text:
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
by Rawdon Wyatt
A & C Black London
Thetford. London W1D 3HB © Rawdon Wyatt 2007 All rights reserved. ISBN-10: 0 7136 8414 3 ISBN-13: 978 0 7136 8414 8 eISBN-13: 978-1-4081-0235-0 Text typeset by A & C Black Printed in Great Britain at Caligraving Ltd. It is natural. renewable and recyclable. . Norfolk This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed. A CIP entry for this book is available from the British Library.com First edition published in Great Britain 2002 Second edition published in 2004 This third edition published in 2007 A & C Black Publishers Ltd 38 Soho Square. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.www. sustainable forests.acblack. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publishers.
and review these from time to time so that they become an active part of your vocabulary. but we particularly recommend Barron's TOEFL iBT (ISBN 978 0 7641 3374 9). There is a comprehensive answer key at the back of the book. practice and acquire a lot of the words and expressions that you might need to use in the Writing and Speaking sections. Each topic is accompanied by a typical TOEFL® Writing question. you will find the vocabulary exercises in this workbook very helpful. For basic vocabulary. There is a vocabulary record sheet at the back of the book which you can photocopy as many times as you like. For example. They will help you to review. The second. The first section deals with general vocabulary. standard computer-based TOEFL. you should read as much as possible from a different variety of authentic reading materials (books. Structure of the workbook The workbook is divided into 2 sections. Extending your vocabulary Also remember that there are other methods of acquiring new vocabulary. which will give you the chance to use the key vocabulary in an essay. and focuses on some of the topics that regularly appear in the TOEFL®. Use this to build up your own personal vocabulary bank. The book has been written for the Internet-based TOEFL. we recommend the American English Study Dictionary (ISBN 978 1 9016 5969 6). It is better to choose areas that you are unfamiliar with.Introduction Introduction Introduction If you are going to take the TOEFL®. from which many of the sample sentences in this book are taken. but is also useful if you are going to take the older. or areas that you feel are of specific interest or importance to yourself. How to use the book You should not go through the exercises mechanically. Remember that you should keep a record of new words and expressions that you learn. including synonyms. idioms and phrasal verbs. is ideal. smaller section is topic-specific. 1 . or that you might come across or be tested on in the Listening and Reading sections. which provides comprehensive practice for all sections of the exam. It is essential to have a good dictionary with you when you are doing the exercises. the Macmillan English Dictionary (ISBN 978 1 4050 2628 4). newspapers. It also gives lots of vital information on the test itself and how it works. magazines. Practicing for the TOEFL There is a lot of TOEFL material available. as well as offering essential language skills development and useful studying strategies. For a more advanced and in-depth coverage of vocabulary. A greater command of vocabulary is one of the key factors that will help you raise your TOEFL® score. etc).
Travel and Tourism Check your English Vocabulary for Human Resources Check your English Vocabulary for Banking and Finance Check your English Vocabulary for Living in the UK Check your Vocabulary for Natural English Collocations For more information. There are currently 16 books in the series: Check your Vocabulary for Academic English Check your English Vocabulary for TOEFL® Check your English Vocabulary for TOEIC Check your English Vocabulary for IELTS Check your English Vocabulary for FCE+ Check your Vocabulary for English for the PET Examination Check your English Vocabulary for Phrasal Verbs and Idioms Check your English Vocabulary for Business and Administration Check your English Vocabulary for Law Check your English Vocabulary for Medicine Check your English Vocabulary for Computers and Information Technology Check your English Vocabulary for Leisure. scholarship programs and licensing / certification agencies use TOEFL® scores to evaluate English proficiency. Almost one million students every year from 180 countries register to take the TOEFL®: the majority of universities and colleges in North America as well as in other English-speaking countries require official TOEFL® score reports for admission. visit www.com 2 . About the Check your English Vocabulary series Check your English Vocabulary for TOEFL® is one of several books in the Check your English Vocabulary series. These books are designed to help students of English (and those who are working or who want to work in an English-speaking environment) to develop and practice the essential vocabulary that they would need to know or use on a day-to-day basis.Information about the TOEFL® The purpose of the TOEFL® is to evaluate a non-native English speaker's proficiency in the English language. An acceptable score depends on the particular institution or agency involved. government agencies.acblack. In addition. or in order to get a better grade in an exam. The test is also used by institutions in other countries where English is the language of instruction.
111. 88. 93. 98. 86. 90. 75. Addition. 97. 40. 67. 27. 51. Spelling Starting and stopping Task commands Time Word association: Adjectives Word association: Nouns Word association: Verbs Word forms: Nouns from verbs Word forms: Nouns from adjectives Word forms: Adjectives from verbs "Working" words Topics 1: Children and the family Topics 2: Education Topics 3: Food and diet Topics 4: The media Topics 5: Money and finance Topics 6: Nature and the environment Topics 7: On the road Topics 8: Science and technology Topics 9: Town and country Topics 10: Travel Topics 11: Work Mini topics Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet sample Answers 3 . and conclusion "American" English Changes Comparing and contrasting Condition and requirement Confusing words and false friends Idioms and colloquialisms 1 Idioms and colloquialisms 2 Idioms and colloquialisms 3 Idioms and colloquialisms 4 Metaphors Numbers and symbols Obligation and option Opinion. 103. 17. 19. 21. 82. 31. 12. 45. 47. 50. 15. 69. 112. 77. 26. Page Title 60. 101. 23. 72. 28. 38. 57. 80. equation. 63. 53. 5. 43. 49. 34. attitude. 79. 10. 61. 84. and belief Opposites: Verbs Opposites: Adjectives Phrasal verbs 1 Phrasal verbs 2 Phrasal verbs 3 Prefixes Presenting an argument Pronouns and determiners Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 Similar meanings: Nouns Similar meanings: Verbs 1 Similar meanings: Verbs 2 95. 65. 105. 11. 37. 8. 110.Contents Contents Page Title 4.
and our seas and rivers are no longer safe to swim in. 8. ______________ bringing much needed money to developing countries. or eat unhealthy food. 6. Tourists should respect the local environment. 4 . 9. the air in the cities is becoming too dirty to breathe. Drugs are banned in Britain. you might need a visa. you should live a more healthy lifestyle. you need a passport. absolute power corrupts absolutely. 2. 10. Your grades have been very poor all year. 5. to sum up briefly along with as well as it can be concluded that likewise similarly also too in addition besides to conclude in brief in the same way thus what's more furthermore moreover along with to summarize therefore correspondingly Addition (For example: and) Equation (For example: equally) Conclusion (For example: in conclusion) Exercise 2 Complete these sentences with one of the words or expressions from above. ______________. a verbal presentation or sometimes in everyday speech. drink. ______________ they should respect the local customs. 7. ______________ you need to work really hard if you want to pass your exams next month. pollution from car fumes is poisoning the environment. ______________ pollution is slowly destroying the planet. Exercise 1 Put the following words and expressions into their correct place in the table depending on their function. take drugs. it provides employment for the local population. 4.General Vocabulary Addition. 1. ______________. equation. You shouldn't smoke. Tourism brings much needed money to developing countries. tourism provides employment for the local population. and conclusion This exercise will help you to review more of the important words that we use to join ideas in an essay. The ozone layer is becoming depleted. ______________. ______________ weapons such as guns and knives. All power corrupts. and written permission to visit certain areas. In most cases. immunization shots. ______________ industrial waste. more than one answer is possible. In order to travel. ______________. 3.
with a break for lunch at midday. college. ___E___ __O__ 36. but many North Americans are unfamiliar with some "British" English words. 30. 8. _H_____ The road outside the school is very busy. Government spending on defence was reduced by 23%. or university) A staff meeting has been called for two o'clock. 35. I_T__M_____N _V__ If you make a mistake in your calculations. Estate agents are some of the most unscrupulous people in the country. As a result. which is the main road connecting London with Oxford. The post normally arrives before lunchtime.A. 9. Goldberg. To help you.S. it is important to use the "American" words rather than the "British" words in the TOEFL. 29. You might find it useful if you have been learning "British" English (the English which is spoken in the United Kingdom and in other countries around the world). H _ _ _ W _ _ Their request for a $2 rise in the hourly rate was firmly rejected by the management. 5 . The M40 is closed. In my opinion. so students are advised to use the subway to cross it. 6. but there will be a difference in spelling. the word that you need has been put at the end of each sentence. the word will remain the same. The play is in two acts. 32. (At a school. 11. the best time of the year is autumn. Take the lift to the top floor. 24. Write your answers in the crossword grid on page 7. and Canada). The theatre received an unexpected grant which helped to prevent it closing down. ___L _E_______ The government refused to recognise the new republic. 27. (Informal) I really like Mr. The workshop will last for 6 hours. He's a great bloke. so you will need to take the A40. 13. Decide what word North Americans would normally use in the same context. 37. Look at the sentences below. 18. which all contain a "British" English word in bold. Generally. 20. ___V__O_ R__L__R_ __S 16. with a short interval between the two. __L_ The automobile company's first attempt to design a family saloon that ran on diesel was a resounding failure. but with some of the letters included. _N___P___ The oil crisis resulted in a 28% rise in the cost of petrol. you'll need to do them again. Across ( ) 2. _U_ __C___Y _E__S_ _A__E 26.General Vocabulary American English This exercise looks at some common "American" words (words which are used in the U. In some cases. with most of the letters removed. __D_N The campus has a shop where students can buy stationery and essential items. "American" words are understood by "British" English speakers (largely as a result of imported television programs and movies).
There are several museums and galleries in the city. which are hyphenated. 17. T_R____ 3. The best way to get from one part of the city to another is to use the dual carriageway. C______N_ Down ( 1. 33. 28. _ _ A _ _ _ If you want to stop smoking. My favorite film of all time has to be the classic 1959 comedy 'Some Like It Hot'. 6 . Do not leave a gap or use a hyphen in the crossword grid) He's a graduate of Berkeley College. You don't need to ask me for permission to use the toilet! V___T___ B___R___ _TT_____ __A___ 25. 12. __A______ The Dean's office is on the ground floor. Strict labour laws have had an adverse effect on small businesses. 10. 39. R___D-___P (2 words. 7. and use a rubber to remove any mistakes. 34. He gave me just enough money to buy a return bus ticket to Portland. when you are calling someone) Hello. the best place to start is by going to your local chemist. These days it is not unusual to see children as young as five carrying a mobile phone to school. _P__T_____ All travellers flying to the USA have to undergo strict security checks at the airport. there is a clear need for dialogue between the parents and their children. Most Americans tend to stay in the country for their holiday. __E_W__ (On the telephone.General Vocabulary 38. it is essential to employ the services of a good solicitor. _I___ __D_W___ __V__ 14. _I_ _O__ (2 words: do not leave a gap between the words in the crossword grid) Classes start at nine o'clock every morning Monday to Friday. I'm afraid we've got slightly behind schedule. __TT__ Several flats were leased to private agencies. 4. but most students prefer to spend their evenings at the cinema. 23. ___MN__ 40. The first thing the council did was dig up the pavement outside the front door. 15. who in turn leased them to small companies. 19. is that Harrison Keane? ___S 22. ) The postcode for the company is MA 04532. 21. 31. In the event of a marital divorce or separation. __B__Y Before buying a house. D__G_____ Services on the underground start at five in the morning and finish at half past midnight. You should use a pencil to do the test. 41. __V_E_ Have you got any change for a $20 note? B___ __B__ 5.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 27 28 26 23 21 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 32 37 38 39 40 41 7 .
There has been a deterioration in the national road system. 12% of the population worked in industry and 10% worked in agriculture. Our company has witnessed considerable expansion in the last five years. There has been a tightening up of border controls. The pass rate for the exam was 3% lower this year than it was last year. 10. 16. The government will spend less on the healthcare services next year. 7. Deflation has adversely affected industries around the country. Our company has opened new factories in Detroit. The rules are much stricter now than they were before. The government has spent a lot of money improving roads around the country. 1. Use the words and expressions in bold to help you decide. 2. 8 . The population of the country has trebled in the last 25 years. and eat higher-quality food than they did twenty years ago. 8. 18. The alliance are going to build up the number of weapons they have. 9. 14. We're increasing our stocks of coal before the winter begins. There has been an upward trend in the number of people shopping in small local stores. People live in better houses. Houston. Americans nowadays want to see more of the world. It is now much easier to import goods into the country than it was a few years ago. Her English is clearly better now than it was when she first arrived. There has been a sharp fall in the pass rate. There has been a weakening of the dollar. 14% of the population work in industry and 8% work in agriculture. We're running down our stocks of coal. 4. The number of exam passes achieved by the school's pupils has risen by almost 50%. Some management roles are going to be phased out. 15. There has been a growth in industrial activity. There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people living in the country. 20. This year. Some management roles in the company will not exist this time next year. Unemployment has dropped by about 2% every year for the last six years. American travelers abroad have discovered that they can buy more foreign currency with their dollar. There has been a steady decrease in the number of people out of work. 3. Last year. 19. Americans nowadays want to narrow their horizons. 13. There has been a general improvement in the standard of living. There has been marked progress in her English. There has been a constant rise in the rate of inflation. The alliance are going to reduce the number of conventional weapons in their armed forces. and Des Moines in the last five years. 6. 11. 12. 17. There has been a relaxation of the rules. Prices have gone up by about 4% every year since 1998. 5.General Vocabulary Changes Exercise 1 Look at these sentences and decide if the statement which follows each one is true or false. There are going to be cuts in healthcare spending next year. There has been a decline in the number of exam passes. More people are shopping at large supermarkets rather than small local stores. drive nicer cars. There has been a narrowing of the gap between those working in different sectors of the economy.
We have made radical changes to college regulations. Fees _____________ according to the length of the course: the longer the course. 3. 5. The discovery of oil _____________ the country from a small emirate to a major economic power. it _____________. The economic situation is _____________ rapidly. starting in the top-left corner and following the direction of the arrows. The science building is currently being _____________. 9 . then use some of them to complete sentences 1 – 10 below. the more you pay. she decided to _____________ to something more practical. 6. but most of them will go up. In some cases you will need to change the form of the verb (for example. 4. by putting it into its past simple or past participle form).General Vocabulary Exercise 2 The box below contains 31 more words used to describe change in different situations. Separate these words. The company cannot refund customers' money. Elastic becomes weaker the more it is _____________. a m s e a n g o u t r d r w p r e t t t s u a o i p v l h u s e c p f t a a n e c o r t t s c s r e n d u e u r n h i y t d n r d r e a r d r h e e c a e p r e r a g e m e r d l t n e i i p a d g o a e o t s e e e e p w c c v l e h n s t u n e u a a l e s i e e s e d t e o g h v r n i x e e t w r o e i i z p r e o e a r r o l e a e x m r l t h r m n t c e e n e c a a END d o h d x e n t t e p m a e t d s e e r r o n g e n t r s t 1. and goods can only be _____________ on production of a receipt or other proof of purchase. 2. but will remain open while building work is carried out. 7. As water freezes. and they can be found by reading from left to right and from right to left. These are all verbs. 10. 8. and the entire economy is in danger of collapse. 9. and students are expected to _____________ to these over the next few weeks. After only three weeks on the History course. Course fees will be _____________ on January 14: some will come down.
faster. 8. There currently seems to be a large discrepancy / discrimination / differential between the number of people employed in service industries. Grades have not been good over the last semester. and showed a romanticized view of life. and the other is a gasoline-electric hybrid. The TOEFL covers a variety of academic and general English tasks. 15. 2. and those who are just enjoying a day in bed. The quality of his work is excellent. the TOEIC focuses more on business and professional issues. 12. The two engines differentiate / differ / different considerably from each other: one runs on gasoline. Serious computer hackers can access your personal files and destroy or alter them. Our digital photography course is similar to / alike / resemble our traditional photography course. home PCs are cheaper. 3. 5. except one was aimed at a younger market while the other targeted twenty-somethings. 1. Exactly / In the same way / Just as. except that it is obviously more computer-oriented. 10. Likewise / Alike / Likeness. 9. 4. The Impressionists used light and color to give the general feeling of a scene. 7. all three options are possible. 10 . his attitude and commitment. 6. Nevertheless / Even so / However. Compared / Compare / Comparing with 15 years ago. 14. In one case. and have a much bigger memory. The new software program shared some common characters / characterizes / characteristics with those that were already on the market. and employees are now demanding equality in this area. There's a clear distinguish / distinctive / distinction between studying at a college and working from home on a correspondence course. they can gain access to your Internet banking facility and steal your money. The contrast / compare / comparison in working conditions between our Denver department and our department in Chicago is very noticeable. The two courses are different in every way: there's absolutely no compare / comparison / contrast between them. There were several similarities / similarly / similar to between the two novels. 13. the college still has one of the best academic records in the state. 11. unlike / whereas / whereby the pre-Raphaelites used a lot of detail and bright colors. and those employed in the primary sector. In contrast to / Although / By way of contrast.General Vocabulary Comparing and Contrasting Complete these sentences with the most appropriate word or expression in bold. It is often difficult to differentiate / differ / contrast between students who are absent because they are genuinely sick.
ehewotris it can't go ahead. We need to involve at least 20 people on this project. Good language skills are one of the quereesisitpr for a job in an international organization. 16. sa nlgo sa there is sufficient demand for healthy food such as salads and soups in the school cafeteria. 7. 9. I will have to give you a lower grade for the course. 11 . niifagl ttha. 1. 10. If you have a query. His argument was based no teh autonmsspi hatt people are basically decent and honest. please telephone us at the number above. 14. 13. 11. ni het nvete fo a tie between the two teams in tonight's game. we will continue to provide it. We agreed to sign the contract. The first one has been done as an example. send us a fax or email. 8. (Answer = As long as) 2. it is important that you agree with the remst and ioctnsodin set out in the contract. The main retncopiinsod for a healthy economy are controlled consumer spending and low unemployment.General Vocabulary Condition and requirement Rearrange the letters in bold to make words and expressions related to condition and requirement. 12. seusln I receive your assignment within the next couple of days. 15. Everyone should get a good mid-term grade vogrnipid ttha they hand in all their work on time. break glass. there will be a replay on Saturday afternoon. The teachers have nidncoalitoun trust in their students: they know they will do their best at all times. Students may use the college computers for personal emails no incotnido atth they agree to give up their computer if someone needs it for coursework. even if things get difficult. we will meet you at LaGuardia airport at ten o'clock. It is a nmreiretque of the college that students attend at least 95% of their course and complete all their assignments on time. the only aputonstili being that it would run for at least five years. sumsagin hatt the flight is on time. (Notice on a fire alarm): ni eacs fo fire. 4. 3. 6. 5. Before you accept a job.
appreciable / appreciative There is an ____________ difference between manslaughter and murder. ____________ workers should be rewarded for their hard work. advice / advise Can you ____________ me on the best course of action to take? He offered me some excellent ____________ . assumption / presumption They raised taxes on the ____________ that it would help control spending. many people do extra work in the evening. The Suez ____________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century. 6. conscientious / conscious Most people are ____________ of the need to protect the environment. Economic ____________ stagnated as the recession took hold. but have a different meaning False friends are words in English which have a similar-looking word in another language but which have a different meaning. continual / continuous A ____________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure. 5. beside / besides The office is just ____________ the railway station. 9. The senator spoke ____________ about the need for political reform. She was very ____________ of our efforts to help. or are related to the same topic. affect / effect Cuts in spending will have a serious ____________ on the healthcare services.General Vocabulary Confusing words and false friends Confusing words are two or more words which have a similar meaning to each other but are used in a different way. The strike will seriously ____________ train services. The computer has given us ____________ problems ever since we installed it. 2. briefly / shortly ____________ before the conflict began. 4. 10. 7. action / activity The police took immediate ____________ when they realised the situation was getting out of hand. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate word in bold. channel / canal The television ____________ received a formal complaint about the program. avoid / prevent Rapid government reforms managed to ____________ a revolution taking place. but have a different meaning or look similar. the army pulled down the border posts. 3. 11. It's sheer ____________ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power. 1. He's always trying to ____________ taking a decision if he can help it. 12 . ____________ their regular daytime job. 8.
____________. 19. 16. discover / invent When did he ____________ the telephone? Did Alexander Fleming ____________ penicillin? during / for / while Stores were closed ____________ the duration of the conflict. however / moreover The plan was good in theory. intolerable / intolerant I consider his behavior to be quite ____________. If we act now. ____________ the transition from a dictatorship to democracy. it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success. 18. 13. The bomb went off ____________ the President was making his speech. 15. ____________. 21.General Vocabulary 12. The plan was excellent. The government's plan was met with severe ____________. in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The manager made it clear he intended to ____________ down some strict rules. 14. 17. The government is ____________ of other political parties. so she would never intentionally upset anyone. possibility / chance There is always the ____________ that the government will reverse its decision. the country experienced severe strikes and riots. Following the recession. 20. She's a very ____________ person. There's no ____________ in taking a break from your job now and then. 23. The government plans to ____________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn't go up too much. control / inspect Environmental health officers regularly ____________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. look at / watch We must ____________ the situation in Lugumba carefully. 22. we have a good ____________ of finding a cure for the disease. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and decide if there is anything we can do about it. criticism(s) / objection(s) They didn't raise any ____________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures. many people are still looking for ____________. considerate / considerable He made a ____________ amount of money from his dotcom enterprise. 24. job / work Everybody has the right to a decent ____________ with good pay. A lot of ____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm. 13 . damage / injury / harm It was a severe ____________ which needed immediate hospital treatment. and be prepared to act if violence flares again. They received ____________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn't interrupt. permission / permit I'm afraid we can't ____________ photography in here. lay(s) / lie(s) The city of Quito ____________ near the equator.
Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics. 32. 33. I merely said that I needed a bit of time to myself. All new students will receive a ____________ study pack and dictionary. 34. disinterested / uninterested In order to end the dispute. They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________. 28. The country's ____________ products are paper and wood. I thought they would enjoy my talk. we need some impartial advice from a / an ____________ third party. subjective / objective Your report should be as ____________ possible: just present the facts and try to avoid saying what you think about them. priceless / worthless ____________ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. imply / infer From what you just said. They were unable to ____________ the disease. In response to the current oil shortage.General Vocabulary 25. process / procession The ____________ made its way down the avenue. treat / cure Hospitals are so understaffed that they find it almost impossible to ____________ patients with minor injuries. respectable / respectful The delegates listened in ____________ silence as the chairman spoke. 30. The newspaper article was extremely ____________: the journalist more or less forced his own views and ideas on his readership. Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating ____________. raise / rise As prices ____________. most airlines plan to ____________ their fares. The ____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker. complimentary / complementary In western societies. can I ____________ that you think I'm interfering? I didn't mean to ____________ that you were interfering. As inflation spiraled out of control. 26. 31. acupuncture and hypnosis are seen as ____________ medicines. 27. 29. 14 . principal(s) / principle(s) Many people refuse to eat meat on ____________. paper money suddenly became ____________. demand usually drops. and hundreds died as a result. but they were completely ____________.
_____________________________________ A. There are a lot of them. to be honest. _____________________________________ A. Well. _____________________________________ A. In that case. really. A. A. Perhaps we shouldn't have chosen it as an option. B. The idioms and colloquialisms exercises in this book focus on some of the most commonly-used expressions. Professor Parkhill sure seems to be absent a lot these days. I need a decision as soon as possible. B. _____________________________________ A. Shall we eat out or do you want me to cook something? B. 5. 11. OK. No way! Not a chance! You've got to be kidding! Why not? Go for it! Wow! Way to go! You should really get a life. and each one has to be learnt individually. Me neither. Want to come? B. 1. _____________________________________ A. B. A. B. All right. I will. I'd rather you told me now. A. The economics seminar has been canceled yet again. don't be like that! It'll be fun! A. I couldn't care less. I couldn't have done it without you. I never thought I'd be able to do it. Often. Let me sleep on it. Exercise 1 Complete the dialogs with an expression from the box. No. I've passed all my exams – grade A's all round! B. 6. 7. 8. Never mind. Are you interested in science? B. 4. aren't they. A. Our history lessons are really boring. I know! You're not the first person to say that. _____________________________________ A. I spent most of the weekend lying in bed and watching TV. It's up to you. you should. A. I really appreciate it. It can't be helped. Right. A. _____________________________________ A. but it was nothing really. _____________________________________ A. B. I find it really boring. 12. A. 15 . Thanks. it is possible to identify the meaning of an idiom or a colloquialism from the context in which it is being used. Your whole future might depend on them. If you don't work harder. you'll fail your exams. _____________________________________ A. It does nothing for me.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 1 Idioms and colloquialisms (spoken expressions) are a common feature of the TOEFL Listening Comprehension. I promise to replace it. A. Do you think I should apply to the University of West Virginia? B. B. Come on. Nevertheless. Well. You're welcome. I couldn't agree more. I'm really sorry that I lost your dictionary. I really don't mind. 3. B. _____________________________________ A. 9. We're going to Mo's bar tonight. Thanks. I'm afraid not. Thank you so much for all your help. 10. let's eat out. _____________________________________ A. A. 2. but not always. A. _____________________________________ A.
Perhaps a barbecue. 9. A. but we'll make up for it next weekend. A. Oh well. _____________________________________ A. 7. I'll do the same for you next time. _____________________________________ A. I'm working really hard for my exam at the moment. _____________________________________ A. I was wondering if you could help me with my assignment. Where's Murai today? B. Do you think you'll pass your exams? B. _____________________________________ A. _____________________________________ A. A. Yes. Poor Sarah failed to get a good grade in her TOEFL once again. Are there any tickets left for tonight's show? B. How's it going? What a drag! You're out of luck. That's the spirit! Well. We're thinking of doing something to celebrate the end of the semester. B. B. 11. I'm a bit tied up for the time being. Thanks. really. 4. 12. Sure. I'm fairly confident of passing. _____________________________________ A. You've been doing it for so long. Let me lend a hand. _____________________________________ A. _____________________________________ A. I was only asking. never mind. Can I have a look at your essay to get a few ideas? B. A. B. She never seems to do any preparation for it. A. I'm used to it. A. _____________________________________ A. 8. That's really kind of you. A. I thought you might be a bit busy right now. There goes our weekend. Want to come to the concert tonight? B . A.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. Don't be like that. I'm not sure. I have to get the hall ready for tonight's lecture. 2. 5. Do you find it difficult getting up at 6 o'clock every morning? B. How should I know? Is it any wonder? What do you have in mind? I'm going to give it all I've got. A. I thought so. or something like that. Why not? You bet! 1. I know. 3. A. 16 . good luck. I suppose you must be. not bad. Oh. 6. That's great. A. Oh. B. B. We need to finish this assignment by Monday. _____________________________________ A. _____________________________________ A. A. 10. Right. B. _____________________________________ A. I'll go and get us some tickets.
Congratulations. 1. A. That'll be the day! Who let the cat out of the bag? 1. I'm having second thoughts. Oh wow! What a great room. It's wonderful. 12. You're welcome. Take care and keep in touch. 11. __________________________________________________ A. I'd love to. __________________________________________________ A. I've signed up for extra sociology classes with Professor Dullman. Couldn't be better. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. Do you think you'll pass the exam? B. __________________________________________________ I'd be glad to My lips are sealed. I promise to work harder from now on. let's go to the theater instead. and now I've got a terrible stomach ache. Fire away. I've got some really interesting news. 5. 4. I'm all ears. 17 . Make yourself at home. Do you mind if I sit here? B. That'll teach you! 2. Thanks. A little bird told me. B. B. B. Oh. that's too bad. 10. __________________________________________________ A. I hear that you're going to throw a surprise party for my birthday. 3. this is on me. Now you're talking! Rather you than me. I'm keeping my fingers crossed. B. B. B. I thought you were going to apply for a place on the Theory of Knowledge course. __________________________________________________ A. 3. You don't want to work tonight? OK. 7. 5. Would you mind looking after my bag while I go to the rest room? B. B. I can't afford to go to the concert tonight. touch wood.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 2 Exercise 1 Complete these dialogs with an appropriate expression from the box. __________________________________________________ A. B. 4. I'd be really grateful if you didn't tell anyone about it. __________________________________________________ A. Would you like to come to Gino's tonight? B. 9. __________________________________________________ A. The name doesn't ring any bells. I've just eaten six hot dogs. B. I've managed to get a place on the Advanced Studies program. 6. 8. Sure. I'd rather you didn't. A. Be my guest. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ A. B. Yes. Hold on. Exercise 2 Instructions as above. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. Thank you very much for all your help. B. How do you know the test has been canceled? B. B. Oh.
12. 8. 10. 1. __________________________________________________ A. B. and I have to do some research on the history of the U. 3. __________________________________________________ A. so you don't need to worry about not finishing it on time. A. So I guess you're in the doghouse again. Well. Gesundheit! Not on your life! Of course. Aaachoooooooo! B. How's it going? Oh well.General Vocabulary 6. Exercise 3 Instructions as above. __________________________________________________ A. Can I come in? B. Would you ever consider eating it? B. __________________________________________________ A. 12. 4. 9. __________________________________________________ A. I'll say. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. Do you mind if I smoke in here? B. __________________________________________________ 7. a presentation to prepare. 7. Could you give me a bit of help with this assignment? B. 5. A. __________________________________________________ A. It's been nice seeing you again. I'm off to Niagara Falls for the weekend. I have so much to do by Monday. Have a good time. __________________________________________________ A. B. B. I didn't do too well in the end of semester exams. 6. __________________________________________________ 8. Don't kill yourself. Hi. __________________________________________________ A. I thought the lecture on the Declaration of Independence was great. Professor de Gruchy has extended the deadline for our essays to Thursday. Well. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. B. See you Monday. How are you? B. We'd better leave now – our train leaves in half an hour. Sure thing. Do you think you'll do well in tomorrow's test? B. Have you ever heard of the Darwin Awards? B. I forgot my boyfriend's birthday last week. 9. B. A. __________________________________________________ 2. it's not the end of the world. B. That's a load off my mind. Tom. That's the third time I've failed my driver's test. I'm so depressed. Did you know that our economics teacher has left the questions for tomorrow's test lying on his desk? B. B. Take a seat. keep it to yourself. __________________________________________________ A. __________________________________________________ A. 11. Let's get together again soon. 10.N. 18 . B. I'm about halfway through my essay. two essays to write. Did you enjoy it? B. B. Snake is considered a delicacy in some countries. take it easy. 11.
