thunk it?" You are SO clever. This is SO soft and feminine and lovely. I especially like the little softer layers to balance witht he chunky layers. LOVE THIS ONE!!!
Thanks your Julie!!
Love natural Impression Jasper and hatr the dyed stuff. I have made two necklaces using it. I like the multi strands. Great necklace,
Really beautiful!
Add your thoughts!
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Wrist strap/Case for Canon S90
Could any of you kind S90 owners please advise me on the best type of wrist strap and case to get for my Canon S90. It has been delivered to my daughter and I will pick it up in a couple of months in UK. I would like to order a strap and case in advance.
Should the connection between wrist strap and camera be string or 1/4inch webbing? I don't know how big the lugs are on the camera. How safe are straps that disconnect? Are there any drawbacks to a neoprene strap?
I have a Lowepro Rezo 30 case on another P&S and would like to carry a spare battery and SD card with the S90. Is there any case that might be a better fit? Again are there any drawbacks to neoprene? I saw a long thread on cases for the S90 but found no reference to the Rezo 30.
Thanks in advance.
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|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|May 15, 1984
|Filing date
|Mar 2, 1982
|Priority date
|Mar 2, 1982
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|David G. Pelka, Roc V. Fleishman
|Original Assignee
|Southern California Gas Company
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (8), Referenced by (12), Classifications (9), Legal Events (4)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for monitoring the amount of thermal power added to or withdrawn from a moving fluid stream, and more specifically, to a non-intrusive apparatus and method which measures the amount of thermal power input or extraction from a flowing fluid by determining the sensible heat capacity rate of the fluid and a temperature differential resulting from the thermal power input or extraction.
There has long been an interest in determining rapidly, economically and easily the thermal power contribution to a flowing stream of fluid from an unknown source, or the thermal power extraction from the fluid stream by an unknown thermal power sink. A myriad of industrial and residential systems employ flowing fluid to which thermal power is either added or taken away. It is quite useful to know the amount of that thermal power added to or extracted from the fluid for determining system efficiencies, losses and capabilities. Thermal energy, which is thermal power multiplied by time, may be considered of more fundamental interest; thermal power and thermal energy are related through the time parameter and can readily be derived from each other.
There are various types of devices used for determining thermal power input into a fluid stream. These devices have tended to be relatively expensive and for that reason are of limited utility.
These prior art devices include intrusive systems. One such system is a null system. In the null system, temperatures upstream and downstream from the unknown source of energy are taken. A heater supplies energy into the stream and the temperatures upstream and downstream of the heater are taken. The energy input of the heater is adjustable to vary the temperature difference upstream and downstream of the heater to equal the temperature difference across the unknown source. When these two temperature differences are the same, the amount of thermal energy introduced into the stream by the heater equals the energy introduced into the system from the unknown source. A null system is comparatively expensive. Null systems also can use too much energy; for example, when the temperature difference across the unknown source is high, a large amount of energy is required to produce the same temperature differential across the heater. Also, when the flow rate is high, a large amount of energy may also be required from the heater to achieve the same temperature differential across the heater. Null systems may also require considerable peak power capacity to enable them to monitor transients, such as a blowdown of a hot storage tank. The large power requirements of a null system can require an intrusive heater, one that is physically in the stream being monitored and not outside the stream's conduit. Null systems can result in or necessitate undesirable alterations in the stream being monitored and complicating procedures. For example, when a large amount of heat energy must be introduced into the stream, it may be necessary to cool the stream to prevent boiling. With high energy input, if heat input is not carefully controlled, the fluid could change state and boil. Further, cooling and then heating the stream results in considerable heat utilization. Null systems also require continual adjustments resulting in complex electronics.
One specific form of null system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,398,606 to C. C. Wang, which is specifically designed for ultra-high frequency power measurement. In this particular system, constant temperature ratios are imperative for accuracy.
Intrusive systems, such as the null system, require breaking into the line carrying the fluids. Breaking into the line is clearly a disadvantage.
Heat meters are also in the prior art. One representative of heat meter is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,167,957 to Ziviani in which heat transferred from a fluid is measured. In Ziviani, an intrusive by-pass duct removes a constant fraction of the fluid from a main stream. This constant fraction is heated in the by-pass duct to a temperature that is a specified function of the amount of heat removed from the fluid in the overall system. The Ziviani patent relies on a flow rate restriction in the main stream which could result in scale build-up in a relatively short period of time.
There are substantial problems with heat meters of this type. A major problem is the necessity to divert fluid and to heat the diverted fluid in proportion to the amount of heat withdrawn by the overall system. It is also exceedingly difficult to obtain a constant fraction of a fluid. In addition, devices of this type use thermocouples which are inherently non-linear. Systems of this type are intrusive because temperature sensors are in the fluid and the by-pass duct must be connected to the main stream for diversion of that stream.
Another heat measuring device is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 2,931,222 to Noldge et al. A fraction of a fluid previously cooled in a heat exchanger is heated to its original temperature. With knowledge of the fraction, the specific heat of the fluid, and the temperature increase, the amount of heat energy taken from the fluid is readily determined. This device is similar to a null system except that it operates in reverse and only on a fraction of the fluid. The system has many disadvantages including the fact that the inlet temperature of the fluid must be known. Further, systems of this type to be accurate must avoid corrosion or scale build-up, and fluid properties, such as viscosity and density, and flow rate, must remain the same; thus, if the viscosity or the flow rate of the fluid changes, the system becomes inaccurate.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,802,264 to Poppendiek et al discloses a meter to determine the flow rate of a stream and utilizes a heater to heat the fluid stream and measures the stream temperature increase. Temperatures are not measured at or beyond the upstream and downstream ends of the power input, but rather intermediate the ends of the power input. In other words, the system of this patent monitors temperature before the heat is uniformly distributed throughout the fluid. With the temperature increase and the power input, the flow rate allegedly can be determined.
Thermally operated flow meters of the type taught in Poppendiek et al are necessarily restricted to laminar flow operation in order to maintain required linearity. Further, the fluid must be homogeneous and it is necessary to know or to be able to derive the specific heat of the fluid. Also, other properties of the fluid, such as density, viscosity and thermal conduction, significantly affect the accuracy, necessitating calibration for each fluid type and input temperature. Consequently, such devices are rather limited in use and in application.
