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26 October-1 November 2005
According to IG, an eruption began at Sierra Negra on the S end of Isabela Island on 22 October at 1730 when an explosion was heard by many people in the town of Villamil, 20 km SE of the volcano. The eruption was preceded by a seismic event on 22 October at 1438, and by earthquakes on 19 October and 2 weeks earlier. The Washington VAAC recorded an ash cloud on satellite imagery at 1745 at a height of ~15.2 km (50,000 ft) a.s.l. moving SW, and a very large hotspot. The ash cloud may have reached a height of 20 km (65,600 ft) a.s.l. Extensive lava fountains were seen rising to heights of 200-300 m along a segment of the Sierra Negra rim. Incandescent lava flowed several kilometers down the outer NW flank of the volcano's edifice and tourists reported seeing two lava flows descending the N flank. The exact orientation of flows on the volcano's flanks was not clear from early reports. Scientists did not see active lava flows in this area or evidence of flows entering the sea during an overflight on 23 October.
During a visit to Sierra Negra on 23 October, scientists saw that the eruption originated from four adjacent craters aligned along a 500-m-long fracture at the base of the inner wall of the volcano's caldera in the NE sector. Lava traveled from four principal vents southwards with exceptional force, volume, and speed downslope in several main channels. Based on observations, the main lava river traveled nearly 20 m/sec as it left its source vents. Two vents mainly supplied lava to the many lava rivers flowing southward over the northern caldera bench and then down onto the caldera floor. The feeding fracture apparently extended westward along the inner wall, but then climbed up onto the caldera rim itself where its trace was not obvious. However, small vents with fountaining and incandescent lava were observed on the rim along this general fracture system, implying that the active fracture extended for about 2 km W of the main vents.
By 23 October around 1530, the lava formed one large flow that was 1-1.5 km wide and had progressed ~7 km southeastward along the base of the eastern interior wall of the caldera, then westward along the southern wall reaching a point almost halfway across the caldera. The volume of lava ejected at this time was estimated at 25 million cubic meters. On 26 October, there were reports that lava was no longer emitted from one of the four principal vents. No populated areas on the island were threatened by the eruption.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
2005: October
26 October-1 November 2005
According to IG, an eruption began at Sierra Negra on the S end of Isabela Island on 22 October at 1730 when an explosion was heard by many people in the town of Villamil, 20 km SE of the volcano. The eruption was preceded by a seismic event on 22 October at 1438, and by earthquakes on 19 October and 2 weeks earlier. The Washington VAAC recorded an ash cloud on satellite imagery at 1745 at a height of ~15.2 km (50,000 ft) a.s.l. moving SW, and a very large hotspot. The ash cloud may have reached a height of 20 km (65,600 ft) a.s.l. Extensive lava fountains were seen rising to heights of 200-300 m along a segment of the Sierra Negra rim. Incandescent lava flowed several kilometers down the outer NW flank of the volcano's edifice and tourists reported seeing two lava flows descending the N flank. The exact orientation of flows on the volcano's flanks was not clear from early reports. Scientists did not see active lava flows in this area or evidence of flows entering the sea during an overflight on 23 October.
During a visit to Sierra Negra on 23 October, scientists saw that the eruption originated from four adjacent craters aligned along a 500-m-long fracture at the base of the inner wall of the volcano's caldera in the NE sector. Lava traveled from four principal vents southwards with exceptional force, volume, and speed downslope in several main channels. Based on observations, the main lava river traveled nearly 20 m/sec as it left its source vents. Two vents mainly supplied lava to the many lava rivers flowing southward over the northern caldera bench and then down onto the caldera floor. The feeding fracture apparently extended westward along the inner wall, but then climbed up onto the caldera rim itself where its trace was not obvious. However, small vents with fountaining and incandescent lava were observed on the rim along this general fracture system, implying that the active fracture extended for about 2 km W of the main vents.
By 23 October around 1530, the lava formed one large flow that was 1-1.5 km wide and had progressed ~7 km southeastward along the base of the eastern interior wall of the caldera, then westward along the southern wall reaching a point almost halfway across the caldera. The volume of lava ejected at this time was estimated at 25 million cubic meters. On 26 October, there were reports that lava was no longer emitted from one of the four principal vents. No populated areas on the island were threatened by the eruption.
Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG)
19 October-25 October 2005
A large eruption began at Sierra Negra on 22 October. According to the Washington VAAC, the eruption began around 1645, sending an ash cloud to ~12.8 km (42,000 ft) a.s.l. that drifted SW. A large hotspot was visible on satellite imagery. On 23 October around 0215 the cloud appeared to be at ~6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. on satellite imagery. Another eruption occurred on 23 October around 0700, and it's cloud also rose to ~12.8 km (42,000 ft) a.s.l. according to a pilot's report. By 1215, the cloud height was estimated to be at ~7.6 km (25,000 ft) a.s.l. based on satellite imagery. Although ash was no longer visible on satellite imagery on 24 October at 1215, a hotspot was seen. 25 October satellite imagery through 1315 showed the ash plume extending 220 km SW of the summit. A news article reported that three lava flows were emitted during the eruption.
Sources: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC); Associated Press
Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports.
11/1979 (SEAN 04:11) 14-km-high cloud; lava flows to sea
12/1979 (SEAN 04:12) Eruption ends; additional earthquakes located
01/1980 (SEAN 05:01) Last month's eruption obituary was premature
09/2004 (BGVN 29:09) 12 June-29 August 2004, GPS data indicate 77 cm of caldera-floor uplift
09/2005 (BGVN 30:09) Caldera erupts starting 22 October 2005 at fissure on caldera's inner N wall
10/2005 (BGVN 30:10) Eruption ends 30 October; some lava on NE flank, more on E caldera floor
11/1979 (SEAN 04:11) 14-km-high cloud; lava flows to sea
An eruption began on 13 November at Sierra Negra, the only historically active volcano in the Galápagos Islands that is presently inhabited. The location was Volcán Chico, a circumferential fissure zone 1 km N of, and 100-200 m below, the caldera rim of Sierra Negra. Volcán Chico was also the site of the last two eruptions from this volcano, in 1963 and 1953, and has been described by Delaney and others (1973). At the time of the last report lava was still flowing down the volcano's uninhabited N slope 3 weeks after it began. The residents of the S slope, evacuated on the first day of the eruption, had returned to find damaged crops and livestock.
At 0730 on 13 November a local earthquake was registered on the CDRS seismograph (90 km E of Sierra Negra on Isla Santa Cruz), part of the WWSSN maintained by the USGS [see also 4:12]. A second, larger, earthquake followed in 20 minutes, and at 0845 the first explosion was heard by people living on the S flank. Within 20 minutes of the first explosion, tephra (including scoria and Pele's hair) fell on the villages of Santo Tomás and Villamil, 13 and 26 km SE of the eruption site. Residents of Santo Tomás began evacuation to the coastal village of Villamil.
The eruptive cloud was large enough to be seen on NOAA's SMS-1 weather satellite, which transmits images of the whole hemisphere every 30 minutes from its equatorial geostationary orbit. The cloud first appeared on the 0930 image and grew rapidly to an area estimated to be 220 x 130 km within 2 hours. The cloud soon separated into two lobes and measurements on the infrared imagery by Arthur F. Krueger indicate a maximum elevation of at least 14 km for the main lobe at 1500. This lobe moved SE at 25 km/hour while the other lobe, estimated to be about 8 km high, moved SW at 30 km/hour. By 2200, the main lobes were quite diffuse, but a low, thin plume (near the 4-8 km resolution of the imagery) extended about 50 km S from Sierra Negra. No prominent eruptive clouds were visible on SMS-1 imagery during the following days.
A CDRS team (including P. Ramón, J. Budris, and T. & A. Moore) reached Volcán Chico 24 hours after the eruption began. Upon arrival at Villamil, they noted a thin coating of tephra with some light scoria fragments to 5 cm in diameter. Tephra at the caldera rim was 2-3 cm thick, with some 15-20-cm bombs, but nothing larger than 1 cm was falling at the time. Up to 20 vents were active along the 1-2-km [8 km, see 5:1] circumferential fissure and individual fountains reached 100-m heights. As many as 13 lava flows coalesced downslope to the N and probably reached the sea on the first day. Billowing clouds were visible at the coast of Elizabeth Bay on the morning of 15 November, and two biological groups were reported to be investigating the lava/sea interface.
At 1500 on 14 November, a higher resolution NOAA satellite, VHRR Tiros 6, returned an infrared image showing the lava flow on the N flank and a high vapor plume heading S. The CDRS seismograph recorded 8 local events on 14 November and 6 on the following day. Observers at the site felt many tremors, but noted that eruptive intensity seemed to decrease after a peak around 2200-2300 on 14 November. Local haze increased during the next 2 days and vent activity declined steadily. Only four vents were active and fountaining had almost stopped by sunset on 16 November. At 0400 the next morning, however, observers were awakened by the largest explosion of their 5 days at the site. Fountaining increased immediately and continued to build to a peak around 5 hours later. That same night the wind changed, carrying haze ENE over Isla Santa Cruz and reducing visibility there to 2 km on 19 November.
Activity at the vents remained low on 18 and 19 November, when the group left. The flows continued, however, and on the morning of 19 November, NASA's Landsat C satellite returned a high-resolution near-infrared image clearly showing the main flow as a 100 m band bearing 030° for about 12 km from the vent area (figure 1). On that same day, tephra fragments to 5 mm in diameter were collected on the ship Delfin, over 100 km E of the volcano.
|Figure 1. Western Galapagos Islands on 19 November 1979, the 7th day of the Sierra Negra eruption. A 130 x 165 km area is shown (a joined pair of Landsat C images). The large cloud near the base of the figure obscures the summit and S flank of Sierra Negra, but a prominent white eruptive cloud trends NNE from the eruption site near the volcano's N rim and a lava flow appears just E of the cloud as a thin white band trending NE for 12 km. The near-infrared image (Band 7) shows the vegetated portions of these volcanic islands as light gray, in contrast to the dark young lavas. Summit calderas of most volcanoes are visible. Images provided by NASA/GSFC (ID's: PAO file E-931-225BN and E-932-225BN).
As the CDRS group left the volcano, they noted an average tephra thickness of 3-5 cm on the caldera rim and serious damage to the biota on the upper SE flank. Acid rain and haze killed much vegetation and the group noted dead birds and rats. Residents of the S flank, who returned to their farms after the eruption's first day, reported damage to crops and livestock.
H. Hoeck was on the volcano 1-2 December and reported that the vegetation was beginning to recover. One large lava flow continued down the N slope, and several vents were steaming. Six small vapor vents were observed on the S floor of the caldera nearly 10 km S of the eruptive fissure. This caldera, the widest (10 x 7 km) and shallowest in the Galápagos, was not otherwise affected by the eruption, and Arnaldo Tupiza (CDRS representative on Isabela and very familiar with the volcano) recognizes these six vents as new.
None of the eruption earthquakes have yet been located on the WWSSN [but see 4:12], but a magnitude 5.0 event was located in the Galápagos at 1006 on 28 October. Its preliminary epicenter determination is 60 km NW of the eruption site.
Information Contacts: P. Ramón, J. Budris, H. Hoeck, P. López, and J. Villa, CDRS, Galápagos; M. Hall, Escuela Politécnica, Quito; A. Krueger, NOAA/NESS; C. Wood, NASA/GSFC; B. Presgrave, USGS/NEIS, Denver, CO.
12/1979 (SEAN 04:12) Eruption ends; additional earthquakes located
The fissure eruption was continuing on 5 December. LANDSAT imagery on 7 December, however, showed no thermal anomaly like the lava flow on the 19 November LANDSAT image (figure 1), although a vapor cloud similar to that of 19 November was present. When Arnaldo Tupiza visited the eruption site on 29 December, the lava flow had ceased, but the vents continued to steam and the solfataric area had grown. The new fumaroles on the S caldera floor remained active.
Two earthquakes connected with this eruption have been located by USGS/NEIS. The first, at 0751 on 13 November [4:11], was magnitude 4.4 and its hypocenter (0.89°S, 91.23°W) was located 18 km SW of the eruption site. This was followed at 0817 by another earthquake that wrote a very similar, and only slightly smaller, record on the CDRS seismograph 90 km to the E. This event has not been located by NEIS, but was followed in less than 30 minutes by the first explosion recognized on the island. Seismicity increased on the eruption's second afternoon, and at 1858 on 15 November, a magnitude 4.8 event was recorded. Its hypocenter (0.96°S, 91.25°W) was located by NEIS 24 km SSW of the eruption site. These hypocenters are in the area of the February 1979 flank eruption of Cerro Azul [4:1-2], but study of the 1968 caldera collapse earthquakes from Fernandina (Filson et al., 1973), where true epicenters were known, showed that hypocenter mislocations for events of this magnitude range averaged about 50 km.
Reference. Filson, J., Simkin, T., and Leu, L.-K., 1973, Seismicity of a caldera collapse: Galápagos Islands 1968: JGR, v. 78, no. 35, p. 8591-8622.
Information Contacts: A. Tupiza and H. Hoeck, CDRS, Galápagos; USGS/NEIS, Denver, CO.
01/1980 (SEAN 05:01) Last month's eruption obituary was premature
On 14 January the new lava delta, formed at Bahia Elizabeth by the 13 November eruption, was visited for the first time in 2 months. Hendrik Hoeck, inspecting the flow at night with binoculars, saw red spots along the flow length and some active feeding at vents 12 km inland. Motion was not visible along the 1-1.5-km flow front in daylight, but water temperatures of 50-60°C at distances of 30 m from the shore provide further evidence that the flow remains active. Pelicans and Franklin's gulls were concentrated in the area, presumably feeding on killed marine organisms, and two dead green turtles were observed. A pack of feral dogs appears to have been cut off by the new flows from more vegetated parts of Sierra Negra, and it is feared that they may cross the barren older lava flows to reach volcán Alcedo to the N. Alcedo has not been threatened with feral dogs and it is the home of the largest population of giant tortoises in the Galápagos.
Arnaldo Tupiza walked about 6 km inland on 14 January, noting flow thickness of 3-5 m, two 10 m-diameter "pools" of molten lava, and another major flow diverging toward the NE. The most active vents were farther W, along the circumferential fissure, than any previously reported, and it is not yet clear whether activity has resumed after migrating westward or whether the westerly vents were not recognized during previous observations from the vigorously steaming E end of the fissure system. The mid-January observations indicate an active fissure length of 8 km.
Information Contacts: H. Hoeck and A. Tupiza, CDRS, Galápagos.
09/2004 (BGVN 29:09) 12 June-29 August 2004, GPS data indicate 77 cm of caldera-floor uplift
Sierra Negra volcano contains a six-station, continuously monitored GPS network. The instruments were installed in collaboration with a research consortium (UNAVCO) in May 2002 (figure 2).
|Figure 2. The summit of Sierra Negra has this dedicated GPS system continuously monitoring deformation. The shading reflects ground surface elevations; although a key to elevations was not provided, the map makes evident the caldera's broad floor and circular form. Courtesy of Geist, Chadwick, and Johnson.
Starting on 12 June 2004 and continuing through at least 29 August 2004, the rate of uplift of the caldera floor, as measured by this network, had accelerated to 77 cm/year (table 1). This rate was comparable to that inferred from InSAR data in the late 1990s (Amelung and others, 2000). That late 1990's uplift was attributed to trap-door faulting of the caldera floor along its southern margin, a process presumably driven by a shallow (< 2 km) intrusion of magma. Deflation occurred during 2001-2002, and slower uplift of about 12 cm/y prevailed during March 2003-May 2004 (table 1). The 12 June-29 August interval was noteworthy for the high rates of uplift (table 1).
Table 1. A summary of the geophysically derived movement of the caldera floor at Sierra Negra. Courtesy of Dennis Geist, William Chadwick, and Dan Johnson.