25. 14. 20. That's a good… For years he was ignored. 4. 16. 3. could you please let me… I was rather unhappy when she made a… The project was more or… I just need to complete this essay. 9. 24. and he promised to take… I understand the theory. 1. but look on the bright … The President can't be in his right… You shouldn't go over his… You're kidding. 8. 11. 19. 15. then all at… Many people believe that it's about… I've changed… He had some excellent plans. 2. I'll decide one way or… I wasn't sure whether to apply for a Ph. 7. 21. Just give it… I'm not sure whether to take a vacation this summer. course. it can take a while to learn the… I know you have a lot of work. You're pulling my… It can be difficult to make ends… Try to make the most of your… I asked Ron to get the computer fixed. 18. 26.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 3 Connect the first part of each sentence in the first box on this page with the second half in the second box on the next page. but they never really got off… 19 .D. 17. but once in… I've never been too… There are parts of the course which are a bit boring. If you come late. 22. 12. Use the expressions in bold to help you make the connection. but I get mixed… Don't worry about the exam. 5. Try to do things step by… There's a chance that sooner or… When you first start a new job. and then my coursework will be over once and… His lectures are generally really dull. but on the… Don't try to do everything at once. 10. but in the end I decided to go… I got a grade A for my first assignment of the year. 13. 6. 23.
F. Y. E. …less complete when someone pointed out they had missed some details. …whole it's really good. Z. V. O. S. D. M. isn't it? …all you've got and hope for the best. …for it and see what happens.General Vocabulary A. J. B. Q. …side. …for all. W. X. …head and make your own decisions. …ropes and become familiar with the way things work. R. …the ground. G. …time more money was invested in education. …once. I. …care of it at the earliest opportunity. Right? …my mind about attending Professor Malkovich's course. I've always preferred the arts. T. …start. P. 20 . …leg. at least you won't get bored this weekend! …a while there's something of interest. K. It'll be a real relief. N. …point of reminding me about my previous bad grades. …big on science. …meet when you're a student on a low income. …step until you've finished. C. U. people began paying attention to what he had to say. …know in advance. …up when I try to describe it on paper. …time when you're in New York. …the other when I see my exam results. …later the students will demand some real changes. L. making a stupid decision like that. …mind. H.
but I'm feeling better now.General Vocabulary Idioms and colloquialisms 4 Exercise 1 Choose the correct underlined word to complete each of the idioms in bold. 4. 21 . (to refuse to change your mind about something. You shouldn't try to burn the match / lighter / candle at both ends. (not possible. 5. We don't want to lose land / ground / place in the baseball competition. usually in a social situation where there are others present) 13. but he decided to take the goat / cow / bull by the horns and tell his boss that he wanted to leave the company. (something almost did or didn't happen) What's happened? Put me in the picture / story / scene. 1. (to discuss your job with a coworker. (to pretend not to notice. where not a lot of people go) If you're pressed / crushed / squeezed for time. (busy. but once in a blue / red / green moon. 11. (to make people feel more friendly and willing to talk to each other) Everybody should say exactly how they feel. 14. That should clear the room / air / feelings. (very rarely) I'm afraid your request is out of the answer / statement / question. (to become less successful than the others) Let's have a party at the beginning of the year. 12. 18. Don't let him stop you. he realized what a can of worms / beans / beer they were opening. (slightly sick) He's a rather boring person. The meaning of each idiom is in brackets after the sentence. (a difficult and complicated situation) It was a difficult decision. 15. to ignore) Many people like to get off the beaten road / path / track when they take a vacation. 7. stand your land / place / ground and tell him you won't change your mind. (unofficial. we can talk later. (to let somebody know what has happened. It will help to break the ice / mold / air. he'll come out with something really amazing. (somewhere quiet. 10. even when people oppose you) I only just passed my exam. (to deal bravely or confidently with a difficult situation) Some insurance companies make their customers pay through the ears / nose / mouth for their services. It was a very far / close / exact thing. you'll exhaust yourself. 3. but turned a blind / closed / cold eye to it. (to get up early in the morning and go to bed late at night on a regular basis) Once he started looking into the details. 8. 9. in a hurry) I've been feeling a bit under the thumb / weather / table recently. usually when other people already know) 17. (to help end an argument or disagreement) It's very rude to talk shop / work / jobs when you're out with other people. 16. unacceptable) He gave us some information that was strictly off the books / record / list. 6. to be kept secret) 2. (to pay a lot of money) He knew that what they were doing was wrong.
(to spoil something or make it much less enjoyable) The Dean has told me that unless I turn over a new leaf / book / paper. but my advice is to go with the snow / flow / glow and see what happens. 12. (to be slightly later than normal) 7. 6. everyone. 16. 11. 4. etc. or taste) 18. We've achieved a lot in the last hour or so. 10. (to do what seems the easiest thing in a particular situation) I thought my last essay was really good.. (being honest and telling the truth) It wasn't my fault! Why am I always the one to carry the can / tin / box? (being the person who is considered responsible for something that has gone wrong) University life can seem strange at first. 1. 17. I'm afraid. 13. He can be a bit unfriendly. I've completed three out of my five essays already. and explain why) His theories broke fresh earth / ground / land and changed the way people thought about science. 8. famous and / or respected) Have you seen his house? It's out of this planet / earth / world. smell. 14. so old Professor Clack really rained on my show / carnival / parade when he told me he thought it was terrible. Let's take three / four / five. but I don't really think he was on the air/ ground / level. (a special ability to feel things that you cannot see. (to tell somebody you are angry with them. touch. and asked me to pull a few legs / strings / ropes for him. haven't you? (to become well known. (generally) All right. but my fifth / sixth / seventh sense tells me he trying to get out of doing his assignment. 9. (to change your life by starting to be a better person or stopping a bad habit) There are some good restaurants nearby that won't bankrupt / break / rob the bank. So far. class. etc. so good / fine / acceptable. 22 . (to miss a lesson. It's time I had it in / out / over with him. You've really made a name / title / place for yourself. I'm running / walking / jumping a bit late. wonderful. hear.) He knew I was friendly with his boss.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. (until now. (to owe money to the bank because you've spent too much) 2. 15. (not expensive) I can't talk to you now. (to do something original or innovative) He said that he had missed his lecture because he had to visit a sick relative. but by and big / large / huge he's OK. 3. I might be asked to leave the course. (to have a short break) I don't know exactly what he's up to. that's the third lecture she's missed this week. 5. everything is going well) I'm really angry with Jerry. (extremely good. (to use your influence with somebody in order to get something) Donna played / did / went hooky again today. for no good reason) My bank account's in the black / red / pink again.
with an idea or the process of achieving something being similar to the process of building. 8. Her ideas were carefully _______________ by a series of results showing that they had been put into practice and actually worked. He was the chief _______________ of the country's new economic policies. and developing an idea is like getting plants to grow. 4.General Vocabulary Metaphor A metaphor is a word or phrase that means one thing and is used to refer to another thing in order to emphasize their similar qualities. and nothing can change these beliefs. because the words and expressions are not being used with their literal meaning. The following exercises look at some common metaphors that are used in different situations. but then early research and negative feedback began to _______________ of doubt in their minds. The invention of the microchip was a _______________ achievement. ideas. Exercise 1: achievements. from the President all the way down to grass-roots politicians. In several cases you will need to change the form of the words. The new government _______________ for radical changes to the voting system. Superstitious beliefs are _______________ in many cultures. and theories are often seen as buildings. Metaphors are a bit like idioms (see pages 15 – 22). 10. and theories Metaphorically. architect demolish blueprint edifice sow the seeds build on fertile build up fruitful buttress collapse construct deep-rooted ruins ground-breaking take root towering lay the foundations under construction stem from 1. the word father is not used in its usual sense to mean someone's male parent. 12. 2. For example. The first one has been done for you. 5. The new constitution was _______________ traditional values and a desire for progress. Metaphorically. Father is being used in a metaphorical way. 3. achievements. The newspaper article threatened the whole ____edifice_____ of government. 23 . 11. or that he was the first one to do it successfully. and over the next 20 years was _______________ into one of the most powerful companies in the country. His argument was carefully _______________ and was extremely difficult to dispute. 7. 6. Complete sentences 1 – 20 with a word or expression from the box. all of which would be implemented over the next five years. The contract acted as a _______________ for future cooperation between the two organizations. but we hope to have it up and running by the end of the month. and the failure of something being similar to the destruction of a building. in the sentence "Picasso was the father of the Cubist movement". ideas are also like plants. The website is _______________. ideas. It means that Picasso was the person who started the Cubist movement. 9. The business was started in 1986. The company directors were convinced people would want their new product.
(B) There was a lot of conflict over what to do next. (B) Would you mind lending me a hand with my assignment? (C) The government helped to prop up the college by offering it a financial grant. B. (B) Everyone agreed that there were some weighty issues to be discussed at the meeting. it is like supporting them physically (for example. (A) Your point of view is indefensible. 16. (A) I was wondering if I could rely on your support. (C) The novel received some good reviews. The more you have. (C) The team clashed over what steps to take next. 20. making an trofef is like using a part of your body. Her ideas __________ her belief in the existence of life on other planets. but it did not deter him from starting again. Look at sentences A. The final sentence should then explain what the metaphors in the first three sentences are describing. (C) I don't want to be kept in the dark. The new technology was revolutionary and __________. (B) Her work greatly illuminated this aspect of the subject. Nobody believed him at first. 17. Metaphorically. (B) She didn't have the backbone to accept his challenge. His life's work was in __________. 4. with your body). 5. (C) She had a sudden flash of inspiration and began writing down her thoughts. 1. an muntrage is like a fight or a war. 19. and something that is ntaprmotniu is small or light. but to my anger and disappointment each one was comprehensively __________ by the board. but a series of unexplained events meant that his ideas quickly __________ and people were more prepared to listen to him. ngeelcneilti is like a light. Einstein was believed to have a rather dull mind. Exercise 2: Other metaphors. and C in the following groups. Metaphorically. 18. Then rearrange the letters in italics in the final sentence to make another word or words. but many people thought it was rather lightweight. the brighter the light is. but was initially seen as a simple novelty. The discussion was very __________. Metaphorically. The idea seemed good in theory. (A) He is often regarded as the greatest writer of the twentieth century. His books were very popular because he had a __________ imagination and a talent for telling a good story. (C) I know it's difficult. The first one has been done as an example. 3. I put forward several ideas. (Answer = argument) 2. (A) They only succeeded by using their political muscle. so please let me know what is happening. 24 . when you sitsas someone. (A) She was one of the brightest students in the class. (A) You look confused: let me throw some light on the matter. Metaphorically. (B) As a child. Metaphorically. and look especially at the words and expressions in bold. 6. something that is taprmotni is like something that is big or heavy. but __________ when practical tests were first carried out. 14. 15. and we all came away from it believing that at last we were going to achieve something worthwhile. Note that two of the final sentences use the same word. but you have to put your back into it if you want to succeed. with people "attacking" and "defending".General Vocabulary 13.
General Vocabulary
Metaphorically, when you have gwednloke about something, it is like shining a light on it (and when you lack this, it is like being in darkness). 7. (A) His new career opened the door to a whole new way of life. (B) Having a University degree is arguably the key to success in life. (C) Age should be no barrier to success. Metaphorically, having the roitpoytupn to do something is like having a door or other entrance opened for you. 8. (A) We unearthed some useful facts and figures. (B) Her latest book is a goldmine of useful information. (C) We left no stone unturned in our search for the truth. Metaphorically, when you oeidrvsc things such as facts and information, it is similar to finding them by digging or searching in the ground. 9. (A) He originally set out to become a priest, but became involved in politics instead. (B) At the age of 24, things took an unexpected turn for him. (C) After six years in the same job, I decided to move on. Metaphorically, a ilef or raecer path is like a journey. 10. (A) They put a lot of pressure on him to make change his mind. (B) The country was dragged reluctantly into war. (C) I'm sorry to press you for an answer, but we need to know your plans. Metaphorically, when you ecfro someone to do something, it is like putting physical pressure on them (for example, by pulling or pushing them). 11. (A) He was very sharp-witted and could always be relied on to come up with an astute comment when asked. (B) She has a keen intellect and makes sure that everyone knows it. (C) He was an incisive critic who always researched his subject thoroughly before passing comment on it. Metaphorically, eengintecill is like a knife, a blade, or another sharp object. 12. (A) We covered a lot of ground at the meeting. (B) I'd like to return to the point I was making earlier. (C) After three hours, we finally arrived at a decision. Metaphorically, a veoantcirosn or nosisidscu is like a journey, with the people who are speaking going from one place to another. 13. (A) We need to address the social ills that are at the root of crime. (B) The country was paralyzed by a series of natural and man-made disasters. (C) Drugs such as heroin and cocaine are seen as a cancer at the very heart of society. Metaphorically, a beprmol is like an illness. 14. (A) The speaker received a very warm welcome from the audience. (B) We had several good ideas, but they poured cold water on all of them. (C) I was disappointed because his response was rather lukewarm. Metaphorically, anesismuht and nicetxetem are like heat, and a lack of these is like cold or wet. 15. (A) The biography mainly dealt with his years at the top. (B) Many people commented on his rapid ascent up the ladder. (C) His greed and lack of integrity eventually led to his downfall. Metaphorically, being fucsuscsel is like being high up, and uraelfi is like falling or being low down.
General Vocabulary
Numbers and symbols
How do you say the numbers and symbols in bold in these sentences?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 2006 was the company's most profitable year since 1994. The advantage of Internet banking is that you can check your account 24/7. Despite a rigorous advertising campaign, demand has only risen by 0.8% in the last two months. We're meeting in his office at 3:45 this afternoon. Your flight for Zurich leaves at 1800 from Logan International Airport. I expect to be back in the country on June 30. Our next range of products will be released on 10/3. She completed the test in a record 27½ minutes. ¾ of all our employees think the canteen food could be improved. The new desk measures exactly 6ft. x 3ft. x 3ft. Is this printer really only $1.99? Oh, sorry sir, that's a mistake. The sticker should say $100.99. And that computer doesn't cost $120.75. It actually costs $1120.75. Please quote reference ACB81 - 25/B. Our new telephone number is (212) 909-7940. For more information, call 1-800-528-4800. Alternatively, ring 1-800-AXP-1234. The emergency telephone number in the U.S.A. is 911. In the U.K. it's 999. In Australia it's 000. To access the information you require, press the # key, followed by the 0 key, and finally the * key. He earns a salary of over $200K a year! In fact, he's making so much money that he plans to retire in his mid-50's. We have invested over $6M in new technology. The union held a ballot to see if the workers wanted to strike. The result was 2:1 in favor. My email address is email@example.com. Hi Todd. GR8 news on the promotion. I'm really :-) for you! CUL8R for a celebratory drink? He drives to work in a big, fuel-guzzling 4x4. The Denver Deadbeats won the match against the Washington Washouts by 2:0. In the game against the Los Angeles Layabouts the following week, they tied 3:3. At the last census, the population of the country was 37,762,418. It's important to send your 1099 form to the IRS on time. This book is © Rawdon Wyatt, 2007. The "Ultimafone®" has just won a "Product of the Year" award.
General Vocabulary
Obligation and option
Complete sentences 1 – 17 with a suitable word from the box. More than one answer is possible in some cases.
alternative compelled must compulsory need entail essential obliged exempt optional forced require have liable
mandatory 1.
A valid passport and visa are _____________ by all visitors to the country. Unless you have these, you will not be allowed in. Attendance at all classes is _____________. You may not miss a class without prior arrangement with your course leader. Note to new students: all fees _____________ be paid no later than one week before the commencement of the course. Your place on the course may be forfeited if you fail to satisfy this requirement. Before you make an appointment with the college doctor, you _____________ to register your name at the clinic, which you will find in the Administrative Block. If you cause any damage to property, whether accidentally or on purpose, you will be held _____________ for any costs incurred. The college was _____________ to refund part of its student fees after they announced that several of the course modules would no longer be running. Books, clothes, and food are currently _____________ from government tax, as they are considered necessities rather than luxuries. _____________ police security checks are carried out on all students and members of staff who will be working or associating with minors (i.e., those under 18). Entrance to the museum is free, but visitors are asked to make a _____________ donation of $5. Evening lectures and presentations are _____________: it is up to you whether you attend or not. 11. Unless your attendance improves, the college will have no _____________ but to ask you to leave the course.
9. 10.
Manufacturers of packaged foods are _____________ to list all the ingredients contained clearly on the box or package. This should include any artificial colorings and additives. You are under no _____________ to work overtime, but we hope that you would be prepared to work late at least once a week. When Professor Ranscombe was accused of making sexist remarks in his lectures, he felt _____________ to write a public letter of apology to those he had offended. The project is very exciting, but everyone realizes that it will _____________ a lot of work. There's no _____________ to make an appointment to see me. Just turn up at my office anytime after lunch. It is absolutely _____________ that the two liquids are kept separate, otherwise a chemical reaction could trigger an explosion.
15. 16.
1. technology is moving too quickly. We strongly pesctus that the proposal to develop the computer facilities will not go ahead. happiness is more important than money. Do you popvisread of smoking? The government are micedtomt to the struggle to end institutional racism in the police force. and belief. 7. Scientists are cdnoevcin that human degradation of the environment is causing thousands of species to become extinct. This word can be used to complete sentence 13. If you do this correctly. especially in the traditional values of society". attitude. 11. 3. 12. A lot of people are atifalnac about sport in general and football in particular. Exercise 2 Hidden in the box on the next page you will find 40 more words related to opinion. 2. 11. 8. In my nponioi. Find these words and then use them to complete definitions 1 – 40. I take strong etonepixc to people coming late or cancelling appointments at short notice. He has very ____________ views and disapproves of change. 9. attitude. The first letter of each word has been underlined for you. 9. 6. The government are ingerdgar the debt that is owed by developing nations as a major barrier to global economic progress. I butdo that the new government will keep all its promises. 8. 5. 1. These words can be found by reading from left to right and from top to bottom only. She aitainsmn that most young people would rather work than go to school. As far as I am enodccenr. 10. 12. They come from a strongly taitoanrdil family who still believe in arranged marriages. 6. and belief. 7. 4. 28 . attitude. 4. 3. 5. Write these words in the appropriate space in the grid that follows the sentences. Use the word in the shaded vertical strip to complete this sentence: 13. 2.General Vocabulary Opinion. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that means "not willing to accept much change. 10. and belief Exercise 1 Rearrange the letters in bold in the following sentences to make words that can be used to talk about opinion.
General Vocabulary
Someone who is well educated and interested in art, science, literature, etc., at a high level: an ________________. Someone who believes that their country should have a king or queen: a ________________. A political system that aims to create a society in which everyone has equal opportunities and in which the most important industries are owned or controlled by the whole community: ________________. An economic system in which property, businesses, and industry are owned by individual people and not by the government: ________________. A political and economic system is which there is no private ownership of property and industry and in which people of all social classes are treated equally: ________________. Someone who chooses not to eat anything made from, or produced by, animals, including fish, eggs, milk, cheese, and honey: a ________________. Someone who chooses not to eat meat or fish: a ________________. An adjective describing someone who thinks about something all the time because they think it is extremely important, even if it is not, and even if other people believe they are thinking about it too much: ________________. A four-word adjective describing opinions, attitudes, styles, etc., which are not extreme: ________________. An adjective describing people who are willing to accept other people's beliefs, way of life, etc., without criticizing them (even if they disagree with them): ________________. An adjective relating to right and wrong and the way people should behave. It can be used to describe people who base their actions on what they believe rather than what rules or laws say is right: ________________. Someone who does not like or respect people who belong to races that are different from their own, and who thinks their race is better than others: a ________________. A two word adjective describing someone who is willing to consider new ideas: ________________. An adjective describing someone who is so sure that their beliefs and ideas are right that they expect other people to accept them: ________________. Someone who believes that there should be no governments or laws: an ________________.
2. 3.
7. 8.
13. 14.
General Vocabulary
16. 17.
An adjective describing someone who accepts bad things without complaining: ________________. An adjective describing someone who has opinions that most people think are unreasonable, especially about race, politics, and religion: ________________. An adjective to describe someone who bases their actions on achieving practical results rather than on theories and ideas: ________________. Someone whose opinions and actions are reasonable and not extreme, especially in politics: a ________________. An adjective to describe someone who has very strong opinions that they refuse to change, even when they are clearly unreasonable: ________________. In the U.S.A., a political party whose members usually have conservative views. Elsewhere, someone who believes that a government should have a president and representatives elected by the people: ________________. In the U.S.A., a member of the political party (with the same name) whose policies are usually more liberal than those of number 21 above. Elsewhere, someone who supports democracy as a political system: a ________________. The religion based on the ideas of the prophet Muhammad: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 23 above: a ________________. The religion based on the ideas of Jesus Christ: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 25 above: ________________. The religion based on the writings of the Torah and the Talmud: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 27 above: a ________________. The main religion of India, which believes in reincarnation: ________________. Someone who is a follower of the religion in number 29 above: a ________________. The Indian religious group that separated from number 29 above in the 16th century: ________________. The set of religious beliefs based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama: ________________. A Chinese system of religion and thought that says people should live a simple, natural, and honest life: ________________. An adjective used to describe a person, society, etc., that believes that everyone is equal and should have the same rights: ________________. A very right-wing political system in which the government is very powerful and controls the society and economy completely without allowing any opposition: ________________. Someone who does not believe in the existence of God: an ________________. Someone who believes that it is not possible to know whether God exists or not: an ________________. Someone who believes that people care only about themselves and are not sincere or honest: a ________________. Someone who believes that violence is wrong and refuses to fight in or support wars: a ________________. An adjective describing someone who believes in the power of magic or luck: ________________.
23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
36. 37. 38.
General Vocabulary
Opposites: Verbs
Exercise 1 Replace the verbs in bold in sentences 1 – 26 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context. In many cases you will need to change the form of the word (for example, to its past simple form).
abandon abolish attack conceal decline demolish deny deteriorate exaggerate extend fall forbid gain hire lend loosen lower postpone refuse reject replenish reward set simplify succeed withdraw 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. They accepted the offer of a ceasefire. He admitted telling lies in his original statement. They agreed to meet to discuss the future of the organization. The senator defended his opponent's policies in a televised speech. The apartments blocks they built were the ugliest in the city. He complicated matters by rewriting the original proposal. They continued their plans to assassinate the king when he opened Parliament. He deposited $10,000 – half his college fees for the forthcoming year. Relations between the two countries have improved considerably in the last year. He permitted us to present our petition directly to the President. The members of the commune were punished for their part in the revolution. He raised the overall standards of the company within two months of his appointment. As soon as the sun rose, the demonstrators began to appear on the streets. Prices rose sharply in the first three months of the financial year. As soon as he had tightened the knots, he pushed the boat out. To everyone's surprise, she failed. Tomorrow's meeting has been brought forward. The management said that they would be happy to borrow the money. Several flaws in the design of the new model were revealed. The course has been shortened to 12 weeks. I don't want to underestimate his role in the club. Attendance has increased since the new professor took over the course. Fuel supplies have been exhausted. Despite having a bigger and cheaper choice of healthy foods, many Americans have lost a lot of weight. Following the revolution, the monarchy was restored. The company started seeing some success once they dismissed several employees.
it needs to kept in a dark. and in some cases by also removing a letter). 7. If any student use the college computers (e. Your lack of progress on this course has please your tutor. and in view of this he plans report you to the Principal. The press have once again quote the President: he said that women were "America's hope for the future". The college staff approve of students smoking on the premises. 4. 8. physical conflict is often the result. astronomer Harvey Weiss claims to lock the secrets of the universe.. Before connect the copier from the power supply.g. The press deliberately tried to represent our college. mis-. If any students agree with the new regulations. usually as a result of linguistic or cultural differences. 3. Once the film has been load from the camera. you should also need to change the end of the verb (by adding -s. 16. or un-. When one group of people understand another. 13. He was surprised that everyone had obey the rules. 14. In each of the sentences below. Down ( 1. and not "America's hopeless future". Kaput Computers is pleased to announce that it will not be continue its popular range of discounted computers for students. make sure it is switched off. Students who are caught cheating will be immediately qualify. 2. they should put their concerns in a letter to the Course Director. 20. ) We completely judge the time we had for the project. wrongly suggesting that we only recruit students whose parents make large financial donations to the college. -ing. In his new book "Stars in my Eyes". they will be instantly suspended. As the full extent of the disaster fold. etc. for accessing undesirable websites). 6. -ed. and unfortunately we were unable to finish on time. change the verb in bold into its opposite form using one of the prefixes above. The National Patients' Association is calling on Senators around the country to make doctors legally responsible for diagnose an illness. In most cases. Despite recent rumors in the press. Then use your answers to complete the crossword on the next page. 12. dry place until it can be processed. 10.. 22.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Some verbs can be made into their opposite form. Employers have every right to trust interview candidates who are not able to provide adequate references or show proof of their qualifications. 23. Across ( ) 2. 32 . 5. or otherwise modified. im-. by the addition of the prefixes dis-. the government decided to take drastic action.
The huge increase in exports recently has prove the argument that the world has stopped buying American goods. 15. 11. A recent investigation has cover several cases of unauthorized Internet use in the library. Unfortunately. 18.General Vocabulary 9. but the claim was allow because we hadn't observed proper safety procedures. It is a sad fact of college life that unless some students are properly supervised. 21. and therefore we will not be dealing with you in the future. 17. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 5 9 12 10 11 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 17 18 22 23 33 .000 for fire damage. I accidentally calculate the amount we needed to spend on fees and accommodations. We regret that our trust in you was sadly place. 19. many of our students like the increased workload this semester. but not surprisingly. they will take every opportunity to behave. We claimed $20.
When she first started dancing. 7. From a distance. supplies of food after the harvest were plentiful. the surface of the planet appears to be very rough. she was very awkward. 5. What you are asking me to do is quite impossible.General Vocabulary Opposites: Adjectives Exercise 1 Replace the adjectives in bold in sentences 1 – 28 with a word or expression from the box which has an opposite meaning in the same context. Despite the weather. The new rules had a profound impact on everyone's behavior. 34 . he's a very awkward person to deal with. 23. Planned demonstrations and strikes took place all over the city. 2. Contrary to what many people think. 18. The country displayed all the features of a stagnant economy. 4. Her lectures are extremely interesting. The plans they presented were simple and well written. 19. A lot of students are willing to attend classes on Saturday morning. 17. Add up all the odd numbers between 1 and 20 to get a result. commonplace feasible reluctant worthwhile compulsory graceful spontaneous considerable innocent tedious crude intricate vibrant detrimental flexible problematic smooth The meaning of his words was very ambiguous. 9. this is a very rare event. 28. 21. According to his colleagues. 25. Organizing a fundraising event can be surprisingly simple. We need exact figures before we embark on a new venture. 12. 22. 6. The jury decided he was guilty of the crime. 20. 15. The device is very sophisticated and should only be operated by someone who is familiar with it. all of them natural. 16. The laws restricting pollution in the city are very rigid. The bright light from the flashlight picked out details on the walls of the cave. Attendance at afternoon classes should be voluntary. 10. 24. The spices used in the production of some international dishes have a very strong flavor. approximate delicate negligible archaic artificial dim easy scarce clear even worthless 1. Newspapers are saying a lot about the country's modern licensing laws. The confectionery contained several flavors. Many students believe that doing voluntary work for charities is a pointless cause. 8. 14. 3. 11. A close study of the painting by experts revealed it to be priceless. 13. His policies were beneficial to the economy as a whole. There is a slight difference in the way the company is run these days compared with a few years ago. 27. 26.
but the management think he's (C) irreplaceable and are (D) uninclined to fire him. He had clearly given his presentation (A) disadequate preparation. and (C) immature. which she considered extremely (D) unfair. Despite this. In return for an increased investment. dis-. 2. 6. 5. 4. and many in the audience challenged the points he made. He is a very (A) disagreeable man and he makes visitors feel very (B) unwelcome. some thought the promises were (C) inconvincing and were (D) uncomfortable about parting with so much money. but also (C) illegal: companies are legally bound to take the strongest possible action against such (D) unacceptable behavior by their employees. but in a competitive job market. She was described by her boss as being (A) unresponsible. 1. those who are (B) unqualified or who have (C) imsufficient work experience will find themselves seriously (D) disadvantaged. 35 . il-. Decide which word is wrong and correct it. disiliminirun- acceptable authorized complete fair accurate avoidable conscious adequate believable contented advantaged certain convincing legal obedient pure agreeable comfortable correct limited attractive competent curable literate even logical patient rational responsible fashionable married perfect regular mature personal relevant honest moral possible inclined mortal proper organized qualified resolute welcome replaceable satisfied resistible sufficient satisfactory Task 2: Without looking at your answers to Task 1. in-. saying they were (B) inaccurate and (C) illogical. It is an (A) unavoidable fact. While many found such an offer (B) irresistible. look at the following sentences and paragraphs. etc.) to the beginning of the word. although the only person he managed to convince was himself. In each one there is one word which has been given the wrong prefix. he remained (D) irresolute in his views. Task 1: Decide which of the prefixes from the first box can be used to make opposites of the words in the second box.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 A lot of adjectives can be made into their opposite form by adding a prefix (un-. Insider dealing is not only (A) immoral and (B) inhonest. (B) incompetent. the company offered (A) unlimited returns for their investors. 3.
