text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Apr 17, 2001
|Filing date
|Oct 5, 1999
|Priority date
|Sep 25, 1998
|Fee status
|Also published as
|Publication number
|Thomas Lehmann, Patrik Stenner, Andreas Küver
|Original Assignee
|Degussa-Huls Ag
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (12), Non-Patent Citations (1), Referenced by (49), Classifications (16), Legal Events (6)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This application is related to German Application DE 198 44 059.6, filed Sep. 25, 1998, which disclosure is incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to an electrolysis cell for carrying out chemical reactions. The electrolysis cell comprises an electrolyte chamber filled with electrically conductive filling material, a gas chamber and a gas diffusion electrode arranged between the electrolyte chamber and the gas chamber. The electrolysis cell may be used for the oxidation or reduction of components dissolved in the electrolyte, especially for converting cystine or cystine derivatives into cysteine or cysteine derivatives.
Chemical reactions, especially oxidations and reductions, in an electrolysis cell using a gas diffusion electrode, are known. Thus, NL-A 9101022 teaches an electrolysis cell which comprises a gas chamber, an electrolyte chamber and a gas diffusion electrode arranged between them and having an electrolyte chamber filled with electrically conductive filling bodies acting as a fixed-bed electrode. The gas diffusion electrode to be used, which has a customary design, is in direct contact with the electrolyte chamber. Using an acidic electrolyte and a hydrogen-consuming anode, an Fe(III) salt dissolved in the electrolyte can be reduced to the corresponding Fe(II) salt. Inorganic and organic compounds can be oxidized in an analogous manner using an oxygen-consuming cathode, e.g., Fe(II) salts to Fe(III) salts or glucose to gluconic acid. The conversion is significantly increased by the fixed-bed electrode in the electrolyte chamber in comparison to using a customary a real electrode. Various influencing factors such as the particle size of the fixed bed and the electrolyte concentration, are described in J. Appl. Electrochemistry 28 (1998) 343-349. A disadvantage of this electrolysis cell resides in the fact that contact breaks occur on account of the rigidity of the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) resting on a rigid support grid and on account of the motion caused by the flow of the electrolyte, which contact breaks reduce the efficiency. A further disadvantage resides in the fact that the distribution of moisture between the gas chamber and the electrolyte chamber is problematic and flooding of the pores of the gas diffusion electrode on the side of the gas chamber hinders the passage of the gas to the catalytically active layer so that a higher operating voltage results and/or the electrolysis process comes to a halt. Finally, phenomena of poisoning readily occur as a result of the direct contact of the electrolyte, with compounds contained therein to be reduced or oxidized, with the catalytically active layer of the gas diffusion electrode, which brings about a drop in performance and a short service life of the GDE.
The problem of the passage of liquid through a gas diffusion electrode, which is caused by the hydraulic pressure of the electrolyte, is solved in the electrochemical cell according to EP-A 0,717,130, which comprises two electrolyte chambers separated by an ion exchange membrane but does not comprise a fixed-bed electrode, by forming the gas chamber in the form of gas pockets superimposed on each other in a cascade, which gas pockets are separated from each other and open downward toward the electrode. However, this design is technically expensive and also does not solve the problem of poisoning of the catalytic layer of the GDE.
The problem of the deactivation of the catalytic layer of the GDE in an electrolysis cell comprising two electrolyte chambers and a GDE along with a gas chamber can be avoided according to EP-A 0,522,382 by using a cation exchange membrane brought into direct contact with the catalytic layer of the H2-consuming GDE. In the cell described therein, the membrane is pressed on the GDE only by the pressure of the electrolyte and/or by a resilient element in the electrolyte chamber bordering on the GDE. Cells are also known having a gas diffusion electrode that comprises an ion exchange membrane laminated under pressure and temperature on the catalytic layer—see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,009. In both documents cited, no fixed-bed electrode is used. As the inventors of the present application determined using a cell comprising a fixed-bed electrode and an H2-consuming gas diffusion anode with an ion exchange membrane pressed on the electrolyte side, a delamination of the ion exchange membrane readily occurs given the customary design of the gas chamber behind the GDE, which leads to contact breaks and a reduction of the current gain or current efficiency.
EP-A 0,800 853 teaches a method and an electrolysis cell for cleaning gases, which cell comprises a fixed-bed electrode and a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) separated from it by a separator. The contacting of the GDE takes place via several contact strips of a noble metal or valve metal such as tantalum arranged on the electrode. Another contacting possibility suggested is to fill the gas chamber with graphite spheres in order that the electrode is contacted uniformly over the surface; the electric connection then takes place by means of an electrode end plate connected to the graphite spheres. It was determined that significant operational disturbances and a reduction of the current gain occur in continuous operation of the gas cleaning described in this document, during which the electrolyte and the gas are conducted in countercurrent manner through the catholyte chamber, as a consequence of the occurrence of delamination of an ion exchange membrane thermally pressed in a customary manner onto the catalytic layer of the GDE.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,115 teaches a fuel cell comprising two gas diffusion electrodes and a membrane of a solid polymeric electrolyte arranged between them. The production of the cell comprises, in order to form the membrane, the spraying of a solution of the membrane material such as NAFION® (E. I. Dupont and Company) onto the catalytic side of a gas diffusion electrode and the removal of the solvent. The cell does not comprise an electrolyte chamber provided with a fixed-bed electrode.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,433 the electroreduction of cystine and derivatives takes place in the presence of a nitrogen-containing base such as ammonia using a cell comprising two electrolyte chambers with a cathode having a high surface area, e.g., a carbon fleece. The expense for the recovery of the N-containing base is a disadvantage. A further disadvantage is the requirement for two electrolyte circuits. N-acetylcysteine is produced from L-cystine in the method of WO 97/42358 in which according to one embodiment a reaction mixture which can be obtained by the acetylization of cystine, contains N-acetylcystine that has been adjusted to a pH of 6 to 7 and that is electroreduced and, at the same time, desalinated electrodialytically. The electrolysis cell to be used in this instance can comprise a graphite cathode and a hydrogen-consuming gas diffusion anode and contains an ion exchange membrane between the electrolyte chambers. A Na-acetate solution is used as anolyte and the reaction mixture contains N-acetylcystine, Na-acetate and NaCl as catholyte. The economy of this method is inadequate for present requirements. According to the known method using an electrolysis cell comprising two electrolyte circuits and a cation exchange membrane arranged between them and using an alkaline anolyte, the catholyte is enriched with Na ions, which results in an increased expense for desalination of the solution during isolation of the product after the conclusion of the electrochemical conversion.
The invention therefore has the object of providing an electrolysis cell with a fixed-bed electrode in the electrolyte chamber, with a gas chamber and with a gas diffusion electrode arranged between them during the use of which said problems occur to a reduced extent or are preferably totally eliminated.
The electrolysis cell should be suitable in particular for the reductive splitting of organic compounds with a disulfide bridge, in particular for the production of L-cysteine and its derivatives from L-cystine and its derivatives and should avoid disadvantages of previously known electrolytic methods.
An electrolysis cell for carrying out chemical reactions is provided, that comprises an electrolyte chamber filled with electrically conductive filling material, such as filling bodies, for receiving a liquid electrolyte, a gas chamber filled with electrically conductive filling material, such as filling bodies, for receiving a gas to be oxidized or reduced, a gas diffusion electrode arranged between the gas chamber and the electrolyte chamber, which gas diffusion electrode is connected on the electrolyte-chamber side to an ion-exchanging separator, current collectors (contacting elements) for the gas diffusion electrode and the filling material which functions as a counterelectrode in the electrolyte chamber, and devices for supplying and removing the electrolyte and the gas. The electrolysis cell is characterized in that the ion-exchanging separator is applied in a layer onto the gas diffusion electrode by a method comprising a single application or multiple applications of a solution of an ion-exchanging material in a solvent onto the electro catalytically active layer of the gas diffusion electrode, and evaporating the solvent.
