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PPS meets the growing information needs of scientists working in the areas of photochemistry and photobiology, and indeed, encourages a synergism between these two important research areas. This international journal is published monthly on behalf of the European Photochemistry Association (EPA), the European Society for Photobiology (ESP), the Asia and Oceania Society for Photobiology (AOSP) and the Korean Society of Photoscience (KSP), and is available in both print and electronic formats.
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Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Fachartikel der
genannten Journale:
Distinct Role of Sesn2 in Response to UVB-induced DNA Damage and UVA-induced Oxidative Stress in Melanocytes
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, including both UVB and UVA irradiation, is the major risk factor for causing skin cancer including melanoma. Recently we have shown that Sesn2, a member of the evolutionarily conserved stress-inducible protein family Sestrins (Sesn), is up-regulated in human melanomas as compared to melanocytes in normal human skin, suggesting an oncogenic role of Sesn2. However, the role of Sesn2 in UVB and UVA response is unknown. Here we demonstrated that both UVB and UVA induce Sesn2 up-regulation in melanocytes and melanoma cells. UVB induces Sesn2 expression through the p53 and AKT3 pathways. Sesn2 negatively regulates UVB-induced DNA damage repair. In comparison UVA induces Sesn2 up-regulation through mitochondria but not Nrf2. Sesn2 ablation increased UVA-induced Nrf2 induction and inhibits UVA-induced ROS production, indicating that Sesn2 acts as an upstream regulator of Nrf2. These findings suggest previously unrecognized mechanisms in melanocyte response to UVB and UVA irradiation and potentially in melanoma formation.
This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 27 Jul 2016 | 4:50 pm CEST
Attitudes, Beliefs and Measures Taken by Parents to Protect Their Children from the Sun in Guangzhou City, China
Excessive sun exposure can cause sunburn, suntan, skin photoaging, and even skin cancer. Skin photoaging conflicts with the human pursuit of a young and beautiful appearance. Some research data indicate that the incidence of skin cancer in the Chinese has been increasing, although it remains lower than in whites. To estimate the prevalence of sun protection used on Chinese children aged 3–13 years and identify its predictors, a population-based cross-sectional questionnaire was give to 3,684 parents/guardians of children in Guangzhou, China of which 3,083 questionnaires were returned. Of those returned, 35.5% of parents/guardians reported regularly using sun protection on their children and the primary reason cited was to prevent sunburn. Hats and handheld umbrellas were the most frequently used measures; sunscreen was less common, and when used, 48.8% of parents/guardians still reapplied sunscreen on their children every 2.0–3.0 h. Parental age, parents using sun protection measures themselves when outdoors, and the child's sex were factors associated with regular use of sun protection on children. These results suggest that sun protection campaigns targeted toward parents and children need to be conducted in Guangzhou, or throughout China, to strengthen awareness about sun protection and address any inadequate protocols of sun protection.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 27 Jul 2016 | 4:45 pm CEST
FAD and MTHF are the in-planta Cofactors of Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome 3
Members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (CPF) of proteins utilize non-covalently bound light-absorbing cofactors for their biological function. Usually, the identity of these cofactors is determined after expression in heterologous systems leaving the question unanswered whether these cofactors are identical to the indigenous ones. Here, cryptochrome 3 from Arabidopsis thaliana was expressed as a fusion with the green fluorescent protein in Arabidopsis plants. Besides the confirmation of the earlier report of its localization in chloroplasts, our data indicate that fractions of the fusion protein are present in the stroma and associated with thylakoids, respectively. Furthermore, it is shown that the fusion protein expressed in planta contains the same cofactors as the His6-tagged protein expressed in Escherichia coli, i.e., flavin adenine dinucleotide and N5,N10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. This demonstrates that the heterologously-expressed cryptochrome 3, characterized in a number of previous studies, is a valid surrogate of the corresponding protein expressed in plants. To our knowledge, this is also a first conclusive analysis of cofactors bound to an Arabidopsis protein belonging to the CPF and purified from plant tissue.
Selective Photoreceptor Gene Knock-out Reveals a Regulatory Role for the Growth Behavior of Pseudomonas syringae
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) is a well-established model organism for bacterial infection of plants. The genome sequences of two pathovars, pv. syringae and pv. tomato, revealed one gene encoding a blue and two genes encoding red/far red light-sensing photoreceptors. Continuing former molecular characterization of the photoreceptor proteins, we here report selective photoreceptor gene disruption for pv. tomato aiming at identification of potentially regulatory functions of these photoreceptors. Transformation of Ps cells with linear DNA constructs yielded interposon mutations of the corresponding genes. Cell growth studies of the generated photoreceptor knock-out mutants revealed their role in light-dependent regulation of cell growth and motility. Disruption of the blue-light (BL) receptor gene caused a growth deregulation, in line with an observed increased virulence of this mutant (Moriconi et al., Plant J., 2013, 76, 322). Bacterial phytochrome-1 (BphP1) deletion mutant caused unaltered cell growth, but a stronger swarming capacity. Inactivation of its ortholog, BphP2, however, caused reduced growth and remarkably altered dendritic swarming behavior. Combined knock-out of both bacteriophytochromes reproduced the swarming pattern observed for the BphP2 mutant alone. A triple knock-out mutant showed a growth rate between that of the BL (deregulation) and the phytochrome-2 mutant (growth reduction).
The plant-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae expresses three photoreceptors: one flavin-binding BL-sensing LOV-domain protein and two bilin-binding red-/far red-sensing bacterial phytochromes. All three photoreceptors communicate their biological signal via classical two-component systems composed of histidine kinases and response regulators. Stepwise single and multiple photoreceptor gene knock-out identifies important regulatory functions of light. Active photoreceptors in P. syringae keep tissue damage of plant leaves upon infection at a moderate level, whereas gene knock-out increases virulence. In addition, mutant cells with deleted phytochrome genes show either increased growth (Δphy1) or highly altered dendritic swarming behavior (Δphy2, Figure).
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 26 Jul 2016 | 9:38 am CEST
Peroxyoxalate High-Energy Intermediate is Efficiently Decomposed by the Catalyst Imidazole
The peroxyoxalate reaction is a highly efficient chemiluminescence system, its chemiexcitation process involving the intermolecular interaction between an activator (ACT) and the high-energy intermediate (HEI) of the reaction. Typically, the HEI is generated through the reaction of an oxalate ester with H2O2, in the presence of a basic/nucleophilic catalyst, such as imidazole (IMI-H). IMI-H, besides catalyzing the formation of the HEI, is also known to decompose this peroxidic intermediate. Despite that, up to now, no rate constant value has been determined for such significant interaction. Through kinetic measurements, we have observed that IMI-H is roughly four times more efficient than 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), a classic ACT, in catalyzing the decomposition of the HEI by a bimolecular electron transfer reaction through a Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence-like process. For instance, when IMI-H and DPA are at the same concentration, 78% of the generated HEI is actually consumed by the nonemissive bimolecular interaction with IMI-H. We have obtained an average singlet excited state formation quantum yield, at infinite ACT concentration, of (5.5 ± 0.5) × 10−2 E mol−1, determined at five different IMI-H concentrations. This ultimately suggests that the yield of formation of HEI actually does not depend on the IMI-H concentration.
When the high-energy intermediate (HEI) of the light-emitting peroxyoxalate reaction is generated in the presence of imidazole and an activator (i.e. 9,10-diphenylanthracene), with both at the same concentration, up to 78% of this intermediate is actually consumed by a bimolecular imidazole-catalyzed dark decomposition pathway. This HEI is generated based on the reaction between an aryl oxalate ester with H2O2 and, paradoxically, imidazole is known to be the best basic/nucleophilic catalyst available for such reaction.