(to discover) As we grow / stand / look up our priorities change. (to leave a race. (to research) Nobody at the meeting carried / brought / moved up the subject of paid leave. a competition. they come under extreme financial pressure from their bank. and try to deal with it) 3. The President decided to shout / cry / call off his visit to Europe. They refused to move / face / come up to their responsibilities. with disastrous consequences. 16. a course of study. and appear frequently in other parts of the test. 15. 6. choose the correct verb in bold to complete the phrasal verb in italics. 10.. 9. (to become less strong) An alarming number of students jump / drop / fall out of school early every year. (to argue) If they examined the issues more closely. (to raise children) 2. (to change from being children to being adults) Salaries very rarely catch / keep / work up with the cost of living. (to rise at the same speed as something else) 5. The meaning of each phrasal verb is given in brackets at the end of each sentence. Some parents are criticized for the way they bring / make / throw up their children. 7. (to start discussing a subject) Once people lose / jump / fall behind with their mortgage payments. In the TOEFL. (to get to the same level) It can take months or even years for political scandals to die / cut / fall down. 13. 8. (to rely / depend on other people) Many developing countries are failing to run / chase / catch up with their more developed neighbors. The latest government report leaves / keeps / throws out the real reasons for current demographic shifts. you should search / hunt / look into the Party's history. (to show) Before you write your essay. (to not to go ahead with a plan) It is only at election time that senators add / count / read on support from their constituents. (to fail to do something or pay something at the time that you should) The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to cut / slice / chop down on the amount of saturated fats you eat. (informal: to find it hard to understand) The committee members dropped / made / fell out over plans for the new health center. 1.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 1 Phrasal verbs are very common in English. 12. early or before you have finished) Major international companies can't carry / cut / figure out the popularity of the anti-capitalist movement. 4. usually because it is bad for you) 14. 11. 18. they are tested in the Listening Comprehension section. Exercise 1 In the following sentences. they would search / look / find out the reasons. 17. (to start doing less of something. (to accept an unpleasant state of affairs. 36 . etc. (to not include) The journalist showed / pointed / spoke out the mistakes made by the agency over the last few years. and should be learnt like any other item of English vocabulary.
14. (to add up to a particular amount) The telephone service is rather unreliable. 37 . The meeting will be canceled if not enough people arrive / move / turn up. (to be disconnected while talking on the telephone) 10. (to get rid of something) If you have a complaint. During the early 2000's.000. 17. but they begin to wear / come / fall off after a few hours. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem) It is very important to carry / work / do out my instructions carefully. put it in writing and ask the company to investigate / look / see into it for you. and it's quite common to be cut / shut / run off in the middle of a conversation. (to be not allowed to enter a building) The total cost of the project makes / moves / works out to about $250. (to continue) The drug's effects are very powerful. 4. (to suggest or state the case for something) Despite the seriousness of the illness. but so far they have all been ignored. (to meet someone by chance) This course has set / moved / put me back by about $2000. I remember the many sacrifices my parents made for me. a lot of state-run schools were controlled / taken / acquired over by private companies. (to gradually disappear or become less intense) 9. often in a way that is easy for people to understand) I came / ran / moved into Laura outside the theater last week. 16. but they kicked / hit / picked up when people realized how useful it was. (informal: to cost someone a particular amount of money. I tried to argue / place / put forward the arguments in favor of global capitalism. 13. he managed to carry / pull / take through. often in a particular way) 2. 3. (to do something that you have been told to do. especially a large amount) When I look / consider / move back on my childhood. (to explain an idea. 6. 15. 12. In one of the sentences. 18. often unexpectedly) At first.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. Many employees went / kept / carried on working despite pressure from the unions. sales of the product were slow. (to start to do something in place of someone else) In my last essay. (to think about something that happened in the past) We were all disappointed with the way things turned / came / changed out. (to recover from a serious illness or accident) A lot of restrictions on imports have been done / gone / put away with. 11. 8. all of the verbs are possible. (to develop in a particular way or have a particular result) The exhibition was so popular that a lot of visitors had to be pushed / turned / thrown away. (to slowly improve) I have given / put / moved across several suggestions. 1. (to come somewhere. 5. 7.
people are reluctant to break unpopular rules. (to try to discover the facts about something such as a problem or crime) After years of decline. (to increase in price) 3. (to make someone understand what you are trying to say) As ticket prices _________ up. while studying the health benefits of a rare species of plant. In some cases. (to work and operate efficiently) I'd like you to _________ over these figures and tell me if you think the project is possible. 6. get. Make sure you use the correct form of the verb in each one. (to avoid being punished for doing something wrong or illegal) Developed countries are usually able to _________ through a period of recession by drawing on financial reserves. (to get better. 14. 10. or look to make a phrasal verb in bold. (to manage to deal with a difficult situation until it is over) People who have to _________ after elderly relatives or other dependents should receive financial support. 1. or appear to get better) Scientists _________ across the cure by accident. (to take care of someone or something and make certain they have everything they need) We decided to _________ through with our plans as soon as we had sufficient capital. 15. 11. fewer people go to the theater and prefer to stay at home with a video. go. government investment is revitalizing the area. 13. (to start doing something seriously or with a lot of effort) Lights _________ out across the country as power workers went on strike. give. 4. The phrasal verb is explained in brackets at the end of each sentence. 5. it can be difficult to _________ by without a car. (to stop burning or shining) The committee were asked to _________ into the latest crime statistics and try to establish a pattern. especially after not being sure you wanted to do it) It can be very difficult to _________ down to studying for exams when the weather is nice. (to continue doing something) The anti-smoking message is finally _________ through to people. 9. but will try to _________ around them somehow. 7. (to have to deal with something difficult or unpleasant) Even if you fail the first time. 18. (to find something by chance) Very few students _________ forward to their end-of-semester exams. 16. In rural districts. (to do something you have planned or agreed to do. (to feel happy and excited about something that is going to happen) Generally. 17. more than one answer is possible. 2. and things are beginning to _________ up. (to find a way of dealing with a problem or avoiding it) The first step to a healthier lifestyle is to _________ up smoking. (to check something carefully) Large industries can no longer _________ away with dumping industrial waste in rivers. (to stop doing something you do regularly) The governor _________ up against a lot of opposition from locals when she proposed building a jail near the city limits.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 2 Exercise 1 Each of these sentences can be completed with come. 38 . 12. you should _________ on trying. 8.
(to surrender to someone in a position of authority. 17. 4. (to do something after you have intended to do it for some time) New legislation lays down strict penalties for vehicles which ___________ off excess exhaust. 2. etc. especially to the police) Some people tend to ___________ down on others who are less fortunate purely because of their financial situation. (to achieve a particular result in an activity. 10. (to become cheaper) Nothing ___________ of the company's plans to develop solar-powered vehicles. 1. (to reach a particular total when everything is added together) For most poor people. (to think that you are better or more important than someone else) The government had decided to stand firm on their decision. (to check something carefully) People who live in close proximity to one another must learn to ___________ along with their neighbors. but under pressure from protesters. (to be connected to someone by telephone. (to start dealing with a situation. 3. (to be the result of something) The final bill for the project will ___________ to almost $10 million. 5. Don't forget that many phrasal verbs can have more than one meaning. it took almost five years for the country to ___________ around to opening its borders. (to become ill with a particular disease) People often ___________ up the idea of starting their own company when they realize the risks that are involved. 9. or argument) It took a long time for the country to ___________ over the effects of the civil war. (to recover from something) The threat of severe reprisals meant that many refused to ___________ themselves up to the police. email. 7. Doctors realized there was going to be a problem when several people in the same village ___________ down with suspected food poisoning. in a particular way) When supply of a particular good exceeds demand. 39 . You should then try to remember these so that they become a part of your "productive" vocabulary. it is common for the price to ___________ down. (to produce a gas or smell) People who want to know how to ___________ about starting their own company should talk to a trained adviser. problem. (to receive money or property when someone dies) After the revolution. 15. 12. (to try to like someone and be friendly to them) It was only after he ___________ into his inheritance after his father died that he was able to expand the company. 16. (to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win) By the time the message ___________ through it was too late to evacuate the residents. text message. (to avoid or escape from an unpleasant situation) In any dispute with an insurance company. job. Try to develop your own written "bank" of the phrasal verbs you learn. 13. 11. it is usually the consumer who ___________ off the worst.. (to no longer want to do something) Before entering an agreement. 14. they decided to ___________ in and reduce tax on gasoline. ___________ out of the cycle of poverty can be next to impossible. This should show as many different meanings as possible for each phrasal verb. 6. 8.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. especially a competition.) 18. it is essential to ___________ over the details very carefully. fight. etc.
you will need to change the form of the verb (e. (to make debts go up quickly) Parents often struggle to _____ enough money to pay for their children's education. which can then be used to complete the sentences underneath. 16. Don't forget that some phrasal verbs need two particles. either in their mannerisms or in the way they look. (to keep or save something from a larger amount in order to use it later for a particular purpose) The two men didn't _____ each other at first. (to force someone to leave) When I was at school.g. 10.General Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs 3 The verbs and particles in the two boxes below can be combined to make phrasal verbs. past or present participle. 22. but only a handful _____ for the interview. In many cases. and Mrs. (to make a deposit) They were reluctant to make changes. 28. 20. 9. 6. (to begin to like someone or something) One of the best ways to get fit is to _____ a sport or activity. (to arrive for a meeting. but we managed to _____ them _____. and write the answers in the crossword grid. 11. 24. 19.. add break bring engage factor go hand hold make opt pick put run set shut stem take talk turn about down on after for out against from round in to apart into up aside of with off Clues across ( ) 1. which you will find on page 42. (to stop because something is in the way) When Mr.) Air pollution can _____ asthma and other chest diseases in those most vulnerable. appointment. (to start) People who use credit cards unwisely can easily _____ debts of thousands of dollars every month. (to start doing something regularly as a habit) The plans were _____ while we waited for a decision from the management. (to decide not to take part in something) A lot of applicants expressed an interest in the job. (to cause a delay or make someone late) 40 . third person "s". their landlord threatened to _____ them _____ onto the street. but over the next year they became the best of friends. (to resemble) After _____ a few unexpected difficulties. (to choose someone to attack or criticize) Although many companies offer their employees a pension plan. etc. etc. Accommodations in some cities are so expensive that some people cannot even afford to _____ the 8 weeks' deposit that is required. 5. 7. Johnson were unable to pay the rent on time.). they decided to scrap the project. Decide which phrasal verbs go into each sentence. (to persuade somebody) Children often _____ one of their parents. 30. Do not put a gap between the verb and the particle(s) in the crossword grid. The meaning of each phrasal verb is in italics at the end of each sentence. many decide to _____ of the program and make their own arrangements. some teachers unfairly _____ children who eschewed sport for more creative interests and pastimes.
(to use all of something and not have any left) Some students can be very creative with the reasons they give for not _____ their assignments on time. (to improve. (to refuse something which is offered) Most people will _____ a stressful job if the money is good enough. but lacked sufficient experience to be taken seriously. (to take the place of something that has been lost or damaged. (to include a particular amount when you calculate something) Our money is _____ quickly. 37. it is surprisingly difficult to put it back together again. (to take part in a particular activity. 2. especially something that takes a lot of time and effort) Her discovery _____ a chain of events that surprised everyone involved. (to be fooled or tricked) He _____ the job that was offered to him. 14. even though he was desperate for the money. (to apply for a job in politics. by which time we should all have familiarized ourselves with the system. it took a long time for tourism to _____ again after the terrorist attacks. profits were very low. 21. 36. and if we don't act soon. it will be too late. (to separate an object into pieces) The revolution was a long. (to cause a situation or a series of events to happen) After _____ expenditure and inflation. ) It's often a good idea to _____ some money for a "rainy day".General Vocabulary 32. 15. 6. 18. (to understand or know the reason for something) Nobody believed the Senator's explanation for a moment. 12. (to stop being involved in an activity. 13. (informal: to start to have an effect) His popularity _____ the fact that he was born in the area. (to invent an explanation for something) At the age of 38 he _____ the post of President. 3. 27. (to combine to produce a particular result or effect) Nobody was _____ by the government's false figures on unemployment. 17. (to be caused by something) The project will succeed unless someone decides to _____ at the last minute. 4. even though they were in a friendly relationship before) Doctors and medical experts were unable to _____ why some people survived the virus and others didn't. 25. event or situation) 41 . 8. competing against other people for the same job) Despite massive promotion by the tourist board. bitter affair which _____ neighbor _____ neighbor. (to understand or assimilate information) Radical measures introduced by the college authorities did not _____ a genuine reform of the system. 23. (to cause two people or groups to fight each other. 39. (to tolerate something which is not very pleasant) Once the equipment has been _____. 26. They all knew he had _____ it _____. (to start something such as a business or organization) The results of new rules will start to _____ next month. (to save money) Technology is moving at such a fast pace it is no longer possible to _____ all the latest developments. (to give something to a person in authority) Clues down ( 1. or to compensate for something bad that has happened) The group plans to _____ an import business by the end of the year. The two sides are currently _____ talks which they hope will end the dispute. 38. to get better) Nothing can _____ the damage caused as a result of his actions.
For years women were _____ the political process. (to be sold for a particular amount of money) 1 4 5 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 14 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 29 30 31 25 27 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 42 . (to become ill with a particular illness) It has always been my ambition to _____ show business. 34. 33. (to make something happen.General Vocabulary 29. (to not be allowed to do something or not be allowed to be involved in something) Major spending is required to _____ substantial improvement in housing. public health inspectors were called to the hotel. the painting _____ for an incredible $60 million. 31. especially to cause changes in a situation) After several guests had _____ food poisoning. 35. (to start to have success in your career or an area of activity) At the auction.
A / an ________________ student is a student who is studying after receiving an advanced degree such as an M. When you ________________ something. ________________ is a situation in which people or things combine well to form a unit. that are played immediately before the last game in a sports competition. post9. film. (f) Single / one. (g) Before. mono8. tele 13. One definition can be completed with two words (using the same prefix). 7. bi3. 4. uniMeaning (a) After or later than. (e) Together / sharing. can be used to make opposites of many verbs and adjectives (see pages 32 and 35). . Exercise 1 Match the prefixes on the left with their meaning(s) on the right. (m) At or over a long distance. you change spoken or written words into another language.. such as football. co5.. semi11. (c) Exactly half / partly but not completely. (d) Across / changing / between. A / an ________________ is one of two games. (k) Of or by yourself / working by itself. inter6. micro7.A. (j) Around. The exercises on the next two pages look at some of these. concert. (i) Two / twice / double. 6. etc.D. auto2. Two of these prefixes have one meaning (although used in different ways).annual …biography …conference …determined …ennial …ference …final …form …graduate …habit …hesion …ient …late …lingual …mature …mission …mutes …que …nomy …ordinate …organism …poly …pone …precious …scope …standard …tonous …val …vent 1. pre10. and the base words / roots from the box below. 3. (l) Extremely small. etc. Some of these prefixes can be used in more than one way. 43 . A / an ________________ voice or sound is boring and unpleasant because it does not change its loudness or become higher or lower. 2. A / an ________________ is a short break in the middle of a play. Other prefixes can be used to add meaning to a base word or word root. trans14.General Vocabulary Prefixes Prefixes such as dis-. or Ph. im-. un-. sub12. depending on their context. Something that is ________________ is the same everywhere you find it. 5. Exercise 2 Use the prefixes from the left-hand column above. circum4. (h) One small part of a larger thing / below another thing / smaller or less important than another thing. (b) Between. Prefix 1.. to form words that can complete definitions 1 – 28.
Someone who is ____________ is able to speak two languages very well. you decide that it will not be done at the time it was planned. 23. or not good enough to be accepted. If two people live together in a physical relationship but are not married. organization. Something that is ____________ exists. especially by using a clever trick that does not break the law. 26. 28. 13. region. A / an ____________ is a living thing that is so small you cannot see without special equipment (such as that in 15 above). 12. 17. 19. A / an ____________ is a piece of equipment for looking at things that are too small to see normally. or been decided before. using an electronic communication system such as a computer. he or she has less power or authority than someone else. but at a later time. If something ____________. 44 . If a country. or is not the same as anything or anyone else. If something happens too soon or before its usual time. state. we say that they ____________. If something is ____________. If a person is ____________. unusual. or have. or good. Something that is ____________ is not as good as you would normally expect. 18. has ____________. 20. 24. 21. but not as valuable as other stones such as diamonds or rubies. An event that is ____________ happens twice every year. Something that is __________ is very special. 11. or the edge of a circle or a round object / area. 27. 16.General Vocabulary 8. A company that has complete control of the product or service it provides because it is the only company that provides it can be said to be. A ____________ is a meeting held among people who are in different places. 25. we can say that it is ____________. we can say that they ____________ it. etc. An event that is ____________ happens once every two years. happens or stays somewhere for a short period of time only. 15. it happens or develops in a particular way because of things that have existed. If you ____________ something. A / an ____________ is the distance measured around the edge of a circle. 10.. 22. If someone finds a way of avoiding a rule or law that limits them. it is independent and has the power to govern itself. 14. happened. A / an ____________ stone is one that is used in jewelry and is fairly valuable. 9. A / an ____________ is a book about your life that you write yourself. a / an ____________. it changes into something completely different.
(16) All right. 2. O. Should I go straight to university or should I spend a year traveling around the world? It is often said that knowledge is the key to power. using the key words and expressions in bold to help you. D. (1) I'm really in two minds about what to do when I leave school. and I cannot disagree with this. G. Satisfaction in your job is more important than the money you earn. Living in a town or city is better than living in the countryside. P. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be an important goal. K. or spend a year traveling around the world. N. where's my nearest travel agency? Exercise 2. J. Put their argument into the correct order. L. the quicker I'll get a job and start earning. Moreover. I. I'll learn so many things that will help me in my future life. Nevertheless. H. Now. there are so many benefits to going straight to university. F. However. 3. B. starting work and making money is one of the most important things in life. and meet lots of new friends who share the same interests. And I'm not alone in this opinion. 45 . The only way to save the environment is for governments to impose strict quotas on the energy we use (for example. I would learn more about the world. I could end up suffering from culture shock. limiting the water we use). I'll be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers. In my opinion. The first one and last one have been done for you. First of all.General Vocabulary Presenting an argument Exercise 1 Read the text below. another point is that if I spent a year traveling I would need a lot of money. I would experience lots of different cultures. present an argument for one of the following issues. Secondly. in which somebody is trying to decide whether to go straight to university from school. Using the key words and expressions in bold from the last exercise. and some strange tropical diseases. if I go straight to university. 4. I've made my mind up. C. On the other hand. A. by restricting car ownership. On the one hand. Furthermore. M. or choose one of the essays from the Topics section of the book: 1. A government's main priority is to provide education for its people. if I spent a year traveling. E. The most important point is that the sooner I get my qualifications. Unfortunately. giving English lessons or working in hotels and stores. homesickness. it could be argued that I would also meet lots of interesting people while I was traveling. But I believe that it would be easy to make a bit while I was traveling. these inconveniences would be an inevitable part of traveling and would be greatly outweighed by the other advantages.
). there. The team arrived in Cairo. Someone broke the printer. 14. Many playwrights like to act in the plays they have written. Greek and Latin are languages from ________________ many English words have been taken or adapted. Someone called for you. so I told ________________ you would call when you got back. as there was no Internet in ____________ days. 4. 13. 10. A skilled workforce is essential. Most students spend more time on their assignments than ________________ should. The new laws made ________________ easier to get a passport and travel abroad. and it will be several weeks before it can feed ________________. and from ________________ set out across the desert in a southwesterly direction. 19.. 6. 2. but you weren't here. The house stood by ____________ on a small island. 9. etc. Research in the 1960's often took a lot of time and patience. but we had to give ________________ credit for their ability to make an otherwise boring subject lively and interesting.General Vocabulary Pronouns and determiners Exercise 1 Complete these sentences with an appropriate pronoun or determiner (e. The drug works in small quantities. 46 . The young chick relies on the adult bird for food. ________________ is why regular training programs are so important. but requires far higher standards of safety to be applied. We should give everyone a chance to say what ________________ think. 11. which. You will need to use some pronouns / determiners more than once. but ________________ efficacy is reduced if used too much and too often. The company carried out research into chemical fertilizers and ________________ effect on the environment. cut off from the outside world by a treacherous reef. 7. Shakespeare ________________ appeared in productions of his own works. ________________ comes a time in everyone's life when a big decision has to be taken. but ________________ looks like nobody is prepared to accept responsibility. 15. The authors admitted using material from other books. 3. from which ________________ can get enough power to move without the need for turning the engine on. 20. Nuclear energy is far less damaging to the environment than ________________ produced from fossil fuels. 5. 17. itself. Students are allowed to hand in ________________ assignments a few days late if they ask for permission at least a week in advance. 18. 1. 12. 16. 8. Why did you say that I've missed lots of lessons this semester? Where did you get ________________ idea? I haven't missed a single one. his. The vehicle employs a small solar panel.g.
As part of the survey. Her latest book is one ________________ every teenager will enjoy. and not in the software ________________. how they spent their vacation. but the real problem lies in the computer. The company was forced to cut prices and lay off staff. Bogart's most famous movie was probably Casablanca. and then ask their families to join ________________ at a later date. 8. 5. The software has a few glitches. Prices in New York are roughly 30% cheaper than ________________ in London. and sued their competitor for breaching their design copyright. Fees must be paid in full before the course begins. 2. 15. and ________________ that failed were allowed to retake it a month later. 9. we asked members of the public questions about ________________ their work. 11. The Republican Party have come under a lot of pressure. 12. 1. 17. People who adopt children tend to be people who have no children of ________________ own but who desperately want some. The voice at the end of the phone was ________________ of a young man. The winner was a Chinese composer. We've been thinking about the offer ________________ you made last week. you can pay ________________ in 6 monthly installments through the first semester. the Republicans were divided among ________________ as to the best course of action to take. Alternatively. Immigrants often come to the country on their own. Help was offered in the first instance to families ________________ homes had been destroyed in the tsunami. AZB Ltd claimed that the invention was legally ________________. 10. but ________________ refuse to bow down to popular pressure. their hobbies. 4. 6.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. 7. but the problems didn't end ________________. As it became obvious an economic crisis was looming. ________________ composition "Blue String" combined elements of classical Chinese and Western music. 18. 3. and so on. 20. 13. 16. 14. Those who want to see Las Vegas and sample all of ________________ attractions are going to need a lot of money. ________________ was made in 1942. We have tea or coffee: ________________ would you prefer? Most people passed the exam. We need to prepare ________________ for the struggle that we are about to face. Also see Working words on pages 80 – 81 47 . 19.
When you have done this. match the adjectives in the grid with a word or expression with a similar meaning which you will find in bold on the next page: N C T V C O M P R N H E N S I V E D D I M E N T A R Y P L A C R D G C R R R A T D S B U S T O U T E A R A D U A L T X R E I O U S O S P E I S I V F E R E X C E P T N T S H C O O I L E O D V E R E P L A L G I R R O N A L U R D R L U I C S H B R U P I P A T I B L X C O A T S P R E A D L L W W I D A B T D R I A R A M A E C Y Y C R A U C I R R W N L E R T I V E N T N G V D E Q S N O M V E X I O D I S P E T N R D O A E M P A R S E G L I G N V E S Z L C O N E D F I N I T H B L N T O T B L E R U T D A T V E G M P H R I V I 48 . are already in the grid. try to fill in the missing letters. The more letters you fill in. but some of the letters have been removed. The words. which are all adjectives. With the help of a dictionary. the easier it becomes to complete the grid.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 Here is a crossword with a difference.
Poisonous gases. 49 . 46. 42. Lasting appeal. A potential or likely candidate for a job. 30. 18. A level surface. A thorough investigation. 31. 44. 40. Extremely unusual circumstances. An exhibition of modern art. 4. 8.General Vocabulary 1. sharp rise in prices. A diverse program of events. A superficial person. 14. 11. Old-fashioned ideas. Rich agricultural soil. Unpredictable behavior. Rough material. 12. Limited natural resources. Essential raw materials (2 possible words). 7. 5. An insignificant amount of money 17. 34. A creative director. Difficult and detailed instructions. 41. An isolated village. 32. A strong and successful economy. Basic facilities. Clear and direct comments. 10. A punctual start to a meeting. 23. A small charge for services. A secret operation. A small margin of opportunity. An inquisitive student. A calm. 24. 29. 27. 16. 3. 26. peaceful sea. 25. A powerful drug. Strict economic controls. Very strange or unusual behavior. 36. 6. Very important information (2 possible words). 9. Traditional medicine. Extreme measures to prevent or achieve something. A rude reply. Gradual progress. 2. Extensive unemployment. A sudden. 45. Specialist knowledge. 19. 21. 38. 20. A flourishing community. 43. 15. 13. . Suitable computer software. 28. 39. A valid reason for doing something. 37. Enough information. A ridiculous idea. 33. Dangerous chemicals. A determined student. 35. 22.
7. 11. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that is a synonym of the word "typical" in this sentence: The strong sense of community is typical of an area where people feel they are an underclass who must struggle to survive. Write these words in the grid below. hardworking student who achieved excellent grades. If you do it correctly. but a bit of research revealed some startling irregularities. It was obvious that the President had been told what to say by his advisers. The story seemed believable at first. 10. 12. 2. First letter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 c oncise Rest of word credible evident hypothetical scrupulous tedious tenacious 50 . 5. 8. Latin is considered by many to be an outdated language. She was a serious. 4. There are plenty of opportunities for promotion if you are prepared to work hard. The conference was really disorganized and a complete waste of time. He gained a reputation as an honest and fair dealer. His lectures are boring and I never seem to learn anything useful or interesting. 6. His instructions were very brief and clear. 13. 9. From a financial point of view it was a very dangerous plan. Here's an imaginary situation: you are in the desert and you run out of water. The setting of the scene in chapter one of the book is essential to the plot. Uncontrolled corruption and abuse of power by officials eventually prompted new anti-corruption laws. The first one has been done as an example. 14. 3.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 Look at sentences 1 – 14 and choose a word from the box that has a similar meaning to the words and expressions in bold. despite the fact that many words from the language are still in use today. and therefore won the respect of his customers. He was a determined man who believed in fighting for his principles at any cost. abundant archaic chaotic concise industrious integral rampant risky 1.
In some cases. 51 . we need to maintain ___________ / ___________ at all times. 3. His ruling in the case was a ___________ / ___________ for common sense and freedom of speech. If you want to do a Degree in Middle East Studies. With regard to attendance and punctuality. Students holding a valid student card are eligible for a 10% ___________ / ___________ on book prices. Identify both the words that could be used. the studio provided ___________ / ___________ for over 3. 9. for one thing. There are several ___________ / ___________ to working from home: you save on travel costs. Thank you for your kind ___________ / ___________: I couldn't have done it without you.000 people. is by Greyhound bus. a basic knowledge of Arabic is one of the main ___________ / ___________ The cheapest ___________ / ___________ of traveling around the U. 2. 7. There is no ___________ / ___________ to show that standards of living have improved. 6. The ___________ / ___________ taken before the election did not reflect the final result. The college provides cheap ___________ / ___________ for its staff and students. I can't see you this afternoon because I have a / an ___________ / ___________ with my tutor. B advantage closeness decline defect employment evidence help housing meeting method misconception order petition praise prerequisite resistance reduction schedule survey triumph We have a very busy ___________ / ___________ today. 8. These can either be completed with a word from box A or a word with a similar meaning from box B. 19. despite the fact it had been signed by over 5. A acclaim accommodations agenda appeal appointment assistance benefit discipline discount drop fallacy fault means opposition poll proof proximity requirement victory work 1. 14.000 people.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Nouns Exercise 1 Look at sentences 1 – 20. 17. so I suggest we start as soon as possible. The ___________ / ___________ was rejected by the arbitrating committee. There has been a lot of ___________ / ___________ to the new schedule: nobody likes the earlier starts and later finishes to the day. 12. 11. The Turkish writer Orhan Pamuk received international ___________ / ___________ for his novel "Snow".A. 20. 18. At the height of its success. you will need to add an -s to one or both of the words when you put them into the sentence. Many people believe that exercising makes you more hungry: this is in fact a ___________ / ___________. 4. 15. There has been a sharp ___________ / ___________ in the number of people attending afternoon classes.S. 5. The bar is popular with our students because of its ___________ / ___________ to the college. 16. The early computer program had several ___________ / ___________ which need to be sorted out before it could be used. 10. 13.
3. or consider changing your course. Climate change could have disastrous ___________ / ___________ for farmers. 9. 11.m. 7. or should we keep it as it is? In the battle of the sexes there can never be a true ___________ / ___________. Fieldwork is a key ___________ / ___________ of this course. Is it necessary to make any ___________ / ___________ to the plan. A purple rash and a persistent cough is one of the ___________ / ___________ of this disease.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. 5. characteristic cooperation overview result zenith question winner choice priority strategy B access change collaboration complication consequence deliberation demonstration (short) description element feature good importance option peak plan precedence query responsibility rule victor component discussion The ___________ / ___________ against the war spread to most parts of the city by midnight. whereas there were in fact profound changes Thanks to their ___________ / ___________ with several affiliated companies. We had hoped that everything would run smoothly. 4. A admission code problem liability alteration magnitude protest valid 1. but unfortunately there have been several ___________ / ___________. 12. 8. There are two ___________ / ___________ available to you: work hard on improving your mid-term grades. you should come up with a ___________ / ___________ that will help you to make the most of your study time. we decided to reject her offer. 17. 10. 20. 52 . After much ___________ / ___________. ___________ / ___________ to the building after 6 p. I hope you have a ___________ / ___________ reason for missing so many of your classes. Nobody understood the ___________ / ___________ of the results: it was assumed that everything would stay the same. 6. they managed to create a virtual monopoly for their product. The college ___________ / ___________ state(s) that students must attend at least 80% of their classes. Before you start studying for the TOEFL. Safety in the workplace is very important. 18. The empire reached its ___________ / ___________ at the end of the nineteenth century. is limited to staff and full-time students only. 2. and should take ___________ / ___________ over everything else. Our latest prospectus provides a / an ___________ / ___________ of our courses and a brief history of the university. If you have any ___________ / ___________ please ask a member of staff. 14. The college accepts no ___________ / ___________ for any damage to vehicles in the car park. 15. 19. 16. with at least 50 arrests taking place. 13.