According to a preferred embodiment the electrolysis cell contains a known hydrogen-consuming gas diffusion anode (GD anode) as the gas diffusion electrode. Such a GD anode is used for the purpose of cathodic reduction of organic or inorganic compounds; In this instance the ion-exchanging layer is a cation exchange layer. An electrolysis cell with an oxygen-consuming cathode, an anion exchange layer and a fixed-bed anode is used in an analogous manner for the purpose of oxidation of a compound.
A gas diffusion electrode (GDE) normally comprises a pore-formed, flexible, electrocatalytic layer and a pore-formed current collector with a plurality of contact points. The GDE is designed to be hydrophobic on the gas side and hydrophilic on the electrolyte side. The catalytic layer is usually based on activated carbon or conductive carbon black and at least one noble metal in conjunction with polytetrafluoroethylene. Fleeces of pyrolyzed carbon and/or nets or grids of platinum or a platinum alloy usually serve as the current collector. Details of the construction of gas diffusion electrodes can be obtained from the literature—see, e.g., C. H Hamann, W. Vielstich, Elektrochemie [German—Electrochemistry], 3d edition, 1998, Wiley VCH, 478. Gas diffusion electrodes are also commercially available.
It has been found that, by filling the gas chamber with filling material particles of a conductive material, current breaks and reductions of output such as those occurring in conventional cells can be avoided. A self-regulating and contact-preserving action is achieved by the anodic fixed bed. It is assumed that movements in the cathodic fixed bed are compensated by movements in the anodic fixed bed. Such a compensation is possible if the GDE is arranged in a sufficiently flexible manner and can transfer movement impulses from one said chamber to the other. In addition to an optionally present fine metallic net on the hydrophobic side of the GDE, the current collector of the GDE comprises the anodic fixed bed and a rigid metallic current collector which limits or extends into the fixed bed. This current collector is preferably designed in the form of a metallic net or a metal plate defining the fixed bed. Formed particles of a corrosion-resistant metal, metal alloy or a combination of metals or a carbon-containing material, especially graphite, can be used as filling material. The particles are advantageously spherical with a diameter in the range of 0.5 to 5 mm. The fixed bed, functioning in the electrolyte chamber as a working electrode, comprises a bed of particles of a conductive material with a corrosion resistance sufficient for the electrolyte such as, in particular, graphite in any form, e.g., a spherical, saddle, ring or rod shape. The shape of the particles is selected so that the electrolyte can flow without problems through the intermediate spaces of the fixed bed. The highest possible volume-specific surface of the filling material along with the smallest possible pressure loss is desired. The fixed bed in the electrolyte chamber and the gas chamber advantageously consists of particles of the same material and preferably particles with the same or similar shape.
The contacting of the fixed-bed electrode takes place by means of one or several conductive and corrosion-resistant contacting rods such as graphite or titanium extending into the fixed bed or by means of one or more contact grids or plates of a corrosion-resistant material which is a good conductor, e.g., a valve metal such as titanium or tantalum arranged in the fixed bed or on its wall.
An essential feature of the invention is the design of the ion exchange layer in accordance with the invention. Whereas if an ion exchange membrane is used the current rapidly drops with the operating time given a constant voltage, with the design in accordance with the invention the current remains essentially constant since the layer neither flutters nor delaminates but rather assures an intensive and permanent contact with the gas diffusion electrode. This effect can be clearly recognized by a comparison of the Examples with the comparative Examples, below.
The production of the ion-exchanging layer on the catalytic layer of the GDE can take place by a one-stage or multi-stage layering. For the layering, a solution of a film-forming, polymeric ion exchange material in a suitable solvent or solvent mixture is applied with customary layering or coating techniques, e.g., by pouring, brushing or applying with a doctor blade. An intermediate drying, with solvent evaporation, is carried out at least partially after each coating application with total drying at the end. Care is needed especially during the application of the first layer that the solution does not penetrate too deeply into the catalytic layer. To the extent that the catalytic layer itself still contains solvent from the production, the drying of the catalytic layer can take place together with the ion exchange layer.
Customary organic cation and anion exchange materials can be used insofar as their chemical stability is assured in the electrolysis cell under the operating conditions and the polymer in the solvent has a solubility sufficient for coating purposes. Fluoropolymers and fluorocopolymers containing a sulfonic-acid group such as copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with CF2═CF—O—CF2—CF2—SO3H or other fluorine-containing, polymerizable compounds with sulfonic-acid groups, phosphonic-acid groups or carboxyl groups can be used for cation exchange layers. Such cation exchange materials are commercially available (e.g., NAFION® by DuPont and FLEMION® by Asahi Glass). Even solutions, e.g., NAFION® in alcohol, are commercially available. The copolymers can also be products which are based on a polymerizable acid such as acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid or maleic-acid anhydride with styrene and/or divinylbenzene and/or trifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene. Potential materials for the production of anion-exchanging layers are systems which form the basis for commercial anion-exchange membranes. One skilled in the art will be able to determine the suitability of the material under the conditions of the electrolysis by orienting experiments.
The coating of the GDE with a polymeric ion-exchange film yields flexible systems exhibiting a low electric resistance. The layer thickness can be adapted to the desired system. In general, a layer 10 to 50 μm thick is sufficient, in contrast to which commercial membranes are usually considerably thicker. Delamination during operation is reliably avoided by the layer.
According to a further embodiment a very thin ion-exchange membrane can be additionally placed on the very thin layer which is in accordance with the invention. In this instance the layer acts as an adhesive base for the membrane so that delamination during operation is avoided. According to a further embodiment the dissolved ion-exchange material can also be used during the production of the catalytically active catalytic layer on the basis of, e.g., platinum/activated carbon or carbon black/TEFLON®. It is possible, by using a very small amount of the ion-exchanging material, to keep the pores in the catalyst open yet at the same time to create an efficient adhesive base for a membrane.
The electrolyte chamber can be designed as a simple flow through cell or in such a manner that the fixed bed can be operated as a trickle-bed reactor and a gas containing an electrochemically oxidizable or reducible component is conducted counter to the electrolyte trickling over the trickle bed. This embodiment is suitable for the cleaning of gases (cf. EP-A 0,800,853). Previously customary problems with delamination of the exchange membrane no longer occur—see Example 3 and Comparative Example 2.
The cell in accordance with the invention can be used for the oxidation or reduction of organic and inorganic substances dissolved in the electrolyte. Thus, compounds with a disulfide bridge, especially L- and DL-cystine and derivatives such as NN′-diacetylcystine can readily be converted by electroreduction into the corresponding mercapto compounds, in the case of cystine into cysteine. As has already been explained, the electrolysis cell is also suitable for the cleaning of gas if an electrolyte and a gas to be cleaned are supplied to the electrolyte chamber countercurrently.
FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically, a cross-sectional view of a preferred electrolysis cell.
FIG. 2 illustrates an enlarged detail thereof.