Interval Comments Measurement Technique 1992-1998 240 cm of uplift punctuated by InSAR trapdoor uplift in 1997 or 1998 (Amelung and others, 2000) 1998-1999 Inflation at 65 cm/year InSAR (Amelung and others, 2000) 2000-2001 Deceleration of uplift to 7 cm/year Campaign GPS (Geist and others, submitted) 2001-Feb 2003 Deflation of ~ 9 cm/year Campaign and continuous GPS Mar 2003-May 2004 Inflation at ~ 12 cm/year Continuous GPS 12 Jun-29 Aug 2004 Inflation at 77 cm/year Continuous GPS
The Instituto Geofísico in Quito, Ecuador monitors seismic activity in the Galápagos, using a network that includes a single station on Sierra Negra. Unfortunately, that network was down for the past year, in need of a variety of hardware, including the seismometer at Sierra Negra. Thus, for the interval of interest, seismic data were absent. Hugo Yepes estimated that to repair the Galápagos system would require about $9,000 (USD) in equipment and $4,000 (USD) in personnel transport and field expenses. He also said that the region requires more stable long-term logistical support.
The 12 June-29 August 2004 uplift was symmetrical about the caldera's center. The pattern and rate of uplift was well modeled as a 2.1 km deep sill intruded by about 12 x 106 m3 of magma since June 2004.
Sierra Negra last erupted in 1979, when nearly 1 km3 of lava erupted from a circumferential fissure near the summit, covering its N flank.
References. Amelung, F., Jonsson, S., Zebker, H., Segall, P., 2000. Widespread uplift and "trapdoor" faulting on Galápagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry. Nature 407, 993-998.
Geist, D., Chadwick, W.W., and Johnson, D., Results from new GPS and gravity monitoring networks at Fernandina and Sierra Negra volcanoes, Galápagos, 2000-2002 (submitted to the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research in 2004).
Information Contacts: Dennis J. Geist, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-3022 USA (Email: email@example.com), William W. Chadwick, Jr., Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, OR 97365 USA (Email: email@example.com); Daniel J. Johnson, University of Puget Sound, Department of Geology, 1500 N. Warner, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA (Email: email@example.com); Hugo Yepes, Geophysical Institute (IG), Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Apartado 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/).
09/2005 (BGVN 30:09) Caldera erupts starting 22 October 2005 at fissure on caldera's inner N wall
At about 1730 on 22 October 2005 Sierra Negra began erupting. This shield volcano with a large oval-shaped caldera is located at the S end of Isabela Island. Circumferential fractures define the northern edge of the caldera. Volcán Chico, noted for its 1963 and 1979 eruptions, is comprised of a series of scoria cones and other vents aligned along several prominent fractures on the outer slope of the N caldera rim. The present activity is not related to the Volcán Chico fracture system, but is venting from fractures along the N inner caldera wall. The most prominent fracture can be traced westward ~ 3 km where it lies along the rim. This initial report was provided by a scientific team from the Instituto Geofísico.
The eruption was preceded by a seismic event at 1438 on 22 October, felt in the coastal village of Villamil (20 km SE of the caldera border) and by Park Wardens on Cerro Azul. Others reported single earthquakes on 19 October and two weeks earlier. At 1730 the eruption began with an explosion heard by many people in the Villamil area. Hikers in the area of the subsequent lava emission in the mid-afternoon of both 21 and 22 October witnessed no unusual activity. By 1745 the eruption column had reached an estimated altitude of 5 km, and the setting sun illuminated the light gray eruption column. At 1815 the team observed the column after sunset from Point (Punto) Ayora, Santa Cruz Island (80 km E) and estimated its height at 10 km. The still-rising column was 4-6 km wide, not spreading laterally, and a small lenticular cloud was beginning to form a cap over the column. As night fell, the western sky above the caldera was a burgundy red, suggesting that lava had covered an extensive area of the caldera floor. Satellite imagery of the eruption at 1745 showed an eruption cloud at an estimated altitude of at least 15 km moving SW. A very large hotspot in the multispectral imagery was also observed and continued on 27 October.
Observations at 1945 from the Santa Cruz highlands (75 km away) employing a camcorder with night vision capabilities confirmed extensive lava fountaining estimated to be 200-300 m high along a segment of the caldera rim, as well as the incandescence from a lava flow several kilometers long descending the NW outer flank. Although the complete eruption column was not visible, it may have reached an altitude close to 20 km and had spread out. Tourist boats between Isabela and Fernandina Island reported seeing two lava flows descending the N flank.
During an overflight between 0715 and 0900 on 23 October the team did not witness active lava flows or evidence of lava having entered the sea. A thin khaki-colored ash cloud layer was observed, between about 1,200 and 1,500 m altitude, that had spread out laterally and extended E as far as St. Cruz Island and N to Santiago Island. Later in the day the plume was directed NNW in agreement with satellite information. From the plane the team confirmed that the main eruption was venting from four craters along a 500-m-long fracture at the base of the NNE inner caldera wall. The highest lava fountaining (up to 200 m high) was being generated at the two middle vents, while the end vents were feeding many lava flows S onto the caldera floor. The fracture apparently extended W along the inner wall, but then climbed to the caldera rim where its trace was not obvious. However, small vents with fountaining and incandescent lava were observed on the rim along this general fracture system, implying that the active fracture extended ~ 2 km W of the main vents.
During the mid-day hours of 23 October the team ascended the S flank, followed the E rim of the caldera, and reached a point ~ 800 m from the active vents, from which the following description was made. From the four principal vents the lava flowed S with exceptional force, volume, and speed downslope in three main channels (figures 3 and 4). Based on the apparent speed of the lava, and the more than 10-m height of the waves in the stream of passing lava, the team estimated that the main lava flow was traveling nearly 20 m/second as it left its vent. The W channels, some 30-50 m wide, maintained their red incandescent color and high speeds, albeit less than that near the vent.
|Figure 3. View looking W from the NE rim of Sierra Negra's caldera (right) on 23 October 2005. The caldera floor is to the left. The four active vents are superimposed in this photo, aligned along the E-W fracture that lies at the base of the inner caldera wall. Numerous lava flows descended southwards to the left where they joined to form one single flow of a'a lava ~ 1 km wide and 7 km long that had already reached the southern inner wall of the caldera on 23 October. Courtesy of M. Hall.
|Figure 4. A 150-m-high lava fountain rises on 23 October 2005 from one of four active vents that define the active fracture system at the base of the northern inner wall of Sierra Negra's caldera. From these four principal vents lava flows moved southwards at velocities estimated at close to 20 m/second on 23 October. Courtesy of M. Hall.
By 1500 the E channel was slowing and cooling to a gray surface color; this thin solid veneer was subsequently fragmented when the flow went over the edge of the bench and cascaded to the caldera floor. On the caldera floor the incandescent lavas of all three channels disappeared under the black solidified a'a lava that already covered about 12% of the caldera. In the 22 hours since the eruption had begun, the lavas had formed one large flow 1-1.5 km wide that traveled SE along the base of the E interior caldera wall, then W along the S wall reaching a point almost halfway across the caldera. As such it had traveled a total distance of 7 km and had started small brush fires on the floor and interior walls of the caldera. With an estimated thickness of no more than 3 m, the volume of the lava ejected by 1530 on 23 October was calculated at about 25 million cubic meters.
Along the trail leading to the vent area an increasing amount of scoria fragments was observed on the rim's edge. Fragments ~ 1 cm in size were first observed ~ 4 km SE of the active vents, and they increased in size (up to 15 cm) and abundance towards the vents. Very little fine ash was in the air or on the ground along the E caldera rim. The scoria was black, exceedingly vesiculated, with vesicles from millimeter to many centimeters in diameter; it seemed comparable in density to popcorn. No crystals were observed in the glassy scoria material. At their closest approach to the vent, scoria fragments formed a deposit 3-5 cm thick.
An explosion heard at 1900 on 25 October was accompanied by a dark eruptive column and minor ashfall along the E rim of the caldera and probably elsewhere. By early 26 October the Park Wardens were reporting that one of the four principal vents had shut down. Observations made late on 26 October indicated that the a'a flow on the caldera floor had slowed and was still several kilometers from the sulfur mine area. Civil Defense officials also reported that apparently less lava was leaving the vents and that lava extrusion might have shifted to the outer N flank, possibly to the Volcán Chico fracture system.
The only inhabited areas include the small town of Villamil, located 20 km SE of the caldera's border on the S coast, plus several other small populated areas about halfway between the caldera and Villamil. There was no immediate threat to those residents, given the fact that in order to spill out of the caldera and descend the S flanks the entire 100-m depth of the caldera would have to fill with lava. The southern caldera border has not been active in the recent geologic past.
Information Contacts: Minard Hall and Patricio Ramón, Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Apartado 17-01-2759, Quito, Ecuador (URL: http://www.igepn.edu.ec/, Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com); Washington Tapia and Oscar Caravajal, Parque Nacional Galápagos, Pto. Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Ecuador (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com).
10/2005 (BGVN 30:10) Eruption ends 30 October; some lava on NE flank, more on E caldera floor
Our last report (BGVN 30:09) described the first five days of this eruption, and was taken largely from a valuable joint report of Ecuador's Instituto Geofísico and Parque Nacional Galápagos. Here we report information from several sources on these topics: (a) initial observations of the eruption, (b) caldera-floor deformation prior to the eruption, (c) observations of the eruption's progress during 26 to 30 October (when it ended), and (d) satellite infrared observations of thermal fluxes associated with the eruption.
Eruption's start and subsequent plumes. As noted previously (BGVN 30:09), the eruption began around 1730 on 22 October 2005, when an explosion was heard by many residents of the volcano's S flank. Satellite images showed no activity at 1715, but revealed a large eruption at 1745 local time (2345 UTC). The eruption cloud reached an estimated altitude of at least 15 km (50,000 ft) and was moving SW.
At about this time, passengers and crew on Lindblad Expeditions' 80 passenger vessel M/N Polaris had an excellent view of the eruptive plume (figure 5). Lucho Verdesoto, the expedition leader, reported that the ship was then at Cerro Dragon, Santa Cruz island. Sunset was at 1753. As night fell they sailed to a position ~ 18 km NE of the volcano, where they had clear views of flows descending the volcano's upper NE flank (figure 6).
|Figure 5. Early photo of the Sierra Negra plume from the cruise ship Polaris, anchored off NW Santa Cruz island around sunset on 22 October 2005. Courtesy of Lucho Verdesoto.
|Figure 6. Lava spews skyward from circumferential fissure vents near the N rim of Sierra Negra caldera as flows descend the upper N flank. The photos were taken on 22 October, during the first few hours of the eruption, from the Polaris. Courtesy of Lucho Verdesoto.
Naturalist Carman Guzman wrote, "After sunset the show was fascinating so we decided to move the Polaris to a much closer location. After dinner, we were only eleven miles from the eruption itself. What a thrill! The darkness of the night enhanced the beauty of the fiery reds and oranges that were seen at the top of the caldera. We spent several hours enjoying this rare and fantastic event. Rivers of lava were running down the slopes of the volcano and enormous flames were lighting up the sky."
According to NASA MODIS imagery and VAAC/NOAA reports, on 25 October 2005 a large plume of gases and steam was observed in GOES 12 imagery for 1545 local time (2145 UTC). The plume extended ~ 460 km W and SW of the summit at an altitude of ~ 4.6 km. Figure 7 shows the average concentration of SO2 over the Sierra Negra plume as imaged by NASA's Aura satellite for the period 23 October-1 November.
|Figure 7. The average concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) over Sierra Negra from 23 October-1 November measured by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA's Aura satellite. In agreement with reports from the ground, OMI stopped seeing measurable sulfur dioxide coming from the volcano on 31 October. The column abundances of SO2 appear on the associated key (in Dobson Units, DU, a product of concentration and pathlength that reflects the number of SO2 molecules in a unit area of the atmospheric column). Courtesy of NASA Earth Observatory/Natural Hazards website.
Deformation monitoring. In the early stages of this eruption, Bill Chadwick (NOAA) submitted a report on pre-eruption deformation (figure 8). The plot shows both Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and GPS data on vertical deformation of the caldera floor. Chadwick wrote that he, Dennis Geist (University of Idaho), and Dan Johnson (University of Puget Sound, recently deceased) installed a 27 station GPS network at Sierra Negra in 2000, that was reoccupied in 2001 and 2002 (Geist and others, in press). With help from UNAVCO (a consortium supporting high-precision deformation measurements), the group then added a 6-station, continuous GPS network in 2002. Since then, there occurred a change from caldera subsidence to caldera uplift in March 2003. During this uplift, an M 4.6 earthquake on 16 April 2005 marked trapdoor faulting. The continuous GPS network measured a surface displacement of 85 cm within 10 seconds. Both this event and the previous case of trapdoor faulting in 1997-8-documented by satellite measurements using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) (Amelung and others, 2000)-were preceded by over a meter of inflation (Jónsson and others, 2005). Both the 1997-98 and 2005 trapdoor movements occurred along the caldera floor's S side.
|Figure 8. Recent history of uplift at the center of Sierra Negra's caldera. The data plotted are only through April 2005 when the trapdoor faulting event occurred. Although not plotted, GPS data since April has continued to indicate robust deformation. Courtesy Bill Chadwick, NOAA.
Aside from its immediate affects, the April 2005 earthquake left the later inflation rate unchanged. Caldera-centered uplift has continued since then without pause at about the same high rate. During the interval from March 2002 to April 2005 there was about ~ 1.2 m of uplift. Rates after the April 2005 earthquake are not plotted but were roughly the same as those during the interval March 2002-April 2005. The only other large earthquakes at Sierra Negra in the last year were an M 4.0 on 23 February 2005, which was associated with a small (2 cm) displacement near the trapdoor fault, an M 4.6 on 19 September 2005 that caused no obvious displacements, and an M 5.5, just 3 hours before the 22 October eruption started. The GPS data has not yet been processed.
Field descriptions of the eruption. The eruption began on 22 October with venting along a 2-km fissure near the caldera's N rim (figure 6). The fissure descended the caldera's inner wall at its E end. Flows were fed both northward down the outer N flank and southward onto the NE caldera floor. Although flows reached 5 km down the outer flank, flow into the caldera soon dominated, with strong channels descending inner caldera slopes before combining to form a wide aa flow banked against the caldera's E wall and moving steadily southward (see figures and discussion, BGVN 30:09).
Figure 9 is a photo taken by Greg Estes on 24 October. It highlights the vigorous venting and intracaldera flows at that point in the eruption. Figure 10, a post-eruption satellite photo, illustrates the broad pattern of still-cooling, erupted lavas (which appear as light colored areas on this 2 November thermal-infrared image). Although this may represent the best overview of the new lavas at this time, some of the thinnest flows or chilled flow features may not appear on this image.
|Figure 9. The Sierra Negra eruption setting as viewed from the E caldera rim. The fissure vent was vigorously emitting fountains, and there were several anastomosing lava flows pouring into the caldera. Photo was taken at night on 24 October 2005, day 3 of the eruption. The scattered glow in the foreground was due to ponded lava covering the caldera's E floor. Courtesy of Greg Estes (Galápagos resident and Park Guide).