10. 11. 17. 19. 12. Despite several changes to the pay structure. With ___________ / ___________ from her teachers. 3. the young leader lacked ___________ / ___________ and failed to become popular with his people. with the result that it was another five years before a cure for the illness was found. His irrational behavior eventually led to a serious ___________ / ___________ with his sponsors. The board ordered the ___________ / ___________ of all research. 15. a swimming pool. 18. 20. The book received a lot of good ___________ / ___________ in the press. a canteen. I'm not happy with your ___________ / ___________ that my work is below standard. 14. Unlike his much-loved father. I'm not an economics ___________ / ___________. 8. 5. 4. 6. All ___________ / ___________ from the sale of part of the grounds will be re-invested in the college. 13. and went on to become one of the year's bestsellers. there is still a ___________ / ___________ in pay between graduate trainees and non-graduates. Before the ___________ / ___________ of the home PC in the mid-80s. 16. Technological ___________ / ___________ have changed the world in the last 20 years. The best English dictionaries are those for English-language learners: dictionaries in this ___________ / ___________ tend to give very clear definitions with good examples. Our new Economics tutor has a strange ___________ / ___________ that all students are lazy and irresponsible. You will find the problem easier to solve if you try breaking it down into its separate ___________ / ___________. 53 . A person's choice of clothes is a / an ___________ / ___________ of his or her personality. 7. 9. College ___________ / ___________ include a gym. but even I know that a drop in unemployment often leads to a rise in inflation. unemployed people in certain parts of the country have resulted in a rise in crime and street violence. Our head of department gave us a / an ___________ / ___________ get down to some serious work or get out. not many people knew how to type. The museum's ___________ / ___________ of prehistoric tools and artifacts is surprisingly popular with children. Large ___________ / ___________ of unskilled. and a garden where students can relax. 2.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Instructions as above A achievement backing display notion advent amenity charisma implication part specialist proceeds argument disparity invention reflection B accomplishment (personal) appeal appearance classification component concentration difference dispute exhibit expert facility final demand earnings idea innovation sign suggestion support termination write-up category ending number review ultimatum 1. His promotion to director was a remarkable ___________ / ___________ for someone so young. she was able to start an international languages club at the school.
Would you reply to his question as briefly as possible.S. and to improve your general reading skills. 29. while others have it thrust upon them. Several attempts were made to improve the system.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Verbs 1 Words with similar meanings are tested in the TOEFL Reading Comprehension. If you want people to take you seriously. It is also useful to know alternatives to other words to make your writing more varied. It took him some time to tell the story. 6. Use these words to complete the crossword on page 56. 16. They asked us to give our thanks and best wishes to the chairman. Antibodies help our bodies to fight infection. 27. We normally suppose that most people nowadays have a computer at home. Shakespeare said that some people achieve greatness. 11. 15. Did you notice a hint of pessimism in her report? He was asked to disclose government secrets in exchange for money. Look at the words and expressions in bold in the following sentences. 21. and it was late when he eventually finished. 23. You do not need to change any of the word forms. The U. 12. but with little effect. His explanation seemed to confuse most people. 32. accuse affect answer assert assist assume attain baffle change convey create demand derive detect direct elicit endure enrich exceed evolve forbid gather handle hasten launch mirror misuse oblige obtain permit refine refuse relate remove resist reveal settle submit verify Across ( ) 2. Computer software will continue to develop in response to users' needs. His job is mainly to control the activities of everyone in the company with a view to making optimum use of the workforce. 5. and Iran have often tried to resolve their differences. A revolutionary new scientific method may soon help to alter people's physical appearance without the need for surgery. 14. you should state firmly your reasons for change. 54 . 19. 25. The department was asked to propose some ideas for increasing student enrollment. 13. and choose a word from the box that has the same or a similar meaning in the same context. The device is able to confirm whether a banknote is genuine or a forgery by analyzing the paper and print quality. 4.A.
Even a small change in economic circumstances can influence our spending habits. The senator's relaxed attitude to the problem didn't reflect those of his constituents. but there are a few that will always stay. 36. 55 . 12. 7. 20. The report was based on information that they managed to collect from all parts of the country. The new technique will facilitate rapid identification of possible threats from unstable areas. We were unable to obtain the information we needed from the committee. 9. 30. Everyone hoped that the results of his research would surpass their expectations. The governor was asked to insist on new measures to combat crime. Some plants. His inability to act quickly enough will probably accelerate their decision to dismiss him. ) Crime is a complex issue: we cannot simply blame poverty and unemployment. We do not allow the use of cellphones in the building. 18. There was general approval when the announcement to ban smoking on college premises was made. The college rules require students to refrain from smoking and drinking inside the faculty buildings. To ask for a loan. 3. Down ( 1. 14. Trends come and go. The rules are designed to eliminate obstacles that may discourage investors. It is often argued that not enough laws exist to punish those who abuse the Internet. 37. Not all foodstuffs that come from animals are tested to ensure they are fit for human consumption. such as beans. click on the new folder icon at the top of your computer. 35. To make a new folder. 22.General Vocabulary 33. He was asked to deal with the situation with tact and discretion. 10. 31. The company announced it will introduce a new version of its software in January. you will need to acquire a form from the student welfare office. 24. 34. 26. 17. Alternative therapies are often suggested for patients who reject conventional medical treatment. 8. 28. benefit the soil in which they are planted.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 20 22 16 23 25 26 27 29 30 31 33 32 28 24 34 35 36 37 56 .
12. when in fact he was a cruel tyrant. The machine was designed to grind rocks for industrial purposes. 9. gighihlth The transformation is accelerated by adding salt to the solution. The first one has been done for you. but they are very difficult to quantify. hiveace Violence may have been averted if the police had not acted so aggressively. pefeliixems Everyone endorsed the treaty as it was critically important to the peace process. nelarcpig The new building symbolizes modern American architecture at its best. srhcu The television campaign helped to increase public awareness of the drug problem. 15. h 3. vredntepe The media liked to depict the leader as a national hero.General Vocabulary Similar meanings: Verbs 2 Exercise 1 Rearrange the letters in bold at the end of sentences 1 – 16 to make words with the same or a similar meaning to the underlined words and expressions in the sentence. 57 . hatesxu It can take a lot of time and effort to acquire the grade you want in the TOEFL. 10. 14. iehthnge During the election. 8. 5. 6. pinelax More must be done to find other sources of fuel for when we deplete our supply of oil. 7. oragnceue The two reports emphasize the problems that are faced by those living in housing projects. The shaded letter in each space is the same as the letter in the bold square in the next line. redpupost If you want to reclaim the money you have lost. rpryato We know that there are benefits. Write your answers in the spaces on the right. sumreea The aim of the organization is to promote travel among young people. tactart Many retail outlets are substituting cashiers with automatic machines. 11. evroerc He was asked to account for the changes he had made to the curriculum. the Republicans made a great effort to woo younger voters. 4. satheden c r u s h 2. you will have to fill in a claims form. 1. 13. 16.
tcedare The drug was designed to regulate the flow of blood to the brain. vleos Travel can broaden your knowledge of the world around you. douprec We began to think that the project might involve more work than we had planned. 13. acostrnidne They tolerated poor working conditions in order to finish the job quickly. 1. oeirftf The exhibition was originally conceived as a tribute to the Bauhaus movement. you might lose your right to continue studying at the college. senciare We wanted to involve the community in our plans for a new sports center.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. 4. totprec Planning regulations limited development on the land outside large towns and cities. ludecin Their choice was influenced and controlled by political circumstances. tatdidce If you fail to attend classes. gagcuenrino Wind. itehxib p r o v e d 2. 14. cpustse Thousands of young men volunteered to defend their country. v 3. 6. 7. 8. 5. 9. 11. they needed to ascertain that the project was feasible. vopdre No one was able to unravel the complex mystery surrounding her sudden disappearance. petacdec Before they began. cehkc Some materials may display the characteristics of both a liquid and a solid. 16. 15. 10. The study confirmed the findings of earlier research. and the sun can all be used to generate power. 58 . tides. 12. tcoonlr The government is committed to promoting the use of public transport.
r 3. srsaded They are trying to gather all the facts pertaining to the problem. 8. ocpredu We didn't accomplish much this week. 10. 4. 14. We quickly perceived the truth about their intentions regarding the environment. spsuareds r e a l i z e d 2. lredzaie Under his reign peace and mutual understanding flourished.S. dusneotodr The new drug considerably enhanced the patients' quality of life. 11. 6. The crisis was resolved through a series of open talks and compromise. vimodpre Governments have been slow to deal with the problems of global warming. 1. meaienxd Many people are reluctant to eliminate certain food products from their diet. gaamen Scientists analyzed samples of leaves taken from the area.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Instructions as above. tirelagn The concept of factory outlet shopping began in the U. ervmeo We all assumed that he would leave when the project was finished. 59 . 7. giniaoredt The foundation was formed specifically to administer the project. diubl 16.A. 9. 15. 12. Political apathy could be interpreted as a sign of satisfaction with the government. 13. pedospus The research failed to yield the information they were looking for. vehiace 5. popederrs The results exceeded everyone's expectations. tlsedte The company pioneered the idea of selling furniture that customers had to assemble themselves.
critisize 7. Exercise 4 Here are some more words which students of English (and many native English speakers) often spell incorrectly. reversable 5. proffessional 6. Organizeations such as Home Front can offer advise. questionaire 21. seperate 20. miniscule 22. independant 3. It is argueable whether good pronounciation is more important than good grammer and vocabulery. Can you identify and correct the mistake in each case? Be careful: 3 of the words are spelled correctly! 1. begining 9. Exercise 2 Instructions as above. acheivement 27. percieve 10. Of course. intergrate 23. most people just don't have the necesary funds. Teachers should encourage there students to practice all the relavant language skills. supercede 4. It is becomming increasingly difficcult for many people to find decent accomodations in Los Angeles at a price they can afford. categories 24. and the only people bennefitting from it are the Treasury Departement. indespensable 11. neccesary 8. iresistible 26. address 17. Can you find and correct them? Apart from condemming tobacco companies and rising the price of cigarettes. Meanwhile. recommend 18. definately 15. refering 12. liason 13. some doctors have said that they may refuse to treat persistant smokers. tempory housing for lower-paid profesionals is the only official acknowlegment of this problem. harrassment 60 . occurence 2. the goverment's antismoking campain has failed to have any long-term affects. but it is widely agreed that the situation is no longer managable. this hasn't prevented the big tobbaco companys spending vast amounts of money on advertiseing. wierd 25. tendancy 14. responsable 19. hopeing to acheive both fluency and accuracey. embarass 16. Consientious students balance their aquisition of these skills. millenium 28. Exercise 3 Instructions as above. The fact that the LA city council is building cheap.General Vocabulary Spelling Exercise 1 There are eleven words in this passage which are spelled incorrectly. To put it simpley.
the school cafeteria will be closed until further notice. 6.General Vocabulary Starting and stopping The box below contains 37 words and phrasal verbs related to starting or stopping something. 2. the verb and the particle can be found directly next to each other (for example. 5. it is very important to make sure you have everything you need. take off will appear in the box as TAKEOFF). Before _________________ on a long journey. 4. In the case of the verbs. Try to find as many of these as possible. I can't find the document anywhere on my computer. you will need to change the form of some of them (for example. Note that in the case of phrasal verbs. You will find these by reading horizontally left to right ( ) and vertically down ( ) only. by adding -ed to the end). Because of an _________________ of food poisoning recently. Several of the airline's crews told the press that they were concerned about the safety of its aircraft. this afternoon's seminar on the Middle East has been _________________ because the speaker is sick. D I S S U A D E P H A S E I N M 1. The laboratory was forced to end its research project when the sponsoring company _________________ and refused to give it any more money. 3. 7. but had to _________________ less than a year later. 61 . but the airline's owner managed to _________________ the story before it went public. In many cases. these sentences can be completed with more than one of the words / expressions. then use them to complete sentences 1 – 25. I must have accidentally _________________ it. The company was _________________ in 2002. A I L P T A K E U P S Y U A U E B N T A K E O F F C A N C E L X O C O U T B R E A K U Z A T W P L E D I S C O N T I N U E O I E I P M Q W A T E R M I N A T E L S T T R K I C K O F F Y R S F W H I U E S T A B L I S H E S R R A O R S X C S U P P R E S S E E S N N T Y D B A C K O U T E S N E C D I N I T I A T E O A R I B T L O D Z E R A D I C A T E G P O O W I S S E G D E L E T E N R F S N S U H F H M F R E E Z E E F U N M S U E I R E T I R E P V B R Q I P T M J N S E T U P H E C E U S E D B F I R E L B A A N D H A S N O A R I S E A I N S T E I S U D W R K O Q Q U I T E V F J H V A N K L P R V N T D O C G K O P U L L O U T W C O Y U X D E T E R C E A S E X H F O T Z Unfortunately.
We tried to _________________ the manager from making changes to the company structure. but without much success. 25. so I guess he'll be _________________ soon. they have promised no more fee increases until the end of next year. I had had enough working there and was about to tell my boss I was going to _________________ when she called me into her office and told me I was _________________! They made an excellent offer. Course fees have risen rapidly over the last three years. We have a lot of things to discuss at this meeting. 11. 10. Owing to technical problems. One of these is that fact that two courses we had planned are no longer going to go ahead. The library installed security cameras to _________________ students from stealing books. 23. but we were obliged to _________________ it _________________ because we were working on too many other projects. 17. 12. sales rapidly _________________. The student book discount program has been _________________. though. 13. so I suggest we _________________ immediately with a report on last year's sales.General Vocabulary 8. As a result of increased security and a bigger police presence. 9. smaller companies suddenly found themselves much better off. 21. 20. Meanwhile. 24. Between its _________________ in 1925 and its eventual _________________ in 2002. Several problems have _________________ recently as a result of staff illness. 62 . use of the college IT center has been temporarily _________________ while the computers are checked for viruses. Professor Vettriano is 64. When Congress agreed to _________________ the old tax laws. 16. 18. World Film Studios made over 300 movies. From now on. after a concerted marketing campaign. I _________________ photography as a hobby when I was 13. Five students have been _________________ from the college for using drugs. crime has been almost completely _________________. students will have to pay the full price for all their books. Hostilities between the major powers _________________ in November 1918 after an armistice was signed. the old system will be gradually _________________. The new regulations will not all begin at once: they will be gradually _________________ over the next two years. I think he'll miss working here. but he said he had already _________________ the first stage of the plan. However. but by the time I was 15 I had already decided to make it my career. 22. there was little public interest. When the product was first _________________ onto the market in 1981. but last week the college announced a _________________. 19. 15. 14.
but just give the main points.A. Describe how nuclear technology has developed over a period of time. Say what you think will happen with space travel and exploration in the future. T____________e the development of nuclear technology. I____________y the problems faced by low-income groups in the U.A. Explain. E____________e the cost of setting up your own website. A____________t for the increase in violence on the streets of our cities. Look at the differences between the way young people live in your country with the way they do in the U. Give more details than you have already given on how mass globalization is affecting developing countries. A____________s the improvements you have made in your English since you started using this book. 9. Explain why violence on the streets of our cities is becoming more common. 63 . 18.S. ) Say or write down your career plans for the future.S. why it is important to eat healthily. In each case. 5. Down ( 1. E____________e on the effects of mass globalization in developing countries.A. Carefully consider and calculate the ways your English has improved since you started using this book. 4. Provide a short account of the most important aspects of the role the United Nations has had since 1945. Explain clearly and exactly what the word "terrorism" means. P____________t the future of space travel and exploration. S____________e the role United Nations has played since 1945. 12. E____________e the causes of global warming. A____________e the case for protecting the countryside around cities. The first and last letters of each word are in their correct place. Across ( ) 2. Study carefully the things that cause global warming. 15.S. and don't go into detail.General Vocabulary Task commands Complete the second sentence in each pair so that it has the same or a similar meaning to the first sentence. 8. you need one word only. 13. 17. Give reasons why protecting the countryside around cities is important. 16. Say how much it will cost to set up your own website. D____________e the word "terrorism".S. Recognize and understand the problems that low-income groups face in the U. C____________e the lifestyle of young people in your country with those in the U. I____________e the importance of a healthy diet. 6.A. either by guessing or by using available information to calculate it. O____________e your career plans for the future. Use the words to complete the crossword on the next page. with clear examples. 3.
Show me how this computer works by using it yourself. Give good reasons why the government spends so much on defense. 10. Study or explain in detail what is happening around the world as a result of climatic change.General Vocabulary 7. J____________y the government's excessive spending on defense. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 5 10 11 13 14 15 12 16 17 18 64 . 14. 13. D____________s the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a big city. Think carefully about how useful a new student social center would be before making a judgement. A____________e the effects of climatic change around the world. D____________e how this computer works. Write or talk in detail about the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a big city. 11. E____________e how useful a new student social center would be.
…….…..that day he had promised massive economic aid to stricken areas.…...... ……... the city had been almost completely devastated.....…...….......General Vocabulary Time Exercise 1 Use the time clauses in the boxes to complete the sentences.....…....... ……...........….......... for the next few weeks nowadays a few decades ago as things stand from now on lately ever since back in the 1990s at this moment in time in medieval times over the past six weeks in those days at the turn of the century one day over the coming weeks and months in another five years' time 65 .. 3....….. during / throughout at that very moment in the meantime / meanwhile …….....…. 3..... The Klondike gold rush lasted from 1896 to 1910..... the senator was making his speech. It was my first trip on an airplane... pollution was virtually unheard of........ (3) the present... 2. ……......... The senator continued speaking... the police were ordered onto the streets...... 2...…. there was panic buying on an unprecedented scale........ the sun came out He finished the speech with a word of praise for the police. the army had restored order......... 4... The President made a speech praising charity organizations working in Mozambique.. …….. emergency organizations around the world swung into action.…... (2) the past leading to the present. the speech they jeered and shouted slogans.. or (4) the future. A sudden drop in temperature will usually …….. 6.. and decide if we usually use them to talk about (1) the past... ……... and shone down on the angry demonstrators. I'd always gone by train. 5. ……... previously earlier formerly precede by the time ……. the stock market collapsed..... …….. 3.. ……..... the advent of the Industrial Revolution.... the area became practically Exercise 2 Look at the words and expressions in the box below and on the next page... Part 1: One action or situation occurring before another action or situation prior to 1....... Part 3: One action or situation occurring after another action or situation afterward 1...... Part 2: One action or situation occurring at the same time as another action while / as / just as 1.... thousands of demonstrators took to the streets.....…. 4.. the earthquake.….... the republic of Myanmar is undergoing a slow and painful political transformation..........known as Burma...... as soon as / once / the minute that following …….….... a blizzard.. Pay particular attention to the words that come before or after the time clause... 2. deserted overnight..
(l) … time around. This isn't a sudden decision. I would love a vacation. (c) … time for everything. 1. 66 . Don is a really nice man. (o) … time for him. If we don't win this time. At last. we will the second… 16. I don't want to make a decision now. There's no… 10. (d) … the time comes. If the company is going to compete successfully. I have a lot of… 3. only… 12. My students just aren't interested in their lessons. I'm just killing… 13. (i) … time will tell. I'm very busy at the moment. too. I'll decide when… 11. but we arrived with… 6. Picasso was a remarkable artist who was years ahead of… 17. They don't even listen to me half… (h) … time to time it can be glorious. I've been thinking of moving for some… 20. but nine… 9. (q) … the time to see you later. (b) … times out of ten she's punctual. but there's a first… 15. I'm thinking of changing jobs in the future. Chris is sometimes late. there's no… 7. (j) … the times. but I never seem to find… 5. (s) … the time for one. I'm not really watching this movie. I don't know if we will be successful. (n) … time to spare. here comes our bus. She seems to be living in a… 4. we will need to move with… 14. using the expressions in bold to help you. (f) … the time. (t) … time like the present. but I'll continue working here for the… 19.General Vocabulary in my childhood / youth for the foreseeable future these days at this point in history by the end of this year for the past few months last century from 1996 to 1998 sooner or later Exercise 3 There are a lot of idioms and other expressions that use the word "time" in English. (k) … time now. (m) … his time. (p) … time until my friends arrive. but I'll try to make… 2. but from… 18. Shall we start now? After all. We thought we would be late. (e) … time. We really need to hurry. I suppose. (g) … time being. (a) … time warp. you should match the first part of each sentence on the left with its second part on the right. About… 8. Winters here are generally cold and gray. (r) … time to lose. Susanna is so old-fashioned. I've never had Japanese food before. In this exercise.
or vitally. element. F__________E is often followed by the nouns accusation. extremely. assessment. I__________D is often preceded by the adverbs deeply. part. claim. or virtually. or scrutiny. 7. principally. feature. it collocates) with the nouns and / or adverbs in italics.e. nearly. factor. he resigned). 6. or requirement. idea. extremely. It is often preceded by the adverbs crucially. ingredient. she continued speaking). allegation. belief. (Sample sentence: A working knowledge of Spanish is an _____ requirement if you want the job). observation. 2. seemingly. interview. patently. assumption. criticism. 9. issue. examination.. effect. I__________E is often preceded by the adverbs absolutely. or period. primarily. or planning. I__________T is often followed by the nouns aspect. This adjective should be one that is often used (i. consideration. negotiations. component. or utterly. C__________L is often followed by the nouns argument. allegation. admission. 4. 8. but I'm primarily _____ in the pre-Raphaelite movement). debate. 5. utterly. It is often preceded by the adverbs blatantly. description. totally. importance. impact. (Sample sentence: They carried out a _____ examination of the documents to see if they were genuine). evaluation. C_AREFU__L is often followed by the nouns analysis. part. or theme. particularly. or disclosure. D__________G is often followed by the nouns consequence. mainly. (Sample sentence: After a _____ pause. 67 . role. C__________L is often followed by the nouns analysis. terribly. genuinely. totally. To help you. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. aspect. issue. and there is a sample sentence to show you how that adjective could work with one of the nouns or adverbs. completely. impression. or statement. (Sample sentence: After _____ observation. The first one has been done as an example. (Sample sentence: The _____ theme of his talk was the possibility of interstellar travel). appraisal. 10. L__________Y is often followed by the nouns delay. examination. discussion. deliberation. or seriously. we noticed that the drug was beginning to take effect). (Sample sentence: It is vitally _____ to disconnect the appliance from the power supply before dismantling it). pause. keenly. quite. or point. (Sample sentence: She made several _____ assumptions about her new professor). 1. result. entirely. (Sample sentence: I like 19th century art. feature. (Sample sentence: I found the language practically _____ to learn). E__________L is often followed by the nouns characteristic. 3. practically.General Vocabulary Word association: Adjectives Complete each of the following sentences with one adjective. (Sample sentence: After a series of _____ allegations about his professional misconduct. almost. particularly. element. feature.
hypothesis. misconception. (Sample sentence: Everyone said he was arrogant and boastful. entirely. 13. increase. description. target. or significance. change. (Sample sentence: There has been a _____ increase in the cost of living over the last three years). R__________D is often followed by the nouns change. setback. (Sample sentence: We need to make a _____ choice that is based on our needs and on our available funds). surprisingly. (Sample sentence: His presentation was well-received. pause. (Sample sentence: When you are studying for the TOEFL. liberty and the pursuit of _____ wealth). chance. progress. opinion. or increase. drop. resources. 18. influence. (Sample sentence: We tried to capture a purely _____ record of what we heard and saw). possessions. N__________E is often followed by the nouns change. need. difference. 21. fairly. goal. concern. assessment. 22.General Vocabulary 11. you should try to set yourself _____ targets. feedback. 16. but when I interviewed him. and many died young from illness and starvation). or view. hardship. outlook. and he got a lot of _____ feedback). suitably. drawback. or measurement. rewards. growth. relevance. relatively. problem. improvement. 14. O__________E is often followed by the nouns analysis. contribution. emphasis. deterioration. truly. choice. assessment. 15. you should pay _____ attention to cohesion of ideas). myth. rather. obstacle. P__________R is often followed by the nouns attention. or succession. option. rise. shortage. and not try to do too much too quickly). explanation. 19. wealth. 17. decision. or view. recession. response. evaluation. or wholly. or very. problem. P__________R is often followed by the nouns belief. purely. importance. R__________C is often followed by the nouns alternative. or view. expansion. M__________R is often followed by the nouns breakthrough. expectation. attitude. or well-being. S__________E is often followed by the nouns difficulty. M__________T is often preceded by the adverbs comparatively. prosperity. concern. reinforcement. quite. It is often preceded by the adverbs completely. or threat. or thought. argument. or upheaval. setback. (Sample sentence: It is a _____ misconception that men are better drivers than women). R__________L is often followed by the nouns approach. factor. attitude. (Sample sentence: The withdrawal of sponsorship was a _____ setback to our plans). 12. (Sample sentence: Earlier settlers in the region faced _____ hardship. decline. (Sample sentence: When you are writing an essay. estimate. 68 . prospect. (Sample sentence: The computer industry went through several _____ changes when the Internet was introduced to the public for the first time). 20. I found him to be surprisingly _____ about his achievements). M__________L is often followed by the nouns goods. source. totally. P__________E is often followed by the nouns approach. (Sample sentence: He believed in the principles of life.
5. A s__________n can be constructive. profound.e.General Vocabulary Word association: Nouns Complete each of the following sentences with one noun. grant. lucky. heavy. obvious. excellent. dramatic.. You can acquire. major. hold. offer. perfect. make. find. main. legitimate. You can ask. or unique. 33. 32. you usually have a / an compelling. specialist. major. professional. conclusive. When they speak. complementary. disadvantaged. This can be admissible. cumulative. M__________e can be alternative. orthodox. or supporting. possible. social. A product or a person can have broad. or valid r__________n for doing it. you can make a / an accurate. adjectives. destroy. This noun should be one that is often used (i. immediate. or welcome one of these. obtain. obtain. receive. 17. You can give a problem careful. gather. or working class. provide. 20. offer. 21. serious. damaging. provide. You can collect. optimal. deny. great. or unmistakable a__________t. gain. It is also often preceded by the verbs miss. give. harmful. 69 . get. get. When you do something. sensible. detrimental. reliable. pronounced. issue. submit. mass. oppose. universal. You can adopt. realistic. conventional. 15. 19. good. strong. 12. or workable. good. or wide a__________l. practical. or rough e__________e. conservative. or serious c__________n. or repeat an i__________n. ask for. educational. or seek p__________n to do something. rare. lost. To help you. 25. informed. follow. request. sufficient. give. 7. 14. it collocates) with the verbs. An action can have a / an adverse. A q__________n can be academic. or possess one of these. middle-class. or substantial e__________t on something. Use these words to fill in the crossword on page 71. or traditional. golden. or wild g__________s. take. You can encounter. provide. ethnic. or take. missed. disregard. reject. holistic. detailed. obey. ideal. peaceful. You can disobey. and other words in italics. You can accept. herbal. have. experience. circumstantial. 34. religious. beneficial. helpful. When you are trying to guess or calculate something. or vocational. a person might have a broad. educational. give. rough. or have d__________y with something. If you are not sure about the answer to a question. significant. privileged. simple. receive. ignore. volunteer. ignore. 11. gain. positive. formal. negative. due. simple. logical. 8. or want a__________e to / from someone. popular. incriminating. obtain. face. B__________d is often preceded by the words cultural. seize. or tentative. inspired. 29. O__________y is often preceded by the adjectives ample. positive. thick. satisfactory. get. Across ( ) 1. you can take a / an educated. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. offer. A s__________n to a problem or dispute can be ideal. practical. 22. follow. or produce e__________e that something has been done. refuse.
fatal. You can undertake a / an ambitious. or tragic a__________t. antisocial. significant. require. threatening. 6. gain. general. 30. shoulder. bear. 12. promising. 31. or violent. or win r__________t. obstruct. or valuable l__________n. successful. you can make a great. nasty. strong. main. 24. salutary. special. 9. If someone does something wrong. genuine. striking. major. ) If you are not careful. When you work as part of a team. minor. slow. show. earn. 70 . 10. 3. glittering. individual. important. or proper. horrific. develop. or sign an a__________t. track. chart. When doing something complicated. order. exercised. impede. impaired. or if you are unlucky. full. You can conclude. detailed. 4. provide. harsh. employ. reach. special. follow. deep. pioneer. brief. or undertake an i__________n into something. choose. or suspended. launch. vague. This can be considerable. positive. logical. negotiate. huge. or widespread. You can give a / an accurate. lose. J__________t can be affected. deserve. major. or valuable c__________n to the team and its activities. passed. devise. hamper. or specific p__________t. insulting. outspoken. numerical. review. or watch the p__________s of something. secure.General Vocabulary Down ( 2. you might teach them a hard. You can assess. If someone has a rather "negative" personality. innovative. useful. demand. key. 18. joint. monitor. For actions and achievements. 13. 27. made. you can command. important. checkered. delivered. minor. 16. or vivid d__________n of something. evaluate. assume. serious. chronological. collaborative. A s__________e can be alphabetical. or use a m__________d that makes it easier or more effective. check. you can adopt. their b__________r can be aggressive. reserved. distinguished. C__________m of something (for example. hinder. severe. fulfill. An object can have distinctive. interesting. You can have a brilliant. important. or random. or varied c__________r. bad. You can conduct. You can accept. 23. disruptive. or unusual f__________s. healthy. given. have. formed. mutual. outstanding. 26. exercise. a book or the actions of a politician) can be adverse. or take r__________y for your (or someone else's) actions. 28. apply. fierce. you might be involved in a bad.
General Vocabulary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 18 21 22 23 25 26 24 27 29 30 31 32 28 33 34 71 .
3. a scheme. a mystery. (Sample sentence: They _____ a lot of praise for all their hard work). 8. a strategy. or the truth. or a topic. evidence. To help you. a scandal. This verb should be one that is often used (i. a plan. 4. a dispute. You can d________e credit. (Sample sentence: I don't want to _____ your decision in any way). recognition. positions or stability (for example. a fraud. my parents actively _____ me to read as much as possible). or policy. credibility. 6. (Sample sentence: You need to _____ permission to use the computers in the library). or permission. praise. the first and last letters of each word have been given to you. (Sample sentence: Neither side showed any willingness to _____ the dispute). 2. a secret. a request. 9. a plot. (Sample sentence: When I was young. 7. You can s________e an argument. You can c________y with a demand. a plan.e. 6. You can u________r a conspiracy. (Sample sentence: We're all very tired. confidence. positively or strongly e________e someone or something. a matter. 8. a requirement. a conflict. I suggest we _____ the matter tomorrow). You can o________n approval. or a system. 72 . license. 1. an order. a quarrel. a mention. so we don't want to do anything that might _____ his confidence any further"). You can d________s an issue. morale. respect. information. 2. or support. a proposal. a fact. legitimacy. decision. a regulation. development.. "He's very worried about his exams. You can i________e someone's or something's behavior. it collocates) with the nouns and / or adverbs in italics. 4. 5. If you do this correctly.General Vocabulary Word association: Verbs Exercise 1 Complete each of the following sentences with one verb. 3. funding. 9. a method. choice. legislation. Write your answers in the appropriate spaces in the grid. and there is a sample sentence to show you how that verb could work with one of the nouns or adverbs. or your differences. consent. evidence. You can actively. 5. greatly. 1. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that is often used with one of these nouns: authority. (Sample sentence: The investigation _____ a scandal that would bring down the government). a subject. or a rule. (Sample sentence: You are legally obliged to _____ with the regulations). outcome. authorization. (Sample sentence: He _____ a cunning plan to help his friend). 7. You can d________e a mechanism. a question.
