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Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study--part 2: antioxidant intervention and conclusions.
Richer S
Eye Clinic 112e, DVA Medical Center, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
J Am Optom Assoc (UNITED STATES) Jan 1996, 67 (1) p30-49
BACKGROUND: The experimental design, subjects, procedures and baseline data for the prospective double blind dry ARMD-antioxidant intstudy have bee n described in Part 1. METHODS: At eight DVA medical centers, 32 patients (group one) were assigned a placebo and 39 patients (group two) a "broad spectrum" antioxidant capsule. Data was collected in five areas: demographic; ophthalmic; dietary analysis of daily food intake; serum analysis; and adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Data was serially acquired at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months, and was analyzed by univariate repeated factors ANOVA, p = 0.05. RESULTS: Group two (antioxidant po BID) maintained their distance LogMAR visual acuity (p = 0.03), while there was a trend toward both stabilized near M print (p = 0.07) and 6 cycle/degree contrast sensitivity (p approximately 0.10), in left eyes. However, group two (antioxidant) also had increased cortical opacification of the right lens (p = 0.04), compared to group one (placebo). Self perceived stabilization of vision was reported by subjects in group two and supported the objective data (Pearson chi square; p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A specific 14 component antioxidant capsule taken twice daily stabilized but did not improve dry ARMD over the study period of 1.5 years. The ARMD stabilized eyes had less advanced disease functionally but not by fundus appearance. Decreased intake of cardioprotective nutrients (vitamin E, zinc, magnesium, B6 and folate) in ARMD patients remained constant over the course of the trial.
Multicenter ophthalmic and nutritional age-related macular degeneration study--part 1: design, subjects and procedures.
J Am Optom Assoc (UNITED STATES) Jan 1996, 67 (1) p12-29
BACKGROUND: A prospective 18 month, double-blind case-controlled study was designed to determine whether a specific over-the-counter multivitamin/mineral/antioxidant nutrient capsule taken twice daily prevents the progression of, or improves the outcome of non-exudative ARMD. Two randomly assigned experimental ARMD groups are compared to each other, to age matched ARMD-free case controls and to 1994 NHANES III nutritional data. METHODS: Th assigned to group one (placebo) and 39 dry ARMD patients were assigned to group two (Ocuguard, a broad spectrum antioxidant capsule). A third age and sex matched ARMD-free case control group of 13 patients who met the same entrance criteria were also selected. All participants underwent thorough visual and nutritional evaluation prior to initiation of the study. Both ophthalmic tests and dietetic assessments were also performed at 6, 12 and 18 months following a 2-week initiation period. RESULTS: In comparison to NHANES-III age stratified population data and the Recommended Daily Allowance (but not case controls), the ARMD population manifested decreased intake of nutrients vital to cardiovascular health: vitamin E, magnesium, zinc, vitamin B6 and folic acid. The two randomly assigned experimental groups were well matched, with little difference in baseline demographic, ocular, hematologic and pre-intervention symptoms. There were differences in nutritional intake between the two groups, due primarily to significantly higher percent ideal body weight in group two.
Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis?
McAlindon TE; Jacques P; Zhang Y; Hannan MT; Aliabadi P; Weissman B; Rush D; Levy D; Felson DT
Arthritis Center, Boston University Medical Center, Massachusetts, 02118, USA.
Arthritis Rheum (UNITED STATES) Apr 1996, 39 (4) p648-56
OBJECTIVE: Cumulative damage to tissues, mediated by reactive oxygen species, has been implicated as a pathway that leads to many of the degenerative changes associated with aging. We hypothesized that increased intake of antioxidant micronutrients might be associated with decreased rates of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knees, a common age-related disorder. METHODS: Participants in the Framingham Osteoarthritis Cohort Study underwent knee evaluations by radiography at examinations 18 (1983-1985) and 22 (1992-1993). Usual dietary intake was assessed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, administered at examination 20 (1988-1989). Knees without OA at baseline (Kellgren and Lawrence [K&L] grade < or = 1) were classified as having incident OA if they had a K&L grade > or = 2 at followup. Knees with OA at baseline were classified as having progressive OA if their score increased by > or = 1 at followup. Knees were also classified as having cartilage loss or osteophyte growth if their maximal joint space narrowing or osteophyte growth score increased by > or = 1 (range 0-3). The association of vitamin C, beta carotene, and vitamin E intake, ranked in sex-specific tertiles, with incidence and progression of OA was compared with that of a panel of nonantioxidant vitamins, Bl, B6, niacin, and folate, using logistic regression and generalized estimation equations to adjust for correlation between fellow knees. The lowest tertile for each dietary exposure was used as the referent category. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, weight change, knee injury, physical activity, energy intake, and health status. RESULTS: Six hundred forty participants received complete assessments. Incident and progressive OA occurred in 81 and 68 knees, respectively. We found no significant association of incident OA with any nutrient. A 3-fold reduction in risk of OA progression was found for both the middle tertile (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.1-0.8) and highest tertile (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.6) of vitamin C intake. This related predominantly to a reduced risk of cartilage loss (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). Those with high vitamin C intake also had a reduced risk of developing knee pain (adjusted OR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8). A reduction in risk of OA progression was seen for beta carotene (adjusted OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) and vitamin E intake (adjusted OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.3-1.6), but was less consistent. No significant associations were observed for the nonantioxidant nutrients. CONCLUSION: High intake of antioxidant micronutrients, especially vitamin C, may reduce the risk of cartilage loss and disease progression in people with OA. We found no effecpreliminary findings warrant confirmation.
The role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherogenesis.
Berliner JA; Heinecke JW
Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles 90024, USA.
Free Radic Biol Med (UNITED STATES) 1996, 20 (5) p707-27
This article reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and the potential role of oxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Studies in hypercholesterolemic animal models indicate that oxidation of LDL is likely to play an important role in atherogenesis. Epidemiological investigations further suggest that the dietary intake of antioxidants is inversely associated with the risk of vascular disease, suggesting that oxidized LDL may be important in human atherosclerosis. By activating inflammatory events, oxidized lipoproteins may contribute to all stages of the atherosclerotic process. Lipoprotein oxidation is promoted by several different systems in vitro, including free and protein-bound metal ions, thiols, reactive oxygen intermediates, lipoxygenase, peroxynitrite, and myeloperoxidase. Intracellular proteins that bind iron or regulate iron metabolism might also play an important role. The physiologically relevant pathways have yet to be identified, however. We assess recent findings on the effects of antioxidants in vivo and suggest potential strategies for inhibiting oxidation in the vessel wall. (265 Refs.)
[Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]
Clement A
Service de Physiologie, Hopital Trousseau, Paris.
Rev Mal Respir (FRANCE) Jul 1996, 13 (3) p243-9
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a respiratory disorder first described in prematurely born infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation, is the most common cause of chronic lung disease in infants. It is defined as the need for increased inspired oxygen at 28 days of age, and is observed with the highest frequency following premature delivery of very low birth weight infants. Indeed, an incidence of 48% has been recently reported in a population with a mean gestational age of 27 weeks. The etiology of BPD is multifactorial including lung immaturity, respiratory distress, oxygen therapy, and mechanical ventilation. Based on the current understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, several therapeutical strategies are used. One of them is focused on the prevention of BPD by correcting surfactant deficiency in premature infants with RDS using exogenous surfactant, and also by improving the techniques of mechanical ventilation used for the management of RDS. Another approach which is being deveon the factors involved in the processes of repair of the injured immature lung. These factors include the use of inhibitors of the inflammatory cascade, antioxidants, and inhibitors of fibrosis. (42 Refs.)
Oxidative stress as a mechanism of cardiac failure in chronic volume overload in canine model.
Prasad K; Gupta JB; Kalra J; Lee P; Mantha SV; Bharadwaj B
Department of Physiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
J Mol Cell Cardiol (ENGLAND) Feb 1996, 28 (2) p375-85
We investigated the effects of chronic volume overload in the absence or presence of vitamin E supplements on the cardiac function and contractility, cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA)--a lipid peroxidation product--cardiac antioxidant enzyme activity and antioxidant reserve in canine model. The dogs were divided into three groups of seven dogs each: group I, control; group II, mitral regurgitation (MR) of 4 months duration; and group III, MR of 4 months duration receiving vitamin E (40 U/kg/daily) orally. MR was created by detaching two or more chordae tendinae to raise left atrial pressure to 2.5 to three times normal. MR produced a decrease in the index of myocardial contractility with little change in myocardial function. Decrease in myocardial (left and right ventricles) contractility was associated with an increase in cardiac MDA, and a decrease in cardiac antioxidant reserve and antioxidant enzyme activity. Prevention of volume overload-induced decrease in myocardial contractility by vitamin E was associated with a decrease in cardiac MDA and an increase in cardiac antioxidant reserve and glutathione peroxidase activity towards control levels. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity remained depressed in vitamin E-treated group. The results indicate that chronic volume overload decreases the contractility of both right and left ventricles and is associated with oxidative stress in both ventricles. These results support the hypothesis that oxygen free radicals are involved in the chronic volume overload-induced cardiac depression.
