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The role of syllables in sign language production
Baus, Cristina
Gutiérrez, Eva
Carreiras, Manuel
Frontiers in Psychology
The aim of the present study was to investigate the functional role of syllables in sign language and how the different phonological combinations influence sign production. Moreover, the influence of age of acquisition was evaluated. Deaf signers (native and non-native) of Catalan Signed Language (LSC) were asked in a picture-sign interference task to sign picture names while ignoring distractor-signs with which they shared two phonological parameters (out of three of the main sign parameters: Location, Movement, and Handshape). The results revealed a different impact of the three phonological combinations. While no effect was observed for the phonological combination Handshape-Location, the combination Handshape-Movement slowed down signing latencies, but only in the non-native group. A facilitatory effect was observed for both groups when pictures and distractors shared Location-Movement. Importantly, linguistic models have considered this phonological combination to be a privileged unit in the composition of signs, as syllables are in spoken languages. Thus, our results support the functional role of syllable units during phonological articulation in sign language production.
sign language; speech production; syllables; sign parameters; picture naming
Related Articles
When does a system become phonological? Handshape production in gesturers, signers, and homesigners
Brentari, Diane
Coppola, Marie
Mazzoni, Laura
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Natural language & linguistic theory
Sign languages display remarkable crosslinguistic consistencies in the use of handshapes. In particular, handshapes used in classifier predicates display a consistent pattern in finger complexity: classifier handshapes representing objects display more finger complexity than those representing how objects are handled. Here we explore the conditions under which this morphophonological phenomenon arises. In Study 1, we ask whether hearing individuals in Italy and the United States, asked to communicate using only their hands, show the same pattern of finger complexity found in the classifier handshapes of two sign languages: Italian Sign Language (LIS) and American Sign Language (ASL). We find that they do not: gesturers display more finger complexity in handling handshapes than in object handshapes. The morphophonological pattern found in conventional sign languages is therefore not a codified version of the pattern invented by hearing individuals on the spot. In Study 2, we ask whether continued use of gesture as a primary communication system results in a pattern that is more similar to the morphophonological pattern found in conventional sign languages or to the pattern found in gesturers. Homesigners have not acquired a signed or spoken language and instead use a self-generated gesture system to communicate with their hearing family members and friends. We find that homesigners pattern more like signers than like gesturers: their finger complexity in object handshapes is higher than that of gesturers (indeed as high as signers); and their finger complexity in handling handshapes is lower than that of gesturers (but not quite as low as signers). Generally, our findings indicate two markers of the phonologization of handshape in sign languages: increasing finger complexity in object handshapes, and decreasing finger complexity in handling handshapes. These first indicators of phonology appear to be present in individuals developing a gesture system without benefit of a linguistic community. Finally, we propose that iconicity, morphology and phonology each play an important role in the system of sign language classifiers to create the earliest markers of phonology at the morphophonological interface.
Sign language; phonology; morphology; homesign; gesture; language evolution; historical change; handshape; classifier predicates
Related Articles
Handshape monitoring: Evaluation of linguistic and perceptual factors in the processing of American Sign Language
Grosvald, Michael
Lachaud, Christian
Corina, David
Language and cognitive processes
We investigated the relevance of linguistic and perceptual factors to sign processing by comparing hearing individuals and deaf signers as they performed a handshape monitoring task, a sign-language analogue to the phoneme-monitoring paradigms used in many spoken-language studies. Each subject saw a series of brief video clips, each of which showed either an ASL sign or a phonologically possible but non-lexical "non-sign," and responded when the viewed action was formed with a particular handshape. Stimuli varied with respect to the factors of Lexicality, handshape Markedness (Battison, 1978), and Type, defined according to whether the action is performed with one or two hands and for two-handed stimuli, whether or not the action is symmetrical.
Deaf signers performed faster and more accurately than hearing non-signers, and effects related to handshape Markedness and stimulus Type were observed in both groups. However, no effects or interactions related to Lexicality were seen. A further analysis restricted to the deaf group indicated that these results were not dependent upon subjects' age of acquisition of ASL. This work provides new insights into the processes by which the handshape component of sign forms is recognized in a sign language, the role of language experience, and the extent to which these processes may or may not be considered specifically linguistic.
ASL; psycholinguistics; markedness; phoneme monitoring
Related Articles
Discriminant Features and Temporal Structure of Nonmanuals in American Sign Language
Benitez-Quiroz, C. Fabian
Gökgöz, Kadir
Wilbur, Ronnie B.
Martinez, Aleix M.
PLoS ONE
To fully define the grammar of American Sign Language (ASL), a linguistic model of its nonmanuals needs to be constructed. While significant progress has been made to understand the features defining ASL manuals, after years of research, much still needs to be done to uncover the discriminant nonmanual components. The major barrier to achieving this goal is the difficulty in correlating facial features and linguistic features, especially since these correlations may be temporally defined. For example, a facial feature (e.g., head moves down) occurring at the end of the movement of another facial feature (e.g., brows moves up), may specify a Hypothetical conditional, but only if this time relationship is maintained. In other instances, the single occurrence of a movement (e.g., brows move up) can be indicative of the same grammatical construction. In the present paper, we introduce a linguistic–computational approach to efficiently carry out this analysis. First, a linguistic model of the face is used to manually annotate a very large set of 2,347 videos of ASL nonmanuals (including tens of thousands of frames). Second, a computational approach is used to determine which features of the linguistic model are more informative of the grammatical rules under study. We used the proposed approach to study five types of sentences – Hypothetical conditionals, Yes/no questions, Wh-questions, Wh-questions postposed, and Assertions – plus their polarities – positive and negative. Our results verify several components of the standard model of ASL nonmanuals and, most importantly, identify several previously unreported features and their temporal relationship. Notably, our results uncovered a complex interaction between head position and mouth shape. These findings define some temporal structures of ASL nonmanuals not previously detected by other approaches.
Related Articles
Acquiring word class distinctions in American Sign Language: Evidence from handshape*
Brentari, Diane
Coppola, Marie
Jung, Ashley
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Language learning and development : the official journal of the Society for Language Development
Handshape works differently in nouns vs. a class of verbs in American Sign Language (ASL), and thus can serve as a cue to distinguish between these two word classes. Handshapes representing characteristics of the object itself (object handshapes) and handshapes representing how the object is handled (handling handshapes) appear in both nouns and a particular type of verb, classifier predicates, in ASL. When used as nouns, object and handling handshapes are phonemic—that is, they are specified in dictionary entries and do not vary with grammatical context. In contrast, when used as classifier predicates, object and handling handshapes do vary with grammatical context for both morphological and syntactic reasons. We ask here when young deaf children learning ASL acquire the word class distinction signaled by handshape. Specifically, we determined the age at which children systematically vary object vs. handling handshapes as a function of grammatical context in classifier predicates, but not in the nouns that accompany those predicates. We asked 4–6 year old children, 7–10 year old children, and adults, all of whom were native ASL signers, to describe a series of vignettes designed to elicit object and handling handshapes in both nouns and classifier predicates. We found that all of the children behaved like adults with respect to all nouns, systematically varying object and handling handshapes as a function of type of item and not grammatical context. The children also behaved like adults with respect to certain classifiers, systematically varying handshape type as a function of grammatical context for items whose nouns have handling handshapes. The children differed from adults in that they did not systematically vary handshape as a function of grammatical context for items whose nouns have object handshapes. These findings extend previous work by showing that children require developmental time to acquire the full morphological system underlying classifier predicates in sign language, just as children acquiring complex morphology in spoken languages do. In addition, we show for the first time that children acquiring ASL treat object and handling handshapes differently as a function of their status as nouns vs. classifier predicates, and thus display a distinction between these word classes as early as 4 years of age.