FIG. 1 illustrates an electrolysis cell of the invention that includes gas chamber 1 formed by anode frame 7 and separating element 3 comprising the gas diffusion electrode and ion exchanger with fixed bed 1F arranged in gas chamber 1. The cell further comprises electrolyte chamber 2 formed by cathode frame 8 and separating element 3 which chamber 2 contains fixed bed 2F. Frame parts 7, 8 are connected to one another by seal 6 in a liquid-tight and electrically insulating manner. Frame 7 contains connections 9, 10 for supplying and removing the gas; frame 8 analogously contains connections 11, 12 for supplying and removing the electrolyte. Metal net 4 on the rear wall of the anolyte chamber serves for contacting fixed bed 1F. Metal plate 5 on the rear wall of the catholyte chamber serves for contacting fixed bed 2F. The cables connected to these contacting elements run to the voltage source. The detail shown in FIG. 2 illustrates separating element 3 and adjacent fixed beds 1F, 2F. Separating element 3 consists of fine net 13 serving to delimit porous and hydrophobic carbon fleece 14 of the GDE, which fleece is bound by TEFLON®; catalytic layer 15 of the GDE, built up, e.g., from activated carbon or carbon black, TEFLON® and platinum, is located on the fleece. Ion-exchange layer 16 applied by coating onto catalytic layer 15 is located between catalytic layer 15 and ion-exchange membrane 17.
The ion-exchange layer preferred according to the invention permits the construction of cells with a long service life since the separating element consisting of the GDE and ion-exchange layer, in addition to an optionally present fine net which is on the gas-chamber side and in addition to a membrane additionally applied onto the ion-exchange layer on the electrolyte-chamber side. this makes possible good contact with the fixed beds in the gas chamber and the electrolyte chamber. The separating layer is sufficiently flexible and self-regulating and therefore preserves the contact. The design of the gas chamber is simple since the formation of conduits in the frame is eliminated. Reliable protection of the catalytic layer is assured by the ion-exchange layer and delamination, like that which often occurs in previously known cells after a short operating time and results in operational interruptions, does not occur. Finally, the design in accordance with the invention results in a slight voltage drop and thereby results in greater economy.
A problem which occurs especially in the electroreduction of cystine and cystine derivatives in cells which are not in accordance with the invention and which have an ion-exchange membrane of the GDE is diffusion of the amino acid through the membrane and crystallization on its back side. This is eliminated by using a cell with an ion-exchange layer in accordance with the invention on the GDE—see Examples 1,2 and Comparative Example 1. Further advantages are:
elimination of the anolyte circuit and therewith a simplification of the cell and of the method;
saving of energy by lowering the cell voltage; and
better control of the ion budget by the electrochemical formation of protons and their charging into the alkaline catholyte.
Cell design: The cell comprised a catholyte chamber and a gas chamber and, there, between, a GDE with a cation-exchange layer. The round cell used had a GDE surface area A of 19.6 cm2. The hydrogen-consuming anode consisted of a hydrophilic graphite fleece (cloth A, E-Tek Company) on which the catalyst (10% Pt on Vulcan XC-72, E-Tek company) mixed with PTFE suspension HOSTAFLON®, 60% in water (Hoechst Company) was applied. A solution of 20% by weight NAFION® (DuPont) in alcohol with a charge of approximately 0.3 g/cm2 was poured onto the catalytic layer. The composite was subsequently dried at a temperature of 100° C. The finished GDE with membrane layer was contacted on the fleece side with a Pt net and graphite particles with a diameter of 3-4 mm (Conradty Company) were placed onto the Pt net. A second Pt net was put over that which net transferred the current onto the anode segment. The cathode chamber filled with graphite particles, d=3-4 mm (Conradty Company) as the electrode was located on the opposite side of the membrane. The fixed-bed electrode was contacted by a conductive contact plate. The thickness of the anodic fixed bed was approximately 9 mm; the thickness of the cathodic fixed bed was approximately 16 mm.
Test procedure: The aqueous solution was placed into a circulating vessel. The solution (volume: 250 ml) contained 132 g/l cystine, 85 g/l NaOH. The solution was transported into the cell with a circulating pump. From the cell the solution passed back into the circulating vessel. Specimens were drawn out of the circulating vessel which were analyzed with HPLC. The cell was operated galvanostatically via a rectifier. The terminal voltage (potential difference) was recorded. Table 1 shows the voltage and the current as well as the measured concentration of cystine and cysteine.
cystine (g/l)
cysteine (g/l)
The current yield was 76%; the conversion was 100%; the time yield of the membrane surface was 2.3 kg/(h*m2); the specific energy requirement was 0.79 kWh/kg.
The cell design corresponded to that of Example 1 with the exception that in order to form the ion-exchange layer the NAFION® solution (20% by weight) was applied in an amount of 0.3 g/cm2 and, immediately thereafter, a 20 μm thick, polymeric ion-exchange film (e.g., from the Gore Company) was applied. The film adhered to the not yet dry layer. The composite was subsequently dried at a temperature of 100° C.
The test procedure corresponded to Example 1. An aqueous solution was used similar to the one obtained in the acetylization according to Schotten-Baumann using acetic anhydride and adjusting the pH to approximately 7 with a content of 254 g/l NN′-diacetyl-L-cystine (Ac2Cyss), 145 g/l sodium acetate. Table 2 shows the test parameters.
The current density was 51 mA/cm2, the current yield 60%, the conversion 94%, the yield of AcCys 84%, the time yield of the membrane surface was 1.8 kg/(h*m2), the specific energy requirement was 1.2 kWh/kg.
In the method for the electrochemical cleaning of chlorine gas according to EP 0,800,853 A the NAFION® membrane on the hydrogen-consuming anode was replaced by a NAFION® layer in accordance with the invention, applied according to Example 1. The waste gas to be cleaned contained 0.1% by volume chlorine. 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, which trickled over the cathodic fixed bed, served as catholyte.
Voltage: 2.56 V, current 10 A, surface area A=0.0252 m2, bed depth=6 cm, gas throughput 300 I, trickling density 8 m3/(m2*h), degradation of chlorine=100%. Tests were carried out continuously with the same composite over a period of 4 weeks without any reduction of the cleaning performance occurring or the current consumption rising.
A GDE pressed with a membrane (NAFION® 117) was used in a round cell (surface area A=19.6 cm2) for converting cysteine from cystine. An anodic fixed bed was used, as in Example 1.
Test results:
Voltage: 2.5 V; current density: 100 mA/cm2; current yield: 10%; conversion: 10%
It was recognized at the end of the test, after disassembly, that the composite had been damaged. Crystals had formed between the NAFION® membrane and the GDE.
Tests were carried out with a "pressed" unit of NAFION® 117 membrane and GDE as described in Example 3.
Voltage: 5.21 V, current 10 A, surface area A=0.0252 m2, bed depth=6 cm, gas throughput 300 I, trickling density 8 m3/(m2*h), degradation of chlorine=100%, testing time approximately 8 h, residence time. After 8 hours the cell was disassembled since the voltage and the degradation of chlorine were constantly becoming worse. The NAFION® membrane had separated from the GDE.
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|U.S. Classification
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
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|Feb 10, 2000
Owner name: DEGUSSA-HULS AG, GERMANY
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:LEHMANN, THOMAS;STENNER, PATRIK;KUVER, ANDREAS;REEL/FRAME:010578/0160;SIGNING DATES FROM 19991208 TO 20000105
|Oct 6, 2001
Owner name: DEGUSSA AG, GERMANY
Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNOR:DEGUSSA-HULS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;REEL/FRAME:012322/0909
Effective date: 20010209
|Jan 22, 2002
|Certificate of correction
|Nov 3, 2004
|Maintenance fee reminder mailed
|Apr 18, 2005
|Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees
|Jun 14, 2005
|Expired due to failure to pay maintenance fee
Effective date: 20050417


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Obtain a life insurance policy via a financial adviser, not through brokers. Brokers will make money off of enrolling you with a insurance policy they sell you.
You should actually try different ways to get healthy before you look into purchasing life insurance. It can be expensive to purchase life insurance.It will cost you even more if your body is in poor shape. You should do as much as you can to whip yourself into shape before getting a life insurance.You must do whatever it takes, and lose weight; do anything possible to help.Doing so can substantially decrease your policy.
