text:
|Publication number
|Publication type
|Application number
|Publication date
|Feb 28, 1978
|Filing date
|Oct 28, 1975
|Priority date
|Nov 7, 1974
|Publication number
|Robert C. Langley, Muriel Abrash
|Original Assignee
|Engelhard Minerals & Chemicals Corporation
|Export Citation
|BiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
|Patent Citations (7), Referenced by (13), Classifications (14), Legal Events (1)
|External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
This is a division of application Ser. No. 521,937, filed Nov. 7, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,672, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 301,102, filed Oct. 26, 1972, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to the manufacture of thick film resistive elements, and particularly to a method of making a resistive composition which exhibits a low temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR), relative freedom from noise and drift, and high moisture resistance. The properties of the resistive elements produced by the present invention are relatively insensitive to minor variation in process conditions during their manufacture and are able to be reproduced with a relatively high degree of accuracy, and separate elements exhibiting widely differing resistance can be made.
In accordance with the present invention glass frit suitable for the manufacture of thick film resistives is prepared from an intimate admixture comprising silica, lead oxide and ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide wherein the lead oxide-containing glass is produced and lead ruthenate or lead iridate is formed in situ and is well dispersed as solid particles in the glass matrix. The lead ruthenate or lead iridate component serves as an electrical conductor in a resistive element. Additionally, other materials, especially a boria component, may be incorporated into the glass thereby providing a modified glass, e.g. a lead borosilicate glass. Thick-film resistors may be produced by comminuting the lead oxide-containing glass, formulating the comminuted glass into a resistor paste composition, applying the resistor paste to a substrate, and baking the coated substrate. Other materials may also be included in the composition, for instance, other electrically-conductive metal components.
As electronic circuitry becomes more complex and emphasis is placed on not only high performance, but also the miniaturization of such circuitry, new techniques for circuit fabrication and circuit design are required. Widespread adoption of printed circuits and hybrid integrated circuits has resulted to achieve miniaturization of electronic components. The development of thick film passive circuit elements is one factor which has enabled the manufacture of such microcircuits. The components for thick film elements which exhibit various electrical characteristics are in the form of fine powder which can be consolidated on a solid substrate by firing. The powder is usually applied to the substrate in a paste form using a graphic arts process, and the resulting film is often in the neighborhood of about 0.2 to 1.5 or more mils in thickness. Thick film resistive elements are normally formed from a mixture of finely divided ceramic powder such as glass, ceramics, and glazed (glass coated) ceramics, with fine metal-containing particles. These resistive elements are commonly referred to as "cermet" resistive elements since they are derived from a combination of ceramic and metal materials. The formation of the thick film should desirably be reproducible in order that a thick film resistive element can be manufactured with a high degree of reliability and uniformity of electrical characteristics and without undue sensitivity to minor changes in the process conditions during manufacture. Further, due to their employment in complex circuitry, the thick film resistive elements should exhibit a relative freedom from undue variation in electrical characteristics due to changes in environmental conditions such as temperature, pressure, and humidity. Thick film resistors should be free from rough surface characteristics, high noise characteristics; undue drift; and the like which impair beneficial employment in circuitry and should exhibit a high moisture resistance.
The resistance of thick film resistive elements, referred to as sheet resistance, is usually measured in "ohms per square", a parameter which considers only the amount of area taken up on a substrate by a given resistance. Resistance values of thick film resistors are obtained by measuring the resistance between parallel sides of the film and dividing that value by the least number of geometric squares formed on the surface of the film having the width of the film as one side. Typically, a uniform film thickness of 1 mil is employed. Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), generally expressed in parts per million per degree centigrade (ppm/� C), is an important characteristic of resistors since changes in temperature can create relatively large changes in resistance. A value for TCR is generally obtained by measuring the resistance of a resistive element at various temperatures, and often the variation of resistance of a resistive element due to a change in temperature is non-linear in nature. If the TCR is too high, inevitable changes in ambient temperature in many modern applications of electronic circuits could lead to serious consequences. Thus, if a resistance element with a TCR of 1000 ppm/� C. were used in a circuit subjected to a 100� C. change in ambient temperature, the resistance thereof would change by a factor of 10%.
Ruthenium dioxide and iridium dioxide have been employed in resistive compositions in the prior art. These compositions have, under carefully controlled conditions, exhibited advantageous properties including low TCR and relative freedom from drift and noise. Often, however, various of the prior art processes require several process steps each of which may affect the properties of a resistor made therefrom, and the properties of the resistors, while being improved from conventional resistor materials, often still do not meet the exacting qualities desirable for modern applications nor are they reproducible within a reasonable degree of variation.
There is provided by the present invention a method for the production of cermet compositions which are suitable for use as thick film resistive elements having low TCR values. Thick film resistors made in accordance with the present invention demonstrate, in addition to improved TCR, other desirable characteristics such as low noise, freedom from undue rough surfaces, improved moisture resistance, and low drift after extended use. Where the TCR of a resistor element is relatively unimportant, for instance, where the electronic component is operating at a constant temperature in, for example, a sensitive infrared detecting apparatus where the performance of the apparatus is enhanced by maintaining it at low, constant temperatures, often at the temperature of liquid nitrogen, the resistive elements of the present invention are still highly advantageous not only due to good electrical properties but also to the uniformity and ease of manufacture of the resistive material. The process of the present invention facilitates the production of thick film resistors having a high degree of reproducibility and uniformity with minimal sensitivity to changes in the process conditions employed.
By the present invention, glass frit, suitable for incorporation into thick film resistors, can be prepared by admixing the ingredients in amounts used to form conventional lead oxide-containing glasses, e.g., silica and lead oxide components, with a minor amount of one or both of ruthenium dioxide and iridium dioxide. The mixture is then heated to a temperature which will promote the formation of lead ruthenate or lead iridate, generally at least about 600� C., often about 850� to 1100� C., preferably about 900� to 1050� C. for a time sufficient to form a glass containing lead ruthenate or lead iridate, usually for at least about 0.3 or 0.5 of an hour. Times exceeding about 24 hours do not appear necessary, especially when higher temperatures are employed, and preferably the time is about 0.5 to 16 hours. Preferably, the temperature and time of the glass-forming heating is sufficient to convert a major portion, more preferably essentially all, of the ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide to lead ruthenate or lead iridate. The formed glass is cooled and comminuted or micronized, usually after quenching, to provide a frit of a suitable particle size which can advantageously be incorporated into a resistor paste composition for the manufacture of thick film resistors. The glass frit of this invention not only has highly advantageous electrical properties, but also other physical properties which facilitate its employment in thick film resistors since the lead ruthenate or lead iridate-containing glass frit behaves essentially the same as single phase glass.
The relative amounts of silica, lead oxide and ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide components used in making the glass of this invention may vary over a wide range. The lead ruthenate and lead iridate present in the formed glass is usually a minor portion based on the weight of the glass, but the amount is sufficient to provide an electrically-conductive glass. Advantageously, the total mole ratio of lead oxide and silica to the total ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide used in making the glass is about 2:1 to 50:1, preferably about 5:1 to 40:1. The ratio of lead oxide to silica is normally about 0.1:1 to 4:1, preferably about 1:1 to 2:1, on a mole basis. The lead oxide and silica combine during formation of the glass to provide lead silicate. Preferably the ruthenium dioxide and iridium dioxide are finely divided and, most preferably, are less than about 150 or 50 microns in average particle size. The preferred essential conductive component of the glass frit is lead ruthenate formed from ruthenium dioxide or lead iridate formed from iridium dioxide.
Other oxide components may be incorporated into the glass composition employed in this invention, such as, for instance, oxides of calcium, strontium, aluminum, cadmium, boron and the like. A particularly advantageous component is boria which combines with lead oxide and silica to form lead borosilicate. Lead borosilicate glasses possess generally lower melting points than do lead silicate glasses and often provide ruthenium- or iridium-containing glass frits having a more stable TCR. Advantageous lead borosilicate glasses have essentially identical thermal coefficients of expansion to common substrate materials, for example, alumina. Desirably, the ratio of lead silicate to boria is from about 3.5:1 to 30:1, preferably about 4:1 to 25:1, on a mole basis. Opacifiers and other agents which improve the physical properties of the glass may also be employed. Since ruthenium is in the preferred conductive component, the remaining discussion will primarily be directed to the use of a ruthenium component; however, this is for ease of understanding the present invention and it is to be understood that the ruthenium component may be replaced entirely or only in part by the corresponding iridium component.
The mixture of the glass-forming components and ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide is heated to a temperature sufficient to form a molten mass of glass. Ruthenium dioxide or iridium dioxide, being relatively insoluble in glass will remain in the solid phase. Glasses, in general, have relatively imprecise softening points and gradually melt, forming less viscous solutions as the temperature is increased. Advantageously, the glass-forming components employed in the present invention will be heated in their molten state to a temperature at which the viscosity is sufficiently high in order to retain the solid ruthenium or iridium components in dispersion. Preferably, the solid ruthenium- or iridium-containing particles are in relatively uniform dispersion within the glass matrix. The temperature which will provide a solution of advantageous viscosity may vary with the composition of the glass. For instance, lead borosilicate glasses generally have a lower melting point than lead silicate glasses. Similarly the relative amounts of each of the components will have an effect upon the melting point of the glass. Generally the melting point of the glass composition in this invention will be from about 550� to 800� C.
