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Vuoi imparare l'italiano?
The Library is pleased to offer Rocket Languages, a great new way to learn a new language. Simply click on the button and register using your Uxbridge Library barcode!
Some of the Many New Books Arriving in July 2016
Grunt by Mary Roach
All In by Simona Ahrnstedt (translated by Tara Chace)
All is not Forgotten by Wendy Walker
Among the Wicked by Linda Castillo
The Black Widow by Daniel Silva
A Certain Age by Beatriz Williams
AMAZONSMILE is here!
The Uxbridge Library is now a participant in the Amazon Smile Foundation. The program will donate 0.5% of the purchase price from customers' eligible AmazonSmile purchases to the Friends of the Library. The purchase price for each item is the sale price, excluding shipping, handling, gift-wrapping fees, taxes and service charges, and less any rebates. Certain items are ineligible for this program.
Click here to access Amazon and support the library!
Friends Membership
The Friends of the Uxbridge Library are looking for members!. Please consider joining the Friends and help support the museums pass program, summer program and many other worthwhile endeavors that the Friends are a part of. Membership forms are available to download on the Friends Tab of this page.
Bi-Monthly Knitting Group
Calling all knitters and crochet lovers! The library offers a knitting and crocheting group. All skill levels are invited to join this lively group. Next meetings are at 1:30PM on July 28, August 11 & 25, September 8 & 22 , and October 6 & 20.
We're Mobile!
Click on or scan this image to access the mobile version of our website!
Make a Tax Deductible Contribution to the Library!
The Library's mission is "to serve the town of Uxbridge as a center for education, culture, recreation and information". This past year the Library offered over one hundred programs for children, teens and adults in the community, many of them sponsored by the Library Board of Trustees or the Friends of the Library. If you would like to make a tax-deductible donation towards future programming, please send contributions to the Library Board of Trustees or the Friends of the Library with "Programs" in the notation field.
Thank you for your support!
Is held every
We supply the LEGO's just bring your building plate.
Food Pantry Donations Needed
Please add some non-perishables to the food pantry collection box on the first floor
Middle School Read and Run Program with Jake
Thursday, August 11th at 6PM
Additional session. Next session after this is on August 25th.
Overdrive Demo Unit
Come see what is available in e-books and e-audio books
For July, August, and September we will have this fun Overdrive Demo unit for exploring all kinds of e-books and e-audio books. Use the touch screen to look at what is popular, available now, and much more. You can even use it to send yourself a link to the books you want.
Writing Group
August 1st, Monday, at 6PM
Join us at the Uxbridge Free Public Library, Monday, August 1st , at 6:00 PM for a Creative Writing workshop with Zach Parrish.
The first Monday of each month, we will discuss themes in writing and work on our own pieces of fiction.
Students and adults are welcome to attend. Hope to see you there!
Yoga with Marise
Mondays, at 7PM
Sign-up required. Please call or stop by to sign up.
Tai Chi
July 28 ~Thursdays at 6:30PM
Have you ever seen people in the park or on TV performing the flowing movements called Tai-Chi? Come check out the FUN on Thursday nights at 6:30 with Ron Allen, Tai-Chi Instructor. Some of the benefits are better balance, reduced stress, and increased body mind & spirit health.
Please sign-up for this free program sponsored by our Uxbridge Library Trustees.
Depending on weather, the Tai Chi class may be held in the back yard at the Library.
Meditation Group
July 28th and all Thursdays in August at 6:30PM
Benefits of meditation~ Reduces pain, feelings of depression and anxiety, anger, and confusion. Increases blood flow and slows the heart. Provides a sense of calm, peace, and balance. Helps reverse heart disease, control thoughts, increase energy, and reduce stress.
All are welcome to attend this free program organized and run by volunteers. Sign up at the library is encouraged.
All are welcome to attend this free program organized and run by volunteers. Sign up at the library is encouraged.
Sit and Knit
July 28th at 1:30PM
Come to knit or crochet at the library. Enjoy company and conversation with other creative people.
Uxbridge Police Department~ Uxbridge Unites in Summer Reading Event
Wednesday, August 3rd, at 10AM
Join us at the Police Department to enjoy a story read by the Chief and to learn about the police department.
Free, drop-in program for children and their families.
*Uxbridge Unites in Summer Reading is a community partnership program. Partners are the locations for each event, Beginning Bridges CFCE, The Uxbridge Public Schools, and the Uxbridge Free Public Library.
Chair Yoga with David Tapscot
August 4 & August 25 at 6:30PM
Please sign up for this program. Thank you to the Library Trustees for sponsoring Chair Yoga.
Updated Facebook Page
Deb Hudgins "Teddy Bear Jamboree"
Tuesday, August 9 at 11AM
Bring your favorite teddy bear and join Deb Hudgins for songs and stories in the Children's Room for this free, drop-in program that is sponsored by UxbridgeLibrary Trusteees
School Supply Drive Bin in the Children's Room
Until August 18, Girl Scout Troop 11900 is collecting~
Now through August 18thBackpacks
We are collecting NEW school items for local needy children:
We are collecting NEW school items for local needy children:
Lunch boxesWe want to make sure children are going back to school with everything they need to be the very best they can be!
Glue Sticks
Colored Pencils
Pencil Cases
Glue Sticks
Colored Pencils
Pencil Cases
Questions? Contact Jocelyn Murzycki – Troop Co-leader – firstname.lastname@example.com
Join us for an Appreciative Inquiry into the Future
Monday, August 22nd, at 6PM
We are going to have a postive discussion facilitated by Carol Richmond who has a PhD in Organizational Learning and Instructional Technology. For all interested we will soon have copies of "The Thin Book of Appreciative Inquiry" by Sue Annis Hammond, available for checkout.
Teen Advisory Board Meeting
Thursday, August 11th at 6PM
Going into grades 6-12? Join us while we talk about the upcoming school year and programs you would like to have at the library. Snacks will be provided. If possible, let us know that you are coming to the meeting.
Calling all Future Middle School Cross Country Runners
Sign-up for 2 remaining special workshops
Middle School Summer Running Program with Jake Murray
This program is free and open to all 2016 McCloskey Middle School Cross Country athletes. No running experience required. All participants are encouraged to register for a free Uxbridge Library card to obtain a running log and checkout suggested reading materials.
Thursday, August 11 @ 6:00pm
Thursday, August 25 @ 6:00pm
Running Log Review & Goal Assessment
The 2016 Cross Country Season
Movie & Popcorn: MacFarland USA
This program is free and open to all 2016 McCloskey Middle School Cross Country athletes. No running experience required. All participants are encouraged to register for a free Uxbridge Library card to obtain a running log and checkout suggested reading materials.
Thursday, August 11 @ 6:00pm
Thursday, August 25 @ 6:00pm
Running Log Review & Goal Assessment
The 2016 Cross Country Season
Movie & Popcorn: MacFarland USA
Card Making with Susan Bedard
August 25, Thursday, 6:30PM
Please sign-up for this free program sponsored by the Library Trustees and Library Staff.
Get creative and get social, come to join us and walk away with cards to give away.
Book Club~ The Bookies~ Open to all
August 25, 2016 at 2PM
We will discuss books we each enjoyed reading. We will all read "Murder on the Orient Express" by Agatha Christie for the August 25th meeting.
Copies are available at the Adult Circulation Desk.
Page Turners Monthly Book Club
Join this lively afternoon book presentation & discussion group.
August 30 at 3 PM in the Adult Reading Room (2nd floor).