Related Articles
Effects of language experience on the perception of American Sign Language
Morford, Jill P.
Grieve-Smith, Angus B.
MacFarlane, James
Staley, Joshua
Waters, Gabriel
Perception of American Sign Language (ASL) handshape and place of articulation parameters was investigated in three groups of signers: deaf native signers, deaf non-native signers who acquired ASL between the ages of 10 and 18, hearing non-native signers who acquired ASL as a second language between the ages of 10 and 26. Participants were asked to identify and discriminate dynamic synthetic signs on forced choice identification and similarity judgement tasks. No differences were found in identification performance, but there were effects of language experience on discrimination of the handshape stimuli. Participants were significantly less likely to discriminate handshape stimuli drawn from the region of the category prototype than stimuli that were peripheral to the category or that straddled a category boundary. This pattern was significant for both groups of deaf signers, but was more pronounced for the native signers. The hearing L2 signers exhibited a similar pattern of discrimination, but results did not reach significance. An effect of category structure on the discrimination of place of articulation stimuli was also found, but it did not interact with language background. We conclude that early experience with a signed language magnifies the influence of category prototypes on the perceptual processing of handshape primes, leading to differences in the distribution of attentional resources between native and non-native signers during language comprehension.
Sign language; Sign perception; Non-native first language acquisition; Second language acquisition
Related Articles
Sign Perception and Recognition in Non-Native Signers of ASL
Morford, Jill P.
Carlson, Martina L.
Language learning and development : the official journal of the Society for Language Development
Past research has established that delayed first language exposure is associated with comprehension difficulties in non-native signers of American Sign Language (ASL) relative to native signers. The goal of the current study was to investigate potential explanations of this disparity: do non-native signers have difficulty with all aspects of comprehension, or are their comprehension difficulties restricted to some aspects of processing? We compared the performance of deaf non-native, hearing L2, and deaf native signers on a handshape and location monitoring and a sign recognition task. The results indicate that deaf non-native signers are as rapid and accurate on the monitoring task as native signers, with differences in the pattern of relative performance across handshape and location parameters. By contrast, non-native signers differ significantly from native signers during sign recognition. Hearing L2 signers, who performed almost as well as the two groups of deaf signers on the monitoring task, resembled the deaf native signers more than the deaf non-native signers on the sign recognition task. The combined results indicate that delayed exposure to a signed language leads to an overreliance on handshape during sign recognition.
ASL; Sign language; Perception; Sign recognition; Lexical access; Language experience; Delayed first language acquisition; Second language acquisition
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The effects of learning American Sign Language on co-speech gesture*
Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
Given that the linguistic articulators for sign language are also used to produce co-speech gesture, we examined whether one year of academic instruction in American Sign Language (ASL) impacts the rate and nature of gestures produced when speaking English. A survey study revealed that 75% of ASL learners (N = 95), but only 14% of Romance language learners (N = 203), felt that they gestured more after one year of language instruction. A longitudinal study confirmed this perception. Twenty-one ASL learners and 20 Romance language learners (French, Italian, Spanish) were filmed re-telling a cartoon story before and after one academic year of language instruction. Only the ASL learners exhibited an increase in gesture rate, an increase in the production of iconic gestures, and an increase in the number of handshape types exploited in co-speech gesture. Five ASL students also produced at least one ASL sign when re-telling the cartoon. We suggest that learning ASL may (i) lower the neural threshold for co-speech gesture production, (ii) pose a unique challenge for language control, and (iii) have the potential to improve cognitive processes that are linked to gesture.
gesture; American Sign Language; bilingualism
Related Articles
Palm Reversal Errors in Native-Signing Children with Autism
Shield, Aaron
Meier, Richard P.
Journal of communication disorders
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who have native exposure to a sign language such as American Sign Language (ASL) have received almost no scientific attention. This paper reports the first studies on a sample of five native-signing children (four deaf children of deaf parents and one hearing child of deaf parents; ages 4;6 to 7;5) diagnosed with ASD. A domain-general deficit in the ability of children with ASD to replicate the gestures of others is hypothesized to be a source of palm orientation reversal errors in sign. In Study 1, naturalistic language samples were collected from three native-signing children with ASD and were analyzed for errors in handshape, location, movement and palm orientation. In Study 2, four native-signing children with ASD were compared to 12 typically-developing deaf children (ages 3;7 to 6;9, all born to deaf parents) on a fingerspelling task. In both studies children with ASD showed a tendency to reverse palm orientation on signs specified for inward/outward orientation. Typically-developing deaf children did not produce any such errors in palm orientation. We conclude that this kind of palm reversal has a perceptual rather than a motoric source, and is further evidence of a "self-other mapping" deficit in ASD.
Autism spectrum disorder; sign language
Related Articles
Neural responses to meaningless pseudosigns: Evidence for sign-based phonetic processing in superior temporal cortex
Emmorey, Karen
Xu, Jiang
Braun, Allen
Brain and language
To identify neural regions that automatically respond to linguistically structured, but meaningless manual gestures, 14 deaf native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and 14 hearing non-signers passively viewed pseudosigns (possible but non-existent ASL signs) and non-iconic ASL signs, in addition to a fixation baseline. For the contrast between pseudosigns and baseline, greater activation was observed in left posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), but not in left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44/45), for deaf signers compared to hearing non-signers, based on VOI analyses. We hypothesize that left STS is more engaged for signers because this region becomes tuned to human body movements that conform the phonological constraints of sign language. For deaf signers, the contrast between pseudosigns and known ASL signs revealed increased activation for pseudosigns in left posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and in left inferior frontal cortex, but no regions were found to be more engaged for known signs than for pseudosigns. This contrast revealed no significant differences in activation for hearing non-signers. We hypothesize that left STG is involved in recognizing linguistic phonetic units within a dynamic visual or auditory signal, such that less familiar structural combinations produce increased neural activation in this region for both pseudosigns and pseudowords.
sign language; deaf signers; fMRI; pseudowords
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Event segmentation in a visual language: Neural bases of processing American Sign Language predicates
Malaia, Evie
Ranaweera, Ruwan
Wilbur, Ronnie B.
Talavage, Thomas M.
Motion capture studies show that American Sign Language (ASL) signers distinguish end-points in telic verb signs by means of marked hand articulator motion, which rapidly decelerates to a stop at the end of these signs, as compared to atelic signs (Malaia & Wilbur, in press). Non-signers also show sensitivity to velocity in deceleration cues for event segmentation in visual scenes (Zacks et al., 2010; Zacks et a., 2006), introducing the question of whether the neural regions used by ASL signers for sign language verb processing might be similar to those used by non-signers for event segmentation.
The present study investigated the neural substrate of predicate perception and linguistic processing in ASL. Observed patterns of activation demonstrate that Deaf signers process telic verb signs as having higher phonological complexity as compared to atelic verb signs. These results, together with previous neuroimaging data on spoken and sign languages (Shetreet, Friedmann, & Hadar, 2010; Emmorey et al., 2009), illustrate a route for how a prominent perceptual-kinematic feature used for non-linguistic event segmentation might come to be processed as an abstract linguistic feature due to sign language exposure.
sign language; ASL; fMRI; event structure; verb; neuroplasticity; motion
Related Articles
Sign language and pantomime production differentially engage frontal and parietal cortices
Emmorey, Karen
McCullough, Stephen
Mehta, Sonya
Ponto, Laura L. B.