Along with the formation of lead silicate glass, the ruthenium dioxide will react with the lead component in the glass composition to form lead ruthenate. The reaction proceeds in the solid phase. The product, lead ruthenate, is relatively insoluble in the glass and is present in the solid phase. Usually at least a major amount, preferably essentially all, of the ruthenium is converted to the bimetal salt. When employing temperatures in excess of 1000� C., it may be desirable to conduct the heating in an inert atmosphere. Free oxygen from, for example, air may react with ruthenium dioxide or lead ruthenate to form ruthenium tetroxide which will be a gas at those conditions. High temperatures, e.g., above about 1100� C., may promote the degradation of lead ruthenate. The time for which the solution is maintained at the temperature for conversion of ruthenium dioxide to lead ruthenate may depend upon numerous considerations such as the temperature employed, the relative concentration of ruthenium, the relative concentration of lead, the desired degree of conversion, and the like. Generally, the solution will be maintained at the peak temperature for about 0.3 to 24, preferably 0.5 to 16, hours. It may be desirable to provide a means for agitating the mixture to maintain the insoluble lead ruthenate in a relatively uniform dispersion. Surprisingly, by maintaining a suitable viscosity for the glass melt, the lead ruthenate can be kept in a reasonably uniform dispersion without agitation.
The molten glass is solidified by cooling. Desirably, the molten glass is immediately quenched in cool or cold water. The quenching serves a two-fold purpose. First, the quenching will result in the shattering of glass, thus the amount of grinding required to obtain frit of the desired particle size is reduced, and second, the quenching serves to fix the relatively uniformly dispersed lead ruthenate in the glass matrix. The glass is preferably comminuted or micronized to an average particle size of less than about 20 microns, most preferably less than about 10 microns, e.g., about 0.5 to 5 microns. The comminuting of the glass may be accomplished by, for example, ball milling and the like. Methanol, ethanol, water, and the like may be conveniently employed as a liquid phase material for ball milling. The comminuted glass frit may be stored indefinitely without significant, if any, deterioration.
The comminuted glass frit containing the lead ruthenate can be prepared into a resistor paste for use in forming thick film resistors. The term resistor paste as used herein refers to pastes or more fluid slurry compositions. The glass frit may be admixed with up to about 90, preferably about 5 or 10 to about 80, weight percent additional glass frit to adjust the metal component concentrations. The additional glass frit may be used as such or have a metal component therein. Thus, for instance, by increasing the amount of added glass frit, the sheet resistance of a resulting thick film resistor is increased. A metal component such as about 1 to 10 weight percent precious metal, for example, platinum, rhodium, and the like based on the additional glass frit may be useful for thick film resistors. Such metal components may also be incorporated in or on the lead ruthenate or lead iridate-containing glass. Advantageously, the resistor paste can be prepared from an admixture of glass frit of low resistance, e.g., about 1 to 100 ohms per square, and glass frit of high resistance, e.g., about 50K to 100K ohms per square, made in accordance with this invention. The ratio of each glass frit can be varied to obtain the desired resistivity. The glass frit components can be incorporated into a paste by mixing or milling the glass frit with a liquid vehicle, which may include a thickener, e.g., ethyl cellulose, rosin or the like; a liquid carrier such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, terpineol, pine oil, oil of spike, camphor oil, lavender oil, oil of petitgrain, other organic solvents, water and the like; and, optionally, stabilizing agents and wetting agents. The resulting resistor paste may often have about 50 to 80 percent solids and about 20 to 50% vehicle. The viscosity of the resistive paste may affect the thickness of the thick film resistor and, hence, may affect the resistance of the resistor thusly formed. The resistor paste may be applied to a suitable base or substrate by various convenient means such as brushing, spraying, stenciling, screening, printing and the like. Beneficially, the method of application of the resistor material provides a thick film coating of relatively uniform thickness. Typical solid substrate materials are electrically non-conductive, able to withstand the high temperatures used in firing the resistor to the substrate, have a smooth, fine textured surface characteristic, and are virtually impervious to moisture and other liquids. Often, the substrate is of a ceramic nature. Steatite, fosterite, sintered or fused aluminas, zircon porcelains, and the like, can be employed as substrates.
A further consideration in the production of thick film resistors is their adaptability to other circuit elements, such as conductors. The thick film resistor should bond securely and without imperfection which would adversely affect its electrical characteristics. For instance, the blistering or separation of the resistive material from a conductor would provide an increase in the resistance of the unit and no satisfactory reliability or predictability in manufacture could be achieved. The resistive compositions of the present invention have been found to be particularly compatible with platinum conductive elements. The conductor component which may be bonded to thick film resistors is also desirably selected to be compatible with the resistor with respect to physical properties such as thermal expansion, especially where the circuit is subjected to widely varying temperatures. It has been found that a conductor comprising a glass frit having similar physical properties, e.g., thermal expansion, melting characteristic, and the like, to the resistor component and a finely-divided, electrically-conductive component is advantageous. The electrically-conductive component is in a sufficient amount to provide a conductor with the desired electrical properties and may comprise about 50 to 99, preferably 80 to 98, percent of the conductor. Excellent bonding of the thick film resistor of this invention to the conductor has been observed using platinum as the electrically-conductive component in the conductor. The glass frit for the conductor may conveniently be the same glass frit as used for the thick film resistor.
After the resistor paste is applied to the substrate, it is normally allowed to dry by evaporating the carrier at a low heat. Warm air may be circulated over the applied resistor paste to assist in evaporation of the carrier. The vehicle employed in the resistor paste will generally contain sufficient binder that, when dried, the surface of the dried resistive paste will be sufficiently strong such that the substrate can withstand normal handling without marring or blemishing the dried resistive paste.
The resistive material can then be fired to fuse the frit into a continuous glassy phase in a conventional lehr or furnace by gradually increasing the temperature to a peak temperature of at least about the temperature at which the frit becomes molten and a smooth, continuous glass phase is formed. Firing temperatures which are too low may provide a discontinuous resistive element providing erratic resistance values. Desirable temperatures for firing are in the range of about 600� to 900� C., preferably about 600� to 850� C. The conditions employed for fusing the resistor paste to the substrate may be less severe than those employed for the formation of the lead ruthenate, e.g., generally a temperature of at least about 100� C. less than that for the formation of the lead ruthenate is employed, since the lead ruthenate is essentially completely formed in the melt heating step. The furnace is preferably held at the maximum peak firing temperature for at least about five minutes to insure the production of a continuous glassy phase with a smooth surface. Often the substrate is held or soaked at the maximum peak firing temperature from about 10 to 30 minutes or more. Excessive peak temperatures and fast heating rates may cause blisters or bubbles on the thick film resistor and may cause agglomeration of the metallic components. Substrates such as alumina may react with the glass frit containing lead ruthenate to an undesirable extent at high temperatures, e.g., in excess of about 1000� C. The temperature of the furnace can be slowly reduced after reaching and maintaining the desired peak temperature to insure that the thick film resistor is relatively free from spalling or undue stresses due to more rapid cooling which may affect the performance or properties of the resistor.
The lead ruthenate- or lead iridate-containing glass frit is an advantageously employed thick film resistor due to the beneficial fusion temperatures, coefficient of thermal expansion, fluidity, and the like. The thick film resistors are moisture resistant, fuse to a smooth glossy surface upon heating to a temperature above the melting point of the glass, and have low TCR, relative freedom from noise and drift, and relative insensitivity from minor variations in the process condition of their manufacture. The process of this invention enables the production of thick film resistors with uniform and predictable electrical characteristics and provides for the economic and efficient use of metal values. The thick film resistors prepared with the glass frit of this invention can provide a range of elements of low or high resistivity with a low TCR. The higher resistances may be in excess of about 5,000 or 8,000 to 1,000,000 or more ohms per square, and products can be made which show little, if any, change in electrical characteristics upon extended use.
The following examples are presented to further illustrate the present invention. All parts and percentages referred to are by weight unless otherwise indicated. In the following examples, the resistive element is prepared essentially in the same manner as illustrated in Example I.