This is a free, drop-in program open to all. Light refreshments will be served. Please contact Ann at 508-278-8621x100 for more information.
American Music Appreciation with Frank Ruscitti has been canceled
We are sorry, Frank Ruscitti is not able to continue with this program.
Summer Reading is in full swing!
Weekly prizes provided by the Friends of the Library
Come on over the Uxbridge Free Public Library to see what's new for materials and programs.
We have many new books in the Children's Room thanks to the Caryn Rose Werthman Fund.
Thank you Lenze Corporation
For donating new Dr. Seuss Books and DVDs to our Library Collection!
Katie Fenton, Deb Auger, Tina Cavalieri, and Deb Kling
Thank you to the Friends of the Uxbridge Free Library
Saturday's Downton Abbey Tea was a lovely time!
Thank you to all who attended! It was great to have JoAnn Cohen Vaida taking professional photographs and Lynn Shannon with sister Lisa who brought the tablecloths and her props with photo background set up!
The Red Hat Society of Mendon in attendance had the loveliest hats and tea cups!
Thank you to Mark Francis, Library Trustee Chairman, who supplied the tables and chairs for the event!
The Red Hat Society of Mendon in attendance had the loveliest hats and tea cups!
Thank you to Mark Francis, Library Trustee Chairman, who supplied the tables and chairs for the event!
Missing some leaves from the Family Tree?
Facilitated by Mike Potaski
Are you interested in Genealogy and Family History? Have you wondered how to start, where to go for assistance as you navigate the maze of Internet information? Mike Postaski will be available most Saturday mornings from 10am-noon to help beginners get started and advise other researchers who are running into difficulties gathering information. These sessions are free and open to the public. Please call ahead to check if he will be available.
He can also be contacted by email: email@example.com
Homebound Delivery Service
The library has a homebound service program in place that allows patrons who are unable to travel to the library due to medical conditions to receive home delivery of library materials.
In order to qualify for this door-to-door delivery and pickup service of materials, an applicant must live within the town of Uxbridge, MA and possess a valid Uxbridge Free Public Library card in good standing.
Please note that at this time the library has a limited amount of volunteers and we will do our best to accommodate the needs of the patron.
Call (508)278-8624 x101 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.


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All hotels in Evergreen, Alabama, United States of America
1 room, 2 adults
215 Highway 83, Evergreen, AL, 36401, United States of America, 855-239-9479
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Lowest price$64
Best Price Guarantee
No-frills hotel in Evergreen
- Free continental breakfast and free parking
Main amenities
- 40 guestrooms
- 24-hour front desk
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- Air conditioning
- Self-serve laundry
For families
- Microwave
- Refrigerator
- Laundry facilities
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Coffee/tea maker
What's around
- Reid State Technical College (0.4 mi / 0.6 km)
- Morgans Pond (1.6 mi / 2.5 km)
- Evergreen City Hall (2.2 mi / 3.6 km)
- Country Club of Brewton (25.7 mi / 41.4 km)
- Brewton Heights Shopping Center (27.2 mi / 43.9 km)
See all 34 Hotels.com reviews
Value for money
Best value for money
Service is adequate
Room is all right
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3.5
From 14 reviews
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Hotel Info: 855-239-9479from $64
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
- Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed
Also popular with travelers from the USA
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 40 rooms
- Check-in time starts at noon
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (18 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets not allowed
- Pets allowed
- Free self parking
- RV/bus/truck parking
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Free continental breakfast
- Coffee/tea in a common area
- 24-hour front desk
- Laundry facilities
In the room
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- In-room climate control (air conditioning)
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Freshen up
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Be entertained
- Pay movies
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Stay connected
- Free local calls
Food and drink
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Nearby hotels
Recent reviews
Good 3.5 /5 from 34 reviews
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Skimpy breafast offerings!
The complementary breakfast was meager. You had to ask for everything as it ran out. This appears to be a cost saving measure to discourage people from utilizing the "free" breakfast.
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Good Stay, Nothing to Complain About
Left too early to check out the breakfast because of early work schedule. Room was comfortable, clean, cold air. A little pricey for the condition & area, but best deal of all area hotels.
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Adequate, but dingy
Pretty dingy inside, and I'm not all that fussy. Bed was comfy. Clerk was efficient, but terse. Adequate breakfast bar. Worked for overnight sleep. Convenient to highway.
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
No ac
No air conditioning in the room
Econo Lodge Inn & Suites, Evergreen
Easy access and quick stay
Overall no major problems with this hotel. My parents whom stayed in another room said they're room was dirty. This room wasn't expensive and you get what you pay for.
Is the description of this hotel not correct? Tell us

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Rental Classifications
Apartments, Unfurnished
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Sunny 1 Bd 1 ba end unit apt in small 3 unit complex. Remodeled, refrig., gas range, microwave, hardwood flrs, plantation shutters, ex storage,W/D, Central heat/AC. Garage. NS/NP. $2,400 + dep. 805-845-8983 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Goleta-Upst. Corner Unit & Deck Very spacious 2 bed + 2 bathroms. Fresh paint, new carpet, mtn. views! Very lg. deck! 2 prkng spaces, lndry! $2295 Karen Lacks & Co. Real Estate CalBRE# 00576880 684-RENT X 700 www.klacks.com
Summer Move-in Special $1140. 1bd, Barbara Apts, corner of Hope & San Remo Dr. in North State St. area. Quiet & immaculately clean. No pets. Call 687-0610.
Summer Move-in Special 1bd near Cottage Hospital at 519 West Alamar. Beautiful setting among oak trees across the street from Oak Park. No Pets. $1140. Call Cristina 687-0915.
Summer Move-in Special 2 BR $1800, 3 BR flat or 3 BR townhouses Rent $2310. Pool, day care center, 2 laundry rooms, off street parking. Near shopping, business, restaurants, theaters and UCSB. We pay gas, water, sewer, & trash. NP. Pay only first month rent and security deposit at move in. Call Sesame Tree 968-2549
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This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
Michael Woolcock
It is hardly possible to overrate the value...of placing human beings in contact with persons dissimilar to themselves, and with modes of thought and action unlike those with which they are familiar... Such communication has always been, and is peculiarly in the present age, one of the primary sources of progress. John Stuart Mill
This paper provides a brief introduction to the recent theoretical and empirical literature on social capital as it pertains to economic development issues, with a particular focus on its significance for OECD countries. In so doing it seeks to address three specific questions: (1) How are social capital, human capital, and social capability related to one another?; (2) How can social capital be measured?; and (3) How might existing economic growth models give more adequate attention to social capital? The paper proceeds as follows. I begin by examining the remarkable resurgence of interest in the social dimensions of development in general, and the idea of social capital in particular. This is followed by a basic primer on social capital and a brief survey of the empirical evidence in support of key hypotheses pertaining to economic development, especially the relationship between informal and formal institutions and their collective capacity to manage risk. Next, I provide a response to several of the criticisms leveled at social capital. I then explore the implications of a general theory of social capital for economic growth and well-being
Development Research Group, The World Bank, and Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. This paper draws on Woolcock (2000) and Woolcock and Narayan (2000). My thanks to Thomas Healy and Sylvain Cote for comments on an earlier draft. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author, and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its executive directors, or the countries they represent.
in OECD countries. I conclude by calling for a renewed commitment to interdisciplinary and multi-method research on development issues, for keeping debates on social capital focused on the evidence, and for an appreciation that even a relatively parsimonious conceptualization of social capital has a range of important implications for practitioners and policymakers seeking to cultivate a more productive and inclusive economy.