[The significance of oxidized low density lipoprotein in atherosclerosis]
Hansen PR
Medicinsk afdeling B, Rigshospitalet, Kobenhavn.
Ugeskr Laeger (DENMARK) May 6 1996, 158 (19) p2706-10
The "oxidation hypothesis" states that oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) plays a central role in atherogenesis. LDL oxidation is a chaotic process initiated by reactive oxygen species. Enhanced uptake of ox-LDL in macrophages leads to foam cell formation in vitro, and ox-LDL has a variety of other experimental proatherogenic effects, e.g., endothelial cell activation, immunogenicity, platelet aggregation, and inhibition of endothelium-dependent vaso-relaxation. There are methodological limitations in the current laboratory methods aimed at characterization of the oxidative state of LDL. However, considerable evidence indicates that ox-LDL is found in plasma, arteries, and atheromatous plaques of humans, although the significance of this phenomenon is unknown. Antioxidants may inhibit atherosclerosis in experimental animals, and epidemiological data suggest an inverse relation between the intake of antioxidant vitamins and the risk of coronary artery disease. Randomised prospective trials are in progress, and until their conclusion, the clinical effect of antioxidant therapy in man remains unknown. (40 Refs.)
In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-kappa B activation and neutrophilic lung inflammation.
Blackwell TS; Blackwell TR; Holden EP; Christman BW; Christman JW
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 27232, USA.
J Immunol (UNITED STATES) Aug 15 1996, 157 (4) p1630-7
We hypothesized that endotoxin injection in rats would stimulate in vivo nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in lung tissue and that antioxidant treatment before endotoxin injection would attenuate endotoxin-induced NF-kappa B activation, chemokine gene expression, and neutrophilic lung inflammation. We studied NF-kappa B activation in rat lung tissue following a single i.p. injection of endotoxin (6 mg/kg). After in vivo endotoxin treatment, lung NF-kappa B activation peaked at 2 h and temporall the expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA in lung tissue. Treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 1 h before endotoxin resulted in decreased lung NF-kappa B activation in a dose-dependent manner (from 200-1000 mg/kg) and diminished cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expression in lung tissue. Treatment with NAC significantly suppressed endotoxin-induced neutrophilic alveolitis. The average total lung lavage neutrophil count was 5.5 x 10(6) with endotoxin treatment vs 0.9 x 10(6) with NAC treatment before endotoxin. The NF-kappa B pathway represents an attractive therapeutic target for strategies to control neutrophilic inflammation and lung injury.
Antioxidants and age-related eye disease. Current and future perspectives.
Christen WG; Glynn RJ; Hennekens CH
Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
Ann Epidemiol (UNITED STATES) Jan 1996, 6 (1) p60-6
Oxidative mechanisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of age-related eye disease, in particular cataract and macular degeneration, the two most important causes of visual impairment in older adults. For this reason, there is considerable interest in determining whether vitamins and trace minerals with antioxidant properties can be of benefit in preventing the onset or progression of disabling eye disease. Basic research studies have shown that antioxidants can protect against the cumulative effects of oxidative stress in animal models of cataract and macular degeneration. Data from observational epidemiological studies in humans, however, are inconclusive. While results from several studies, primarily cross-sectional and case-control, are compatible with a possible protective role for micronutrients in disease development, data for specific nutrients or specific disease types have often been inconsistent. Further, these observational studies are limited because of the inherent imprecision of dietary exposure data and the likely effects of uncontrolled confounding. Thus, reliable data regarding a potentially important benefit of vitamin supplementation in eye disease will emerge mainly from well-designed, large-scale, randomized trials. (79 Refs.)
[Free radicals in the central nervous system]
Rokyta R; Racek J; Holecek V
Ustav fyziologie a klinicke fyziologie 3. lekarske fakulty UK, Praha.
Cesk Fysiol (CZECH REPUBLIC) Mar 1996, 45 (1) p4-12
Central nervous system has a low antioxidative capacity, which is formed mainly by ascorbic acid. Therefore the cerebral tissue is threatened by the increased formation of free radicals and their metabolites (ROS--reactive oxygen species). ROS are formed such as in reperfusion phase after ischemia and in catecholamine metabolism, in oxidative stress due to hyperglycaemia. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are peroxidased by ROS; proteins and DNK are damaged as well. Free radicals are involved in etiology and pathogenesis of many CNS diseases, such as neuritis, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, aging and atherosclerosis of the brain, epilepsy, etc. During the antioxidant therapy it is necessary to consider the types of ROS, their origin and their mode of action, whether to administer hydrophilic or lipophilic antioxidants, eventually chelate agents, etc. Hydrophylic antioxidants are acting very soon after the administration, whereas the lipophilic ones reach their target tissues with a great delay. Therefore it is better to apply them preferentially like a prevention, if possible. Enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, GSPHx and catalase and others) are usually acting only for a short time. The methods of estimation of free radicals attacks are discussed as well their possible pathophysiological effects. (34 Refs.)
Protection by multiple antioxidants against lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate.
Chen H; Tappel A
Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Lipids (UNITED STATES) Jan 1996, 31 (1) p47-50
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that multiple antioxygenic nutrients provide increased protection against lipid peroxidative damage to rat liver. Rats were fed diets (i) deficient in vitamin E and selenium (Diet 1), (ii) supplemented with vitamin E and selenium (Diet 2), (iii) supplemented with (ii) and in addition trolox C, N-acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q0, and (+)-catechin (Diet 3), or (iv) supplemented with (iii) and in addition beta-carotene, ascorbic acid palmitate, canthaxanthin, and coenzyme Q10 (Diet 4). Liver homogenates were obtained from three rats fed each of the diets for six weeks and were incubated at 37 degrees C up to two hours with and without exogenous tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or Cu2+. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid substances. Diets 2 and 3 significantly protected against in vivo hepatic lipid peroxidation, and this protection was augmented by Diet 4. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were protective against mild oxidation induced by TBHP or Cu2+. During incubations with exogenous TBHP and Cu2+, there were only small differences between diets supplemented with antioxidants in inhibition of lipid peroxidation, indicating that diets supplemented with vitamin E and selenium (Diet 2) may have provided the maximal protection for liver. The possible mechanisms of protection provided by multiple antioxidants in diets were discussed. Protection by multiple antioxidants against lipid peroxidation may translate to prevention of peroxidative damage to human tissue, a factor in human disease.
Inhibition of Ca2+-pump ATPase and the Na+/K+-pump ATPase by iron-generated free radicals. Protection by 6,7-dimethyl-2,4-DI-1-pyrrolidinyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidine sulfate (U-89843D), a potent, novel, antioxidant/free radical scavenger.
Rohn TT; Hinds TR; Vincenzi FF
Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
Biochem Pharmacol (ENGLAND) Feb 23 1996, 51 (4) p471-6
Preincubation of red blood cell (RBC) membranes with a model system known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals (200 microM ferrous sulfate and 200 microM EDTA, Fe2+/EDTA) resulted inhibition of the Na+/K+ -pump ATPases was also associated with membrane protein crosslinking and lipid peroxidation, the latter as monitored by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Inhibition of the ion transport ATPases, protein cross-linking and formation of TBARS were prevented by U-89843D in a concentration-dependent manner, with half-maximal protection seen at 0.3 microM. U-89843D was more potent than the classical antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. Neither U-89843D nor the solvent DMSO had any effect on the assay of TBARS. U-89843D exerted only minimal inhibitory activity on ATPase activities. Thus, U-89843D was potent in vitro in preventing a variety of membrane-damaging reactions mediated by ROS. It is suggested that protection of membranes from ROS-mediated damage is of potential usefulness in the prevention and treatment of certain disease processes.
Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women
Kushi LH; Folsom AR; Prineas RJ; Mink PJ; Wu Y; Bostick RM
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis 55454-1015, USA.