Make sure that you disclose any job or hobby that could be high risk.While it may cost you more in premium cost, you can avoid the hassle of becoming ineligible for full coverage as a result of your failure to disclose this information. If you withhold information about your dangerous hobby or job, it could be considered fraud and thus, you might be held responsible for committing insurance fraud. The professional company asapwarranty provides all the information on extended auto warranty.
Provide the heir will all details of the sum insured, where the policy documentation is located, and the contact details for the financial representative they should contact to make a claim when the need arises.
In the case of your death, your life insurance policy will provide your family with financial stability, be it to send your children to college or helping your partner to pay your home's mortgage.
Since healthier people have a longer life expectancy, they often get better deals from insurance companies.
You may be able to pay less for life insurance when you buy more money. Some insurance carriers charge less if you get more coverage, which saves you money and provides more coverage for your family in case something happens.
A broker can show you policies from many different insurers, whereas a broker can offer you products across a range of firms. Life insurance is considered a major long term responsibility, so consider your options before plunging into a contract.
Do research before you decide on the kind of life insurance. You should ensure it fits your budget and fit within your budget.
You should only cash out your policy. Some people cash their policies because of the first instance when they have trouble covering bills. This is a lot of money you paid into your policy. There are much better ways to help you pay off your debt than selling your life insurance policy.
Ask tough questions to your broker and make sure that he or she can answer them in confidence. Find out if you can cancel the policy at any time, if can you cancel the policy any time you desire, and whether the premium can be locked in for a certain amount of time. You need to know all of these details to get the answers to all of your questions in order to receive the best policy.
Joint-life insurance policies allow married couples. This is an excellent option for a couple to save money.However, it is important to note that this type of policy does not offer a double payout, and will only payout on one death.
Heart Rate
Caffeine can change your heart rate, raise your heart rate and elevate your blood pressure–all things which do not bode well for your exam.
How much life insurance? You should actually start by determining if you are in need of life insurance. If you are currently unmarried, and do not have any children, the likely answer is no. A good rule of thumb is to purchase between five to 10 times what your annual salary is.
Do not buy life insurance policy for no reason. You must first consider your underlying motivation for taking out why you require life insurance.The younger you buy a life insurance policy the cheaper it is, so it is very important that early on in life you think about your goals for life insurance.
Life insurance is an investment you are making for yourself and the worst occurs.
Once you have familiarized yourself with the information provided in this article, you should be more confident and capable of making the best decisions regarding life insurance. Now you should better be able to understand coverage, find affordable rates, keep your family safe, and be prepared for any losses that may occur.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Book Review
The Judicial Power of the Purse: How Courts Fund National Defense in Times of Crisis. By Nancy Staudt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. 199 pp. $25.00 paper.
Version of Record online: 12 DEC 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00526.x
© 2012 Law and Society Association
Law & Society Review
Volume 46, Issue 4, pages 934–936, December 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Tushnet, M. (2012), The Judicial Power of the Purse: How Courts Fund National Defense in Times of Crisis. By Nancy Staudt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. 199 pp. $25.00 paper. Law & Society Review, 46: 934–936. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00526.x
Publication History
- Issue online: 12 DEC 2012
- Version of Record online: 12 DEC 2012
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Melissa Kollitides has been promoted to executive vice president, marketing and advertising at Collette Vacations. Kollitides previously served as vice president of marketing and advertising. She is responsible for overall brand development, customer acquisition and retention strategies. Kollitides holds an MBA from Cornell University. • •
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Yuki, you seem to have a strong opinion here.
Not that there is anything wrong with having strong opinions --- but it would be much better if you could at least point to some facts that support your opinion.
Like, say, benchmarks. Like, say, code (show the source code!) that does run appreciably faster without argument checking.
Performance at all costs of programmer usability, maintenance and bug finding ease would mean that you write highly optimized, hand-polished assembler running on the bare metal of the machine, with no OS to slow things down, no running on virtual machines as they have overhead, no compiling every time a script starts and no dynamic language, which cannot be as optimized as one where the compiler knows the exact types to expect.
And not using subroutines in Perl:
#! /usr/bin/perl # perl 5.22.1 on Linux
use strict;
use warnings;
use Benchmark 'cmpthese';
my $count = -5;
sub testsub { return 1 + 1 }
{ 'without subroutine' => 'my $a = 1 + 1;',
'with subroutine' => 'my $a = testsub()',
Rate with subroutine without subroutine
with subroutine 7208764/s -- -80%
without subroutine 36384252/s 405% --
If argument checking is optional, it should default to "on", because for almost all use cases that tiny bit of performance is not important at all; but less chances of bugs is important or very important to most use cases, and writing "no argumentchecking;" at the begin of your file is certainly not more onerous than "use strict; use warnings;".
Besides, it seems that as per benchmark #5, if you needed to hyper optimize code you would need to avoid destructuring anyways, regardless of argument checking.
Lastly, can you point to any consensus that correctness should take back seat to performance in perl?
Function overloading is indeed a static language feature.
But the
multi keyword doesn't provide static function overloading.
multi keyword provides dynamic multiple dispatch.
Function overloading occurs at compile-time, when the compiler looks at the static types of the declared arguments to an overloaded subroutine or method and selects which overloading to call on the basis of those compile-time types.
Multiple dispatch occurs at run-time, when the interpreter looks at the dynamic types of the actual arguments to a multisub or multimethod, and selects which variant to call on the basis of those run-time types.
(I originally explained the important difference between the two concepts in one of the original Perl 6 Exegesis documents.)
So the
multi keyword is a perfectly appropriate addition to dynamic languages like Perl 6, and maybe even eventually to Perl 5.
Indeed, you can use multiple dispatch now in Perl 5 via the
Class::Multimethods::Pure or
Kavorka CPAN modules, and soon via the (next release of) the
Dios module as well.
I am always looking to learn better software engineering techniques. I hope you don't mind me pressing for more details from you. Is it only the performance impact of arg count check that bothers you? Or do you find yourself often wanting to define
sub foo($bar) { ... }
and then use it as
foo( $bar, $baz );
# or maybe
foo( @only_first_matters )
I am curious to discover any techniques that revolve around these patterns?
Re: correctness, I can only offer my own experience with a legacy code base. I started to `use Method::Signatures` just for the sugar whenever touching any code on this project - I also didn't care for argument counting, because, who would ever pass incorrect number of arguments was my thinking.
But right away the argc checks started revealing bugs in various code, and it was a great way to "fail early" rather than hunt the bug few levels deep. I now sometimes use it for gradual typing too, since it allows to do `func foo(Bar $baz)` and it will check that `$baz isa Bar`. It has had a positive effect while we worked to modernize, refactor and add tests to this project. YMMV, but I certainly found benefit to arg counting enforcement and our project is very I/O heavy, so we don't see any performance impact.
Thank you for your input
I could just have used DBIx::Custom if I knew it! Nice module! Thanks!
DBIx::EAV github repo is at https://github.com/cafe01/dbix-eav
Thank you for your interest!
Hi, :)
The attachments are not visible in nntp, sorry about that. I have found the following public archive that keeps the attachments:
Coro has been using internal interfaces which were subject to change and indeed changed. Even though some people advertised that those internal interfaces in perl core must change back in order for Coro to work, it is not true.
The patches provided are only for Coro and show that using the appropriate public interfaces, Coro can still work on 5.26. It is now up to the author of Coro to decide whether he will incorporate the patches or not.
If the author refuses to incorporate any patches or introduce any changes to how Coro works, and intends to keep using internal interfaces, Coro will not work on Perl 5.22 and above.
I hope this answers your questions.