|Figure 10. The Sierra Negra eruption setting as viewed from space in a false color ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) infrared image taken at night on 2 November, ~ 3 days after the eruption ended. N is towards the top. Caldera is 7 x 10.5 km across. Note the extra-caldera, N-flank lava flows, the lunate zone of ponded lavas along the E caldera. NASA image created by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using data provided courtesy of Eric Fielding (NASA/JPL), the NASA/GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team.
By 26 October, fissure activity had narrowed to one major vent very near the N rim, but at 0830 on the 27th, eyewitness Godfrey Merlin reported that a second vent opened downslope and SE of the first. This new vent did not diminish the activity of the first, meaning that the total flux of erupting lava nearly doubled.
By about 1400 on the 27th, a team including Dennis Geist (University of Idaho), Terry Naumann (University of Alaska), and Karen Harpp (Colgate University) had arrived at the E caldera rim and began sending back a series of valuable reports. Their first report noted a major vent immediately below GPS station SN12 on the rim NE of the caldera's center. This vent emitted a large intracaldera aa flow.
Some active N-flank vents stood about 300-400 m NW of a station (GV01) on the caldera's N rim . There, two major vents fed lava fountains up to 50 m high. Most lava being erupted was flowing into the caldera, although some of the scoria from the fountains was falling outside the caldera and then forming a short, sluggish flow. Lava inside the caldera was cascading from the vents down the slope on the N edge of the caldera in 3 main channels, each 30-40 m across, with lava flowing at ~10 m/s (36 km/h) and in some cases over 10 m/s, and coalescing into a major aa flow to the S. On the caldera floor these channels merged into one big aa channel about 100 m wide that flowed more slowly both to the S, clockwise along the base of the E caldera wall, and into the moat along the S edge of the caldera floor. Pahoehoe outbreaks occurred along the margins of the major aa flow. New aa lava covered an estimated one-third of the caldera floor.
The report for 28 October noted that the eruption was still going strong. There were no significant new events on this day, but it appeared that the lava flux had increased because the vents looked wider and there seemed to be a lot more gas emitted. The lava continued to feed from the vents to the caldera floor in two large streams, each ~ 20 m across with lava traveling at 5-10 m/s, adding up to probably hundreds of millions of cubic meters of lava per day. The aa field continued to grow. The group reached the caldera floor and were able to sample both lava and tephra.
By 0700 on the 29th some of the vents had shut down and the two lava channels to the W (previously fed by the upper vent) stopped moving. The lower vent still emitted lava and fed one channel E of the others. The team estimated the channel to be ~ 10 m wide and moving ~5 m/s. Assuming a 2-m depth, the lava flux was 5 to 10 million cubic meters per day, about half that seen the morning of the 29th
The emission rate continued to diminish throughout the 29th and by the evening it was only 10-20% of that seen on the 28th. In addition, the amount of gases emitted decreased such that the gas plume only rose ~ 1 km, whereas earlier plumes had risen to several kilometers. The lower vent was no longer fountaining continuously as it had on the 28th; instead the fountaining came in bursts at intervals of about 1-30 seconds. A lava lake sloshed around in the lower vent's crater; some lava escaped this crater along a breach in the crater rim. The upper vent (the one that shut off) was still incandescent with a lot of gas coming out, so it was possible that there was a lava lake there too.
The eruption appeared to end on the 30th. Glow was observed at 0200, but had ceased by 0400. The vents still emitted gas, but not fresh lava. However, it was possible that there was still N-flank activity. There were reports of lava flows there, and while it was certain that at least some of these flows were clastogenic (composed of spatter from fire fountains that accumulated and then began to flow), it was uncertain whether there were also actively erupting flank vents. The team remained separated from this area by hot lava, thwarting reconnaissance. Initial estimates of the coverage of the caldera floor were an area of ~ 14 km2. Assuming a 3-4 m average flow thickness, this was ~ 0.05 km3 (50,000,000 m3) of lava. There were obviously high error bars on this estimate, but it was clearly much less than the ~ 1 km3 extruded in the 1979 eruption.
MODVOLC Thermal Alerts. A large set of thermal hotspots in multispectral imagery was observed beginning late 22 October (local time and date) and continuing through 16 November 2005 (figure 11). Although MODVOLC data were missing for some days and reduced for others (presumably due to cloud cover screening the radiation from the satellite) these hot-spot pixels dramatically document the course of the eruption. Data on figure 11 appear consistent with in situ observations, in that by the second day, lava was at least 5 km down the outer N slope and covering much of the E caldera floor. By the 8th day (30 October), the outer slope flows had cooled significantly, but flows inside the caldera had continued their clockwise advance, filling all low points to the extreme SW corner of the caldera. Ten days later (9 November), the eruption had ended and only flows from the vents to the SE caldera floor were still emitting detectable heat. The last pixels observed, two above the original vent area on the N rim, were on 16 November.
|Figure 11. Selected images of MODVOLC thermal anomalies for Sierra Negra measured from satellite (MODIS) data at three days during and after the 2005 eruption. Part A presents an overview of the region (smaller scale than the other images) on 24 October. Parts B-D give a zoom-in on the 7 x 10.5 km caldera. Part B represents 24 October; Part C, 30 October; and part D, 9 November 2005. Since the eruption ended 30 October, the latter two images must thus portray the post-eruptive thermal inertial of the cooling lavas. Courtesy of Hawai`i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawai`i.
References. Amelung, F., Jónsson, S., Zebker, H., and Segall, P., 2000, Widespread uplift and 'trapdoor' faulting on Galápagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry: Nature, v. 407, p. 993-996.
Geist, D.J., Chadwick, W.W., Jr., and Johnson, D.J., in press, Results from new GPS monitoring networks at Fernandina and Sierra Negra volcanoes, Galápagos, 2000-2002: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (in press).
Jónsson, S., H. Zebker, and F. Amelung, 2005, On trapdoor faulting at Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos; Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 144, p. 59-71.
Information Contacts: Lucho Verdesoto and Carman Guzman, M/N Polaris, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com); Francisco Dousdebes, Galápagos Expedition Manager, Metropolitan Touring, Ecuador (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com); Lindblad Expeditions (URL: http://www.expeditions.com/); U.S. National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA), (URL: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/; http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/); Bill Chadwick, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies (CIMRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), Oregon State University, 2115 SE OSU Drive, Newport, OR 97365, USA (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com); Dennis Geist, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3022 USA (Email: email@example.com); Terry Naumann, Department of Geology, University of Alaska at Anchorage, Anchorage, AK 99598, USA (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, URL: http://geology.uaa.alaska.edu/); Karen Harpp, Department of Geology, Colgate University, 408 Lathrop Hall, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA (Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, URL: http://classes.colgate.edu/kharpp/khwebpage/); MODVOLC Alerts Team, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East-West Road, Post 602, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (URL: http://modis.higp.hawaii.edu/).
The broad shield volcano of Sierra Negra at the southern end of Isabela Island contains a shallow 7 x 10.5 km caldera that is the largest in the Galápagos Islands. Flank vents abound, including cinder cones and spatter cones concentrated along an ENE-trending rift system and tuff cones along the coast and forming offshore islands. The 1124-m-high volcano is elongated in a NE direction. Although it is the largest of the five major Isabela volcanoes, it has the flattest slopes, averaging less than 5 degrees and diminishing to 2 degrees near the coast. A sinuous 14-km-long, N-S-trending ridge occupies the west part of the caldera floor, which lies only about 100 m below its rim. Volcán de Azufre, the largest fumarolic area in the Galápagos Islands, lies within a graben between this ridge and the west caldera wall. Lava flows from a major eruption in 1979 extend all the way to the north coast from circumferential fissure vents on the upper northern flank. Sierra Negra, along with Cerro Azul and Volcán Wolf, is one of the most active of Isabela Island volcanoes.
Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI).
|Start Date
|Stop Date
|Eruption Certainty
|Activity Area or Unit
|2005 Oct 22
|2005 Oct 30
|Historical Observations
|North caldera rim
|1979 Nov 13
|1980 Jan 14 (in or after)
|Historical Observations
|Upper NW and NE flanks (Volcán Chico)
|1963 Apr 13
|1963 May
|Historical Observations
|Volcán Chico area & NW caldera rim
|Volcano Uncertain: Isabela Island
|1954 Nov 9
|Volcano Uncertain: originally Alcedo
|1953 Aug 27
|1954 Jan
|Historical Observations
|Volcán Chico area & NW caldera rim
|1948 Aug
|1949 Feb (?)
|Historical Observations
|1911 Dec 31 ± 365 days
|Historical Observations
|Volcano Uncertain: Isabela Island
|Volcano Uncertain: Isabela Island
|Volcano Uncertain: Isabela Island
|1813 Jul 13
|Volcano Uncertain: South end of Isabela Island
|1350 ± 500 years
|Surface Exposure
|1060 ± 500 years
|Surface Exposure
|0370 ± 1100 years
|Surface Exposure
|1250 BCE ± 100 years
|Radiocarbon (uncorrected)
|SE flank
|8250 BCE ± 1600 years
|Surface Exposure
This compilation of synonyms and subsidiary features may not be comprehensive. Features are organized into four major categories: Cones, Craters, Domes, and Thermal Features. Synonyms of features appear indented below the primary name. In some cases additional feature type, elevation, or location details are provided.
|Grande, Volcan | Santo Tomas, Volcan
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|Agua, Cerro
|Pyroclastic cone
|Ballena, Cerro
|Tuff cone
|Barahona, Cerro
|Pyroclastic cone
|Cazuel, Cerro
|Pyroclastic cone
|Muro de las Lagrimas
|Pyroclastic cone
|Pelado, Cerro
|Pyroclastic cone
|Pipon, Cerro
|Pyroclastic cone
|Quatro Hermanos, Los
|Tuff cone
|Tortuga, Isla
|Tuff cone
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|Chico, Volcán
|Fissure vent
|Feature Name
|Feature Type
|Azufre, Volcán de
|Mina Azufral
|The broad shield volcano of Sierra Negra at the southern end of Isabela Island rises above a sea of clouds across from the tephra-mantled caldera rim of Fernandina volcano. Sierra Negra is the largest, but lowest-angle shield volcano on Isabela. The summit of the volcano contains a shallow 7 x 10.5 km caldera that is the largest of the Galápagos Islands. Sierra Negra is one of the most active of the Isabela Island volcanoes.
Photo by Lee Siebert, 1978 (Smithsonian Institution).
|A dramatic sinuous N-S-trending ridge extends across the western side of the summit caldera of Sierra Negra volcano, forming the border of a graben lying between it and the caldera wall to the left. Volcán Azufre, the largest fumarolic area in the Galápagos Islands, is located in this part of the 7 x 10.5 km wide caldera. An arcuate line of small vents parallel to the caldera wall were produced by eruptions from circumferential fissures parallel to the caldera walls and fed lava flows that primarily traveled down the outer flanks of the volcano.
Photo by U.S. Air Force, 1946
|Incandescent lava fountains and eruption column from Sierra Negra are seen from Cerro Dragon on Santa Cruz Island sometime after the onset of the eruption at about 1700 hrs on October 22, 2005. Satellite imagery indicated that the eruption plume reached at least 15 km altitude. The lava fountains were estimated to be about 200-300 m high.
Photo by Lucho Verdesoto, 2005.
|The light-colored area at the lower right in this false color ASTER infrared image shows the extent of lava flows from the October 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano. The image, taken at night on November 2, about 3 days after the eruption ended, shows thin lava flows that descended the north flank and the lunate zone of ponded lavas on the eastern-to-southern caldera floor deflected by caldera wall. Neighboring Cerro Azul volcano on SW Isabela Island is visible at the lower left.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, NASA Earth Observatory, 2005.
|This composite view looks west from the NE rim of Sierra Negra's caldera (right) on October 23, 2005. The caldera floor is to the left. Four active vents are superimposed in this photo, aligned along the E-W fracture that lies at the base of the inner caldera wall. Numerous lava flows descended southwards to the left where they joined to form one single flow of a'a lava ~ 1 km wide and 7 km long that had already reached the southern inner wall of the caldera on the 23rd.
Photo by Minard Hall, 2005 (Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito).
|A 150-m-high lava fountain rises on October 23, 2005 from one of four active vents that define the active fracture system at the base of the northern inner wall of Sierra Negra's caldera. An eruption began on October 22, 2005 from a 2-km-long, roughly E-W-trending fissure vent along the north caldera rim, initially producing a 15-km-high eruption column. Some lava flows traveled down the north flank, but the bulk of the lava flows traveled into the caldera and followed its east wall before being deflected by the southern caldera wall to the west.
Photo by Minard Hall, 2005 (Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Quito).
|Lava fountaining of the Sierra Negra eruption is viewed from the east caldera rim on the night of October 24, the 3rd day of the eruption. Vigorous lava fountains rise from several locations along the fissure vent, feeding several anastomosing lava flows that poured into the caldera. The scattered glow in the foreground was due to ponded lava covering the caldera's eastern floor.
Photo by Gregg Estes, 2005.
|An aerial view of the SW caldera floor of Sierra Negra volcano shows El Azufre fumarolic field and the trap-door fault to the left. This sinuous 14-km-long, N-S-trending ridge occupies the west part of the caldera floor, which lies only about 100 m below its rim. El Azufre, the largest fumarolic area in the Galápagos Islands, lies within a graben between this ridge and the west caldera wall. The broad shield volcano of Sierra Negra at the southern end of Isabela Island contains a shallow 7 x 10.5 km caldera that is the largest in the Galápagos Islands.
Photo by Patricio Ramon, 2005 (Instituto Geofisca, Escuela Politecnica Nacional).
The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Discussion of another volcano or eruption (sometimes far from the one that is the subject of the manuscript) may produce a citation that is not at all apparent from the title.
Delaney J R, Colony W E, Gerlach T M, Nordlie B E, 1973. Geology of the Volcan Chico area on Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos Islands. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 84: 2455-2470.
Geist D J, Harpp K S, Naumann T R, Poland M, Chadwick W W, Hall M, Rader E, 2008. The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos, Ecuador. Bull Volc, 70: 655-673.
Geist D, Harpp K, Reynolds B, 2006. A field trip guide to the geology of the Galapagos Islands. Cities on Volcanoes 4, Quito, Ecuador, 23-27 Jan, 2006, Field Trip Guide, 30 p.
Goff F, McMurtry G M, Counce D, Simac J A, Roldan-Manzo A R, Hilton D R, 2000. Contrasting hydrothermal activity at Sierra Negra and Alcedo volcanoes Galapagos Archipelago, Ecuador. Bull Volc, 62: 34-52.
IAVCEI, 1973-80. Post-Miocene Volcanoes of the World. IAVCEI Data Sheets, Rome: Internatl Assoc Volc Chemistry Earth's Interior..
Jonnsson S, Zebker H, Amelung F, 2005. On trapdoor faulting at Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos. J Volc Geotherm Res, 144: 59-71.
McBirney A R, Williams H, 1969. Geology and petrology of the Galapagos Islands. Geol Soc Amer Mem, 118: 1-197.
Mouginis-Mark P J, Rowland S K, Garbeil H, 1996. Slopes of western Galapagos volcanoes from airborne interferometric radar. Geophys Res Lett, 23: 3767-3770.
Naumann T, Geist D, 2000. Physical volcanology and structural development of Cerro Azul volcano, Isabela Island, Galapagos: implications for the development of Galapagos-type shield volcanoes.. Bull Volc, 61: 497-514.
Reynolds R W, Geist D, Kurz M D, 1995. Physical volcanology and structural development of Sierra Negra volcano, Isabela Island, Galapagos Archipelago. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 107: 1398-1410.
Richards A F, 1962. Archipelago de Colon, Isla San Felix and Islas Juan Fernandez. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 14: 1-50.