Hot wire anemometry is still another approach for measuring fluid flow. Here, a wire in the stream has power supplied to it. Heat from the wire transfers to the stream. The rate at which heat is lost from the wire is a non-linear measure of stream velocity. The disadvantages of hot wire anemometry include its intrusive character and non-linear output. Hot wire anemometry also depends upon a measure of total heat transfer from the wire and not a measure of a predetermined amount of heat transfer. In other words, hot wire anemometry determines how much heat transfer occurs and does not measure the result of a heat transfer, i.e., temperature change.
A publication entitled "Analog Devices, Multiplier Application Guide," by James Williams et al of Analog Devices, Inc. (1978), teaches a thermally operated flow meter for measuring fluid flow rate. A length of pipe is inserted into or connected to a line carrying the fluid. The pipe includes a resistive heater and upstream and downstream intrusive temperature measuring probes. This device is effective only for measurement of very slow flow rates and requires complex circuitry to enable a constant amount of heat to be supplied to the fluid stream. The device further includes screens located in the pipe or elsewhere in the flow stream to mix the fluid and enhance temperature measurement accuracy.
Flow meters which operate on thermal principles, such as the device in the Poppendiek et al patent, are adapted only for measuring the flow rate of a fluid and are not capable of measuring an amount of heat added to or extracted from a fluid by an unknown heat source or heat sink.
The present invention provides a non-intrusive heat monitor and method to measure the thermal energy or thermal power input or withdrawal from a flowing fluid in a relatively inexpensive, efficient, and easy manner. More specifically, the present invention provides a non-intrusive apparatus and method which measures the amount of thermal power withdrawn from or added to a flowing fluid by using a determined sensible heat capacity rate of the fluid stream.
The monitor of the present invention includes a non-intrusive thermal power transfer device capable of adding or removing a known or measurable amount of heat to a fluid stream flowing through a fluid carrying conduit. The thermal power transfer device may be a heater, for example, an electrically resistive heater. The heat transfer device may be a heat sink, for example, a refrigerator system. While either can be used, the heater is often preferred. This power transfer device is a reference thermal power transfer device because it determines a reference signal. A first temperature differential sensing means adapted to measure a first temperature differential across the thermal power transfer device determines the temperature change in the fluid due to the heat added to or removed from the fluid stream by the transfer device. The first temperature differential sensing means includes a pair of non-intrusive temperature sensors for location across the thermal power transfer device. A second temperature differential sensing means of one or more temperature sensors senses the temperature across an unknown heat source or heat sink. The first temperature differential temperature sensing means, along with the reference power transfer device, determines the heat capacity rate of the fluid in the flowing fluid stream.
The temperature measurements which give rise to the temperature differentials are preferably converted in a converter to electrical signals which are functions of the measured temperature differentials. More specifically, these electrical signals are proportional to the measured temperature differential, although they do not have to be linearly proportional. They can be frequency or digital representations of the measured temperature differential, or analog, and a function of temperature. Means determine the heat capacity rate of the fluid in the fluid stream from the temperatures provided by the first temperature differential means. Means multiply the temperature differentials across the unknown sources or sinks by the determined heat capacity rate of the fluid. This results in a determination of the amount of heat (or thermal power) which has been added to or withdrawn from the fluid stream by the one or more unknown heat sources or heat sinks. The result can be used to control a function, as for example, control the unknown source or provide control over the thermal reference device.
The direction of fluid flow with respect to the reference thermal power transfer device and the one or more unknown heat sinks or heat sources is not critical to the invention, although temperature differentials must be taken in a consistent direction, for example, from upstream to downstream or downstream to upstream. The unknown heat sources or unknown heat sinks, if more than one, may be located on different sides of the reference thermal power transfer device.
The monitor and method are primarily operable with a series fluid stream. That is, the thermal power transfer device, the unknown source or sink, and associated sensors operate on the same stream and not on parallel streams.
In a more detailed embodiment of the invention, the thermal power transfer device is an electrically operable heater with a constant electrical resistance so that the amount of heat generated is proportional to the square of the current or voltage used to provide this heat. In addition, the energy in the amount of heat applied to the fluid, with negligible loss, is substantially equal to the energy in the electrical power consumed to generate that heat. This current, or voltage, or electrical power provides a measure of the amount of heat applied and is processed in a circuit to determine the heat capacity rate of the fluid in the fluid stream and also to enable measurement of the amount of heat added to or removed from the fluid stream by the unknown heat source or heat sink.
In a preferred form, the heater includes a heater element of alloy wire in a silicone sheet. This heater is jacketed in an insulation, say, of silicone foam. A sleeve encases the insulation and has means for attaching the entire unit to a pipe through which the fluid to be monitored passes. Such attachment means might be in the form of hook and pile fastening strips. A radiation shield encapsulates the insulation sleeve. The temperature sensors are themselves insulated to avoid environmental influences. They are also attachable to the line as by some fastener means such as hook and pile fasteners.
The temperature sensors should be fairly sensitive, preferably to within about 0.001 degrees Celsius to minimize necessary reference temperature difference to achieve system accuracy. It has been found that to avoid effects of heat conduction on the pipe and poor thermal mixing on the accuracy of the instrument, it is desirable to observe a point of attachment upstream and downstream of the thermal power transfer device of at least 10 and preferably 20 pipe diameters for the temperature sensors. This spacing criteria is especially desirable downstream from the reference heat transfer device. The same spacing is important downstream of the unknown thermal power sources or sinks unless it is known that the fluid is well mixed at that point.
"Heat capacity rate" is the amount of energy added or withdrawn from a stream per unit time per unit temperature change in the stream.
The term "heat contribution" or the term "thermal power contribution" refers to that amount of heat or thermal power which is either added to or removed from the fluid stream, the term "contribution" being used in both a positive sense when thermal power is added and a negative sense when thermal power is withdrawn from the fluid stream.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description, appended claims and drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one arrangement of a thermal power monitor constructed in accordance with the present invention in relation to an unknown thermal power source or sink;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating another arrangement of a thermal power monitor constructed in accordance with the present invention in relation to an unknown thermal power source or sink using different temperature sensor arrangements;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating another arrangement of a thermal power monitor constructed in accordance with the present invention in relation to a plurality of unknown thermal power sources or sinks;
FIG. 4 illustrates somewhat schematically a preferred form of the thermal power monitor of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic electrical circuit for the invention embodiment of FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is an alternate embodiment of an electrical circuit for providing totalizing information.