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Language and cognitive processes
We investigated the functional organization of neural systems supporting language production when the primary language articulators are also used for meaningful, but non-linguistic, expression such as pantomime. Fourteen hearing non-signers and 10 deaf native users of American Sign Language (ASL) participated in an H2 15O-PET study in which they generated action pantomimes or ASL verbs in response to pictures of tools and manipulable objects. For pantomime generation, participants were instructed to "show how you would use the object." For verb generation, signers were asked to "generate a verb related to the object." The objects for this condition were selected to elicit handling verbs that resemble pantomime (e.g., TO-HAMMER (hand configuration and movement mimic the act of hammering) and non-handling verbs that do not (e.g., POUR-SYRUP, produced with a "Y" handshape). For the baseline task, participants viewed pictures of manipulable objects and an occasional non-manipulable object and decided whether the objects could be handled, gesturing "yes" (thumbs up) or "no" (hand wave). Relative to baseline, generation of ASL verbs engaged left inferior frontal cortex, but when non-signers produced pantomimes for the same objects, no frontal activation was observed. Both groups recruited left parietal cortex during pantomime production. However, for deaf signers the activation was more extensive and bilateral, which may reflect a more complex and integrated neural representation of hand actions. We conclude that the production of pantomime versus ASL verbs (even those that resemble pantomime) engage partially segregated neural systems that support praxic versus linguistic functions.
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The perception of handshapes in American Sign Language
Baker, Stephanie E.
Idsardi, William J.
Golinkoff, Roberta Michnick
Petitto, Laura-Ann
Memory & cognition
Despite the constantly varying stream of sensory information that surrounds us, we humans can discern the small building blocks of words that constitute language (phonetic forms) and perceive them categorically (categorical perception, CP). Decades of controversy have prevailed regarding what is at the heart of CP, with many arguing that it is due to domain-general perceptual processing and others that it is determined by the existence of domain-specific linguistic processing. What is most key: perceptual or linguistic patterns? Here, we study whether CP occurs with soundless handshapes that are nonetheless phonetic in American Sign Language (ASL), in signers and nonsigners. Using innovative methods and analyses of identification and, crucially, discrimination tasks, we found that both groups separated the soundless handshapes into two classes perceptually but that only the ASL signers exhibited linguistic CP. These findings suggest that CP of linguistic stimuli is based on linguistic categorization, rather than on purely perceptual categorization.
Related Articles
Discriminating Signs: Perceptual Precursors to Acquiring a Visual-Gestural Language
Wilbourn, Makeba Parramore
Casasola, Marianella
Infant behavior & development
We tested hearing six- and ten-month-olds' ability to discriminate among three American Sign Language (ASL) parameters (location, handshape, and movement) as well as a grammatical marker (facial expression). ASL-naïve infants were habituated to a signer articulating a two-handed symmetrical sign in neutral space. During test, infants viewed novel two-handed signs that varied in only one parameter or in facial expression. Infants detected changes in the signer's facial expression and in the location of the sign but provided no evidence of detecting the changes in handshape or movement. These findings are consistent with children's production errors in ASL and reveal that infants can distinguish among some parameters of ASL more easily than others.
Perception; Discrimination; American Sign Language; Parameters; Infants
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From iconic handshapes to grammatical contrasts: longitudinal evidence from a child homesigner
Coppola, Marie
Brentari, Diane
Frontiers in Psychology
Many sign languages display crosslinguistic consistencies in the use of two iconic aspects of handshape, handshape type and finger group complexity. Handshape type is used systematically in form-meaning pairings (morphology): Handling handshapes (Handling-HSs), representing how objects are handled, tend to be used to express events with an agent ("hand-as-hand" iconicity), and Object handshapes (Object-HSs), representing an object's size/shape, are used more often to express events without an agent ("hand-as-object" iconicity). Second, in the distribution of meaningless properties of form (morphophonology), Object-HSs display higher finger group complexity than Handling-HSs. Some adult homesigners, who have not acquired a signed or spoken language and instead use a self-generated gesture system, exhibit these two properties as well. This study illuminates the development over time of both phenomena for one child homesigner, "Julio," age 7;4 (years; months) to 12;8. We elicited descriptions of events with and without agents to determine whether morphophonology and morphosyntax can develop without linguistic input during childhood, and whether these structures develop together or independently. Within the time period studied: (1) Julio used handshape type differently in his responses to vignettes with and without an agent; however, he did not exhibit the same pattern that was found previously in signers, adult homesigners, or gesturers: while he was highly likely to use a Handling-HS for events with an agent (82%), he was less likely to use an Object-HS for non-agentive events (49%); i.e., his productions were heavily biased toward Handling-HSs; (2) Julio exhibited higher finger group complexity in Object- than in Handling-HSs, as in the sign language and adult homesigner groups previously studied; and (3) these two dimensions of language developed independently, with phonological structure showing a sign language-like pattern at an earlier age than morphosyntactic structure. We conclude that iconicity alone is not sufficient to explain the development of linguistic structure in homesign systems. Linguistic input is not required for some aspects of phonological structure to emerge in childhood, and while linguistic input is not required for morphology either, it takes time to emerge in homesign.
sign language; homesign; gesture; phonology; morphology; language emergence; iconicity; grammaticalization
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Neuroplasticity Associated with Tactile Language Communication in a Deaf-Blind Subject
Obretenova, Souzana
Halko, Mark A.
Plow, Ela B.
Pascual-Leone, Alvaro
Merabet, Lotfi B.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
A long-standing debate in cognitive neuroscience pertains to the innate nature of language development and the underlying factors that determine this faculty. We explored the neural correlates associated with language processing in a unique individual who is early blind, congenitally deaf, and possesses a high level of language function. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared the neural networks associated with the tactile reading of words presented in Braille, Print on Palm (POP), and a haptic form of American Sign Language (haptic ASL or hASL). With all three modes of tactile communication, indentifying words was associated with robust activation within occipital cortical regions as well as posterior superior temporal and inferior frontal language areas (lateralized within the left hemisphere). In a normally sighted and hearing interpreter, identifying words through hASL was associated with left-lateralized activation of inferior frontal language areas however robust occipital cortex activation was not observed. Diffusion tensor imaging -based tractography revealed differences consistent with enhanced occipital-temporal connectivity in the deaf-blind subject. Our results demonstrate that in the case of early onset of both visual and auditory deprivation, tactile-based communication is associated with an extensive cortical network implicating occipital as well as posterior superior temporal and frontal associated language areas. The cortical areas activated in this deaf-blind subject are consistent with characteristic cortical regions previously implicated with language. Finally, the resilience of language function within the context of early and combined visual and auditory deprivation may be related to enhanced connectivity between relevant cortical areas.
deafness; blindness; tactile language; neuroplasticity; fMRI; diffusion tensor imaging
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The Link Between Form and Meaning in American Sign Language: Lexical Processing Effects
Thompson, Robin L.
Vinson, David P.