1. The Decline and Rise of the Social Dimensions of Development In the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in the social and institutional dimensions of economic development (World Bank 1997, 2000a). Work in this field was pioneered by Hirschman (1958) and Adelman and Morris (1967), but in general the issues they had raised so poignantly were crowded out until the late 1980s. During the 1970s and 1980s, Cold War rhetoric and ideological dichotomies (state planning versus free markets) dominated development discourse in First and Second World countries, while elites in the Third World (and many of their western scholarly counterparts) tended to blame forces beyond their borders for poor domestic performance.2 For more than forty years, then, the role of national and local institutions — political, legal, and social — were largely neglected.3 A number of geo-political factors contributed to the turnaround in the 1990s, most prominent among them being the fall of communism, the ostensible difficulties of creating market institutions in transitional economies, the financial crises in Mexico, East Asia, Russia, and Brazil, and the enduring scourge of poverty in even the most prosperous economies. Meanwhile, policymakers, foreign investors, and aid agencies alike finally began to recognize that corruption, far from "greasing the wheels" in weak
To be sure, the power of wealthy nations, corporations, and individuals to exert a disproportionate degree of influence in developing countries remains an important issue, but in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s the myopic focus by dependency theorists on these "external forces" trumped most serious efforts to examine "internal conditions." Modernization theorists raised some of these concerns, but largely in unhelpful ways, e.g. examining national or ethnic "cultural traits" or levels of "achievement motivation," which they believed were reflected in patterns and degrees of development. For a review of the more recent literature on culture and development, see Alkire, Rao, and Woolcock (2000). 3 Even today, it is the rare development economics textbook that contains a single index entry for "institutions", "communities," or even "corruption." "Governments," where discussed at all, are usually portrayed as rentseeking and/or price distorting entities capable of few positive or proactive contributions to society other than the provision or protection of essential public goods.
institutional environments, was in fact imposing serious and measurable net costs (World Bank 1998). Faced with the glaring evidence that orthodox theories had neither anticipated these difficulties nor offered safe passage through them once encountered, attention returned to the social and institutional aspects. This was the demand side of the story. On the supply side, a remarkable series of publications combined to give social scientists greater confidence to address these long-neglected themes. In economics, Nobel laureate Douglass North (1990) argued that formal and informal institutions (the legal structures and normative "rules of the game") were crucial to understanding economic performance.4 In political science, Robert Putnam (1993) showed that the density and scope of local civic associations laid the foundations for the widespread dissemination of information and social trust, thereby creating the conditions underpinning effective governance and economic development (see also Fukuyama 1995).5 In sociology, Peter Evans (1992, 1995) demonstrated that whether a state was "developmental" or "predatory" was crucially dependent on both the capacity of its public institutions and the nature of state-society relations.6 By the late 1990s, the development literature on institutional capacity, social networks, and community participation inspired by these works began to coalesce around a general framework loosely held together by the idea of "social capital."7
2. What is social capital? How does if differ from human capital and social capability?
"It's not what you know, it's who you know." This common aphorism sums up much of the conventional wisdom regarding social capital. It is wisdom born of our experience that
The pioneering work of Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, and Mancur Olson on (respectively) incomplete information, human development, and institutional rigidities was also influential (see, only most recently, Stiglitz 1998, Sen 1999, and Olson 2000). 5 Elinor Ostrom (1990) and Norman Uphoff (1992) also made influential contributions through their work on the importance of social relations to the maintenance of common property resources (especially the management of watersheds in developing countries). 6 For comparable innovative work in anthropology, see Singerman (1995) and Ensminger (1996).
and volunteering on community projects. Intuitively.. residents of inner city ghettoes find themselves trapped in low-wage jobs (Loury 7 See Woolcock (1998) for an overview of the intellectual history of social capital. Less instrumentally. and/or leveraged for material gain. friends. Office workers. participating in religious gatherings." i. fear being "left out of the loop" on important decisions. one that can be called upon in a crisis. and/or take advantage of new opportunities (Isham 1999). only too aware that a child's intelligence and motivation are not enough to ensure a bright future. sharing meals with friends. Without access to employment information networks. we know it is our friends and family who constitute the final "safety net. resolve disputes (Schafft and Brown 2000). Extensive social capital citations 3 . moreover. some of our happiest and most rewarding hours are spent talking with neighbors. that close competitions for jobs and contracts are usually won by those with "friends in high places." When we fall upon hard times. Conversely. ones that could be used to secure good jobs and decent housing (Wilson 1996).e." Conscientious parents devote hours of time to the school board and to helping their kids with homework.gaining membership to exclusive clubs requires inside contacts. Narayan 1997). then. ambitious professionals recognize that getting ahead in a new venture typically requires an active commitment to "networking. the absence of social ties can have an equally important impact. is that one is not a member of — or is even actively excluded from — certain social networks and institutions. for example. Those communities endowed with a rich stock of social networks and civic associations will be in a stronger position to confront poverty and vulnerability (Moser 1996. the basic idea of "social capital" is that one's family. enjoyed for its own sake. to creating the social connections they currently lack. and associates constitute an important asset. A defining feature of being poor.
worry their teenage children will "fall in with the wrong crowd. where such ties are lacking. More onerously. Similarly. for example. There is also anecdotal evidence to suggest that in many poor communities. however.1977). while men have access to more extensive "innovation" networks (Goldstein 1999). conflict is addressed constructively and rarely descends into violence. They acknowledge that social capital has costs as well as benefits. where poor entrepreneurs are shown to have a limited and circumscribed set of "protection" networks. In our everyday language and life experiences. Barr (1998) reports similar findings from work on firms in Africa. such as associations that bring together Hindus and Muslims in India. many countries and organizations (including the World Bank) have nepotism laws. Varshney (2000) shows that where there are cross-cutting ties to connect different groups. For members of cults. At the institutional level. while the non-poor have a more diverse set of "innovation" networks (see also Fafchamps and Minten 1999). there are no established channels for dealing with difference. in short. for example. Townsend 1994). in explicit recognition that personal connections can be used to unfairly discriminate. diffuse sets of social ties are crucial to the provision of informal insurance mechanisms (Coate and Ravallion 1993. group loyalties may be so binding that attempts to leave result in death.8 Most parents. some successful members of immigrant communities have reportedly Anglocized their names in order to divest themselves of obligations to support subsequent cohorts (Portes and Sensenbrenner 1993). drug cartels. an early criticism of the social capital literature was that it failed to appreciate the forms and consequences of these costs. Indeed. women primarily possess the intensive "protection" networks. Intuition and everyday language also recognize an additional feature of social capital. 8 in fields other than development are presented in Woolcock (1998) and Foley and Edwards (1999). and terrorist organizations may impose enormous burdens on society as a whole (Rubio 1997). we find that the social ties we have can be both a blessing and a blight. and corrupt. that social ties can be a liability as well as an asset. the destructive acts of hate groups." that peer pressure and a strong desire for acceptance will induce them to take up harmful habits. distort. 4 .
