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Recipe: Earl Grey Tea Cookies
Here's an easy recipe for a little cookie good with tea or milk, whipped up quickly in the bowl of your food processor. These cookies are rather literal and Amelia Bedelia-esque in that they really contain tea leaves, which are ground fine with the flour and give them a rich yet delicate flavor. With the buttery crunch of a sophisticated shortbread, these are dangerously addictive.
Fortunately, this is an icebox cookie. This means that the dough can be frozen for months and just a couple cookies sliced off and baked at a time - perfect for sweet-toothed singles and unexpected guests.
Try making them with other kinds of tea, too - orange spice, masala chai and green tea have all worked well, although Earl Grey seems to suit them best.
This batch size just fits into my 4-cup KitchenAid food processor.
Earl Grey Tea Cookies
1 cup all purpose flour
1/4 cup sugar
1/4 cup confectioners' sugar
1 tablespoon Earl Grey tea leaves*
1/4 teaspoon salt
1/2 teaspoon vanilla
1 teaspoon water
1/2 cup unsalted butter
Preheat oven to 375°F. Pulse together all the dry ingredients in a food processor until the tea leaves are pulverized.
Add vanilla, water, and butter. Pulse together until a dough is formed. Form the dough into a log onto a piece of wax or parchment paper. Wrap the paper around and roll the log smooth. Freeze now, or chill for at least 30 minutes.
When chilled, slice the log into 1/3 inch thick pieces. Place on baking sheets and bake until the edges are just brown, about 12 minutes. Let cool on sheets for 5 minutes, then transfer to wire racks.
*One would think that expensive loose leaf tea would be best in this recipe. But I've actually gotten the best flavor with tea from cheap bags that I've ripped open. I think the leaves are more fine and flaky.
(Image: Faith Durand)
(Originally published October 10, 2006)
Per serving, based on 24 servings. (% daily value)
38 Comments
these sound delicious! i've been looking for new cookie recipes and i'll make these this week.
When I think of cool weather and hot drinks, I think of hot cocoa, not tea. Tea is an all-occasions drink to me. A replacement for coffee in the afternoons, so that I won't wear a hole into my stomach lining from too much coffee. :D
That said...OMG I want to make these cookies. They sound scrumptious. Icebox cookies are near and dear to me because that's all my grandmother would make (and subsequently send us home with). I think I have some earl grey tea bags instead of loose at home (my most favorite tea). I'll report on my own results when I make them this week.
These sound so good! I made chocolate truffles once with a smoky Russian tea and have been meaning to cook more with tea ever since - I will definitely try these.
Update: I was inspired by this recipe to make a batch of shortbread with tea - delicious! Faith, I think you're right that tea from a bag works better than loose tea for baking; that's what I used and it was just the right consistency. Click on my name to go to my post about these cookies.
Whoops, sorry, that was the wrong link - that was the last one in my clipboard - here is the link to my cookie post: http://tinybanquet.blogspot.com/2006/10/shortbread-menagerie.html
I tried your recipe because the cookies look so yummy on the photo, sadly mine turned out completely flat and very greasy. I followed your recipe very closely and the dough looked ok, now I'm wondering, where I might have made a mistake. Any ideas?
I made these and they are delicious. We are going to make them as favors for my son's wedding. Hopefully we can freeze the cookies and they will still be great. Do you think they would keep frozen for 1 month?
Lorna, yes I think they would do fine. Just wrap in as many layers as possible!
To Caroline: did you chill them long enough? Not chilling enough would make them flat. Did you use butter?
Could these be made vegan with a butter-like spread, or do they require butter?
I have made these before and found them quite addictive! Thanks a lot for reminding me... now I have to summon the willpower to resist making a batch!
I call shenanigans! Look at that uniform scalloped edge! You used a cookie cutter, didn't you?
LOL!! Nice catch squidlette - I absolutely did. I forgot this recipe amendment: Can roll out and use cookie cutters too.
When not trying to take pretty photos I just slice em off. They get thinner that way. I am going to try my mandoline next time I make them; the thinner they are the better.
I made these once with an orange spice tea for lack of earl grey-delicious and easy!
I use this exact recipe only doubled, but I always use less salt. Caroline, try putting parchment paper on the cookie sheet, that might help get rid of the grease. And I always chill mine for an hour. No one has mentioned having issues cutting them yet, but I had problems the first time I made these, so now I use waxed (unflavored!) dental floss. Just slide it under the dough and cross it the ends on top and pull. That way you don't smoosh the top of the cookies.
these look lovely.
Could you please post this recipe with instructions which don't require a food processor? I lost mine in a break up and I think it is unfair that my ex could make these so easily.
These were really nice! I added a bit more tea for more oomph in my second batch, and there is a lot of room for tweaking however you like them. New freezer staple.
thank you so much for this recipe!!! i've tried it with 3 different teas, earl grey, first of course, chai, and a rose black tea from gypsytea.com (aka Turkish Delight cookies, powdered with conf.sugar), and with all organic ingredients...They were all delicious...!
and yes they came out a little too buttery the first time, so i decreased a tbsp of butter and a little less confectioner's sugar (i wanted to taste more of the cookie, less sweet), and they were perfect.
this recipe is very versatile...love it.
Okay, I tried this as a chai tea cookie without a food processor. And I had some real problems getting the mix to turn into a dough. I had to add 3 more tsps of water to get it to bind. I think I also made my cuts too thick - the edges where its thin are the tastiest.
I think next time I'm going to try creaming the sugar and butter together before adding the flour... Has anyone else tried making this without all the machines?
I just made this by hand. Soften the butter on the counter and mush wet ingredients and sugar (and tea sitting in the water for more flavour) with hands, then add the remaining dry.
Unfortunately my cookies came out greasy. I was wondering what I can do next time to prevent this from happening. Perhaps, instead of using butter I could use eggs? Would that prevent my cookies from becoming greasy? If so, what would be a good ratio?
Do you guys think i can do this in my Magic Bullet??
When I make them, i think i'm going to try my Earl Grey Lavendar.
Just put together a batch of these cookies and they're chilling in the freezer. I don't own a food processor so I just used Twining's Earl Grey tea bags and the leaf was very fine so i doubt the food processor could have pulverised it further? And I also substituted the sugar for castor sugar so there wasn't a grainy texture (again, lack of food processor) and cut back on the butter as recommended by a few people :) And will be baking on a greaseproof sheet to help soak up a bit of the butter. And worth try to use a buttered string to cut them so that the shape is somewhat biscuit-y and hopefully will have the will-power not to scoff them down before tea-time! Thank you very much for this recipe, this is my go-to site!
Simply delicious! This recipe is very easy and can keep on hand in the freezer for guests. I made one batch each of earl grey and chai tea. Now I want to experiment with other tea flavors. Mightly Leaf tea has chocolate truffle tea blends. I wonder how those will turn out.
You can always use a mortar and pestle to get the tea down to a better consistency for the cookies.
I have a cupboard full of various loose (and interesting flavors) from David's Tea. I'm thinking "Pure Chai"... "Cream of Earl Grey"... and either "Buttered Rum" or "Irish Cream" for these.... I'd totally do "Chocolate Chili Chai" too, if I had any on hand. (Yes, I realise I'm plugging for this company, but man... soooo tasty are their teas).
great stuff! some changes i made - cut back on butter as suggested by a couple of readers which worked very well. but i had to add a lot more than 1tsp of water to get the dough consistency (maybe due to less butter?). i also reduced temp to 350 and baked for just under 10min. definitely going to repeat this recipe!
This really belongs in the pet peeves department, but why are we asked to use unsalted butter & then add salt to recipes?
@Barefoot it lets you control exactly the amount of salt in a recipe, instead of adjusting on the fly to the insconsistent salt amounts of salted butter.
Also, sometimes salted butter isn't as fresh; the salt can preserve older, less fresh butter.
Ooooh, I cannot wait to try these!
I have to use up tea so this is a wonderful idea.
What temp. do you bake them at? I dont see it up there but I may have missed it thanks!
Oh so sorry, I just saw 375 up there!
I am soo excited my cookies are in the oven!
Theyyyyy're baaack! *rolls up sleeves* Time to bake! I'm thinking a batch of Matcha green tea and a batch of Pumpkin Chai! *WIN*
I made these with vanilla tea and vanilla sugar in place of plain sugar--delicious! I'm making a batch again tonight for a get-together tomorrow.
Instead of using Vanilla, could Vanilla Extract replace it?
reasonably careful and experienced baker, have made a million shortbread recipes, but this fell right apart on me. I added three teaspoons of water, but it never came together. Wound up pressing it into the bottom of a tart pan. Fingers crossed I can do something with it... all that butter wasted, otherwise!
I have the dough chilling in the fridge for these right now; I had no problem getting them to come together without a food processor--just stuck my hands in there and mixed it! And I used lemon juice instead of the water. The dough tastes delicious; hopefully the final version is just as good!