Have a great day,
Yuki, the above part of Sawyer's comment is so (deliberately?) misleading, that in practice constitutes a lie. The fallout of the change in question is neither limited to Coro[1], nor is the original motivation[2] considered worth the trouble by a large contingent of perl-folk[3].
Sawyer, I believe that your current position as Pumpking compels you to clarify/revise your earlier statement.
Thank you in advance.
[1] As stated in AP's event recap the fallout includes (but is by no means limited to) older versions of mod_perl, and an unknown number of darkpan code relying on the SWIG bindings.
[2] See last paragraph of the commit message, which was further defended by its author as recently as 2 months ago.
[3] The author and 3 reviewers of the original recap (Aristotle Pagaltzis, Andreas König, Graham Knop, Peter Rabbitson), and additionally Aaron Crane, Dave Mitchell, Paul Evans,]]>
"A false statement made with *deliberate intent* to deceive; an *intentional* untruth;" [Emphasis mine.]
This means that, if it was wrong *and* deliberate (it might be wrong, it is *not* deliberate), it is a lie. You can stop using that word now. (Not that I assume you would...)
2. The phrasing in the blog post you link to is inaccurate and misleading. (Not on purpose, I'm sure. No, I'm not sarcastic.) The phrasing "The workaround requires" marks it as "This is *the way* to handle this". That's not accurate. This is the way it *was* handled by a specific person. Patches to Coro posted by Dave M. prove another way is possible. Additionally, working with p5p was also an option, which the author did not pick.
3. The fact of the matter is, that the author chose to do something in a way that was not officially supported, without interacting with p5p, for his own reasons. We had (publicly) discussed reverting this and instead Nicholas Clark (with additional people) worked on proving Coro could have done it differently.
So, to summarize: Author wrote code which was *NOT* publicly supported by the core. Code broke (unintentionally). Perhaps the code should have been reverted (not the topic at hand), but changes to the Coro source proves it doesn't *have* to be reverted, unlike what was said by some people.
I don't see where I'm wrong. If you show me where, I will apologize. If you want to educate me, feel free to reach out to me directly instead of trying to make a public display of this. I assure you, I will publicly apologize if I see my mistake.]]>
But it's not going in core, no. At least, not initially.
If it goes into core, then even if right now today I had the code 100% ready and working, it would make it into 5.25.something, and the first real release you could use it with would be 5.26.
No, I'm building this initially as an XS module to live on CPAN. With any luck I'll be able to implement it entirely with the custom keyword features added in 5.16, meaning you could install and then use it on any perl as far back as 5.16. This therefore makes it much more useful; as it means it can work just fine on existing perl installs from today, last year,.. even four years ago.]]>


text:
3.0 stars 2 totalReview Scott Riddle
Posted by a client
Scott failed to communicate and keep me in the loop on numerous occasions. He is quick to assume clients are lying or withholding the truth. Personally, I understand in his line of work he may have had quite a few clients to lie to him but everyone isn't a liar. I feel as though he didn't fight for me thoroughly in court and in a sense seemed to side with my ex husband and his attorney when it came down to certain issues. He did everything he could to persuade me to take the settlement. I ended up hiring another attorney who represented me better. Attorney Scott has a lot of wisdom and knowledge but I felt as though he was consumed by different cases and how they have been played out rather than the facts of my case. It took him 9 months to file a motion for temporary child support and another 10 months before the case was finally settled.
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text:
foodTALK: Carissa Waechter and Katie Baldwin
Watch Steve Haweeli interview the wheat bread connection of the East End with Carissa Waechter and Katie Baldwin.
Watch Steve Haweeli interview the wheat bread connection of the East End with Carissa Waechter and Katie Baldwin.
It wasn't exactly a pulpit but George Gounelas, manager of the Old Stove Pub in Sagaponack, took the reins of the East End Chefs…
This Saturday, Edible will be at the James Beard Foundation's Chefs and Champagne at Wölffer Estate. Take one look at its menu and we have a feeling we'll see you there.
Weeding can be cathartic: the utter destruction, feeling a long stretchy root release the earth and come up in your hand.
Edible is on the road and Chef Plum is in the driver's seat. Where's he off to next?
Food Network favorite, Alex Guarnaschelli, will host Dan's Taste of Two Forks on Saturday, July 23, and then return to the Hamptons on August 5 for Carolines @ the Beach—a night of stand-up comedy—at Guild Hall.
Sommeliers from New York talk about how sustainability is as important as how a wine tastes. Long Island Sustainable Winegrowing helps them be sure.
We've got such a beautiful magazine coming out to accompany you on the hot lazy days of August at the beach or beside the pool. But we're having trouble choosing our cover and we want you to see them all. Take a minute and weigh in on your favorite.
Whether is original gansta or original Greenport, Greenport Harbor Brewing Company is trying something new.
The new bar, Zigmund's, will open July 25 and feature cocktails from the on-site garden.
From a plant that loves the sea, a rosemary margarita cocktail to sip by it.
In the kitchen garden of Leslie Rose Close in Bridgehampton.


text:
- Miss Florida 2017 stripped of crown days after win - US Weekly
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16 November 2011 at 7:19 PM
Mila Kunis Gets Ready for Marine Corps Ball?
About this photo set: Mila Kunis leaves a building carrying several garment bags on Tuesday (November 15) in Beverly Hills, Calif. The 28-year-old actress will be attending the Marine… Read More Here
Photo #: 2600944
Posted to Mila Kunis
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Jason Bartlett News
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Customer Reviews
Read reviews for this product
Posted 12/22/2014 at 7:05 PM by Christina
I really love the personalized ornament I ordered. We had one little problem with some incorrect spelling BUT I notified the company and it was taken care of ASAP. I received the new one before Xmas. Will order again from here.
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ARAMARK Correctional Services is looking for a Cook Supervisor for its Salt Lake County location at the Salt Lake County Jail....
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LINE COOK/PREP COOK. Specific Skills – Line Cook/Prep Cook:. Follow instructions of Manager on Duty or designated supervisor....
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AdvancePierre Foods - Enid, OK
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We are that company and we a looking for a kitchen supervisor. The perfect person for this position will have some management and leadership experience, be able...
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Alert Chef or direct supervisor to any food quality issues that could have an adverse effect on Pinehurst culinary operations....
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Clay Street Grill has kitchen openings for experienced kitchen supervisors, line cooks, and prep cooks. Weekend availability is required....
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Prep cooks will need to be able to read and comprehend prep sheets and kitchen supervisor instructions. For cooked preparations, it is essential that cooks can...


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Christine Peters needed to get her assistance dog, Brew, to a dog trainer every morning for a weeklong refresher course, but she doesn't own a car. When she checked bus schedules, she realized that it would take her at least two hours to make the round trip to the training facility, and she couldn't miss that much work.
"What was I going to do, give Brew a bus pass and tell him transfer when he gets to Lake Street?" she said.
She was joking.
Instead, she called Brew a taxi.
This time she wasn't joking.
Pet taxis that drive dogs and cats to appointments at veterinarians, groomers and pet day care centers have been around for a long time in places like New York City, where many people don't have cars. Now they're making inroads in the Twin Cities, where the notion of door-to-door animal shuttles is gaining traction.
"I started offering this service 10 years ago, but not many people would bite on it until recently," said Daniel Peleske, owner of Diggers Dog Walking (www.go-diggers.com). Now he has taxi runs about three days a week, sometimes as many as five.
The growth of the taxis is a byproduct of the surge in urban living, said Mike O'Dell, co-owner of Lucky Dog Pet Care (www.luckydogpetcare.com), which also includes a pet taxi among its services. More people are living in high-density residential areas where cars are less of a necessity than in the suburbs.
"We're seeing more and more people who don't have a car," he said. "They either take a taxi or walk everywhere they go."