and be more efficient in completing assigned tasks. biotechnology. The classical economists identified land. In the OECD countries. Fernandez. Wenger and Snyder 2000). Castilla and Moore 2000). The most compelling empirical evidence in support of the social capital thesis comes from household and community level (i. receive higher salaries. and exchanges among neighbors. drawing on sophisticated measures of community networks. live longer. and happy. Gittell and Vidal 1998. Sampson. the well-connected are more likely to be hired. they are more likely to be promoted faster. controlling for other key variables. Kawachi and Berkman 2000) and corporate life (Meyerson 1994. public health (Kawachi. tools and technology) as the three basic factors shaping economic growth. Kennedy and Glass 1999. the nature and extent of civic participation. Morenhoff and Earls 1999). Burt 2000. Specifically. Social capital has entered debates about economic performance on its ambitious claim to constituting an independent — and hitherto under-appreciated — factor of production. and physical capital (i. innovative policies to facilitate their emergence need to be given serious consideration. Lesser 2000. "micro") studies. and software industries (e. These features of social capital are well documented by the empirical evidence. healthy.e. miss fewer days of work. To the extent that local and regional growth performance is driven by these types of alliances. labor.e. An increasingly large number of studies — drawing on an intellectual tradition going back to Smith and Marshall — also explore the role of "communities of practice" within and strategic alliances between firms. especially in the finance.g. and have important implications for economic development and poverty reduction. the most comprehensive findings have emerged from urban studies (e. be favorably evaluated by peers. to which in the 1960s neo-classical economists 5 . housed.while those we do not have can deny us access to key resources.g. the unifying argument being that.
Schools which are an integral part of community life (Hanifan 1916). social capital resides in relationships. correct. however. W. and clients alike are able to combine their particular skills and resources in a spirit of cooperation and commitment to common objectives. will amount to little unless that person also has access to others to inform. Life at home. Much of the interest in social capital among economists. 'contract enforceability'. in that literate and informed citizens are better able to organize.such as T. and Sacerdote 2000]). and macro institutional quality measures ('rule of law'. Human and social capital are complements. Gastil indexes. the World Values Survey. improve. but more individualistic behavioral dispositions (such as trust. evaluate conflicting information. where human capital resides in individuals. and healthy workers determined how productively the orthodox factors could be utilized. The latest equipment and most innovative ideas in the hands or mind of the brightest. which permit "social capital" — now measured by country- 9 See Temple (2001) for a review of this latter literature. has been fueled by a definition that includes not only the structure of networks and social relations.g. fittest person. 6 . Freedom House scores). social skills [Glaeser. or on the shop floor is both more rewarding and productive when suppliers. and actively expand the horizons of students (Morgan and Sorensen 1999). Laibson. 'civil liberties'. nurture high parental involvement (Coleman 1988). and disseminate his/her work. colleagues.). etc. cross-national datasets (e. arguing that a society's endowment of educated. In essence. and express their views in constructive ways. Schultz (1961) and Gary Becker (1962) introduced the notion of human capital. reciprocity. are more likely to help students achieve higher test scores. trained. however.9 This more all-encompassing approach is appealing to some because of the existence of large. however. in the boardroom.
making for cleaner measurement and more parsimonious theory building. "social cohesion" or "social infrastructure" (e. Knack and Keefer 1997. Box 3.e.g.level "trust" and "governance" scores—to be entered into macroeconomic growth regressions. "human capital". "financial capital"). to advocate for a "lean and mean" conceptualization focusing on the sources of social capital — i. 2000. social capital. tolerance. Collier and Gunning 1999. What to do? One approach has been to refer to macro-institutional issues under a separate banner. calling them instead "social capabilities". La Porta et al. see Grootaert (1997). Koo and Perkins 1995. and cooperation. The virtue of this strategy is that it relieves social capital of its mounting intellectual burden. A second approach has been to call for an exclusively relational definition of social capital (Portes 1998. 1997. among others. and what is not. 10 11 See. and treats as separate what is more accurately considered together (see below). Ritzen et al. and hence nothing to anyone. Hall and Jones 1999). 7 . analytically and empirically disentangling micro-community and macro-institutional concerns. Temple and Johnson 1998. Putnam 2000). For a summary of various measures of social capital. the downside is that it tends to overlook the broader institutional environment in which communities are inherently embedded. Knack 1999a. such as trust. but the collective panoply of micro and macro measures of "social capital"11 — and their correspondingly eclectic theoretical frameworks — has led many critics to accuse social capital of having become all things to all people. The vice is that it removes a convenient discursive short-hand for the social dimensions of development vis-à-vis other factors of production (cf. The upside of this approach is that it is more or less clear about what is.10 Such studies make for provocative reading. depending on the circumstances). primarily social networks — rather than its consequences (which can be either positive or negative.
and theoretical criteria. far from precluding agreement. empirical. and one that is more or less agreed upon.A third approach has been to dismiss the definitional debate altogether. Definitional debates have been going on for the best part of a decade now. There is an emerging consensus on the definition of social capital. and to attempt something of a synthesis. then definitional issues will take care of themselves. has been to acknowledge the merits of each approach." Just as social scientists do important and rigorous work on "power". So is social capital a micro-community phenomenon. reject the "anything goes" argument while wholeheartedly agreeing that all research should be subject to consistent and rigorous scholarly standards. or should be understood as. A definition is needed because social capital is being used in so many different disciplines." If the work satisfies rigorous methodological. a micro or macro phenomenon: "social capital is what social capital scholars do. it is remarkable how much overlap there actually is. For researchers such as Knack (1999b). so too. and lest they continue to absorb time and resources best spent on more important issues. First. I. we should care less about parsing terms and more about applying consistent scholarly standards to evaluating the merits of research on "social capital. first outlined in Woolcock (1998). "class". both. one built on an 8 . a macro-institutional phenomenon. therefore. I am prepared to declare that while the battles aren't over. we do need a definition. The core components of my approach are the following. the war has essentially been won. presenting us with a timely opportunity to adopt a concept that transcends familiar disciplinary provincialisms. these writers maintain. or doesn't it matter? My own approach to these concerns. it is a moot question as to whether social capital is. and "sustainability" without universally agreed-upon definitions of them.
not trust in and of itself.increasingly solid empirical foundation. Second. of reputations). as Portes [1998] points out.) If we are to be true to the dictums of scholarship — namely. of credible legal institutions. I maintain that any definition of social capital should focus on its sources rather than consequences. but rather as a measure of it. that the reliability and validity of data (whether qualitative or quantitative). to avoid tautological reasoning. Just as "test scores" are an indicator of human capital. and not human capital itself—individuals and governments invest in schools that are the source of human capital. for clarity's sake.) This approach eliminates an entity such as "trust".e. rather than psychological12 or political variable. sociological). on what it is rather than what it does (Edwards and Foley 1997). Laibson. and it is as follows: social capital refers to the norms and networks that facilitate collective action. 9 . Krishna and Uphoff's (1999) distinction between "cogitive" and "structural" social capital. and I discuss this below. individualistic and behavioral). We invest in the networks and social institutions that produce trust. (Without this distinction. its analysis and interpretation. social capital makes most sense when it is understood as a relational (i. which are an outcome—so too "trust" is better understood not as social capital per se. constitute the central focus of our deliberations — then the broader 12 Cf. Glaeser.13 (Having said that. I think there is a sense in which the spirit of social capital can be applied to broader political economy concerns. Third. and Sacerdote's (2000) rendering of social capital is also essentially psychological (i. not test scores.e. failing to consider the possibility that the same ties could be preventing success in another otherwise similar group. a vitally important entity in its own right but which for our present purposes can be regarded as an outcome (of repeated interactions. an argument could be put forward that successful groups were distinguished by their dense community ties.