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy Versus Mexameter® MX18 Measurements of Melanin and Erythema in an African Population
Melanin provides protection against excess exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and related adverse health effects. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can be used to calculate cutaneous melanin and erythema, but this is complex and has been mostly used for light-to-medium pigmented skin. Handheld reflectance spectrophotometers, such as the Mexameter® MX18, can also be used. We compared DRS-calculated melanin and erythema values with Mexameter melanin and erythema index values to understand how these techniques/measurements correlate in an African population of predominantly deeply pigmented skin. Five hundred and three participants comprised 68.5% self-identified Black African, 9.9% Indian/Asian, 18.4% White and 2.9% Colored. The majority of Black African (45%), Indian/Asian (34%) and Colored (53%) participants self-identified their skin as being "brown." Measured melanin levels increased with darker self-reported skin color. DRS-calculated and Mexameter melanin values demonstrated a positive correlation (Spearman rho = 0.87, P < 0.001). The results from both instruments showed erythema values were strongly correlated with their own melanin values. This finding is considered spurious and may result from the complexity of separating brown and red pigment when using narrowband reflectance techniques. Further work is needed to understand melanin, erythema and color in Black skin given sun-related health risks in vulnerable groups in Africa.
Melanin provides protection against excess sun exposure. Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS) is used to calculate melanin and erythema, but has mostly been used for light-to-medium pigmented skin. We compared DRS-calculated melanin and erythema values with a handheld reflectance Mexameter melanin and erythema values to understand how these techniques/measurements correlate among Africans with predominantly deeply pigmented skin. DRS-calculated and Mexameter melanin values demonstrated a positive correlation. Both instruments' results showed that erythema values were strongly correlated with their own melanin values. Further work is needed to understand melanin, erythema and color in Black skin, given sun-related health risks posing vulnerable groups in Africa.
Red Light Treatment in an Axotomy Model of Neurodegeneration
Red light has been shown to provide neuroprotective effects. Axotomizing the optic nerve initiates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, and an early marker of this is dendritic pruning. We hypothesized that 670 nm light can delay axotomy-induced dendritic pruning in the retinal explant. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the effects of 670 nm light (radiant exposure of 31.7 J cm−2), on RGC dendritic pruning in retinal explants from C57BL/6J mice, at 40 min, 8 h and 16 h post axotomy. For sham-treated retinae, area under the Sholl curve, peak of the Sholl curve and dendritic length at 8 h post axotomy showed statistically significant reductions by 42.3% (P = 0.008), 29.8% (P = 0.007) and 38.4% (P = 0.038), respectively, which were further reduced after 16 h by 40.56% (P < 0.008), 33.9% (P < 0.007), 45.43% (P < 0.006), respectively. Dendritic field area was also significantly reduced after 16 h, by 44.23% (P < 0.019). Such statistically significant reductions were not seen in light-treated RGCs at 8 or 16 h post axotomy. The results demonstrate the ability of 670 nm light to partially prevent ex vivo dendropathy in the mouse retina, suggesting that it is worth exploring as a treatment option for dendropathy-associated neurodegenerative diseases, including glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease.
Red light has been shown to provide neuroprotective effects. Axotomizing the optic nerve initiates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, and an early marker of this is dendropathy. We demonstrate the ability of 670 nm light to partially prevent ex vivo dendropathy in the mouse retina. The area under the Sholl curve, the peak of the Sholl curve, dendritic length and dendritic field area showed statistically significant reductions after 16 h by 40.56% (P < 0.008), 33.9% (P < 0.007), 45.43% (P < 0.006) and 44.23% (P < 0.019), respectively, in sham-treated retinae. Such statistically significant reductions were not seen in red light-treated retinae.
Relative Contributions of UVB and UVA to the Photoconversion of (6-4) Photoproducts into their Dewar Valence Isomers
Dewar valence isomers are photoisomerization products of pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts, a major class of UV-induced DNA lesions, which exhibits a maximal absorption around 320 nm. However, Dewar isomers are not produced in significant amounts in cells exposed to biologically relevant doses of UVB. In contrast, they are readily produced when cells are exposed to a combination of UVA and UVB. The present computational work demonstrates that, on the basis of known absorption properties and formation quantum yields, the difference in Dewar formation between the two types of radiation can be explained by the role of normal bases. In the UVB range, at the low level of (6-4) photoproducts present in cells exposed to realistic doses, normal bases are present in overwhelming amounts and absorb the vast majority of the incident photons. In contrast, the absorption of DNA bases is much weaker in the UVA range while that of (6-4) photoproducts is still significant, making photoisomerization possible. This two-photon process makes it difficult to define an action spectrum for the formation of Dewar isomers.
The formation of Dewar isomers in DNA is efficient upon exposure to combinations of UVA and UVB. In contrast, UVB alone is not efficient at inducing the photoisomerization of (6-4) photoproducts while pure UVA does not induce the latter class of damage.
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Synthesis of TiO2/CNT Composites and its Photocatalytic Activity Toward Sudan (I) Degradation
Semiconductor photocatalysis has the potential for achieving sustainable energy generation and degrading organic contaminants. In TiO2, the addition of carbonaceous nanomaterials has attracted extensive attention as a means to increase its photocatalytic activity. In this study, composites of TiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNT) in various proportions were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The crystalline structures, morphologies, and light absorption properties of the TiO2/CNT photocatalysts were characterized by PXRD, TEM and UV–Vis absorption spectra. The photocatalytic efficiency of the composites was evaluated by the degradation of Sudan (I) in UV–Vis light. Introducing 0.1–0.5 wt% CNT was shown to substantially improve the photoactivity of TiO2. The composite with 0.3 wt% CNT showed the best catalytic activity, and its reaction activation energy was calculated as 39.57 kJ mol−1 from experimental rates. The degradation products of Sudan (I) with different irradiation durations were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a degradation reaction process was proposed.
The Sudan (I) peak at 2345 nm−1 disappeared in all the irradiated samples, indicating the fast degradation of –N=N. This led to changes in the conjugate structure of Sudan (I), causing the absorption peaks of benzene and -CH functional groups blue-shifted to the 1525, 1457, 1389, 1330 nm−1 and 669 nm−1, respectively. The spectra confirmed that Sudan (I) was effectively degraded by the catalyst.