City taxis — the kind that cater to humans — are supposed to let passengers take a pet with them if it's in an approved carrier, he said. "But a lot of pet owners get turned down because the drivers don't want animals in their cabs," he added. "They think the animals are dirty."
People who don't have the leeway to leave work for Fifi's appointments are another part of the growing market, Peleske said. One of his clients is a construction worker. When he was assigned to an early-morning shift that required him to start work before his regular doggy day care center opened, he arranged with Peleske to pick up his dog and deliver it to the center every weekday.
"He didn't want his dog sitting around home being bored," Peleske said.
That sort of intense interest in their pets is common among his clients. "These are people who care a lot about their dogs," he said. "They want to be there but can't be."
Growing awareness
Peters learned about Peleske's dog taxi from Brew's veterinarian.
"It hadn't occurred to me that there was such a thing" as a pet taxi, she admitted.
Vets have a mixed reaction to the taxis, said Kate Meyer, manager of Uptown Veterinarian.
"We'd much, much, much prefer to have the owner there with their pet because, as we're examining the animal, there are questions that come up," she said. "But if it's the only way to deal with it — if the owner is homebound or just can't be there — then it's necessary, obviously."
In fact, veterinarians occasionally find that they need to call a taxi service, O'Dell said.
"We get calls from vets who need animals moved from one clinic to another," he said. "A dog will need surgery, but they don't do surgery at that clinic. So they call us to drive it."
Dog taxis have become old hat to Jeff Woon, a trainer at the Canine Coach in Minneapolis. His training style fits well with their services. He spends a couple of hours working with the dog alone before being joined by the owner. As a result, many owners send the dog by itself to the start of the session.
Some of the requests that the taxis get are special ones. Lucky Dog Pet Care got one from a client who was coming home from a business trip and was so pumped up about seeing his dog that he wanted it to be picked up at the kennel and driven out to the airport to greet him.
Digger Dog Walking got a call asking to have a dog taken to a church, where it was serving as the ring-bearer in a wedding ceremony. Peleske delivered the dog, the dog delivered the ring and then Peleske rounded up the pooch and took it home again.
There are other forms of specialization. In addition to the standard pet taxi, Peleske offers a step-up service he calls a pet limo. "It's the pampered-pooch treatment," he said. The dog can bring along a favorite blanket or even its bed to ride in. The service also includes a text message sent to the owner every half-hour with updates on how the dog is doing at its appointment. "It's not just drop off and go," he said. For these clients, "everything is about their dog."
Pet taxi prices start at $20 for a one-way trip and are available seven days a week, holidays included. A day's notice is preferred, although they will make exceptions for emergencies. And while most of their fares are dogs, they do transport cats.
The drivers also won't complain if the passenger is a tad messy, especially if they can't help it.
"You can't mind the shedding," Peleske said. "I vacuum a lot."
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- Clinton turns to party's stars to quiet Democratic firestorm
- Black or white, the poor are trapped at the bottom
- FBI investigates DNC hacking; Clinton campaign blames Russia
- As a Republican businessman, my vote is for ... Clinton
- Loadholt retires, saying 'my body is telling me it's time'
- What happens to suburbs if Southwest light rail isn't built?


text:
Here's how Charlie Weis' juco gamble is looking so far
I talked earlier this year about how Kansas football coach Charlie Weis should embrace risk with this year's football team. If you remember, one high-risk, potentially high-reward tactic was loading his latest recruiting class with 19 junior-college scholarship players.
So is the gamble paying off? Because we now have the Week 1 depth chart, let's look at where each of those 19 players are now.
Starters (8)
• Ngalu Fusimalohi (LG)
• Mike Smithburg (RG)
• Zach Fondal (RT)
• Dexter McDonald (RC)
• Isaiah Johnson (SS)
• Samson Faifili (WLB)
• Cassius Sendish (FS)
• Trevor Pardula (KO, P)
Co-starter (1)
• Kevin Short (RC)
KU had significant offseason losses at offensive line and in the secondary, so it's not too surprising that six of the nine starters above fit into those two position groups. Looking at it now, Weis most likely identified those two spots as his team's biggest needs coming into the year, and so far, the new guys have produced enough in practice to give themselves the first shots at playing time.
Second team (5)
• Darrian Miller (H)
• Rodriguez Coleman (Z)
• Tedarian Johnson (LE/T)
• Brandon Hollomon (LC)
• Marquel Combs (N)
The surprise on this list — so far — is Marquel Combs, who was ranked the No. 1 junior-college player in the nation last year by ESPN.com. Though he still should get playing time as part of the defensive line rotation, it's at least a bit surprising he hasn't performed well enough to step into a starting role. If Combs turns out to be a better player in games than in practices, as Matt Tait suggests, then there's obviously a possibility he could move his way up the rotation in the coming weeks.
Injured/Will take red shirt (1)
• Marcus Jenkins-Moore (LB)
An offseason knee injury kept Jeninks-Moore — a juco teammate of Combs' — from competing for a starting spot at linebacker.
Likely red shirts (2)
• Andrew Bolton (DE)
• Mark Thomas (WR)
Bolton is recovering from a knee injury, so Weis said his preference was to red-shirt him this year. If he was fully healthy, he appeared to be a guy that could have helped the Jayhawks' D-line immediately.
No longer on roster (2)
• Chris Martin (Buck)
• Pearce Slater (OL)
Martin would most likely have been KU's best pass-rusher this season had off-field issues not led to his dismissal from the team. Slater, meanwhile, is listed on the roster of his old junior college (El Camino College) after spending a few days this fall practicing with the Jayhawks. Had he stuck around, he would have competed for a starting spot at tackle.
Here's the full breakdown of KU's 2013 juco scholarship players:
Almost half of the junior-college guys have earned starting spots, while nearly three-fourths are expected to contribute Week 1 against South Dakota.
Though not all of the juco guys have been success stories, you'd have to think this kind of roster overhaul is what Weis envisioned — and hoped for — when he inked so many experienced players a year ago.
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text:
Doggie Clothes - Motorcycle Jackets, Aviator Jackets, Gowns, Dresses!
Are you looking for high-end doggie clothes and dresses? We carry a full line of dog clothes you just don't find anywhere else including:
• Motorcycle jackets
• Aviator jackets with wool trim
• Evening gowns – formal gowns with matching leashes
• Summer dresses
• Sweatshirts
• Jerseys – Including NFL Chargers Jerseys!
Prices start at $15 and up.
We also carry a full line of collars, leashes, and harnesses at discount prices. Email if you are interested in seeing our collection!
Jul 20 -
Spring Valley
AKC Champion Black Toy Poodle Puppies - Top Qualty Show Lines
We currently have 2 toy poodle puppies available (1 girl and 1 boy) - Ready to go. AKC registered. Mom is an AKC champion, both grandparents are AKC champions, and grandfather was imported from Korea and a top show dog. Very well bred toy poodles. We are a small hobby, show exhibitor. If you are looking for extreme high quality and well bred, please contact us. Excellent Coat and Confirmation. Both parents are on site.
Jun 16 -
Spring Valley
Razors Edge American Bully For Sale
Available adult male. Carries some of the old school Razors Edge blood. He is a Suarez Bulls Victorious and Lil Ro grandson. Great personality, he's been raised around. Kids and other dogs. He is about 80-90 pounds and is UTD with shots and dewormings. He is ABKC registered. Please contact me for any questions.
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jul 12 -
San Marcos
Pocket American Tri Bully Puppies
I have a Litter of True Tri Bully Puppies that are ready to go to their new homes. Just turned 8 weeks on July 7th. They are healthy, been dewormed and have had two set of shots. First shot at 6 weeks and the second set at 8 weeks. They were born on May 13, 2016. I have Five Beautiful Pups, 3 Females and 2 Males for $1800. Dam is Rose and Sire is Casanova both are Production from ...