Vigliocco, Gabriella
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition
Signed languages exploit iconicity (the transparent relationship between meaning and form) to a greater extent than spoken languages. where it is largely limited to onomatopoeia. In a picture–sign matching experiment measuring reaction times, the authors examined the potential advantage of iconicity both for 1st- and 2nd-language learners of American Sign Language (ASL). The results show that native ASL signers are faster to respond when a specific property iconically represented in a sign is made salient in the corresponding picture, thus providing evidence that a closer mapping between meaning and form can aid in lexical retrieval. While late 2nd-language learners appear to use iconicity as an aid to learning sign, they did not show the same facilitation effect as native ASL signers, suggesting that the task tapped into more automatic language processes. Overall, the findings suggest that completely arbitrary mappings between meaning and form may not be more advantageous in language and that, rather, arbitrariness may simply be an accident of modality.
semantics; iconicity; sign language; word recognition; psycholinguistics
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How sensory-motor systems impact the neural organization for language: direct contrasts between spoken and signed language
Emmorey, Karen
McCullough, Stephen
Mehta, Sonya
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Frontiers in Psychology
To investigate the impact of sensory-motor systems on the neural organization for language, we conducted an H215O-PET study of sign and spoken word production (picture-naming) and an fMRI study of sign and audio-visual spoken language comprehension (detection of a semantically anomalous sentence) with hearing bilinguals who are native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Directly contrasting speech and sign production revealed greater activation in bilateral parietal cortex for signing, while speaking resulted in greater activation in bilateral superior temporal cortex (STC) and right frontal cortex, likely reflecting auditory feedback control. Surprisingly, the language production contrast revealed a relative increase in activation in bilateral occipital cortex for speaking. We speculate that greater activation in visual cortex for speaking may actually reflect cortical attenuation when signing, which functions to distinguish self-produced from externally generated visual input. Directly contrasting speech and sign comprehension revealed greater activation in bilateral STC for speech and greater activation in bilateral occipital-temporal cortex for sign. Sign comprehension, like sign production, engaged bilateral parietal cortex to a greater extent than spoken language. We hypothesize that posterior parietal activation in part reflects processing related to spatial classifier constructions in ASL and that anterior parietal activation may reflect covert imitation that functions as a predictive model during sign comprehension. The conjunction analysis for comprehension revealed that both speech and sign bilaterally engaged the inferior frontal gyrus (with more extensive activation on the left) and the superior temporal sulcus, suggesting an invariant bilateral perisylvian language system. We conclude that surface level differences between sign and spoken languages should not be dismissed and are critical for understanding the neurobiology of language.
American Sign Language; audio-visual English; bimodal bilinguals; PET; fMRI
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How handshape type can distinguish between nouns and verbs in homesign
Hunsicker, Dea
Goldin-Meadow, Susan
Gesture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
All established languages, spoken or signed, make a distinction between nouns and verbs. Even a young sign language emerging within a family of deaf individuals has been found to mark the noun-verb distinction, and to use handshape type to do so. Here we ask whether handshape type is used to mark the noun-verb distinction in a gesture system invented by a deaf child who does not have access to a usable model of either spoken or signed language. The child produces homesigns that have linguistic structure, but receives from his hearing parents co-speech gestures that are structured differently from his own gestures. Thus, unlike users of established and emerging languages, the homesigner is a producer of his system but does not receive it from others. Nevertheless, we found that the child used handshape type to mark the distinction between nouns and verbs at the early stages of development. The noun-verb distinction is thus so fundamental to language that it can arise in a homesign system not shared with others. We also found that the child abandoned handshape type as a device for distinguishing nouns from verbs at just the moment when he developed a combinatorial system of handshape and motion components that marked the distinction. The way the noun-verb distinction is marked thus depends on the full array of linguistic devices available within the system.
Related Articles
Deaf Mothers and Breastfeeding: Do Unique Features of Deaf Culture and Language Support Breastfeeding Success?
Chin, Nancy P.
Cuculick, Jess
Starr, Matthew
Panko, Tiffany
Widanka, Holly
Dozier, Ann
Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association
Deaf mothers who use American Sign Language (ASL) consider themselves a linguistic minority group, with specific cultural practices. Rarely has this group been engaged in infant-feeding research.
To understand how ASL-using Deaf mothers learn about infant feeding and to identify their breastfeeding challenges.
Using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach we conducted four focus groups with Deaf mothers who had at least one child 0–5 years. A script was developed using a social ecological model (SEM) to capture multiple levels of influence. All groups were conducted in ASL, filmed, and transcribed into English. Deaf and hearing researchers analyzed data by coding themes within each SEM level.
Fifteen mothers participated. All had initiated breastfeeding with their most recent child. Breastfeeding duration for eight of the mothers was three weeks to 12 months. Seven of the mothers were still breastfeeding, the longest for 19 months. Those mothers who breastfed longer described a supportive social environment and the ability to surmount challenges. Participants described characteristics of Deaf culture such as direct communication, sharing information, use of technologies, language access through interpreters and ASL-using providers, and strong self-advocacy skills. Finally, mothers used the sign 'struggle' to describe their breastfeeding experience. The sign implies a sustained effort over time which leads to success.
In a setting with a large population of Deaf women and ASL-using providers, we identified several aspects of Deaf culture and language which support BF mothers across institutional, community, and interpersonal levels of the SEM.
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Using a social marketing framework to evaluate recruitment of a prospective study of genetic counseling and testing for the deaf community
Kobayashi, Yoko
Boudreault, Patrick
Hill, Karin
Sinsheimer, Janet S
Palmer, Christina GS
BMC Medical Research Methodology
Recruiting deaf and hard-of-hearing participants, particularly sign language-users, for genetics health service research is challenging due to communication barriers, mistrust toward genetics, and researchers' unfamiliarity with deaf people. Feelings of social exclusion and lack of social cohesion between researchers and the Deaf community are factors to consider. Social marketing is effective for recruiting hard-to-reach populations because it fosters social inclusion and cohesion by focusing on the targeted audience's needs. For the deaf population this includes recognizing their cultural and linguistic diversity, their geography, and their systems for information exchange. Here we use concepts and language from social marketing to evaluate our effectiveness to engage a U.S. deaf population in a prospective, longitudinal genetic counseling and testing study.
The study design was interpreted in terms of a social marketing mix of Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Price addressed linguistic diversity by including a variety of communication technologies and certified interpreters to facilitate communication; Place addressed geography by including community-based participation locations; Promotion addressed information exchange by using multiple recruitment strategies. Regression analyses examined the study design's effectiveness in recruiting a culturally and linguistically diverse sample.
271 individuals were enrolled, with 66.1% American Sign Language (ASL)-users, 19.9% ASL + English-users, 12.6% English-users. Language was significantly associated with communication technology, participation location, and recruitment. Videophone and interpreters were more likely to be used for communication between ASL-users and researchers while voice telephone and no interpreters were preferred by English-users (Price). ASL-users were more likely to participate in community-based locations while English-users preferred medically-based locations (Place). English-users were more likely to be recruited through mass media (Promotion) while ASL-users were more likely to be recruited through community events and to respond to messaging that emphasized inclusion of a Deaf perspective.
This study design effectively engaged the deaf population, particularly sign language-users. Results suggest that the deaf population's cultural and linguistic diversity, geography, and forms of information exchange must be taken into account in study designs for successful recruitment. A social marketing approach that incorporates critical social determinants of health provides a novel and important framework for genetics health service research targeting specific, and hard-to-reach, underserved groups.
Social marketing; Genomic medicine; Deaf; Deaf; Hard-of-hearing; American Sign Language; Genetic testing; Health disparity; Health service research; Minority groups; Communities; Study design
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Bilingual processing of ASL-English code-blends: The consequences of accessing two lexical representations simultaneously
Emmorey, Karen
Petrich, Jennifer
Gollan, Tamar H.