An admixture of 22.32 grams (g.) lead oxide, 4.50g. silica, and 3.33g. ruthenium dioxide (mole ratio of PbO:SiO2 :RuO2 being 4:3:1) is prepared having essentially uniform dispersion. This mixture is placed in a porcelain crucible and heated to 1000� C. for 30 minutes to provide a molten solution having a dispersion of ruthenium-containing components. This material is quenched in water and ground and sieved through a 325 mesh screen (U.S. Standard Sieve Series) to give a powder. X-ray diffraction of this material in powder form shows that it is a mixture of two crystalline phases, lead ruthenate and ruthenium dioxide, in an amorphous phase. The resultant glass frit is formulated in a resistive paste by admixing 7 parts by weight of the powder with 2 parts rosin (50%) dissolved in oil of spike, 1/3 part lavender oil, 1/3 part camphor oil, and 1/3 part oil of petitgrain. The paste is screened onto an alumina substrate to a thickness of about 0.6 to 1.2 mils. The film is dried and then fired at 800� C. for 30 minutes. The thick film resistive is a continuous film of a smooth, glassy appearance and is bonded well to the substrate. Approximate resistivity measurements are made with the film exhibiting a resistance of 90 ohm-cm at 25� C., 100 ohm-cm at 100� C., and 110 ohm-cm at 200� C.
Example I is repeated except that varying amounts of glass-forming components to ruthenium dioxide are used. The results are provided in Table 1. Examples IV and V are for comparison purposes. The erratic resistivity readings are probably due to the low concentration of electrically-conductive material.
Table 1______________________________________Moles of Resistivity at 25� C.,Example PbO SiO2 RuO2 ohms-cm______________________________________II 8 6 1 6KIII 10 12 1 120KIV 32 24 1 erraticV 64 48 1 erraticVI 2 1 1 10______________________________________
Example I is repeated except that the ruthenium dioxide is ground to pass through a 325 mesh screen. The thick film resistor has a resistivity of about 12K ohm-cm at about 100� C.
Example VII is repeated except the melting is conducted at 1000� C. for 16 hours and the thick film resistors are fired at varying temperatures. The results are provided in Table 2.
Table 2______________________________________ Peak firing temperature, Resistivity, TCRExample � C (30 minutes) ohms ppm/� C______________________________________VIII 700 70K -400IX 800 4K +230X 900 8K +330______________________________________
The samples prepared at 700� C. are dull and granular in appearance. This is apparently due to the use of an inadequate temperature to provide melting of the glass frit.
Example IX is repeated except employing a composition having a mole ratio of lead oxide to silica to ruthenium dioxide of 8:7:1. The resulting resistor has a resistivity of 50K ohms and a TCR of +80 ppm/� C. Further samples of the resistor of this example are prepared with a variation in TCR from +358 to -630 ppm/� C. This variation is attributed to a thermal expansion mismatch with the substrate and due to differences in the resistor film thickness due to simple hand application of the resistor paste to the substrate.
A mixture of 1 part by weight lead borate per three parts of the composition of Example XI is prepared and treated in the same manner as in Example XI. The resistor paste is applied to alumina substrates and fired at 700� C., 750� C., and 800� C. for 30 minutes. The results are provided in Table 3.
Table 3______________________________________Peak Average TCR,firing Highest Lowest ppm/� C droppingtempera- No. of TCR TCR highest andture Samples ppm/� C ppm/� C lowest value______________________________________700� C 7 +196 +19 +69750� C 1 +102 0 +34800� C 14 +312 +66 +170______________________________________
This example illustrates the effect of a melt which is heated to a temperature which for this formulation provides a melt having a viscosity which is insufficient to maintain a satisfactory dispersion of lead ruthenate. A mixture of 17.83g. lead oxide, 3.60g. silica, 7.70g. lead borate, and 1.33g. ruthenium dioxide which passes through a 325 mesh screen is prepared and heated in a platinum crucible to 1000� C. for 16 hours. The mixture is noticeably relatively fluid. The melt is poured into water and is ground to pass through a 325 mesh screen. Resistors are prepared in the usual manner and the results are provided in Table 4.
Table 4______________________________________Peak Average TCR,firing Highest Lowest ppm/� C droppingtempera- No. of TCR Lowest TCR highest andture Samples ppm/� C ppm/� C lowest value______________________________________650� C 4 710 411 549700� C 4 478 439 467750� C 4 716 433 455______________________________________
The high TCR readings are apparently caused by the inability of the lead ruthenate to remain in uniform dispersion in the relatively fluid melt.
Example XIII is repeated except only 3.10g. of lead borate are used. The heated mixture is more viscous at the maximum melt temperature, and lower TCR values are obtained. The results are presented in Table 5.
Table 5______________________________________Peak Average TCR,firing Highest Lowest ppm/� C droppingtempera- No. of TCR TCR highest andture Samples ppm/� C ppm/� C lowest value______________________________________650� C only partial melting occurred700� C 6 -281 +42 -119750� C 7 +242 +4 +148______________________________________
Example XIV is repeated except employing 1.55g. lead borate monohydrate. The peak firing temperatures are 700�, 750�, and 800� C. for 30 minutes. The resistors fired at 700� C. only partially melted and values for TCR are not obtained. The results are provided in Table 6.
Table 6______________________________________Peak Average TCR,firing Highest Lowest ppm/� C droppingtempera- No. of TCR TCR highest andture Samples ppm/� C ppm/� C lowest value______________________________________750� C 6 -320 -8 -40800� C 6 306 138 +198______________________________________
Example XV is repeated except no preforming of the glass is employed, i.e., the glass is formed on the substrate. In Example XVII, 0.75 micron particle size ruthenium dioxide powder is employed, but the preparation of the sample is otherwise the same as Example XVI. The results are provided in Table 7.
Table 7______________________________________ TCR, ppm/� C.Example Run 1 2 3______________________________________XVI 0 36 233XVII 271 327 1234______________________________________
Without the preforming step, the values obtained for TCR apparently vary considerably more.
Example XV is repeated except that the melt is heated to a maximum temperature of 900� C. The melt at 900� C. pours easily into water. X-ray diffraction indicates that lead ruthenate is the only crystalline phase. Thus, essentially all of the ruthenium dioxide is converted to lead ruthenate under the conditions employed in forming the melt. Further, the electrical measurements indicate that the viscosity of the melt at the peak temperature of 900� C. is advantageous in maintaining the lead ruthenate particles in a substantially uniform dispersion. The resistive material is employed to make resistors of short (about 1/16 inch), average (about 3/16 inch), and long (about 1/2 inch) lengths and the resistors are defined at different temperatures. The results are provided in Table 8.
Table 8______________________________________Peak Average TCR,firing ppm/20 C drop-tempera- Time, No. of ping highest andture, � C min. Length Samples lowest value______________________________________700 30 average 7 -170750 30 long 10 51750 60 average 11 82750 30 short 8 -40800 30 average 9 165______________________________________
Example XVIII is repeated except employing iridium dioxide instead of ruthenium dioxide in an equivalent amount on a mole basis. A mixture of 17.84g. lead oxide, 3.60g. silica, 1.52g. lead borate monohydrate and 2.25g. iridium dioxide is prepared and heated to 900� C. for 16 hours. It is formulated in a resistor paste in the usual manner and printed on an alumina substrate with platinum terminals. The resistor is fired at 750� C. for 30 minutes. The number of runs conducted are seven with the highest TCR being 503 ppm/� C. and the lowest, 139 ppm/� C. The average TCR is 322 ppm/� C.
Example XVIII is repeated except that the conductor material from the thick film resistor is derived from 95 parts platinum and 5 parts of the resistive composition of Example XVIII. This conductor enables a simple system to be provided for the manufacture of circuits containing thick film resistors which have increased stability due to the use of identical glass phases in the resistor and the conductor element. The resistors are fired at 750� C. for 30, 60, and 90 minutes and at 800� C. for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The results are provided in Table 9.
Table 9______________________________________ Average TCR/� CPeak firing Time, No. of dropping highesttemperature, � C minutes Samples and lowest value______________________________________750 30 11 120750 60 11 -21750 90 18 20800 10 10 157800 20 10 130800 30 11 177______________________________________
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|Air Reduction
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|Owens Illinois Inc
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|Allen-Bradley Company
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|Sep 4, 1979
|The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy
|Collector plates for electrostatic precipitators
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|Sumitomo Metal Mining Company Limited
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|Shoei Chemical Incorporated
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|Mar 9, 1982
|E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
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|International Classification
|Cooperative Classification
|European Classification
|Dec 14, 1981
Owner name: ENGELHARD CORPORATION 70 WOOD AVENUE SOUTH, METRO
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:PHIBRO CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE;REEL/FRAME:003968/0801
Effective date: 19810518


text:
Suntech responds to solar trade petition21. October 2011 | Top News, Industry & Suppliers, Trade cases | By: Shamsiah Ali-Oettinger
UPDATE: Yingli responds as well to petition. The Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing's petition protesting against Chinese photovoltaic manufacturers' supposed dumping prices has sparked a response from Chinese manufacturing giant Suntech Power Holdings.
The company has released a statement saying that the four-volume petition submitted by the so-called Coalition for American Solar Manufacturing, led by SolarWorld, is now being reviewed by Suntech. Suntech states that the companies that are named in the petition cannot be judged as one collective Chinese photovoltaic products manufacturing entity, but rather need to be addressed individually.