N Engl J Med (UNITED STATES) May 2 1996, 334 (18) p1156-62
BACKGROUND: The role of dietary antioxidant vitamins in preventing coronary heart disease has aroused considerable interest because of the knowledge that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein may promote atherosclerosis. METHODS. We studied 34,486 postmenopausal women with no cardiovascular disease who in early 1986 completed a questionnaire that assessed, among other factors, their intake of vitamins A, E, and C from food sources and supplements. During approximately seven years of follow-up (ending December 31, 1992), 242 of the women died of coronary heart disease. RESULTS. In analyses adjusted for age and dietary energy intake, vitamin E consumption appeared to be inversely associated with the risk of death from coronary heart disease. This association was particularly striking in the subgroup of 21,809 women who did not consume vitamin supplements (relative risks from lowest to highest quintile of vitamin E intake, 1.0, 0.68, 0.71, 0.42, and 0.42; P for trend 0.008). After adjustment for possible confounding variables, this inverse association remained (relative risks from lowest to highest quintile, 1.0, 0.70, 0.76, 0.32, and 0.38; P for trend, 0.004). There was little evidence that the intake of vitamin E from supplements was associated with a decreased risk of death from coronary heart disease, but the effects of high-dose supplementation and the duration of supplement use could not be definitely addressed. Intake of vitamins A and C did not appear to be associated with the risk of death form coronary heart disease. CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that in postmenopausal women the intake of vitamin E from food is inversely associated with the risk of death from coronary heart disease and that such women can lower their risk without using vitamin supplements. By contrast, the intake of vitamins A and C was not associated with lower risks of dying from coronary disease.
Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in Parkinson's disease
Progress in Neurobiology (United Kingdom), 1996, 48/1 (1-19)
Parkinson's disease, known also as striatal dopamine deficiency syndrome, is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by akinesia, muscular rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural abnormalities. In early stages of parkinsonism, there appears to be a compensatory increase in the number of dopamine receptors to accommodate the initial loss of dopamine neurons. As the disease progresses, the number of dopamine receptors decreases, apparently due to the concomitant degeneration of dopamine target sites on striatal neurons. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease results in enhanced metabolism of dopamine, augmenting the formation of H2O2, thus leading to generation of highly neurotoxic hydroxyl radicals (OH.). The generation of free radicals can also be produced by 6-hydroxydopamine or MPTP which destroys striatal dopaminergic neurons causing parkinsonism in experimental animals as well as human beings. Studies of the substantia nigra after death in Parkinson's disease have suggested the presence of oxidative stress and depletion of reduced glutathione; a high level of total iron with reduced level of ferritin; and deficiency of mitochondrial complex I. New approaches designed to attenuate the effects of oxidative stress and to provide neuroprotection of striatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease include blocking dopamine transporter by mazindol, blocking NMDA receptors by dizocilpine maleate, enhancing the survival of neurons by giving brain-derived neurotrophic factors, providing antioxidants such as vitamin E, or inhibiting monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) by selegiline. Among all of these experimental therapeutic refinements, the use of selegiline has been most successful in that it has been shown that selegiline may have a neurotrophic factor-like action rescuing striatal neurons and prolonging the survival of patients with Parkinson's disease.
In vivo generation of hydroxyl radicals and MPTP-induced dopaminergic toxicity in the basal ganglia.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 17. 738P 25-36
The in vivo generation of .OH free radicals in specific brain regions can be measured by intracerebral microdialysis perfusion of salicylate, avoiding many of the pitfalls inherent in systemic administration of salicylate. Direct infusion of salicylate into the brain can minimize the hepatic hydroxylation of salicylate and its contribution to brain levels of 2,5-DHBA. Levels of 2,5-DHBA detected in the brain dialysate may reflect the .OH adduct plus some enzymatic hydroxylation of salicylate in the brain. After minimizing the contribution of enzyme and/or blood-borne 2,5-DHBA, the present data demonstrate the validity of the use of 2,3-DHBA and apparently 2,5-DHBA as indices of .OH formation in the brain. Therefore, intracranial microdialysis of salicylic acid and measurement of 2,3-DHBA appears to be a useful .OH trapping procedure for monitoring the time course of .OH generation in the extracellular fluid of the brain. These results indicate that nonenzymatic and/or enzymatic oxidation of the dopamine released by MPTP analogues in the extracellular fluid may play a key role in the generation of .OH free radicals in the iron-rich basal ganglia. Moreover, a site-specific generation of cytotoxic .OH free radicals and quinone/semiquinone radicals in the striatum may cause the observed lipid peroxidation, calcium overload, and retrograde degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons. This free-radical-induced nigral injury can be suppressed by antioxidants (i.e., U-78517F, DMSO, and deprenyl) and possibly hypothermia as well. In the future, this in vivo detection of .OH generation may be useful in answering some of the fundamental questions concerning the relevance of oxidants and antioxidants in neurodegenerative disorders during aging. It could also pave the way for the research and development of novel neuroprotective antioxidants and strategies for the early or preventive treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (Wu et al., this issue), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, head trauma, and possibly Alzheimer's cognitive dysfunction as well. In conclusion, this in vivo free-radical trapping procedure provides evidence to support a current working hypothesis that a site-specific formation of cytotoxic .OH free radicals in the basal ganglia may be one of the neurotoxic mechanisms underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and Parkinsonism caused by the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Addendum added in proof: The controversy concerning possible neurotoxic and/or neuroprotective roles of NO. in cell cultures was discussed and debated at the symposium (Wink et al., this issue; Dawson et al., this issue; Lipton et al., this issue).
Antioxidant mechanism and protection of nigral neurons against MPP+ toxicity by deprenyl (selegiline)
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 17. 738P 214-21
The current research has demonstrated that MPP+ can induce lipid peroxidation in the nigrostriatal system of rat in vivo. Antioxidant agent U-78517F and .OH scavenger DMSO may protect against MPP+ toxicity through the inhibition of .OH radical-mediated oxidative injury in the substantia nigra. These findings indicate that the cytotoxic hydroxyl radical generated from dopamine oxidation in the iron-rich basal ganglia may contribute to the mechanism underlying the selective A9 melanized nigral degeneration in MPTP-Parkinsonism and possibly in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. In addition, the present studies also clearly demonstrate that deprenyl can substantially protect dopaminergic neurons against MPP+ toxicity in the substantia nigra zona compacta in vivo. The neuroprotective effect provided by deprenyl may not be the consequence of its inhibition of MAO-B activity or prevention of the uptake of MPP+ by dopaminergic neurons. A unique antioxidant property of deprenyl by suppressing .OH formation and associated oxidative injury induced by MPP+ may contribute to the apparent neuroprotective action. In perspective, this putative antioxidant effect of deprenyl may provide another mechanism to its overt neuroprotective effects against oxygen radical-mediated oxidative injury in some neurotoxic chemicals, such as 6-OHDA and DSP-4, and probably in Alzheimer's disease and senescent changes. Finally, based on the present data, a possible neuroprotective therapeutic window of deprenyl in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease has been proposed. It is suggested that deprenyl should be introduced as early as possible in de novo Parkinsonian patients to achieve its full neuroprotective effect on nigral degeneration. Moreover, a combination of early detection of individuals at risk of developing Parkinson's disease and early intervention of deprenyl and/or other centrally active antioxidants to these patients may provide a new preventive therapeutic strategy in the future, in addition to the current conventional levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease: a chronic, low-grade antioxidant deficiency?
Med Hypotheses. 1994 Aug. 43(2). P 111-4
The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) is aggressively being pursued. Several hypotheses have been advanced, yet none of these completely explains the large body of evidence research has already uncovered. A new hypothesis, that PD is caused by a chronic antioxidant deficiency state, is outlined in this article. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormalities, epidemiology, genetics, toxins, history of PD and diet are discussed.
Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology.
Br Med Bull. 1993 Jul. 49(3). P 577-87
Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), namely superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, are produced as a consequence of the physiological metabolic reactions and functioning of the central nervous system. ROM have also been implicated in the aetiopathogenic processes of a number of pathological conditions of the brain. While primarily indirect, evidence for this view is accumulating, and credence for the participation of free radical oxidative interactions in promoting tissue injury in such conditions as brain trauma, ischaemia, and toxicity, and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, multiple sclerosis, and lipofuscinosis, is growing. Concomitant with this new understanding of the injurious role of free radical oxidants in neural pathology, is the increasing appreciation for the need for both fundamental and clinical research into the development of the potential preventative and therapeutic benefits that are now being foreseen for a variety of antioxidant nutritional and pharmacological interventions.