A new orange emitting luciferase from the Southern-Amazon Pyrophorus angustus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) click-beetle: structure and bioluminescence color relationship, evolutional and ecological considerations
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 25 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Validation and in-vivo assessment of an innovative satellite-based solar UV dosimeter for a mobile app dedicated to skin health
Red light activated "caged" reagents for micro RNA research
Facile preparation of N-doped TiO2 at ambient temperature and pressure under UV light with 4-nitrophenol as the nitrogen source and its photocatalytic activities
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 19 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Near–infrared–Responsive Peptide that Targets Collagen Fibrils to Induce Cytotoxicity
A novel conjugate, PHG10–dye, was synthesized using a collagen peptide and a near-infrared (NIR) responsive dye to achieve targeted cytotoxicity. The collagen peptide motif, -(Pro-Hyp-Gly)10- (PHG10), was incorporated for targeting collagen fibrils that are excessively produced by activated fibroblasts around tumor cells. PHG10–dye was purified by HPLC and identified by MALDI-MS. The phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of PHG10–dye were examined using human glioma cells (HGCs). Fluorescent images indicated that PHG10–dye preferably assembled to collagen-coated HGCs compared with non-coated HGCs. Under irradiation with NIR light, effective cytotoxicity was observed on collagen-coated HGCs within 20 min. Because phototoxicity and cytotoxicity are dependent on the assembled amount of PHG10–dye, the targeting of collagen fibrils by the collagen peptide motif PHG10 is assured.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 18 Jul 2016 | 6:15 pm CEST
The Effects of Ultraviolet Ray Eye Irradiation on DSS-induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
Ultraviolet (UV) eye irradiation denatures the cells of the intestine. This study examined the action of UVA and UVB on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis. We produced a mouse model of ulcerative colitis by administering DSS for five days, and irradiated the eye with UVB or UVA for each day of the DSS-treatment period. DSS-induced ulcerative colitis was deteriorated by the UVB eye irradiation. Conversely, the symptoms improved with UVA eye irradiation. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin 2, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, and histamine in the blood increased after the UVB eye irradiation of DSS-treated mice (UVB/DSS-treated mice). In contrast, the β-endorphin level in the blood of the UVA/DSS-treated mice increased and the levels urocortin 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and histamine decreased. Furthermore, in the colon, the expression of melanocortin-2 receptors (MC2R) increased in the UVB/DSS-treated mice, while the expression of μ-opioid receptors increased in the UVA/DSS-treated mice. When an ACTH inhibitor was administered, UVB eye irradiation caused the deterioration of DSS-treated ulcerative colitis, while the effect of UV eye irradiation disappeared with a μ-opioid receptor antagonist. These results suggested that UV eye irradiation plays an important role in DSS-induced ulcerative colitis.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 18 Jul 2016 | 6:06 pm CEST
Differential Laser-induced Perturbation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Mixtures of the Fluorophores L-Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine, and L-Tryptophan Using a Fluorescence Probe
Quantitative detection of common endogenous fluorophores is accomplished using differential laser-induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) with a 193-nm UV fluorescence probe and various UV perturbation wavelengths. In this study, DLIPS is explored as an alternative to traditional fluorescence spectroscopy alone, with a goal of exploring natural fluorophores pursuant to biological samples and tissue analysis. To this end, aromatic amino acids, namely, L-Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine and L-Tryptophan are mixed with differing mass ratios and then classified with various DLIPS schemes. Classification with a traditional fluorescence probe is used as a benchmark. The results show a 20% improvement in classification performance of the DLIPS method over the traditional fluorescence method using partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Additional multivariate analyses are explored and the relevant photochemistry is elucidated in the context of perturbation wavelengths. We conclude that DLIPS is a promising biosensing approach with potential for in vivo analysis given the current findings with fluorophores relevant to biological tissues.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 15 Jul 2016 | 10:05 am CEST
Photoprotective Potential of Baccharis antioquensis (Asteraceae) as Natural Sunscreen
In the quest for new natural agents of photoprotection, we evaluated the photoprotective and antioxidant activity of B. antioquensis leaf extracts as well as its phenolic composition. The methanolic extract treated with activated carbon showed the highest absorption coefficients for UVA-UVB radiation, as well as an antioxidant capacity comparable to BHT. Furthermore, the formulation containing this extract showed suitable sensorial and photostable characteristics for topical use, and significant values of UVAPF, critical wavelength (λc), UVA/UVB ratio and SPF (5.3, 378 nm, 0.78 and 9.1±0.1, respectively). In addition, three glycoside derivatives of quercetin, a kaempferol glycoside and a derivative of caffeic acid were the main polyphenolic compounds identified. These results demonstrate the potential of B. antioquensis extracts to be used as active components of novel, natural sunscreens.
Isomerization controlled photopolymerization: effect of dye photophysics on photoinitiation efficiency
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 15 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
A theoretical study of ruthenium complexes with 2,2[prime or minute]-biimidazole-like ligands: structural, optical and emissive properties
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 13 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
The DGAT1 inhibitor pradigastat does not induce photosensitivity in healthy human subjects: a randomized controlled trial using three defined sunlight exposure conditions
Control of the intermolecular photodimerization of anthracene derivatives by hydrogen bonding of urea groups in dilute solution
Germ Cell Testicular Cancer Incidence, Latitude and Sunlight Associations in the United States and Australia
International patterns suggest germ cell testicular cancer (GCTC) incidence may be lower in lower latitudes. To investigate this possibility, we examined GCTC incidence by latitude (population-centroid in 2000) for men >15 years within two reasonably homogeneous countries, the United States (US) and Australia. In the US, we examined age-adjusted incidence/latitude trends using data from states (2001-2010) and local-area registries (1980-2011). In Australia, we evaluated incidence/latitude trends in 61 Statistical Divisions (2000-2009). In White US men (68,566 cases), state incidences increased by latitude, rising 5.74% (4.45-7.05%) per 5°North latitude increment. Similar trends were found for seminoma and non-seminoma subtypes (p<0.001). In Black US men (2,256 cases), the association was also seen (4.9%; 0.2 to 9.7%). In local US data, similar increases in incidence with latitude were present in each of the last three decades. In Australia (6,042 cases), the incidence increased by 4.43% (95% CI: 1.54-7.39%) per 5°South, and trends for subtypes were similar. Thus, we found that incidence of GCTC in both White and Black men increased significantly with distance from the equator, approximately 1% per degree within the range of latitudes studied.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 11 Jul 2016 | 3:26 pm CEST
Effects of organic acids and initial solution pH on photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in a photo-Fenton-like process using goethite ([small alpha]-FeOOH)
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 11 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Ultra-weak Photon Emission from the Seed Coat in Response to Temperature and Humidity - A Potential Mechanism for Environmental Signal Transduction in the Soil Seed Bank
Seeds beneath the soil sense the changing environment to time germination and seedling emergence with the optimum time of year for survival. Environmental signals first impact with the seed at the seed coat. To investigate whether the seed coat has a role in environmental sensing we investigated their ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) under the variable temperature, relative humidity and oxygen conditions they could experience in the soil seed bank. Using a custom built luminometer we measured UPE intensity and spectra (300-700 nm) from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds, seed coats and cotyledons. UPE was greatest from the internal surface of the seed coat. Seed coat UPE increased concomitantly with both increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity. Emission was oxygen dependent and it was abolished by treatment with dinitrophenylhydrazine demonstrating the key role of seed coat carbonyls in the phenomenon. We hypothesize that beneath the soil surface the attenuation of light (virtual darkness: low background noise) enables seeds to exploit UPE for transducing key environmental variables in the soil (temperature, humidity and oxygen) to inform them of seasonal and local temperature patterns. Overall, seed coats were found to have potential as effective transducers of key fluctuating environmental variables in the soil.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 8 Jul 2016 | 8:55 am CEST
Albumin–Folate Conjugates for Drug-targeting in Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the cytotoxicity of photosensitizers in the presence of light. Increased selectivity and effectivity of the treatment is expected if a specific uptake of the photosensitizers into the target cells, often tumor cells, can be achieved. An attractive transporter for that purpose is the folic acid receptor α (FRα), which is overexpressed on the surface of many tumor cells and mediates an endocytotic uptake. Here, we describe the synthesis and photobiological characterization of polar β-carboline derivatives as photosensitizers covalently linked to folate-tagged albumin as the carrier system. The particles were taken up by KB (human carcinoma) cells within <90 min and then co-localized with a lysosomal marker. FRα antibodies prevented the uptake and also the corresponding conjugate without folate was not taken up. Accordingly, a folate-albumin-β-carbolinium conjugate proved to be phototoxic, while the corresponding albumin–β-carbolinium conjugates without FA were nontoxic, both with and without irradiation. An excess of free folate as competitor for the FRα-mediated uptake completely inhibited the photocytotoxicity. Interestingly, the albumin conjugates are devoid of photodynamic activity under cell-free conditions, as shown for DNA as a target. Thus, phototoxicity requires cellular uptake and lysosomal degradation of the conjugates. In conclusion, albumin–folate conjugates appear to be promising vehicles for a tumor cell targeted PDT.