Furthermore. secondary) groups. and neighbors. close friends. Bridging is essentially a horizontal metaphor. not refuted polemically. A virtue of adopting a relatively narrow definition is that it encourages supporters and skeptics alike to play by the same rules. it also enables us to rule in a century's worth of research on neighborhood and community effects that. irrespective of discipline. in order to accommodate the range of outcomes associated with social capital. if "social capital" is facile or distracting. I discuss this aspect in more detail below. however. is entirely consistent with the spirit of it. Importantly. and colleagues. the latter to more distant friends. by implication. implying connections between people who share broadly similar demographic characteristics. Given the ever-accumulating weight of evidence documenting the significance of social capital. Fourth. has operationalized it as a sociological variable (see Foley and Edwards 1999). social capital also has a vertical dimension. p. because the best and most coherent empirical research on social capital. however. while not employing the social capital terminology per se. and because of that a key task for development practitioners and policymakers is ensuring that the activities of the poor not only 13 A relatively narrow definition of social capital does not preclude cross-country comparisons.definition is becoming increasingly untenable. as some (e. Poverty is largely a function of powerlessness and exclusion. associates. the burden of proof is rapidly shifting to the detractors. The former refers to relations between family members. and Granovetter's (1973) work on "strong" and "weak" ties — is between "bonding" and "bridging" social capital (Gittell and Vidal 1998. then this too should be demonstrated empirically.g. it is necessary to recognize the multi-dimensional nature of its sources. 10). 10 . but the reality is that we simply do not have the data we need at this time to make meaningful statements. Fine 1999) maintain. The most common and popular distinction — drawing on Cooley's (1909) notion of primary (and. As Fox (1996) and Heller (1996) have stressed.
Jain and Brown 2000). Bebbington 1999). especially the role of the state." The capacity to leverage resources."reach out". this vertical dimension can be called "linkages. an approach Hirschman (1968) wryly calls "reform by stealth. Narayan 1999. and beyond communities — must not blind us to the institutional context within which these networks are embedded. Uvin." To further extend the Hirschmanian discourse. and the courts (see World Bank 2000b. and to incorporate a dynamic component in which optimal combinations change over time. providing credit and security because banks and police refuse to do so). and almost no linking social capital enabling them to gain sustained access to formal institutions such as banks. A multi-dimensional approach allows us to argue that it is different combinations of bonding. insurance agencies.g. These distinctions have particular significance for understanding the plight of the poor. or because they enjoy highly complementary relations 11 .e. and information from formal institutions beyond the community is a key function of linking social capital (World Bank 2000b). Chapter 7). An important component of this strategy entails forging alliances with sympathetic individuals in positions of power (Brown and Fox 1998). but are also "scaled up" (Uvin 1995. Indeed. between. bridging. Fifth. ideas. and linking social capital that are responsible for the range of outcomes we observe in the literature. Kozel and Parker 2000). a modest endowment of the more diffuse and extensive bridging social capital typically deployed by the non-poor to "get ahead" (Barr 1998. one centered on networks within. who typically have a close-knit and intensive stock of bonding social capital that they leverage to "get by" (Briggs 1998. I contend that the vibrancy or paucity of social capital cannot be understood independently of its broader institutional environment: communities can be highly engaged because they are mistreated or ignored by public institutions (e. it is important to stress that a narrowly sociological definition of social capital — i.
This explains in part why ethnically heterogeneous societies like the US.g. The most recent work. for example. and resist corruption (Kaufmann et al. the UK. and Easterly (2000b). Posner (2000).g. or indifferent governments have a profoundly different effect on community life (and development projects). not surprisingly. 3. the absence or weakness of formal institutions is often compensated for by the creation of informal organizations (Narayan 1999). it is the presence of two or three large competing ethnic groups coupled with weak public institutions that spells danger. Responding to the Critics The broad popularity and policy influence of social capital has. I caution against explanations of the rise and fall of social capital — and policy arguments for enhancing or reviving it — that occur in an institutional vacuum. than governments that respect civil liberties. however. As a number of economists and anthropologists have noted (e. argues that high levels of ethnic fractionalization per se are in fact not a concern (indeed. which some (e. diversity can be a asset). In addition to concerns about conceptual overreach and lack of 12 . This is especially the case in developing countries. 1999a and 1999b). especially for understanding the plight of minorities and marginalized groups (e. Davis 1999). illegal immigrants. the poor). and Australia (and OECD countries in general) have been able to enjoy the fruits of their diversity.with the state. met with a backlash in some quarters. Weak. by Collier (1999). Besley and Coate 1995. As such. rather. Easterly and Levine 1997) have argued is a significant source of economic stagnation. It is also important when it comes to understanding problematic social issues such as "ethno-linguistic fractionalization". Canada. but the same principle holds for OECD countries. uphold the rule of law. hostile.g.
and it consequently speaks to a lot of different people. since no idea or agenda is well served by advocates who fail to take stock on a regular basis. or who do not acknowledge and attend to weaknesses. would have collapsed under its own weight long ago if there wasn't a sufficiently rigorous empirical foundation on which it was built. The hype surrounding social capital. Such people seek to procure credibility for their work by calling what they do "social capital research". b. who romanticize community. because it: a. of course. the idea of social capital gives classical (and contemporary) sociological themes a voice they would not otherwise have. Without unduly compromising itself. a number of other questions have been raised. is more style (good "marketing") than substance The "good marketing" aspect of this claim is true. say the critics. however. or at least do not constitute grounds for dismissal. The idea of social capital is at heart a pretty simple and intuitive one. and need to be addressed. In this section I outline and respond to six issues raised by the critics. But the foundation is strong and expanding. Some of these are legitimate. Many of these concerns are simply unfounded. like any "product". Just repackages old ideas. Is merely the latest social scientific fad/buzz word The downside of successfully "marketing" a new but still imprecise idea is that a lot of people try to ride its coattails. but that doesn't make it a flaw. jargon-laden terminology that has little resonance with other disciplines or (more importantly) the general public. even if they have only a passing knowledge of how most 13 . Social capital is flawed. and the audience wide and deep. and if a broad constituency of people didn't "buy it".empirical specificity discussed above. Sociology for too long has been content to let its key ideas trade under obscure.
c." As long as that void exists. It's important to note that there is also a "demand side" component to social capital's recent popularity. it creates a situation where social capital does indeed appear to be "all things to all people. as it is called in Australia). however." Although the number of studies continues to expand exponentially. and the prize should go to those who provide the most compelling answers to the most important questions. I'm not convinced that any kind of imperialism is really all that bad in either direction. Repeated too many times. not scorned. the buzz should be welcomed. Encourages and rewards "economic imperialism" (social relations as "capital"?) The idea of social capital has been developed primarily by economic sociologists. and as long as the idea of social capital can convincingly fill it. in that it satisfies a conceptual void in both mainstream economic and social theories of development about how to deal seriously with "the social dimensions. the difference between the contenders and pretenders will become much clearer. and as such provides equal opportunity for both sociological and economic "imperialism" (or economic rationalism. To the extent we live in a world where the dominant ideas — in both popular discourse and public policy — are those of economics. To talk of social relations as "capital". there are no laws saying who can or should study what subject with what tool kit. is not sociological heresy or a sellout to economics: it simply reflects the reality that our social relationships are one of the ways in which we cope with uncertainty (returning to our family 14 . In the end.others have used the term. a coherent and rigorous core is emerging. for example. Disciplines should have the confidence of their convictions. and (b) having a concrete alternative to those ideas. As a consensus (of sorts) is reached about its definition and theoretical underpinnings. we should welcome windows of opportunity for (a) modifying the more extreme elements of those ideas.