FIG. 1 illustrates in a simple schematic block diagram form a thermal power monitor designated by reference letter "A" for monitoring an unknown thermal power sink or an unknown thermal power source, designated as TDU. Monitor "A" comprises a reference thermal power device TDR. In the preferred form, the reference thermal power device is a heater which applies a known or measurable amount of heat to a fluid stream. However, a cooling device which withdraws a known or measurable amount of heat from the fluid stream can be employed as the reference thermal power device. In the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 1, thermal reference device TDR has an electrical resistive element 10 and and a power meter 12 connected to the resistiveelement for measuring the amount of electrical power delivered to element 10 and provides a measure of the amount of heat supplied to a fluid stream.
In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1, a fluid stream is carried in a conduit 14. Thermal reference device TDR is disposed outside conduit 14 in thermal communication with it. The thermal reference device does not intrude into the fluid stream.
Thermal power monitor "A" also utilizes a first temperature differential measuring means including a first temperature sensor T-1 on one side of the thermal reference device TDR and a second temperature sensor T-2 on the opposite side of the thermal reference device TDR, in the manner illustrated. In this way, a first temperature differential across the temperature reference device can be measured which is used to determine the heat capacity rate of the fluid in the fluid stream, as described below.
The thermal power monitor includes a second heat differential measuring means in the form of a third temperature sensor T-3 located on the downstream side of heat sink or heat source TDU. The third temperature sensor cooperates with the second temperature sensor T-2. Sensors T-2 and T-3 are designed to measure the amount of heat added to or withdrawn from the fluid stream by the unknown source or unknown sink TDU.
For purposes of understanding the theory of operation, assume that the thermal reference device is a heater. If the rate of heat input, dQR, into the fluid across the thermal power device TDR is known or measurable, then the rate of heat input or the rate of heat withdrawal, dQU, across the unknown heat sink or heat source can be determined.
By measuring the temperature differential across reference thermal power device TDR, it is possible to determine the heat capacity rate. Heat capacity rate "C" is the amount of energy added or withdrawn from a stream per unit time per unit temperature change in the stream, (for example, Btu/hr/� F.). In essence the heater or other reference thermal power device along with the temperature differential measured across it provides a heat capacity rate of the fluid. The heat capacity rate is numerically similar to, but in lieu of, a measurement of the mass flow rate of fluid multiplied by the specific heat of the fluid. Using heat capacity rate, it is not necessary to know the specific heat of the fluid or its mass flow rate, although the specific heat and flow rate should remain relatively constant during measurement. Small changes in the specific heat of the fluid and the flow during a determination of heat capacity rate will not adversely affect the result. Large changes in specific heat or flow rate will not affect the determination of heat capacity so long as they occur over a time span longer than the time required for measurement. Inasmuch as all measurements are being made on an entire fluid stream, for example, on a single conduit, and no fluid is added or removed from the stream between the first and last temperature sensors, the specific heat and the flow rate of the fluid will be the same at all points in the monitorial section of the stream.
The methodology is to divide the amount of thermal power introduced into the stream, dQR, by the first temperature differential, (T2-T1). "dQR" may be the known or measurable amount of electric power which, obviously, is a function of voltage and current delivered to thermal power device TDR. The quotient is the heat capacity rate C.
When the temperature differential (T3-T2) across the unknown heat source or unknown heat sink is obtained by the temperature sensors T-2 and T-3, the temperature differential is multiplied by the heat capacity rate to determine the net thermal power which is added to or removed from the fluid stream in the conduit section between temperature sensors T-2 and T-3 by the unknown thermal device TDU. By knowing the heat capacity of the flowing fluid stream, when a particular temperature increase or temperature decrease is determined across an unknown source or sink, it is possible to determine exactly how much heat is added or removed from the fluid stream.
If the temperature measurement at the first temperature sensor T-1 is T1, the temperature measured by the second temperature sensor T-2 is T2, and the third temperature measured by the third temperature sensor T-3 is T3, then the thermal power contribution is represented by the equations:
(1) Determination of heat capacity rate is: ##EQU1## the specific embodiment where TDR is an electrical resistance heater; ##EQU2## where P is the electrical power provided to the heater.
(2) Determination of thermal power contribution dQU is:
(3) In a combined form, means hereinafter described solves the equation: ##EQU3##
Importantly, the monitor of this invention does not require knowledge of flow rate and the specific heat of the fluid. Further, it does not matter if the fluid stream contains solid or particulate matter. It is, of course, desirable to have the fluid stream relatively homogeneous, at least between the various temperature sensors during any particular thermal power contribution measurement, and the homogeneity changes should be slower than the response time of the equipment. A microprocessor can be used to average out differences in the homogeneity of the matter in the fluid stream.
The temperature differences which may be used for efficient operation can even be quite small, for example, on the order of 0.5 degrees C. In many cases the device may be operated with temperature differences on the order of about 1 degree C.
It is also possible to measure other forms of energy or power which may be added to or removed from the fluid stream. For example, the thermal power monitor of the present invention can be used to measure the rise in the internal energy of an adiabatic fluid stream which may result, for example, from a flow restriction causing a drop in the stream's pressure energy. This is effective for non-intrusive trouble-shooting of fouled piping systems and the like. For example, it has been determined that a four atmosphere pressure drop (60.7 pounds per square inch) in a stream of water will give rise to about 0.1� C. temperature differential. It has also been found that the thermal power monitor of the present invention is able to determine temperature rises corresponding to pressure drops as low as 2.5 p.s.i. and of 10 to 60 p.s.i. with fairly good accuracy.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate alternate arrangements of a thermal power monitor of the present invention with respect to one or more unknown thermal power sources or thermal power sinks. FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate arrangement using first and second temperature sensors T-1 and T-2 across the thermal reference device TDR, but in this case a pair of independent temperature sensors T-3 and T-4 are located across unknown power sink source or sink TDU.
FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment in which two unknown thermal power sources or thermal power sinks, namely, TDU-1 and TDU-2, may be used for monitoring thermal power addition or thermal power extraction from a fluid stream. In this case, first unknown thermal power source or sink TDU-1 has the temperature differential across the fluid measured by temperature sensors T-3 and T-4. The second unknown thermal power source or thermal power sink TDU-2 has the temperature differential across it measured by temperature sensors T-5 and T-6. Thus, it is possible to determine the amount of thermal power added to or removed from the stream by each of these two unknown sources or sinks independently. Further, by determining the temperature differential between T-3 and T-6, it is possible to determine the overall thermal power contribution from both unknown sources or sinks. It is also possible to determine the entire contribution to or from the fluid stream including that provided by thermal reference device TDR by determining the temperature differential from the sensor T-1 across the system to the temperature sensor T-6 as the second temperature differential.