"We're currently reviewing the petition filed with the U.S. International Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Commerce. Anyone can file one of these actions; having filed an action is in no way a validation from the US government as to the merits of the action," reads the company's response.
Suntech is a global company that is listed in the New York Stock Exchange and is also governed by the U.S. International Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Commerce guidelines. Suntech remains confident that their position and well-preparedness to substantiate their strict adherence to fair international trade practices will see them through these accusations.
The Financial Times of Germany reported that SolarWorld is also preparing a further complaint against the Chinese dumping prices to the European Commission. Akin to the possibility in the U.S., is also an anti-dumping and anti-subsidy proceeding possible in the European Union. Higher import duties can be possibly slammed on Chinese PV products if the petition meets its goal. SolarWorld's Frank Asbeck stated that he is considering the possible measures at the moment to 'shake-up' Brussels and to ensure fair competition in the PV market.
Suntech ended its statement to the current situation with the business as usual strategy. "Until the issue is resolved, we will continue to work with our customers and partners to ensure business as usual."
Yingli Green Energy also released a statement on the petition submitted saying that such petitions represent only the views of one side and this is, furthermore, a very complicated story. Yingli also added that their position to continue to compete effectively in the U.S. market remains strong due to their commitment for the long run and their faith in their products and technology.
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R Browning
Tuesday, 25.10.2011 01:34
Considering that solar companies in general and Suntech specifically, are under investigation for fraud and tax evasion by the Chinese government (as shown on Chinese state controlled television), I find that any comment they make in their own defense, to be highly questionable.
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International Maritime Services (IMS) Ship Delivery department has been recognised for meeting the international standard for safe management and operation of ships and pollution prevention (ISM Code).
On 14 February, a Document of Compliance (DOC) was issued by Germanischer Lloyd on behalf of Bahamas Maritime Authority, which will immediately encompass the requirements for an upcoming delivery voyage of 10,500 nautical miles. IMS Chief Operating Officer, Brendan Cooley stated, "We pride ourselves on offering our clients a flexible and quality level of service at all times. The ISM will give our clients additional peace of mind knowing they are dealing with an organisation which is recognised for its embedded culture of safety and quality."
IMS is one of the world's leading ship delivery companies and 'total solutions provider'. Over nearly 3 decades IMS has specialised in Ship Delivery, Commissioning, FMEA trials, Crew training and Familiarisation and specialist Super Yacht Crewing and Management. Since December 2011, IMS has been awarded multiple contracts including commissioning and FMEA trials on the 182 metre Subsea 7 ship "Seven Borealis", 10 Ship Delivery contracts, Yacht Management and a long term OLM training and familiarisation contract on behalf of a Border Protection agency.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
The U.S. Navy conducted a series of cooperative air defense test exercises with the Spanish navy that culminated in live missile firing events using the latest Aegis Weapon System baseline July 20-21.
After 25 years as CEO of Antwerp Port Authority, Eddy Bruyninckx has been raised to the nobility by H.M. the king of Belgium with the rank of baron. In Belgium
In June, the SENER engineering and technology group participated in the 17th Morintekh – Praktik 2016 Scientific Conference, in the city of St. Petersburg, Russia.
Ithaca Energy Inc. reports that the "FPF-1" floating production facility has completed the required inclination test as planned and departed the Remontowa shipyard in Gdansk, Poland.
At high tide, the vessel "MARTIN SÆLE", the first Live Fish Carrier built by Gondan Shipyard in Figueras, was successfully launched today. Representatives of the owner of the vessel,
A new ferry being built at the Cemre shipyard in Turkey for UK operator Wightlink will feature a comprehensive range of modern Wärtsilä equipment and systems to
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry will urge Southeast Asian nations in meetings in Laos next week to find diplomatic ways to launch talks with China on easing
For the first time, AWI scientists have found evidence of living, potentially pathogenic vibrions on microplastic particles.
With increasing water temperatures
RINA S.p.A, the holding company of the multinational testing, inspection, certification and consulting engineering group based in Genoa, Italy, has announced that
Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm. John Richardson visited Chinese North Sea Fleet headquarters, July 20 to meet with fleet commander Vice Adm. Yuan Yubai.
Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited (APSEZ) today informed the Stock Exchanges that Fitch Ratings, Singapore has affirmed India-based APSEZ's Long-Term


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Hiawassee Northeast Georgia Mountains
Hiawassee is an Appalachian Trail community. The Southern Highroads Trail passes through Hiawassee and alongside Lake Chatuge, a TVA reservoir popular for swimming, boating, jet skiing, paddling, sport fishing, and other water sports. There are several entrances to the Appalachian Trail at various locations in the area.
The Georgia Mountain Fairgrounds hosts the Georgia Mountain Fair each summer. The Anderson Music Hall at the fairgrounds hosts great shows with top name stars each year. The Fred Hamilton Rhododendron Garden bursts into bloom early April to late May and can almost take your breath away at the sight of more than 3,000 azaleas and rhododendrons. Local artists, inspired by their beautiful surroundings, create works of art on display at the Artworks Artisan Center, as well as for sale.
Hiawassee River is known as "the hidden jewel of trout fishing." Waterfalls dot the landscape and provide great hiking jaunts.
Visitor Information Center
Hiawassee, GA 30546
Hiawassee is located north of Atlanta on U.S. Hwy 76 between Young Harris and Clayton adjacent to the North Carolina State Line.Visit Website
Phone: 706-896-4966
OfficialVisitor Information
Free Georgia Travel Guide
The state's official Travel Guide is your complete resource to planning a vacation in Georgia. Find trip ideas, attractions, dining, events, activities, accommodations, map, travel resources and much more.
Website: http://www.exploregeorgia.org
Phone: 1-800-VISIT GA (847-4842)
Hiawassee Travel Guides
2014 Lodging & Boating Brochure
Boundary Waters Resort & Marina is a quiet, secluded haven for a relaxing getaway amidst the peace and stunning beauty of Lake Chatuge.
Website: http://www.boundarywatersresort.com
Phone: 706-896-2530
Hamilton Gardens Visitor Guide with Trail Map
Explore the incomparable Hamilton Gardens, unique for the fact that they have been developed by Volunteers and inspired by the passion of one man's love of Rhododendron. These gardens boast the largest collection of rhododendrons in the state of Georgia.
Website: http://www.georgiamountainfairgrounds.com/2015-events/hamilton-gardens
Phone: 706-896-4191
Henson Cove Place B&B
Refresh the body and soul in a peaceful setting, enjoy great food and comfortable lodging with beautiful pasture/mountain views, and be treated like family.
Website: http://www.henson-cove-place.com
Phone: 706-896-6195
Bacchus Beer and Growlers355 N Main Street, Ste 2View on Map
706-896-9947Looking to fill that growler in the mountains? Bacchus Beer and Growlers is your Craft Beer Connection! With 16 rotating and seasonal taps to choose from, there's always... Find Out More
Anderson Music Hall1311 Music Hall RoadView on Map
706-896-4191Anderson Music Hall is located within the Georgia Mountain Fairgrounds and is home to the Georgia Mountain Fair Superstar Concert Series during the year. And it is also... Find Out More
Hamilton Gardens at Lake Chatuge1311 Music Hall Rd.View on Map
706-896-4191Hamilton Gardens are a botanical paradise fairly bursting with dogwood, native azaleas, wild flowers, trillium, and more than 400 varieties of rhododendron – 3,000... Find Out More
High Shoals Falls-CNFF.S. Road #283View on Map
706-745-6928A sucession of five waterfalls grace this 170-acre scenic area. These falls have an estimated total vertical drop of 300 feet. The High Shoals Trail (1.2 miles) follow... Find Out More
The Hiawassee River Retreat15 Cabin DriveView on Map
706-896-7400Enjoy the rustic ambiance of 11 cabins fully furnished situated directly on the Hiawassee River. Our pavillion and meeting space is perfect for weddings and family reunions... Find Out More
Creekfront Cabin7431 Cassie LaneView on Map
706-896-5005This modern cabin is very cozy, exceptionally clean, and borders beautiful Hightower Creek with pastoral and mouintain views beyond. It includes a gas fireplace, a... Find Out More
A Skyline Ridge Cabin Rental1302 Tipton HeightsView on Map
706-781-4929High on a northeast Georgia mountain ridge rests A Skyline Ridge Cabin Rental. This rustic cabin sleeps seven and has an awesome view! Our view is a gift, let us share... Find Out More
Boundary Waters Resort & Marina107 Boundary Waters Dr.View on Map
706-896-2530Escape to the shores of beautiful Lake Chatuge with Boundary Waters Resort & Marina. Only minutes from downtown Hiawassee, Georgia, our peaceful lakeside resort is the... Find Out More
Georgia Mountain Fall FestivalOct 7, 2016 - Oct 15, 20161311 Music Hall Rd.View on Map
706-896-4191Look forward to the 2016 Georgia Mountain Fall Festival at Georgia Mountain Fairgrounds. With its mild temperatures and beautiful scenery, there is no better place to... Find Out More
1st Annual Appalachian Craft Brew, Stew & Que FestivalOct 22, 2016 - Oct 22, 20161311 Music Hall Rd.View on Map
706-896-4191Join us for the 1st Annual Appalachian Craft Brew, Stew & Que Festival. The festival will be a celebration of beer, food, art and music. During the course of the one... Find Out More
Mcdonald's520 N Main StView on Map
Le Parisien Café & Crêperie142 N. Main St.View on Map
Asiano Restaurant1382 Hwy. 76View on Map
The Chophouse of Hiawassee625 US Hwy. 76View on Map
706-896-3200The Chophouse of Hiawassee is a welcome addition to Hiawassee's "restaurant scene"; it is one of Hiawassee's most exciting restaurants in North Georgia. The Chophouse... Find Out More
The dining information on this page is supplied by the Georgia Restaurant Association.