Free radicals and their scavengers in Parkinson's disease.
Eur Neurol. 1993. 33 Suppl 1P 60-8
In recent years, it has been shown that active oxygen species or free radicals are closely involved in various diseases. Accumulating information supports the hypothesis that oxidative stress involving lipid peroxidation may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. The objectives of this review are, first, to discuss some of the roles of active oxygen species in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease; second, to examine the possible effects of antioxidants as the protective therapy for Parkinson's disease, and, third, to summarize results from in vitro experiments that the dopamine agonist bromocriptine, used for treatment of Parkinson's disease, has a strong antioxidative effect.
Role of dietary lipid and antioxidants in bone metabolism
Nutrition Research (USA), 1997, 17/7 (1209-1228)
Recent investigations and clinical studies suggest that dietary lipids and antioxidant nutrients influence bone formation and cartilage biology. In animals, bone modeling appears to be optimal when (n-3) fatty acids are supplied in thediet to moderate the metabolic and physiologic effects of (n- 6) fatty acids. In osteoporosis, greater osteoclastic activity results in excessive mineral loss and bone destruction.New evidence supports the idea that dietary fatty acids and antioxidants can attenuate osteoclastic activity to reduce the severity of osteolytic diseases of the bone and joint. Moreover,(n-6) fatty acids may aggravate the deficiency of antioxidant enzyme protective systems in epiphyseal cartilage of long bones. For example, vitamin E was reported to increase in vivo trabecular bone formation rate and to restore collagen synthesis in chondrocytes enriched with linoleic acid. This review presents new information that documents a role for dietary lipids and antioxidants in supporting bone formation and cartilage function for optimal health.
[Preventive treatment of diabetic microangiopathy: blocking the pathogenic mechanisms]
Diabete Metab (FRANCE) 1994, 20 (2 Pt 2) p219-28
The development of drugs in order to block metabolic pathway of glucose responsible for diabetic vascular dysfunction is in progress. Aldose reductase inhibitors prevent or reduce the different components of vascular dysfunction, cataract, neuropathy and nephropathy in animal models of diabetes. Promising results have been observed in diabetic patients concerning the prevention of neuropathy and of retinopathy. Larger scale studies with the second generation compounds are in progress. Glycation inhibitors, mainly aminoguanidine, have been shown to prevent or reduce vascular dysfunction and microvascular complications in animal models. Trials in diabetic patients with aminoguanidine are just beginning. Anti-oxidant therapy is also at its early stage of development (vitamin E, vitamin C, alpha lipoic acid). Antiplatelet agents (aspirin, ticlopidine) have been demonstrated to reduce the progression of non proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are of particular interest in preventing diabetic glomerulopathy.
COSMETICS -- Marketing
Environmental Nutrition, Mar96, Vol. 19 Issue 3, p1, 2p
Gives information on two probably three cosmetic companies that promises improved nutritional supplements. Names of cosmetic companies; What supplements promise to improve; Information on preliminary research on antioxidants and damaging effects of free radicals; Possible products for improving wrinkle skin, brittle nails and hair; EN's recommendations.
(no abstract)
Measurement of low-molecular-weight antioxidants, uric acid, tyrosine and tryptophan in plaques and white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis.
Eur Neurol (SWITZERLAND) 1992, 32 (5) p248-52
The levels of the antioxidants ascorbic acid, cysteine, reduced glutathione and alpha-tocopherol, of the free-radical marker uric acid and of the amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan were measured by means of high-pressure liquid chromatography in plaques, adjacent white matter and distant white matter from patients with multiple sclerosis, and in central nervous system tissue from patients without neurological diseases. Cholesterol and DNA were also determined, to check demyelination and cellularity. Uric acid was increased and glutathione correspondingly decreased in plaques; alpha-tocopherol was lowest in plaques and highest in distant white matter in all cases. Ascorbic acid, cysteine, tyrosine and tryptophan were not significantly changed in any tissue. The results provide evidence supporting the involvement of free radicals in multiple sclerosis.
On the causes of multiple sclerosis
MED. HYPOTHESES (United Kingdom), 1993, 41/2 (93-96)
Evidence on aetiology in multiple sclerosis suggests that the prevalence depends on the interaction of two factors, diet and exposure to visible sunlight. The dietary features which may be beneficial include supplementation with fish oils, avoidance of saturated fats, and the associated intake of antioxidants with unsaturated fatty acids. Inhibition, by antioxidants, of the enzyme lipoxygenase inhibits leukotriene synthesis, and the presence of fish oils leads to the production of leukotrienes with less inflammatory properties. This is of particular importance in the retina where leukotrienes might be the underlying cause of retrobulbar neuritis. The antioxidant properties of vitamin A may also lead to inhibition of leukotriene synthesis. Visible solar radiation could be of benefit therefore by releasing vitamin A from visual pigment rhodopsin. The interaction ot these two factors may explain the epidemiological observations on the prevalence of multiple sclerosis.
Alpha-tocopherol and hydroperoxide content in breast adipose tissue from patients with breast tumors.
Int J Cancer (UNITED STATES) Jul 17 1996, 67 (2) p170-5
The study of the relationship between dietary intake of vitamin E and the risk of breast cancer has not yielded definite conclusions with respect to causality, possibly due to methodological issues inherent to nutritional epidemiology. To avoid the pitfalls of dietary recalls, alpha-tocopherol content of adipose tissue was used as a biochemical indicator of long-term dietary intake of vitamin E. alpha-tocopherol and hydroperoxides were measured in breast adipose tissue obtained at the time of diagnosis from 70 patients with early breast cancer. Thirty women with non-malignant breast tumors served as control. Lipid peroxidation was monitored by quantifying conjugated dienes spectrophotometrically and by assaying hydroperoxides with an iodometric method; alpha-tocopherol was measured by HPLC associated with fluorescence detection. Mean alpha-tocopherol value in breast adipose tissue was significantly lower in breast cancer patients than in control patients, whereas the hydroperoxide content was significantly higher in cancer patients than in controls. The alpha-tocopherol concentration in adipose tissue was not correlated with the clinical status of the patients with respect to age, menopausal status or body mass index. We conclude from this pilot study that breast cancer is associated with a low content of alpha-tocopherol in breast adipose tissue, and with an altered lipid oxidation pattern, which might be related to a low antioxidant status.
Interaction of family history of breast cancer and dietary antioxidants with breast cancer risk (New York, United States)
Cancer Causes and Control (United Kingdom), 1995, 6/5 (407-415)
We sought to determine if specific dietary antioxidants may be particularly effective in reducing breast cancer risk for women reporting family history (FH) of breast cancer in a first-degree relative. Interviews regarding usual diet, health, and family histories were conducted with 262 premenopausal and 371 postmenopausal women with incident, primary breast cancer from western New York (United States). These women were frequency-matched by age and county of residence with community controls. Among premenopausal women, there was a significant interaction between FH and alpha-tocopherol; alpha-tocopherol was associated with significantly decreased risk among FH+ women (adjusted fourth-quartile odds ratio (OR) = 0.01, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 0.0-0.3). This association was much weaker for FH- women (OR = 0.7, CI = 0.4-1.2). For FH- women, a significant inverse association was observed between p-carotene and premenopausal breast-cancer risk (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.3-0.5), but not for FH+ women (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.1-4.0). Similar relationships, although not as strong, were noted among postmenopausal women. Although limited by small numbers, these results suggest that biologic mechanisms of tumorigenesis may differ in FH+ and FH- women, and that a-tocopherol may be a potential chemopreventive agent for women with a family history of breast cancer, particularly premenopausal women.
Extraocular, limb and diaphragm muscle group-specific antioxidant enzyme activity patterns in control and mdx mice.
J Neurol Sci (NETHERLANDS) Aug 1996, 139 (2) p180-6
T he mechanisms primarily responsible for the degenerative processes occurring in dystrophic skeletal muscle remain unresolved. The identification of the mechanisms that lead to the complete sparing of extraocular muscle in dystrophinopathies is of particular interest. A number of studies have provided evidence to suggest that the muscle pathology that characterizes muscular dystrophy may be, in part, free radical mediated. In the present study, we examined the antioxidant enzyme status of extraocular, diaphragm and gastrocnemius muscles in control strain and mdx mice. Our results revealed that in the control strain, both extraocular and diaphragm muscles had higher copper/zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase and selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase activities as compared to the gastrocnemius. Furthermore, the diaphragm had higher glutathione reductase activity as compared to the gastrocnemius. These findings indicate that the highly aerobic extraocular and diaphragm muscles have higher antioxidant enzyme capacity than the gastrocnemius, a muscle more dependent on anaerobic energy metabolism. Changes in the antioxidant enzyme status of the mdx mouse correlated, in part, with the degree of histopathological involvement of the three muscle groups assessed.