3. crime. (Sample sentence: Her report _____ the plight of migrant workers in the state). 2. radically. substantially. sharply. strenuously. You can a________e consistently. 6. the word you will reveal in the shaded vertical strip is one that is often used with the nouns agreement. significantly. an investigation. the importance (of something). loyalty. (Sample sentence: Darwin's theories are still bitterly _____ by many people). This time. radically. a project. or widely from something or someone else. a difficulty. deal. strenuously. stubbornly. doggedly. devotion. 3. (Sample sentence: The board promised to _____ a review of current working practices). formally. (Sample sentence: His actions did little to _____ confidence in his friends and coworkers). "After the unions refused to end the strike. or significantly. or truce (for example. 7. (Sample sentence: English _____ markedly from Spanish in that the words are not always pronounced as they are written). convincingly. dramatically. 1. strongly. 8. a review. prejudice. an issue. (Sample sentence: She _____ vehemently when she was accused of cheating). or respect in other people. fiercely. or vigorously about something. confidence. or terrorism. awe. You can u________e an analysis. 9. strongly. fundamentally. markedly. a study. or vigorously. treaty. or strongly for or about something. (Sample sentence: They _____ forcefully for a change to the existing rules). a fact. forcefully. a survey. price. 8. 9. implacably. 5. ceasefire. You can o________t bitterly. drastically. greatly. 73 . a need (for something). vehemently. 1. Something or someone can d_____r considerably. terms. 5. You can o________e something bitterly. (Sample sentence: Global warming is believed to have radically _____ the climate in some parts of the world). the management attempted to _____ a new contract"). discrimination. the plight (of something). passionately. contract. persuasively. (Sample sentence: The new government promised the electorate that it would _____ corruption at all levels). You can i________e affection. a difference. 2. or a weakness. plausibly. 4. or a task. settlement. envy. hard. research.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Follow the same instructions as Exercise 1. You can f________t corruption. You can c________e something or someone completely. You can h________t a danger. or tenaciously. a program. vehemently. 4. 6. a problem. considerably. You can do this desperately. 7. an assessment.
but _____ his beliefs when his wife died in a road accident). because I will say this only once). You can a__________n a belief. intently. (Sample sentence: Unemployment figures _____ dramatically under the government's "Work or Starve" initiative). You can c________e an agreement. (Sample sentence: The organization's main mission statement is to _____ disease and poverty on developing nations). slightly. 6. and more or less accused me of lying). or a weakness. You can d________s an allegation. hard. a fact. or a theory. resistance. 4. racism. You can o________e a barrier. notion. steadily. a difficulty. a suggestion. a problem. poverty. 3. a fear. or view (for example. 74 . personally. a pact. the need (for something). 4. 8. an obstacle. 9. Something can f________l dramatically. 5. (Sample sentence: At the end of the summit. "The latest figures _____ the view that young people read less than they used to"). You can c________t crime. (Sample sentence: She _____ my allegation as a complete fabrication. fraud. carefully.General Vocabulary Exercise 3 Follow the same instructions as Exercises 1 and 2. officially. an idea. warmly. Someone or something can u________e a difficulty. overwhelmingly. inflation. or unanimously a__________e of someone or something. a contract. a disadvantage. a commitment. an agreement was _____ under which trade sanctions between both countries would be lifted). a policy. impression. a concept. a problem. a claim. or a treaty. the word you will reveal in the shaded vertical strip is one that is often used with the nouns attitude. or a principle. rapidly. 8. 6. 1. limitations. idea. wholeheartedly. a deal. 2. 1. You can l________n to something or someone attentively. (Sample sentence: Hypnosis helped him to _____ his fear of flying). 7. or violence. closely. a notion. (Sample sentence: He used to be quite religious. This time. You can heartily. a claim. a hurdle. 5. (Sample sentence: _____ carefully. 9. (Sample sentence: We wholeheartedly _____ the measures that you have taken to boost morale). 2. tendency. disease. (Sample sentence: The survey results _____ the need for change in people's attitudes toward the homeless). thoroughly. trend. or steeply. discrimination. the importance (of something). a point. or the significance (of something). or closely. unemployment. sharply. belief. 3. 7. an idea. terrorism. stereotype.
then add 2 letters: (Example: disperse disperse dispersal) 75 . and there are 10 words that do not fit into any section of the table. then add 3 letters: (Example: concentrate concentrate concentration) Remove 1 letter. then add 4 letters: (Example: reduce reduce reduction) Remove 1 letter. then add 5 letters: (Example: examine examine examination) Remove 1 letter. and then write it (in its noun form) in the appropriate section of the table.General Vocabulary Word forms: Nouns from verbs Exercise 1 The verbs in the top box can all be made into nouns by removing and / or adding letters. then add 7 letters: (Example: verify verify verification) Remove 1 letter. There are five words for each section of the table. then add 4 letters: (Example: conclude conclusion) Remove 1 letter. consume fail negotiate sign argue attend survive provide permit prove acquire expose refuse expect assure choose apply identify intervene supervise qualify admire persuade disturb recognize expand prohibit promote solve require emphasize coincide arrive respond behave subscribe criticize manage suggest scrutinize warn lose consult abolish recommend decide notify maintain relax determine produce rehearse prefer imply conclude compete Remove 2 letters. depending on the changes that are made to it. Decide on the noun form of each verb.
1. 76 . 10. change them into nouns and write them in the grid below (in the same order that they appear in the box). Now try using some of the words from this exercise in sentences of your own. 4. If you do this correctly. 9. 3. 7. 5.General Vocabulary Add 3 letters: (Example: depart departure) Add 4 letters: Example: improve improvement) Add 5 letters: (Example: confirm confirmation) Exercise 2 Now take the verbs from the box that did not fit into any of the sections above. 6. 8. you will reveal a word in the shaded vertical strip that can be a verb and a noun without changing its form. 2.
77 . It can often be lack of confident that prevents a student from maximizing his or her potential. Unnecessary absent from work is costing American companies millions of dollars a year. 5 6. accurate is very important when it comes to identifying the target market. In advertising. 15. There were a few similar between the Boeing 727 and the Tupolev 154. 16. but these were mainly cosmetic. 13. There were several unforeseen complicated with the new airport extension owing to opposition from environmental groups. Health and safe issues should be a priority with any organization. 19. 4. 18. 2. 9. Do you have a thirsty for knowledge? Then why not enroll on one of our evening college courses? It is often said that "honest is the best policy". 1. Many people heading off to college for the first time are often unaware of the expensive involved in simple day-to-day life. 12. The management accepts no responsible for items lost or stolen in the cafeteria and immediate area. Please complete the form and return it at your earliest convenient.General Vocabulary Word forms: Nouns from adjectives Exercise 1 Change the adjective in bold in each of these sentences to a noun so that the word is grammatically correct in the sentence. 7. 11. 10. Items of valuable can be left in the safe at reception. The student union has questioned the necessary of CCTV in the library. The legal professional is often criticized for concentrating on making money instead of upholding the law. The Director of Studies is unable to say with any certain when the new changes will be implemented. 3. 8. Sometimes in business. Despite a relaxed of regulations. many feel that they are under too much pressure to conform to a set out outdated rules. but the management insists it is necessary in order to reduce petty theft. 17. Student discounts are offered on most products and services on our website. Money cannot make up for bad tasteful and bad manners. 14. although some restricted apply. rules have to be changed according to needs: flexible is the key to success.
22. able long aggressive loyal appreciative creative optimistic strong available deep optional sufficient aware familiar bored comfortable popular true compatible high realistic confused hot logical secure considerate convenient mature serious Remove 4 letters: Remove 3 letters. constitutional guarantees freedom of the press. 25. Each instruction relates to 3 of the adjectives in the box. we can make a decision. then add 3 letters: Remove 2 letters. 23. There is a growing problem of drug addicted in our cities. There can be no justified for paying health workers so little money. then add 1 letter: Remove 2 letters. it's time you joined our "Business for Basics" course! His success and popularity were probably due in part to his wonderful charismatic. Exercise 2 Change the adjectives in the box into nouns following the instructions in the table. 78 . then add 3 letters: Remove 1 letter. By the time he was thirty. then add 5 letters: Remove 3 letters. he was no longer able to differentiate between fantasy and real. Do you know the different between net profit and gross profit? Is overtime the same as allowed time? If you answered "no" to the first and "yes" to the second.S. As soon as the investigative is complete. 26. 21. 24. The U. then add 2 letters: Remove 2 letters: Remove 1 letter.General Vocabulary 20. then add 2 letters: Add 2 letters: Add 3 letters: Add 4 letters: fashionable functional punctual weak warm pessimistic systematic Try to use some of the words above in some of your own sentences. then add 5 letters: Remove 2 letters.
3. accommodations. He's a very create and imagine artist. The two comments were contradict. Everybody was very excite when we were told about the cultural trip to Europe. Recently. and the air conditioning hasn't been working for a month: these continue breakdowns. 13. 1. 18. My tutor isn't very approach: in fact. but it wasn't very inspire. 21. When you apply for a job. 11. There is restrict access to the building. and drinks in advance) has become very compete. but unfortunately he isn't very depend. 12. 20. 9. some of my fellow students find him a little bit frighten! Her presentation wasn't very convince. Fees are non-negotiate. 10. and all visitors will need to show a validate pass and some form of ID. Participation in the evening training seminars is entirely volunteer. A good job should offer an attract salary and other excel benefits. The Coke and coffee machines have both been out of order five times this week. we all need to change their waste habits. but I was a little doubt it would go ahead. and it wouldn't have happened if you hadn't been so care. Our tutor is very help and support. and his commitment to helping young painters is admire. but it would have been far more prefer if it hadn't happened in the first place. and several of her classmates were extremely criticize of her arguments. The accident was avoid. and any previous experience. 14. The mistake was easily rectify. In the interests of the environment. At the recruitment drive we were shown a lot of promote material. have resulted in a lot of short tempers. coupled with the continue heat. 22. The market for all-include holidays (in which customers pay for their flight. it is very important to be specify about your occupy qualifications. but we hope that everyone will attend these highly construct sessions. The task we were given was very repeat and as a result it quickly became very bore. Our new Director of Studies isn't very decide and needs to play a more act role in the day-to-day running of the college. 79 . 8. so the college is introducing an oblige code for recycling and cutting down on waste. there have been some innovate and impress plans to change the student social areas. and it was clear the student who wrote the essay wasn't very enthuse about his subject. 16. 19. An act lifestyle is prefer to a sedentary one. 7. Computer software designers need to be far more invent if they want to keep up with a changing and change market. 6. meals.General Vocabulary Word forms: Adjectives from verbs Change the verbs in bold into their correct adjective form so that they are grammatically correct in the context of the sentences. and is certainly much healthier. 2. and you will need to pay a non-refund deposit of $500 before we can enroll you. 4. 15. 5. such as a company car and free healthcare package. 17.
5. He spent the second half of his life living in _______ remote village of Hogstail Common. the book sold __________ a million copies. pronouns. In __________ of missing most of his lessons. it's all e-mails and text messages. I've __________ working on this essay __________ over a week. 10. 13. __________ if you promise to work late tomorrow. 1. He approached his English lessons __________ enthusiasm. __________ the time she retired. 9. I'm trying to concentrate __________ my project. His sudden change of heart took everyone __________ surprise. 14. 80 . I'm afraid __________ say you have absolutely __________ chance __________ passing the exam. You can't leave early. __________ it rains tomorrow. Please __________ quiet. One or two of my friends live abroad. but knowing how __________ other people __________ be there. and __________ excellent progress as a result. there may be more than one alternative answer.General Vocabulary Working words Exercise 1 This exercise lets you review some of the more common uses of "grammar"-type words (prepositions. a teacher __________ works at St. conjunctions. 2. but __________ of them live __________ my home. 8. but you should just give one of them. 11. __________ he wrote most of his novels. we decided to give it a miss. Oregon. __________ 1999 and 2003. since previously he __________ been very interested in the project. 4. I adore spicy food. A few years __________. people __________ to write letters to each other. etc. We wanted to see the exhibition __________ the art gallery. but __________ matter how much I work.) in context. 6. Use one word to complete each gap in the sentences. 3. we can go __________ a picnic. she __________ worked for the company for thirty two years. __________ is the reason I'm so keen __________ Mexican cooking. she only took one or two days __________ sick. 12. and during __________ time. In some cases. prepositions. he __________ to pass the exam. 15. __________ days. Jan Kelly. I just can't seem to finish __________. has __________ been given a "Teacher of the Year" award. 7. 16. Clare's in Portland.
or by limiting themselves to one or __________ a day. he is always able __________ get good results and has made __________ good impression __________ his tutors.N. 15. Students are __________ allowed to miss a class __________ they inform their tutor at __________ three days in advance. but __________ of them live __________ the college or in the accommodations __________ the college provides. One __________ two of our lecturers commute from the country. "Interphone". 2. unemployment figures dropped to an all-time low. 13. We discussed holding the interviews __________ our Washington branch. 10. most of us __________ to stand. and __________ prepared to work a __________ harder from __________ on. __________ is the reason why I'm so keen __________ working for the U. There were at __________ sixty people in the room. He spent __________ greater part of his life working __________ Barcelona. 5. 1. Nowadays. __________ they are ill. but __________ methods are not very effective. 14.General Vocabulary Exercise 2 Instructions as above. people __________ have the same career for life. 12. and __________ excellent progress as a result. I'm __________ capable _______ making mistakes as __________ else. __________ is in __________ city center. but __________ made him different __________ everybody else in his class __________ his enthusiasm for working __________ weekends. In most respects he was a typical student. He approached his course __________ enthusiasm. 11. __________ all the assignments he was set. 9. Some people try to __________ up cigarettes by smoking _____ they feel sick. we decided to use our bigger offices __________ New York. Also see Pronouns and determiners on pages 46 – 47 81 . 8. __________ 2001 and 2004. Up __________ a few years ago. 6. I agree __________ I'm not perfect. 4. 3. 7. In spite __________ being rather lazy. in which case they should try to call the college on the day itself. which was far __________ than the organizers expected. Please come __________ time to your lessons. __________ can reasonably expect __________ change careers two __________ three times. but knowing how many people would apply __________ the job. is __________ of the biggest companies in _______ country. and __________ there were only 20 chairs. I enjoy working __________ people who come __________ a wide range of backgrounds. but __________ 2004 to 2007 __________ rose __________ their highest level ever. __________ he produced most of his most famous works of art.
This period in a child's life is called __________. A __________ is a child between the ages of 13 and 19. their marriage is legally ended. 12. uncles. __________ is the period in someone's life when they change from being a child to being a young adult. we say that you __________ him / her. 6. The verb is __________. 14. a husband and wife) who are __________ no longer live together. and can also be used as a word for a young person who has committed a crime. and a home. can be described as __________. A __________ or __________ parent is one who makes their children follow rules and behave in a very "correct" way. A __________ child is one who is mentally strong and able to deal with problems without becoming upset. and their children. adolescence adolescent adopt authoritarian birth rate bring up dependent divorced extended family family life formative years foster foster child foster family freedom infancy infant juvenile juvenile delinquency lenient minor (noun) nuclear family nurture over-protective protective raise rebellious relationship relatives responsible separated siblings single parent single-parent family strict supervision running wild teenager upbringing well-adjusted 1. 11. 4. An __________ is a baby or very young child. If you bring someone else's child into your family and legally make him or her your own child. 2. __________ and __________ both mean the same thing: to take care of children while they are growing up. Your brothers and sisters are sometimes referred to as your __________. A child who lives with this family is called a __________. An __________ is a family group that includes grandparents. The opposite of this is __________.Topics Children and the family Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. A __________ is a child or other relative to whom you give food. etc. 15. 82 . A child who is badly behaved and refuses to obey his / her parents. teachers. Your __________ are those in your life when your character and beliefs are most strongly influenced. money. aunts. 5. A __________ is a family unit consisting of a mother. A boy or a girl who is at this stage in their life is called an __________. 13. 9. etc. A __________ is a formal word for a young person. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. A couple (for example. A __________ is a family that looks after someone else's child in their own home for a period of time. a father. A __________ is someone who has not reached the age at which they are legally an adult. 10. This word can also be an adjective. If a married couple get __________. 7.. 3. 8.
and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Exercise 3 Complete this case study with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1. pointing out that Bob's (11) ________________ – his two brothers and sister – were (12) ________________ children who behaved at home and worked well at school. and neither of his parents wanted to raise him or his brother and sister. in which the mother or father has to struggle particularly hard to support their (17) ________________). The judge blamed his foster parents. charged with (9) ________________. By the time he reached (8) ________________ sometime around his thirteenth birthday. he had already appeared in court several times. You may need to change the form of some of the words. Unfortunately. Others believe that children are protected too much by their parents. it is also true that they should not be too strict. he was already (7) ________________ stealing from shops and playing truant. many believe that we should return to traditional family values and the (18) ________________ family: extensive research has shown that children from these families are generally better behaved and have a getter chance of success in later life. 83 . His parents got (2) ________________ when he was young. so he was (3) ________________ by a (4) ________________ chosen by his parent's social worker. While it is true that parents should not be too (13) ________________ with children by letting them do what they want when they want. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. In fact. It has also highlighted the disadvantages of the modern (15) ________________ where the child has only its mother and father to rely on (or the (16) ________________. explaining that children needed (10) ________________ parents and guardians who would look after them properly. The foster father objected to this. Which of these statements do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your decision. This has raised some interesting questions about the modern family system. or be too (14) ________________ by sheltering them from the realities of life. Bob rebelled against this strict (6) ________________ and by the time he was eight. Bob's problems began during his (1) ________________. Some people believe that children nowadays have too much freedom.Topics Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. his foster-father was a strict (5) ________________ and often beat him.
A ______________ is a school where the parents of the children who attend it must pay ______________. 8. he / she puts his / her name on the official list of students). A ______________ is a main department at a university. A ______________ is a talk given to a group of students at college or university about a particular ______________. 2. receiving your work and sending it back by mail or email. ______________ refers to basic skills in mathematics. A ______________ is a meeting at which one student. 84 . ______________ refers to sports and exercise that children do at school as a school subject. An ______________ is a school for the first six or eight years of a child's education. People who have a job might be given ______________ by their employer. 9. It is also known as a ______________.Topics Education Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 14 with words and expressions from the box. 4. A ______________ is a period of time in which students are taught a subject in school (also called a ______________. ______________ is the ability to read and write. The person who gives this talk is called a ______________. 5. The ______________ is an examination that students must take before they can go to university. discusses something he / she is studying with his / her ______________. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. This word can also be used to refer to the teaching staff of a school. A ______________ is an educational course that you take at home. which prepares them for the first ______________ at school. A ______________ is a school that is funded by taxes. 3. etc. Once a students who has read this book decides he / she would like to study there. or a small group of students. A ______________ is a meeting at which a group of students discuss something they are studying. A ______________ is a small book that provides information about a university. A ______________ is school for very young children (aged 4 or 5). he must ______________ (in other words. 7. college. which means that can take a day off work about once a week to attend a course of study. A ______________ is a lesson in the evening for people who work during the day. 6. university. 10. acquire class correspondence course course day release degree discipline doctorate elementary (education) elementary school enroll exam experience faculty fail fees grade grades grade school graduate (noun) graduate (verb) graduate school grant higher degree higher education high school junior high school kindergarten learn learning resources center lecture lecturer lesson literacy mature (student) middle school night class numeracy opportunity pass physical education private school professor prospectus public school qualifications quarter retake (an exam) resources secondary (education) semester seminar SAT® (Scholastic Aptitude Test) sit / take (an exam) skills study subject syllabus topic tutor tutorial undergraduate 1.
12. they might follow a (20) _______________ using mail and the Internet. After they finish school. Alternatively. We must (7) _______________ ourselves to work hard so that we can (8) _______________ exams and gain the (9) _______________ we will need to secure a good job. or university. Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1. In fact. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. And of course (11) _______________ helps us to develop our bodies and stay fit and healthy. A ______________ is a list of the main subjects in a course of study (sometimes called a curriculum). From the moment we enter (4) _______________ as 5-year-olds. We live in a fascinating and constantly changing world.D. and as we progress through (5) _______________ and (6) _______________ education. they may work for a while before opting to study at a (16) _______________ for a Masters degree. but is also essential in shaping our future lives. it is largely due to the proliferation of computers that many people. and we must continually learn and acquire new knowledge if we are to adapt and keep up with changing events.Topics 11. if they have a sympathetic employer. From the age of 14 or 15. 14. this process ends when they are in their mid-to-late teens and they (12 _______________ from high school. have started to study again and can proudly class themselves as (21) _______________ students. whether we are eighteen or eighty. Our schooldays are just the beginning of this process. A ______________ is someone who has completed a course at school. And if they live a long way from a college or university. college. You are. It is also known as a ______________. A ______________ is a college or university where students can study for a ______________ such as a Master's or Ph. You are never too old to learn. A ______________ is a school for students between the ages of 12 and 14 or 15. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. or a (17) _______________. obtain (19) _______________ so that they can study during the week. Do you agree with this statement? "The most important things in life are not learnt at school or college. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. A ______________ is one of two periods into which the school year is divided. A ______________ is one of four periods into which the school year is divided. never too old to learn. We must also (10) _______________ valuable life skills so that we can fit in and work with those around us. who have not been near a school for many years. students attend a ______________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. After that. indeed. it is the beginning of a lifetime of learning. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. For most people. however. they may choose to attend a (18) _______________ after work or. and we should make the best of every (22) _______________ to develop ourselves. many progress to (13) _______________ education where they will work towards a (14) _______________ in a chosen (15) _______________ at university. 13." Use examples and details in your answer. we are laying the foundations for the life ahead of us. 85 . Do you agree with this statement? Education is a long process that not only provides us with basic (1) _______________ such as (2) _______________ and (3) _______________. For others.
86 . Someone who is heavier than they should be is _____________. E-coli. _____________ is food that is made very quickly. 6. This can result in _____________. _____________ are found in foods such as sugar. The noun is _____________. 4. 5. cancer. and potatoes. _____________ is the oil found in food. especially food like burgers and pizzas that you can take out. If they are a lot heavier than they should be. Some of them may go to a _____________. 9. 7. milk. People who eat too much. suffer from a medical condition known generally as an _____________. and cheese. bread. and there are three main types of this: _____________. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. allergy cholesterol fast food allergic consume fat fat farm anorexia balanced diet diabetes bulimia calcium calories carbohydrates exercise free range malnutrition organic vegan consumption fiber harvest diet (noun + verb) food intolerance heart disease eating disorder food poisoning listeria food group health food genetically modified (GM) malnourished overweight minerals protein junk food obese monounsaturated salmonella nutrition scarce nutritious scarcity obesity saturated underweight veganism 1. they are _____________. _____________ food is food produced from animals which are allowed to move around and feed naturally. and _____________. 11. _____________ is a white chemical element that is an important part of bones and teeth. and supply your body with heat and energy. _____________. _____________ are units used for measuring how much energy you get from food. A _____________ is someone who doesn't eat meat. A _____________ is someone who doesn't eat meat or other products derived from animals (including cheese and milk). and dairy products are three of the main _____________. and _____________ are three kinds of _____________. vegetarian vegetarianism vitamins _____________ are the parts of fruit. and many other serious illnesses. you eat the correct amounts of the right sorts of food. 8. _____________ is a substance found in food such as eggs. _____________ food is food which is produced without using artificial chemicals. vegetables. 3. you do not eat too much of one particular sort of food. and meat that people need in order to grow and be healthy. Examples of this include _____________ and _____________. 2.Topics Food and diet Exercise 1 Complete definitions and sentences 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. 10. _____________ food is food that has been produced from a plant or animal that has had its gene structure changed in order to make it more productive or resistant to disease. milk. because it is often not very healthy or _____________. polyunsaturated. and helps food to pass through your body. vegetables and grains that your body cannot digest. an informal expression for a place where people can go to try to lose weight by eating in a healthy way and doing lots of _____________. It is sometimes called _____________. People who weigh more than they should often go on a _____________ to help them lose weight. If you eat a _____________. or who don't eat enough (often because they think they look fat). Meat. _____________. and is found in food products such as eggs.
Topics 12. but our lifestyles often make this difficult. People who have a _____________ are unable to eat certain kinds of food because it has a negative effect on them (although it will not affect them seriously). if someone who is _____________ to peanuts eats something with peanuts in. How far do you agree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. and fewer foods which are high in (11) _____________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. A few things to watch out for next time you go shopping. as this can block the walls of arteries and lead to heart problems. People with an _____________ to certain kinds of food must avoid them. Dieticians tell us that we must eat a (9) _____________. "Despite the huge variety of foods in our supermarkets. which cannot be digested by the body. especially in the wake of natural disasters which ruin crops and in some cases totally destroy the annual (8) _____________. Many of the ready-prepared foods we buy from supermarkets are high in (12) _____________. We have the option. giving us more energy than we actually need. as it is essential we consume sufficient quantities of the different food groups. They tell us that we should all eat more (10) _____________. but scientific tests have shown us that burgers and pizzas can lack essential (2) _____________ and (3) _____________ which are essential for health and growth. it might kill them). and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. it is becoming increasingly difficult to eat a healthy diet. "If food tastes good. as the effects may be much more serious (for example. we are continually hearing about outbreaks of (15) _____________ and (16) _____________ which put us off eating certain foods. while simultaneously containing large amounts of (4) _____________ and (5) _____________ which can result in obesity and heart problems. This is good advice. Many children end up suffering from (6) _____________. it's probably bad for you". Use words and expressions from the vocabulary box in Exercise 1. of buying (14) _____________ foods. a lot of children show similar symptoms to those in poorer developing countries. In fact. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. Do you agree? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and examples. as nobody wants to spend time in hospital suffering from (17) _____________. that is! Exercise 4 Now try this essay." Most children enjoy eating (1) _____________. of course. (13) _____________ foods are appearing on our supermarket shelves. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. but naturally-cultivated fruits and vegetables are expensive. where (7) _____________ of food causes thousands of deaths from starvation. If you have the time and the money. of course. since they eat too much of the wrong sort of food. And to make matters worse. 87 . even though nobody is really sure if altering the composition of food cells is safe. in many areas of the developed world.
9. etc. If a media company is accused of _____________ its stories or programs. that are considered unsuitable for moral. 11. If you _____________. television. 4. 8. etc. or political reasons is called _____________. A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on large sheets of paper. television stations.Topics The media Exercise 1 Complete sentences and definitions 1 – 12 with words and expressions from the box. etc. you guess something that is not expressed directly (for example. A _____________ often does the same thing. social. The process of removing parts of books. _____________ programs are television programs in which ordinary people are put into artificially created environments and situations in order to entertain people (the most famous example is "Big Brother"). 2. A _____________ is someone who owns and controls several different newspapers. and economic events that are happening now. _____________ is the practice of paying people a lot of money for information that can be used in newspaper stories. 3. airtime audience broadcast broadsheet censor censorship channel check book journalism circulation current affairs coverage documentary download dumbing down editor entertainment exploit feature freedom of the press gutter press honest information informed Internet invasion of privacy journalism journalist libel libelous log on mass media media circus media event media tycoon news online paparazzi the press program read between the lines readership reality TV reporter restriction slander slanderous tabloid tabloid TV the Internet unscrupulous website 1. _____________ is the illegal act of writing things about someone that are not true (the adjective is _____________). 5. _____________ is the crime of saying something about someone that is not true and is likely to damage their reputation (the adjective is _____________). A _____________ program is one that deals mainly with political. especially illegally. 6. and is designed to inform people about different things. A _____________ is someone who writes news reports for newspapers. if a newspaper reports a story.. by appearing on a television program). A _____________ is a radio or television program that deals with real people. letters. it means that it presents these stories or programs in a simple and attractive way without giving many details. 7. it might not tell you the truth or give you all the information you want. etc. so you try to guess what that information is). and is very rich as a result. especially stories about crime or famous people. _____________ refers to television programs that are intended to be shocking or exciting. religious. events. because many of the stories and either untrue. and usually contains serious news. _____________ is an occasion when someone finds out or uses information about your private life. or are about sex and crime). A _____________ is a newspaper that is printed on smaller sheets of paper and generally contains stories about famous people (papers like these are sometimes referred to as the _____________. films. 10... 88 . and then tells people the news himself / herself (for example. You will not need all of the words and expressions. places.
where we can access information from millions of (11) _____________ around the world which we can then (12) _____________ onto our own computers. Some people argue that the government should impose stricter (24) _____________ to prevent such things happening. Meanwhile. _____________ refers to the amount of attention that television. or news website? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer. A newspaper's _____________ is the group or number of people who read that newspaper. with (20) _____________ newspapers paying people lots of money for stories about crime and famous people. Personally.. or to the way in which something is reported. in which ordinary people are put into artificially created environments and situations for our entertainment. with their lively gossip and colorful stories. Newspapers are often accused of (18)__________ by angry politicians who dislike reading lies about themselves. and newspapers give to something. chat shows. What are the qualities or features of a good newspaper. the news we received was often days or weeks old. Of course. "The media plays a valuable role in keeping us informed and entertained. anyone with a computer can go (23) _____________ to find undesirable material placed there by equally undesirable people. I take the view that while the media may occasionally abuse its position of power. Famous personalities frequently accuse the (15) _____________ (and sometimes even respectable papers) of (16) _____________by camera-wielding (17) _____________ who are determined to get a picture or a story regardless of who they upset. but with very little detail. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. However. 89 . Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Whether we choose to read the (2) _____________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. current affairs television program. Others argue that too much time is being given to (22) _____________ shows. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. and perhaps we are better people as a result. And there is also the (10) _____________. Do you agree?' Barely a hundred years ago. radio. we had to rely on word of mouth or. News (8) _____________ let us know about world events practically as they happen. at best. the benefits greatly outweigh the disadvantages. But because communication technology was very basic. these forms of (13) _____________ and (14) _____________ (or "infotainment" as they are now sometimes collectively called) have their negative side. and there are frequent accusations of (19) _____________. Sex and violence are increasing on the television. of course. newspapers. it is not just the papers which are to blame. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. But others argue that (25) _____________ and media is the keystone of a free country. However. but they have changed almost beyond recognition. and (9) _____________. etc. _____________ refers to the amount of time given to someone or something in a radio or television broadcast. with their quality (3) _____________ of news and other (4) _____________ by top (5) _____________ and acclaimed (6) _____________ or if we prefer the popular (7) _____________. while sitcoms. if we wanted to stay (1) _____________ about what was going on in the world. and many complain that there is increased (21) _____________ of news and current affairs programs. keep us entertained and informed. Our lives would be much emptier without the wealth of information available to us today.Topics 12. We also have television and radio. many people believe it has too much power and freedom". with major stories being presented in a simple and attractive way. We still have newspapers. we are exposed to a wealth of information barely conceivable at the beginning of the last century.