Journal of memory and language
Bilinguals who are fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) and English often produce code-blends - simultaneously articulating a sign and a word while conversing with other ASL-English bilinguals. To investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying code-blend processing, we compared picture-naming times (Experiment 1) and semantic categorization times (Experiment 2) for code-blends versus ASL signs and English words produced alone. In production, code-blending did not slow lexical retrieval for ASL and actually facilitated access to low-frequency signs. However, code-blending delayed speech production because bimodal bilinguals synchronized English and ASL lexical onsets. In comprehension, code-blending speeded access to both languages. Bimodal bilinguals' ability to produce code-blends without any cost to ASL implies that the language system either has (or can develop) a mechanism for switching off competition to allow simultaneous production of close competitors. Code-blend facilitation effects during comprehension likely reflect cross-linguistic (and cross-modal) integration at the phonological and/or semantic levels. The absence of any consistent processing costs for code-blending illustrates a surprising limitation on dual-task costs and may explain why bimodal bilinguals code-blend more often than they code-switch.
bilingualism; lexical access; sign language
Related Articles
Bimodal bilingualism*
Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
Speech–sign or "bimodal" bilingualism is exceptional because distinct modalities allow for simultaneous production of two languages. We investigated the ramifications of this phenomenon for models of language production by eliciting language mixing from eleven hearing native users of American Sign Language (ASL) and English. Instead of switching between languages, bilinguals frequently produced code-blends (simultaneously produced English words and ASL signs). Code-blends resembled co-speech gesture with respect to synchronous vocal–manual timing and semantic equivalence. When ASL was the Matrix Language, no single-word code-blends were observed, suggesting stronger inhibition of English than ASL for these proficient bilinguals. We propose a model that accounts for similarities between co-speech gesture and code-blending and assumes interactions between ASL and English Formulators. The findings constrain language production models by demonstrating the possibility of simultaneously selecting two lexical representations (but not two propositions) for linguistic expression and by suggesting that lexical suppression is computationally more costly than lexical selection.
Related Articles
The Biology of Linguistic Expression Impacts Neural Correlates for Spatial Language
Emmorey, Karen
McCullough, Stephen
Mehta, Sonya
Ponto, Laura L. B.
Grabowski, Thomas J.
Journal of cognitive neuroscience
Biological differences between signed and spoken languages may be most evident in the expression of spatial information. PET was used to investigate the neural substrates supporting the production of spatial language in American Sign Language as expressed by classifier constructions, in which handshape indicates object type and the location/motion of the hand iconically depicts the location/motion of a referent object. Deaf native signers performed a picture description task in which they overtly named objects or produced classifier constructions that varied in location, motion, or object type. In contrast to the expression of location and motion, the production of both lexical signs and object type classifier morphemes engaged left inferior frontal cortex and left inferior temporal cortex, supporting the hypothesis that unlike the location and motion components of a classifier construction, classifier handshapes are categorical morphemes that are retrieved via left hemisphere language regions. In addition, lexical signs engaged the anterior temporal lobes to a greater extent than classifier constructions, which we suggest reflects increased semantic processing required to name individual objects compared with simply indicating the type of object. Both location and motion classifier constructions engaged bilateral superior parietal cortex, with some evidence that the expression of static locations differentially engaged the left intraparietal sulcus. We argue that bilateral parietal activation reflects the biological underpinnings of sign language. To express spatial information, signers must transform visual–spatial representations into a body-centered reference frame and reach toward target locations within signing space.
Related Articles
Symbiotic symbolization by hand and mouth in sign language*
Sandler, Wendy
Current conceptions of human language include a gestural component in the communicative event. However, determining how the linguistic and gestural signals are distinguished, how each is structured, and how they interact still poses a challenge for the construction of a comprehensive model of language. This study attempts to advance our understanding of these issues with evidence from sign language. The study adopts McNeill's criteria for distinguishing gestures from the linguistically organized signal, and provides a brief description of the linguistic organization of sign languages. Focusing on the subcategory of iconic gestures, the paper shows that signers create iconic gestures with the mouth, an articulator that acts symbiotically with the hands to complement the linguistic description of objects and events. A new distinction between the mimetic replica and the iconic symbol accounts for the nature and distribution of iconic mouth gestures and distinguishes them from mimetic uses of the mouth. Symbiotic symbolization by hand and mouth is a salient feature of human language, regardless of whether the primary linguistic modality is oral or manual. Speakers gesture with their hands, and signers gesture with their mouths.
sign language; gesture; mouth gesture; iconic; hand and mouth; symbolization
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We used Garden Grocer for our most recent Walt Disney World vacation. Prices are a little higher than a normal grocery store. However, the convenience of not having to find transportation to and from a grocery store, the saved time by not going outside of the resort or parks, the ease of having it delivered, and the confirmation of delivery was beyond what I expected!
My first experience with Gardengrocer was terrific. The website was simple and easy to navigate, and the groceries were delivered when they said they would be. Additionally, there was a convenient text message and followup call! Definitely will be my go-to grocery when I'm at Disney!
All of my produce was fresh, very good quality, and on-time like they promised. Thank you!

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Why Does This Woman Eat Rocks?
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Elaina, 16, suffers from a rare and debilitating case of Lyme disease.
Student Suffers From 'Hatred of Sound'
Emma Riehl lives with misophonia, a rare and mostly unknown condition.
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CAMAC International Corporation
Photo Release -- CAMAC CEO and Chairman Dr. Kase Lawal Presents the First Installment of a One Million Dollar Pledge for the CAMAC Endowment At Texas Southern University the Largest Single Gift by a TSU Alumnus; Endowment Will Fund Scholarships and Create the Lawal Center for Global Trade
HOUSTON, Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- In what is the largest single gift ever given by an alumnus, Dr. Kase Lawal presented a $100,000 check, the first installment in a 10-year, one million dollar pledge to fund the CAMAC International Corporation endowment at Texas Southern University. The endowment will fund student scholarships and the development of the Lawal Center for Global Trade at the Jesse H. Jones School of Business.
Northrim BanCorp, Inc.
Northrim BanCorp Earns $6.1 Million or $0.93 Per Share in 2008
ANCHORAGE, Alaska, Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Northrim BanCorp, Inc. (Nasdaq:NRIM) today reported net income was $6.1 million in 2008, or $0.93 per diluted share, compared to net income of $11.7 million, or $1.80 per diluted share, a year ago. In the fourth quarter of 2008, Northrim earned $946,000, or $0.14 per diluted share, compared to $1.6 million, or $0.24 per diluted share, in the immediate prior quarter and $2.2 million, or $0.34 per diluted share, in the fourth quarter of 2007.
Financial Institutions, Inc.
Financial Institutions, Inc. Announces Fourth Quarter and Year-End Results; Reports Non-Cash OTTI Charge; Retains 'Well-Capitalized' Position
WARSAW, N.Y., Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Financial Institutions, Inc. (Nasdaq:FISI) (the "Company"), the parent company of Five Star Bank, today reported a net loss of $3.1 million (or $0.33 loss per share) for the quarter ended December 31, 2008, compared to net income of $4.1 million (or $0.34 earnings per diluted share) for the 2007 fourth quarter. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company's net loss totaled $26.2 million (or $2.56 loss per share), compared to net income of $16.4 million (or $1.33 diluted earnings per share) in 2007.
Rome Bancorp, Inc.
Rome Bancorp Reports Record High Annual Earnings Per Share and Declaration of Quarterly Dividend
ROME, N.Y., Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Rome Bancorp, Inc. (the "Company") (Nasdaq:ROME), the holding company of The Rome Savings Bank (the "Bank"), announced today the Company's results of operations for the year and three month period ended December 31, 2008 (unaudited).