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Best shooters of 2012 so far
[Continued] Page 2
#2 – Tribes: Ascend:
Tribes: Ascend, a free-to-play shooter, looked to set a precedent in the shooter market with its fast-paced futuristic gameplay. The game's beta certainly left a good taste for players who had a chance to try it.
Then came the shooter's full launch, which was met with an extremely positive critical reception; it truly deserved it, too. Certainly not for the faint-hearted, Tribes: Ascend makes players learn how to achieve kills – many will be turned off by the initial difficulty spikes. Either way, the enjoyment of carrying out a headshot with a sniper rifle while on a jetpack is a feeling that is unprecedented.
#1 – Max Payne 3:
Max Payne 3 is one of the most overdue titles in gaming history. With over eight years of development, Max Payne 3's rights were transferred to Grand Theft Auto creator Rockstar Games. The studio couldn't have been a better fit for the game. Judging by the developer's past shooter-based titles, the quality for the next Max Payne installment aimed to top expectations.
And indeed it achieved exactly that. Featuring series' trademarks such as a refined bullet-time feature, the series' first for a multiplayer component, paired with an engrossing narrative and story, Rockstar showcased once again why they're one of the top developers in history.

subset: commoncrawl


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text: Rabbit Hole Bar and Dining is a hidden underground bar/restaurant near the Martin Place area. Situated in the space previously occupied by Bar Europa, they've been open for about a year and a half now and have already made a name for themselves serving up tasty meals (check out their wagyu beef burger!) and drinks. I've been a couple of times before but this time we're trying out a pilot of their 'Cocktail Concepts & Culinary Craze' – a monthly event that will showcase unique cooking techniques and molecular mixology.


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The Messages API lets you create and send messages directly from your apps. You can build different types of messages, such as email messages or text messages, and send them to a list of recipients that you specify. Each message can include basic information like a subject, body, and priority, as well as more detailed information (for example, MIME type, follow-up flag status, and attachments). You can also create conversations, which are chat-like interactions that you can choose to display in a special way in your apps (say, by using a chat interface that's similar to BBM).
The Message class represents a message. This class contains all of the information about a specific message. The Messages API also includes supporting classes that represent other information that's relevant to a message. For example, the MessageStatus class represents the status of a message, such as read, draft, filed, and sent. The Attachment class includes information about a specific attachment to the message, such as MIME type, file path to the attachment in the file system, and attachment data.
The Conversation class represents a conversation. Each conversation consists of a series of messages, and you can obtain these messages by calling MessageService::messagesInConversation(). You can also retrieve general information about the conversation, such as the number of messages and the participants.
Several classes in the Messages API use the builder design pattern, which makes it easy to create instances of these classes and specify values for their properties. For example, the Message class has a builder class called MessageBuilder. Many of the functions in MessageBuilder returns a self reference to the builder, allowing you to chain function calls together.
To use the Messages API in your app, you need to import the correct library by adding the following line to your project's .pro file:
LIBS += -lbbpim
Your app must also have the access_pimdomain_messages permission, which you specify in the bar-descriptor.xml file for your app. To learn more about the bar-descriptor.xml file, see The bar-descriptor.xml file.
Here's how to create two messages using the Messages API. Both messages are created by using the MessageBuilder class. The first message is sent to a list of three recipients (two are listed in the To field and one is listed in the Cc field), and the second message is saved as a draft. To save your messages to the database and send them, you need to create and use a MessageService object.
// Create the message service object MessageService service; // Create the recipients for the first message MessageContact firstRecipient = MessageContact(1, MessageContact::To, "Wes Barichak", "firstname.lastname@example.com"); MessageContact secondRecipient = MessageContact(2, MessageContact::To, "Karla Tetzel", "firstname.lastname@example.com"); MessageContact thirdRecipient = MessageContact(3, MessageContact::Cc, "Mike Chepesky", "email@example.com"); // Create the first message MessageBuilder *msg1Builder = MessageBuilder::create(1); Message firstMessage = msg1Builder->subject("Lunch") ->body(MessageBody::PlainText, QByteArray("Got lunch plans? Let me know and we'll go somewhere!")) ->addRecipient(firstRecipient) ->addRecipient(secondRecipient) ->addRecipient(thirdRecipient); // Send the first message using the message service object service.send(1, firstMessage); // Create the second message MessageBuilder *msg2Builder = MessageBuilder::create(1); Message secondMessage = msg2Builder->subject("Meeting minutes") ->body(MessageBody::PlainText, QByteArray("Here are the minutes from today's meeting.")); // Save the second message using the message service object service.save(1, secondMessage);
Searching for messages
You can use the MessageService to search for messages that fit various criteria. For example, you might want to search for messages that contain the text "Cascades" in the subject line. Or, you might want to retrieve a list of all unread messages in a particular account. You can use the MessageSearchFilter class to specify the search criteria that you're interested in. You can also set search parameters such as offset (the number of messages after the first message to start the search) and limit (the maximum number of search results to return).
There are two supporting classes that you can use to specify search criteria. The SearchFilterCriteria class contains an enumeration of the fields in a message that you can search (for example, SearchFilterCriteria::FromAddress, SearchFilterCriteria::Subject, and so on). The SearchStatusCriteria class contains an enumeration of the message statuses that you can search for (for example, SearchStatusCriteria::Unread, SearchStatusCriteria::Flagged, and so on).
Here's how to search for messages that include the text "stakeholder" in the subject or body of the message and are marked as unread (up to a maximum of 20 results). There are two different search functions in MessageService that you can use. The searchLocal() function searches for messages that are present on the device, and the searchRemote() function searches for messages on the messaging server. The results from these two functions might be different, so it's important to choose the one that makes the most sense in your apps.
// Create the message service object MessageService service; // Create the search criteria MessageSearchFilter filter; filter.addSearchCriteria(SearchFilterCriteria::Subject, "stakeholder"); filter.addSearchCriteria(SearchFilterCriteria::Body, "stakeholder"); filter.addStatusCriteria(SearchStatusCriteria::Unread); filter.setLimit(20); // Perform a local search using the filter criteria QList<Message> localMessageResults = service.searchLocal(1, filter); // Perform a remote search using the filter criteria QList<Message> remoteMessageResults = service.searchRemote(1, filter);
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Home > LLS > LAW_REVIEWS > LLR
Costs of Capital Punishment in California: Will Voters Choose Reform this November?.
Their original study, Executing the Will of the Voters: A Roadmap to Mend or End the California Legislature's Multi-Billion-Dollar Death Penalty Debacle, was published as part of a special issue:
Rethinking the Death Penalty in California.
Current Issue: Volume 47, Number 1 (2013) Fall 2013
Funding Favored Sons and Daughters: Nonprosecution Agreements and "Extraordinary Restitution" in Environmental Criminal Cases
Paul J. Larkin Jr.
Eagles, Indian Tribes, and the Free Exercise of Religion
Kathryn E. Kovacs
The Myriad Reasons to Hit "Reset" on Patent-Eligibility Jurisprudence
Alan J. Heinrich and Christopher T. Abernethy