The unknown thermal power contribution, for example, the unknown thermal power addition by each unknown source or sources, or the unknown thermal power drain by each sink or sinks, or combinations thereof, in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, is determined in the same manner as the embodiment of FIG. 1. In each case the pertinent temperature differential is multiplied by the determined heat capacity rate.
FIG. 4 illustrates a more preferred embodiment of the thermal power monitor of the present invention in which an unknown amount of thermal power is added to or removed from the fluid stream in the conduit or line 14 by means of an unknown energy sink or energy source TDU. In this case, reference is made to the amount of thermal power as the actual physical parameter which is measured by the monitor of the invention. Thermal energy added to or removed from the fluid stream may be determined by measuring the power over a specific time duration at a specific power level.
In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 4, the heat reference means or device TDR is a heater 15 which provides a known amount of thermal power (heat) introduced into the fluid stream. Heater 15 includes an inner sheath 16 of flexible, dielectric material that imbeds alloy heating coils 18 supplied with electrical energy through lines 20. Sheath 16 is preferably thin, flexible, and formed of a dielectrical material, for example, it may be silicone based. It has a parting line 22 to permit its application to line 14.
An insulation jacket 24 encases the sheath and overlaps its ends. This jacket also is split and has a parting line 26. The insulation is sufficient to avoid material heat loss to the environment, either radially of the heater or upstream or downstream of heater 15. The insulation assures that the heat energy from heater 15 is essentially completely introduced into the fluid flowing through line 14 within tolerable bounds.
A flexible cover 28 encases insulation jacket 24 and includes means for securely attaching the heater to conduit 14. These means include hook and pile type fasteners. Specifically, a set of four mating hook and pile type fasteners 32, 34, 36 and 38 of the cover cooperate to secure the cover, insulation and heater sheath firmly to conduit 14. The outer surface of cover 28 has a radiation shield 29 of metal foil that isolates the conduit 14 in the zone of the heater from environmental radiation.
Three temperature sensing units are also used. The first of these is upstream of the heater and is indicated by reference numeral 40. This unit 40 includes insulation 42 and a temperature probe 44 adapted to rest against a surface of the conduit 14. Hook and pile fasteners 46 secure the insulation and probe to conduit 14. A downstream temperature sensing unit 50 is of basically the same construction. It has a temperature probe 52 backed by insulation 54, the entire unit being securable to conduit 14 by hook and pile fasteners 56. A third temperature sensor is shown at 60 and it again includes a temperature sensor probe 62 backed by insulation 64 and attachable to conduit 14 through hook and pile fasteners 66.
A control console 70 (to be described in some detail subsequently) provides for the integration of the heat input or extraction information with the knowledge of the heat input or removal by unknown source or sink TDU. It may also contain amplifier, offset, and feedback circuitry, if required, to effect accurate temperature sensing.
Preferably, the heating sheath is of a silicone rubber material with so-called "Cupron" wire conductors. These "Cupron" wire conductors are formed of an alloy of aobut 45% nickel and 55% copper and offered by the Amax Specialty Metals Corp. (formerly Wilbert B. Driver Company) of Parsippany, N.J. The Cupron wire is designed to have a resistance of 15 ohms and therefore a unit rating of 666 watts when used with a 100 volt power source. This particular type of wire has an electrical resistance which is not very temperature sensitive, and thus has a substantially constant electrical resistance over a wide temperature range. This permits an easy correlation of electrical power consumption and thermal power transfer and a single electrical parameter, for example, current or voltage supplied to the heater. The thinness of the silicone rubber and the flexibility of the wire allow the unit to make excellent thermal contact with the line or conduit 14 when held in place by the insulation jacket and sleeve.
A thermal power meter constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention has an accuracy within plus or minus 3% over a wide range of flow rates and energy input rates from the unknown source. The unit is lightweight and obviously very easy to use. It is extremely versatile in that the unit can be strapped to various sized pipes in a matter of a few seconds. The insulation jacket is of simple design and can be mounted quickly merely by placing its halves over the pipe.
Accuracy of the system was determined to be only weakly dependent on the mass flow rate of the fluid being monitored and more strongly related to the energy or thermal power output or drain by the unknown source or sink.
The location of the temperature sensors on either side of the heating unit affects the accuracy of the meter. The closer the sensors are to the heater, the greater the effect the mass flow rate of the fluid has on meter accuracy. For example, in one test when the temperature sensors were moved to a distance of six inches from the heater on a one-inch line it was found that the accuracy was only plus or minus 10%.
The thermal response time of the system is comparatively rapid. It depends upon flow rate and heater insulation. A temperature sensor backed by a 11/4 inches thick insulation needs about 5 to 7 minutes to achieve 95% of the equilibrium temperature of the pipe. This lag time can induce error. Response time can be reduced by improving the heat transfer from the fluid to the temperature sensors and by making the mass and thickness and heat capacity of the sensors and the associated insulation small.
The temperature sensor position with respect to the heater was found to have an effect on accuracy because of two conditions: (1) heat conduction up and down the line, and (2) poor thermal mixing downstream in the heated fluid. These effects are greatest at low Reynolds numbers. It is found that for a horizontal line with a Reynolds number of 6,000, temperature sensor positions 20 diameters from the heater virtually eliminated these problems. A downstream deviation of about 3% occurred at a little less than 10 diameters. The upstream deviation is less sensitive.
The insulation is important to avoid environmentally induced errors. Tests reveal that diurnal air temperatures and radiation variations have an effect on what the sensors detect as temperature. In one instance it was found that one of the sensors in close proximity to the metal shall of the test stand experienced a 0.1� C. shift in temperature compared to the other two sensors. This was due to the radiation and convective heat input from the metal test stand to the sensor. It is preferable to avoid this effect by utilizing radiation shields between the environment and the sensors. The shield can be placed on the outside of the insulation and, for example, may take the form of metal foil.
Temperature sensing circuitry should have a high sensitivity and should be well matched to reduce the amount of heat energy that is necessary for the heater to supply. Satisfactory sensitivity is within 0.001� C., and can be met by probes manufactured by Analog Devices, having model number AD-590, in conjunction with the electronic circuitry hereinafter described. The probe downstream of the unknown source, or sink TDU, namely probe 62, and its associated circuitry would not have to be as sensitive if the temperature rise between probe 52 and probe 62 is 5 to 50 times as great as between probes 44 and 52. A sensitivity for the third sensor and its associated circuitry of 0.01� C. is satisfactory to accurately determine this large temperature differential.