Park Sterling Bank
Community Capital Corporation Reports Earnings
GREENWOOD, S.C., Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Community Capital Corporation (Nasdaq:CPBK) reports operating results for the twelve months and quarter ending December 31, 2008.
The Savannah Bancorp, Inc.
The Savannah Bancorp Reports Fourth Quarter Earnings of $778,000, 2008 Earnings of $6 Million and Declares Quarterly Dividend
SAVANNAH, Ga., Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The Savannah Bancorp, Inc. (Nasdaq:SAVB) reported net income for the fourth quarter 2008 of $778,000 compared to $353,000 for the same period in 2007. Fourth quarter net income per diluted share was $0.13 in 2008 and $0.06 in 2007, an increase of 117 percent. Net income for 2008 was $6,006,000 compared with net income of $7,636,000 in 2007, a decrease of 21 percent. Net income per diluted share was $1.01 for 2008 and $1.29 in 2007, a decrease of 22 percent. The decline in 2008 earnings results primarily from a higher provision for loan losses and a lower net interest margin when compared to 2007. 2008 earnings include the net income derived from the previously announced acquisition of Minis & Co., Inc. ("Minis") on August 31, 2007. Other growth and performance ratios are included in the attached financial highlights and information.
Autozone, Inc
AutoZone to Present At Upcoming Citigroup Retail Corporate Days
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Cree, Inc.
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WALLA WALLA, Wash., Jan. 28, 2009 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Banner Corporation (Nasdaq:BANR), the parent company of Banner Bank and Islanders Bank, today reported that it had a net loss of $78.5 million, or $4.72 per diluted share available to common shareholders, for the quarter ended December 31, 2008, compared to net income of $12.0 million, or $0.74 per diluted share, for the quarter ended December 31, 2007. The current quarter's results included a $71.1 million non-cash impairment charge to write-off the remaining balance of goodwill previously reflected on the Company's books. The current quarter's net income also included a $33.0 million provision for loan losses and $13.7 million of net fair value gains. Banner recorded a net loss of $128.0 million, or $7.94 per diluted share available to common shareholders (including a $121.1 million write-down of goodwill), for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to net income of $36.9 million, or $2.49 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2007.
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Small Worlds Game
May 1st, 2012
A Brilliant and incredibly simple exploration game. Wader through pixelated landscapes driven only by the desire for the bigger picture and the desire to chase away the black fog that shrouds your surrounds.
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|5 Reviews
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|2 nights
Enjoy a Charming, Clean and Comfortable 2 Bedroom Top Floor Condo amid the Tranquil Beauty of St. George, Utah. This Condo has Vaulted Ceilings and 2 COMFORTABLE Queen Size Beds to get a Good night's rest after a Fun-filled day. There is also a Convertible Double Bed in the Sectional Sofa. A Flat-Screen TV and DVR for Relaxation at Night. The Kitchen has all the ease of home. It is Fully Stocked with dishes and utensils. There is also a stackable Washer/Dryer in the unit with Linens included. The Green Valley Sports Village has GREAT Condo Amenities for everyone at every age and only a few steps outside the front door.
St. George is surrounded by Great Scenery and Fun Activities that run the gamut from indoor activities to exciting outdoor activities. There is something for everyone!!! St. George is a Favorite Destination known for its Great Golf Courses. There are many Courses throughout the valley. One of our family's FAVORITE Golf Courses is SAND HOLLOW, only 30 minutes out of town. After spending the morning Golfing in some of the most BEAUTIFUL SCENERY you've ever seen, we drive a couple of minutes over to Sand Hollow Reservoir and spend the afternoon Beaching, Water-Skiing, and Jet Skiing. When we're finished we drive back to the condo, change clothes, eat and get ready to drive a few minutes away to see an Evening Show at the Famous outdoor "Tuacahn Amphitheatre" amid the Beautiful Red Rocks in Snow Canyon. That's an example of just one day.
One of the best things about St. George is the proximity to other Resorts and Cities close by. You can spend an afternoon or evening in Las Vegas or Mesquite and be back that same day to rest up for another action packed day the next morning. Close to St. George are Zions National Park and Bryce Canyon, popular sites to visit in Southern Utah. The Adrenaline Junkie will feel right at home here. There is a company that can set up Rock Climbing or a Zip-line Trip for your group. Whether it's Shopping, Dining, or Playing, St. George is the place to be!!!
Let us book your rental property. You won't be disappointed…….
Keywords: 2 Bedroom, Smokeless, Sports Village Condo, Great Amenities
The property was perfect for our 4 adult family to use as home base to take in all the surrounding National Park beauty in AZ and UT! Comfy/Clean/Quiet. The communication and quick/clear answers to planning questions were excellent! Thanks for facilitating our adventures!
Condo was a great price, owner was great to work with but condo was ok. The condo and the facility need some updating. On the upside the grounds were nice with trees and a playground, basketball court, pool was heated and clean and the kids had fun. On the downside, the Condo felt pretty run down. Carpet needs to be cleaned, bathroom was extremely outdated, dishes in the kitchen were old and cheap, pocket door to bathroom was broken, because of the age it just didn't feel very clean. In the end it was fun and it worked but would rank like a 1-2 star hotel.
My daughter is a student/patient at a treatment center in nearby Hurricane and we wanted a home base during family weekend that was more homey. This fit the bill! So nice to come back after a day of family therapy to a comfortable home. Beds were great, bathroom was very large. Nice to have w/d even if we didn't need it. Didn't use the amenities as we were too busy. Will definitely come back whenever we visit our daughter. Working with Tammie was a breeze!
We spent a long weekend at the condo in January. The weather was great! After our visit to Zion National Park we looked forward to coming back here to rest.
The pool was heated, and we enjoyed the mini-golf and foosball table in the clubhouse.
We stayed in the condo during Spring Break 2011. It was very clean, and comfortable. There were many activities for our children. It was very quiet at night and the beds were so comfortable. We all slept very well. We would definitely stay again!
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
My Standard Rate
2 night minimum stay
|cleaning fee
|$65 + Tax
|Tax Rate
There is a $100 deposit due to hold reservation. The balance is due 2 weeks prior to stay.


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Evli Apartments, Crete Island
- Free WiFi in lobby and free parking
Main amenities
- 16 apartments
- Near the beach
- Air conditioning
- Daily housekeeping
- Garden
- Front desk safe
- Multilingual staff
- Barbecue grills
- Limited hour front desk
- Tour/ticket assistance
For families
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Sofa bed
- Kitchen
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Refrigerator
What's around
- Heart of Rethymnon
- Fortezza Castle (1.6 mi / 2.5 km)
- Rethymnon Town Hall (0.7 mi / 1.1 km)
- Ecclesiastical Museum (0.9 mi / 1.4 km)
- Rethymnon Cathedral (0.9 mi / 1.4 km)
- Kara Mousha Pasha Mosque (0.9 mi / 1.5 km)
Evli Apartments, Crete Island
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117
- Apartment for 3 people
- Apartment
- Apartment
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 16 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at 11:30 AM
- Check-out time is 1 PM
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed (dogs and cats only)
- Restrictions apply *
- 1 per room
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- WiFi in rooms *
- Free self parking
Other information
- Resort fee included
Nearby Two Star Crete Island hotels
In the hotel
- Barbeque grills
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Multilingual staff
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Year Built 1990
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- Garden
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
- Air conditioning
- Ceiling fan
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Soundproofed rooms
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size double
- Individually furnished
- Furnished balcony
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Hair dryer (on request)
- Digital TV channels
- Desk
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Refrigerator
- Kitchen
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Daily housekeeping
- Access via exterior corridors
Top Crete Island hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Crete Island
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"We enjoyed our stay and would definitely stay there again . The receptionist was very nice and helpful. The rooms were very clean and we had 2 balconies. It was a pleasant walk…"Jun 17, 2016
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"The hotel is housed in an older attractive building and it's been renovated very well. The location is fantastic; right in the old town but even closer to the water and below the…"Jun 7, 2016
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"we arrived late due to flight delays and had to enlist local help to contact hotel staff but they responded immediately and got us sorted. Their daily breakfast, though not…"Jun 2, 2016
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"we booked a room with a sea view an it was beautiful! there is also a balcony which allows to benefit to the sea view! the staff is very welcoming. Finally the breakfast to get…"May 15, 2016
Nearby hotels
Evli Apartments, Crete Island's small print
Also known as
- Evli Apartments
- Evli Apartments Rethimnon
- Evli Rethimnon
- Evli Apartments Apartment Rethymnon
- Evli Apartments Apartment
- Evli Apartments Rethymnon
- Evli Apartments Rethymnon, Crete
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation.