If your bank account is in the red. and _____________ refers to the money you spend. it might be an opposite. If you _____________ money. you keep it so that you can use it later. you have more than $0 in your bank account. In each case. When you make a _____________. An invoice is a note.) welfare wage wealthy welfare withdraw worthless 1. 7. so that it will increase in value. and a _____________ is a note (from a store. If you save money. you take someone's money for a short time. When you make a profit. 8. they have lost all their money. Income is the money you receive (your wage or salary is part of your income). 5. If a person or company is insolvent. the amount of money you have spent is greater than the money you have made. and then you pay it back. bank bankrupt bargain bill borrow broke bankrupt cash check cost of living credit card credit debt debit deposit discount distribution of wealth dividends economical economize exorbitant expenditure extravagant frugal income income tax inflation inherit insolvent interest in the black in the red invest investment invoice lend loan loss market mortgage on credit overcharged overdraft overpriced pension priceless profit receipt reduction refund salary save savings and loan association shares statement stocks tax / rent (etc) rebate undercharged unemployment / housing / child (etc. If a person or company is _____________. stocks. In some cases you might need to change the form of the word in the box. A _____________ is money paid back to a customer when. they return something to a store. the word / expression you need is connected in some way with the word in bold in the same sentence / paragraph (for example. you have spent money which you have not gotten back. A bank statement is a detailed written document from a bank showing how much money has gone into and come out of a bank account. etc. and cannot pay it back. balance 2. 10. and so you have less than $0 in your bank account. If you lend money. If you _____________ money. for example) which shows how much you have paid for something. or bill.. A discount is the percentage by which a full price is reduced in a store. you put it into property. If your account is _____________. 3 4. for example. 6.Topics Money and finance Complete sentences and paragraphs 1 – 20 with a word or expression from the box. have then borrowed a lot. you gain money from selling something which is more than the money you paid for it. 9. sent to you to ask for payment for goods or services. it might have a similar meaning. or it might be a word that is sometimes confused with that word). Something which is overpriced is too expensive. you let someone use your money for a certain period of time. they have lost all their money. 90 . Something which is _____________ costs much more than its true value. A _____________ is the amount of money you have in your bank account.
Also note that some of the words can have more than one meaning (for example. A worthless object is something which has no value. you put money into the account. He is trying to tell his son that he should never (1) _____________ money from anyone because it will make it difficult for him to manage his finances. Note that many of them can have more than one grammatical function without changing their form (for example. 19. When you _____________ an account. where a formal arrangement has been made with the bank to borrow it. and deals with money generally. 91 . Exercise 3 Complete this conversation with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. and it is also a piece of paper showing you how much you have to pay for a product or service). you put money into it.Topics 11. A bill is a piece of paper showing the amount of money that you have to pay for goods or services. You may need to change the form of some of the words. If you have been undercharged. balance can be a noun and a verb). but is usually used by people who want to save money. or to borrow money to buy a house. but the first is usually paid daily or weekly and the second is usually paid monthly. A loan is money that you borrow from a bank to buy something. a father gives his son some financial advice. 18. Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. he says. If you deposit money in an account. you have paid less than you should have for goods or services. Likewise he should never give a (2) _____________ to a friend because he will probably never see the money again. A loan is money that you borrow from a bank. 16. A bank is a business which holds money for its clients. An _____________ is the amount of money that you take out of your bank account. 15. 13. _____________ describes someone who is careful with money. you have paid too much. A wage and a _____________ are both money you receive for doing a job. If you _____________ money. 12. but in this case the money is only used to buy property. When you credit an account. "Financial advice from a father to a son" In the play "Hamlet" by William Shakespeare. and will probably lose his friend as well. A _____________ is similar. A _____________ is similar. Extravagant describes someone who spends a lot of money. 17. 14. which is more than there is in your account. If you have been _____________. "Neither a borrower nor a lender be". you take money out of it. 20. A _____________ object is an extremely valuable object. but shows what you have to pay after a meal in a restaurant. It is usually done without making a formal arrangement with your bank. a bill is a banknote. A _____________ is the same thing. you take it out of your account.
And try to get a (16) _____________. others say that "Money is the root of all evil". you will end up with an (5) _____________ at the bank. but today many parents would give similar advice to their children. Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Now listen. but let me give you some sound financial advice before you go. Well. It's been (20) _____________. Which of these do you agree with? Use examples and details in your answer. Imagine the conversation they would have now: Jim: Dad: Jim: Dad: Right dad. They offer a much higher rate of (10) _____________ than banks. this is important. it's true what they say: there are some things that money just can't buy. but you should try to (8) _____________. (7) _____________ is running at about 10%. All right son. leave your money in a good local (9) _____________ account .Topics The play was written over four hundred years ago. Avoid expensive stores and restaurants. 92 . I know.. I've heard enough. Buy (18) _____________ in government organizations or (19) _____________ in private companies. Some people say that "Money makes the world go round". Also. Oh come on dad…. Next. Why? Because some stores charge you an (12) _____________ amount of money to buy things over a period of time. try to (17) _____________ the money in a good company. when stores offer huge (14) _____________ and you can pick up a (15) _____________. you can buy it outright. 10%. How do I do that? Easy. avoid buying things (11) _____________. If you spend too much. when you eventually get a job and are earning a good salary. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. When you buy something. I'm off to college now. The first thing you should do is to make sure you balance your (3) _____________ – the money you receive from me and mom – and your (4) _____________ – the money you spend. Thanks for the advice. It's much better to (13) _____________ a little bit of money each week so that when you see something you want. say. Don't expect me to pay it for you. But it's so difficult. and the (6) _____________ goes up all the time. Try to wait for the sales. Also. OK dad. ask the store if they'll lower the price by. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Things are so expensive.
Human activity has had a devastating effect on the living things. 93 . The heating up of the earth's atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we know it.Topics Nature and the environment Exercise 1 Replace the words and expressions in bold in sentences 1 – 15 with one of those from the box. and other fuels which are the remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the environment. The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide. In some countries. and cans which can easily be decomposed by organisms such as bacteria. Don't drink that water. both large and small. 7. The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil. We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again. sea. 10. 8. without using any chemical fertilizers or pesticides.. cartons. in many parts of the word. 14. Greenpeace. and methane which rise into the atmosphere. 13. Farmers have cleared acres of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the precipitation is very high to provide pasture for their cattle. Planting trees and bushes can provide some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil. etc. 12. for their products. Polluted precipitation which kills trees often falls a long distance from the source of the pollution. 6. 4. or by sunlight. 3. Friends of the Earth. This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular level so as to change certain characteristics which can be inherited. and other people concerned with protecting the environment are holding an international summit in Geneva next month. It's been made dirty by something being added to it. building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farmland or woods and parks which surround a community. water. carbon monoxide. coal. 15. More and more companies are using boxes. 11. 5. Many shops now sell fruit and vegetables which are cultivated naturally. 2. sulfur dioxide. acid rain activists animal rights battery farming biodegradable packaging biodiversity biofuels breeding (in) captivity CFC gases climate change conservation conservation program conserve contaminated deforestation degradation desertification eco-friendly ecological ecology ecosystem emissions endangered species environmentalists environmentally friendly erosion extinct fossil fuels fumes genetically modified global warming green belt greenhouse effect greenhouse gases intensive farming natural behavior natural resources organic organic farming ozone-friendly ozone layer poaching pollute (air) pollution rare breeds rainforest recycle recycling renewable / sustainable energy research solar power tidal energy toxic waste unleaded gas wildlife management 1. Most modern cars use fuel which has been made without lead additives. 9. You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box.
all around us. even better. to help prevent this.Topics 94 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. They will oppose activities which are harmful to animals. all living things large and small which comprise our finely balanced (10) _____________ are being systematically destroyed by human greed and thoughtlessness. you should only buy (14) _____________fruit and vegetables. The easiest thing. we should buy a small car that uses (15) _____________ which is less harmful to the environment or. make more use of public transportation. and other (9) _____________ In fact. of course. including whales. (8) _____________ and overfishing are killing off millions of animals. and what can we do to prevent it?" There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Others think this money should be spent on other things such as education and healthcare. have inherited the earth. We cannot all be as committed as them. is to (11) _____________ waste material such as paper and glass so that we can use it again. such as (18) _____________. And they will campaign to keep the (19) _____________ around our towns and cities free from new building. Meanwhile farmers clear huge areas of (5) _____________ in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for cattle or produce wood for building. Finally. At the same time. do much more. Factories burn (1) _____________ which produce (2) _____________ . Some people think that the government should spend as much money as possible on protecting the environment. They are aware of the global issues involved and will actively involve themselves in (17) _____________ by making sure our forests are kept safe for future generations. The serious (16) _____________. safe in the knowledge that they have been naturally cultivated. and this kills trees. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. of course. Exercise 3 Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1. but that doesn't mean we can do whatever we like with it. as humans. Rivers and oceans are so heavily (6) _____________ by industrial waste that it is no longer safe to go swimming. of course. . We. What causes this problem. At the same time. we should make a conscious effort to avoid foods which are (13) _____________ (at least until someone proves that they are safe both for us and for the environment). We should also check that the things we buy from supermarkets are packaged in (12) _____________ which decomposes easily. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Which one of these opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. but we can at least do our own little bit at grass roots level. If you are truly committed to protecting the environment. however. (3) _____________ rise into the air and contribute to (4) _____________ which threatens to melt the polar ice cap. There is a lot we can all do. elephants. "Environmental degradation is a major world problem. Cars pump out poisonous (7) _____________which we all have to breathe in. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1. however.
that drivers must pay to use. 7. A traffic-free zone is a main road between major towns and cities that drivers do not have to pay to use. 3. Someone who backs out in a vehicle drives it very quickly and dangerously. 95 . Decide which are which. 4. accident accident risk auto theft back out black spot brake congestion crosswalk cut in (in a vehicle) cycle lane destination dominate drunk driving driver driver's licence driving test expressway fatalities a fine freeway gas highway highway patrol injuries intersection interstate joyriding mile mobility overtake park and ride pedestrian pedestrian mall pollution public transportation pull in pull over road rage road work rush hour safety island sidewalk to speed speed limit subsidized (e.S. and in some they are wrong. 10. In the U. Rush hour is the time of day when there are not many vehicles on the road because most people are at home. 6.S. accelerate 2. A sidewalk is a part of the road in a town or city where drivers can park their vehicle. 15.A. 8. A cycle lane is a part of the road that is set aside for people on bicycles. A mile is a measure of distance equivalent to 1. Someone who has been accused of joyriding has stolen a car in order to drive it for pleasure. An expressway is a wide road (usually in a city) where people can drive quickly. 12. 11.g.Topics On the road Exercise 1 Some of the words and expressions from the box below have been defined in sentences 1 – 16.. public transportation) to tailgate traffic light / signal traffic calming traffic circle / rotary traffic-free zone traffic jam traffic school transport strategy turnpike 1. A traffic school is a school for people who want to learn to drive a motor vehicle. and which may not be used by drivers of motor vehicles. A black spot is a place on a road where a lot of car accidents happen. Road rage is anger or violent behavior by one driver toward another driver. If a service such as public transportation is subsidized. 16. 9.609 kilometers. all of its running costs are paid for by the government or a local authority. usually in a busy or built-up area. and is the U. these definitions are correct.A. 5. Fatalities (in this context) refers to people who are injured in accidents on the road. Traffic calming measures are fines and other penalties imposed by the police on bad or dangerous drivers.S.. usually in a dangerous way. equivalent of a British dual carriageway. the interstate is part of the national public transportation system (including trains and buses) which people use to travel around the country. In some cases. 14. A turnpike is a main road in the eastern part of the U. 13.
. In many cases. Most of these were caused by drivers (3) _____________ in built-up areas.000 hurt in traffic-related accidents in the state. and a notorious accident (11) _____________ for pedestrians and cyclists. There are more (16) _____________ on main routes into the city. handing down large (18) _____________ or even jail sentences on selfish. for these people.Topics 96 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. has been designated a (15) _____________. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. knocked down as they are walking across the street at (7) _____________ by drivers who seem to have forgotten that a red (8) _____________ means "Stop". Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. But these innocent victims. a city plagued by (9) _____________ and (10) _____________ caused by traffic. which has improved the flow of traffic to the benefit of those on foot or on two wheels. the police and the courts are coming down hard on drivers who misuse the roads. together with the help of the highway patrol and local safety groups. (14) _____________ programs have helped reduce the number of cars in the city. where many seem to disregard the 30mph (4) _____________. closed to all vehicles during the day. are fighting back. the city council has recently implemented its new (12) _____________. You may need to change the form of some of the words. and instead used other forms of transport. Exercise 3 Complete this article with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. as office workers and shoppers leave their cars outside the city and bus in instead. (13) _____________ measures such as speed bumps have slowed traffic down. 2. especially around July 4th and Thanksgiving. Harley Street. Use specific examples and details to support your answer. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. when more alcohol is consumed than at any other time. (1) _____________ and (2) _____________ on our roads are increasing from year to year: last year. the main shopping thoroughfare. inconsiderate drivers who believe it is their right to (19) _____________ the roads. And (17) _____________ public transportation has helped to keep down the cost of using buses. (20) _____________ is not offered as a softer alternative. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?: It is time we all relied less on private motor vehicles to get around. In New Stockholm. or (5) _____________.827 people were killed and almost 300. making it safer for the huge number of students and residents who rely on bicycles to get around. Meanwhile. it is (6) _____________ who are the victims.
6. it is changed slightly in order to improve it. A _____________ is someone who does not like. especially computers. trust. 10. 7. artificial body parts). If something is _____________. 13. _____________ is the study or use of computers and electronic systems for storing and using information. An _____________ is a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions. especially the use of low temperatures for preserving the bodies of dead people. etc. law. equipment. or want to use technology. 4. A _____________ is a rule. 2. _____________ is the length of time that someone is likely to live. A _____________ is a scientist who studies or works in genetics. 97 . You will not need all of the words and expressions from the box. 3. _____________ is the invention or use of new ideas. nuclear engineering technologist research safeguard technocrat technophile technophobe _____________ is the practice or science of changing the genes of a living thing. 5. A _____________ is a discovery or achievement that comes after a lot of hard work. 12. _____________ is the use of technology to make copies of natural things (for example.Topics Science and technology Exercise 1 Complete definitions 1 – 15 with words and expressions from the box. 15. _____________ is the study of living things. _____________ is the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts. analyze computers bioclimatology cryogenics experiment geneticist invent biology cybernetics breakthrough development cellphone digital chemistry discover discovery control e-mail genetic engineering genetic fingerprinting information technology (IT) microchip modified genetic modification innovation information superhighway invention life expectancy physics Internet molecular biology scientist 1. A _____________ is a scientist or other technical expert with a high position in industry or government. or plan that protects people or something from harm or problems. especially in order to make it more suitable for a particular purpose. 14. 9. 8. _____________ is the science that studies the effects of low temperatures. methods. 11.
And nobody could have predicted the sudden proliferation of computers that would completely change our lives. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies continue to (16) _____________ on animals. Meanwhile. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. a move that many consider to be cruel and unnecessary. has been the single most important scientific or technological development of the last fifty years? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. in your opinion. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Of course we all rely on modern science and technology to improve our lives. we need to make sure that we (17) _____________ it rather than the other way round. which in turn led to millions losing their jobs. You may need to change the form of some of the words.Topics 98 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. bad news for the (10) _____________ who would prefer to hide from these modern miracles. Meanwhile. that within a matter of years. The development of (11) _____________ led to mass automation in factories. but putting modified foods onto the market before scientists had properly (15) _____________ them was perhaps one of the most irresponsible decisions of the 1990s. The genius of Einstein led to the horrors of the atomic bomb and the dangerous uncertainties of (12) _____________ (we hear of accidents and mishaps at nuclear power stations around the world. however. The relatively new science of (14) _____________ has been seen as a major step forward. What. when it was first (5) _____________. But everything has a price. However. (8) _____________ into other aspects of information technology is making it easier and cheaper for us to talk to friends and relations around the world. where (13) _____________ to prevent accidents were inadequate). . and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. this tiny piece of silicon and circuitry would be found in almost every household object from the kettle to the DVD recorder. has been the microchip. Do you agree with this statement?" The second half of the twentieth century saw more changes than in the previous two hundred years. Nobody could have imagined. and our lives have become better as a result. Perhaps the most important (4) _____________. allowing us to access information from the other side of the world via the (6) _____________ or send messages around the world by (7) _____________ at the touch of a button. Incredible (3) _____________ such as television have changed the way we spend our leisure hours. Good news for (9) _____________ who love modern technology. "Science and technology have come a long way in the last 60 years. Penicillin has already been (1) _____________ and used to treat infections. there have been many remarkable advances in medicine that have helped to increase our average (2) _____________ way beyond that of our ancestors.
An __________ is the set of systems within a place or organization that affect how well it operates (for example.Topics Town and country Exercise 1 Complete sentences 1 – 12 with a word or expression from the box.). (Write the 3rd letter of this word in the grid) The __________ of a town or city are the areas that are furthest away from the center. a public transportation system or road system). 11. it offers you the chance for success. etc. theaters. Then take the letter indicated at the end of each sentence. stores. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid) If a situation. agriculture amenities apartment block arable land atmosphere to breed crime building sites Central Business District (CBD) commute commuter commuter belt congestion construction cost of living crops crowded cultivation cultural events depopulation development drug abuse employment environment facilities fields green belt industry infrastructure housing project inner city lively mall / shopping mall melting pot metropolis migration nature nightlife outskirts peaceful peak period pedestrian precinct pollution population population explosion poverty productive land property prices prospects resident residential area rural rush hour slum street crime stressful suburbs traffic jam unemployment urban urban lifestyle urban sprawl 1. is __________. it causes a lot of pressure and makes people worry. 7. 12. and write it in the grid that follows the sentences. (Write the 4th letter of this word in the grid) A town's __________ are the things that make it comfortable and pleasant to live in (for example. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid below) If a town or city is described as a __________. 8. and as a result the traffic moves very slowly. 99 . especially in a job or career. religions. parks. (Write the 7th letter of this word in the grid) A __________ is a big city. or from one country to another country). 6. If you do this correctly. etc. (Write the 4th letter of this word in the grid) Sentence number: Letter: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4.. If the town in which you live offers you good __________. 9. place. (Write the 6th letter of this word in the grid) A __________ is someone who travels regularly to and from work. (Write the 5th letter of this word in the grid) 2. especially one that is busy and exciting. living together. 5. cultures. 3. 10. etc. it has people of many different races. (2 words: Write the 3rd letter of the 1st word in the grid) __________ refers to the movement of people from one place to another (often from one part of a country to another. (Write the 2nd letter of this word in the grid) __________ is an adjective relating to towns and cities. (Write the 1st letter of this word in the grid) __________ is a situation in which many people leave a place in order to live somewhere else. you will "find" another word which means "showing the influence of many different countries and cultures".. (Write the 3rd letter of this word in the grid) __________ occurs when there are a lot of vehicles on the road.
which means that Singapore imports almost all of its food. Like London. Others prefer to live in a big city. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Of course. Some people prefer to live in the countryside or in a small town. And as the city is expanding. which is partly the result of the government imposing very severe penalties on anyone bringing narcotics into the country. the (12) _____________ can be very high – renting an apartment.Topics 100 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. a (1) _____________ of almost three million people. an exhibition of Malay art. For a start. Perhaps most impressive. I enjoyed the (3) _____________ lifestyle I led there. however. so it is safe to walk the streets at night. there are a lot of (13) _____________ where new apartments are continually being built to deal with the (14) _____________ which is a direct result of the government encouraging people to have more children. Singapore wouldn't be ideal for everyone. Nowadays. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. . for example. it was difficult to get bored. the (20) _____________ which has eaten into the countryside has had a detrimental effect on the (21) _____________. Fortunately. or a Chinese opera in the street. and a state-of-the-art subway system which could whisk (7) _____________ from the suburbs straight into the heart of the city (this was particularly important. The traditional villages that were once common have disappeared as the residents there realised there were no (18) _____________ for their future and moved into new government housing in the city. And despite a "green" approach to city planning. with excellent roads. Singapore doesn't suffer from problems that are common in many cities such as (15) _____________. Use words and expressions from Exercise 1. You may need to change the form of some of the words. living in a city like this has its disadvantages as well. Paris. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from Exercise 1. For seven years I lived in Singapore. and made the most of the superb (4) _____________. and one of the words you will need is the extra word you revealed by doing Exercise 1. there is very little (19) _____________ around the city. as the government banned private cars from entering the (8) _____________ during the morning and afternoon (9) _____________ in order to reduce (10) _____________ on the roads and (11) _____________ from the exhausts). was the remarkable transportation (6) _____________. outlining its good points and bad points". the (16) _____________housing estates there are probably the safest and most orderly in the world. and New York. is very expensive. Singapore is a (2) _____________ city. "Describe a place where you live or have lived. however. In fact. In the evenings and at weekends there were always (5) _____________: with such diverse attractions as classical western music. a swift and efficient bus service. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. ranging from the excellent stores to some of the best restaurants in the world. with people from different parts of the world living and working together. especially if you come from the countryside and are used to a (17) _____________ lifestyle.
What is the difference between a travel agency and a tour operator? Complete this sentence: An _____________ is a short trip somewhere. Between these two. 14. usually over long distances. and some of them ask you to complete a sentence with the appropriate word(s) or expression(s). 5. are they doing something that is legal or something that is illegal? Complete this sentence: A person who has been _____________ has been forced to move from one part of their country to another (often because of a war or other threatening situation). 4. What does the expression persona non grata mean? Complete this sentence: _____________ is the nervous or confused feeling that people sometimes get when they arrive in a place that is very different from the place they normally live. there is _____________. 15. 2. 6. 16. Would you be happy if the country that you were staying in deported you? Complete this sentence: _____________ refers to the large numbers of people that travel for their vacation. 10. Complete this sentence: A _____________ seat is the cheapest type of seat on a plane or train. 11. What is the difference between a package tourist and an independent traveler? Is a refugee the same as an expatriate? What do you think the letters UNHCR stand for? Complete this sentence: _____________ is the business of creating and selling vacations that give people the chance to learn about a natural environment. what has happened to them? What is a cruise? What is a safari? Why might someone want a green card? If someone is trafficking something. Some of these questions ask you to explain what a word or expression means. If someone has been repatriated. usually for one day or part of a day. 3. and which cause little damage to the environment itself. 8.Topics Travel Exercise 1 Look at the words and expressions in the box. then answer questions 1 – 16. 9. 12. 13. acclimatize alien all-inclusive business class check-in check in (to a hotel or for a flight) check out (of a hotel) coach class consulate cruise culture shock customs deport disembark displaced economic migrants ecotourism embark embassy emigrate emigration excursion expatriate first class flight gate green card illegal alien immigrant immigration independent traveler internally displaced journey long-haul luggage mass tourism migrant migrate package tour package tourist passport persona non grata refugee repatriate safari short-haul tour operator trafficking travel agency travel agent trip UNHCR visa voyage work permit 1. The most expensive type of seat is called _____________. 101 . 7.
Exercise 4 Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. We book a two-week (2) _____________ with flights and accommodations included. Can you imagine anything worse than the misery these people must face? Let's not confuse them with those (14) _____________. As well as losing their homes because of war or famine or other natural disasters. moved from one part of their country to another by an uncaring government. . They never get to indulge in an (9) _____________ vacation in a luxury hotel with all meals and drinks included. Most of us have. at some point in our lives. You may need to change the form of some of the words. the (15) _____________ can be too great. they will often be (18) _____________ or repatriated. These people become (17) _____________. (or if we are (3) _____________. who choose to live in another country and often have nice houses and high salaries. experienced the joys of travel. or (13) _____________ forced to find a job and seek a living wherever they can. of course. And while many countries with an open policy on (16) _____________ will welcome them in with open arms. they must come to terms with their new environment: for many. Exercise 3 Read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from the box in Exercise 1. using specific examples". our passport. We make sure we have all the right currency. They never get to explore the lush Amazon rain forest or the frozen wastes of the Arctic on an (10) _____________ vacation. These people are simply desperate to survive. We go to the airport and (5) _____________. For them. Nowadays. I refer. perhaps. it seems. travel is a matter of life and death. smells. We go to the (1) _____________ to pick up our brochures. or the (12) _____________. travel is done in the face of great adversity and hardship. unwanted and unwelcome. others will simply turn them away. strange new sights. and sounds greeting us. we make our own way to the country and travel around from place to place with a rucksack on our back). "There are two types of traveler: those who do it because they want to. Even if they manage to get into a country. the whole world goes on vacation at once: the age of (8) _____________ is in full swing! But for the great majority of people around the world. What are the good things and bad things about traveling? Use specific examples to explain your answer. to all the (11) _____________ escaping from their own countries. Something to think about. the next time you are (19) _____________ to your five-star hotel by a palm-fringed beach or sitting in a coach on an (20) _____________to a pretty castle in the countryside. and those who do it because they have to. We strap ourselves into our tiny (6) _____________ aircraft seats and a few hours later we (7) _____________ from the aircraft. Discuss this statement. and any (4) _____________ that are necessary to get us into the country. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Their future is uncertain.Topics 102 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box.
10. he was instantly dismissed". 8. health insurance. free meals. but sells their services to more than one company. 4. What is the difference between a wage and a salary? Complete this sentence: _____________ is a painful condition of the muscles in the hands and the arms caused by doing the same movement many times (for example. and answer questions 1 – 14. Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar. True or false?: retire and resign have the same meaning. 11. adverse working conditions applicant application form be laid off blue-collar worker boss candidate commission demanding dismiss dismissal downsize employee employer fire fixed income flexible working hours freelance full time hire homeworker incentives incentive scheme income increment interview interviewee interviewer job satisfaction job security manager manual worker manufacturing industry (on) leave overtime part-time pension pension contributions perks profession promotion raise recruitment drive repetitive strain injury (RSI) resign retire rewards and benefits salary self-employed semi-skilled service industry sick building syndrome sickness benefit skilled a steady job stress supervisor unemployed unemployment union unskilled unsociable hours wage (on) welfare white-collar worker workaholic 1. etc. 12. 14. Would you be happy if you had adverse working conditions? Complete this sentence: A person who is _____________ is not permanently employed by one company. 3. company car. and hotels are examples of _____________. this means that it pays its workers less than before. 7. What do you think sick building syndrome is? Complete this sentence: If you have _____________. hospitals. 103 . Complete this sentence: _____________ are extra payments or benefits that you get in your job (for example. Replace the word in bold in this sentence with another word from the box which has a similar meaning: "A lot of people wanted the job. 9. 2. 6.Topics Work Exercise 1 Look at the words and expressions in the box. you have work which is reliable and will last for a long time. using a computer over a long period of time). Complete this sentence: Banks. Complete this sentence: The word raise in the box is similar in meaning to _____________ (which is also in the box). 13. 5. but less formal. You may need to change the form of some of the words. What is the difference between a blue-collar worker and a white-collar worker? True or false?: When a company downsizes its work force. meaning (you will need to change the form of the word): "When he was caught stealing from the company.). but she was the best candidate".
In most cases. it doesn't matter if you are an (2) _____________ worker cleaning the floor. however. Your future may not be secure. of being given a better position in a company. a (3) _____________ (4) _____________ worker on a production line in one of the (5) _____________. First of all. Unfortunately. I would like to look first at the elements that combine to make a job undesirable. but at least you will be happy. an alternative. Forget the office and the factory floor and become (23) _____________ and work for yourself. a job where you work (14) _____________ and so never get to see your family or friends. or a physical job in which you do the same thing every day and end up with the industrial disease that is always in the papers nowadays – (15) _____________. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. "It is more important to have a job you enjoy doing than a job which pays well. store. Such companies are not popular with their workers. however. By avoiding such factors. In your opinion.Topics 104 Exercise 2 Use your dictionary to check the meanings of the other words and expressions in the box. of course. . or a (6) _____________ worker in a bank. Likewise. Exercise 3 Complete this essay with appropriate words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. or one of the other (7) _____________: if you lack (8) _____________. it is not always easy to find all of these. hope to achieve happiness in their work. it would be difficult to believe that there are any elements that make a job worthwhile. With all these negative factors. There is. what are the elements that make a job worthwhile?" In answering this question. this depends on the job they have and the conditions under which they are employed. Everybody would like a (9) _____________ in which he or she is guaranteed work. (21) _____________ in case you fall ill and a company (22) _____________ plan so that you have some money when you retire all combine to make a job worthwhile. Money is. companies have a high turnover of staff. The chance of (17) _____________." How far do you agree with this statement? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (10) _____________ new staff and (11) _____________ others on a weekly basis. with the knowledge that you might lose your job at any time. is a motivating factor. (18) _____________ such as a free lunch or a company car. potential (1) _____________ are more likely to find a job that is more worthwhile. But of course that is not all. an (19) _____________ plan to make you work hard such as a regular (20) _____________ above the rate of inflation. Nowadays. Exercise 4 Now try this essay. the prime motivator. and by doing so. "Some people live to work and others work to live. you will never feel happy. The same can be said of a job in which you are put under a lot of (12) _____________ and worry. a job which is so (13) _____________ that it takes over your life. and everybody wants a good (16) _____________. You may need to change the form of some of the words.