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All of my BFFs are team werewolf,and say Edward sucks. I'm starting to get a little mad,and decided to join this group. Please...give me some Edward love.
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West Virginia Coal Reclamation Managing Partner Gene Ricciardi can't think of any reason the industry wouldn't embrace the DriJet 100, a new technology that can separate coal from ash without using water or chemicals.
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A tank at Freedom Industries in Charleston leaked roughly 10,000 gallons of crude MCHM and PPH — a blend used to scrub coal — into the Elk River Jan. 9. The leak spurred a state of emergency and left 300,000 people in parts of nine southern West Virginia counties under a "do not use" tap water order for at least four days, and longer for some.
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"So it basically pays for itself by creating a larger market value for coal that goes way beyond the cost of the DriJet."


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The Bison Men's Basketball first exhibition game is tomorrow night, and the team is ready to build off of last season's post-season berth. The Bison started last season 13 and 4 before finishing their final stretch 4 and 10. NDSU still made it to the college basketball invitational at the end of the year, but they know if they want a shot at the NCAA tournament, they'll have to finish a lot better.
The Bison return four starters and their five top scorers. The exhibition opener is tomorrow night against Concordia


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CareerTech Champions
Tony and Patricia Bustos - Metro Technology Centers, Oklahoma City
Teen parents take turns to succeed . . . together.
Emanuel Perry, Tulsa Technology Center
Emanuel Perry changes styles.
SandRidge Energy Inc. - Northwest Technology Center, Alva
Safety first for SandRidge Energy Inc.
Kathy Morris – Moore Norman Technology Center
Norman esthetician Kathy Morris turns back the clock, one facial at a time.
Callie Fowler - Tri County Technology Center, Bartlesville
Callie Fowler concocts a culinary arts obsession.
Leif Reints - Northeast Technology Center, Afton
World's Best Bricklayer Leif Reints.
Christy VanCleave – Muddy Paws/Skills Centers
Former inmate gives training – and hope – to female offenders.
James Harber – Francis Tuttle Technology Center
Graphic artist James Harber finds a passion that fuels a booming business.
Stephen Saak, S&S Promotions - Metro Technology Centers
Signs, signs, everywhere signs by S&S Promotions
Tilley Pressure Test - Red River Technology Center
Tilley Pressure Test finds cost savings and employee advancement at "home."
Midwestern Oklahoma Development Authority - Western Technology Center
When Clinton-Sherman Air Force Base closed, a window of opportunity opened.
Hokett Construction, Inc. - Southwest Technology Center
Hokett Construction seizes opportunity to expand its market.
Cookshack, Inc. - Pioneer Technology Center
Cookshack smokes with Pioneer Tech support.
Shawnee Police Department - Gordon Cooper Technology Center
Training hub sharpens regional police force skills.
Charles Machine Works - Meridian Technology Center
Charles Machine Works leans into manufacturing in America.
Ricky Shriner - Central Technology Center
When cancer hit close to home, Ricky Shriner decided to hit back.
Leaders By HEART - Canadian Valley Technology Center
Leaders by HEART take business and industry relationships by the reins.
Mitchell Frey - Kiamichi Technology Center
Mitchell Frey tackles Pre-Engineering to prevail in college.
Jordan McMasters - Red River Technology Center
Biomedical Science "MOO"-ves Jordan McMasters to succeed.
Caddo Electric Cooperative - Caddo Kiowa Technology Center
Caddo Electric Cooperative and Caddo Kiowa Technology Center, a power-packed partnership.