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Mario Hollands made his major league debut last night at what seemed like a bit of a weird time, entering in the bottom of the ninth in a tie game to face Shin-Soo Choo, Elvis Andrus and Prince Fielder. Didn't work out so well for the Phils as Choo and Fielder both walked. Choo scored from second on a walkoff single from Adrian Beltre off of B.J. Rosenberg to give the Rangers a 3-2 win.
It wasn't the only odd choice by the Phillies in the game. Facing their first lefty of the year, they put lefties Domonic Brown and Cody Asche on the bench and Cesar Hernandez and Jayson Nix in their lineup.
Nix and Hernandez were fine in the game, better than fine, actually, going 3-for-7 with a double between them. What wasn't fine was the Phillies base-running, which saw them picked off of second, doubled off of first and caught stealing in a game where they scored two runs and lost by one.
The bullpen has walked six in 6 2/3 innings over the first two games. The Hollands walk to Choo to start the ninth last night helped put Choo in position to score from second when Beltre singled. Papelbon and Bastardo have been good pitching in relief in the early going — the other three relievers that have appeared, Diekman, Hollands and Rosenberg, have combined to allow four runs on six hits and five walks over three innings (12.00 ERA and a 3.67 ratio).
The Phillies are 1-1 on the season after falling 3-2 to the Texas Rangers last night. The teams have split the first two games of the three-game set.
A.J. Burnett got the start for the Phillies and went six innings, allowing a run on seven hits and two walks. Two of the hits went for extra-bases, both doubles. He struck out three.
He allowed a leadoff single to Shin-Soo Choo in the bottom of the first. Choo was on the move when Elvis Andrus grounded to third, which allowed Choo to move up to second. Prince Fielder flew to center for the second out before Choo took third on a wild pitch. Adrian Beltre drew a walk, putting men on the corners with two down, but Burnett got Rios on a fly ball to center to leave both men stranded.
Wild pitch for Burnett in the frame. He's been in the top ten in his league for six straight seasons and is the active MLB leader in wild pitches. Led the AL in wild pitches in 2011 with 25 and also in 2009 with 17.
Burnett walked Leonys Martin with two outs in the second. Robinson Chirinos grounded to third to end the inning.
He hit Choo with his first pitch in the third. Choo moved up to second when Andrus followed with a single to center, but Burnett got the next three to keep Texas off the board. Hernandez made a nice sliding play on a line drive hit by Rios of the third out.
Burnett has been in the top ten in his league in hit batters in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2012. He hit 19 batters in 2010, which lead the AL that year.
Donnie Murphy reached on a softly hit infield single to third with one out in the fourth. Burnett got Martin and Chirinos behind him to set Texas down.
Fielder doubled to right with two outs in the fifth. Burnett got Beltre on a ball hit hard to center for the third out.
The Phillies led 2-0 when Burnett started the sixth. Rios led off with a double to right and scored when Mitch Moreland followed with a single to right. 2-1. Murphy was next and lined a ball to right, but Byrd made a nice diving catch and doubled Moreland off of first. Martin followed with a single and stole second before Chirinos grounded to third for the third out.
Fantastic play by Byrd helps hold the Rangers to a run. Big difference between two outs and nobody on and nobody out and men on first and third.
Diekman started the seventh having thrown 23 pitches the day before. Choo led off with a single and Andrus bunted him to second with the first out. Fielder was next and grounded to short for the second out with Choo moving up to third. Beltre was next and lined an 0-1 pitch into the right-field corner, scoring Choo. 2-2. Diekman walked Rios intentionally and righty Michael Choice hit for the lefty Moreland. Choice struck out looking to end the inning.
Two appearances, two bad results for Diekman. Pitched a brilliant sixth in game one, but came back for the seventh and faced righties Beltre and Rios, both of who reached base and later scored. The righty Beltre delivered the big blow against him in last night's game.
Bastardo struck out Murphy and Chirinos in a 1-2-3 eighth. He was also pitching for the second straight day after 24 pitches on Monday.
25-year-old lefty Mario Hollands made his debut in the ninth. Choo led off and walked on four pitches. Andrus bunted him to second again with the first out. Fielder was next and the lefty drew a walk. Rosenberg came in to pitch to the righty Beltre lined a 1-1 pitch into right-center for a single, scoring Choo to give the Rangers a 3-2 win.
You probably would prefer to have a lefty there, but pitching to Choo, Elvis Andrus, and Prince Fielder isn't really where Hollands would ideally make his first appearance. Came in to pitch to lefties and allowed both of them, Choo and Fielder, to walk. Got one guy out, the righty Andrus, who was trying to make an out.
Second awful outing for Rosenberg in two days as he faces one hitter and gives up the game-winner. Still hasn't been charged with a run, but has allowed three hits and a walk so far while getting two outs.
The pen went 2 1/3 innings in the game, allowing two runs on three hits and three walks. They've walked six batters in 6 2/3 innings so far for the year. That's too many and will make you lose.
Diekman, Bastardo and Rosenberg have all pitched two days in a row. Diekman threw 16 pitches last night, Bastardo 14 and Rosenberg three. Hollands has pitched one day in a row and threw 14 pitches last night.
The Phillie lineup against lefty Martin Perez went (1) Ben Revere (2) Jimmy Rollins (3) Chase Utley (4) Marlon Byrd (5) Ryan Howard (6) Carlos Ruiz (7) John Mayberry (8) Jayson Nix (9) Cesar Hernandez. That's just terrible. Utley at DH with Hernandez at second. Nix at third with the lefty Asche on the bench and Nix at third. Mayberry in left with Brown on the bench against the lefty — glad to see Mayberry in the lineup, but that's not the answer. Howard again plays defense in a DH game and hit fifth with Byrd cleanup.
The Phillies went in order in the top of the first.
Byrd started the second with a single, but the Phillies went in order behind him.
Nix singled to start the third, but was caught stealing by a wide margin when Hernandez swung through a pitch on a hit-and-run. Hernandez singled, but Revere and Rollins both struck out behind him.
The caught stealing ahead of the Hernandez single costs the Phils in the frame.
The Phils went in order in the fourth. Ruiz led off the fifth and reached on an error by Beltre at third. Mayberry followed and lined to Murphy at second with Ruiz doubled off of first. Nix struck out looking for the third out.
Not good base-running by Ruiz. Second time in three innings the Phils give away an out on the bases. They can't afford to do that given that they had four base-runners on three singles and an error through five innings.
Hernandez led of the sixth with a double. Revere followed and bunted, safely reaching first as Hernandez moved up to third. Rollins followed with a single into center, scoring Hernandez (1-0), and moving Revere up to second. Utley flew to center for the first out before Revere was picked off of second for the second. Byrd followed with a single to center, putting men on first and second for Howard. Howard doubled to right, scoring Rollins (2-0) and moving Byrd up to third. Righty Jason Frasor came in to pitch to Ruiz and Ruiz grounded to short to end the frame.
Revere getting picked off of second in a close, reply aided play is the third out the Phillies gave away on the bases in four innings. Cost them at least one run in a game where they scored two. Byrd also fails to score from first on the two-out double by Howard.
The lead was cut to 2-1 when Frasor set the Phillies down in order in the seventh.
It was 2-2 when the Phillies faced lefty Neal Cotts in the eighth. Utley singled to right with two outs and took second on a wild pitch. The lefty Cotts walked the righty Byrd intentionally, but Howard struck out swinging to leave both runners stranded.
Big at-bat for Howard against a lefty late in a tie game. Didn't end well. Byrd walked intentionally in front of Howard.
Righty Joakim Soria set the Phillies down in order in the top of the ninth. Brown hit for Mayberry and popped to short for the second out.
Revere 0-for-3 and struck out twice. Got picked off of second ahead of what would have been an RBI-single by Byrd. 3-for-9 with three singles so far.
Rollins 1-for-4 with an RBI and two strikeouts. 2-for-10 with five RBI.
Utley 1-for-4 with a strikeout. 4-for-10 with a double so far.
Byrd 2-for-3 with a walk. Made a fantastic diving catch to start a double-play in the sixth that allowed the Phils to hold Texas to a single run in the frame. Should have had an RBI with the single after Revere was picked off. 4-for-9 with a walk and a home run on the year. Looks really irritated and a little shocked on the field when things don't go well for the Phillies. I assume he'll get used to it.
Howard 1-for-4 with a double and an RBI. Struck out twice. Five strikeouts in nine at-bats, but a big hit last night and a 333/400/444 line so far.
Ruiz 0-for-4 and left three men on base. Got doubled-off of first in one of several base-running blunders for the Phils. 1-for-7 with two walks so far.
Mayberry 0-for-3 and struck out twice. 1-for-5 with a double and a walk. Excellent job by the Phillies of not playing him in center field.
Nix 1-for-4 and struck out twice. Got caught stealing on the missed hit-and-run by Hernandez. He's a career .219 hitter with a 245/321/408 line against lefties.
Hernandez 2-for-3 with a double. Made a nice play on a Rios line drive to end the third. Excellent job by the Phillies of not playing him in center field.
Kendrick faces lefty Robbie Ross tonight. We'll see who plays — let's hope it doesn't involve Nix and Hernandez.