Topics Mini topics Friends and relations 1. Outline a few of these problems and suggest some things that ordinary people could do to make the world a better place. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? alien emigration extremist charity civil rights discriminate equality illegal alien poverty UNESCO global village cultural exchange program discrimination homeless immigrants prejudice UNHCR ethnic cleansing culture culture shock emigrants extremism hunger differences genocide ignorance displaced people exploit homelessness immigration racism UNICEF refugee terrorist environment exploitation human rights inequality institutional racism nationalism pollution tolerance internally displaced study visit intolerance terrorism language migrants religious religion tolerate stateless people xenophobia 2. Now try this essay. Global problems. The world today faces a lot of problems. social tensions. Use words and expressions from the box. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Now try this essay. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Different people influence our lives in different ways. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. How? Illustrate your answer with specific examples. 105 . and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. and solutions 1. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? acquaintance bond cousin admire boss adore bring up crony enemy amiable brother discipline generous love (steady) boyfriend buddy chemistry dysfunctional get on with in-laws nuclear family relationship sister sympathy be on good terms classmate family ties empathy best friend encourage be close to fiancé / fiancée grandparents coworker empathize encouragement be fond of intimate see eye to eye extended family influence fall out with friendship kinship (steady) girlfriend inseparable parents spouse wife respect teacher nurture have a lot in common kind related husband inspire inspiration raise support partner supervisor relative / relation siblings sympathize room mate shared interests supportive soul mate 2. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1.
) a politician a republic a state to vote the House of Representatives opposition security to ratify a referendum a technocrat a monarchy sanctions a prime minister a Republican the Senate a senator a statesman / stateswoman 2. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Health and exercise 1. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. etc. Now try this essay. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. a sport) unhealthy 2. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? authoritarian Congress democratic freedom legislation a bill a candidate to canvass the Capitol Capitol Hill a committee a congressman / congresswoman a democracy a governor legislature a Democrat a constituent assembly an election ideology represent totalitarian parliament a constitution independence a president to elect federal (law. Now try this essay..g.g.. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Use words and expressions from the box.. sugar) fat fibre get fit disease eating disorder give up (e. What. What advice would you give somebody who wanted to become fit and healthy? 106 .Topics Government and politics 1. in your opinion. yourself. tax. Too many young people these days are unhealthy and / or overweight. fatty foods..g. are most important things a government should do for its people? Support your answer with examples.g. your health) sedentary skin problems underweight slim overweight take exercise take up (e. smoking) in poor shape obese sports center jogging obesity swimming fast food / junk food heart attack health club keep fit on a diet heart disease in good shape muscles lifestyle look after (e. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? active aerobics balanced diet fall ill cholesterol cut down on (e.
and why do you enjoy watching them? Use specific examples to explain your answer. What are the most effective ways of learning a foreign language? Illustrate your answer with specific examples. Movies and the theater 1. 107 . Now try this essay. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. Now try this essay. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant.Topics Learning languages 1. What kinds of movies do you enjoy watching. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? acting action box office entertaining performance actor / actress cartoon exciting plot cast feel-good romance animation climax funny scenery stars atmosphere comedy gritty audience believable big budget drama musical director horror documentary location movie science fiction story thriller screen video setting soundtrack special effects 2. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Use words and expressions from the box. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? accent bilingual challenging communicate competent culture dictionary fluent get by (in a language) grammar learn something parrot fashion lingua franca look up (in a dictionary) monolingual mother tongue multilingual native pick up (a language) practice progress pronunciation rewarding second language self-access centre vocabulary 2.
Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Now try this essay. tennis. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Sports play an important role in a culture. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? aggressive an album an artist(e) beat blues (music) a classic classical music a compilation to compose a composer a concert to conduct a conductor contemporary dance music download easy listening heavy metal a hit improvise lively lyrics mellow memorable mood improvisation innovative jazz live (adjective) opera orchestra percussion pop popular rap to record recorded reggae relaxing rock music sentimental a singer-songwriter a soloist strings vocalist vocals wind instrument world music 2. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. How far do you agree with this? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Use words and expressions from the box. etc. Now try this essay. climbing. etc.) prize referee score spectator spectator sports sponsor sponsorship sportsman / sportswoman stadium support supporter take up (a sport) team team spirit team sports train trainer umpire unite violence win 2. The music you listen to says a lot about the kind of person you are. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. jogging.) hooligan hooliganism lose match opponent opposition pitch play (baseball. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? arena athlete athletics beat coach competitive competitor course court draw equalize exercise go (swimming.Topics 108 Music 1. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Sports 1. basketball. Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. .
Use a dictionary to check the meanings of the words in the box. You have been asked for some suggestions to make your hometown a better place.Topics Your hometown 1. Use words and expressions from the box in Exercise 1. and any other words or expressions that you think would be relevant. Now try this essay. Can you think of any other words and expressions to add to the list? amenities busy character college community community spirit congestion crime demolish (old buildings) eating out environment healthcare historic homeless homelessness hospital housing housing project improve improvement increase industry job opportunities library livelihood lively local customs mall modern monument museum neighbor neighborhood nightlife noise control park peaceful pedestrianize pollution population preserve (old buildings) reduce rejuvenate renovate restaurants rural safe shopping sports center sports facilities statue street crime theater traditional traffic traffic calming traffic-free urban zoo 2. and why? 109 . What suggestions would you make.
Try to build up your own vocabulary bank. Review the items that you have recorded on a regular basis. Word or expression: Topic area(s) (if relevant): Definition(s): Translation or equivalent in my language: Other forms of this word (if relevant): Sample sentences: Other collocations: Related words and expressions: Other information: You may photocopy this page 110 . See the next page for a model record sheet showing an example of how a vocabulary item has been recorded.Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet Photocopy this page as many times as you like. and keep this in a file or folder with the words / expressions stored in alphabetical order for quick and easy reference. and use it to keep a record of new words and expressions that you learn.
dismiss. maybe because it is damaged. throw out. 2. The student has included as much information about the word as possible. if that's OK with you") Other collocations: Related words and expressions: Other information: The opposite of reject is accept. rejection (noun) Sample sentences: It is almost certain that our offer will be rejected. If we reject something completely. "She rejected my offer as being too expensive". Reject is often used with as + an adjective or adjective phrase: "He rejected the idea as ridiculous". Word or expression: reject (verb. His body rejected the new kidney and he became seriously ill. proposal or request. to not agree to an offer. regular. 5. snub. veto. to reject categorically / decisively / firmly / flatly / outright / totally / unanimously / vigorously. With the exception of "outright". The company rejected the whole shipment. based on the word "reject". argument or suggestion. to behave in an unkind way to someone who wants kindness or love. 111 . 3. to disagree with an idea. transitive) / rI'dzekt / Accepting or refusing something Topic area(s) (if relevant): Definition(s): 1. The opposite of rejection is acceptance. turn down. these adverbs can also come before the word "reject".Vocabulary record sheet Vocabulary record sheet sample This is a sample of a completed vocabulary sheet. (of a human body) to reject an organ after a transplant. take a rain check (idiom) ("Would you like to come out tonight?" "I'll take a rain check. rejeter / refuser Translation or equivalent in my language: Other forms of this word (if relevant): reject. decline. shun. The court rejected the defendant's argument. 4. refuse. including its grammatical function and pronunciation. He claimed he had been rejected by his parents. To refuse to take something. we can say that we reject it "out of hand". rebuff.
raise 27. In other contexts.Answer key Answer key Addition. center. but the word petrol is more common: British-English speakers normally 112 . respect – are the same and refer to the same thing. but some words that use a single L followed by a consonant in British English use a double L in American English (skillful. again is used in the same way as it is used in British English) 8. To conclude and To summarize are usually used to conclude longer pieces of writing – e. program. labor. and keep a record of them to refer to the next time you use them. etc. offense. defense* 38.e. apartments 14. sedan 36. theater* 13. realize. etc. this word can be spelt recognise or recognize)* 11. itemize. first 17. etc. faculty is usually used by North Americans to talk about the people who work in a school.. As well as / Along with 5. elevator 20. underpass 16.) Words which end in -ence in British English end with -ense in American English (pretense.) Words which end with -ogue in British English normally end with just -og in American English (dialog. equation. vacation 39. gas 18. freeway (expressway is also used) 22. but has the same meaning) Note: It is important that you are familiar with the way these words and expressions are used. guy 30.. so we can use a word of equation here) 4. realtors 24. dialog* 25. Therefore (To sum up. college. catalog. Likewise / Similarly 7. Furthermore / Moreover / In addition / What's more (this is less formal than the other expressions) 2. etc.) Words which end with -amme in British English usually just end with -am in American English (kilogram. defense. There are other spelling differences which do not follow any particular "rules". subway 31. etc. bill 7. Gas (see 16 across) in American English is a short form of gasoline. through 4. eraser 34. gotten 12. zip code 3. etc.). attorney (lawyer is also used) 33. installment). As well as / Besides 3. The word gasoline is also used in British English. traveling. while in British English it is used to talk about a particular department in a university (e.. but which have a different meaning (often depending on the context in which they are used). including the other words in a sentence that they "work" with. In this case. recess 29. alumnus 41. Likewise / In the same way / Correspondingly 8. faculty** 32. It can be concluded that 10. bathroom * Note the following spelling differences between British and American English: Words which usually end in -ise in British English end with -ize in American English (recognize. "American" English (pages 5 –7) Across 2. but many North Americans also spell it judgment). mail 9.g. color. In addition 6. Thus is slightly more formal than therefore. intermission 6. fall 35. etc.) Words with a double L in the middle in British English (such as traveller or travelling) usually use a single L in American English (traveler. movie 21. and conclusion (page 4) Exercise 1 Addition: and along with as well as also too in addition moreover along with (this could also be equation) equally likewise addition) similarly in the same way besides what's more furthermore Equation: correspondingly along with (this could also be Conclusion: in conclusion to sum up briefly to summarize therefore it can be concluded that to conclude in brief thus Exercise 2 1.. judgement in British English can be spelled the same way in American English. round-trip 40. sidewalk 19. this 23. cellphone Down 1. Also see the note on practice in the answer key for Spelling Exercise 2 on page 120). over (in the context of repeating something completely only. drugstore 28. at the end of an essay. telegram.g. travelers* 15. liter. ** This is one of several words which are used in both British and American English. In brief 9. store 37. university. and these words have to be learned individually (for example. recognize (note that in British English. labor* 10. highway 26. movies (movie theater is also used) 5. Likewise / Similarly / In the same way (the verbs in both sentences – i. Use a dictionary to look up examples of these words and expressions. the Humanities Faculty).) Words which end with -our in British English normally end with -or in American English (humor. etc.) Words which end with -re in British English usually end with -er in American English (theater.
differ 3. vary 7. inspect / control 13. preconditions 6. complementary / complimentary 113 . In case of (note that in this particular expression. True 2. False: there has been an increase 5. shortly / briefly 9. on the assumption that (that = optional) 12. Failing that (that is needed here. similarities 10. comparison 8. True 19. we do not say In case of a fire. intolerable / intolerant 20. False: there has been a widening of the gap 14. expands 8. appreciable / appreciative 5. an article or pronoun would be needed after in case of) 7. on condition that (that = optional) 4. advise / advice 3. effect / affect 4. By way of contrast 13. but they can also go down. watch / look at 23. False: Americans want to broaden their horizons.Answer key Answer key use the word gas to talk about a substance that is used to heat the house or cook food. respectful / respectable 30. treat / cure 31. as in this example. rise / raise 29. False: there has been a downward trend 16. switch 6. To make things more complicated. principle / principal / principal / principle 27. True 3. whereas Condition and requirement (page 11) 1. continuous / continual 12. Compared 7. discrepancy 15. False: there has been an improvement 4. Most of the words in this task can be verbs as well as nouns. objections / criticism 14. disinterested / uninterested or disinterested (it is a common misconception in English that disinterested cannot be used in the same way as uninterested when we want to say that someone does not find something interesting) 33. Changes (pages 8 – 9) Exercise 1 1. otherwise Confusing words and false friends (pages 12 – 14) 1. False: there has been a slight fall 10. channel / canal 10. you should try the second option – send us an email) 16. False: there has been a tightening up of the rules 13. unconditional 10. True 20. for / during / while 17. Unless 3. characteristics 5. In the same way 11. action / activity 2. stipulation 9. requirement 15. True 15. contrast 2. similar to 9. infer / imply 34. subjective / objective 32. However / Moreover 18. conscious / conscientious 11. possibility / chance 25. assumption / presumption 6. transformed 4. In other situations. distinction 6. False: there has been a decline 12. exchanged 2. in the event of 8. beside / besides 8. prevent / avoid 7. invent / discover 16. permit / permission 24. Use a dictionary to check which ones. stretched Comparing and contrasting (page 10) 1. injury / damage / harm 15. False: there has been a strengthening of the dollar 6. providing that (that = optional. Exercise 2 The words in the box are: adapt replace expand promote reduce transform switch renovate exchange demote alter disappear vary raise lower extend enlarge heighten lengthen deepen shorten stretch revise amend cut outsource deteriorate streamline upgrade restructure downsize 1. Nevertheless / Even so / However (Even so is more common in spoken than in written English) 14. prerequisites 13. False: they're going to decrease the number 11. True 18. False: there has been a relaxation of border controls 7. differentiate 4. terms / conditions 14. adapt 3. job / work 21. revised or amended (revised prices are usually increased. Likewise 12. renovated 5. True 9. deteriorating 9. priceless / worthless 26. Assuming that (that = optional) 11. considerable / considerate 19. Failing that means that if the first option – telephoning us – is not possible. This verb in this context is usually used in the passive voice) 10. it also has the same meaning in North America. We can also say provided that) 5. As long as 2. True 17. False: we're increasing or building up our stock of coal 8. lies / lay 22. procession / process 28. as it refers back to the previous sentence.
6. Sure. What a drag! 5. O 16. I'll say (when we agree completely with somebody) 3. Thanks. D 23. I'm going to give it all I've got. or to calm down. Be my guest (this is a polite way of giving somebody permission to do something). 8. you are in trouble with someone) 12. What do you have in mind? 9. It can't be helped. 5. Let me sleep on it. Take care and keep in touch (an expression we use when we will not see somebody for a while). How should I know? 4. 4. A little bird told me (we say this when we don't want to say who said something to us). 6. "Bad luck". Couldn't be better (this means that we are very well). Let me lend a hand. U 18. Exercise 2 1. (when we are suddenly no longer worried about something that was troubling us. 9. 9. 10. a secret) 6. You really should get a life or You've got to be kidding! 8. R 14. 12. A 7. 8. We can also say "Bless you!") Idioms and colloquialisms 3 (pages 19 – 20) 1. Rather you than me (this means that we are glad we are not doing something that somebody else is). Now you're talking (we say this when somebody suggests something that is more acceptable or enjoyable than something else they have already suggested). Why not? Go for it! 11. relax) 9. J 21. M 26. E 20. 6. a surprise. 10. C 19. Gesundheit! (this is something we say when someone sneezes. 7. Wow! Way to go! 10. P 10. 5. 3. take it easy. Sure. and we use it to sympathize with someone) 11. 7. I'd be glad to (this is a polite way of agreeing to do something). G 13. Q 11. I'm a bit tied up for the time being. Yes. B 12. W 24. it's not the end of the world (this means that things are probably not as bad as they seem). Don't kill yourself. Oh. Oh. 8. It does nothing for me. K 114 . That'll be the day (this means that we don't believe something will happen. You're welcome (this is another way of saying "Not at all" or "Don't mention it"). Hold on (an informal expression which means "Wait"). 9. I couldn't agree more. Is it any wonder? Idioms and colloquialisms 2 (pages 17 – 18) Exercise 1 1. 10. Congratulations (this is another way of saying "Well done"). 7. Never mind. Well. We can also say "And pigs might fly!" or "I'll believe it when I see it") 11. 11. I couldn't care less. I'm having second thoughts (this means that we will probably change our mind about something we have already agreed to). that's too bad (this is another way of saying "Hard luck". It's up to you. happen) Exercise 3 1. I'm all ears (this means that we are ready to listen to something). or won't. I'd rather you didn't (this is a polite way of telling somebody that you don't want them to do something). That'll teach you! (this means that the person who is complaining has only themselves to blame) Exercise 2 1. 3. You're out of luck. or when we refuse to tell someone a secret). The name doesn't ring any bells (this means that you do not recognize the name) 12. but it was nothing really. How's it going? (an informal way of asking somebody if something is going well or badly) 2.Answer key Answer key Idioms and colloquialisms 1 (pages 15 – 16) Here are the most suitable answers: Exercise 1 1. H 9. That's a load off my mind.) 12. (these are informal ways of telling somebody not to work too hard. No way! Not a chance! or You've got to be kidding! 5. Oh. S 3. You bet! 6. L 15. this is on me (we say this when we are offering to pay for something). N 22. 2. Why not? or You bet! 2. Y 25. usually because something is. Oh well. V 17. keep it to yourself (= don't tell anyone else. T 4. 2. I'm used to it. You've got to be kidding! 3. How's it going? 3. touch wood ("Touch wood" is an expression we use when we hope that something will. Not on your life! (an informal way of saying that we would never do something) 4. I'm keeping my fingers crossed (we say this when we are hoping that something will happen). I really don't mind. Well. I'd love to (we say this when we are accepting an offer to do something) 4. You're welcome. 12. 4. take a seat ("Take a seat" means "Sit down") 8. or should be. or "Tough luck". Have a good time (we want the person to whom we are speaking to enjoy themselves) 11. Fire away. 10. Z 8. etc. I 2. 2. 7. Of course. Sure thing (an informal way of saying we agree to do something) 7. My lips are sealed (we say this when we promise to keep a secret. Make yourself at home (this is an expression we use when somebody visits our house). Who let the cat out of the bag? (we say this when we want to know who revealed something that was supposed to be a secret. So I guess you're in the doghouse again (if you are "in the doghouse". X 6. F 5. We can also say "That's a weight off my mind") 5.
architect 7. criticize. aim. ACB81 . ® = registered (the name is registered. © = copyright (the material cannot be copied without permission) 30. out 8. organization. responsibility. friendly. afraid. conversation / discussion 13.25/B = ACB eighty one dash (or hyphen) 25 slash (or stroke) B 15. # = pound / 0 = zero / * = star 20. discover 9. (212) 909-7940 = two one two. people say (a) quarter to four. collapsed 14. secret. GR8 = great / :-) = happy / CUL8R = see you later (informal abbreviations and emoticons*** such as these are commonly used in text messages. deep-rooted 6. 1800 = eighteen hundred (hours) 6.99 = one hundred dollars ninety nine (or one hundred dollars and ninety nine cents) 13. break 4. opinion. picture 9. Note that the words and expressions that come towards the end of each metaphor box are more informal and idiomatic than those at the beginning. and email) 25. ruins 16. blind 6. edifice 2. time. quantity. language. blueprint 10. assist 4. @snailmail. 37. x 3ft. Make a note of those that you think are the most useful. red 6. and try to use them in your English. A X P. build up 11. 10/3 = the third of October / October third (in the USA) or the tenth of March / March the tenth (in the UK). 1-800-AXP-1234 = one eight hundred. intelligence 12. successful / failure 7. 2:1 = two to one (when talking about odds and ratios) 23. = six feet by three feet by three feet** 11. life or career 10. pressed 8. feeling.8% = zero point eight percent 4. understand. five 18. 24/7 = twenty four seven (= 24 hours a day. worms 3. people.762. ground 17. June 30 = the thirtieth of June or June thirtieth 7. communicate. running 16. enthusiasm. effort 6. guilty. good 7. five two eight. sow the seeds 3. self. enthusiasm The Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners. force. 0. 2006 = two thousand (and) six (some people also say twenty oh six) / 1994 = nineteen ninety four 2. people say past in British English 115 . busy. buttressed 5. leaf 4. confused. interested. hate. $6M = six million dollars 22. knowledge. large 17. argument 2. happy. parade 13. 3:45 = three forty five. air Exercise 2 1. ground 15. blue 10. idea. want. strange. Numbers and symbols (page 26) 1. $120. four eight oh oh 17. one two three four 18.Answer key Answer key Idioms and colloquialisms 4 (pages 21 – 22) Exercise 1 1.75 = one hundred twenty dollars seventy five (or one hundred twenty dollars and seventy five cents) / $1120. problem / excitement 15. important / unimportant 5. opportunity 14.99 = one dollar ninety nine (or one dollar and ninety nine cents) 12. nine oh nine. argument. power. can 11. mistake. x 3ft. situation. record 3. intelligence 3. nervous. relationship. from which many of the definitions and sample sentences in this exercise have been taken. Alternatively. one hundred twenty dollars seventy five (or one thousand. deceive.75 = One thousand. constructed 4. track 7. force 11. 1099 = ten ninety nine (this is a document that people in the USA send to the IRS – the US tax department – that gives details of the money they have earned during the year other than their salary) 29. bull 12. honest. shop 16. or quarter of four* 5. discover. and would normally only be used in more informal spoken situations. world 12. 2:0 = two zero / 3:3 = three all 27. mind. fertile 18. effort. opportunity. seven nine four oh 16. and cannot be used by another company for another product) * In British English. strings 14. ice 14. $100. nose 5.com = at Snailmail dot com 24. 7 days a week) 3. method. seven hundred sixty two thousand. $1. important. under construction 13. laid the foundations 8. $200K = two hundred thousand dollars / mid50's = mid-fifties 21. love. one hundred twenty dollars and seventy five cents) 14. close 18. Note that for times before the half hour. fruitful Exercise 2 (These are suggested answers. 6ft. illness. stemmed from 20. ground 13. help. you could say the third of the tenth 8. problem. money. towering or ground-breaking 9. weather 15.418 = thirty seven million. sensible. question 11. demolished 17. 1-800-528-4800 = one eight hundred. four hundred eighteen 28. 999 = nine nine nine / 911 = nine one one / 000 = triple oh 19. tolerance. success. has very useful sections on metaphors under the following entries: achieve. name 2. build on 12. conversation. seven nine four oh or area code two one two. win. 4x4 = four by four (a vehicle with four-wheel drive. 27½ = twenty seven and a half 9. simple. and you might choose other words which are equally suitable) 1. life. level 10. ¾ = three quarters or three fourths 10. nine oh nine. flow Metaphors (pages 23 – 25) Exercise 1 1. ground-breaking 15. also called a 4WD or SUV – Sports Utility Vehicle) 26. candle 2. search. proud. sixth 9. notes. took root 19. angry. difficulty. intelligence. played 5. knowledge 8.
K. forced (this is better than obliged or compelled. ** A foot is a unit of measurement used in the U. succeeded 17. gained 25. uncovered (not discovered) 19. misdiagnosing 6. Republican (the second definition uses a lower-case r: republican) 22.10 is ten past four in British English. traditional 11. disallowed 17. royalist (this can also be an adjective) 3. unfolded 20. refused 4. abolished 26. attitude and belief (pages 28 – 30) Exercise 1 1.Answer key Answer key and after in American English (for example. :-@ to show fear. must (not have. as it is stronger and suggests that the company has no other choice. withdrew 9. dislike 116 . *** :-) is an emoticon. voluntary (not optional. misuses 14. Hindu (this can also be an adjective) 31. disobeyed Down 1. disconnecting 5. Also. vegan (vegans practice veganism) 7. Agnosticism is the name of this belief) 38. :-X to indicate a kiss. displeased 9. extended 21. fanatical (the noun Exercise 2 1. rejected 2. moderate (this can also be an adjective) 20. fascism (someone who believes in fascism is a fascist) 36. he felt that people were putting pressure on him to make him leave. intellectual (this can also be an adjective) 2. stoical (a person who is stoical is a stoic) 17. doubt 10. Emoticons take the form of a face on its side. misplaced 18. Mandatory (this is better than Compulsory. denied 3. as it suggests the checks must be carried out because of a law: see 2 above) 9.A. Judaism 28. forbade 11. rewarded 12. required (not mandatory or compulsory. racist (This can also be an adjective. Sikhism (a follower of this religion is a Sikh) 32. a symbol that shows emotion. postponed 18. The adjective is democratic) 23. egalitarian 35. atheist (atheistic is the adjective. Christianity 26. essential (vital or imperative could also be used) Opinion. middle-of-the-road 10. optional (not voluntary. abandoned 8. suspect 5. liable (not obliged or compelled. exempt 8. opinion 3. Some computers automatically turn some emoticons into proper faces (for example. need (used here as a noun) 17. maintains 4. misquoted 3. conservative 8. disqualified 7. tolerant 11. Other emoticons include :-( to show unhappiness. miscalculated 11. lend 19. discontinuing 8. compulsory 3. alternative (used as part of an expression: "We have no alternative but to…") 12. misjudged 2. dogmatic 15. as the gap is preceded by an) 11. Muslim (this can also be an adjective) 25. :-0 to show surprise. simplified 7. cynic (the adjective is cynical) 39. Hinduism 30. agnostic (This can also be an adjective. misunderstands 4. and ten after four in American English).S. superstitious Opposites 1: Verbs (pages 31 – 33) Exercise 1 1. disproved 21. demolished 6. not an) 10. and the U. socialism (socialist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 4. anarchist (anarchy is the name for this belief) 16. disagree 13. moral 12. concealed 20. We could also use obliged) 15. obliged / required 13. declined 23. Jew (the adjective is Jewish) 29. disapproved 23. which is equal to about 30cm. compelled (in other words. Democrat (the second definition uses a lower-case d: democrat. misrepresent 10. Buddhism (a follower of this religion is a Buddhist) 33. distrust or mistrust 22. Racism is the name for this attitude) 13. disapprove 12. In this case. pragmatic (a person who is pragmatic is a pragmatist) 19. exception 6. :-|| to show anger. Islam (the adjective is Islamic) 24. and use standard punctuation symbols and letters. committed 13. Atheism is the name of this belief) 37. the computer automatically makes a ☺). capitalism (capitalist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 5. deteriorated 10. as these must be followed with to) 6. hired Exercise 2 Across 2. obliged and compelled are usually used when somebody makes somebody else do something) 7. fell 15. A foot is divided into 12 inches. open-minded 14. exaggerate 22. obligation (note the adjective form of obliged / obligation = obligatory) 14. unloaded 12. Christian (this can also be an adjective) 27. entail (we can also say involve) 16. regarding 7. concerned 2. as these cannot be followed with by) 2. misbehave 15. obsessive 9. communism (communist is the adjective and also the word for someone who supports this system) 6. attacked 5. The political system is a democracy. have / need 5. vegetarian (vegetarians practice vegetarianism) 8. lowered 13. pacifist 40. set 14. unlock 16. by entering :-). 4. convinced is fanatic) 9. as the gap is preceded by a. Obligation and option (page 27) 1. opinionated 21. as this must be followed with to) 4. loosened 16. bigoted (a person who is bigoted is a bigot) 18. Taoism (a follower of this belief is a Taoist) 34. replenished 24. it is a smiling face to show happiness.
Answer key
Answer key
Opposites 2: Adjectives (pages 34 – 35) Exercise 1 1. clear 2. easy 3. graceful 4. detrimental 5. approximate 6. innocent 7. even 8. scarce 9. flexible 10. considerable 11. crude 12. delicate 13. dim 14. compulsory 15. reluctant 16. archaic 17. worthwhile 18. vibrant 19. tedious 20. spontaneous 21. intricate 22. worthless 23. negligible 24. feasible 25. commonplace 26. problematic 27. smooth 28. artificial Exercise 2 Task 1 unacceptable inaccurate inadequate disadvantaged disagreeable unattractive unauthorized unavoidable unbelievable uncertain uncomfortable incompetent incomplete unconscious discontented unconvincing incorrect incurable uneven unfair unfashionable dishonest disinclined illegal unlimited illiterate illogical unmarried immature immoral immortal disobedient disorganized impatient imperfect impersonal impossible improper impure unqualified (disqualified is a verb which means to make someone not able to do something: "He was disqualified from driving for a year") irrational irregular irrelevant irreplaceable irresistible irresolute irresponsible unsatisfactory dissatisfied insufficient unwelcome Note that adjectives which end with -ful are usually made into their opposite form by changing -ful to -less (thoughtful = thoughtless, useful = useless, etc.). Helpful is one exception to this rule (the opposite is unhelpful. Helpless has a different meaning, and means not able to do anything) Task 2 1. D (= disinclined) inadequate)
2. B (= dishonest)
3. C (= insufficient)
4. A (= irresponsible)
5. C (= unconvincing)
Phrasal verbs 1 (pages 36 – 37) Exercise 1 1. bring up 2. face up to 3. call off 4. count on 5. catch up with 9. fell out 10. find out 11. grow up 12. keep up with 13. leaves out up 17. fall behind 18. cut down on
6. die down 7. drop out of 8. figure out 14. pointed out 15. look into 16. brought
Exercise 2 1. taken over 2. put forward 3. pull through 4. done away with 5. look into 6. carry out 7. went, kept, or carried on 8. wear off 9. turn up 10. picked up 11. put across 12. ran into 13. set…back 14. look back on 15. turned out 16. turned away 17. works out to 18. cut off
Phrasal verbs 2 (pages 38 – 39) Exercise 1 1. get 2. look or go 3. get 4. get or come 5. look 6. go 7. get look 13. get 14. give 15. came 16. go 17. get 18. go
8. went
9. look
10. look
11. came
Exercise 2 1. came or went 2. give 3. go or look 4. get 5. came 6. get 7. give 8. go come 12. getting 13. comes 14. get 15. give 16. look 17. give 18. got
9. come or go
10. came
Phrasal verbs 3 (pages 40 – 42) Across: 1. put down 5. talk…around 6. take after 7. running up against 9. turn out 10. picked on 11. opt out 16. turned up 19. set off 20. run up 22. set aside (or put aside) 24. take to 28. take up 30. held up 32. engaged in 36. set off 37. factoring in 38. running out 39. handing in Down: 1. put aside (set aside – see 22 across – has the same meaning, but would not work in the crossword grid) 2. take in 3. add up to 4. taken in 6. turned down 8. put up with 12. taken apart 13. set…against 14. make out 15. made up 17. ran for 18. pick up 21. make up for 23. set up 25. kick in 26. stemmed from 27. pull out 29. shut out of 31. bring about 33. gone down with 34. break into 35. went for
Answer key
Answer key
Prefixes (pages 43 – 44) Exercise 1 1. (k) 2. (i) 3. (j) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (l) 7. (f) 8. (a) 9. (g) 10. (c) 11. (h) 12. m 13. (d) 14. (f)
Exercise 2 1. postgraduate 2. monotonous 3. uniform 4. translate 5. semifinal (sometimes written as two words: semi final) 6. intermission or interval 7. cohesion 8. teleconference 9. biannual 10. biennial 11. circumference 12. autobiography 13. postpone 14. circumvent 15. microscope 16. unique 17. premature 18. substandard 19. cohabit 20. microorganism (sometimes written as two words: micro organism) 21. transmutes 22. monopoly 23. predetermined 24. bilingual 25. autonomy 26. transient 27. subordinate 28. semi-precious (note that some words which are modified by semi are hyphenated: semi-skilled, semi-permanent, semi-conscious, etc.) Note: Rather confusingly, a biweekly magazine can either be a magazine that is published once every two weeks, or twice a week. This also applies to publications which are bimonthly. To avoid confusion, we can say that magazines that are published twice a week or twice a month are semi-weekly or semi-monthly.