not the problem. financial capital (monetary assets). extend our interests (using alumni networks to secure a good job). privatization of state-owned industries. 14 The "Washington Consensus" is a phrase coined by John Williamson (1993) to refer to the common elements of structural adjustment packages unilaterally offered to developing countries by the major multilateral development agencies. In this light. macroeconomic stability. and (b) fails to recognize that social capital theory can be a powerful tool for explaining how and why certain power structures themselves are established and perpetuated. especially when compared with those of a decade ago (World Bank 2000b). for those with a legitimate axe to grind about the bad old days of development. realize our aspirations. is that it helps transcend the imperialism wars altogether. Reinforces or legitimizes orthodox ("Washington consensus"14) development policies This is a recent but largely spurious critique. currency convertibility. Perhaps social capital's greatest quality. and low inflation. social capital is facilitating sociology's entry into high-level policy discussions — an arena from which it has been comfortably excluded until now — giving the discipline the chance to have a real influence on issues it claims to care deeply about. The idea of social capital is not entirely value neutral (no idea is). The essential elements are trade openness. d. the perpetuation or decline of (neo-) "Washington consensus" development policies is shaped by a much larger constellation of forces. however. in that it (a) denies and masks the very real changes in the way development theory and practice is being conducted today at the major development organizations. Importantly. 15 . and methodological divides. and achieve outcomes we could not attain on our own (organizing a parade). sectoral. Social capital should be seen as part of the solution. providing a common discourse across disciplinary.when we lose our job). but seen as a complement of physical capital (tools and resources). it can forge an important conceptual space for taking the social dimension seriously. and human capital (education and health).
and is being done. it takes an articulated effort of both "top-down" and "bottom-up" to help overcome this exclusion. activists. neo-classical theory assumes markets (formal and informal) will emerge of their own accord to reach an efficient equilibrium. but that marginalized groups themselves possess unique social resources that can be used as a basis for overcoming that exclusion. and policymakers spanning the political spectrum (an interesting fact in and of itself). Neglects considerations of power. because it takes a long time to earn both the confidence of the marginalized. for example. and the respect of institutional gatekeepers. has been. and as a mechanism for helping forge access to these institutions. It is one thing to recognize. 16 . reveals that a social capital perspective can be used not only to help explain the emergence and persistence of power relations. In short. however. a social capital perspective recognizes that exclusion from economic and political institutions is created and maintained by powerful vested interests. but it can be.e. so it is possible to read the literature selectively and arrive at the above conclusion. Marxist theory predicts and promotes revolution. but — perhaps more important — to provide a constructive basis for doing something about it. especially for those who are relatively powerless Social capital has been appropriated by scholars. private and civic institutions. with positive and lasting results. modernization theory advocates the wholesale transformation of all traditional social relationships if greater prosperity is to be attained. Intermediaries such as NGOs have a crucial role to play in such a process. it is quite another to say what should happen next. that poverty is caused in part by the exclusion of certain marginalized groups from public. A more complete reading. on an assumption of shared interests among disenfranchised groups. At its best.
and for whatever reason. 4. Social Capital and Models of Economic Growth: Getting the Social Relations Right This conceptualization of the role of different types and combinations of social networks in development represents an important departure from earlier theoretical approaches. and therefore has important implications for contemporary development research and policy. and Canada. even contradictory. "social capital" is an idea that has emerged from this milieu. let alone Asian or African ones. To see why. Italy. not the precise words or formal definition. it is instructive to briefly review those theories. Togo. The words "social capital" translate poorly into many European languages.f. and circumstance. producing remarkably complementary findings: high quality social capital research has been carried out in countries as different as India. but everything from individual PhD dissertations to multi-million dollar cross-national research projects are being carried out in its name. views of the role of social relationships in economic development. Haiti. All social scientific words suffer translational problems — the idea of a "household" or "neighborhood" does not even exist in some languages — but that is no reason not to search for creative and culturally appropriate solutions. For better or worse. space. we find ourselves living at a time when most of the best social science departments in the most prestigious (and well-funded) universities happen to reside in the Western world. but one of the reasons for grounding our understanding of it in "intuition" (as well as empirical research) is that it is the basic intuition. Is a Western (especially US) concept supported by Western research. the major theories of development held rather narrow. Until the 1990s. with little relevance elsewhere All ideas are grounded in language and history. and offered 17 . that travel best across time.
On the doctrine of self-reliance." Moore (1997. it proclaimed. on the other hand. bonds of caste. In the 1950s and 1960s. for development to proceed. Little mention was made of the possibility (or desirability) of mutually beneficial relationships between workers and owners. p. Chapter 8). for example. or of political strategies other than "revolution" by which the poor could improve their lot. and large numbers of persons who cannot keep up with progress have to have their expectations of a comfortable life frustrated. and the inherent antipathy between the interests of capital and labor. When modernization theorists explained "the absence or failure of capitalism. see Rist (1997. p.little by way of constructive policy recommendations. of the tremendous variation in success enjoyed by developing countries. creed and race have to burst. a key theme of communitarians. who held social relations among corporate and political elites to be a primary mechanism of capitalist exploitation. ancient philosophies have to be scrapped. (cited in Escobar 1995. overestimated the virtues of isolation. old social institutions have to disintegrate. 3) This view gave way in the 1970s to the arguments of dependency and world-systems theorists. underestimated the negative aspects of communal obligations. Communitarian perspectives15. For their part. "the focus [was] on social relations as obstacles. modernization theory regarded traditional social relationships and ways of life as an impediment to development. 18 . and neglected the importance of social relations to constructing effective formal institutions. 289) correctly notes. among others. The social characteristics of poor countries and communities were defined almost exclusively in terms of their relations to the means of production. neo-classical and public choice theories — the most influential in the 1980s and early 1990s — assigned no 15 This perspective encapsulates the views of the South Commission (1990) and Etzioni (1994)." An influential United Nations (1951) document of the time encapsulated this view. with their emphasis on the inherent beneficence and self-sufficiency of local communities.
Reality. and frequently complementary contribution to offer to inherently complex problems. These perspectives focused on the strategic choices of rational individuals interacting under various time. policymakers. exploitative. Living 19 . the optimal size and combination of groups would duly emerge. Another distinctive feature of the social capital approach is its approach to understanding poverty. For the major development theories. and it is beginning to generate a remarkable consensus regarding the role and importance of institutions and communities in development. and legal constraints. budgetary. Events in the post-Cold War era — from ethnic violence and civil war to financial crises and the acknowledgement of widespread corruption — have demanded a more sophisticated appraisal of the virtues. unfortunately. in its broadest sense. distinctive. "Selecting incentives" and third-party enforcement were needed where markets failed to ensure that groups acted to serve collective interests. The social capital literature. Brown 1998). one of the primary benefits of the idea of social capital is that it is allowing scholars. given undistorted market signals. In reviving and revitalizing mainstream sociological insights. or irrelevant. social relations have been construed as singularly burdensome. there has been a corresponding appreciation that different disciplines have a vital. then.distinctive properties to social relations per se. It is a literature to which all the social science disciplines have contributed. Indeed. represents a first approximation to the answer to this challenge. does not conform so neatly to these descriptions and their corresponding policy prescriptions. holding that groups (including firms) existed primarily to lower the transactions costs of exchange. liberating. and vicissitudes of "the social dimension" as it pertains to the wealth and poverty of nations. and practitioners from different disciplines to enjoy an unprecedented level of cooperation and dialogue (Brown and Ashman 1996. vices.