Free radicals, lipid peroxides and antioxidants in blood of patients ith myotonic dystrophy.
J Neurol. 1995 Feb. 242(3). P 119-22
We studied the levels of free radicals, lipid peroxides and antioxidants, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the blood of six patients with myotonic dystrophy (MyD) (mean age 52.8, SD 5.0 years) and seven controls (mean age 48.8, SD 6.3 years). Electron spin resonance was used to assess the free radicals by the spin-trapping method using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide. The levels of C centre radical (P < 0.05) and H radical (P < 0.05) in blood from the six MyD patients were significantly higher than those in the seven controls. The SOD activities in red blood cells and serum from the six MyD patients showed no significant difference from those in the seven controls. The serum lipid peroxide concentration was increased in five of the MyD patients and tended to increase further as the disease progressed. The serum vitamin E level was low in two patients and in the low normal range in three. Serum coenzyme Q10 was decreased in four patients. The serum selenium level was decreased in two patients and that of serum albumin was decreased in three. Therefore we conclude that increased levels of free radicals and lipid peroxides and decreased antioxidant levels play an important role in the pathogenesis of MyD.
Antioxidants and angiogenetic factor associated with age-related macular degeneration (exudative type)
Journal of Japanese Ophthalmological Society (Japan), 1997, 101/3
To confirm the hypothesis that antioxidants and angiogenetic factors may be associated with the development of age-related macular degeneration (exudative type), we compared serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E and carotinoid, zinc, selenium and b-FGF (basic-fibroblast growth factor) in 35 patients with age-related macular degeneration (exudative type) with the levels in 66 controls. The average serum zinc level was significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group. Serum vitamin E-alpha levels also tended to be lower. Most serum b-FGF levels were below the standard value in each group. Based on the above results, we conclude that subnormal levels of zinc and vitamin E may be associated with the development of age- related macular degeneration.
Studies on the mechanism of early onset macular degeneration in c ynomolgus monkeys. II. Suppression of metallothionein synthesis in the retina in oxidative stress
Experimental Eye Research (United Kingdom), 1996, 62/4 (399-408)
Initial investigations done in this laboratory detected increased albumin and decreased glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase concentrations in the retina of an animal model manifesting early onset macular degeneration. Both glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and albumin are markers of oxidative stress in cells. In this study, we used the same animal model to study further biochemical and physiological processes which may be involved in the pathogenesis of early onset macular degeneration in monkeys. We detected 60% lower catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the affected retinas suggesting lower antioxidant activities and oxidative stress. One of the consequences of oxidative stress is the production of metallothionein, a low molecular weight protein also induced by high concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc. Metallothionein was detected by RT-PCR in these monkey retinas. However initial quantitative PCR studies on this protein showed that the synthesis of metallothionein in affected retinas appears to be less than in normal controls. The affected retinas also showed a fourfold lower zinc concentration compared with the normal controls. No significant difference, however, could be detected in the zinc concentrations in plasma samples. Since induction of metallothionein synthesis is mediated by transcription factors which require heavy metals such as zinc for binding to specific sites in the DNA, the lowered zinc concentration may, thus, correlate with the lowered metallothionein expression. And since metallothionein is suggested to function as a free radical scavenger, the lowered metallothionein synthesis may consequently contribute to increased peroxidation reactions in the affected retinas. It appears therefore, that oxidative stress and the decreased metallothionein synthesis may be involved in the pathogenesis of early onset macular degeneration in this animal model.
Association of zinc and antioxidant nutrients with age-related maculopathy.
Arch Ophthalmol (UNITED STATES) Aug 1996, 114 (8) p991-7
OBJECTIVE: To quantify relationships between dietary intake of zinc and antioxidant nutrients and early and late age-related maculopathy (ARM). DESIGN: A retrospective longitudinal cohort design using data pertaining to diets in the past (1978-1980), which were assessed retrospectively using a food frequency questionnaire. SETTING: Beaver Dam, Wis. PATIENTS: A 50% random sample of free-living Beaver Dam Eye Study participants, 43 to 86 years of age (N = 1968). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The presence of early and late ARM determined from fundus photography. RESULTS: People in the highest vs lowest quintiles for intake of zinc from foods had lower risk for early ARM (odds ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval, 0.4-1.0, P for trend < .05). This relationship appeared to be stronger for some types of early ARM (increased retinal pigment) than for others. Zinc intake was unrelated to late ARM. However, small numbers (n = 30) of people with this condition limit the ability to draw conclusions about this later stage. Levels of carotenoids were unrelated to early or late ARM. Odds for early ARM were lower in people in the highest vs lowest quintiles for the intake of vitamins C or E. However, these associations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The data are weakly supportive of a protective effect of zinc on the development of some forms of early ARM. Prospective studies are needed to further evaluate the potential influence of these and other nutritional factors on different types and stages of age-related macular degeneration.
Antioxidant enzymes of the human retina: Effect of age on enzyme activity of macula and periphery
Current Eye Research (United Kingdom), 1996, 15/3 (273-278)
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of age on protective antioxidant enzyme activity of normal fresh cadaver human retina of the macula and periphery. Antioxidant enzymes were assayed in tissue extracts generated from 5 mm trephined punches of retina obtained centered over the macula and the superior midperiphery of normal fresh human cadaver retina. Cadaver tissue was obtained from donors of a wide age range (age 7 to 85 years). The assays were performed within 6 h of enucleation and within 24 h of donor death. Antioxidant enzymes assayed included superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, enzymes not directly involved in protection against oxidative damage, were assayed for comparison. Enzyme specific activities were calculated for the macula and periphery using protein concentration of the extract as the denominator. Using linear regression analysis, over the age range of 25 to 75 years, superoxide dismutase activity of the periphery but not the macula tended to decline with age (p = 0.04, R2 = 0.21). Interindividual variability was high, and variability increased with age. The difference between the macular and peripheral enzyme activities for glutathione peroxidase tended to decline with increasing donor age (p = 0.025, R2 = 0.33). There was no effect of age on the specific activities of catalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase. The specific activity of hexokinase from the macula declined with increasing donor age (p = 0.022, R2 = 0.43). Time from death to enucleation or beginning of experiment was not a significant factor. In summary, age does not have an effect on the activity of major antioxidant enzymes of the macula in normal human retina. There is a tendency for an effect of age on peripheral superoxide dismutase activity and the difference between macular and peripheral glutathione peroxidase activity. High interindividual variability of antioxidant enzyme activity exists in humans.
Antioxidant enzymes in RBCs as a biological index of age related macular degeneration
ACTA OPHTHALMOL. (Denmark), 1993, 71/2 (214-218)
The present study was undertaken to assess the levels of antioxidant enzymes in red blood cells of subjects with age-related macular degeneration and age-matched controls. The results obtained show a significant decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (p < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.001) as compared to the controls. A good correlation (r =O.99) was also observed between age and decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes in controls, and also correlated well with age related macular degeneration. In conclusion, oxidative stress as assessed by antioxidant enzymes is more pronounced in subjects with age-related macular degeneration as compared to age-matched controls.


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Series: Evolution Basics (47 entries)
Written by BioLogos Fellow of Biology Dennis Venema, this series of posts is intended as a basic introduction to the science of evolution for non-specialists.
Origins News Roundup for August 20, 2014
From science and religion blogs: quantum uncertainty and God, the remarkable fact that we have come to understand our place in the created order, and the role of theology in making wise choices about the use of technology.
Series: Creation, Evolution, and the Over-Active Imagination (2 entries)
BioLogos Basics Video #3: What about the Bible?
What we do learn from scripture is that there is only one Creator and that there's a clear distinction between God and the created world. And that we who are created in the image of God are able to investigate a creation that is remarkably tuned for our discovery.
"The Language of God" Book Club – Chapter 4
Some people who brook no "god of the gaps" arguments anywhere else look to these three moments as more reasonable places to insert God into natural processes: God spoke matter/energy into existence, God made life out of lifeless matter, and God breathed a soul into human beings.