Packages starting at $69 per night"I Love The Mountains" SpecialsHiawassee Cabin183 Buckridge Rd.View on Map
Call or email and ask for the "I love the mountains" discount. Please state how many people and pets along with dates. > Find Out More
Buy 5 nights, get 2 freePay for 5 get 2 nights FREELaurel Mountain Cabins4870 Laurel Mountain Rd.View on Map
Pay for 5 nights that the normal rate and get 2 nights FREE. > Find Out More


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Flames stars Sean Monahan and Johnny Gaudreau stick together - Monahan: "We want to play in Calgary together. We think we have a good chance to win there and that's what we're trying to do." by TimeToDoubleDip in hockey
Redditors Unite to Make a Millionaire. [Drawing Thread #21] by millionairemakers in millionairemakers
[Egg Help] Best way to mount my phone? by Quirkyx in pokemongo
I downloaded the .APK and am playing in the UK. When the official launch comes, will my Pokemon trainer account be reset ? by in pokemongo
I've made a huge mistake by pbjmango in pokemongo
People who have surprisingly woken up admitted into a hospital, what happened? by sqweelie in AskReddit
15 years ago, what were you doing today? by Lorenzvc in AskReddit
I [30M] left my fiancee [32F] 3 weeks ago for a job 300 miles away. Since then, she's lost her job, is late on her rent, her dog has been diagnosed with cancer, she totaled her car, and she's currently in the hospital. by throwaway432674 in relationships
What are some signs that your shit is not together? by _DecoyOctopus_ in AskReddit
It's the /r/melbourne random discussion thread [Friday 01/07/2016] by AutoModerator in melbourne
It's the /r/melbourne random discussion thread [Friday 01/07/2016] by AutoModerator in melbourne
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Your favorite TV Series premiere episodes of all time? by Kush_Daz in television
Craziest half and hour in NHL offseason history? by weber6 in hockey
"The Green Room"' comes out on digital today! by ThisisMalta in movies
I thought it would be a good idea to take my favorite stuffed animal to my freshman high school pictures. by HirryMcSkirry in blunderyears
2016 NHL Draft GDT: Round 1 by pacefalmd in hockey
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2016 NHL Draft GDT: Round 1 by pacefalmd in hockey
2016 NHL Draft GDT: Round 1 by pacefalmd in hockey
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whats your best hit from a retail pack or blaster box? by Fillyswirl in hockeycards
Without naming the movie, what's the one quote that would give it away? by iaskquestionstoo in AskReddit
What are some cool subreddits you want the world to know about? by WhoChoseThisUsername in AskReddit
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What skill can anyone independently learn in five hours? by UU_Bunnyman in AskReddit
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[VALUE] The Official "What Is It Worth?" Thread - Part 2 by coffeeschnaub in hockeycards


text:
The Dodgers were Brooklyn. We know the world is weird, but it's weirder still when a sports team leaves and the place left behind is forgotten, but that's what happened.
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|Reviews for Future History
| Herofire chapter 17 . 6/24
This story is... wow, really interesting, really well done, great mix of AU and canon. Seriously, I'd pay to see more of this.
| Revliledpembroke chapter 17 . 4/24
And what chapter might that be?
| mcrae1o1nick chapter 1 . 4/19
Hopefully this is still going on I love the work in the story
| Zolar33 chapter 1 . 3/26
Humanity possess the most powerful weapon of all...the power of the fourth wall
| Kalisko chapter 1 . 2/27
This is a really fun story to read! I really like how you go about including current events, as well as the way you describe how humans interact with characters they know. I'm looking forward to reading more!
I hope you continue to update, if possible.
| chain.reader chapter 17 . 2/11
speech ends abruptly here:
Had they managed to acquire the research present on Elysium whatever plans they
Sitting down, the doctor nodded towards both Hackett and Harper. The two leaders shared a look before the director spoke.
| Axcel chapter 6 . 12/30/2015
And with vehicles, especially tanks, being rare amount Turian legions (even moreso with other species), humanity shows how devastating armored and mechaized warfare is and the power of artillery. Or so I infered.
| Axcel chapter 4 . 12/30/2015
"To find that, you would need to find the last rachni queen, who was found entirely by accident in Mass Effect"
Sooo, basically, the plot is that a meteor strike revealed the Mars cache to real life humanity who then collectively shat bricks.
| 1529 chapter 17 . 11/27/2015
An interesting story so far. I do have a few reservations about the new 'cerberus' though. First, the massive failure that they represent for the Alliance. Resources being diverted on the scale suggested in this chapter are very nearly impossible to even disguise... it would be known by any intelligence agency with any competence, furthermore, the individuals mentioned seem to be public figures (by default due to their economic clout), so their past connections to the Confederates (which was spelled out) means that eyes should be on them (especially with the similarity to Cerberus).
To this point in the story it is not a problem, but having this group become a major problem would defeat the summary and background of the story as it would mean that humanity completely ignored one of the most dangerous factions in their source material...
Thanks for writing.
| LoveForeverNow chapter 3 . 9/29/2015
Known Mass Effect Species Lifespans
Krogan:1,500 years
Asari:1,000 years
Turian:150 years
Quarian:150 years
Human:150 years
Drell:85 years
Salarian:40 years
Vorcha:20 years
| Cayar chapter 17 . 9/17/2015
Dun dun duunnn!
People that have a lot of responsibility and stress seem to age faster than others. Just look at American Presidents (and probably other leaders) at the starts and ends of their terms. Hackett would likely be in a similar situation.
A bit more familiarity sounds good; looking forward to it.
| babultower chapter 17 . 9/16/2015
Yet another great ME fanfic. Its great that you have kept the "game" spoiler setting to a minimum, although I would have accepted the Alliance explained it as precognitive information disseminated in the modt effective format of our generation: games.
The only thing that is a shame is that you have not exploited the preparation thing a bit more. Alliance soldiers and covilians should all have installed melt switches like those on cerberus and reaper forces ( they quickly decompose)... one if many ways to stretch the Reapers frustration on their lack of info on humanity.
Anyway, hope you write a lot more!
| Guest chapter 10 . 8/22/2015
The council meeting took place/will take place on my 88th birthday.
| Greatazuredragon chapter 17 . 8/16/2015
Well at least the Confederate idiots are not allying themselves with the Reapers, even if they still will be trouble.
Loved the story so far, keep up the good work.
| Greatazuredragon chapter 16 . 8/16/2015
You know, the only 'flaw' I see in this is that since humanity knows about the game I would wager that the name Shepard would be EXTREMELY popular for parents to give to their kids... XD
Good work.


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Over 400 naval and shipyard guests attended the ceremony, which was held underneath and between the iconic twin hulls of the fourth Joint High Speed Vessels (JHSV) 'USNS Fall River'. The Honorable Ray Mabus, Secretary of the Navy, was the principal speaker at the event.
The 338-foot catamaran vessel was named Fall River by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus, after the tenth largest city in the state of Massachusetts. According to Secretary Mabus, "The Fall River represents the physical embodiment of the city of Fall River's patriotic spirit."
The ship's sponsor, Mrs. Diane Bemus Patrick, the First Lady of Massachusetts, has her own record of excellence and distinguished professional and public service. A lawyer, teacher, mother and active member of her community, Mrs. Patrick has extensive experience in many walks of life.
"First Lady Patrick is the perfect sponsor for Fall River", said Austal USA President Craig Perciavalle, "She is tough, just like Fall River will be. She makes a difference, just like Fall River will." He went on to praise the ship, saying: "Fall River is a revolutionary and cost-effective new platform with cutting edge technology, bringing an unprecedented level of flexibility, mobility, volume, efficiency and support to our combatant commanders and nation."
Austal explains that it has been contracted by the U.S. Navy to build ten 103-meter JHSVs under a 10-ship, $1.6 billion contract, two of which have already been delivered, and eight 127-meter Independence-variant LCS class ships, six of which are a part of a 10-ship, $3.5 billion contract.
Three JHSVs and four LCSs are currently under construction in Austal's Mobile, Alabama shipyard. Austal will begin production of one more ship in each program before the end of January. For the LCS and JHSV programs, Austal, as prime contractor, is teamed with General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, a business unit of General Dynamics.