Jul 11 -
Spring Valley
baby bully
UKC register American Bully Puppies
2 Girls and 4 Boys. DOB 5/09/16
Both parents are black white & grey
Very happy, active puppies raised in house will be looking for their new homes @ 7/09/16 Will be UTD on shots
These puppies are raised in a loving home environment and are exposed to other dogs, cats, children, etc..
Jul 10 -
American Bully
UKC American Bully
UKC register American Bully Puppies
2 Girls and 4 Boys. DOB 5/09/16
Both parents are black white & grey
Very happy, active puppies raised in house will be looking for their new homes @ 7/09/16 Will be UTD on shots , worming and include a puppy kit along with their reg papers
For more information and or to place a deposit of $250 please call for more info
These ...
Jun 19 -
American Bullies
two blue and lilac females currently available off of tonka (ib haze x sbb southern luna) x blockworkbullies mr blue boy (darkvader x tazzy) haze, 2x miagi, rip dax, darkvader, phantom, goldmine, and many more!!! here in south florida with shipping available! contact us for further information- 305-807-2801 or 786-501-4009
Jun 16 -
San Diego
Bully male
He's 4m old is heavy Miagi blood ukc papers in hand. 5205760990
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jun 14 -
Chula Vista
American bully
Young male for sale just turned 1 still a pup mom and dad in the double picture
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jun 13 -
Chula Vista
Bullmastiff Pups
Nelson is out of Grand Champion True Grit's Shady Oak To Good To be True and Champion Abbey Roads Quite Riot. He comes from a long line of Champion Bullmastiffs. He was bred to our girl Contessa and we are now accepting deposits for pick spots out of this litter.
We specialize in producing impressive family companions and protectors.
Please, visit our website for more info on our dogs: ...
Jun 8 -
San Marcos
Bully pup
Young male pup for sale just turned 1 year rizzy moonshine plus many more on pedigree
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jun 7 -
Chula Vista
"Rumplestiltskin daughter up for grabs! Ukc registered she is off toadline rumplestiltskin x fizgig going on 10 months old!! $3000 OBO call or text for more info 951 232 07 four seven
This ad was posted with the eBay Classifieds mobile app.
Jul 25 -
Inland Empire :
Shanti is a friendly, playful and energetic bully. She has been around kids under ten since birth. She knows basic commands and needs refresher house training. She has all shots and records with pedigree information from AKC. She is intact. She is good around other dogs. Very playful and loves water.31-35lbs. In need of active family or adult that can give much affection and time ...
Jul 25 -
Los Angeles :
I got 1 male bully 4 sale at a great price $$$ his off MA boii KING DUKE X SHADY 4x bullseye miagi blood hmu for more info 5623347108
Jul 24 -
Los Angeles :
Los Angeles
8 weeks old ..cropped ears 2 males available. Stocky boys with thick bones and big heads
Located in Riverside CA
Any questions call (909)709-9843
Jul 24 -
Inland Empire :
Cujo is available for approved females. Will consider a few pup back deals. This boy is muscular, bully, and correct!
Mainly Razors Edge bloodline
for more info call (909)709-9843 (Serrano Pits ..on Facebook)
Located in Riverside
Jul 20 -
Los Angeles :
Los Angeles
Have 2 bullies pups for sale
4xmiagi lil rambo phemon pups 2 mths old if interest call or text at 209-898-3928
Jul 19 -
Lake Havasu City :
2 American Bully females
Sire Immortals Hulk a Direct Gr.Ch. Dax son.
Dam Assasin's Lizzie Borden is a Gr.Ch Dax grand daughter and a Gr.Ch. Beastro daughter
Both parents are pocket
Price includes deworming, vaccination, health certificate, and abkc reg.
Shipping is always available
Blue $2000
White $2200
909-837-0917 or 909-571-1795
Call/Text for more information
Jul 17 -
Inland Empire :
AKC French and English Bulldogs puppys we have two different litters pure breed French bulldog and pure breed English bulldog top bloodlines champion line most see .. 2 females and two males left out of a litter of 8 French blue pied ,blue fawn ,black white with slight touches of brindle in coat .and English Bulldogs 1 male black tan tri all the right tan points short stocky bully also there ...
Jul 17 -
Inland Empire :
Have 2 females available. Razor Edge and GottiLine blood. Will be ready for rehoming when they reach 8 weeks old. Currently 4 weeks rite now. They will be up to date with vaccine record. and be UKC registered. Sire is standard Dam is pocket. Sire= Grimm Razor Edge Dam=Lucille Bull Gotti/Edge call or text 3235426zerosixfour English/Spanish
Jul 16 -
Los Angeles :
Los Angeles
I have a male UKC registered Bully puppy for sale . All his shots are up to date.. He is a must see in person pup is 9 weeks old and will be XL call or text for info 310)908-9977
Jul 16 -
Orange County :
Amazing Bully pups!!!
Will come with shots and dewoming. UKC registered
Stocky pups with big heads and thick boned. Ears cropped
Parents are in 1st picture
For any questions call (909)709-9843
Located in Riverside CA
Jul 16 -
Los Angeles :
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19 August 2015
The private equity unit of diversified financial services company Aequitas Capital has made a growth investment in credit card-linked consumer offers service Mogl.
Read full story
5 May 2015
Private equity firm Aequitas Capital appears to have closed its Capital Opportunities Fund after passing the $100m target, AltAssets can reveal.
5 September 2014
Alternative asset manager Aequitas Capital has hired former Goldman Sachs executive Thomas Goila as senior managing director of private equity and private credit.
12 May 2014
Private equity firm Aequitas Capital has secured the first commitments for its $100m-targeting fund, AltAssets has learned.
29 April 2014
Investment firm Aequitas Capital has appointed wealth management executive Keith Gregg as president of its new investment and advisor operating division Aequitas Capital Partners.
8 April 2014
Private equity firm Aequitas Capital is reportedly nearing a first close for its latest fund.
The outlook for infrastructure private equity and venture industry - from the latest AltAssets' LP-GP Forum
David Valger, founder of DVO Real Estate, believes he has found a gap in the market for investing in Class B US real estate – a segment he says is always in demand
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On July 19, the District 205 Board of Education confirmed Mary Baum as the next Assistant Superintendent for Learning and Teaching, succeeding Dr. Michelle Fitzgerald. Ms. Baum has served as the principal of Mill Street Elementary School in Naperville District 203 for the past four years. She will begin her duties in Elmhurst on Wednesday, August 3.
The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) has announced that it will provide the College Board's SAT exam, including a writing component, at no cost to all public high school juniors during the 2016-17 school year. The SAT will replace the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC) assessment as the high school accountability exam in Illinois.
On May 24, 2016, the Board of Education voted to approve a Memorandum of Agreement with the Elmhurst Teachers' Council. The basis of this proposed agreement will clarify contract language regarding the Student Late Arrival days at all grade levels. The purpose of the change is to enhance the collaborative and educational instructional practice of our teachers in order to have a deeper impact on student learning and growth.
Due to the fact that District 205 uses the same bus company to transport students at all three levels – elementary, middle school and high school, there is some extra time built in to the Student Late Arrival days to allow for busing needs. Regular start times will remain the same as they were in 2015-16.
Below is a link to the updated 2016-17 (printable) calendar.