With reference to FIG. 5, a line schematic of the electrical aspects of one embodiment of the invention is presented. An upstream temperature sensor 100, corresponding to sensor 44, is in circuit with a power supply and an operational amplifier 102. Specifically, the sensor is in circuit with a negative side of the power source 104 and an input to the amplifier. The power supply must be accurately controlled to avoid line voltage fluctuations that would affect the accuracy of the monitor. The amplifier circuit itself is standard. It is used to convert the current controlled signal from the sensor into an adjustable voltage signal. It includes a lead 106 from the sensor, a lead 108 from the positive side of the power source, and a lead 110 from the negative side. An input to the amplifier is connected to ground potential through a resistor 112. A capacitor 114 is connected across the amplifier 102 as shown. The output of the amplifier 102 goes through a line 116 to a line 118. A resistor 120 is between the output of the amplifier and the negative side of the power supply. The output of the amplifier is indicated at VT-1.
The gain of the amplifier circuit is adjusted in a feedback branch circuit 122. The circuit includes a variable resistor 124 in series with a resistor 126 to the line 118. Variable resistor 130 from a voltage regulator 131 couples into the circuit of variable resistor 124 and resistor 126 where they join the signal input of amplifier 102 at line 133. The voltage regulator may be at a potential of 2.5 volts. The voltage through the circuit of these variable resistors and resistors is also adjustable by a potentiometer 132 between them and ground. This potentiometer is mounted on the outside of the cabinet containing this electronic circuitry so as to be easily adjusted externally. Both the circuits with variable resistor 130 and potentiometer 132 control the offset voltage produced by amplifier 102.
A scaling or voltage dividing circuit develops a voltage signal VT-0.01. This circuit consists very simply of a resistance 140 from the output of amplifier 102 in series with a variable resistor 142 and ground. The signal is taken off at line 144 and may be one hundredth the strength of the signal VT-1.
The circuits for the other two sensors corresponding to the downstream temperature sensor from the heater and the downstream temperature sensor from the unknown energy source or sink are shown at reference numerals 160 and 162 and are identical to the circuit described with reference to sensor 100 except that the circuit of sensor 160 does not have an external fine adjustment. The external fine adjustment for circuit 162 is indicated at 163 and corresponds to potentiometer 132. Sensor 160 corresponds to sensor 52 and sensor 162 corresponds to sensor 62. Because of the identity of the circuits for these sensors they will not be further described except to note that the output of sensor 160 is VT-2 and VT-0.02, and the output of sensor 162 is VT-3 and VT-0.03.
A signal VT-S representing the difference between the temperature sensed at 162 and the temperature sensed by sensor 160 times an appropriate scale factor (k) which is dependent upon the known reference power input to the fluid stream is scaled in a branch circuit 164. That circuit includes a resistance 168 and a variable resistor 170 in series. The scale signal representing the difference of these two temperatures comes off at line 174 between resistance 168 and 170. This signal is a potential relative to ground of a value (VT-2)+k[(VT-3)-(VT-2)].
A rotary switch 180 couples the output of the sensors and their amplifier scaling circuits to a digital voltmeter 182.
Digital voltmeter 182 has four variable voltage input portions which control the numeric indication on a liquid crystal display 183. These are: IN HI, IN LO, REF HI and REF LO. The number displayed on the liquid crystal display is the numerical value of the ratio of the potentials (IN HI-IN LO)/(REF HI-REF LO). Rotary switch 180 applies the different signals to digital voltmeter inputs to produce the desired ratios, differences, and values. Six positions of the switch are indicated by numerals 1 through 6. In a first position, VT-S goes to IN HI, VT-2 to IN LO and REF HI, while VT-1 goes to REF LO. Digital voltmeter 182 then displays [(VT-S)-(VT-2)]/[(VT-2)-(VT-1)], which equals k [(VT-3)-(VT-2)]/[(VT-2)-(VT-1)]. This signal is the actual thermal energy rate (thermal power) into the fluid stream between sensors 160 and 162 when the scale factor (k) has been appropriately determined by resistances 168 and 170.
For displaying temperature differences useful to finely adjust the device by potentiometers 163 and 132, second and third positions are used. In the second position [(VT-2)-(VT-3)]/1.00 is displayed, with the 1.00 coming from circuit 185 where a variable resistor 186 is in series with a resistor 187 and a constant voltage, for example, a battery 188. The variable resistor 186 has its tap 190 adjusted for 1.00 volts above the potential at 189, the potential at REF LO. In the third position all is the same except VT-3 is switched to IN HI in the place of VT-2.
To make each of the three sensors read the same temperature, they are all put at the same temperature for ten minutes, then the second position is selected and variable resistor 132 adjusted until the display reads zero; then the third position is selected, and variable resistor 163 is adjusted until the display reads zero.
The individual temperatures of sensors 100, 160, and 162 can be displayed by using switch positions 4, 5 and 6, respectively. In these positions VTO.01, VTO.02 and VTO.03 are switched into IN HI, ground to IN LO and 1.00 is put between REF HI and REF LO. Then the display indicates the value of the signals VTO.01, VTO.02 and VTO.03, respectively.
The auxiliary circuitry associated with the digital voltmeter is used for its functioning, but it is completely standard and will not be described further, except for the filter produced by the connection of a capacitor 197 and a resistor 195 in parallel between the COM port on the digital voltmeter and IN LO. This filter reduces instabilities found on switch positions 1, 2 and 3.
The thermal power monitor can be made to totalize the amount of sensible heat energy which flows into the fluid stream by using, in series, an analog arithmetic division circuit to produce the [(VT-S)-(VT-2)]/[(VT-2)-(VT-1)] signal, then a voltage-to-frequency converter to produce a pulse train whose frequency is a direct and adjustable function of its input voltage, and finally a pulse counting circuit to record each pulse. This is equivalent to recording each unit of energy which flows into or out of the fluid stream between sensors 162 and 160.
The system could obviously be easily modified to include its reference power input into its total power indication, by switching the connection at 164 (to VT-2) on to VT-1 at 118, and also changing the IN LO signal when on position 1 of the rotary switch to VT-1 from VT-2. Then the display would be k[(VT-3)-(VT-2)]/[(VT-2)-(VT-1)]+k ideally, which equals the displayed k [(VT-3)-(VT-1)]/[(VT-2)-(VT-1)]. For example, this modification is effective when using embodiments as illustrated and described in connection with FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. Thus, this modification shows the simplicity involved in looking at power contribution using various sensor arrangements and arrangements of unknown sources and sinks.
FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment of an electrical circuit which is capable of providing total information with regard to thermal power contribution from an unknown source or an unknown sink. In this embodiment of the invention, the signals generated at each of the three temperature sensors, T-1, T-2 and T-3 are amplified by respective amplifiers 200, 202 and 204 which receive the signals from the three sensors. A thermal reference device TDR, namely a heater, is powered by a line voltage L to operate a resistive element of the heater for generating heat.
The amplified signals from the three sensors are introduced into differential amplifiers 206 and 208, in the manner as illustrated, for purposes of removing spurious noise from the amplified signals and to also provide for common mode rejection. The output of the differential amplifier 208, which effectively represents the differential temperature signal T3-T2, is introduced into a multiplier 210 which multiplies this signal by the determined heat capacity rate C, as hereinafter described in more detail. This heat capacity rate C is provided from the output of a divider circuit 212. The divider circuit effectively receives the signal from the output of the differential amplifier 206 and which is, in effect, the differential temperature signal T2-T1. Further, this differential temperature signal T2-T1 is divided into the square of the line voltage L which is also multiplied by a constant k representative of the heater TDU and this output of the divider circuit 212 provides the heat capacity rate constant C.
The output of the multiplier circuit 210 is introduced into a voltage-to-frequency converter 216 which converts the output to a frequency form capable of operating a totalizer 218 for thereupon displaying the total thermal power contribution.
It is also possible to obtain an instantaneous display of this information by means of a conventional display member 220. Outputs of both the differential amplifiers 206 and 208, as well as the individual amplifiers 200, 202, and 204 are introduced into a display select circuit 222, and the display select circuit 222 has an output for controlling the display member 220 in the manner as illustrated. In the circuit of FIG. 6, differential amplifier 208 preferably may have a unity gain, and amplifier 206 may have a gain in the range of about 15 to 20. The gains of the amplifiers are adapted to scale the output signals to the desired operating ranges of the multiplier 210 and multiplier-divider 212. Multiplier 210 and the multiplier-divider circuit 212, together with the voltage-to-frequency converter 216 and the totalizer 218, integrate the time rate of the rate of the net thermal energy contribution in order to provide a total amount of thermal energy contribution that is the amount of thermal energy either added to or removed from the fluid stream.
This invention provides a unique and novel non-intrusive thermal power transfer apparatus and method which permits determination of heat loss or heat gain with respect to a moving fluid stream.
The present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments. The spirit and scope of the appended claims should not, therefore, necessarily be limited to the foregoing description.
|Cited Patent
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|Prozzo; Christopher D.
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|U.S. Classification
|International Classification
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Owner name: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY; 810 SOUTH FLOWER
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNORS:PELKA, DAVID G.;FLEISHMAN, ROC V.;REEL/FRAME:003991/0580
Effective date: 19820225
|Dec 15, 1987
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|May 15, 1988
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Aug 2, 1988
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 19880515


text:
11/11/2013 (2 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
Last blog, I wrote about our amazing night in the hospital. Join me today as Lia comes home with us, and we learn of the generosity of our friends.
Babies are beautiful and extraordinary gifts from God.
As we awoke on Friday morning from a not so restful nights sleep, it still hadn't completely sunk in that we would be leaving the hospital with a wonderful baby girl. Lia had spent the night n the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) because her oxygen levels were just a little low. By morning, those oxygen levels were fine.
We were able to visit her, feed her bottles, and bond with her. For us, and especially my wife, the moment that really hit us was when Anna, the birth mom, was discharged from the hospital.without taking Lia with her.
We stood in our room and just looked at each other. We were taking her home! We were given paperwork from the adoption agency, and an hour or so later, we had a baby in a car seat. Just like that, we grew from a family of three to four. As we pulled away from the hospital, my wife looked back at the sleeping baby and asked me, " Do you realize there is a baby in the back seat?" All I could say was "Yup."
What happened next just made our hearts melt.
Welcome home to the new baby!
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I got to witness someone experiencing the loving power of Jesus for the first time in the middle of a Nandos Restaurant. BRISBANE, AU - She's a non-practising Catholic friend of mine who I've been praying for more than a year now. Each night I lift up my ... continue reading
By Michael Seagriff
I am humbled every time I am privileged to serve as a Lector and altar server. I usually exercise this great gift on Tuesdays in my parish. CANASTOTA, NY - Believe me, I know I am unworthy to be in the sanctuary that close to the Holy Sacrifice. I am painfully aware ... continue reading
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Let someone dare suggest that this nation has the absolute moral right and legal obligation toregulate the manner and numbers of individuals who seek to immigrate to this country and a hoardof Bishops will trip over their brothers' feet to get to a microphone and ... continue reading


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Aug 17, 2008 · Boney M. - Daddy Cool (Sopot '79, Poland) FFFclub. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 45,560 45K. ... Boney... - read more
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Indian government Canberra, July 22 An 1,800-year-old Buddha statue which was displayed in the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) is being... ...http://www.prokerala.com/news/articles/a665459.html
Summer is a period of rejuvenation. During my long stay in Namchi or Namtse, a beautiful settlement in Southern Sikkim, I came to know what life in... ...http://www.thestatesman.com/news/features/picturesque-vistas/155380.html
The cultural linkage between Manipur and Myanmar was quite visible by the mythical dragons guarding the portal of the Buddhist Pagoda in Tamu, akin... ...http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/tamu-window-myanmar/
Londoner Rich McCor loves paper. He also loves to travel. His mind keeps imagining possibilities and one such was to use paper cuttings to add a... ...http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/travel/this-28-year-old-has-a-very-different-way-of-looking-at-the-world-and-he-gets-paid-for-it-258052.html
A mammoth undertaking to restore and develop Delhi's Nizamuddin will end this time next year. How has it transformed one of the most historic and... ...http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5jvoe9a3pcDiDpujvAkHoJ/DelhiS-Aga-Khan-heritage.html


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Watercolour 35×25cm. W and N artists watercolours on Saunders Waterford 140not. I love the combination of doors and hollyhocks and so this one was a gift to paint.
doors hollyhocks watercolour
A really beautiful watercolour.
Thanks Fran!
Beautiful work…
Thank you Ercan. I love these subjects.