Maritime Today
The Maritime Industry's original and most viewed E-News Service
Hyundai Heavy Industries (HHI) is notified by Samil PwC, a local member of the global accounting firm PwC, that its 3.5 trillion won worth management improvement
Dave Brown has joined Volvo Penta of the Americas as director of commercial marine sales.
In this new position, Brown will provide strategic and administrative
U.K. winch maker Romica said it is to "redouble its exports drive" after its Romania-based manufacturing partner successfully acquired accreditation with DNV GL.
Maritime Agenda 2010-20 has inter-alia set a target to increase percentage share of India to 5% in global ship building and 10% share in global ship repair for India by 2020.
The newly built ferry M/V Woods Hole has been delivered to serve Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket.
Built by Conrad Industries of Morgan City, La.
Alaska Marine Lines celebrated the launch of its newest barge, Skagway Provider, at a ceremony July 7 at Gunderson Marine in Portland, Ore. where the vessel was constructed.
Piracy and armed robbery at sea has fallen to its lowest levels since 1995, despite a surge in kidnappings off West Africa, according to a new report from the
A Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC) historian has recently uncovered information that sheds new light on the loss of the World War II cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA 35).
Capt. Joseph J. Leonard (U.S. Navy, Ret.) has joined Huntington Ingalls Industries (HII) as corporate director of customer affairs, large surface combatant program, the shipbuilder announced.
Libyan Petroleum Facilities Guard (PFG) commander Ibrahim Jathran said on Monday he was ready to end a blockade at key oil terminals, but the U.N.-backed government
Manila drops request to refer to court ruling in statement.
Southeast Asian nations overcame days of deadlock on Monday when the Philippines dropped a request


text:
Originally Posted by Apoptosis
Antti Summala's name is spelled "Antti" not "Antii".
Originally Posted by Rocket_Knight64
Regarding the mouse control; if I were to pull back to look up, would it keep on going until I was 'upside down' pointing backwards and then continue to where I started? That would make the most sence I suppose for true zero-grav?
MSI X99A Gaming Pro Carbon Review
25th July 2016
Inno3D GeForce GTX 1080 iChill X3 Review
22nd July 2016
Fresh Tech Solutions 1080 Titan PC Review
21st July 2016


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SF officer suspected of making prohibited assault rifle
Latest algae bloom, in Discovery Bay, threatens way of life
San Francisco marijuana use scores highest in the nation
Devoted Bernie Sanders supporter Susan Sarandon caught having...
Flintstone House still not sold, price cut yet again
'Ice bucket challenge' donations helped fund ALS breakthrough
Giants' Matt Cain homers, gets win against Reds
Watch Bernie Sanders tear up as his brother casts a vote for...
24 American customs that are considered offensive in other...
Video: cops swarm when off-duty deputy pulls gun in drive-through
Monthly Archive for June, 2010
Bay Area Beats for June 30 – July 4
KALWNews.org By Max Jacobs Above: "You Better Ask Yourself" by Femi Kuti Whether you're into space-themed rock 'n' roll, Nigerian Afrobeat, or folk-rockers who look like they also pan …
Connecting the dots: top news stories for Wednesday, June 30
KALWNews.org By Erica Mu President Obama is getting back on the horn tomorrow, this time addressing comprehensive immigration reform rather than oil spills, Wall Street or healthcare. The president …
Stories during wartime: an inter-generational conversation, Part I
KALWNews.org By Erica Mu Listen: 29:00 min (Download Audio) What does it mean to live through war? People across nations and generations experience war from very different perspectives: as veterans, …
Crosscurrents: June 30, 2010
KALWNews.org By Rina Palta Listen: 29:00 min (Download Audio) Life during wartime: the first part in our series on the multigenerational impacts of war. This article originally appeared on …
Connecting the dots: top stories for Tuesday, June 29
KALWNews.org By Rosa Ramirez At least two local police departments are feeling the pinch of California's economic problems. The San Carlos City Council voted four to one on Monday to dismantle the …
Stockton shines: Artists from a "miserable city" hit the East Bay
KALWNews.org By S. Howard Bransford When Stockton makes the news, the headlines aren't often hopeful. Over the past few years, this Central Valley city just south of Sacramento has gained a …
Bittersweet birthdays: Family celebrates life of Desiree Davis
KALWNews.org By S. Howard Bransford For years, 20-year-old Taiisha Davis looked forward to sharing birthday parties with Desiree Davis, her younger sister. The two Oakland residents were born …
Crosscurrents: June 29, 2010
KALWNews.org By Rina Palta Listen: 26:47 min (Download Audio) The evolution of Polk Gulch, told through the story of one man. This article originally appeared on KALWNews.org …
Polk Gulch: the story of Corey Longseeker
KALWNews.org By Rina Palta Listen: 24:57 min (Download Audio) A documentary tracking the evolution of San Francisco's Polk Gulch neighborhood over the past four decades, through the tragic story of …
Crosscurrents: June 28, 2010
KALWNews.org By Rina Palta Listen: 26:48 min (Download Audio) Homebuyers seek walkable neighborhoods and author Michael Lewis talks about his new book. This article originally appeared on …


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People across the nation watched Thursday night as Hillary Clinton accepted the 2016 Democratic nomination for president. The bars and restaurants of Pike/Pine were also tuned in. "Standing here as my mother's daughter, and my daughter's mother, I'm so happy this day has come," Clinton said Thursday night. "When any barrier falls in America, for anyone, it clears the way for everyone." Continue reading
Tag Archives: pike pine
Tweaks to Pike/Pine rules offer design dos and preservation don'ts
After six years of projects subject to the Pike/Pine Neighborhood Design Guidelines, Capitol Hill has seen its fair share of good and bad buildings. The guidelines are used by the East Design Review Board as the basis to recommend design changes to new projects in the neighborhood. But explaining what exactly makes a good and bad design under the guidelines can be frustrating for board members, architects, and the public.
To better inform everyone on the intentions of the design guidelines, a proposed update adds an appendix featuring real world examples of good and bad designs. The 18-page addition was created by city-hired consultant, Makers Architecture and Urban Design.
"The hope was to have more information to guide on things that were really general," said Dennis Meier, a strategic advisor with the Office of Planning and Community Development.
One example offered in the new appendix shows how the design guidelines favor a 12th and Pike facade over that of one built on Broadway:
Capitol Hill food+drink | Ikina Sushi, built with late night hot dog cash, ready for E Pike rush
If the crowds that filled Ikina Sushi between acts during the 2016 Capitol Hill Block Party last weekend are any indication, the new Japanese restaurant and sushi bar is going to be a hit on E Pike.
"I'm really happy with this location. I think we'll do quite well," said Michael Suzuki, general manager and chief chef at Ikina.
Suzuki estimates the Block Party brought in about 500 guests. A soft-opening on July 20 was also a crowded, Pike/Pine-packed affair. The plan is to open for good starting today. Happy grand opening.
A Madison Park resident, Suzuki said he spent time on E Pike and noticed how packed the area is late into the night which changed his perception of how to run the restaurant during the later hours.
Ikina is outfitted with a great sound system, he said, so music and dimmed lighting will set the atmosphere for late-night guests who will be served cocktails and small plates at the sushi bar.
Entrepreneur Shinsuke Nikaido, who has been serving Japanese-style hot dogs from his Gourmet Dog Japon carts since 2010, is the mastermind and the money behind Ikina.
"Basically (Ikina) is built on hot dog business money," Suzuki said. Continue reading
Wise Orchid Tai Chi opens on E Union with an alternative to yoga — UPDATE: New home for Apex Aerial Arts
The army of local yoga studios are getting some competition. Paralegal-turned-Tai Chi teacher Viola Brumbaugh has opened her own Tai Chi studio in the Central District, in the space recently vacated by children's toy and clothing store Magpie.
Wise Orchid Tai Chi opened for business at 2002 E Union with a series of free classes on the Fourth of July and has been up and running since then. While Central Seattle has no shortage of yoga studios, Wise Orchid is one of just a few Tai Chi centers in the area. Continue reading
Man found stabbed outside Harvard Market QFC
A man was found stabbed and bleeding outside Capitol Hill's Harvard Market QFC early Sunday morning.
Seattle Fire and police were called to the scene just before 4 AM to a report of a male with multiple stab wounds to his arms outside the Harvard entrance to QFC near the upper parking lot, according to radio dispatches. Arriving medics found the man in his 20s with several puncture wounds and a deep laceration to his arms. He was rushed to Harborview for further treatment.
Police were investigating the incident and working to determine where the stabbing occurred. According to SPD dispatches, police were looking in the area of the parking lot near the Knights of Columbus building on Union a few blocks from where the victim was found. There was no suspect information broadcast and no immediate arrests.
Police were busy on Harvard for the second night this weekend. Early Saturday morning, police investigated gunfire in the parking lot above the QFC.