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Average hours of work of men and women, 2006
July 02, 2007
On the days that they worked in 2006, employed men worked about an hour more than employed women, on average.
The difference partly reflects women's greater likelihood of working part time. However, even among full-time workers (those usually working 35 hours or more per week) men worked slightly longer than women—8.4 versus 7.7 hours.
Among part-time workers, men averaged 5.1 hours on days they worked and women averaged 5.4 hours.
The data in this report are from the American Time Use Survey program. To learn more, see "American Time Use Survey–2006 Results" (PDF) (HTML), news release USDL 07-0930.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, Average hours of work of men and women, 2006 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2007/jul/wk1/art01.htm (visited September 21, 2014).
Spotlight on Statistics: Productivity
This edition of Spotlight on Statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the U.S. economy. Read more »


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PISCATAWAY, N.J. (March 7, 2013) – Following its third sweep of the season, the Rutgers women's tennis team will participate in two road matches this weekend. The Scarlet Knights will first take on West Virginia in Morgantown, W. Va., on Saturday, March 9 at 1 p.m. The squad will then head to Pittsburgh to take on the Panthers at 10 a.m. Sunday, March 10.
RU boasts a 6-2 record (3-0 BIG EAST) this season under 10th-year head coach Benjamin Bucca. The Scarlet Knights have won four-straight contests, most recently downing Connecticut (March 5), 7-0. Freshman Gina Li (Hillsborough, N.J.) holds a team-best 7-1 record in her No. 2 singles spot, followed by junior Vanessa Petrini's (Stamford, Conn.) 6-2 record in No. 1 singles. Freshman Lindsey Kayati (Monroeville, N.J.) has lost just once in seven matches in 2013.
The Mountaineers are 2-7 this season, coming off a 5-2 win over BIG EAST opponent Marquette on March 3. Rutgers also beat the Golden Eagles by a 5-2 score on March 1. WVU's other victory came against Marshall, 4-3, on Jan. 26. Third-year head coach Tina Samara is at the helm. Last season, the Scarlet Knights beat WVU at home, 6-1, on April 15.
The Panthers sit at 4-5 and hold a 1-1 record in the BIG EAST. Pittsburgh most recently lost to California (Pa.), 4-3, on March 3. The squad's conference win came on Feb. 23, defeating Villanova (6-1). The Panthers are led by first-year interim head coach Michaela Kissell-Eddins. Rutgers picked up a 6-1 victory over Pitt on April 14, 2012.
Follow Rutgers Athletics on Facebook (www.facebook.com/RutgersAthletics) and Twitter (@RUAthletics) for all of the latest news and updates. For specific updates regarding women's tennis, follow the program on Twitter @RUwtennis.


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Dissertation Requirements
Doctoral dissertations are original contributions to scholarship. As a condition for receipt of the doctorate, all students are required to execute a publication agreement with ProQuest UMI Dissertation Publishing.
The public sharing of original dissertation research is a principle to which the University is deeply committed, and dissertations should be made available to the scholarly community at the University of Chicago and elsewhere in a timely manner. In exceptional circumstances such as potential endangerment of research subjects or the dissertation author, for example, students may choose an embargo period in ProQuest, in consultation with their advisor and after receiving permission from the Deputy Provost for Graduate Education. If a dissertation includes copyrighted material beyond fair use, the author must obtain permission from the holder of the copyright.
All dissertations must follow the formatting and submission requirements stated in University-wide Requirements for the Ph.D. Dissertation, available from the Dissertation Office on the first floor of the Joseph Regenstein Library http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/phd/.


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Are National Trust Museums Undergoing "Disneyfication"?November 15, 2010 | Travel News | Read More
Have you ever been to a museum and wanted to explore an area past the velvet rope that read "do not enter"? Well now you may just be able to do it at National Trust locations in the U.K. According to the Daily Mail, the National Trust is getting a makeover to make their museums more accessible. If...