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
This property does not have elevators.
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Air conditioning is available for an extra charge of EUR 3 per night
WiFi is available in guestrooms for an extra charge
WiFi is available in public areas for EUR 1 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.
Hotel registry number: 1041K113K2961000
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us


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Prices and availability are subject to change from the time and date that you print this page.
7/29/2016 8:26:27 AM. For Customer Service, please call 800.933.9904
Organic crib mattress pad is waterproof, soft and breathable. Features DrySleep™ technology, which effectively blocks liquids from passing through onto your mattress. It allows the fabric to breathe for a more comfortable sleep environment for your baby.
Organic Waterproof Crib Mattress Pad by Naturepedic 28"Wx52"Dx6"H
Safety first
- Vinyl-, Latex-, PVC- and phthalates free
- Blocks dust mites and other allergens
Details, details
- Waterproof mattress pad helps protect your mattress against spills and accidents
- Made by Naturepedic
Show 'em what you're made of
- 100% organic cotton
Care instructions
- Machine washable
At The Land of Nod, nothing is more important to us than providing safe, high-quality products to you and your family. We believe that kids' products should be able to handle everything kids throw their way (literally and figuratively). That's why all of our products have an 18-year quality guarantee. And, hopefully, your kids will no longer be sleeping in bunk beds by then.
Who's there?
Norma Lee.
Norma Lee who?
Normally I don't go around knocking on doors, but since I'm here do you want to go fishing?
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Cargo Crib (White) $594.15reg. $699.00More Colors Available


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Reduce. Reuse. Recycle. Repurpose?
With Earth Day behind us again, the green- conscious know they need to get creative to keep the attention of an easily distracted public. The newest exhibit at ArtServe pretty much does exactly that: Trash-2-Art features artwork made from repurposed garbage and, in effect, raises awareness for Trash to Treasures cause of keeping the Earth clean.
Trash to Treasure is a nonprofit organization that provided local artists and educators with cheap art supplies: clean scrap or reusable items the group collected that would otherwise have been thrown away. By doing this, they provided a service both ecologically and economically green. The exhibit runs from May 2 to 21 at ArtServe (1350 E. Sunrise Blvd., Fort Lauderdale). Call 1-888-828-8242, or visit trash2treasurefl.org or artserve.org.
Thu., May 6, 8 p.m.; May 7-21, 2010
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Sign up for our weekly guide to events in South Florida, and never be bored again. With suggestions for every day of the week, our recommendations will keep you busy on any budget.
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Nova Southeastern University Sharks Volleyball
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TicketsWed., Jul. 27, 7:00pm
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Latte is hoping Old Navy will accept the final sale item.
When Old Navy sent Latte the bunny a coupon for 35% off already discounted sale items, the savings were just too good to pass up. Unfortunately, the pink hoodie the rabbit had her heart set on was only available in size XL.
"She decided to get it anyway, thinking maybe it would shrink in the wash," said Kris Denton. "It's way too big, though. Like, comically so."
Latte is hoping that Old Navy will allow her to return the item, even though it was on sale.
Via latte_bunny.
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Japanese teen pop meets death metal in an explosion of awesome
In an age when nearly every song ever recorded is available at a moment's notice, it's easy to get cynical about music. Everything's been done before and we have a never-ending Spotify playlist to prove it.
Rabbit Island is real, people—and it's wonderful
People tend to throw the phrase around rather loosely, but if your idea of a great time is lying down in the sun while being smothered by a herd of cuddly rabbits, then this guy really is having the "best day ever."
The Latest From Daily Dot Video


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Technique for elimination of polysilicon stringers in direct moat field oxide structure
Image Number 3 for
United States Patent #4908683
The problem of unwanted residual polysilicon stringers along the sidewalls of a field oxide layer employed in direct moat wafer processing is avoided by a processing scheme in which the sidewalls of the aperture in the field oxide layer are initially tapered prior to formation of the polysilicon layer to be used for the gate electrode(s). Because of the graduated thickness of the sidewalls of the field oxide layer, the thickness of the polysilicon layer formed thereon is substantially uniform over the entirety of the substrate. As a result, during subsequent masking of the polysilicon layer to define the gate electrode(s), all unmasked portions of the polysilicon are completely etched, leaving no residual material (e.g. stringers) that could be a source of device contamination. After the polysilicon gate has been delineated, the sloped sidewalls of the field oxide are removed (by anisotropic etching), so that the sidewalls of the apertures or windows of the field oxide layer will be perpendicular to the planar surface of the substrate, thus facilitating proper formation of dielectric (oxide) spacers therealong, which thereby provide separation between contact materials and the junction created by shallow ion implantation of dopants through the field oxide aperture.
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Zonal Pressure Puzzle
I have a wonderful little (16 x 14 x 8) test cabin at Bristol Community College in Fall River, MA. …See More
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You are a fan of condensers valor ? Come to discover the best forums condensers valor on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of condensers valor . You can also build a forum condensers valor and create your online discussion.
Finest Vintage & Antique Radio Forum, for collectors, Hobbyist's, information, tutorials, links, Help, schematics, test equipment, tools, books. Trading and selling, Training, radio parts.
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Free forum : A private forum for Pokemon Go - Valor (Red) team members in the NoVa area. Let's make the region red!
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|By Cloud News Desk
Article Rating:
|November 15, 2008 08:35 AM EST
"These are still the early days of Cloud Computing, where delivery has so far focused primarily on price, as set by the market leader, Amazon," notes Dave Durkee, Founder, CEO & Technical Director of ENKI Consulting. "However, while successful in the Web 2.0 market," he adds, "price-based cloud computing is falling short of the expectations held by the Enterprise." He will be giving a breakout session next week at SYS-CON's 1st International Cloud Computing Conference & Expo (November 19-21, 2008) being held at The Fairmont Hotel in San Jose, CA.
To address the Enterprise market, in Durkee's view, cloud offerings will begin to move to address the separate market segments that are focused on price and value.
"Value-based cloud offerings will focus on Enterprise requirements, including reliability, performance, deployability, security, and services. This means providing trusted 4- and 5-nines computing together with operations services as a total solution to lowering the barriers for Enterprises to move part or all of their applications to the cloud," he asserts.
These new 4- and 5-nines cloud vendors, Durkee will explain in his session, will leverage and deliver tried and true corporate IT best practices together with new cloud-enabling technologies to provide carrier-grade service to their Enterprise customer, moving up the value chain from providing inexpensive compute cycles to collaborative solutions to their customers.