Stochastic Grace
I was raised in a household of atheists. My parents were card-carrying members of the American Communist Party, and therefore the atheism in my household was quite close to the militant anti-theism of the so-called "new atheists".
Series: Excerpts from "Origins: Christian Perspectives on Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design" (7 entries)
These excerpts from Origins: Christian Perspectives on Creation, Evolution, and Intelligent Design, written by BioLogos president Deborah Haarsma and her husband Loren Haarsma, offer a sampling of the book's many topics, from exploring our disagreements and agreements on origins as Christians to explaining scientific processes to looking at how we read Genesis.
Series: Understanding Randomness (5 entries)
In this series, Kathryn Applegate addresses the concern that randomness implies the absence of God's activity and involvement in the natural world. She begins by clearing up some common misconceptions about the concept of "randomness", and later focuses on the mechanisms of the immune system to demonstrate that God works through random processes to preserve life. Far from being an indication of a "godless" universe, one might conclude that randomness is one of God's favorite mechanisms for creating and sustaining life!
Denis Alexander on Understanding Creation Theology
In this video Conversation, Denis Alexander asserts that contemporary Christians are not taking the early chapters of Genesis seriously enough.
A Scientific Commentary on Genesis 7:11
Although committed to the principle of sola Scriptura, Calvin recognized that the Bible would have been written in terms its original recipients would have understood. Calvin inherited the medieval cosmology of his time, a way of viewing the world heavily influenced by Greek thought and one which was about to receive shocks from astronomers such as Copernicus and Galileo. But not just yet.
Augustine of Hippo and Two Books Theology, Part 2
Augustine had a great deal to say about those chapters in Genesis that are especially controversial within Christianity today.
Series: To Serve and Preserve—Genesis 2 and the Human Calling (3 entries)
In this series, David Buller pays careful attention to the original language and cultural context of Genesis 2, revealing that our responsibility to care for creation is a sacred task given to us by God, not merely a modern secular activity. By taking Scripture seriously, we learn that we have a God-given mandate to be diligent stewards of His creation.
Series: Science and the Bible (22 entries)
This ongoing series written by historian Ted Davis begins with a brief synopsis of his personal background, and then goes on to reveal his passion for debunking "the now-common view that the history of science and Christianity is one of ongoing, inevitable conflict."
Series: Genesis Through Ancient Eyes (5 entries)
In this talk, originally delivered at the BioLogos President's Circle meeting in October 2012, Dr. John Walton discusses the origin stories of Genesis 1-3, and why their focus on function and archetypes mean there is no Biblical narrative of material origins.
Series: Pre-Modern Readings on Genesis 1 (3 entries)
Many people assume that until Darwin came along, devout Christians everywhere read and understood Genesis in the same way. But Dr. Pak points out that some of the most revered figures in Christian history--Origen, Augustine, Aquinas, Luther, and Calvin--offered insightful but distinctive interpretations of the text that are often overlooked today. First presented at a symposium in Raleigh, NC, Dr. Pak's paper is presented here as a three part series.
The Randomness Project
It is not uncommon to hear voices proclaiming that biology and physics have shown us that—at fundamental levels—nature is random, hence meaningless, purposeless, and without a creator. But how might God work providentially through indeterminate processes? The John Templeton Foundation has provided a generous grant of $1.69 million to support a new research initiative on the theme of Randomness and Divine providence.
David Lack: Evolutionary Biologist and Devout Christian
Charles Darwin's personal struggles and ultimate rejection of Christianity are well documented, and people are eager to link his loss of faith to his evolutionary theory. David Lack, on the other hand, began his scientific career as an agnostic, but shortly after publishing his famous book on the evolution of "Darwin's finches", he converted to Christianity.
Series: Asa Gray and Charles Darwin Discuss Evolution and Design (5 entries)
Many Christians believe that they face a painful choice-- either life was designed by God or it is an evolutionary product of natural selection. Charles Darwin himself believed in this dichotomy, and people ever since have felt the need to "choose sides". However, looking back at history, we find that one of Darwin's chief scientific colleagues, Asa Gray, did not share this perspective. In this three-part essay, part 1 charts the relationship of Asa Gray and Charles Darwin. Part 2 describes Darwin's struggle with the problem of natural evil and design in nature, and part 3 explores how Asa Gray was able to embrace evolution without rejecting the idea of design.
Series: The Meaning of mîn in the Hebrew Old Testament (3 entries)
The related ideas of the "fixity of species" and "natural kinds" have been prominent in the science and faith conversation. Some Christians take Genesis to mean that God created (bara) fixed species (mîn). But does the text truly indicate such a concept? Biblical scholar Dr. Richard Hess looks at the Biblical context and meaning of the Hebrew mîn, and suggests that when Christians use it to frame our understanding of the entire created order, we may be asking too much of this single word.

subset: commoncrawl


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An "Object Lesson" With Some Particularly Covetable Objects
Louis Vuitton unveiled Sudarshan Shetty's piece House of Shades, the house's latest art commission, in Milan's Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II yesterday. To the untrained eye, it looked something like the shell of a Sunglass Hut—700 pairs of Vuitton sunglasses silently gyrated underneath the famous glass-topped arcade. We were sure that there was a more profound message at hand. "The House of Shades is an object lesson; the sunglasses reflect the viewer and so the viewer transforms into the object and not the glasses," the artist explained. But to be fair, he did admit that an airport kiosk was his point of departure.
Critics and the public alike were quick to try to uncover any "fringe benefits" this collaboration might lead to. A new line of Shetty-styled LVs in the pipeline, perhaps? "No," said a spokesman; this type of artist/corporate collaboration is independent of retail and intended to show the public the philanthropic side of the maison. From where we stood, it was clear that those who circled around the installation were continuing to hope for an added extra, wondering how well those glasses where welded to the structure. But armed guards were stationed in place, as they will be for the whole week the installation remains up, to make sure that no one walks away with a pair.
—Jasmine Serrurier
Photo: Courtesy of Louis Vuitton


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49 U.S. Code § 47125 - Conveyances of United States Government land
(a) Conveyances to Public Agencies.— Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the Secretary of Transportation shall request the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality of the United States Government owning or controlling land or airspace to convey a property interest in the land or airspace to the public agency sponsoring the project or owning or controlling the airport when necessary to carry out a project under this subchapter at a public airport, to operate a public airport, or for the future development of an airport under the national plan of integrated airport systems. The head of the department, agency, or instrumentality shall decide whether the requested conveyance is consistent with the needs of the department, agency, or instrumentality and shall notify the Secretary of that decision not later than 4 months after receiving the request. If the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality decides that the requested conveyance is consistent with its needs, the head of the department, agency, or instrumentality, with the approval of the Attorney General and without cost to the Government, shall make the conveyance. A conveyance may be made only on the condition that the property interest conveyed reverts to the Government, at the option of the Secretary, to the extent it is not developed for an airport purpose or used consistently with the conveyance. Before waiving a condition that property be used for an aeronautical purpose under the preceding sentence, the Secretary must provide notice to the public not less than 30 days before waiving such condition.
(b) Nonapplication.— Except as specifically provided by law, subsection (a) of this section does not apply to land or airspace owned or controlled by the Government within—
(1) a national park, national monument, national recreation area, or similar area under the administration of the National Park Service;
(2) a unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System or similar area under the jurisdiction of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service; or
Source(Pub. L. 103–272, § 1(e),July 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 1276; Pub. L. 106–181, title I, § 125(b),Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 75.)
|Revised Section
|Source (U.S. Code)
|Source (Statutes at Large)
|49 App.:2215(a), (b).
|Sept. 3, 1982, Pub. L. 97–248, § 516, 96 Stat. 692.
|49 App.:2215(c).
In subsection (a), the text of 49 App.:2215(a) (last sentence) is omitted as surplus because a "property interest in land or airspace" necessarily includes "title to . . . land or any easement through . . . airspace". The words "when necessary" are substituted for "whenever the Secretary determines that use of any lands owned or controlled by the United States is reasonably necessary for", and the words "for the future development" are substituted for "including lands reasonably necessary to meet future development", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "not later than 4 months after receiving the request" are substituted for "Upon receipt of a request from the Secretary under this section" and "within a period of four months after receipt of the Secretary's request" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "make the conveyance" are substituted for "perform any acts and to execute any instruments necessary to make the conveyance requested", and the words "that the property interest conveyed reverts to the Government . . . to the extent it is not" are substituted for "the property interest conveyed shall revert to the United States in the event that the lands in question are not" and "If only a part of the property interest conveyed is not developed for airport purposes, or used in a manner consistent with the terms of the conveyance, only that particular part shall, at the option of the Secretary, revert to the United States", to eliminate unnecessary words. The words "the terms of" are omitted as surplus.