Police investigate Broadway/Pike gunfire
For the second weekend in a row, police pushed late night Capitol Hill crowds back inside area venues as officers responded to gunfire in the area.
Early Saturday just before 3 AM, shots rang out from the still busy parking lot above Broadway and Pike. People were seen running from the lot, according to a caller reporting the incident. According to police radio, officers arrived to find a mostly empty lot and three shell casings on the ground.
There was one report of a person who was shot being loaded into a vehicle but no victim was located near the scene. Police stopped a SUV that was reported leaving the lot but we don't know if any arrests were made. A check of area hospitals was underway.
All information in this report is preliminary and has not yet been confirmed by SPD.
Hey @SeattlePD, @jseattle – just got ushered inside at @SizzlePie due to shooting on Broadway & Pine – what's going on with #capitolhill?!
— final girl (@seaforanswers) July 23, 2016
The late night gunfire follows an incident closer to 2 AM closing time last Saturday morning that brought out a huge police response as officers searched for a gunman in the Broadway parking lot behind Mud Bay and across the street from Neighbours. There were no immediate arrests in that incident.
Tavolata brings first Stowell sequel — and another tipless joint to Capitol Hill
With the opening Tavolata on E Pike, Ethan and Angela Stowell brought their Belltown-born, modern Italian fare to Capitol Hill — they also brought a continuing to grow, new way of doing business in Seattle as the city transitions to a $15 minimum wage.
"People really love the Uber experience, where you just get out and don't have to worry about tips," Angela Stowell tells CHS.
According to the influential and prolific restauranteurs, the new, second Tavolata that opened a few weeks back in the Dunn Motors building at 501 E Pike is their first attempt at recreating one of their original restaurants and is the last Capitol Hill restaurant opening for the foreseeable future. Capitol Hill's Tavolata has been tipless since it opened in late June. Angela Stowell said that almost all Stowell restaurants switched over to a service charge model on June 1. Tavolata joins a small but growing group of tipless bars and restaurants on Capitol Hill.
"We kind of waited to see how other people did it," Stowell said.
Continue reading
20(ish) years of the Capitol Hill Block Party
The 2016 Capitol Hill Block Party is being advertised as the 20th edition of the music festival, but it might be older than that.
It all depends on who you ask.
"I started the Capitol Hill Block Party in 1997 because I was frustrated with the corporate feel of Bumbershoot and the amount of baby carriages," Jen Gapay tells CHS. "I also wanted to create more of a cool party scene in an urban environment like Capitol Hill." Gapay said that she wanted people to have a chance to drink, listen to music, and listen to street performers "in an actual street."
The Block Party's origin is attributed to Gapay of Thirsty Girl Productions, though a skate shop and longtime Pike/Pine business Crescent Down Works may have hosted some version of the event before Thirsty Girl's first party in 1997.
Meanwhile, current Block Party producer Jason Lajeunesse says he only has one regret about his reign as king of the CHBP. Lajeunesse, who has been involved in the event since 2006, says the times Block Party has gotten wet are what keeps him up at night. "I would go back and make it not rain," he tells CHS. Continue reading
Verve Bowls and its healthful smoothies to join Redhook brewpub in Pike Motorworks
Smoothies will join beer on Capitol Hill with the opening of health food restaurant Verve Bowls in the newly opened Pike Motorworks, the same building in which Redhook announced plans to open a brewpub later this year.
Owner Scott Alderson said Verve Bowls is excited to be opening shop in the preservation-friendly Pike Motorworks, particularly because of the proximity to other businesses like Redhook. "There's quite a few things going on in there," he said.
The shop is slated to open this month at 715 E Pine. Alderson said he attracted to the location by the "up and coming nature of the area" and the foot traffic in the Pike/Pine corridor, and the proximity to Seattle Central College. Continue reading
CHS Pics | Concerts at the Columns at the base of Capitol Hill
Last Friday night between the rushing rivers of cars along Pike and Boren above and I-5 below, the Concert at the Columns series got back into the swing of things for another summer of free music in Plymouth Pillars Park. Wander by this Friday for more tunes with David Deleon.
The neighborhood's parks have sprung fully into life — and not just as Pokestops. Here are a few more ways to enjoy parks on and around Capitol Hill this week including free music in Volunteer Park, the grand opening celebration of Broadway Hill, a dog party in First Hill Park, and a community event to check out the ideas for the Summit pavement park: Continue reading
Rancho Bravo Block Party: Pike/Pine gears up for Capitol Hill music fest
Capitol Hill Block Party marks 20 years as a music festival starting next week on Friday, July 22nd but the neighborhood's love for music is already leaking out and some wacky things are happening… like Rancho Bravo as a performance venue.
The 2016 edition of CHBP will include an expanded footprint and some free fun outside the fences. This year's Block Party is set to feature free nightly shows at Unicorn, daytime performances and Sunday morning yoga at Chophouse Row, and a poster show at the V2 space as part of Thursday's Capitol Hill Art Walk: Continue reading
MRoom brings Finnish roots, 'precise' cuts to Capitol Hill barbershop scene
The Finns have arrived on Capitol Hill. They want to cut your hair.
"We like growing areas. There is nowhere in Seattle that isn't growing right now. This is one of the places where it is centered," MRoom brand director Gary Moore told CHS this spring as the global chain's latest North American beachhead began its buildout on E Pike.
MRoom Capitol Hill opened Monday morning with four chairs, a week of free haircutting, and a crisp approach to hair, one of the few industries that has mostly defied the transition to a digital economy. Capitol Hill's hair game continues to be strong with the latest openings trending toward the more masculine barbershop end of the spectrum. The Scotch Pine — "modern barbershop your granddad would be proud of" — opened this year in Chophouse Row while 12th and Pike is destined to sport a new Bishops as it brings its "free beer," um, concept from Portland to entice Pike/Pine dudes — and ladies who appreciate a good razor cut. Continue reading


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Booooring I managed to stick it out for 50-60 pages. I will give it to our public library.Published 3 months ago by Slammer
I don't even know where to begin. Many Americans don't understand the profound loss of life in Darfur. This book brings that loss into crystal clear focus. Read morePublished 9 months ago by BRANDON
Unbelievable what this poor girl endured. Well written, but chillingPublished 9 months ago by nancy smith
Much more telling than any news story. I will read it again and share it with my friends and family in the US.Published 9 months ago by Ellen F Moore
What an amazing story. It is so hard to realize that such horrors persist even now.Published 9 months ago by Amazon Montana FAN
The writing was very evocative and provided this uninformed reader a clearer picture of the plight of so many formerly happy and innocent human beings living in parts of the world... Read morePublished 9 months ago by Mark Merrill
Tears of the Desert is a wonderful book but hard to read - man's inhumanity to man is shocking! However, the book is a must read and a real eye-opener! I recommend it highly.Published 9 months ago by Maryanne Peterson
I had heard about the tragedy of Darfur and wanted to know more about the story of this country. I am so glad that this book is available to provide information about the people... Read morePublished 10 months ago by Janet w Johnson


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Nothing glows or burns as bright and sweet as beeswax candles! The Cleanest and longest burning candles you can buy. This pair of beeswax tapers is a lovely hexagon shape is 10" long and has a fluted base to fit in all standard candle holders. Comes wrapped in yellow tulle with ribbons on either end with our queen bee label and a book of our very own matches! Makes a wonderful hostess gift or use them on your table for a special holiday or romatic occassion!
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Francois Hollande, the French president, has made a surprise trip to Afghanistan to visit some of the French troops he wants to pull out later this year, and meet Hamid Karzai, the Afghan president.
France would co-ordinate with NATO allies the withdrawal of its combat troops from Afghanistan, Hollande said on Friday during a visit to a military base in Kapisa, where most French troops are stationed in Afghanistan.
The French head of state said the pullout would take place with "good understanding with our allies" - particularly US President Barack Obama.
Hollande said he "will explain himself" to French soldiers why he had decided to pull them out of the war-torn country a year earlier than his predecessor planned, and two years before other NATO combat troops.
"It's a sovereign decision. Only France can decide what France does. It will be conducted in good understanding with our allies, especially President Obama, who understands the reasons, and in close consultation with Afghan authorities," the newly elected president said.
"We want France to stay in Afghanistan in a different guise than in the past," he said, adding that the counter-terror mission "was on the point of completion", which should be a matter of "great pride".
"Without having totally disappeared, the terrorist threat to our territory, as with that to our allies from Afghanistan, has been partially curbed," he added.
Training security forces
In a news conference with Karzai, he said France wanted to help Afghans become self-sufficient, by focusing on education, culture and even archaeology.
He also mentioned economic "prospects" in housing, renewable energy, oil exploration and agriculture, but stopped short of providing any details.
Hollande was accompanied by Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius and Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian.
Hollande, making the latest in a set of foreign trips since his May 15 inauguration that has taken him to Berlin, Washington, Chicago and Brussels, will pledge to keep to a long-term co-operation treaty signed with Afghanistan.