Another stunning image. Your work is wonderful.
Marsha, you are too kind!
I love the brickwork and overall tonality! I also like the subtly softened corners that are creating a slight vignetting effect! Nicely done!
Thanks for looking so carefully Ken. Vignette…yes, hmmm, perhaps I should have cropped in closer! The wall was very wonky and repaired but hopefully that adds to the interest!
You say a gift to paint – well certainly a joy to behold.
This is beautiful Ann. Is this in the village of Arundel in West Sussex?
Yes it is! Lovely place, a bit special. This was down a little lane….hope the owner doesn't mind!!
Girl, you have a fan. I love your fabulous technique. Your compositions are so lovely and all of your colors are vibrant and full of life.
Thank you Carolyn for all your great comments…..the best bit in this one is when you call me "girl". Yay!
A very special place. I spent a summer at Arundel Castle many years ago and could never forget it's spectaclar gardens or the beautiful village. x
Do you remember the spectacular sight you come across from a height as you make your way down the hill towards the town with the Abbey and the castle both dominating the view? Special, yes!
Unforgettable. x
Oh to be in England! Your beautiful watercolours make me quite homesick!
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A couple of years ago, I wrote a blog post I titled, 'Silence Does Not Suit Me', an exuberantly defiant ode to my right to freely express myself as I chose. In it, I observed of the the self-doubt that often accompanies speaking up about things that are deemed unpopular or supposedly best left unchallenged, … Continue reading
Author Archives: Fungai Rufaro Machirori
So what do they really mean when they label you a 'radical'?
What do they really mean when they call you a 'radical'? Before I go any further, I am going to quickly disclaim that these musings are, in no way, academic or scientific. A question simply came into my mind Sunday evening as I planned for the week ahead and I decided to expand on it … Continue reading
Embracing Me
When I was about 15, my English teacher asked our class to use the word 'eccentric' in a sentence. She was, bless her, the sort of teacher who taught us new complex words and asked that we use them practically to show full comprehension. All these years later, I haven't forgotten hearing the girls sitting … Continue reading
10 Ways To Be A Good Zimbabwean
You see, life boils down to how much respect and credibility you can garner and I am almost 100% sure that some of these tactics will work for you in one way or the other. If they are working for other folk out there, why must you miss out? And why must I be selfish with proven strategies? I don't operate on that wavelength. Continue reading
What Remains For Zimbabwe After Empathy?
The main traffic light that filters vehicles turning right from Harare's Avondale Shopping Centre always seems to take an inordinate amount of time to change from red to green. And like many things requiring patience, this is a strange and testing phenomenon for motorists in a city whose worn and constricted roads are primed for … Continue reading
On Reading 'Teaching My Mother How To Give Birth' by Warsan Shire
It is a cool crisp Saturday morning in bed. I have a backlog of reading to get through, which is always confusing and daunting to navigate. Which book is worth my time? Which one will make the effort worth it at the end of the last chapter? As I do my routine rounds on Facebook, … Continue reading
I Don't Like Weaves
I don't like weaves. Don't like the way 100% human hair – that is not 100% my own – feels as it pulls at my scalp and lashes against my neck. The way you have to flick it out of the way, tie it, clip it, grease it, tong it, shampoo, condition, maintain it so … Continue reading


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Tomato-Basil Skewers
From EatingWell: December 2005/January 2006
Skewering mozzarella balls and cherry tomatoes makes them easy to nosh at a party.
Makes: 16 pieces
Active Time:
Total Time:
Nutrition Profile
Diabetes appropriate | Low carbohydrate | Gluten free |View Our Nutrition Guidelines »
- 16 small fresh mozzarella balls
- 16 fresh basil leaves
- 16 cherry tomatoes
- Extra-virgin olive oil, to drizzle
- Coarse salt & freshly ground pepper, to taste
- Thread mozzarella, basil and tomatoes on small skewers. Drizzle with oil and sprinkle with salt and pepper.
Per piece: 46 calories; 3 g fat (2 g sat, 0 g mono); 8 mg cholesterol; 1 g carbohydrates; 3 g protein; 0 g fiber; 217 mg sodium; 34 mg potassium.
Nutrition Bonus: Calcium, protein, vitamin C, potassium.
Exchanges: 1 fat
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- Low carbohydrate
- Gluten free
- Meal/Course
- Snack
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- Easy
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- 15 minutes or less
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- Quick (total 30 min. or less)
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- December 2005/January 2006


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Hanging around with the African Chimpanzee is banana-loads of fun! This charming chimp loves to play around on their Totally Tangled Liana Swing, and when they're looking for a snack, satisfy this ape's appetite with some Fancy Fire Ants!. more
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Little Buddy Super Mario Bros. Donkey Kong Holding Barrel Stuffed Plush, 8"
Donkey Kong, also known as DK or D. Kong, is a powerful hero Kong from Donkey Kong Island. He is a carefree ape who spends his days collecting Bananas and spends time with his friends, particularly his buddy Diddy Kong. However, when trouble arises,... more
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Sock Monkey Family Tsmf-002 The Sock Monkey Family School Bus
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Little Giraffe Infant Girls' Plush Giraffe Toy, 9" x 9" x 12" - Ages 0+ - Pink
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David Duncan names Joe Hendricks and Robin Gnagne in his all-time best Ghana Premier League XI
David Duncan is one of the few coaches in Ghana who have had the unique opportunity in coaching Hearts of...
Dwarfs coach insists his charges should have won against AshGold on Saturday
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GHANAsoccernet.com Ghana premier League Week XXI Best XI: Kojo Poku, Richmond Lamptey hit brace, Inusah Musah rules SUPER CLASH
Inusah Musah's stupendous performance for Hearts of Oak in the Super Clash with Asante Kotoko and a brace each...
PHOTO: Coach of Ghanaian giants Kotoko weeps uncontrollably after heavy defeat
In one of the rare scenes in world football, Kotoko coach Michael Osei shed uncontrollable tears that can fill a...
Ghana Premier League Preview: AshantiGold vs Ebusua Dwarfs- Miners to test Dwarfs revival
AshantiGold SC look to extend their second round surge on Saturday against Ebusua Dwarfs at the Len Clay Stadium. The...
William Agbovi to handle Kotoko-Hearts cracker; officials for Week 21 named
Experienced FIFA referee William Agbovi will be the middleman for the Ghana Premier League match between Kotoko and Hearts on...