2000—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 106–181inserted at end "Before waiving a condition that property be used for an aeronautical purpose under the preceding sentence, the Secretary must provide notice to the public not less than 30 days before waiving such condition."
Effective Date of 2000 Amendment
Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 ofPub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of this title.
Construction of 2000 Amendment
Nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 106–181to be construed to authorize Secretary of Transportation to issue waiver or make a modification referred to in such amendment, see section 125(e) ofPub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 47107 of this title.
Release From Restrictions
Pub. L. 112–95, title VIII, § 817,Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 127, provided that:
"(a) In General.—Subject to subsection (b), the Secretary of Transportation is authorized to grant to an airport, city, or county a release from any of the terms, conditions, reservations, or restrictions contained in a deed under which the United States conveyed to the airport, city, or county an interest in real property for airport purposes pursuant to section 16 of the Federal Airport Act (60 Stat. 179) or section 23 of the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (84 Stat. 232).
"(b) Condition.—Any release granted by the Secretary pursuant to subsection (a) shall be subject to the following conditions:
"(1) The applicable airport, city, or county shall agree that in conveying any interest in the real property which the United States conveyed to the airport, city, or county, the airport, city, or county will receive consideration for such interest that is equal to its fair market value.
"(2) Any consideration received by the airport, city, or county under paragraph (1) shall be used exclusively for the development, improvement, operation, or maintenance of a public airport by the airport, city, or county.
"(3) Any other conditions required by the Secretary."
The table below lists the classification updates, since Jan. 3, 2012, for this section. Updates to a broader range of sections may be found at the update page for containing chapter, title, etc.
The most recent Classification Table update that we have noticed was Tuesday, August 13, 2013
An empty table indicates that we see no relevant changes listed in the classification tables. If you suspect that our system may be missing something, please double-check with the Office of the Law Revision Counsel.
|Description of Change
|Session Year
|Public Law
|Statutes at Large
|§ 47125
|nt new
|112-95 [Sec.] 817
|126 Stat. 127
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Elaine grew up in the Pocono Mountain region of NE Pennsylvania and obtained her nursing degree from Bloomsburg University. Her love of travel prompted her to work as a critical care traveling nurse, and she became licensed in 8 States. She also served as an American Red Cross volunteer, medical supply sales rep, and paramedical examiner while living in Japan and Italy with her military spouse. They have finally put down roots in San Antonio with their 2 teenage children and Golden Retriever puppy. Elaine welcomes new experiences and enjoys meeting and helping people. She spends free time in the gym and working on interior design projects.
Amanda was born in Los Angeles to a medical family and moved to San Antonio when she was a young child. She attended Texas Military Institute and San Antonio College School of Nursing. She began her nursing career in pediatrics and newborn nursery. Her interests eventually led her to the ICU, Cardiac Progressive Care Unit and the Heart Catheterization Lab. Amanda enjoys traveling, reading and shopping. But her favorite pastime is spending time with her wonderful husband and baby daughter.
Dawn was born in Oceanside, California and moved to San Antonio at the age of 5. She was an early high school graduate of John Jay High School and immediately began pursuing her dream of becoming a Registered Nurse. Her medical career began as a Medical Assistant at a Pediatric Clinic where she instantly grew a deep love for children. It was that experience that led her to pursue a career in Pediatric Nursing. While working full time and caring for her family she continued her education and received her Nursing degree from San Antonio College School of Nursing. Her career began at Christus Santa Rosa Children's Hospital and is currently a Pediatric Nurse and Office Manager at Huebner Pediatrics. Her number one focus is providing compassionate medical care and making a difference in people's lives. She enjoys spending time with her husband of 10 years, her nephews and wonderful, talented son. She enjoys traveling, reading and new experiences.
Melissa was born in San Antonio, and graduated from Robert E. Lee High School. She went on to pursue a Bachelor's of Exercise Sport Science, graduating with honors from Texas State University. Continuing her education at Baptist School of Health Professions, she completed the RN program, graduating with honors. Her interest in healthcare began with experience as an EMT-B, and working as an Exercise Physiologist in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Melissa's nursing career began in the Emergency Room and eventually moved to Gastroenterology and Endoscopy. When she has spare time she enjoys taking ballroom dance classes, going out dancing, hanging out with family and friends, and being creative with health options in the kitchen. She loves exercise and has a passion for traveling.
Jordan was born in San Antonio, TX and graduated from Tom C. Clark High School. She then went on to pursue a Bachelor's of Health from Texas A&M University. Jordan then continued her education at Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi, where she completed her BSN graduating with honors. Jordan began her nursing career at Metropolitan Methodist Hospital working in the medical intensive care unit. In her free time she enjoys going to Port Aransas with her family deep sea fishing, water skiing, and relaxing by the pool.
Crystal grew up in Upstate New York and South Texas. She earned her BSN from the UT Health Science Center in San Antonio. Crystal began her nursing career in Labor and Delivery and also has experience in Postpartum, Newborn Nursery, NICU/PICU, and Pediatrics. Her most recent experience has been in School Health. Crystal enjoys spending time with her family and friends, building things, reading, and playing with her dogs.
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Kristen was born and raised in Upstate New York. She earned her BSN at D'Youville College in Buffalo, NY. After completing nursing school, Kristen began her career in medical/surgical nursing, followed by working as a perioperative and operating room RN. Not long ago, Kristen moved to San Antonio with her fiancé, and although she misses her family and friends back home, she is happy to now call San Antonio her new home. Kristen is an animal lover and has a great passion for traveling. In her spare time, she enjoys spending time with her fiancé and friends, reading, cooking, music, movies, and spoiling her cat Mushu.
Sapna was born in Laredo, TX and moved to San Antonio when she was 3 years old. After graduating high school from Winston Churchill, she decided to venture out and move to Los Angeles to pursue her college education. She graduated from California State University, Dominguez Hills with a B.S. in Health Science, concentrating in Community Health. To further her passion in health she moved back to San Antonio and graduated from Baptist School of Health Professionals with a degree in Nursing. She has acquired skills as being a health educator and becoming a Clinic Cardiac Nurse. With a love for seeking more knowledge she is in the process of achieving her Master's of Science in Clinical Nutrition. For enjoyment she likes hiking, cooking out of her comfort zone and traveling.
Amarie was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas. She graduated in 2003 from O'Connor High School in Helotes and immediately began pursuing her degree in nursing. Amarie earned her Bachelor of Science in Nursing from her first choice university, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio in May of 2007. She spent the first years of her nursing career in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Methodist Hospital. Amarie has experience in both the office and hospital setting as she later worked for a private practice specializing in Pediatric Cardiology and most recently served patients in the NICU at Methodist Stoneoak Hospital. Amarie is returning to her alma mater and continuing her pursuit of knowledge in nursing in the fall of 2012. She is beginning a Masters of Nursing Practice program and hopes to continue caring for patients for many years to come as a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner. Amarie is a life-long swimmer and is passionate about leading a healthy lifestyle. She is the proud owner of a Great Dane and enjoys time with friends and family.
Megan was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas. She earned her RN, BSN, from the University of Texas Health Science Center. Megan began her nursing career in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit followed by case management. Megan enjoys spending time with her friends and family, going to the beach, hiking, arts and crafts, and traveling. Her passion is her budding photography business, where she spends many hours taking practice shots of her two beautiful daughters.
Sally was born and raised in the Philadelphia area. She received her Bachelor's of Science in Nursing from Widener University in Chester, PA. She began her nursing career in Adult Cardiac Care at University of Pennsylvania Hospital. After her third daughter was born she became passionate about teaching newborn care. She worked Maternal/Child Care in New Jersey and in San Antonio. Sally moved from the Northeast to San Antonio in 2008 with her first purchase being her Cowboy boots. Sally's interests are; spending time with her family, traveling, cooking, and shopping.