Folate-tagged albumin mediates the endocytotic uptake of covalently attached photosensitizer molecules (cHa) into target cells (tumor cells), which thereby become photosensitive. The cytotoxicity of the particles totally depends on (1) the presence of the folate receptors (FRα) on the target cells and (2) the subsequent irradiation with light.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 7 Jul 2016 | 9:35 am CEST
Different hollow and spherical TiO2 morphologies have distinct activities for the photocatalytic inactivation of chemical and biological agents
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 6 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Metallophthalocyanines as triplet sensitizers for highly efficient photon upconversion based on sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 5 Jul 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Influence of Donor on the Sensing Performance of a Series of Through-Bond Energy Transfer-Based Two-photon Fluorescent Cu2+ Probes
Optical properties of a series of molecular two-photon fluorescent Cu2+ probes containing the same acceptor (rhodamine group) are analyzed using time-dependent density functional theory in combination with analytical response theory. Special emphasis is placed on evolution of the probes' optical properties in the presence of Cu2+. In this study, the compound with naphthalene as the donor is shown to be excellent ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor, whereas the compound with quinoline derivative as the donor shows off/on-typed colorimetric fluorescent response. For the compound with naphthalimide derivative as the donor, changing the connection between the donor and acceptor can efficiently prevent the fluorescent quenching of the probe both in the absence and presence of Cu2+. The donor moiety and the connection between donor and acceptor are thus found to play dominant roles on sensing performance of these probes. Moreover, distributions of molecular orbitals involved in the excitation and emission of the probes are analyzed to explore responsive mechanism of the probes. The through-bond energy transfer process is theoretically demonstrated. Our results are used to elucidate the available experimental measurements. This work is helpful to understand the relationships of structure with optical properties for the studied probes.
Two-photon fluorescent probe is regarded as an excellent tool of sensing various detected subjects. Sensing performances of two typical two-photon fluorescent probes based on through-bond energy transfer are validated theoretically and two more probes are designed to investigate the donor effect. Analysis of molecular orbitals is presented to explore responsive mechanism of the probes.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 30 Jun 2016 | 6:45 am CEST
Shielding effects in spacious macromolecules: a case study with dendronized polymers
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 30 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Heat Shock Proteins in the context of photodynamic therapy: autophagy, apoptosis and immunogenic cell death
Effect of substitution on the ultrafast deactivation of the excited state of benzo[b]thiophene-arylamines
Room temperature phosphorescence from a guest molecule confined in the restrictive space of an organic-inorganic supramolecular assembly
Remarkably high homoselectivity in [2 + 2] photodimerization of trans-cinnamic acids in multicomponent systems
Photodynamic therapy with intralesional methylene blue and a 635 nm light-emitting diode lamp in hidradenitis suppurativa: a retrospective follow-up study in 7 patients and a review of the literature
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 29 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Synergetic adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants over 3D TiO2-graphene aerogel composites synthesized via a facile one-pot route
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 28 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Plantamajoside Inhibits UVB and Advanced Glycation End Products-induced MMP-1 Expression by Suppressing the MAPK and NF-ĸB Pathways in HaCaT Cells
Photoaging and glycation stress are major causes of skin deterioration. Oxidative stress caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation can upregulate matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1), a major enzyme responsible for collagen damage in the skin. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate via gradual formation from skin proteins, especially from long-lived proteins such as dermal elastin and collagen. Plantamajoside (PM), isolated from Plantago asiatica, has various biological effects including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In this study, we assessed the protective effects of PM on a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) against stress caused by glyceraldehyde-induced AGEs (glycer-AGEs) with UVB irradiation. We found that PM attenuated UVB-and-glycer-AGEs–induced MMP-1 expression in HaCaT and HDF cells and proinflammatory cytokines expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activated by reactive oxygen species. Specific inhibitors of NF-κB and MAPKs attenuated the induced expression of MMP-1. PM also inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB in these cells. Furthermore, PM attenuated the upregulation of receptor for AGEs (RAGE) by glycer-AGEs with UVB irradiation. Therefore, our findings strongly suggest that PM is a promising inhibitor of skin photoaging.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 27 Jun 2016 | 10:05 am CEST
Ground and excited state interactions of metalloporphyrin PtTMPyP4 with polynucleotides [poly(dG-dC)]2 and [poly(dA-dT)]2
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 27 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Harnessing and storing visible light using a heterojunction of WO3 and CdS for sunlight-free catalysis
A Possible Phenom of Persistence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Treated With Methylene Blue and Red Light
Planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells harvested in stationary phase were exposed to red light in presence of methylene blue to study the potential occurrence of persistence in bacterial populations submitted to photodynamic antimicrobial therapy. Survival curves revealed the existence of small subpopulations of cells exhibiting increased ability to tolerate the treatment. These subpopulations were detected even using high concentrations of photosensitizer, whether added in a single step or following a fractionated scheme, and when the irradiation medium was modified to delay the photodecomposition of methylene blue. When cells grown from survivors to the treatment were cultured and exposed to red light and dye, their responses were similar to that of the original strain. These results exclude exhaustion of the photosensitizer and selection of resistant mutants as explanations for the features of the survival curves. Cells able to tolerate the treatment were found even when radiation was imparted at a high dose rate. They exhibit a response typical of persisters, which tolerate antimicrobial agents due to transient and reversible changes in their phenotype, suggesting that persistence is a factor to consider upon evaluating the efficacy of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 25 Jun 2016 | 4:50 pm CEST
Surface Arginine Saturation Effect on Unfolding Reaction of Firefly Luciferase: A Thermodynamic and Kinetic Perspective
Replacement of some hydrophobic solvent-exposed residues in Lampyris turkestanicus luciferase with arginine increases thermostability of this enzyme. Herein, thermodynamic and kinetic of unfolding reactions of wild type (WT), E354R/356R, E354R/356R-I232R and E354R/356R-Q35R/L182R/I232R variants has been investigated. Fluorescence and Far-UV circular dichroism signals using urea as chemical denaturant indicated that the value of ∆G(H2O) for all variants is greater than that of WT enzyme. Analysis of m-values, as a measure of difference in the solvent accessible surface area between the native and denatured states of protein, revealed that higher stability of mutants is related to their higher degree of compactness in the folded state. Results of unfolding kinetic experiments showed that all variants have three-exponential behavior in which, they unfolded with three rate constants and corresponding amplitudes. Increasing the rate constants of fast unfolding phase in mutants relative to WT protein may be attributed to more compactness and more kinetic sensitivity of their folded state to urea. However, more population of WT protein was unfolded from fast unfolding phase. Results of this investigation highlight kinetic stability of luciferase via a slow rate of unfolding.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 25 Jun 2016 | 4:45 pm CEST
Mechanism and analyses for extracting photosynthetic electrons using exogenous quinones - what makes a good extraction pathway?