As Dordick (1997) astutely notes. A second response is to search for existing proxies for network size and structure. the very poor have "something left to lose". The first is that social capital. the second overly ambitious. so understood. and poor economies is one of "deficits". The third is a desirable long-run objective." If. and apply them in innovative ways to broader issues of political economy. Needless to say. we should adopt a relatively narrow sociological definition of social capital. should mind its own business. policymakers. While much of the discourse surrounding poor people. and simply "add" them to the catalogue of other variables deemed significant for growth. where does this leave us in terms of applying social capital to questions of economic growth? What relevance does a social theory of norms and networks have for minders of regional and national economic performance in OECD countries? This question can be answered in a number of ways. as I have argued. but understand it as inherently embedded in an institutional context. the social capital of the poor is the one asset they can potentially draw upon to help negotiate their way through an unpredictable and unforgiving world. if you will). but I will identify four. I cast my lot with champions of 20 . a virtue of the social capital perspective is that it allows theorists. and practitioners to take an approach that recognizes important "assets. A fourth strategy is to take the central ideas underlying the social capital perspective (the "spirit" of social capital. A third answer is to do the hard work of integrating serious qualitative and quantitative research strategies into the design of comprehensive new instruments to more accurately measure social capital. the first is overly modest. focus on communities. Of these answers. namely each other. the fourth an intriguing possibility with more immediate returns.on the margins of existence. poor communities. and leave macroeconomic concerns to the experts.
Armed with data of this scale and quality. it is something of a contradiction in terms to argue that universal measures can be used to capture local idiosyncratic realities. while gathering "hard data" is indispensable. The quantitative measures to be gleaned from this survey of more than 9000 representative households will be complemented by a major qualitative analysis at the village level. better. In many respects. measures of it need to be drawn from large representative samples. Such efforts are underway in a number of countries. so too will it provide more or less comparable data on social capital. and the like). health. In the remaining space. this means that the construction of survey instruments to measure social 21 . In developing countries such as Guatemala. education. with the distinct possibility that social capital questions may soon be included in the census of several OECD countries. the highly acclaimed Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) — the standard bearer for high quality household data on income. the qualitative aspects of social capital should not be neglected. inflation levels. At a minimum. It is important to stress that. more comprehensive measures For social capital to become a serious indicator of regional and national well-being. Just as this survey will enable us to make reliable nationallevel estimates of the levels of poverty. let me sketch out these positions in further detail. Toward new. using indicators that have been pre-tested and refined for their suitability. and health. there is a strong possibility that social capital will soon be "mainstreamed" into the range of familiar economic measures used to take the pulse of society (unemployment rates. consumer price indexes.answers three and four. expenditure. and education — is about to incorporate a social capital module. the first of its kind.
and more of it isn't necessarily better. whether we live in rich or poor countries. and qualitative methods provide especially fruitful techniques for unpacking the mechanisms behind those processes. social capital theory stresses "processes" (means) as much as it does "products" (ends). But the broader message rippling through the social capital literature is that how we associate with each other. and march off to the field with noble intentions. though they (rightly) avoid the social capital terminology. has enormous implications for our well-being. In an age of electronic communications and busy schedules it is all too easy to download other people's surveys. but not a substitute for. as writers satirizing Putnam (1993) have tended to infer. and more modestly. 22 . 2000). 1990). Social capital is not a panacea. of my own efforts (with Vijayendra Rao and colleagues at the Institute Economic Growth in Delhi) to understand the risk management functions of social capital in the slums of Delhi (see Coutinho. append them to your own. doing the hard work that social capital research entails. This has been a feature of the work of the Sagauro Seminar at Harvard University studying social capital in the US. Furthermore. Previous efforts should be a guide to. and Woolcock. a number of important findings that have recently emerged independently from the political economy literature. Hirsch et al. Rao. Clean models and dirty hands are both required (cf. ascertaining the most appropriate way to ask the necessary questions. are entirely consistent with the emerging social capital perspective.capital should follow intensive periods in the field. As such. Incorporating the spirit of social capital into political economy and public policy The policy response to reading the social capital literature should not be a call for more choirs and soccer clubs. and on what terms.
then it follows that larger economic. When shocks hit — as they did in the mid-1970s and early 23 . and resources to circulate between groups. my emphasis on understanding the efficacy of social capital in its institutional context implies that how communities manage both opportunities and risk will be necessarily dependent on the quality of the institutions under which they live. Similarly. 1999b) and William Easterly (2000a) provides powerful econometric evidence in support of the idea that economic growth in general. Recent work by Dani Rodrik (1999a. social. frustrating bureaucratic delays. information. Economic inequality. and overt discrimination along gender and ethnic lines." Countries with divided societies (along ethnic and economic lines) and weak. there should be little to show for even the most well-intentioned efforts to build schools. it follows that divided societies will experience greater difficulty managing economic shocks. If it is true that meager stocks of bridging social capital make it more difficult for ideas. for example. failure to safeguard property rights and uphold the rule of law forces communities to supply privately and informally what should be delivered publicly and formally. if leveraging social capital is an important risk management strategy during times of economic distress (e. suppressed civil liberties.To see why. losing a job. in countries where these conditions prevail.g. and the ability to manage shocks in particular. recall the three dimensions of social capital outlined above. enduring crop failure. hostile or corrupt governments are especially prone to a growth collapse. Moreover. suffering a prolonged illness). should be harmful to growth. Rampant corruption. and encourage foreign investment. is the twin product of coherent public institutions and societies able to generate what Easterly calls a "middle class consensus. hospitals. and my insistence that they be understood in the context of their institutional environment. and political forces that divide societies will be harmful for growth. Accordingly.
and Zoido-Lobaton (1999a. The growth collapse. the prospects of poor nations seem to be heavily dependent on the performance of OECD nations [Easterly 2000c.1980s — these countries proved unable and/or unwilling to make the necessary adjustments. and set back by at least a decade the level of economic development that would have been attained had the 195574 growth trajectory been maintained. The real test came with the oil crises of the 1970s and the global recession of the early 1980s. See Woolcock (2000). (1998). they recovered relatively quickly. localized. Evans and Rauch (1999). The OECD nations also suffered a growth collapse in the late 1970s/early 1980s. Kaufmann. large/small — did relatively well. see Tendler (1997). natural resources/manufacturing. therefore. it was hard to adjudicate between the merits of different strategies.35% rate of growth sustained over 1955-74.16 For students of economic growth in the 1960s. see Helliwell and Putnam (1995). these economies experienced a major growth collapse from which some have still not recovered (see below). which produced a growth collapse in the developing economies of "Grand Canyon" proportions. and Rauch and Evans (2000). and institutional resources for managing conflict. landlocked/coastal. as all economies — open/closed. For early work relating social capital to growth. Campos and Nugent (1999). cost the average person in this economy roughly three times their annual income. as Rodrik (1999a) correctly notes. The figure is measured in constant 1995 dollars. based on the median economy in 1974. one that did not end until the mid-1990s. 24 . Lacking well-established precedents. The devastating growth collapse of 19751995 cost the average person in the typical developing country around $200017. procedures. but have returned to modest growth rate levels more commensurate with their history.]) 16 For recent related work on the importance of governance and bureaucratic structures for development. which had a GNP/c of $730. 17 This figure represents the difference between the growth rates that prevailed during the 1975-95 period. La Porta et al. and relatively minor. 1999b). temperate/tropical. By comparison. Kraay. the recent Asian financial crisis will appear as temporary. and the 2. (Importantly.