Hollande said that France will pull its 2,000 combat troops, out of a total of 3,300, out by the end of the year. Some would stay behind to help send military equipment back to France, and others would help train the Afghan army and police. He did not provide a breakdown for the roles of the 1,300 soldiers who will remain past 2012 or how long they would stay.
At least 83 French soldiers have been killed during their deployment, which began in 2001.
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Floyd Mayweather Jr. received an early release from prison on Friday, and his good pal 50 Cent was part of the entourage there to greet the free man.
Mayweather was released after 63 days — 24 days earlier than his 87-day sentence dictated — because of good behavior. The top-earning boxer's lawyer complained 12 days into his jail sentence that the conditions in prison were "inhumane."
Floyd's doctor "expressed deep concern for [Floyd's] health and explained that any lengthy period of time with an inappropriate diet, coupled with lack of regular exercise, will most likely lead to irreversible damage to Mr. Mayweather's physique."
So much for those claims. Floyd looked pretty ripped when he shared a picture on Twitter/Instagram on Friday shortly after his release:
All he needs now is a haircut.
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How Rene Burri Herds Photographers (Video)
Posted by Holly Hughes on Thursday July 7, 2011 | Fun, Photojournalism
Posted by Holly Hughes on Thursday July 7, 2011 | Fun, Photojournalism
Do photographers make the worst portrait subjects? That's a question for Rene Burri, who has been taking group portraits of the members of Magnum Photos at the cooperative's annual meeting for over 30 years.
At Magnum's recent meeting in Paris, Chien-Chi Chang shot a short video of Burri as he attempts to direct and cajole the members in three languages. The resulting portrait appears at the end of the video.
Posted by Greg Scoblete on Thursday July 7, 2016 | Fun, Video
Camera makers often boast of the build quality of their models, but under the hydraulic press, no amount of magnesium alloy, weather sealing or rubber o-rings can help you. Camera Ventures took some old bodies and lenses to PrintMotors, proprietors of the Hydraulic Press Channel on YouTube (which features a series of objects getting crushed... More ›
Posted by Greg Scoblete on Friday May 20, 2016 | Fun
Photographers, especially pros, are expected to conform to a set of, if not standards, then expectations. Keep the mode dial firmly on manual. Don't say you're a "natural light" photographer. And so on. But in our unguarded moments, we've all slipped. The folks at Digital Rev TV are clearing the air with a series of raw, heartfelt... More ›
Posted by Greg Scoblete on Thursday March 31, 2016 | Fun, Photo Manipulation
Earlier this month, we shared a brief video homage to photography icon Ansel Adams. If you watched it, you learned how Adams spent years of time and effort learning how to make the image he saw in his mind appear before him in the darkroom. That kind of work isn't for everyone. For one thing,... More ›


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Positive Behavior Management for Today's ClassroomThis book contains the best concepts and teacher-tested strategies by the author plus new content. A special emphasis on the needs of new and struggling teachers includes practical actions for earning student respect and teaching them behavior management skills. The author also introduces a real-time coaching model and explains how to establish a schoolwide Assertive Discipline® program.
$11.39In this State Standards-aligned Literature Kit™, we divide the novel by chapters or sections and feature reading comprehension and vocabulary questions. In every chapter, we include Before You Read and After You Read questions. The Before You Read activities prepare students for reading by setting a purpose for reading. They stimulate background knowledge and experience, and guide students to make
Manual de teatro para niñas, niños y jóvenes de la era de InternetEste manual está dirigido a pedagogos y padres que quieran ofrecer a sus alumnos e hijos una de las mejores herramientas que se conocen para ampliar el horizonte personal: el teatro. A partir de los cuatro años hasta los diecisiete, aquí se suceden, de forma sencilla y divertida, ejercicios teatrales con los que conseguirán dominar el lenguaje del cuerpo. Desde la construcción de una imagen
TOGAF® Versión 9.1 - Guía de BolsilloTOGAF®, un Estándar de The Open Group, es una metodología y marco de referencia de Arquitectura Empresarial probado y utilizado por las organizaciones líderes en el mundo para mejorar su eficiencia empresarial. Esta Guía de Bolsillo se basa en TOGAF Versión 9.1 Enterprise Edition. Provee una breve introducción a TOGAF. Además, contiene material autorizado de la documentación oficial de TOGAF y
Introducción a la visión contemporánea de la lecturaLeer pensando. Introducción a la visión contemporánea de la lectura ofrece los últimos avances sobre la comprensión de lectura, su aprendizaje y enseñanza, desde un punto de vista cognitivo. Se trata de un texto indispensable para llevar a las aulas una práctica de la lectura que desarrolle la comprensión y promueva el pensamiento crítico en los niños y jóvenes. Escrito en un lenguaje directo,
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Everything Your American History Textbook Got WrongSince its first publication in 1995, Lies My Teacher Told Me has gone on to win an American Book Award, the Oliver Cromwell Cox Award for Distinguished Anti-Racist Scholarship, and to sell over half a million copies in its various editions.What started out as a survey of the twelve leading American history textbooks has ended up being what the San Francisco Chronicle calls an extremely convincing
Understanding by Design Expanded 2nd EditionWhat is understanding and how does it differ from knowledge? How can we determine the big ideas worth understanding? Why is understanding an important teaching goal, and how do we know when students have attained it? How can we create a rigorous and engaging curriculum that focuses on understanding and leads to improved student performance in today's high-stakes, standards-based environment
$12.99A complete guide to writing and selling your novel So you want to write a novel? Great! That's a worthy goal, no matter what your reason. But don't settle for just writing a novel. Aim high. Write a novel that you intend to sell to a publisher. Writing Fiction for Dummies is a complete guide designed to coach you every step along the path from beginning writer to royalty-earning author. Here are
Awakening the Inner Reader in Every ChildDonalyn Miller says she has yet to meet a child she couldn't turn into a reader. No matter how far behind Miller's students might be when they reach her 6th grade classroom, they end up reading an average of 40 to 50 books a year. Miller's unconventional approach dispenses with drills and worksheets that make reading a chore. Instead, she helps students navigate the world of literature and gives


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Alfie Potter believes Oxford United's new system will help get him back to top form as the winger continues to recover from an injury-hit year.
The 25-year-old has started both competitive games under head coach Michael Appleton and is set to continue in the side for the Sky Bet League Two trip to Mansfield Town tomorrow.
United have set up in a 4-2-3-1 system so far, with Potter given plenty of freedom as one of the attackers behind the lone striker.
After struggling to make an impact in last weekend's 1-0 league defeat to Burton Albion, he was much more of a threat in midweek, when the U's beat Bristol City 2-1 in the Capital One Cup.
Potter is aiming to take another step forward at Field Mill and feels the new approach has been beneficial.
He said: "I struggled massively last year towards the end and this formation is definitely going to help me.
"Once I can find top form, hopefully I can flourish.
"On Saturday it got a bit frustrating – I couldn't get on the ball as much and I kind of drifted out of the game.
"But on Tuesday I enjoyed the position I was playing in and it was a good game to play in.
"It was definitely an improvement and if I can do that for every game it won't be long before I'm back to the form I know I can produce."
Potter scored a career-best 11 goals during the 2012-13 season and made a promising start to the following campaign.
But it was halted by a broken ankle last November, which kept him out for three months.
Despite returning for the final weeks of the season, the former Peterborough trainee admits it has been difficult to find his feet.
He said: "I had serious injuries before, but I'd never actually had any surgery.
"I think it kind of messed up my whole body because after that I was picking up strains here, there and everywhere.
"You can't just click your fingers and everything comes together at once.
"I feel like I'm getting there and my confidence is coming back gradually.
"I'm working hard in training and the way we're playing, if we're getting results and I'm staying in the team, I think my performances will get better."
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Rick Santorum said Sunday that the Romney campaign has not asked him for any information related to vetting him for a spot on the ticket as Romney's running mate. When asked if he would like to be considered Santorum responded "if he calls me, I'll answer the phone."
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- Prosecutors have dropped remaining charges against Baltimore police officers related to the death of Freddie Gray.
- Twelve states will support Obama's transgender policies in court after other states sued to block the rules.


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EWARO - Gorgeous Harborfront Home with Private Dock, Walk to Beach and Town, A/C, WiFi, Newly Furnished
From $6,500 / week
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Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 4/
Bathrooms: 2/
Sleeps: 8/
Type: House
Book this 4 bedroom, 2 bathroom house in Oak Bluffs today! A total of 8 people can sleep here comfortably.
Guests can enjoy a outdoor grill, air conditioning, and internet access among other amenities offered by this rental.
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Costs vary, with the average weekly rate as low as $6,500.00 to as high as $10,000.00, depending on travel dates.
The owner responds to 5% of inquiries, which is lower than average, and last updated the property's calendar 4 days ago.
About the manager
About the manager
Marthas Vineyard Vacation Rentals & Sales, Inc.
Marthas Vineyard Vacation Rentals & Sales, Inc.
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