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 24 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Photo-induced electron transfer in a diamino-substituted Ru(bpy)3[PF6]2 complex and its application as a triplet photosensitizer for nitric oxide (NO)-activated triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 22 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Reduced Levels of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in UVB Irradiated Corneal Epithelium
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are the major endogenous regulators of metalloproteinase activity in tissues. TIMPs are able to inhibit activity of all known matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and thus participate in controlling extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. We showed previously elevated expressions of MMPs in the rabbit corneal epithelium upon UVB exposure and suggested that these enzymes might be involved in corneal destruction caused by excessive proteolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate TIMPs in the corneal epithelium after UV irradiation using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods. We found that as compared to control rabbit corneas where relatively high levels of TIMPs were present in the epithelium, repeated irradiation of the cornea with UVB rays (not with UVA rays of similar doses) significantly decreased TIMPs in corneal epithelial cells. The results of this study point to the suggestion that the decrease of TIMPs in the corneal epithelium after UVB irradiation contributes to increased proteolytic activity of MMPs in UVB irradiated corneal epithelium found previously.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 18 Jun 2016 | 9:25 am CEST
Development of a Novel Covalent Folate-Albumin-Photosensitizer Conjugate
There is considerable interest in the development of novel and more efficient delivery systems for improving the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The authors in this highlighted issue describe the synthesis and the photobiological characterizations of two photosensitizer (PS) conjugates based on β-carboline derivatives covalently conjugated to folic acid (FA) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier system specifically targeting cancer cells overexpressing FA receptor alpha (FRα). Accordingly, only the FA–BSA–β-carboline conjugates are internalized specifically in FRα-positive cells and are proved to be phototoxic. On the other hand, albumin–β-carboline conjugates without FA or β-carboline derivatives alone are not internalized and nontoxic. This conjugate is among the first to produce a conjugate composed of a PS and FA molecules that are directly conjugated to BSA. In addition, the in vitro studies are the first evidence that directly conjugated FA-BSA can be used as carriers to selectively enhance cytotoxicity by PDT relative to unmodified PS or nontargeted BSA-PS. This strategy is a positive step forward for the covalent design and construction of a photodynamic nanomedicine for FR-positive tumors.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 17 Jun 2016 | 8:40 pm CEST
Identification of a Fluorescent Protein from Rhacostoma atlantica
We have cloned a novel fluorescent protein from the jellyfish Rhacostoma atlantica. The closest known related fluorescent protein is the Phialidium yellow-fluorescent protein, with only a 55% amino acid sequence identity. A somewhat unusual alanine-tyrosine-glycine amino acid sequence forms the presumed chromophore of the novel protein. The protein has an absorption peak at 466 nm and a fluorescence emission peak at 498 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield was measured to be 0.77 and the extinction coefficient is 58,200 M−1 cm−1. Several mutations were identified that shift the absorption peak to about 494 nm and the emission peak to between 512 and 514 nm.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 11 Jun 2016 | 3:15 pm CEST
Regulation of Black Pepper Inflorescence Quantity by Shading at Different Growth Stages
Black pepper is a perennial plant that can bloom throughout the year. It is generally expected that pepper inflorescence quantity could be minimized at the nonfull-bloom stage. The objective of this study was to find an appropriate shading measure that could inhibit blooming at other growing stages except the full-bloom stage and did not cause any reduction in pepper yield and quality. In this study, pepper trees were shaded up to 15%, 30%, 60% and 75%, respectively, and the inflorescence quantity, photosynthetic characteristics, pepper yield and quality traits were investigated at every growing stage. The results showed that the effect of shading on pepper yield decreased as time progressed. Shading treatment did not alter the composition of piperine and volatile oil, but reduced the moisture content. Based on the correlation between photosynthetic parameter and inflorescence number, the appropriate shading intensities for regulating inflorescence quantity at different phenological stages were determined. Moreover, it was found that the regulation of inflorescence quantity could be achieved by controlling leaf temperature during recovery to filling period. This research outcome also will give us some guidelines to develop other management strategies that control leaf temperature and regulate inflorescence quantity to consequently improve pepper yield.
We examined the effect of duration of shading on pepper yield and quality. An appropriate shading measure could regulate inflorescence quantity.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 8 Jun 2016 | 9:25 am CEST
Vibrationally Resolved Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Firefly Luciferin: A Theoretical Simulation in the Gas Phase and in Solution
Firefly bioluminescence has been applied in several fields. However, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the substrate, luciferin, have not been observed at the vibrational level. In this study, the vibrationally resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra of firefly luciferin (neutral form LH2, phenolate ion form LH− and dianion form L2−) are simulated using the density functional method and convoluted by a Gaussian function, with displacement, distortion and Duschinsky effects in the framework of the Franck–Condon approximation. Both neutral and anionic forms of the luciferin are considered in the gas phase and in solution. The simulated spectra have desired band maxima with the experimental ones. The vibronic structure analysis reveals that the features of the most contributive vibrational modes coincide with the key geometry-changing region during transition between the ground state and the first singlet excited state.
This figure shows the simulated absorption and fluorescence spectra of phenolate-carboxylate ion of firefly luciferin in water. They are generally a mirror image of each other. Moreover, the 0–0 band position is also shown.
Problems on the Evaluation of the Critical Wavelength of Sunscreens for "Broad Spectrum" Approval Brought on by Viscous Fingering During Sunscreen Application
When a viscous liquid is applied to a solid substrate, a patterned liquid layer is usually formed by the phenomenon called viscous fingering, since the moving liquid surface is in far-from-equilibrium conditions to let the morphological fluctuation to grow. Pseudosunscreen solutions were prepared and applied on a flat quartz plate. A spatially periodic stripe pattern was formed on the pseudosunscreen layer when a block applicator was used, whereas a flat surface layer was formed when a four-sided applicator was used. UV absorbance of the patterned layer was lower than that of the flat layer having the same average thickness. In addition, a larger decrease in the UV absorbance by the pattern formation was observed at wavelengths at which the UV absorbance of the flat layer was large, which was consistent with theoretical simulations. In 2011, US FDA introduced a new rule using the term "Broad Spectrum" for labeling the sunscreens. The different decrease in the UV absorbance at each wavelength was found to change the critical wavelength, which is a criterion for sunscreens to be labeled as "Broad Spectrum" protection. The result of this study makes the problem on the evaluation of the critical wavelength come to the surface.
Pseudosunscreen solutions were prepared and applied on a flat quartz plate. A spatially periodic stripe pattern was always formed on the pseudosunscreen layer when a block applicator was used. UV absorbance of the patterned layer was lower than that of the flat layer having the same average thickness. Larger decrease in the UV absorbance by the pattern formation was observed at wavelength at which the UV absorbance of the flat layer was large to change the critical wavelength for "Broad Spectrum" approval.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 7 Jun 2016 | 7:55 am CEST
Proteomic and Physiological Studies Provide Insight into Photosynthetic Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings to Microgravity
The mechanisms whereby how photosynthesis is regulated and maintained under conditions of microgravity remain incompletely understood. Herein, we took a combination of proteomic and physiological approaches to examine the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings to spaceflight conditions. Our results show that both PSI fluorescence emission peak and P700 absorbance amplitude are severely decreased in spaceflight seedlings under microgravity. This is consistent with an observed significant reduction in PSI efficiency (ϕI). To further analyze global changes of protein profiles under microgravity, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) labeling technology were deployed. Four hundred fifty-four differentially expressed proteins were identified by comparison of spaceflight and ground control. Of proteins relevant to photosynthesis, 34 were downregulated and 4 were upregulated. The significantly downregulated ones are essential components of PSI, NDH and the Cytb6f complex. This downregulation of PSI proteins and/or protein structure changes may cause the overall reduction in PSI activity. Intriguingly, although abundance of some PSII proteins was altered under microgravity, no significant changes in PSII activity were detected. Taken together, our results suggest that PSI, rather than PSII being usually much more sensitive to environmental stresses, is more susceptible to spaceflight conditions in rice seedlings.