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The Global Volcanism Program has no activity reports for Cerro Negro de Mayasquer.
The Global Volcanism Program has no Weekly Reports available for Cerro Negro de Mayasquer.
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
08/1990 (BGVN 15:08) H2S-rich hot springs at Pleistocene volcano
08/1990 (BGVN 15:08) H2S-rich hot springs at Pleistocene volcano
"In April 1988 and again on 3 April 1990 we visited two hydrothermal springs [on Chiles] and collected samples. The first, La Calera, is a developed hot spring with baths just W of the town of Chiles and 8 km E of the crater of Chiles volcano, at 3,180 m elev. The maximum temperature was 40°C and pH was 6.2. No significant sulfur deposition was observed at the natural source of hot water, ~ 100 m uphill from the commercial baths. The second site, La Hedionda, was unsuccessfully developed as a tourist bath area, reputedly failing because of deadly levels of H2S. It is 3.5 km E of the crater, at 3,470 m elevation. The uppermost hot spring, with a temperature of 54°C and pH of 5.1, was sampled. These acid sulfate springs were actively depositing native sulfur and had an almost overwhelming odor of H2S. Fumarole samples were collected at both springs. No observations were made, on either visit, of the summit area, which was always covered by clouds. The observations at Chiles are consistent with a stable system, dominated by hydrothermal processes."
Information Contacts: S. Williams, Louisiana State Univ; J. Stix and E. Fontaine, Univ de Montréal.
Cerro Negro de Mayasquer, astride the Colombia-Ecuador border, is a stratovolcano with a caldera open to the west. Andesitic and dacitic lava flows are of possible Holocene age (Hall 1992, pers. comm.). Solfataras are found on the shore of a small crater lake. An historical eruption reported in 1936 may have been from Reventador (Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World). The higher, glacier-covered summit of the Pleistocene Chiles stratovolcano lies only 3 km SE. Chiles last erupted about 160,000 years ago, but has hot springs and an active hydrothermal system at its eastern flank.
Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|1936 Jul 17
|Volcano Uncertain: possibly Reventador
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Oreja, Cerro de la
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|4723 m
|The summit of Cerro Negro de Mayasquer volcano is truncated by a caldera that is breached to the west. This view from the NW shows snow-capped Volcán Chiles at the upper left. Eruptive activity at these twin volcanoes has migrated to the west, with the most recent eruptions occurring from Cerro Negro de Mayasquer. A small crater lake is found at the bottom of the 900 x 1500-m-wide caldera. An eruption that was reported from the volcano in 1936 may actually have been from Reventador volcano to the SE.
Photo by Minard Hall, 1985 (Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito)
|Cerro Negro de Mayasquer (Ieft) and snow-capped Volcán Chiles (right), seen here from the south, are twin volcanoes that straddle the Colombia-Ecuador border. Chiles volcano is of Pleistocene age, but has hot springs and an active hydrothermal system on its eastern flank. Cerro Negro de Mayasquer is a stratovolcano with a caldera open to the west. Andesitic and dacitic lava flows are of possible Holocene age. Solfataras are found on the shore of a small crater lake.
Photo by Minard Hall, 1985 (Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito)
|Cerro Negro de Mayasquer is the youngest of a pair of twin volcanoes along the Ecuador-Colombia border. It is seen here from the Ecuadorian side on the south. The long ridge to the left of its summit is the rim of a horseshoe-shaped caldera that is breached to the NW.
Photo by Minard Hall, 1985 (Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito)
The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.
Beate B, 1992. . (pers. comm.).
Beate B, Salgado R, 2005. Geothermal country update for Ecuador, 2000-2005. Proc World Geotherm Cong 2005, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005, 5 p.
Cuellar-Rodriguez J V, Ramirez-Lopez C, 1987. Descripcion de los volcanes Colombianos. Rev CIAF, Bogota, p 189-222.
Hall M L, 1992. . (pers. comm.).
Hantke G, Parodi I, 1966. Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 19: 1-73.
IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior..
INECEL, 1987. Estudio de prefactibilidad del "Projecto Geotermico Binacional Tufino-Chiles-Cerro Negro". Inf Geovulcanologico Realirado Aquater/BRGM/OLADE, unpublished rpt.


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April 27, 2013
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
April 27, 2013
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
The Thompson Symposium is intended to provide a forum for master's degree students to share their completed and in-progress research with graduate students, faculty, and the general public. The keynote speaker will be Dr. Marie McCarthy, professor of music education at the University of Michigan. Celebrating its tenth year, this Symposium will also highlight aspects from previous years. The Symposium is named for Dr. Keith Thompson, music education professor, who retired from Penn State in 2003.
The symposium features a keynote speaker with follow-up small- and large-group discussion; a poster session for research in-progress as well as research by faculty, doctoral students, undergraduate students, and current teachers; and small-group question and answer sessions for in-depth discussion on completed master's projects. Previous Symposia sinformation can be found on our Thompson Symposium Facebook Page. A $20 fee is required of participants to cover continental breakfast and lunch costs.
Thompson Symposium Information
- Keynote Speaker
- Call for Papers and Posters (Extended Deadline: March 11, 2013)
- Program
- Registration
- Directions and Parking Information
- Hotel Accomodations
Linda Thornton, Symposium Coordinator
The Pennsylvania State University
School of Music
University Park, PA 16802-1901


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Home goods and furniture retailer Ikea is recalling two models of bed for children because of the potential to hurt someone, the company announced.
If you have either the KRITTER or SNIGLAR junior bed you should stop using it immediately and check the label either on the headboard or on the underside to see if its part of the recall.
The company has gotten reports of the metal rod breaking at the attachment point to the bed side rail, exposing a sharp edge that could lacerate someone. There is one report of the rod breaking in the U.S. and one in Canada, but no reports of injuries at this time, according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Only Kritter junior beds with date stamp from 1114 to 1322 and Sniglar junior beds with date stamp from 1114 to 1318 are affected.
If your bed is part of the recall, you should call Ikea at (888) 966-4532 to order a free repair kit, which contains a replacement metal rod, tools, and instruction sheet.
"IKEA apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause," the company said.
KDFW FOX 4400 N. Griffin StreetDallas, Texas 75202
Main Station Directory:(214) 720-4444News Fax:(214) 720-3263 or (214) 720-3333


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More than 50 people filled the West Middle School library Tuesday to begin the conversation of possibly adding an arts center to the long-discussed City Center project for the 800 block of Washington and Main streets in Shelbyville.
Johnny Quaid said he never set out to be anything but honest with his music and his work.
On his grandparent's farm near Shelbyville, where corn and soybeans grew, so did Johnny and his cousin Jim's band, My Morning Jacket. Comprised of members from Pleasureville, Buckner, and Shelbyville, the band's music reached international acclaim with its first albums recorded mostly on the family farm.
There you are: 55 or 65 or whatever and about to retire. You've worked your whole life. day in, day out. You're standing on the threshold of a new life. One that you author. One that you've awaited.
Your day has arrived. Now what?
Simpsonville native Mike Shouse found stepping into retirement was not as easy as he had hoped. "I wasn't very good at it," he said. "In fact, I failed the first time. I just wasn't ready for the emotional changes."
The mood in downtown Louisville tonight will be one of celebration and of achievement and also for many, a time to remember a native son of Shelbyville.
The Louisville Clock, created by late artist Barney Bright of Shelbyville, has been out of commission for several years but has been restored and will be dedicated at its new location in Theater Square near 4th Street.
The plan to develop the 800 block of Main and Washington streets into an arts and conference center got another boost this week.
Attorney Don Prather and his wife, Greta, donated a house at 810 Washington St. to the city to use for the project, following up on the donation last October by Citizens Union Bank of property at 818 and 820 Washington.
"This is kind of a dream project that we [with Leon Mooneyhan] have, and this kind of generous donation lets others know we're still moving forward," Shelbyville Mayor Tom Hardesty said.
When Shelby County native Drew Howell released his first book, Expendable Assets, he said more books would follow.
He hasn't let readers down on that promise, recently releasing Irish Pennant and promising even more books will be published.
Is there anything better than listening to good music with a slight breeze ruffling your hair and a plate of food in your lap to get you in the mood for summer?
Sound like a plan?
It could be if you attend the kickoff this weekend of the 2012 Street Party Concert Series in downtown Shelbyville. And to add to the image, organizers say food prices will be very reasonable, and the concerts are absolutely free.
The work product of photographer Greg Biagi's year of roaming the events and capturing the people of Shelby County is about to become public.
Shelby County, Kentucky 2011 – A Living History, a new book from veteran Shelby County publisher William E. Matthews, is headed to the press and should be available shortly after Memorial Day.
Matthews said in a press release announcing the book's completion, that this 9 x12, full-color, coffee-table book contains approximately 750 photographs by Biagi.
One of James Ray Morgan's earliest musical memories is of his mother singing country tunes to him in their Mercury Comet.
"And I was one of those kids that sang with the stars on records in my room made to be a grand stage," Morgan said.
Now, he's fulfilling a dream and bringing that stage – a singing stage – to Shelby County, for dozens of youth.
Tracy Coffee Gayle says she has always loved to write and listen to stories.
"When I was little, I wanted to be John Boy Walton because he got to write," she said. "I've always loved to write and listen to my parents' stories and my grandparents' stories."
About 10 years ago Gayle, a fifth-grade teacher at Wright Elementary School, started working on a short story about a young girl named Vera, and, along with Gayle's own family, Vera has grown.
Copyright © 2014
The Sentinel-News is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Shelby County and Shelbyville, KY, and the surrounding area.