5. and opportunities is a key ingredient in the quest to achieve sustainable economic development. Whether shocks manifest themselves as terms of trade declines. Development is more than just a matter of playing good "defense" (or "getting by"). however. it also entails knowing how to initiate and maintain strategic "offense" ("getting ahead"). rich and poor alike. strikes. More dialogue and diplomacy among social scientists. If the idea and the ideals of social capital help move us in this direction — and 25 . A social capital perspective seeks to go beyond primordial "cultural explanations" for these different response strategies. Conclusion For both countries and communities. natural disasters. while social capital scholarship per se is surely on the safest ground when it speaks to community development issues. It is in this sense that I think social research on economic issues and economic research on social issues is reaching a remarkable — but largely unacknowledged — consensus. disputes over access to water. the spirit of social capital is also consistent with findings now emerging in studies of macroeconomic growth. managing risk. success turns on the extent to which ways and means can be found to forge mutually beneficial and accountable ties between different agents and agencies of expertise. domestic violence. then. or the death of a spouse. might enable us to harness these collective insights in the joint pursuit of a more productive and inclusive global economy.So. to look instead for structural and relational features. From large public-private partnerships (Tendler 1995) to village-level development programs (Bebbington and Carroll 2000). rather than perennial civil war. shocks. those able to weather the storm will be those that are more likely to prosper. It is in this sense that I argue that "getting the social relations right" (Woolcock 2001) is a crucial component of both the means and ends of development.
Bebbington. Xavier de Souza (1998) "Brown Kids in White Suburbs: Housing Mobility and the Multiple Faces of Social Capital" Housing Policy Debate 9(1): 177-221. Briggs. and Economic Development: A Quantitative Approach (Baltimore. and Michael Woolcock (2000) "Culture and Development Economics: Theory. who seem reluctant to enter the policy domain. Vijayendra Rao. 26 . 18 Especially among prominent sociologists. Rural Livelihoods and Poverty" World Development 27(12): 2021-2044. Politics. and Thomas Carroll (2000) "Induced Social Capital and Federations of the Rural Poor" Social Capital Initiative. Brown. Timothy. Gary (1962) "Investment in Human Capital: a Theoretical Analysis" Journal of Political Economy 70(5) Part 2: 9-49. Implications" mimeo (Washington. Barr. References Adelman. Alkire. 19 (Washington. Irma. and Social Collateral" Journal of Development Economics 46(1): 1-18. Evidence. Powell and Elisabeth Clemens Private Action and the Public Good (New Haven: Yale University Press). Bebbington. L. and between scholars and policymakers18 — then it more than justifies its place in the new development lexicon.does so by encouraging and rewarding greater cross-fertilization between disciplines and methodologies. DC: The World Bank). Repayment Incentives. DC: The World Bank). Institute of Economics and Statistics. David (1998) "Creating Social Capital: Nongovernmental Development Organizations and Intersectoral Problem Solving" in eds. Abigail (1998) "Enterprise Performance and the Functional Diversity of Social Capital" Working Paper Series 98-1. Becker. Walter W. Besley. and Stephen Coate (1995) "Group Lending. University of Oxford. and Cynthia Taft Morris (1967) Society. Working Paper No. Sabina. Anthony (1999) "Capitals and Capabilities: a Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability. MD: Johns Hopkins University Press). Anthony. A notable exception is Massey and Espinosa (1997).
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Lisbon (Portugal) and nearby
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Re: Lisbon (Portugal) and nearby
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Update: Woman severely injured by tiger
Tiger kills one and injures one in park image: http://edge.liveleak.com/80281E/u/u/ll2/hd_video_icon.jpg Yesterday afternoon, several visitors from driving into as Beijing Badaling Wildlife Park
By: Lake8737 | Comments: 94 | Views: 8801 | Votes: 9 | Shared: 2
Location: Beijing, Beijing, China | Leaked: 4 hours ago in Other News
Woman attacked by tiger in zoo safari park in Beijing
Beijing zoo, where tigers attacked 2 people, has been closed. A BEIJING wildlife zoo, where a tiger mauled a visitor to death and left another seriously injured, has been cl
By: Stan Zapor | Comments: 109 | Views: 9051 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 19
Location: Beijing, Beijing, China | Leaked: 8 hours ago in WTF, Vehicles
Tiger attacks and kills woman in Beijing's wildlife park
One woman was killed and another injured after a pair of tigers pounced on them at Beijing's Badaling Wildlife Park on Saturday afternoon. The tigers attacked one of the women when she left her vehi
By: tyson2017 | Comments: 36 | Views: 3480 | Votes: 3 | Shared: 0
Location: China | Leaked: 8 hours ago in WTF
Tiger kills one and injures one in park
Yesterday afternoon, several visitors from driving into as Beijing Badaling Wildlife Park, a woman got out and was towed behind a tiger, then, the two with the car, to catch to save a woman, they are
By: Lake8737 | Comments: 917 | Views: 166071 | Votes: 95 | Shared: 357
Location: Beijing, Beijing, China | Leaked: 10 hours ago in Other News, WTF
Watch the moment a tiger hunts a tourist at Beijing wildlife park
Badaling Wildlife World, located at the foot of the Badaling section of the Great Wall, is one of the largest zoos of its kind in China. The park is well-known for rearing large groups of dangerous
By: PressTV | Comments: 126 | Views: 4803 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 27
Location: Beijing, Beijing, China | Leaked: 3 hours ago in Other News, WTF
Shocking moment tiger attacks woman and kills mum after they LEAVE car during family row at safari
By: white rhino | Comments: 74 | Views: 3634 | Votes: 2 | Shared: 17
Leaked: 8 hours ago in WTF
Homemade Tiger Tank
Test driving 2/5 scale Tiger Tank
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Leaked: 4 days ago in Creative, Other Entertainment, Vehicles
Tourists video tiger attack buffalo
Tourists in India film tiger attack buffalo. Good footage
By: Chivalry is alive | Comments: 34 | Views: 4613 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 0
Location: India | Leaked: 6 days ago in WTF
Battles For Syria - 20 July 2016 [EN/RU Captions]
**EDIT: Had to re-encode the video and re-upload. Nearly doubled file size from WEBM to MP4, that's why it took me as long as it did. Another episode from the fantastic work of R&U Vid
By: SAA_Supporter | Comments: 38 | Views: 3547 | Votes: 4 | Shared: 0
Location: Aleppo, Aleppo Governorate, Syria | Leaked: 3 days ago in Syria
Cyclist meets her maker in spectacular fashion
Crouching tiger hidden cyclist style. Happened in Thailand near Mae Hia. source
By: skinner | Comments: 42 | Views: 5225 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 0
Location: Mae Hia, Chiang Mai, Thailand | Leaked: 2 days ago in WTF, Vehicles
(by southfront.org ) From the battlefields of Ghab plains, to the mountainous desert of the Shaer oil fields, and the fertile plains of east Aleppo, the Tiger Forces have become the center of atten
By: unicorn with one ball | Comments: 36 | Views: 4679 | Votes: 5 | Shared: 0
Leaked: Jul-11-2016 in Syria
WW2 - Tiger Tank attack
WW2 - Tiger Tank attack
By: skolonom | Comments: 7 | Views: 2057 | Votes: 7 | Shared: 0
Leaked: Jul-8-2016 in Weapons, Other
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