Shenzhou-8 spaceship was launched for a 17-day unmanned mission with a Long March rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. SIMBOX situated on Shenzhou-8 contained 17 biomedical experiments from both Chinese and German researchers. Our group contributed rice seedlings, investigating the role of microgravity on rice seedlings for further studies on photosynthetic physiology and proteomics. Our results indicate that microgravity condition causes reduction in photosystem I (PSI) activity in rice seedlings; and some side effects of the spaceflight conditions seem to have negative effects on PSI.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 6 Jun 2016 | 8:05 am CEST
Melatonin Mediates Monochromatic Light-induced Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Secretion of Chick Liver: Involvement of Membrane Receptors
Monochromatic lights influenced the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal satellite cells in broilers by the enhancement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) secretion. However, whether melatonin (MEL)-mediated monochromatic lights influenced the IGF-1 secretion remains unclear. Newly hatched broilers, including intact, sham operation and pinealectomy groups, were exposed to blue (BL), green (GL), red (RL) and white light (WL) from a light-emitting diode system for 14 days. The results showed that GL effectively promoted the secretion of MEL and IGF-1, the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and MEL receptor subtypes Mel1a, Mel1b and Mel1c in the liver compared to BL and RL in vivo. Moreover, those was a positive correlation between MEL and IGF-1 (r = 0.834). After pinealectomy, however, these parameters declined, and there were no differences between GL and other monochromatic light treatments. In vitro, exogenous MEL increased hepatocyte proliferation and IGF-1 secretion. Meanwhile, the MEL enhancements were suppressed by prazosin (selective Mel1c antagonist), followed by luzindole (nonselective Mel1a/Mel1b antagonist), but not suppressed by 4-phenyl-2-propionamideotetralin (selective Mel1b antagonist). These findings demonstrated that MEL mediated the monochromatic light-induced secretion of IGF-1 in chicks' livers by Mel1c and that Mel1a may be involved in this process.
Monochromatic light affects the secretion of avian melatonin by acting on the pineal through the cranium. Melatonin influence the secretion of insulin-like growth factor 1 in hepatocyte through the membrane receptor pathway.
Efficient Degradation of Aqueous Rhodamine B Irradiation Under Indoor Light Using a SiO2–Hypocrellin B Complex
An efficient method for the degradation of the dye Rhodamine B (RhB) is reported. A SiO2–hypocrellin B (SiO2–HB) complex was found to work as a catalyst to degrade RhB in aqueous solution at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, over the pH range 1–10, under indoor light conditions. This method is capable of removing 82.68% of RhB within 20 min at pH 9. The SiO2–HB complex was characterized by both scanning electron microscopy and surface area analysis. The reaction progress was examined using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and UV–visible spectroscopy. This process represents an efficient means of decontaminating dye-containing wastewaters in either highly acidic or weakly alkaline environments.
The natural photosensitizer hypocrellin B (HB) was used to prepare a SiO2–HB catalyst to degrade wastewater by an impregnation method. The results demonstrate that the SiO2–HB complex is capable of rapidly degrading Rhodamine B (RhB) at room temperature and ambient atmospheric pressure in aqueous solutions with wide pH values ranging from 1 to 10, and under indoor light. And the SiO2–HB complex appears to be an efficient catalyst for the degradation of the model dye RhB in wastewater and can be separated easily.
Chemiexcitation Efficiency of Intermolecular Electron-transfer Catalyzed Peroxide Decomposition Shows Low Sensitivity to Solvent-cavity Effects
Intermolecular chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence (CIEEL) systems are known to possess low chemiluminescence efficiency; whereas, the corresponding intramolecular transformations are highly efficient. As the reasons for this discrepancy are not known, we report in this work our studies of the solvent-cavity effect on the efficiency of two intermolecular CIEEL systems, the catalyzed decomposition of diphenoyl peroxide and of a relatively stable 1,2-dioxetanone derivative, spiro-adamantyl-1,2-dioxetanone. The results indicate a very low medium viscosity effect on the quantum yields of these systems, a priori not compatible with these bimolecular transformations, showing also that their low efficiency cannot be due to solvent-cavity escape of intermediate radical ion pairs. In addition, the solvent-cage effect on the CIEEL efficiency, after the occurrence of the initial electron transfer, proved also to be very low, indicating the intrinsic low viscosity effect on the chemiexcitation step. Therefore, it is concluded that the low efficiency of these systems is intrinsic to the chemiexcitation step and cannot be improved by medium viscosity effects, being possibly due to sterical hindrance on charge-transfer complex formation in the initial step of the CIEEL.
The low quantum yields determined in the rubrene and perylene catalyzed decomposition of diphenoyl peroxide and spiro-adamantyl-1,2-dioxetanone are not subject to significant solvent cavity effects in binary ethyl acetate/dibutyl phthalate mixtures, indicating that the low efficiency is not due to solvent cavity escape of intermediate radical pairs but might be caused by steric effects on the interaction between the peroxide and the catalyst.
Aggregation induced enhanced emission of 2-(2[prime or minute]-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 6 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Angelica archangelia Prevented Collagen Degradation by Blocking Production of Matrix Metalloproteinases in UVB-exposed Dermal Fibroblasts
Angelica archangelia (AA), a traditional herb, has attracted attention as an agent with potential for use in the prevention of chronic skin diseases. This study examined the photoprotective effects of AA on the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation in UVB-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts. Our results showed that AA markedly blocked collagen degradation by restraining the production of MMPs in UVB-exposed fibroblasts. We also investigated the underlying mechanism behind the effects of AA. AA attenuated UVB-triggered interleukin-6 (IL-6) and promoted the expression of transforming growth factor β1. Application of AA extract (10, 100 μg mL−1) significantly diminished UVB-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Jun-N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, which consequently reduced phosphorylated c-Fos and c-Jun. Our results indicated that AA inhibited the UVB-induced expression of MMPs by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways and activator protein-1 activation. Our results suggest that AA is a promising botanical agent for use against skin photoaging.