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Whiskey Cocktail Bars
Bartenders from leading bars and restaurants have created custom whiskey cocktails for Whiskey In The Winter. These drinks are available at cocktail bars setup in the main hallway.
*While supplies last
"Autumns Ambition"
"JJ's Manhattan Fashion"
"Bourbon Country Living"
"Grandpa's Cough Medicine"
"Whiskey in the Winter"
"The Incredible Journey"
"Newton's Law"
"Some New Cure"
"Distinguished Gentleman"
"The Coleridge Cocktail"
"Iced Toddy"
"The true pioneer of civilization is not the newspaper, not religion, not the railroad – but whiskey!"
- Mark Twain, humorist


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Kahn Design has been pretty busy lately releasing at least one tuning package every week, even though most people's eyes are caught up with the new toys at the Frankfurt Motor Show. This week is no different as Kahn has released a new tuning kit based on the Land Rover Range Rover . It's called the Swiss edition and, as its name suggests, has been destined for Switzerland for use by patrol police.
This special police car will be painted mostly in black with a white
standard hood and Kahn RS 22-inch wheels. A special custom interior will combine style and personality with a stylish police theme. It also seems as though this car will be offered in a different number of colors and designs to suit individual specifications.
We love the fact that Kahn Design has created a killer customized design for the boys in blue, and bad guys certainly won't stand a chance with the Range Rover's 5.0 liter supercharged engine and specially crafted stainless steel exhaust.