Ebusua Dwarfs coach Prosper Nartey labels Kotoko ordinary side after side's heavy trouncing
Ebusua Dwarfs coach Prosper Nartey claims Kotoko are an ordinary side after his side recorded an emphatic 4-1 win over...
Kotoko assistant coach Godwin Ablordey remains confident 'battering' side will rebound against Hearts on Sunday
Kotoko assistant coach Godwin Ablordey is confident his side will rebound after their disatrous 4-1 defeat at Ebusua Dwarfs on...
Kotoko assistant coach Ablordey admits they were poor against Dwarfs
Asante Kotoko assistant coach Godwin Ablordey says his boys had a bad day at the office in their humiliating 4-1...
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Christopher Bonney's fierce celebration for Ebusua Dwarfs after scoring against Kotoko was aimed at the club's current management, the...
GHANAsoccernet.com Week XX Mid-Week Team; Bright Lukman, Michael Sarpong hit brace, Soulama Abdoulaye secures Hearts three points
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Aduana Stars striker Yahaya Mohammed still leads the Ghana Premier League scoring charts after 20th Week matches Player Team Goals 1....
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Ebusua Dwarfs had a capacity crowd at the Robert Mensah in their mammoth 4-1 win over Asante Kotoko on Wednesday. ...
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Hearts of Oak maintain their leadership of the Ghana Premier League table after 20th Week matches played across the country...


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Wes Atwood: How to bring up a raise
Q: My boss is reviewing me in two weeks and I want to ask for a raise. However, I am uncertain on how I should bring it up. I believe I have contributed to my company and deserve a raise. How do I show my boss that?
A: Performance reviews can be nerve-wracking, but it sounds like you will be going in with confidence. That is great to hear and a good strength when going into your review.
There is no easy way to bring up a getting a raise, but these pointers will put you in the right direction to showing your boss you deserve a raise.
Reflect on your work. Think back to all projects and responsibilities you've had since your last performance review. Write these down and bring them with you to your meeting. This will help you jog your memory of what you have done for the department and company.
Think about the company's financial position. Know how they are doing before putting in a request for a raise. If your company's finances are currently not doing so well, most likely, now would not be a good time to ask for a raise.
Be reasonable. Consider your expectations and do your research. Are these expectations justified? Do your homework on your company and the economy.
Be flexible. A raise doesn't have to take the form of money. You could ask for more vacation andpersonal days or different hours.
Wes Atwood Archive
- Jul 23, 2016 | Six tips to effectively delegate
- Jul 16, 2016 | 5 tips to sell to the top
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- Jun 18, 2016 | 5 tips to prepare a sales call
- Jun 11, 2016 | Four tips to take the fear out of sales
- Jun 4, 2016 | Five tips to improve the power of your voice
- May 29, 2016 | 4 tips to create a team environment at work
- May 14, 2016 | How to network your way up the ladder
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Photo Special10 Best Celeb Quotes This Week
Honey Boo Boo talks politics and President Obama. Plus, more from Christina Aguilera, Oprah Winfrey and other stars
Credit: iam.beyonce.com
Updated: Friday Oct 19, 2012 | 06:00 AM EDT By: Karen J. Quan
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text:
1. This pomegranate is a huge bummer.
2. Too much information.
3. Anime characters always have the most profound last words:
4. Oh no! How slightly inconvenient!
5. Is that a euphemism?
6. Is THAT a euphemism?
7. This guy REALLY loves sweater weather.
8. Same.
9. Is this hypothetical? Or is this something I need to be worried about?
10. I'll take your word for it.
11. Dog, how did it take you this long to discover clothespins?
12. Noted.
13. True love.
14. And when you say butt afro, you mean… what, exactly?
15. Stunning.
16. Cool it, nerd.
17. Is that a log?
18. Hell yeah?
19. Dream big, kid.
20. If I had a dime every time this happened to me…
21. ?????
Preview Your Response
In The News Today
- Some Bernie-or-Busters protested Hillary Clinton's DNC speech, but a tightly organized plan — from chants to secret allies — kept heckling off TV.
- Sixteen people are reported dead after a hot air balloon crashed in Texas.
- Two brothers suspected of planning terror attacks have been arrested in Belgium, prosecutors say.


text: Dont let a subpar network tank your unified communications program: 25% of InformationWeek 2013 State of Unified Communications Survey respondents deploying or planning to deploy UC fear that an aging infrastructure could sink their projects; 19% worry about WAN bandwidth. Is low UC uptake a result of strained networks delivering poor performance? COMMENT EMAIL THIS PRINT RSS MORE INSIGHTS Webcasts How to Prep for Millennials Being the Decision Makers, Are You Ready? Analytics: Where We've Been, Where We're Going MORE WEBCASTS White Papers Achieve Deeper Network Security & Application Control with a Next-Gen Firewall Mobile VPN: 5 Considerations for Selecting the Right One MORE WHITE PAPERS Reports Forrester Report: Cloud Powers The New Connected Economy Forrester's Total Economic Impact Study: Spotlight on Gigamon MORE REPORTS Log in or Register to post comments


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text:
In the back of my mind I was hoping for this Blog-Buddies. When writing "THE NEW STRONG" and working to edit, edit, edit… I was hoping. When preparing my first-ever workshop about THE NEW STRONG, the hope tickled the back of my mind and my heart. Enlightenment acceleration for participants?
And could reading THE NEW STRONG really speed attaining Enlightenment? Because if the workshop could, then the book would as well (though Enlightenment would be accelerated a bit less rapidly).
Well, whatever. Rose Rosetree has plenty of hopes and dreams. I just keep on doing my work. But today that hope came true.
What Was I Hoping about THE NEW STRONG?
Most of all, I've been hoping that, for people who are quite close to Enlightenment, the alignment that results from this knowledge — the "Rules & Tools for the Age of Awakening" — could click a person into Enlightenment.
So here came my session today with KRISTINE, fresh from That New Strong Workshop, which was first-time offered last weekend.
KRISTINE is one of those clients I've had my eye on for some time. Having read her aura in sessions, I've thought, "Here's somebody who is probably going to be moving into Enlightenment, and soon."
Many of you Blog-Buddies have read here, "The Age of Awakening is a time when millions of people are going to be able to move into Enlightenment, and do it as Householders." CONTINUE READING


text:
Hunnoun [ C ]uk /hʌn/ us /hʌn/
Thesaurus: synonyms and related words
(Definition of "Hun" from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
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the activity of knitting something, or a thing that is being knitted