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Standard Delivery (Estimated 2-4 working days) - £3.95*
Next Day Delivery (Next Working Day) - £5.95
Delivery to store (2-3 working days) - Free
* Free on UK orders over £50
Standard European Delivery (Estimated 3-5 working days) - 11.50 EURDelivery for Rest Of World customers:
Standard International Delivery (Estimated 5-7 working days) - 20 USDUK Customers placing order over £50 will qualify for free standard delivery
CREP Rain and Stain Shoe Care $126.00
HYPE Speckle Backpack $377.50
GOOD FOR NOTHING Cryptic Cut n Sew T-Shirt $377.50
ELLESSE Exhibition T-Shirt $277.00
HYPE Speckle Backpack $377.50
ADIDAS ORIGINALS ZX Flux Woven Trainer $842.50
NIKE Roshe Run Trainer $1,006.00
NIKE Air Max 90 Premium Trainer $1,257.50
NIKE Free Run 2 Trainer $1,006.00
NIKE Air Max Thea Trainer $1,194.50
NIKE Air Force 1 Low Trainer $880.50
ADIDAS ORIGINALS Gazelle OG Trainer $817.50
SUPRA Hammer Run Trainer $817.50
NIKE Air Max 90 Premium Trainer $1,257.50
ADIDAS ORIGINALS ZX Flux Woven Trainer $842.50
CONVERSE Chuck Taylor All Star Ox Mono Trainer $566.00
NIKE Air Max 95 Trainer $1,446.00
CREATIVE RECREATION Kaplan Suede Trainer $1,006.00
ADIDAS ORIGINALS Superstar II Trainer $817.50
NIKE Air Safari Trainer $754.50
We're sad to see you leaving us. If you're having trouble checking out, or need some advice on some gear. Click here to find out how to get in touch.