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Opals stand in a class by themselves. More than any other gem, each opal is distinctly an individual. No other stone has as rich and varied folklore. They are both one of the luckiest and unluckiest gems a person can own. They are so unique, they have their own descriptive vocabulary. Opals are also the most delicate gems commonly worn. They require special care to insure their health and longevity.
Opal Information
|Common Opal, Fire Opal, Precious Opal
|Amorphous. Recent work shows that opal is composed of an aggregate of tiny spherical particles, that is, a solidified gel; often forms concretions; botryoidal; reniform; stalactitic.
|Refractive Index
|1.44 - 1.47
|Colorless, white, yellow, orange, and red (various shades), yellowish brown, greenish, blue, gray, black, violet.
|Vitreous, waxy, pearly.
|Hardness (?)
|Specific Gravity (?)
|1.99 - 2.25
|1.99-2.25; orange—red variety ~2.00; black and white opal, 2.10; green opal, 2.12.
|None. Fracture conchoidal. Brittle.
|Very low.
|Heat Sensitivity
|Green fluorescence in opal often due to included U minerals. Much opal fluoresces strong white in SW, LW, sometimes with persistent phosphorescence. (See table below.)
|Wearability (?)
|Impregnated with oil, wax, or plastic. Occasional. Smoked, to create black opal. Occassional. Treated with dye or chemicals to make light opal black. Occasional.
|Special Care Instructions
|Very heat senstive, clean with warm or room temperature soap and water. Avoid wearing gem where it will get rough treatment.
|SiO2 · nH2O. Water= 1-21% in opal, usually 6-10% in precious opal.
Opal October's Birthstone
Optics: Isotropic; N: 1.44-1.47.
Mexican opal as low as 1.37, usually 1.42-1.43.
Fluorescence in Opal
|White Cliffs, Australia
medium blue; phosphorescent
|Park, Wyoming
dull white; phosphorescent
strong white; phosphorescent
|Queretaro, Mexico
dull white; phosphorescent
bright blue; phosphorescent
|Virgin Valley, Nevada
bright green
medium green, blue-white;phosphorescent
|Quartzite, Arizona
pale yellow
bright pale yellow
Opal may also fluoresce brownish. Black opal is generally inert. Fire opal luminesces greenish brown. Common opal often fluoresces green.
Opals stand in a class by themselves. More than any other gem, each opal is distinctly an individual. No other stone has as rich and varied folklore. They are both one of the luckiest and unluckiest gems a person can own. They are so unique, they have their own descriptive vocabulary. Opals are also the most delicate gems commonly worn. They require special care to insure their health and longevity.
The name evolved from the Greek "Opallus" which means to see a change in color. Later, the Latin word "opalus" came to mean precious stone.
There is some doubt that ancient authors were referring to the same stone we call opal today. Some scholars believe that many references are actually to iridescent gems, like iris agate.
Opal's fire was long thought to be the result of iridescence. However, with the advent of scanning electron microscopes, we now know that it is a result of diffraction.
Opal is an amorphous form of silica, (SiO2.nH2O) chemically similar to quartz, (SiO2) but containing 3% to 21% water within the mineral structure. Gem grade opals are usually 6% to 10% water content.
Opal is a sedimentary stone. Under proper conditions, water percolates through the earth, becoming rich in dissolved silicates. When it enters a cavity, the silicates are deposited as tiny spheres. If they are uniform in size and shape, they will diffract light. If they are random in shape and arrangement, we have common opal.
Volcanic ash gives black opal its color, but inclusions have nothing to do with the play of color. That is due entirely to the tiny spheres. They must be smaller than 1500 angstroms for blue and violet colors, but no larger than 3500 angstroms to produce oranges and reds. To put that in perspective, 20,000 spheres are about the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
Opal grows by filling in cavities, regardless of their shape. Hence, we have many pseudomorphs, materials with shapes that are unrelated to the chemical content. The most common are opalized wood and seashells.
Opal Care
Opals are delicate, but well worth the care. Their most significant weakness has to do with the water content. If an opal is allowed to dry, it will crack and craze. In most cases, they do not need any special care while stored. However, if you live in a very dry climate, or keep them in a dehumidified room, some precautions are necessary. Keeping them in a tight plastic bag, with a damp piece of cotton or fabric will prevent dehydration.
Storing an opal in oil or glycerin is not recommended. It is unlikely to damage the opal, but it is unnecessary and requires tedious cleaning.
Because of their water content, opals are also highly sensitive to sudden changes in temperature. I know of a woman in Pennsylvania who wore a brooch on the outside of her coat. As she passed from the warmth of her house to the winter cold, there was an audible "crack" as her opal self-destructed.
Opals do not mind being hot or cold, it is the rate of change that damages them. You need to avoid situation like the one above, going from a warm house to the winter's cold. Simply wearing an opal under clothing will protect them. Also, do not store opals near a heat source, an open window, etc., where they can be exposed to sudden temperature changes.
(Click Images below to see some more examples)
Being somewhat soft, they scratch easily. Realize that a large component of dust is quartz at 7 in hardness. At 5.5 to 6 in hardness, simply wiping the dust off an opal will gradually reduce its polish. The solution is to clean your opals using a soft cloth or brush, a mild detergent, and room temperature water. Then rinse the jewels to remove any residue. Clean doublets and triplets with the same method, but do not soak them. Soaking can dissolve the glue holding the layers together.
Prevention is the best solution to scratching and chipping. Opals are best suited for earrings, brooches, and pendants. These jewels receive little contact with harder objects, compared to what a finger ring experiences. If you do get an opal ring, choose a setting that protects it from coming in contact with other objects.
Understand that, if you wear an opal ring on a regular basis, it will require occasional repolishing. Reserving your ring for special occasions will greatly reduce the risk of damage.
Make sure you remove your ring before physical activities like gardening and sports. Also, do not immerse the gem in liquid chemical solutions, like dishwater. Opals are porous and absorb liquids.
Opal Terms
Siliceous sinter; geyserite: massive, glassy opal that forms around hot springs and geysers; no gem significance.
Diatomaceous earth; tripoli: fine-grained, powdery masses of opal or the siliceous remains of microscopic marine animals called diatoms. Often used as polishing agents, fillers.
Pseudomorphs: opal may, in percolating through the ground, replace (on a microscopic or even cellular basis) wood, bone, and shells.
Hyalite: transparent, colorless, or white to gray opal, glassy, occasionally faceted but generally no gem significance.
Common opal: opaque or glassy opal, in a wide range of colors, sometimes with a waxy luster; often fluorescent; seldom cut into gems.
Water opal: transparent, colorless opal that may have fire in it.
Note: The term fire refers to the magnificent play of color displayed by opal, which is due to light diffraction from neatly stacked layers of the microscopic spheres of which opal is composed. Common opal is a jumble of spheres of random sizes, but in precious opal the spheres are the same size, and they are layered in neat rows. The particular color seen depends on the size of the spheres and the angle of viewing.
Fire opal: transparent to translucent red or orange opal, which may or may not have fire in it! The term fire opal refers to a body color, not to play of color.
Precious opal: opal of any color with fire or play of colors displayed.
White opal: white body-color opal, usually with play of color.
Gray opal: light to dark body color, with play of color superimposed.
Black opal: black body color with fire, often spectacular against dark background. Body color also very dark bluish, greenish, or brownish.
Semiblack opal: another way of describing gray opal.
Milk opal: milk white, translucent, also yellowish or greenish in color.
Crystal opal: water opal or milk opal , generally rich in fire; transparent to translucent in transmitted light; colors seen by reflected light.
Contra-luz opal: very rare type, usually from Mexico, with color play in both transmitted and reflected light.
Hydrophane: light colored, opaque, becomes iridescent and transparent when soaked in water.
Jasper opal: reddish-brown opal, opaque, resembles jasper.
Cachalong: porcelaniferous, often bluish-white, very porous—adheres to the tongue.
Prase opal: translucent or opaque green opal; a common opal resembling prase.
Moss opal: white to brownish opaque opal that contains dendritic inclusions.
Menilite: opaque gray to brown opal with a concretionary structure.
Tabasheer: opaline silica occurring in the joints of bamboo.
Girasol: opal that is almost transparent and has a billowy light effect within it, resembling moonstone.
Chrysocolla in opal: blue material, with finely disseminated chrysocolla that gives the color.
Liver opal: term sometimes used for brown common opal.
Resin opal: yellowish brown common opal with a waxy luster.
Play of color: the phenomena of flashing or moving colors due to diffraction and not related to the body color.
Noble opal, or Precious opal: Opal with play of color.
Crazing: cracks that develop as an opal dehydrates.
Variety Names:
Primary Terms
Doublets and Triplets make use of opal that is too thin to use as a solid gemstone. A doublet is a thin layer of precious opal glued to a black base. A triplet adds a transparent, quartz cap.
Purists prefer the base material to be common opal. However many black materials are used, including old phonograph records.
Onyx opal and agate opal: alternating layers of precious and common opal. In catseye opal the color play is concentrated in the form of an eye or band. Matrix opal consists of specks of precious opal in a rock matrix, usually sandstone; this type of opal is often dyed black to enhance the color play. ironstone opal is in a brown, hard, compact type of sandstone. Matrix opal may also be layers or stringers of opal in a rock matrix.
Flame opal: sweeping reddish streaks and bands move across the gem, resembling flickering flames.
Flash opal: as the gem is moved back and forth,
flashes of color appear and disappear at various spots.
Harlequin opal: the color display is in the form of angular or quiltlike patches, all in contact with each other, like a mosaic.
Pinfire opal: the color is in the form of tiny dots or speckles, set close together.
Peacock opal: many colors appear in the same gem, resembling the display of the tail of the male peacock.
Also gold opal (gold fire), blue opal (bluish fire),
lechosos opal (green colors).
Occurrence: In sedimentary rocks or where low temperature solutions bearing silica can percolate through rocks.
Honduras: deposits known since before 1843, perhaps much older than that. Occurs as veins in dark reddish to black trachyte rock. White opal contrasts strongly with the dark-colored matrix. Pieces not large, seldom very spectacular.
Czechoslovakia: source of opal known in Roman times, near the village of Czerwenitza (formerly in Hungary). Opal occurs as seams in grayish brown andesite rock. The opal is a mosaic of strong colors and is very attractive, against a milky-white background color. Much of this is harlequin opal.
Indonesia: very little known material, as thin seams in dark rock. Much of it is water opal and resembles material from Mexico. The white opal resembles poor-grade Australian. Some black opal is produced that is very unusual and consists of reddish flecks of color swimming
in a translucent but very dark brown body. Most gems are very small (less than 10 carats) from this locality, and production is very small.
Mexico: Mexican opal occurs in siliceous volcanic lavas, in cavities, and in many localities. Yellow and red fire opal comes from a trachyte porphyry at Zimapan in Hidalgo. Hyalite and precious opal that is completely transparent, colorless, and rich in fire occurs at San Luis, Potosi, Chihuahua. Queretaro is a well-known opal-producing locality. Fine Mexican opal is very rare in large sizes (over 50 carats) but is among the most beautiful.
Virgin Valley, Nevada: opal occurs in Humboldt County as cracks and seams in opalized Wood. This was discovered about 1900. The opal is magnificent, but is very hydrous and has a strong tendency to crack due to loss of water when exposed to the air. This behavior is known as crazing, or, when on the surface, checking. Whole skeletons of extinct animals have been replaced by fine precious opal at this locality. Similar opal is found in Idaho.
Brazil: opal occurs in sandstone in Piaui Slate, northern Brazil, and also near Manaus, northern Brazil. The material is white and fiery and sometimes resembles good-quality Australian white opal. It is perhaps the most durable opal, low in water and not heat sensitive I have seen a cut gem held for a half a minute over a candle flame with no adverse effects. The material seems to be abundant and much of it is shipped to Hong Kong where it is cut and sold, often as Australian opal.
Poland: green prase opal, colored by nickel.
Tanzania: nickeliferous opal resembling chrysoprase occurs in Tanzania, associated with brown limonite. The R.I. (1.452) is lower than that of chrysoprase (1.535), as is the gravity (2.125 versus 2.620). Stone sizes tend to be small.
Australia: the first discoveries were probably about 1850. but major finds were made in Queensland about 1872. Australian opal is in various types:
Boulder opal: shells of coarse, hardened, sandy clay with layers of opal in between.
Yowah nuts: walnut-sized concretions, in a regular layer, like a conglomerate. The opal is the central kernel and never reaches the outer edge.
Seam opal: thin to thick seams of white or black opal in sandstone matrix. Also known as sandstone opal. Large stones are very rare in this material.
Major finds of Australian opal are best known from specific localities:
Lightning Ridge: black opal in nodules, world's finest of this material; first mined commercially about 1905.
Coober Pedy, South Australia: discovered about 1915; only white opals found here, in sandstone and claystone matrix, but some very fine.
Andamooka, South Australia: opals found here about 1930; very distinctive opal, white and also brownish in color; may be artificially blackened-to enhance the appearance of the fire in the matrix.
White Cliffs area: started about 1889, but the opal is usually small, with veinlets of precious opal within common opal.
Gabanintha (Murchison Goldfield): bright green opal, colored by copper, is found in quartz.
Mintabie: mined since 1931, about 350 km northwest of Coober Pedy. This area has now been extensively prospected.
Australia is the best known opal-producing area in the world, but the deposits have been worked so intensely that they are becoming depleted. Many fewer miners are now working the opal fields than 10 years ago, and new discoveries are rare. This factor, plus worldwide demand, is putting tremendous pressure on opal prices.
Source/Attribution: Dr. Joel Arem


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Visit Our Orlando Restaurant
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Mama Della's Ristorante at Loews Portofino Bay Hotel at Universal Orlando
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Rep. Jack Murtha is calling for humane treatment of our military. He has had the audacity to propose a plan that says we should never again send our troops into harms way under-equipped, under-trained and under-rested.
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|Product Type: Sofa
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This flexibility, as well as industry best turn around times has allowed them to establish positive relationships with its customers while providing quality products at competitive prices.
Global Furniture USA is well known for their great products and they are constantly updating their product line. You and your family are sure to find the perfect piece for your home with Global Furniture USA.