Solar ultraviolet radiation is mainly responsible for photoaging. UV-induced radical oxygen species (ROS) increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) expression, which degrades collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Angelica archangelia (AA) extract inhibited UVB-induced MMPs expression by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation. Our results suggest that AA is a promising botanical agent for use against skin photoaging.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 3 Jun 2016 | 8:12 am CEST
Heterodimerization at the dye sensitized TiO2 surface: an efficient strategy toward quick removal of water contaminants
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 3 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Photochemically-assisted synthesis and photophysical properties of difluoroboronated [small beta]-diketones with fused four-benzene-ring chromophores, chrysene and pyrene
Solvent-induced multicolour fluorescence of amino-substituted 2,3-naphthalimides studied by fluorescence and transient absorption measurements
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 2 Jun 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Ethylenediamine-modified graphene oxide covalently functionalized with a tetracarboxylic Zn(II) phthalocyanine hybrid for enhanced nonlinear optical properties
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 31 May 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Repartition of oil miscible and water soluble UV filters in an applied sunscreen film determined by confocal Raman microspectroscopy
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 25 May 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Biospectroscopy, biospectrometry and imaging of Ilex paraguariensis. Basis for non-destructive quality evaluation using artificial vision
Chemical quenching of singlet oxygen by betanin
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 24 May 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
Experimental evidence of incomplete fluorescence quenching of pyrene bound to humic substances: implications for Koc measurements
The action spectrum for vitamin D3: initial skin reaction and prolonged exposure
Coaxial Electrospinning Method for the Preparation of TiO2@CdS/PVA Composite Nanofiber Mat and Investigation on its Photodegradation Catalysis
TiO2/PVA composite nanofiber mat was prepared via an electrospinning technology. SH-TiO2-SiO2 hybrid particles and PVA solution were injected through a coaxial syringe, yielding a composite nanofiber mat. The as-prepared SH-TiO2-SiO2/PVA composite nanofiber mat was immersed in Cd2+ cation solution and S2− anion solution in turn. Thus, yellow TiO2@CdS/PVA composite nanofiber mats were prepared. By adjusting the number of times a mat was immersed in the Cd2+ and S2− solutions, different amounts of CdS particles attaching to the mats were obtained. Both SH-TiO2-SiO2/PVA and TiO2@CdS/PVA composite nanofiber mats were employed to catalyze the photodegradation of a model dye, methylene blue. The photodegradation performance could be greatly enhanced by the introduction of CdS particles anchoring onto TiO2 particles. The photodegradation efficiency reached 99.2% within 180 min. Also, the nanofiber mat could be recycled and reused at least 10 times. The photodegradation efficiency of TiO2@CdS/PVA composite nanofiber mats remained 68.8% for 10 cycles.
A TiO2/PVA composite nanofiber mat was prepared first, and then the mat was immersed in Cd2+ and S2− solutions to obtain a TiO2@CdS/PVA composite nanofiber mat. The as-prepared mat exhibited excellent photodegradation ability for a model dye, methylene blue.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 18 May 2016 | 10:26 am CEST
Promotion of Proapoptotic Signals by Lysosomal Photodamage: Mechanistic Aspects and Influence of Autophagy
Prior studies demonstrated that a low level (LD10–15) of lysosomal photodamage can sensitize cells to the apoptotic death that results from subsequent mitochondrial photodamage. We have proposed that this process occurs via a calpain-catalyzed cleavage of the autophagy-associated protein ATG5 to form a proapoptotic fragment. In this report, we provide evidence for the postulated ATG5 cleavage and show that the sequential photodynamic therapy (PDT) protocol can also partly overcome the adverse effect of hypoxia on the initiation of apoptosis. While autophagy can offer cytoprotection after mitochondrial photodamage, this does not appear to apply when lysosomes are the target. This may account for the ability of very low PDT doses directed at lysosomes to evoke ATG5 cleavage. The resulting proapoptotic effect overcomes intrinsic cytoprotection from mitochondrial photodamage along with a further stimulation of phototoxicity.
Scheme whereby release of calcium from photodamaged lysosomes activates calpain. This enzyme then catalyzes activation of calpain. This enzyme then cleaves the autophagy-associated protein ATG5 to a truncated form that potentiates the initiation of apoptotic death after a subsequent PDT dose directed at mitochondria. The net result is substantially enhanced photokilling that can circumvent suboptimal delivery of light and oxygen.
Quelle: Photochemistry and Photobiology | 18 May 2016 | 10:25 am CEST
The preventive effect of linalool on acute and chronic UVB-mediated skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice
Quelle: RSC - Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. latest articles | 18 May 2016 | 1:00 am CEST
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Dorothy Lucey net worth: Dorothy Lucey is an American entertainment reporter who has a net worth of $2 million dollars. Dorothy Lucey is a graduate of George Washington University, where she majored in Political Science. Rather than going into a career in politics, she shifted her focus to television reporting. She began her television career working for WNEP in Pennsylvania as an on-air reporter. From there, she relocated to New York City to work for WABC. This led to a job with NBC Sports, and a co-hosting position on the Lifetime talk show, "Attitudes". She was hired to work on "Good Day L.A.", a Fox Channel morning show in Los Angeles, in the mid-90s. She served as the show's entertainment reporter for the next seventeen years, but her contract was not renewed after 2012. She covered reality shows such as "American Idol", and often reported on celebrity gossip and scandals.
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1722 1/2P Hibernia Halfpenny, Type One, Harp Left AU50 PCGS....Click the image to load the highest resolution version.
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Description1722 1/2P Hibernia Halfpenny, Type One, Harp Left AU50 PCGS. Breen-144. Two-tone chocolate-brown and steel-gray patina. A moderately circulated representative with generally smooth surfaces. 1722 Hibernia Halfpennies are encountered less often than their 1723 counterparts, and the Harp Left type is the scarcer of the two major 1722 varieties. Listed on page 29 of the 2005 Guide Book.(#167) (NGC ID# 2ATA, PCGS# 167)
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Sound Off
How dirty are the swimming lakes, especially Lone Star and Clinton lakes? Are septic systems drained into the lakes?
Charlie Nichols, park superintendent at Lone Star, said it is safe to swim in the lake. He said tests are run on the water conditions each year to make sure they are safe. He said the water may be a little mucky, but that water levels are back down and people come out there to swim every day. Dave Rhoades, park manager for the Corps of Engineers, said water quality at Bloomington swimming beach at Clinton Lake was tested last week and the water is safe for swimming. The water is monitored throughout the recreation season (May to September) and if there was a problem, Rhoades said a notice would be posted to inform swimmers. Septic systems are not drained into either lake.
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text: "Ryan Krauss" <ryanlists@...> writes: > I had docutils 0.4 installed from the ubuntu repositories. I am > trying to upgrade to 0.6 from the tarball and am having some issues. > Originally, optparse.py was listed as already installed, so I deleted > optpase.py (and .pyc) hoping that would solve the problem. Usually it is a bad idea to run "sudo make install", or in this case "sudo ./setup.py install" on a Debian or Ubuntu system, because it results in files that the dpkg infrastructure can't see -- which in the long run can severely destabilize your system. Generally when I want to install a package (or package version) that's not yet available for my release of Debian, I try things in this order: 1. is the version I want listed on packages.debian.org (or in your case, packages.ubuntu.com)? If so, I can probably dpkg -i it (or better, apt-get install it). But if I that packages has newer dependencies than are available for my current release, I 2. build my own package thusly: apt-get source python-docutils apt-get build-dep python-docutils apt-get install build-essential devscripts wget <URL for tarball of new release> <unpack new release and cd into it> zcat ../*.diff.gz | patch -p1 # apply old Debianization dch --newversion 0.6-1 # update debian/changelog debuild then dpkg -i the result. 3. if that doesn't work, such as when the package isn't currently in Debian at all, I might create a package from scratch. This is more tedious and not advisable if you are new to packaging. 4. look for another package that does what I want. 5. give up and run "sudo make install", preferably in a chroot or virtual machine that I can revert from a snapshot if "sudo make install" does something very stupid.


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3 soldiers return from warfront
Three soldiers from the Delaware Valley have returned home safely from the warfront.