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Popular Posts
< http://www.dhstyles.com/SearchResults.asp?Search=Bla-Ko-20525 > "RUFFLES" Done Right! On SALE $28.49 - - ALL NEW: Sexy...
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Sights & Attractions
NarathiwatOperating day:
DailyOperating time: 24 Hour
Contact Details
- -
Ban Bang Nara, Tambon Kaluwo Nuea, Amphoe Mueang, Narathiwat
Category : Mosque
Attraction Details :
The mosque is located at Ban Bang Nara, just before Narathat Beach. This mosque, which is the provinces second central mosque built in 1981, is a religious site highly revered by Thai Muslims. This 3-story Arabian-style building with a large dome on top has the main convention hall on the ground floor and the prayer rooms on the top 2 floors. In addition, there is a high tower that is used to call Muslims to prayer.
The closest destination to this result :
See & Do in Narathiwat :


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So now I'm pretty sure I'm all caught up with Vampire Diaries
and OH MY GOOD LORD THEY BETTER NOT KILL OFF ELIJAH OR I MAY JUST DIE.
this god damn show with it's stupid cliff-hangers and attractive vampire families.
but really if Elijah dies I may just have to come after Julie Plec.


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Rice Starch: Ingredient Decoder
While most people identify themselves as omnivores or herbivores, I consider myself a rice-atarian. Growing up in a Chinese household, I ate rice for breakfast, lunch, and dinner—and my diet hasn't changed much now that I'm an adult. But I had no idea that the main grain in my life could also be good for my skin until I started doing a little research. It turns out that legions of Asian women have been using homemade rice powder as a beauty treatment for centuries. Nowadays, things have gotten a bit more refined, but the basic skin benefits of rice remain the same. Click through to learn how rice can change your skin!
Rice starch, which is the powdery substance that surrounds individual grains, is a hero ingredient in many modern beauty products. Rice starch has a naturally sticky texture that binds with dead surface skin cells and dirt, the two things you don't want clogging up your face. Better still, it's also an emollient (a fancy word for moisturizer), which means that it softens skin and cures dryness by leaving a protective film behind. When you use it regularly, rice starch will help reduce the look of fine lines and other signs of sun damage while brightening your complexion.
Perhaps my favorite rice-based product is Origin's Modern Friction™ Exfoliator. Origins calls it a viable natural alternative to clinical microdermabrasion, and I couldn't agree more. Instead of exfoliating with harsh chemicals or crystals, which can feel like they're scraping a layer of skin off your face, Origins' scrub is instead heavy in rice starch. Use it two to three times a week over dry skin (if you're particularly sensitive, apply to damp skin) and say goodbye to dry flakiness for good.
Pair your rice starch exfoliator with other Origins products to create a complete skincare regimen.


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Market analyst Peter Meyer is an old hand at taking samples from corn and bean fields on the Pro Farmer Midwest Crop Tour. He says this year's Tour—his sixth—is one where scouts should leave any preconceived notions in the truck.
"It's one of those things where it looked good on the outside it was bad on the inside, and when it looked bad on the outside it was good on the inside," Meyer says of scouting Ohio fields on the Eastern leg of the Tour.
"The key is for us to get away from the outside and to get to the heart of the matter, which is inside the field," Meyer says.
Hear what he has to say about the first day of the Eastern Tour.
See Comments
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Voter Registration
All Colorado driver's license offices provide voter registration services.
Once your voter registration information is completed at the driver's license office, it is then forwarded to the specific county for which you have registered.
Please note, however, that all Driver's License employees are prohibited from giving personal opinions regarding voting information or party affiliation.
You can register online or check to see that you are registered: Click here
Also use the above link to receive a paper voter registration form through the mail.


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Orthopaedics at CDH
Top Ranked in Illinois for Orthopaedics
Inspired. Rewarded.
CDH recognized in U.S. News & World Report
Need a Physician?
Find a Cadence doctor.
100 Top Hospital
CDH receives 6th consecutive award
Baby Portraits
Order your baby's first photos online
Nursing Jobs
Nursing positions recently posted
Find CDH Events
Search for classes online
Physician Opportunities
Join our team today
Pediatric Patient Rights
Clinical Trials
Research happens at CDH
We at Central DuPage Hospital believe that all children, regardless of race, creed or developmental level, have the right to be treated with dignity and respect, to feel safe and to understand what is happening to them while they are in the hospital.
While you are at Central DuPage Hospital, you can be sure of these things:
You are important to us. We are here to make you better. Please let us know all we can do to help.
You are a special person. We understand that you may have cultural, religious, emotional and special needs. Please let us know what they are so that we can support you. You have the right to confidentiality. This means that what you tell us about yourself and what we learn about you will not be told to others unless it is important to your care.
You will meet many people during your stay. We will tell you our names and our jobs. We will call you by your name or nickname, whichever you would like. We will help you find time to play, along with time to learn, rest and sleep.
Information, Education and Communication
We understand that you are a member of a family. You have the right to have your family with you whenever possible.
Sometimes we will need to see or touch your body to help you get better, but we will always tell you first. The people in the hospital want you to get better and be able to go home. Tell us if you are hurting. We will try very hard to make the hurting stop.
We want to help you with your feelings. It is okay to feel angry, sad, scared or lonely in the hospital. You can tell us your feelings and we will always listen. We want you to feel safe.
We will allow you privacy for yourself and your special things from home. You can have your special things with you (like a blanket, toy or radio) if that will make you feel better.
Find a CDH Convenient Care Center
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text: Welcome to The Snugg SHOPPING FROM THE US?Visit our US website to receive a free delivery option and reduced delivery ratesStay on this SiteShop the US Site HomeTabletsAppleiPad 3 Our iPad 3 Case Range You're the proud owner of an iPad 3, but you don't want it to get damaged and ruin its pristine look. Simple – pick up an iPad 3 cover from The Snugg and satisfy any worries about your tablet's safety!It's easy for your iPad 3 to become damaged or scratched, but it can also be easy to keep it protected, as well as giving it a stylish look. Browse our range of iPad 3 cases below. Popularity New In Low - High High - Low Filter Device iPad 1iPad 2iPad 3iPad 4iPad AiriPad miniiPad mini Retina Style ExecutiveSiliconeLeatherSmartKeyboardHeadrestScreen ProtectorKeyboard Folio clear selected Colour clear selected Price Under $15.00$15.00 - $25.00$25.00 - $35.00over $35.00 clear selected Snugg iPad 3 Case Cover and Flip Stand in White PU Leather In Stock $39.99 Soft, stylish, wipe-clean white PU leatherIntegrated sturdy stand with two different positionsHand strap and stylus loopProtection via our Snugg Promise and Lifetime Guarantee Available Colours Snugg iPad 3 Silicone Non Slip Case in White In Stock $14.99 Squared rubberised silicone absorbs shock from impact.Complete wrap-around protection for your iPad 3.Distinctive Snugg logo and Quality PromiseLifetime Guarantee on registration. Available Colours Snugg iPad 3 Card Slot Executive Case in White Leather In Stock $49.99 White PU leather iPad 3 cover lined with nubuck.Cut outs help you access every feature on your iPad with ease.Stand, strap, pockets and stylus loop (stylus not included) for total convenience.Sleep and Wake saves battery power between charges. Available Colours Popular Accessories Snugg 2 in 1 Silver Stylus and Writing Pen $19.99 View Product Snugg 2 in 1 Black Stylus and Writing Pen $19.99 View Product Snugg Pack of 2 iPad 3 High Transparency Screen Protectors $14.99 View Product Snugg Pack of 2 iPad 3 Anti bacterial and Anti fingerprint Screen Protectors $14.99 View Product