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Strengthening Pet Shop Laws
While the current laws show obvious progress, much more needs to be done nationwide to protect animals in the retail environment. For example, in 7 states (Arizona, Arkansas, Deleware (dogs only), Florida, Missouri, Nevada, North Carolina) the protections apply only to dogs and cats — leaving parrots and other birds, rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, guinea pigs, "exotic" animals, and cold-blooded animals out in the cold.
Eighteen states establish standards in an attempt to provide safe and adequate caging or housing to animals in retail stores. But the flip side is that 32 states do not. As a result, animals in retail stores can be crowded into cages, which may not be safely constructed. When consumers enter the stores, they may perceive that the housing used in the pet store to display that species of animal is appropriate permanent housing for the animal. And so the lack of legislation in these 32 states can have a dangerous effect on the animals by implication — consumers may walk away with the impression that unacceptable temporary housing is in fact an acceptable standard of care for that animal for the remainder of its life.
Furthermore, there is a fallacy that animals always move rapidly in and out of pet stores and so the housing that is provided in the retail environment can be makeshift because the animals are housed there only temporarily. However, some animals — particularly larger and more expensive animals such as parrots — can languish in pet stores for months or even years. Inappropriate, crowded or unsafe housing can result in physiological and psychological stress for the animals. As a result, Born Free USA is calling on those 32 states to require adequate, uncrowded, safe and appropriate housing for animals sold in retail stores.
A program of routine veterinary care for disease prevention and prompt, consistent veterinary care to ill or injured animals should be mandated in all states. This premise is true — and currently is lacking — particularly for smaller animals with lesser retail "value."
The laws should be enforced through licensing, inspection and record-keeping requirements. And certified humane agents as well as animal control agents should be required to enforce the laws and inspect premises in addition to the state agricultural agency. Enforcement efforts will be most effective when multiple agencies are well-versed with the pet shop laws and able to respond when they receive complaints from consumers. Distributing the enforcement load across several entities will translate into better cooperation among those entities when taxing situations arise, and a more reasonable day-to-day coverage of the enforcement duties.
YOU can play a vital role in improving the care of animals housed and sold in retail stores. Check our chart to see if your state already has a law already in place. If your state has a law, click on your state in our map to see how your state measures up. Are there obvious gaps in its coverage? It may be time for you to take action and make a difference. Contact us to find out how to strengthen the law in your state. After conducting extensive research and developing expertise in this area, we have drafted model pet shop legislation. We are happy to work with legislators, legislative staff and advocates on this important issue.
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Since 2006, our philosophy has remained simple: deliver outstanding results for our clients — supported by exceptional customer service. Based in Grand Rapids and providing results throughout Michigan and nationwide, Web Traffic Partners generates new customers for businesses in the legal, medical, construction and professional service industries. Using proven SEO marketing strategies supported by amazing web design and powerful branding, we will create a customized, online strategy for your company that will work around-the-clock to generate new business opportunities. Your potential customers are searching online now... Can these customers find your business online? Learn more about us here
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A collection of news and information related to Justin Smith published by this site and its partners.
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What they're saying about the Ravens, the 49ers and the Super Bowl (1/31)
Breaking down Sunday night's Super Bowl XLVII with San Francisco 49ers reporter Jerry McDonald
Ravens, 49ers share practice digs at Saints' facility
Here are 47 numbers that define Super Bowl XLVII
Hard-working Ravens offensive line coach Andy Moeller grateful for organization's support
Here's why one man thinks the 49ers will win
Calm and quiet in Mercedes-Benz Superdome hours before kickoff
Who wins AFC, NFC championship games?Story | Jan 17, 2013 | 4:20 PMRavens and 49ers Sam Farmer Los Angeles Times In the NFC, I like the 49ers beating the Falcons. Atlanta couldn't stop Russell Wilson in the second half against the Seahawks, and Colin Kaepernick won't be any easier. Even with Justin Smith playing...
Ravens list 15 players on injury report, no practice held WednesdayStory | Jan 23, 2013 | 5:52 PMThe San Francisco 49ers practiced for the first time this week on Wednesday and listed a few players on the injury report. Linebacker Ahmad Brooks (shoulder) and tight end Garrett Celek (foot) didn't practice. Limited for the 49ers: cornerback Tarell...
Ravens linebacker Dannell Ellerbe did not practice Thursday
Ravens list 19 players as questionable on early injury report


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Drivers on the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series will be making both left and right turns this weekend. The series is in Northern California at the Sonoma Raceway for the first road track race of the season. With just 11 events remaining before the start of the Chase for the Championship, Jimmie Johnson holds a 31-point lead on Carl Edwards in the standings. Qualifying is this afternoon at Sonoma and then we'll have live coverage of Toyota/Save Mart 350 on AM 1590 and FM 95.5 beginning at two p.m. Sunday
Scott Obrien 8:00 PM - 12:00 AM
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Women's Scent - Lok® Single - Layer ClimaFleece BaseSlayer Top
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Women's Scent - Lok® ClimaFleece BaseSlayer Top. An ideal way to beat the noses of big game animals for extended periods!
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Friday, July 5, 2013 - 9:35pm
Los Angeles, CA (CNN) — It's one of those anniversaries most people just want to forget.
Two years ago today Casey Anthony was found not guilty of first-degree murder in the death of her 2-year-old daughter.
It took the jury less than 11-hours to reach a verdict. The 25-year-old, Anthony was charged with 7-counts, including first degree murder, aggravated child abuse and aggravated manslaughter of a child.
She was convicted on four counts of lying to police. Anthony was sentenced to 4-years in prison with credit for time served. She walked free shortly after the trial.


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Savory Steaks With Blue Cheese Butter
5 garlic cloves, divided
3/4 teaspoon seasoned salt, divided
1/4 teaspoon pepper
1/4 cup soy sauce
1 3/4 lb grilling steaks (such as strip, ribeye, or top sirloin)
1/4 teaspoon onion powder
4 tablespoons unsalted butter, divided
Cooking spray
2 oz crumbled blue cheese (3 tablespoons)
1/4 teaspoon dried thyme
CALORIES (per 1/4 recipe) 490kcal; FAT 30g; CHOL 175mg; SODIUM 670mg; CARB 2g; FIBER 0g; PROTEIN 49g; VIT A 10%; VIT C 2%; CALC 10%; IRON 20%
Marvelous Mushrooms
2 tablespoons unsalted butter
1/4 cup pre-diced red onions
4 fresh garlic cloves
8 oz whole baby portabellas
1/4 cup Marsala wine (or beef broth)
1/2 teaspoon seasoned salt
CALORIES (per 1/4 recipe) 90kcal; FAT 6g; CHOL 15mg; SODIUM 190mg; CARB 6g; FIBER 1g; PROTEIN 1g; VIT A 4%; VIT C 4%; CALC 2%; IRON 4%
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Terry Bruggeman shares the tale of leading his life sciences company through the decision to obtain capital. After exploring the funding options, including VC and IPO, Bruggeman and his team decide to undertake a reverse merger.
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For small- and mid-size companies, offering stock directly to the public without an underwriter can be a successful way to raise public money. This article provides an introduction to what is involved in a direct public offering, and describes the pros and cons of this approach.
Bradmer Pharmaceuticals, an American biotech company, chose to use the Toronto Venture Exchange's Capital Pool Company Program to raise cash in the public markets. The author shares his experience making the decision to list in the CPC program and his lessons learned.
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While confusing to investors, mixing financial investments with philanthropic giving is a concept that is gaining ground. Good Capital is one organization collecting a portfolio of social enterprises and provides funding for their "social good" along with cash returns to their investors.
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