Durkee is Founder, CEO & Technical Director of ENKI. He has over 20 years of experience in networking, business applications development, IT infrastructure, and executive corporate management. He has held several senior management positions in IT, including most recently being CIO of a successful hosted ERP application service provider, Netsuite.com. Durkee has also designed and managed the build-out of an award-winning million-customer data center based on multitier redundant arrays of servers and network-attached storage. He also has extensive experience with enterprise applications development and deployment on Microsoft and Linux platforms for large and small customers, including large client-server database applications.
Between them, Durkee and the other distinguished speakers at SYS-CON's 1st International Cloud Computing Conference & Expo will be covering every aspect of the hottest IT topic for years, with not just Amazon but also IBM, Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Intel, HP and a host of others all offering, using or developing high-end computing services typically described as "cloud computing" - through which massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided as a service using Internet technologies.
Forrester Research analyst James Staten calls cloud computing "classic disruptive innovation - where the mainstream dismisses the product and small companies have time to create a real differentiated value." But there are so many offerings just now that what infrastructure architects are looking for above all is a set of organizing principles they can use to guide them in choosing between them all.
Such principles. and a host of associated topics, will be addressed in San Jose by a Top Speaker Faculty that includes:
- Dr Werner Vogels - VP & CTO, Amazon.com (Keynote)
- Mike Feinberg - Senior Vice President, Cloud Infrastructure Group, EMC
- Steve Herrod - CTO, VMware
- David Bernstein - VP & GM of Network Applications Infrastructure, Cisco
- Rob Weltman - Director of Grid Services, Yahoo!
- Peter Nickolov - President CTO, 3tera
- Kevin Haar - President & CEO, Appistry
- Songnian Zhou - Co-Founder & CEO, Platform Computing
- Patrick Harr - CEO, Nirvanix
- Gerrit Huizenga - Cloud Solutions Architect, IBM
- John Keagy - CEO & Co-Founder, GoGrid/ServePath
- Sajai Krishnan - CEO, ParaScale
- Reuven Cohen - Founder & Chief Technologist, Enomaly
- Mike Eaton - CEO, Cloudworks
- Jonathan Bryce - Founder at Mosso (Rackspace)
- Nati Shalom - CTO, GigaSpaces
- Don MacAskill - CEO & Chief Geek, SmugMug
- Billy Marshall - Founder & Chief Strategy Officer, rPath
- Dr Thorsten von Eicken - CTO & Founder, RightScale
- Jonathan Pyke - Chief Strategy Office, Cordys
- Jason Stowe - Founder & CEO, Cycle Computing
- David Young - Co-Founder & CEO, Joyent
- Dave Durkee - Founder, CEO & Technical Director, ENKI
- John Janakiraman - CTO, Skytap
- Stuart Charlton - Chief Software Architect, Elastra
- Lars Leckie, Principal, Hummer Winblad Venture Partners
- Dr Rich Wolski - Professor, U.C. Santa Barbara
- Javier Soltero - Co-Founder & CEO of Hyperic
- Omer Trajman - Director of Field Engineering, Vertica Systems
- Rachel Chalmers - Senior Analyst, Enterprise Software, The 451 Group
and with a special Cloud Bootcamp on November 20 led by
- Alan Williamson, Founder at Blog-City.com, Creator of BlueDragon
All breakout sessions are all listed in further detail here.
Speaker Faculty - SYS-CON's 1st International Cloud Computing Conference & Expo
Register Today for Cloud Computing Expo and Save $100 !
Sponsorship and Exhibit Opportunities
Sponsorship and Exhibit Opportunities Offered on a First-Come First-Served Basis. To inquire about sponsorship and exhibit opportunities please contact Carmen Gonzalez at 201-802-3021 or by email at events(at)sys-con.com. Currently, a limited number of sponsorship and exhibition packages with multiple sponsorship discounts are available for the upcoming events.
|ericnovikoff 10/29/08 06:19:41 PM EDT
Great article - but that's not a picture of Dave Durkee!
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Book your room at Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley
Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley is located 1.2 mi (1.9 km) from Splash Down Waterpark and within a 10-minute drive of Mirabeau Meadows Park. This 103-room hotel has conveniences like free breakfast, an indoor pool, and a 24-hour fitness center. It's also close to Arbor Crest Wine Cellars and Riblet Mansion and Arbor Crest Winery.
Start your day off right with a free buffet breakfast, served each morning from 6:30 AM to 9:30 AM. For a nice break, mingle with other guests at the free manager's reception.
All of Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley's 103 air-conditioned rooms provide microwaves, refrigerators, and coffee makers. 42-inch TVs come with cable channels, and guests can stay connected with free WiFi. Bathrooms offer hydromassage showers, hair dryers, and designer toiletries. Free newspapers, free local calls, and ironing boards are also available.
Property features
Guests of Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley have access to an indoor pool, a 24-hour fitness center, and a spa tub. You can take advantage of free parking if you drive. The front desk has multilingual staff on hand 24/7 to help with dry cleaning/laundry, luggage storage, and securing valuables. Additional amenities include free WiFi in public areas, a meeting room, and a 24-hour business center.
- Free buffet breakfast
- Free WiFi in rooms and public areas
- Free parking
- Indoor pool
Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley9220 East Mission Spokane Valley WA 99206
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to an indoor pool, Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley provides a spa tub and a 24-hour fitness center. The hotel offers a snack bar/deli. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast each morning as well as a complimentary manager's reception on select days. A computer station is located on site and high-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Business-related amenities consist of a 24-hour business center and a meeting room. Event facilities measure 500 square feet (46 square meters). This Spokane Valley hotel also offers multilingual staff, gift shops/newsstands, and a picnic area. Complimentary self parking is available on site. A total renovation of this property was completed in March 2015.
Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley is a smoke-free property.
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Conference space size (meters) - 46
- 24-hour business center
- Conference space size (feet) - 500
- Free WiFi
- One meeting room
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Total number of rooms - 103
- Number of floors - 4
- Coffee/tea in common areas
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Fireplace in lobby
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Computer station
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
- Picnic area
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free reception
- Year Built 1996
- Free RV, bus, truck parking
- Snack bar/deli
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Spa tub
- Indoor pool
- Television in common areas
Family Friendly Amenities
- Family Hotel
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Snack bar/deli
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking, Free RV, bus, truck parking
Room Amenities
- Free WiFi
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Premium TV channels
- Free newspaper
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Free local calls
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Coffee/tea maker
- Designer toiletries
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Iron/ironing board
- Television
- Cable TV service
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Hydromassage showerhead
- Rollaway/extra beds (free)
Where to Eat
A complimentary buffet breakfast is served each morning between 6:30 AM and 9:30 AM. A complimentary manager's reception is offered on select days.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a spa tub are on site. Other recreational amenities include a 24-hour fitness center.
- Golfing nearby
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
- Pets stay free
- Specific rooms only, restrictions apply
- Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- The name on the credit card used at check-in to pay for incidentals must be the primary name on the guestroom reservation.
Service animals exempt from fees/restrictions
Pets allowed (no fees)
Hotel Name
- Holiday Inn Express Hotel Spokane-Valley
- Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley
- Spokane-Valley Holiday Inn Express
- Holiday Inn Express Spokane Valley Hotel Spokane Valley
- Holiday Inn Express Spokane-Valley Hotel
We should mention
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. The property allows pets in specific rooms only and has other pet restrictions. Guests can arrange to bring pets by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.