Presenting an argument (page 45) Exercise 1 The best order is: 1. A 16. P
When you are asked to present an argument (e.g., in an essay), you should always look at it from two sides, giving reasons why you agree and disagree before reaching a conclusion. It is usually best to present your strongest argument in favor of something just before you write the conclusion. Other words and expressions which you might find useful include: I believe that despite this in spite of this also thirdly I think finally on the contrary at any rate notwithstanding for all that even if
in conclusion nonetheless
Pronouns and determiners (pages 46 – 47) Exercise 1 1. there 2. their 3. it 4. them (used when we do not specify if the caller was male or female) 5. himself 6. they 7. that 8. which 9. it 10. their 11. its (do not confuse the possessive its with it's, which is a contraction of it is or it has) 12. There 13. that 14. them 15. which 16. itself 17. it 18. they 19. those 20. itself Exercise 2 1. that or which (alternatively, you could leave the space blank. That or which, when used as pronouns in defining relative clauses such as this, can be left out when they are the object of the relative clause) 2. whose 3. there 4. themselves 5. which 6. those 7. their 8. that 9. which 10. those 11. them 12. its 13. theirs 14. they 15. whose 16. that or which (or leave this space blank – see number 1 above) 17. ourselves 18. itself 19. them 20. themselves
Similar meanings: Adjectives 1 (pages 48 – 49) 1. abrupt 2. robust 3. rudimentary 4. nominal 5. conventional 6. curious 7. expert 8. remote 9. absurd 10. compatible 11. legitimate 12. rigid 13. placid 14. narrow 15. covert 16. negligible 17. hazardous 18. contemporary 19. enduring 20. exceptional 21. outlandish 22. prompt 23. outdated 24. prospective 25. comprehensive 26. adequate 27. steady 28. dramatic 29. thriving 30. complex 31. inventive 32. potent 33. radical 34. shallow 35. erratic 36. fertile 37. even 38. crucial / indispensable 39. varied. 40. crucial / indispensable 41. toxic 42. incisive 43. finite 44. widespread 45. resolute 46. coarse
Similar meanings: Adjectives 2 (page 50) 1. concise 2. handsome 3. archaic 4. risky 5. abundant 6. chaotic 10. integral 11. scrupulous 12. tenacious 13. industrious 14. credible The word in the shaded vertical strip is characteristic. 7. tedious 8. evident 9. rampant
Answer key
Answer key
Similar meanings: Nouns (pages 51 – 53) Exercise 1 1. agenda / schedule 2. accommodations / housing 3. discipline / order 4. assistance / help 5. drop / decline 6. faults / defects 7. opposition / resistance 8. proof / evidence 9. discount / reduction 10. proximity / closeness 11. appointment / meeting 12. acclaim / praise 13. work / employment 14. benefits / advantages 15. requirements / prerequisites 16. means (note that in this context, means is always used in the plural) / method 17. poll / survey 18. victory / triumph 19. fallacy / misconception 20. appeal / petition Exercise 2 1. protest / demonstration 2. code / rules 3. liability / responsibility 4. choices / options 5. overview / (short) description 6. magnitude / importance 7. cooperation / collaboration 8. valid / good 9. zenith / peak 10. questions / queries 11. characteristics / features (with illnesses, we can also say symptoms) 12. problems / complications 13. strategy / plan 14. priority / precedence 15. alterations / changes 16. winner / victor 17. component / element 18. discussion / deliberation 19. results / consequences 20. admission / access Exercise 3 1. reviews / write-ups 2. advent / appearance 3. charisma / (personal) appeal 4. category / classification 5. ending / termination 6. inventions (or achievements) / innovations 7. numbers / concentrations 8. specialist / expert 9. backing / support 10. notion / idea 11. parts / components 12. achievement / accomplishment 13. ultimatum / final demand 14. disparity / difference 15. proceeds / earnings 16. argument / dispute 17. amenities / facilities 18. display / exhibit 19. implication / suggestion 20. reflection / sign Note that many of the words in this exercise might have another meaning if used in a different context. Use a dictionary to check which ones. When you keep a written record of words that you learn, you might find it useful to put them into related groups. This would include putting words with the same or a similar meaning together. Remember that you should also record words in context (in other words, you should show how they work in a sentence with other words) Similar meanings: Verbs 1 (pages 54 – 56) Across: 2. direct 4. assume 5. attain 6. detect 11. reveal 12. assert 13. resist 14. refine 15. evolve 16. convey 19. settle 21. relate 23. submit 25. change 27. baffle 29. answer 32. verify 33. enrich 35. remove 36. exceed 37. derive Down: 1. accuse 3. handle 7. create 8. elicit 9. forbid 10. hasten 12. affect 14. refuse 17. gather (usually used in the passive form: "Under the college rules, students are obliged to refrain…") 20. endure 24. misuse 26. assist 28. launch 30. mirror 31. demand 34. permit
18. oblige 22. obtain
Note that some of the words above could have a different meaning in another context. For example, in number 8 down, elicit has a similar meaning to obtain. In another context, it could mean "to make someone react in a particular way" (for example, "His comments elicited a positive response from everyone in the room"). This is one reason why you should always record the new words that you meet in context, and with an example that shows how they are used. That way, when you use these words yourself, you use them correctly. A good dictionary with sample sentences is extremely useful in this respect.
Similar meanings: Verbs 2 (pages 57 – 59) Exercise 1 1. crush 2. heighten 3. attract 4. replacing 5. exemplifies 6. supported 7. recover 8. explain 10. achieve 11. prevented 12. portray 13. measure 14. encourage 15. highlight 16. hastened Exercise 2 1. proved 2. solve 3. increase 4. include 5. dictated 6. forfeit 7. created 8. control 10. produce 11. suspect 12. protect 13. constrained 14. accepted 15. check 16. exhibit Exercise 3 1. realized 9. manage
9. exhaust
9. encouraging
2. prospered 10. examined
3. surpassed 4. understood 5. improved 6. address 7. relating 8. originated 11. remove 12. supposed 13. produce 14. achieve 15. settled 16. build
illustrate 16. Of course. discuss 14. quit (= informal) or resign / fired (= informal) or dismissed 19. hoping to achieve both fluency and accuracy. arisen 25. criticize 4. but it is widely agreed that the situation is no longer manageable. abolish 23. Spelling (page 60) Exercise 1 Apart from condemning tobacco companies and raising the price of cigarettes. define 15. Exercise 4 1. Meanwhile. suspended 13. most people just don't have the necessary funds. supersede 28. definitely 12. weird 22. and the only people benefiting from it are the Treasury Department. the some doctors have said that they may refuse to treat persistent smokers. discontinued 22. 120 . account (in this context. backed out or pulled out 4. independent 27. To put it simply. deter or prevent 10. demonstrate Note that many of the first sentences in each sentence pair in this exercise sound rather long and "awkward". took up 14. integrate 20. outline 3. predict 18. embarrass 13. professional 3. Exercise 3 It is becoming increasingly difficult for many to find decent accommodations in Los Angeles at a price they can afford. Exercise 2 It is arguable whether good pronunciation is more important than good grammar and vocabulary. referring 9. reversible 2. Teachers should encourage their students to practice* all the relevant language skills. this is part of a phrasal verb: to elaborate on) 10. indispensable 8. tendency 11. occurrence 26. irresistible 23. summarize 7. minuscule 19. suppress or quash 8. assess 17. ceased 17. embarking or setting off 7. temporary housing for lower-paid professionals is the only official acknowledgment of this problem. separate 17. In British English. analyze 13. kick off (= informal) 24. 15. freeze 21. expelled Task commands (pages 63 – 64) Across: 2. launched / took off 12. deleted 3. practice is the noun and practise is the verb. justify 6. eradicated 9. argue 8. 14. inception / closure 16. necessary 5. Organizations such as Home Front can offer advice. set up or established / shut down 6. estimate 5. millennium 25. trace 9. harassment Starting and stopping (pages 61 – 62) The words in the box are: abolish arise back out cancel cease closure delete deter discontinue dismiss dissuade embark eradicate establish expel fire freeze inception initiate kick off launch outbreak phase in phase out quash quit resign retire set off shut down suppress suspend take off take up terminate turn down 1. perceive 7. compare 13. responsible 16. identify 4. beginning 6. retiring 18. The fact that the LA city council is building cheap. liaison 10. this hasn't prevented the big tobacco companies spending vast amounts of money on advertising. examine Down: 1. outbreak 5. canceled 2. dissuade / initiated 11. evaluate 11. The use of the task command words in the exercise help to shorten and simplify the original sentences. not all of them could be used to replace those words without partly changing the meaning of the sentence. turn…down 20. elaborate (in this context. achievement 24. 21. the government's anti-smoking campaign has failed to have any long-term effects.Answer key Answer key Note that while all of these words have a similar meaning to the underlined words in the sentences. this is part of a phrasal verb: to account for) 12. phased in / phased out 15. questionnaire 18. Conscientious students balance their acquisition of these skills. * Practice is a noun and a verb in American English.
precede 5. 9. prior to (this expression is usually followed by a noun or by an -ing verb. criticism 18. During the concert. 20. which means that you are annoyed because something has happened later than it should. we went home) 2. medicine 34. 4. particular 9. = (g): for the present. Previously / Earlier Part 2. the phone rang / We were working when the phone rang) 2. appeal 32. I fell asleep. lesson 6. modest 14. respect 31. critical 4. = (q): to make some of your time available for a particular purpose. damaging 5. etc. Word association 1: Adjectives (pages 67 – 68) 1. Previously 6. judgment 28. Also the first time around. = (m): much more modern or advanced than other people or things. guess 11. 2. consideration 14. accident 3. rapid 20. = (r): used for telling someone to hurry. = (k): for a long period of time. description 24. = (l): the second time that something happens. = (t): a spoken expression used for saying that someone should do something now. 10. advice 12. 5. accent 8.Answer key Answer key Time (pages 65 – 66) Exercise 1 Part 1. difficulty 21. By the time 3. Formerly / Previously 4. the third time around. major 12. behavior 10. material 13. investigation 23. qualification 22. features 9. solution 19. positive 19. agreement 16. popular Word association 2: Nouns (Pages 69 – 71) Across: 1. severe 8. false 7. instead of waiting to do it later. 3. Throughout can be used on its own. 12. central 3. progress 121 . In the meantime / Meanwhile 4. permission 20. = (n): earlier than necessary. effect 7. suggestion 15. 1. contribution 13. instruction 17. = (e): an expression that s usually spoken. 15. = (p): to make time seem to pass more quickly by doing something instead of just waiting. This expression is often used in the negative. For example: Prior to visiting to country. = (f): used for talking about things that happen fairly often. Following / After the movie. = (h): sometimes. = (c): used for saying that something is strange or surprising. Following (this word is always followed by a noun. 8. 16. / I slept throughout) 3. 19. = (s) or (f): to make some of your time available for a particular purpose. When is usually used to talk about short actions: While we were working. = (b): usually. 14. 17. objective 18. sequence 27. method 26. he had to study the language) 2. estimate 29. career 12. 1. Afterward Exercise 2 The past: in medieval times back in the 1990s in those days a few decades ago at the turn of the century in my childhood / youth last century from 1996 to 1998 The past leading to the present: ever since over the past six weeks lately for the past few months The present: as things stand nowadays at this moment in time at this point in history these days The future: for the next few weeks one day from now on over the coming weeks and months in another five years' time by the end of this year for the foreseeable future sooner or later Exercise 3 1. 18. 7. opportunity 25. = (o): to like someone or something a lot. While / As / Just as (While is usually used to talk about long actions. reason Down: 2. 13. = (a): someone or something that is in a time warp seems old-fashioned because they have not changed when other people and things have changed. lengthy 11. but not often. During / Throughout (During must always be followed by a noun. realistic 22. careful 2. evidence 33. impossible 16. 11. we left the building) 3. 6. = (i): a spoken expression used for saying that you will know in the future whether something is true or right. important 10. = (j): to change and become modern. responsibility 4. rational 21. We can also say After. At that very moment Part 3. noticeable 15. interested 17. As soon as / Once / The minute that (these words and expressions are always followed by an action: As soon as the lecture ended. project 30. background 5. essential 6. 1. = (d): used for talking about what will happen at some future time.
then add 4 letters: Remove 1 letter. complications 20. criticism (from criticize) 8. argue 4. conclude 9. proof (from prove) (from lose) 10. accuracy 18. 6. profession 19. value 2. certainty 10. Exercise 3 1. deserve 6. scrutiny (from scrutinize) 6. then add 2 letters: Add 3 letters: Add 4 letters: disturb = disturbance attend = attendance require = requirement manage = management (a manager is somebody who manages. underline 8. then add 4 letters: provide = provision persuade = persuasion abolish = abolition decide = decision qualify = qualification apply = application notify = notification imply = implication recognize = recognition Remove 1 letter. uncover 9. somebody who survives) arrive = arrival rehearse = rehearsal respond = response fail = failure coincide = coincidence prohibit = prohibition warn = warning suggest = suggestion Remove 1 letter. oppose 5. restrictions 8. influence 2. acquisition (from acquire) 9. combat 7. expense 7. inspire 2. listen 3. object 3.g. approve 2. choice (from choose) 2. necessity 13. highlight 7. flexibility 15. discuss 4. could also go in the section below) behave = behavior promote = promotion refuse = refusal survive = survival (or survivor. undertake 9. a person who supervises. convenience 12. e. highlight 7. absenteeism (or absence) 11. safety 16. emphasis (from emphasize) 4. abandon 5. maintenance (from maintain) The verb / noun in the shaded strip is compromise. then add 3 letters: Remove 1 letter. honesty 5. obtain 3. charisma 22. then add 5 letters: consume = consumption admire = admiration permit = permission determine = determination compete = competition argue = argument assure = assurance intervene = intervention expand = expansion produce = production negotiate = negotiation expose = exposure supervise = supervision (supervisor. solution ( from solve) 5.Answer key Answer key Word association 3: Verbs (pages 72 – 74) Exercise 1 1. taste 3. change 8.. differ 6. dismiss 4. fight The word in the shaded vertical strip is negotiate. relaxation 14. responsibility 17. encourage The word in the shaded vertical strip is undermine. devise 8. loss Word forms 2: Nouns from adjectives (pages 77 – 78) Exercise 1 1. overcome Word forms 1: Nouns from verbs (pages 75 – 76) Exercise 1 Remove 2 letters. thirst 4. a company or department) prefer = preference sign = signature expect = expectation recommend = recommendation consult = consultation relax = relaxation Add 5 letters: Exercise 2 1. fall The word in the shaded vertical strip is reinforce. subscription (from subscribe) 7. settle 5. similarities 9. addiction 122 . then add 7 letters: identify = identification Remove 1 letter. 3. confidence 6. difference 21. Exercise 2 1.
convincing / critical 11. then add 3 letters: considerate = consideration mature = maturity secure = security Remove 1 letter. the or a / in / where 8. adolescence 9. teenager 11. divorced 3. formative years 2. been / for / no / it Exercise 2 1. responsible 11. lesson / class (in either order) 4. or / most / near / that or which 10. single-parent family 17. of / to / a / on 7. least / more / because or as or since / had 3. dependents 18. public school / private school / fees* 10. separated / divorced 5. active / preferable Working words (pages 80 – 81) Exercise 1 1. attractive / excellent 21. correspondence course / night class / day release 2. prospectus / enroll (the British-English spelling is enrol) 7. Physical education 9. inclusive / competitive 12. the / where 15. By / had / that / off 16. adopt 10. creative / imaginative / admirable 19. wasteful / obligatory 4. then add 2 letters: convenient = convenience sufficient = sufficiency true = truth Add 2 letters: bored = boredom loyal = loyalty warm = warmth Add 3 letters: familiar = familiarity popular = popularity punctual = punctuality Add 4 letters: aware = awareness serious = seriousness weak = weakness Word forms 3: Adjectives from verbs (page 79) 1. to / no / of 2. ago / used or had / These 3. foster family 5. juvenile delinquency 10.Answer key Answer key 23. nuclear family 16. at or in / for / in 13. the noun is dependant) Exercise 3 1. Constitution (note that this particular example begins with a capital letter) 26. siblings 12. siblings 4. strict / authoritarian / lenient 15. infant / infancy 12. Raise / bring up 13. brought up 4. by / had 14. which / the / one / the 5. restricted / valid 16. minor 3. This / on 11. well-adjusted / running wild or rebellious 8. spite / managed 10. then add 3 letters: high = height long = length strong = strength Remove 3 letters. Between / from / they / to 9. continual (= stopping and starting ) / continuous (without stopping) 9. lenient 14. authoritarian / strict 6. give / until / two / these 2. that / as / of / anyone or everyone 15. well-adjusted 13. decisive / active 7. excited / doubtful 6. then add 3 letters: confused = confusion deep = depth hot = heat Remove 2 letters. reality 24. SAT 3. who / just or recently 12. Between / almost or about or over 5. inventive / changeable 8. dependent (note that in British English. justification Exercise 2 Remove 4 letters: comfortable = comfort fashionable = fashion systematic = system Remove 3 letters. lecture / subject or topic / lecturer / seminar / tutorial / tutor 5. most or some / near 6. Adolescence / adolescent 2. investigation 25. faculty 8. Unless / on or for 8. promotional / inspiring 2. at / many / would 9. extended Education (pages 84 – 85) Exercise 1 1. extended family / nuclear family 14. specific / occupational 20. until / would. Literacy / Numeracy 6. then add 5 letters: able = ability available = availability compatible = compatibility Remove 2 letters. with / from / This / on 4. be / on 7. on / be / little or lot / now 12. repetitive / boring 5. negotiable / refundable 15. then add 1 letter: optimistic = optimism pessimistic = pessimism realistic = realism (reality is also a noun form) Remove 2 letters. kindergarten / grade / elementary school 123 . contradictory / enthusiastic 22. overprotective 15. running wild 8. voluntary / constructive 17. rectifiable / preferable 14. then add 2 letters: aggressive = aggression creative = creation appreciative = appreciation Remove 2 letters: functional = function logical = logic optional = option Remove 1 letter. provided or providing / least / unless 11. helpful / supportive / dependable 13. foster family / foster child / foster 6. formative years 9. avoidable / careless (not careful) 18. what / from / was / at or on 14. with / made 13. approachable / frightening 10. could or might / they / to / or 6. even 4. upbringing 7. only / if. with / did / made Children and the family (pages 82 – 83) Exercise 1 1. juvenile 7. innovative / impressive 3.
discipline 8. graduate / graduate school / higher degree 13. in the black 7. read between the lines 3. Exercise 3 1.. qualifications 10. invasion of privacy 17. loan 3. check book journalism 12.Answer key Answer key / grade school 11. overweight / obese / obesity / diabetes / heart disease 9. censorship / restrictions 25. on credit 12. Fast food / junk food / nutritious 8. skills 2 / 3. overcharged 15. expenditure 5. reductions 15. invest 11.S. cost of living 9. bargain 124 . genetically modified 14. graduate 13. minerals / vitamins (in either order) 4 / 5. pass 9. balanced diet 12. refund 4. day release 20. websites 12. organic 15 / 16. syllabus 12. download 13. exorbitant 13. information or entertainment 14. semester / quarter *Note that in the U. interest 11. broadsheets 3. invasion of privacy 4. income 4. receipt 8. libel 19. opportunity Food and diet (pages 86 – 87) Exercise 1 1. frugal or economical 16. and tabloids as popular papers) 5. check book journalism 20. savings and loan association 19. balance 6. tabloids 8. graduate school 17. vegetarian / vegan 7. food poisoning The media (pages 88 – 89) Exercise 1 1. coverage 4. It is becoming increasingly common to refer to the old broadsheets as quality papers. freedom of the press Money and finance (pages 90 – 91) Exercise 1 1. malnutrition 7. higher 14. doctorate 18. fat / carbohydrates (in either order) 6. subject 16. check 17. In the U. censorship (the verb is to censor) 8. diet / fat farm / exercise 4. reality TV 23. acquire 11. borrow 3. mature 22. harvest 9. night class 19. physical education 12. salmonella / listeria (in either order) 17. online 24. borrow 2. balanced diet 10. mortgage 20. savings and loan association 10. dumbing down 6. degree 15. literacy / numeracy (in either order) 4. Fiber (spelt fibre in British English) / fat / saturated / monosaturated 2. Organic / Free range / Genetically modified (GM) 5. priceless 13. documentaries 10. media tycoon (also called a media baron) 9. bankrupt 5. shares 20. reality TV 10. correspondence course 21. save 16. calories 13. paparazzi 18. overdraft 6. inflation 8. discount 17. airtime / coverage / readership Exercise 3 1. salary 12. Calories / Protein / Calcium / Carbohydrates 3. stocks 19. debit 18. slander (this can also be a verb: to slander someone) / slanderous / libel (this can also be a verb: to libel someone) / libelous 2. fast food 2 / 3. informed 2. fat / cholesterol 12. junior high school / middle school (in either order) / high school 14. dumbing down 22. journalist / reporter (also known as a correspondent) 7. gutter press 16. broadsheet / tabloid / gutter press / tabloid TV (note that several newspapers that were previously printed on large sheets of paper are now printed on smaller sheets of paper. a public school is a free local school controlled and paid for by the government. fiber 11. salmonella / listeria (in either order) / food poisoning 10. scarcity 8. exorbitant 10. economize 14. secondary 7. a public school is a school for children whose parents pay for their education. reporters or journalists 7. withdraw 14. loss 9. elementary 6. entertainment or information 15. overdraft Exercise 3 1. priceless 7. kindergarten / elementary school 5. unscrupulous 21. food intolerance / allergy / allergic Exercise 2 1.A. documentary / current affairs 11. with the result that broadsheet is not used so much any more. Internet 11. eating disorder / bulimia / anorexia (these last two in either order) 6. current affairs 5. broadcasts or programs 9. expenditure 2. invest 18. journalists or reporters 6..K. food groups 11.
Trafficcalming 14. 8. life expectancy 3. 5. Correct. Wrong. traffic light 9 / 10. traffic school Science and technology (pages 97 – 98) Exercise 1 1. black spot 12. innovations / inventions 4. modified 8. crosswalks 8. traffic-free zone / pedestrian mall 16. stressful 11. genetically modified 14. It is a British-English expression that is becoming more widely used in the USA. erosion 6. Internet 7. Cryogenics 13. acid rain 3. e-mail 8. greenhouse gases 4. 6. contaminated (or polluted) 14. recycle 7. Wrong. in some cases and at some times. ecosystem 11. Correct 15. cycle lanes 17. transport strategy 13. migration 10. breakthrough 6. biodegradable packaging 13. battery farming 19. Correct. speed limit 5. Wrong. genetically modified (often shortened to GM) 9. Correct 16. by building raised areas across roads). global warming 5. discovered 2. Life expectancy 15. technophiles 10. safeguard (this can also be a verb: to safeguard) 3. Information technology 7. amenities The word that fits in the grid is cosmopolitan. ecosystem 12. A traffic-free zone is an area where you cannot drive a vehicle (including. invented 6. 125 . emissions / fossil fuels 13. bicycles). technophobe (the fear or distrust of technology is called technophobia. Innovation (the verb is to innovate. infrastructure 4.Answer key Answer key Nature and the environment (pages 93 – 94) Exercise 1 1. drunk driving 6. metropolis 3. injuries / fatalities (in either order) 3. experiment (this can also be a verb: to experiment. greenhouse gases / CFC gases 4. endangered species 10. The adjective is experimental) 14. poaching 9. unleaded gas 16. geneticist 9. conservation programs 18. urban (the opposite is rural) 12. rainforest 6. 12. Acid rain 11. Rush hour is the time of day when there are a lot of vehicles on the road because most people are traveling to or from work. Traffic calming refers to methods used to slow down traffic in towns and cities (for example. rain forest 5. nuclear engineering 13. organic 8. safeguards 14. depopulation 7. The interstate is a wide road with several lanes of traffic going in each direction. outskirts 6. 3. speeding 4. research 9. environmentalists 17. Part of its operating costs are paid for by the government or a local authority. Exercise 3 1 / 2. In the USA. technophobes 11. 7. control Town and country (pages 99 – 100) Exercise 1 (the letters in bold show you the letters that need to go in the grid) 1. congestion 8. Research (this can also be a verb: to research) 12. Genetic engineering 2. A technophile is someone who is very enthusiastic about technology) 5. Biology (the adjective is biological. prospects 2. Wrong. 4. biodegradable packaging 3. fines 19. built for fast travel over long distances as part of a national road system. green belts On the road (pages 95 – 96) Exercise 1 1. green belt 2. Fatalities are people who are killed in accidents on the road. organic 15. Park and ride 15. 2. unleaded gas 10. environmentalists 15. contaminated 7. 14. Back out is another expression for to reverse (to move a car backward). technocrat 11. A sidewalk is an area to the side of a road where people can walk. 9. melting pot 9. a traffic school is a school where drivers are sent to correct their bad driving (usually offered as an alternative to another form of punishment such as a fine or prison sentence when the driver has done something dangerous or caused an accident). Correct. congestion / pollution (in either order) 11. Wrong. subsidized 18. Correct. 13. Correct. The adjective is innovative) Exercise 3 1. 10. dominate 20. Wrong. breakthrough 5. commuter 5. A scientist who studies living things is a biologist) 4. recycle 12. 11. experiment 17. cybernetics 12. fossil fuels 2. emissions / gases / fumes 8. Wrong. genetic engineering 15. analyzed 16. pedestrians 7. Cybernetics 10. Global warming Exercise 3 1. Wrong. Wrong.
promotion 18. usually through a travel agency. or their passport is no longer valid) 2. 15. usually between countries. they might book their flight on the Internet. usually through a travel agency. expatriates 15. They are doing something that is illegal: trafficking involves buying and selling things such as drugs and weapons illegally. internally displaced Exercise 3 1. hiring 11. persona non grata 18.: see number 16) 11. repetitive strain injury 16. unsociable hours 15. culture shock 16. mass tourism 9. pollution 12. etc. population explosion 15. sickness benefit 22. stress 13. cultural events 6. visas 5. manufacturing industries 6. transfers. disembark 8. accommodation. increment / raise 21. checking in 20. together and in advance. excursion Work (pages 103 – 104) Exercise 1 1. firing 12. Repetitive strain injury (usually abbreviated to RSI) 4.) 14. especially one that involves visiting a series of places.S. refugees 12. you leave a job because (for example) you want a different job or because you are not happy with the company you are working for 12. A cruise is a journey on a ship for pleasure. An expatriate is someone who chooses to live and work in another country 10. cost of living 13. Central Business District 9. including Club Class) 6. False.. When you resign. A refugee is someone who leaves their country because they have to (usually because of a war or other threatening event). country. but the first is usually paid daily or weekly and the second is usually paid monthly 3. but wants to live and work there: a green card is an official document that allows them to do this. job security 9. a steady job 11. freelance (This can also be a verb: to freelance. Sick building syndrome is a medical condition that affects people who work in buildings where the air is not healthy 10. A person who is not from the U. A blue-collar worker does work that involves physical strength or skill with their hands (for example. Your work conditions are bad (for example.Answer key 126 Answer key Exercise 3 1. check in 6. then get a taxi from the airport to their hotel. congestion / traffic jams 11. A package tourist goes on a package tour. ecotourism 11. When you retire. economic migrants 14. incentive 20. 16. town. fired 5. in a factory or a mine) and a white-collar worker works in an office 7. amenities / facilities 5. rural 18. productive land / cultivation / arable land 20. all-inclusive 10. white-collar 7. An independent traveler books different aspects of their trip separately (for example. A tour operator is a company that organizes holiday tours and then sells them. applicant 2. pension 23. semi-skilled 4. False. increment 6.A. self-employed . Ecotourism (also called green tourism or sometimes responsible tourism) 12. independent travelers 4. immigration 17. travel agent 2. the department of the United Nations that deals with the problem of refugees (see number 9) and other displaced people (= people who have been forcibly moved from their home. mass tourism 8. urban 4. prospects 19. 4. you are sent out of the country you are in (maybe because you have done something wrong) 7. coach class 7.) and does not usually rely on an agency 9. It makes some of its workers redundant (=it gets rid of some of its workers) because it no longer needs them 8. service industries 8. No. A safari is a journey taken in order to watch or take pictures of wild animals 14. culture shock 3. cosmopolitan 3. their visa for that country has expired. coach class (called economy or tourist class in British English) / first class / business class (sometimes also called by other names. inner city 17. building sites 14. your place of work might be unhealthy or dangerous. pay for their hotel when they arrive at their destination. etc. It is most commonly used to refer to someone who is not allowed in a country because they do not have formal permission to be there (for example. blue-collar 5. urban sprawl 21. If you are deported. Persona non grata is a Latin expression that is used in English. perks 19. UNHCR = United Nations High Commission for Refugees. You would probably not be happy.. 13. you stop working because you have reached a particular age. steady job 10. Someone who has been repatriated has been sent back from one country to the country that is legally their own (possibly because they have been deported – see number 6). etc. No. drug abuse / street crime 16. where they pay for all flights. infrastructure 7. you might not have much job security. metropolis 2. A wage and a salary are both money you receive for doing a job. employees 2. commuters 8. service industries 13. internally displaced 13. demanding 14. rush hour / peak periods 10. package tour 3. etc. The person who does this is called a freelancer) Exercise 3 1. A travel agent is someone whose job is to help people plan holidays and make travel arrangements (they usually work for a travel agency). salary 17. excursion 5. perks 9. environment Travel (pages 101 – 102) Exercise 1 1. deported 19. unskilled 3.
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue listening from where you left off, or restart the preview.