Shelley Maxwell: That's funny! Wasserman Shultz finally got caught. But yet Hillary is hiring her lap dog, what's new. I guess corruption is the new normal. And it doesn't matter what party you are. You have the establishment in Rep. Party,and then you have Hillary and her lap dog. And Hillary is sucking up to everyone to get those votes,she shouldn't even be considered for President. She's a liar and couldn't tell the truth if her life depended on it. Then we Cruz , Rubio, and others with there stupidity. What a joke.


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This site is for Steve Uccello: bassist for hire, composer, sound designer. To read about Steve's CLARIFIED BIRDS project go to www.clarifiedbirds.com There's lots of free music including the latest release Fire Times, which features Steve Lawson, Dayan Kai, and Mike Shannon.
Listen while you browse
Latest Tweets
- Excited to have an appointment w/Matt Bohn aka "The Bass Doctor" soon-he'll break protocol & fix up my Viola & Violin-look out string world! 2 weeks ago
- I'm still pretty immature at heart. While practicing a few Gershwin tunes I'm cracking up at the idea of a joke song title "Embraceable Ewe" 3 weeks ago
- @martanmann I use it, I have a disc with a bunch of fakebooks on it & am still trying to get them all in the app (through dropbox) 3 weeks ago
- Just came up with a funny term for kids who's parents make money from their talent: #cashcalf 3 weeks ago
- @nailmusic @darinwilson @AtmosTrio hey dudes! I could only do the 22nd or 23rd (Monday, Tuesday) :( It would be so fun to play again! 4 weeks ago
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Events & Festivals
Your guide to the best events and festivals in NYC
Dîner en Blanc NYC 2016 guide
Pack your Tide to Go pen: Here's everything you need to know about the secret outdoor soiree, Dîner en Blanc NYC
Jazz Age Lawn Party 2016 guide
Give 'em the 'ol razzle dazzle at the Jazz Age Lawn Party 2016, a 1920s soiree
Things to do in New York today
All you could ever need today and more!
The top five New York art shows this week
With an art scene as prominent and ever-changing as New York's, you won't want to miss these
This Week in New York: Critics' picks
Fully Committed
Fully Committed: Theater review by Adam Feldman Before he became a household name as the uptight Mitchell on Modern Family, Jesse Tyler Ferguson was one of...
At this massive grub hub, there's only one rule: Come hungry. The Brooklyn Flea spin-off draws more than 10,000 visitors per day with a slew of 75 to...
Brooklyn Flea-Fort Greene
Arguably the granddaddy of the borough's slate of bazaars, the Fort Greene Brooklyn Flea is still in full swing. The location is jam-packed with more...
The Skivvies
Actor-singers Lauren Molina (Sweeney Todd) and Nick Cearley (Altar Boyz) get in their undies to offer stripped-down versions of pop songs, with multiple...
Upcoming events in NYC
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Meet Bernadette Peters, Gloria Estefan and cute dogs at Broadway Barks this Saturday
We all know about The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, and Cats is set to re-open after 16 years: That's a lot of cute, four-legged critters...
The L train will shut down between Manhattan and Brooklyn for 18 months
The MTA announced today that L train service between Manhattan and Brooklyn will shut down for 18 months, beginning in January 2019. In addition to the...
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Mon 25 Star Trek: The Starfleet Academy Experience on the Intrepid Air, Sea and Space Museum; 10am; $25. $18 child $23 college student or seniorLive long...
Watch live as a Corpse Flower blooms at the New York Botanical Garden for the first time in 80 years
You don't want to stop and smell this flower. The infamous Corpse Flower, or Amorphophallus titanium, emits the odor of rotting meat when it blooms. And...
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101 things to do in New York
Discover all of the very best things to do in New York with the ultimate insider's guide to the city
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text:
Beurling-Landau-type theorems for non-uniform sampling in shift invariant spline spaces
- Received:
- Cite this article as:
- Aldroubi, A. & Gröchenig, K. The Journal of Fourier Analysis and Applications (2000) 6: 93. doi:10.1007/BF02510120
Under the appropriate definition of sampling density Dϕ, a function f that belongs to a shift invariant space can be reconstructed in a stable way from its non-uniform samples only if Dϕ≥1. This result is similar to Landau's result for the Paley-Wiener space B 1/2 . If the shift invariant space consists of polynomial splines, then we show that Dϕ<1 is sufficient for the stable reconstruction of a function f from its samples, a result similar to Beurling's special case B 1/2 .


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2 bookable sites within 40 miles of Lockerbie
Kirkcudbright, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Show on map
|Camping pod
|4 x
|From £43/€51.35/A$75.49/US$56.37/CA$73.98/CHF55.68/kr488.64/kr383.93/kr482.60/kr6,825/$848.13/$35,833/PEN188.10 per night
Mains Farm Camping and Caravan Site
Penrith, Cumbria, England Show on map
|Family camping pod (2 adults and 2 children)
|4 x
|From £40/€47.77/A$70.22/US$52.44/CA$68.82/CHF51.79/kr454.55/kr357.14/kr448.93/kr6,349/$788.95/$33,333/PEN174.98 per night
Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Show on map
Dalbeattie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Show on map
Kippford, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland Show on map
Carlisle, Cumbria, England Show on map
Hexham, Northumberland, England Show on map
Hexham, Northumberland, England Show on map
Penrith, Cumbria, England Show on map
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The preserved Great Central Railway has been operating for over 30 years, and is manned by around 700 volunteers and a small team of permanent staff. Originally a main line from Sheffield to London, the 8 mile preserved section between Loughborough and Leicester is fully operational and the 4 stations reflect a different period of the railways 109 year history.
Of the hundreds of engines built of the class, 63601 is the only example to remain in the UK. Part of the national collection, it has been stored at numerous sites since withdrawal from service. After many years at Dinting, the engine was moved to the newly refurbished National Railway Museum at York, where a start was made to make the engine presentable.
The locomotive has been restored to full operational condition with help from Main Line Steam Trust and an appeal to the readers of Steam Railway magazine.
It was seen here at Loughborough, preparing to leave for Leicester with the 14:15 "Sunday Lunch special" on the 8th of March, 2009.
It was raining heavily at the time, but the man watching was not bothered!


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How small can one open-world game be? Click ahead to find out.
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Packers ground game gains traction, finally
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I'm ready to see Eddie Lacy in the backfield carrying the rock.
"The plan was to run the football coming in to the game."
That should be the plan EVERY week! I hope this encourages MM to run more. Anything to take the heat off Rodgers.
Crimsonpacker--Lacy's a freshman, won't be available for at least two more seasons and NOT LIKELY for Packers to get him since he's likely gone before GB picks. It's idiotic to think this game signals any marked improvement in Packers run game production or success. Vikings were not a tough defensive team, Niners, Falcons, Giants,Ravens, Steelers have defenses that could likely shut down Packers offense because GB's run game IS NOT any better than it is. Starks has shown some of the form he exhibited in '10 SB run, but in critical points he can't move the line on short yardage third down plays--otherwise Rodgers wouldn't have so many failed 3rd down pass attempts. Green displayed some success against Vikes--but face it, their defense just isn't that tough on run game. McCarthy's failure to improve his offense against defenses they've seen since the KC loss last season--two safeties deep, jamming WR's on the line--has GB at mercy of D-line pressure without a better run game and an effective O-line that can protect for 4 quarters. Result is too many incompletions for Rodgers, holding the ball too long because receiver routes are disrupted, and too many sacks and hits for Aaron, making him look more like a good QB but not last year's MVP.
@Shavager Eddie Lacy is a junior you are thinking of TJ Yeldon......C'MON MAN!
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