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Thane (Maharashtra) : HJS holds exhibition devised by FACT on Kashmir terrorism
September 22, 2014
On 14th September 24 years ago, jihadi terrorists had forced Hindus to leave Kashmir valley and forced them to convert. An exhibition of 'flex' boards depicting the event was held on the occasion of Kashmiri Hindus' martyr Day at Nimbavali, Titwala.
Exhibition on FACT and History of revolutionaries at Pimpri-Pune (Maharashtra) !
September 8, 2014
FACT exhibition is being organised on the occasion of Ganesh Festival in the auditorium of Arya Samaj on behalf of Arya Samaj and HJS. Exhibition depicting the present state of Kashmiri Hindus.
Sanatan Sanstha and HJS participate in ABVP's Convention held in UP
December 30, 2012
Exhibition of books published by Sanatan Sanstha was held in ABVP's recently held East UP Regional convention. Also HJS held FACT Exhibition on Genocide of Hindus in Kashmir and Bangladesh in the same convention.
Anti-Superstitions Bill issue : Narendracharyaji Maharaj warn Government
December 19, 2012
If the government enacts Anti-superstition law, they will have to endure its effects in elections ! – Jagadguru Swami Narendracharyaji Maharaj
Anti-Superstitions Bill issue : HJS submits representation against Bill to various MLAs
December 19, 2012
Memorandums against proposed Anti-superstition Act were submitted to the MLAs at Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Ulhasnagar and Kalyan on behalf of Hindu Janjagruti Samiti.
Exhibition on oppression of Kashmiri Hindus held at Dombivali
September 28, 2011
It is a commendable mission to create awareness towards terrorism and activities of revolutionaries. It is very concise and nice.
Encouraging response to 'FACT' exhibition in Bhiwandi
January 6, 2011
Bhiwandi (Maharashtra): In a festival organized by 'Sri Datta Upasana Mandal' at village Chaudharpada, HJS had organized a photo-exhibition on terrorism, created by FACT.
FACT Exhibition on 'Kashmir Terrorism' held at Mumbai
January 4, 2011
Mumbai: An exhibition titled 'Bitter truth of terrorism', giving an (VASTAV) actual display of the torture of Hindus from Kashmir and Bangladesh was organized by Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
FACT Exhibition held successfully at Jalgaon
October 22, 2010
HJS organised FACT exhibition on oppression of Hindus in Kashmir at Jalgaon. It got very good response from devout Hindus.
Akola: Good response received for FACT exhibition
September 13, 2010
A photo exhibition titiled 'Grave truth regarding Terrorism' was held at 'Bara Jyotirlinga Temple' on 5th September,at Akola.
FACT exhibition at Shahapur receives good response
August 26, 2010
Shahapur (Maharashtra): Hindu Janajagruti Samiti (HJS) had organized a photo-exhibition on terrorism in Kashmir by FACT. It received very good response of Hindus.
FACT exhibition held successfully in Thane & Pune District
August 21, 2009
The photo exhibition on terrorism has reached many and has received a good response from the people. The participation of students was overwhelming.
FACT exhibition on terrorism in Shribaug (Alibaug)
June 1, 2009
Photo-exhibition devised by FACT showing atrocities against Hindus from Kashmir and Bangla Desh and the truth on terrorism has been organized at Dongare Hall on behalf of Hindu Janajagruti Samiti (HJS).
HJS organizes exhibition on terrorism
May 27, 2009
Alibaug (Maharashtra): Photo-exhibition devised by FACT on 'Grave Truth about Terrorism' giving information on oppression of Hindus in Kashmir will be held on 29th May, Friday and 30th May, Saturday at Dongre Hall in Alibaug.
Hindu Youth react after seeing FACT exhibition
May 18, 2009
Yavatmal (Maharashtra): We have realised the atrocities on Hindus after seeing the 'FACT' exhibition 'Frightening truth of Terrorism', expressed Hindu youths. HJS had organized the said exhibition here.


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Las Vegas Estate Rental Photos and Description
Custom, privately gated estate. 5 bedrooms. Sleeps 10.
The most amazing stay in all of Las Vegas. The Quail Estate is truly a one of a kind, amazing discovery minutes from the Las Vegas strip. Just 3 miles from the airport and 5 miles from the Strip, this 6,000 square foot, multi-million dollar estate features 8 foot columns and gates, lush landscaping, luxurious decor and comfortable seclusion.
Outside the home, you will find an acre of vast greenery, over 14,000 square feet of patio space, comfy furniture and lounge chairs, gas BBQ, custom pool and spa.
Inside the home, you will find 6,000 square feet, 22 rooms, 5 bedrooms, an open and flowing floor plan, custom limestone flooring, berber carpet, couches and furnishings that invite relaxation, abundant electronics, and much more; including...
- 5 oversized bedrooms (3 have en-suite bathrooms and 2 share a bathroom)... 2 rooms have king sized beds and 3 have queens
- A home gym with a Precor treadmill, commercial 'spin style' exercise bike, weight set
- A game room complete with a pool table, board games, xBox 360, PS3, DVD player, movies, games, and more
- Wine room (assorted wine available for a $25 restocking fee and alcohol for a $50 restocking fee)
- 2 laundry rooms (one upstairs and one downstairs) with laundry soap and supplies
- Luxury kitchen with 8 burner Thermador stove and double oven, Sub-Zero refrigerator and freezer, Bosch dishwasher, large island, blender, coffee pot, toaster, pots and pans, and assorted spices and cooking supplies
- Dining room with seating for 10 and all the supplies needed to set a beautiful table
- Family room, living room, kitchen nook and other rooms providing comfort and easy flow throughout the property
Emphasizing luxury, comfort and convenience with every stay, the Quail Estate includes the following with every full-price stay...
- Accommodations for up to 10 people (check-in as early as 12pm and check-out as late as 12pm)
- Appointment based check-in and tour of the property
- DAILY butler service (make beds, replace supplies, make reservations, and more)
- FULLY stocked property (linens, towels, emergency supplies, cookware, serving ware, spices, placemats/napkins, pool supplies, and more)
- FOOD and DRINKS including snacks, soda, water, and supplies (i.e. beer, water, crackers, fresh fruit, condiments, zip lock bags, foil, napkins, spices)
- Bar supplies – including mixers – all FREE
- Electronics throughout the property – Flat Panel TVs in every bedroom and the family room, 60 inch Hi Def TV game room
- NETFLIX, Amazon movies, cable with more than 350 channels
- Custom pool and spa
- Wireless internet, fax machine and printer
We look forward to hosting your next Vegas getaway.
- Suitability:
- non smoking only
- Low Allergen Environment
- Long-term Renters Welcome
- wheelchair accessible
- suitable for elderly or infirm
- children welcome


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Information is free. Expect it. ~ Anonymous
On July 5th 2012, Anonymous published 1.2 Gigabyte of internal data from IT-service company Innodata Isogen. In total there is 40 Gigabyte to be released, including communication between top management of business data provider Thomson-Reuterswhich has yet to be disclosed.
The initial batch of leaked material mostly contains documents from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in particular regarding the development of a nuclear infrastructure in Vietnam. These files include English and Vietnamese documents, scans of diplomatic passports and complete information about key personell like the Vietnamese Vice Minister of Science and Technology and Director General of the Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety.
At this moment we decided against mirroring the entire dump to avoid overwhelming information. Instead we start by presenting selected material that we consider interesting, most notably documents from IAEA and The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commision(NRC) about the 2011 nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. This material is not necessarily classified but nonetheless interesting. We plan to publish all relevant material from the Innodata dump related to Fukushima Daiichi as collected information since it is unknown whether all of this information has already been disclosed to the public or will remain publically accessible. Check back on this site for new documents, the latest entry will be on top.
In this section you will find the raw files that were obtained from InnoData. WARNING! These files are provided as-is from Innodata which means that they have not been checked for malware. Since we found torrent files amoung the data it is not unreasable to assume that some files are not clean. However, so far we have not detected any malware in any files but we recommend that you open these files in a sandboxed environment. for Excel and Word files, use a viewer instead of Excel/Word.
Please consider to donate a few bitcoins to support our infrastructure and keep this project running:
irc.voxanon.net 6667/6697 (SSL) Channel: #paranoia