When the York High School Bookstore manager retired, taking with her more than 25 years of institutional knowledge, Elmhurst District 205 decided to issue a Request for Proposals (RFP) for bookstore management services, due to the following factors:
On May 10, 2016, based on its RFP, Beck's Book Store – a family owned and operated Chicago-area company – was awarded the opportunity to operate the York Community High School bookstore beginning now through September 2019. Beck's has served a wide spectrum of educational institutions in the Chicago area for over 60 years. Parents and students can expect:
Beck's will begin its contract with Elmhurst District 205 by providing course materials to York Summer School students starting Wednesday, June 1st at York High School.
Beck's immediate goals are to increase digital content and decrease the cost of printed textbooks. Beck's plans to lower the cost of course materials by using dynamic procurement methods. Their textbook management staff evaluates the average cost of textbooks (purchased from student buyback, online retailers, publishers and wholesalers). A given book is then priced according to both the contractual agreement and online competition, with the savings passed on to York families.
District 205 Food Services will continue to accept payments with MySchoolBucks®! This online payment service provides a quick and easy way to add money to your student's meal account using a credit/debit card or electronic check. You can also view recent purchases, check balances and set up low balance alerts for free.
MySchoolBucks provides:
Enrollment is easy!
1. Go to www.MySchoolBucks.com and register for a free account.
2. Add your students, using their school name and student ID.
3. Make a payment to your students' accounts with your credit/debit card or electronic check. A program fee may apply. You will have the opportunity to review any fees and cancel if you choose, before you are charged.
If you have any questions, please contact MySchoolBucks directly:
Is there a new family in your neighborhood? Please let them know that families should enroll new students beginning Tuesday, July 12 at the District 205 Center. Information about documentation needed for enrolling students can be found on the New Student Enrollment page.
July 12, 8 a.m. - noon
July 14, noon - 4 p.m.
July 18, 8 a.m. - noon
July 20, noon - 4 p.m.
July 22, 8 a.m. - noon
July 26, noon - 4 p.m.
July 27, 8 a.m. - noon
July 28, noon - 4 p.m.
Grades 9-12:
Vision Statement
Elmhurst Community Unit School District 205 will be a national leader in educating children of all backgrounds and ability levels, promoting high individual student achievement. The district will incorporate student-centered decision-making, the highest academic standards, best practices in education, the highest caliber educational professionals, and leading edge resources to ensure an equitable education for all and success in a global society.
I'm looking for...
District 205 Foundation
District Calendar/Events
Contact us!
Visit Focus205.org to view Community Engagement Sessions (verbatim and video)
Mission Statement
The mission of Elmhurst Community Unit School District 205 is to meet the educational needs of all students, challenging each to his or her full potential and ensuring a foundation for future success in life.
Elmhurst Community Unit School District 205 currently serves more than 8,000 students who reside primarily in the City of Elmhurst and small portions of Oak Brook, Bensenville and Addison. Approximately 93 percent of students live in Elmhurst with the remainder living outside of the City, but within the District 205 boundaries.


text:
Ranking the top MLS players in the World Cup
See the list » 15 items « Previous List
Associated Press
The 2014 World Cup was a fantastic one for Major League Soccer. Twenty-two players made World Cup rosters — up from just six in 2008. They have not disappointed. Many — including RSL's Kyle Beckerman — showed the world that MLS is a league on the rise.
Whose stock went up? Who struggled?
We ranked the 15 players who have played during group play and Round of 16 in Brazil.
See the list » 15 items « Previous List
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Free personalized radio that
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Features of This Trackelectronica roots
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synth riffs
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effected synths
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These are just a few of the hundreds of attributes cataloged for this track by the Music Genome Project.show more
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Do long DVI extension cables degrade video quality?
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Men's R-Gear Event TeeItem #RRM1102
VIP:$8.99 Get This Price
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Product Description:
Men's ROAD RUNNER SPORTS EVENT TEE :: Suit-up your team, or just get it for yourself, either way you'll quickly see that this not-so-basic tee is a true winner. The Men's ROAD RUNNER SPORTS Event Tee is ideal for printing team logos on, or just as a super versatile addition to your everyday attire. You're sure to be psyched on the simple crew design and soft comfort, and you'll stay dry and sweat-mark free in the Event Tee, compliments of its powerful moisture-wicking properties.
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nice looking and comfortable- true to size
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Comments about R-Gear Mens ROAD RUNNER SPORTS Event Tee Short Sleeve Technical Tops:
Collar is a little higher/narrower than other tees I have but not a problem, just anobservation. comfortable feel during workouts. Would definately purchase again.
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Used to create team shirts
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text:
If You Bet with Paddy Power that GOP Would Take the House, Collect Your Winnings Quickly
**Written by Doug Powers
This is a bit premature, but still, the gambling world is a good indicator of what will come to pass in almost any situation, because people are betting using their own knowledge, experience, unbiased data, and most importantly, their own money. Ask Joe Biden if he'll put a million dollars worth of stimulus funds on the Democrats to retain the House and you'll get a resounding "absolutely" — ask him to put $50 of his own cash on it and he'll call you a smartass and walk away.
From the Washington Times:
Saying there's no way Democrats can keep control of the House, Ireland's largest bookie on Wednesday said it has already paid off all bettors who wagered the GOP would capture the chamber.
"In our opinion this race is well and truly over with nothing short of a miracle stopping the Republicans taking down the House," said Ken Robertson, communications manager for Paddy Power, the Irish bookmaker.
Mr. Robertson said the odds had tipped so much in Republicans' favor it made no sense to continue taking bets. In July Democrats were favored 8-11 to keep control, but by Wednesday the GOP was favored 1-50, meaning it would take a bet of $50 would win just an addition $1.
Other bookmakers are heeding the words of PT Barnum in the hopes that gamblers with money to burn and the hopelessly optimistic mindset of Biden and Pelosi are still out there:
Other overseas bookies are still taking bets on control of the House. Victor Chandler betting house, for example, gives the GOP 1-25 odds while Betfair gives them 1-10 odds.
If you'd like to put your money where Biden and Pelosi's mouths are, just go to the window at Betfair and say "Plugs and Blinky in the 2nd" — they'll know what it means.
Republicans, don't get cocky. Last year, before the PGA Championship was even over, Paddy Power had an early payout of $2.5 million assuming Tiger Woods had it won. He lost.
**Written by Doug Powers
Twitter @ThePowersThatBe
Dems stand inside area protected by yuge fence and call for 'bridges, not walls'
July 26, 2016 01:11 PM by Doug Powers
Bernie Sanders: America shouldn't be an oligarchy, so elect another Clinton!
July 26, 2016 09:06 AM by Doug Powers
Brace for spit-take: Hillary Clinton complains about being held to a higher standard than everybody else
July 25, 2016 12:16 PM by Doug Powers
John Kerry escalates war on ISIS-like refrigeration; DNC may keep DWS in undisclosed location for convention (Open thread)
July 24, 2016 09:36 AM by Doug Powers
Now that most of it has mysteriously disappeared, Hillary wants us to review her record
July 22, 2016 02:22 PM by Doug Powers
Categories: 2016 Campaign, Corruption, Democrats, Hillary Clinton


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Update of /cvsroot/oprofile/CVSROOT
In directory sc8-pr-cvs1:/tmp/cvs-serv26875
Modified Files:
Log Message:
green for branch
Index: cia
RCS file: /cvsroot/oprofile/CVSROOT/cia,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -p -d -r1.8 -r1.9
--- cia 11 Jun 2003 19:01:18 -0000 1.8
+++ cia 11 Jun 2003 19:03:38 -0000 1.9
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ fi
module=`echo $1 | cut -d/ -f1`
if test -n "$branch"; then
- branch="(branch {red}$branch{normal})"
+ branch=" ({green}$branch{normal})"
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Fleece Friday: Take 15% off 1+ yards of Fleece Fabric Through 11:59 PM EDT July 29th.
Preview scale: 21.0 x 18.0 inches

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