Sarai was born in Brownsville, Texas where the weather is always great and the sun is always shining. She was an athlete in high school and was always involved in school events. She took Health Science college credited courses where she became vastly interested in the health careers. Sarai graduated in the top 10 percent of her class, and then moved to San Antonio to be the first in her family to attend college. She's a freshman at The University of Texas and majoring in Biology. Because Sarai is so very close to her family, she often gets homesick, but knows it will all be worth it in the long run. After college she hopes to attend Dental School. When Sarai's not studying or working, she really enjoys going to the gym, shopping, and taking long naps.
Cammy was born and raised here in San Antonio, Texas. She graduated from Ronald Reagan High Shool and is currently attending college where she is majoring in Business. Cammy's passion is singing as well as writing songs and playing guitar. She sings at her church and also enjoys being with her family, friends and doing things outdoors. She likes meeting new people and is very outgoing. Cammy loves adventure and wants to make the most out of life by making a difference in others.
Chelsea was born in Columbus, Ohio (GO BUCKEYES) and earned her RN, BSN from Bowling Green State University/Medical College of Ohio. She then traveled the world for the next 6 years as a flight attendant meeting interesting people and visiting new places. She has lived all over the globe, but has found her heart in TEXAS. Her love for Health and Fitness landed her here in San Antonio working as a Metabolic Specialist and Personal Trainer. These days she finds her outlet still in the gym, but also out on the Mountain Biking Trails of the Texas Hill Country, Floating beautiful Texas Rivers, Road tripping to quaint Texas towns with family and friends, and has acquired quite a taste for the 27 something wineries here in the Texas Hill Country...."I Love Texas".
Alexandra was born and raised in Cape Town, South Africa. She moved to the United States in 2004 to pursue her ballet career, which landed her a position dancing for Ballet San Antonio for several years. Alexandra has recently hung up her Pointe shoes and is now focusing her efforts on work, school, and living life to the fullest. In her spare time, Alexandra enjoys dancing, road biking, hiking, and traveling. She is excited about being part of the Ideal Image team; helping to positively change peoples' lives.
Lydia was born in Dallas, Texas. A few years later she and her family moved south to Santa Rosa, Texas where she spent her childhood playing on the ranch with cousins and neighbors. They moved one last time to San Antonio where they finally found "home". She graduated from MacArthur High School and attended UTSA. She's currently enrolled in St. Phillip's College where she is pursuing a career in Occupational Therapy. Lydia loves dogs and loves to swim whether it's in the pool, at the lake, on the beach, or tubing on the cool Texas Rivers. Most of all, she enjoys the good company of her friends and family.
Rachel was born and raised in San Antonio, Texas. She attended James Madison High School where she was a part of the band and was Drum Major for her last two years. She went on to attend The University of Texas at Austin after graduation, but two years later she became homesick and transferred to UTSA. Rachel is now studying to get her nursing degree and her goal is to eventually work in the NICU. In her spare time she loves to shop, drive down to the beach, go to the river or just hang out with her friends and family.


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Learning, inflation expectations and optimal monetary policy
AbstractIn this paper we analyse disinflation policy in two environments. In the first, the central bank has perfect knowledge, in the sense that it understands and observes the process by which private sector inflation expectations are generated; in the second, the central bank has to learn the private sector inflation forecasting rule. With imperfect knowledge, results depend on the learning scheme that is employed. Here, the learning scheme we investigate is that of least-squares learning (recursive OLS) using the Kalman filter. A novel feature of a learning- based policy – as against the central bank's disinflation policy under perfect knowledge – is that the degree of monetary accommodation (the extent to which the central bank accommodates private sector inflation expectations) is no longer constant across the disinflation, but becomes state-dependent. This means that the central bank's behaviour changes during the disinflation as it collects more information.
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Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by EconWPA in its series Macroeconomics with number 0404035.
Date of creation: 29 Apr 2004
Date of revision:
Handle: RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:0404035
Note: Type of Document - pdf
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Web page: http://22.214.171.124
Related researchKeywords: learning; rational expectations; separation principle; Kalman filter; time-varying parameters; optimal control;
Other versions of this item:
- Schaling, Eric, 2003. "Learning, inflation expectations and optimal monetary policy," Research Discussion Papers 20/2003, Bank of Finland.
- C53 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling - - - Forecasting and Prediction Models; Simulation Methods
- E43 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
- E52 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Monetary Policy
- F33 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:
- NEP-ALL-2004-05-02 (All new papers)
- NEP-MON-2004-05-02 (Monetary Economics)
ReferencesReferences listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Eric Schaling & Marco Hoeberichts, 2010. "Why Speed Doesn't Kill: Learning to Believe in Disinflation," De Economist, Springer, vol. 158(1), pages 23-42, April.
- Kiefer, Nicholas M & Nyarko, Yaw, 1989. "Optimal Control of an Unknown Linear Process with Learning," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 30(3), pages 571-86, August.
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- Ellison, Martin & Valla, Natacha, 2001.
"Learning, uncertainty and central bank activism in an economy with strategic interactions,"
Journal of Monetary Economics,
Elsevier, vol. 48(1), pages 153-171, August.
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- Martin Ellison & Natacha Valla, 2000. "Learning, Uncertainty And Central Bank Activism In An Economy With Strategic Interactions," Computing in Economics and Finance 2000 183, Society for Computational Economics.
- David Andolfatto & Scott Hendry & Kevin Moran, 2004.
"Inflation Expectations and Learning about Monetary Policy,"
DNB Staff Reports (discontinued)
121, Netherlands Central Bank.
- Andolfatto, David & Scott Hendry & Kevin Moran, 2002. "Inflation Expectations and Learning about Monetary Policy," Working Papers 02-30, Bank of Canada.
- Mervyn King, 1996. "How should central banks reduce inflation? - Conceptual issues," Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, issue Q IV, pages 25-52.
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"Monetary policy, parameter uncertainty and optimal learning,"
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Elsevier, vol. 46(1), pages 199-228, August.
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- Wieland, Volker, 1999. "Monetary policy, parameter uncertainty and optimal learning," ZEI Working Papers B 09-1999, ZEI - Center for European Integration Studies, University of Bonn.
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"Learning, Experimentation and Monetary Policy,"
Discussion Papers (IRES - Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales)
1991018, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherches Economiques et Sociales (IRES).
- Bertocchi, Graziella & Spagat, Michael, 1993. "Learning, experimentation, and monetary policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 169-183, August.
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- James B. Bullard, 1991. "Learning, rational expectations and policy: a summary of recent research," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Jan, pages 50-60.
CitationsCitations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
Cited by:
- Mewael Tesfaselassie & Eric Schaling & Sylvester Eijffinger, 2004.
"Heterogeneous Information about the Term Structure of Interest Rates, Least-Squares Learning and Optimal Interest Rate Rules for Inflation Forecast Targeting,"
Econometric Society 2004 North American Summer Meetings
78, Econometric Society.
- Schaling, E. & Eijffinger, S.C.W. & Tesfaselassie, M.F., 2004. "Heterogeneous Information about the Term Structure of Interest rates, Least-Squares Learning and Optimal Interest Rate Rules for Inflation Forecast Targeting," Discussion Paper 2004-14, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
- Llewellyn, David T. & Mayes , David G., 2003.
"The role of market discipline in handling problem banks,"
Research Discussion Papers
21/2003, Bank of Finland.
- David T. Llewellyn & David G. Mayes, 2004. "The role of market discipline in handling problem banks," Finance 0404020, EconWPA.
- Mewael F. Tesfaselassie, 2008. "Central Bank Learning and Monetary Policy," Kiel Working Papers 1444, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- Schaling , Eric & Eijffinger , Sylvester & Tesfaselassie , Mewael, 2004. "Heterogeneous information about the term structure, least-squares learning and optimal rules for inflation targeting," Research Discussion Papers 23/2004, Bank of Finland.
- Tesfaselassie, M.F. & Schaling, E., 2010.
"Managing disinflation under uncertainty,"
Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,
Elsevier, vol. 34(12), pages 2568-2577, December.
- Mewael F. Tesfaselassie & Eric Schaling, 2008. "Managing Disinflation under Uncertainty," Kiel Working Papers 1429, Kiel Institute for the World Economy.
- Mewael F. Tesfaselassie & Eric Schaling, 2009. "Managing Disinflation under Uncertainty," Working Papers 145, Economic Research Southern Africa.
- Eijffinger, Sylvester C W & Schaling, Eric & Tesfaselassie, Mewael F., 2004. "Heterogenous Information About the Term Structure of Interest Rates, Least-Squares Learning and Optimal Interest Rate Rules," CEPR Discussion Papers 4279, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
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