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Studio 20 Professor Jason Samuels' television experience includes working as senior producer at ABC News Digital.
The Online Journalism Review talked with him about his role and how producing newscasts for the web is different from producing for broadcast:
OJR: Could you give me one example where the storytelling underscores how different it is from the 6:30 broadcast?
Samuels: Sure, I'll first go over just the nuts and bolts. It's essentially a 15-minute, commercial-free show every day that we tape live with Charles Gibson as the anchor. The first two and half minutes are the meat-and-potato headlines—the traditional network news fare. The rest of the show has pieces that can be on the news of the day but they can also be like features.
As an example, though, correspondents usually go out to cover stories; they write a script, edit it and put it together for the broadcast. But I tell them to just shoot a video blog. So in today's show, Miguel Marquez in Los Angeles was assigned to do a story for the broadcast about the new line of Bible-themed action figures that are going to be sold in Wal-Mart. So when you watch the broadcast tonight it's going to be a traditional, well-crafted 1:30 to 2-minute piece. What we asked him to do is that when you are at Wal-Mart and you are reporting your piece for the broadcast, just stand there, hold up these action figures and just tell us about them. Don't script anything perfectly just give us your own impression and your sense of what is the story. Miguel filed a video blog piece that is about a minute long for our webcast. It's a little less formal, it's a little more raw and I would argue in some ways it is a little more real.
It is less polished but I think younger people are willing to accept that and almost prefer that instead of showing what's packaged so perfectly.
Now if there is a piece for the broadcast that we are interested in, we will put that on our webcast as well. For example there is a piece for broadcast tonight about a woman who has homeless kids taking photos of what they wish to aspire to. And it's a wonderful piece that should be interesting no matter how old you are. We've put that into our webcast.
Another example. We did an interview for the webcast exclusively with Christopher Hitchens, on his book, "God is Not Great." We sat him down in front of a camera and we had him basically talk about the themes in his books and we edited that down into an essay. That would never go on the evening news shows but for us it worked. It's provocative and it's different.
Check out the full interview.


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Teen S'mores 2013 is currently FULL. Please contact Sarah Betts to be added to the wait list.
Outdoor Skills, Program Bags, Imagine...are the themes of past Teen S'mores events. This year is Youth Quality Program...learn and practice the skills that will make you a fantastic leader.
Who: Girl Scout Cadettes, Seniors, and Ambassadors (6th grade and up)
Location: Camp Four Echoes, Smugglers
Time: 6:00pm Friday - Noon Sunday
Fee: $50.00...watch for a price increase after deadline.
Deadline: September 13, 2013


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When he and his staff moved back into their offices in the Carroll Building last year after a renovation, Howard County State's Attorney Dario Broccolino noticed how bare the walls were and how lifeless the place seemed.
It had been a while since the office was filled with the paintings of one of his predecessors, Bill Hymes, whose Norman Rockwell knockoffs had been sold.
"It all looked so barren," Broccolino said recently.
Not anymore. Autographed memorabilia that once belonged to legendary athletes, actors and musicians now fill the hallways, giving the county's prosecutors a set of conversation pieces that help "break the ice" with crime victims and witnesses.
"We had a woman who was the victim of a stalker, and she seemed to have a connection to some of the pictures because her brother was a collector," Broccolino recalled. "It helped put her at ease."
The additions came about almost by accident.
One night when Broccolino was playing in a trivia league at a local restaurant, he noticed that a longtime friend, Matthew Celozzi II, knew many of the answers to questions about sports and had lots of stories to tell.
"He would say, 'Oh, I have that guy's autograph,'" Broccolino recalled.
It turned out that Celozzi, a Baltimore psychologist, has one of the most extensive, and impressive, collections of memorabilia that Broccolino had ever seen.
Slowly, the second-floor office began to resemble a sports bar, including a boxing glove autographed by Joe Frazier; checks signed by Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio; a drumhead signed by the Four Tops; and horse racing photos signed by the jockeys aboard Triple Crown winners.
Given the value of many of the artifacts, Broccolino had to give Celozzi assurances.
"I told him how secure the place was," said Broccolino, who has known Celozzi since they were college freshmen in Baltimore 50 years ago.
Among the most recent arrivals was a comb used by President John F. Kennedy and a letter of authenticity from his personal secretary, Evelyn Lincoln. There's a signed painting of Sir Edmund Hillary, the first to climb Mount Everest.
Harriett Silver, who has worked as a receptionist there for 18 years, looked with some sadness at the autographed picture of Todd Heap that she selected to hang near her desk.
"I'm afraid about the move," she said about her favorite ex-Raven, days after he was released and then signed with the Arizona Cardinals.
Broccolino can name a handful of cases in which someone he or one of his staff members was about to interview seemed to relax when the conversation turned to Meat Loaf, Elvis or one of the myriad sports stars whose autographed pictures hang on the walls.
"My purpose originally was to make the place a little more lively," Broccolino said. "But I saw how people would open a little more after talking about the pictures or autographs. Usually when people come in here, it's not the result of a happy event. You can start off a conversation talking about Todd Heap or Taylor Swift."
Or Cal Ripken Jr., a Broccolino favorite whose autographed picture from his history-making 2,131st straight game is in Broccolino's office. Or all the Yankees memorabilia, including a signed picture of Don Larsen as he delivered the final pitch of his perfect game in the 1956 World Series.
"I hate all the Yankee stuff," said Assistant State's Attorney Jim Dietrich, "but I love that picture because of all the old [advertising] signs."
Doug Nelsen, another of Broccolino's assistants, likes the picture from the "Miracle on Ice" victory by the U.S. hockey team over the Soviet squad in the 1980 Winter Olympics.


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Home > Party Themes > Medieval > Decorations
Sale - Fleur De Lis Cascade Centerpiece - SaleItem: 014-57361
Recently Viewed:
Wild and Crazy Mardi Gras Fun Starts with Decorations
The Fleur de lis centerpiece is a great addition to any Mardi Gras or medieval party. Add instant Mardi Gras fun to your tables with this centerpiece.
- 18″ tall.
- Gold fleur de lis metallic cascading centerpiece.
- Quantities Limited. Order now before they're gone forever!
- Sale items are non-returnable.
Put your guest in the Mardi Gras mood with Mardi Gras Party Decorations. Start the party off right and make your guest feel like they are in New Orleans. Mardi Gras cutouts, signs, banners, and curtains- we have everything you need to make your Mardi Gras party a hit.
We also recommend


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Reel World
Hollywood Rumor Mill—It's been forever since we dug into the Hollywood Rumor Mill looking for juicy movie industry tidbits. What say we devote this week's column to all the interesting gossip floating around Hollywood these days? ... From the "Don't Believe Everything You Read (Thank God!)" department comes word that former boy band boy Justin Timberlake will not be starring in the new Iron Man movie. Director Nick Cassavetes (John Q, The Notebook) has signed on to helm the Marvel Comics adaptation. Despite Internet rumors, no star has yet been signed. Timberlake is actually appearing in the film Cassavetes is shooting right now, the drug dealer drama Alpha Dog. ... Director Sam Raimi has said in several interviews that when he's "done" making Spider-Man movies, he'll go back to making the Evil Dead films. Raimi stirred fans recently when he announced that he was planning a "remake" of the original Evil Dead. Raimi says he will not direct the film and it seems like it will not involve longtime star Bruce Campbell (who says no one has mentioned the remake to him). Now Raimi says that, in addition to the remake, there will be a fourth Evil Dead film, which he plans to write and direct. Of course, none of this will take place until after a third (possibly fourth) Spider-Man movie. So don't hold your breath. ... Fans of Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials series were disappointed to hear that executives at New Line Cinema (which is adapting the award-winning fantasy series) got a wee bit panicky recently when they realized the story is heavily critical of organized religion. Since the film will be released in 2006 (while George Bush is still in the White House), the producers have told Pullman and director Chris Weitz (American Pie, About a Boy) that all references to church and religion must be expunged from the screenplay. Weitz and Pullman promise the first film, The Golden Compass, will still be in tone with the books, but fans are already griping. ... Speaking of fantasy-novels-turned-movies, the official "Narnia" newsletter recently announced that actor Brian Cox (X2: X-Men United, Troy, The Bourne Supremacy) would be providing the voice of lion king Aslan in Disney's upcoming live-action version of The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe. The big-budget film, currently shooting in New Zealand, is expected to hit theaters next Christmas. ... The latest old TV show to hit the big screen? "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." Warner Brothers has hired Matthew Vaughn, who produced the Guy Ritchie film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, to direct. No word on casting yet.
Film Review
Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events
Goth fantasy has style to spare, but begs for more story.
It seemed like, in the wake of Harry Potter's monumental success, school kids suddenly became literate. Reading was, if not exactly cool, at least trendy among the elementary school set. One of the people riding this big business boost to Scholastic Book Services (from whom I purchased many an Encyclopedia Brown volume) was author Daniel Handler's pseudonymously written kiddy book series Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events.
Film Review
Bright Leaves
Diverse documentary traces one man's family ties to the tobacco industry
Documentarian Ross McElwee achieved the perfect blending of fact-based documentary and personal reminiscence when he shot his hit 1986 film Sherman's March. The film was intended to be a look at the long-term repercussions of General Sherman's Civil War march through the American South. Distracted by assorted women along his route, McElwee's documentary took on a brilliantly personal tone, becoming a clever metaphor for the director's own search for love in this crazy ol' world.
Idiot Box
The Bone Gunmen
"Mummy Autopsy" on Discovery Channel
Mummies, when you think about it, are really just very elaborate dead people. But there's a certain mystique about them. They're part of history, they're a backbone of archeology, they're a staple of horror movies. Plus, they look really cool in a grisly kind of way.
Week in Sloth
The Week in Sloth
Highlights from around the dial. Except no one has dials anymore.
Today's Events
22 Jump Street at UNM Student Union Building, Atrium (ground floor)
After making their way through high school (twice), big changes are in store for officers Schmidt and Jenko when they go deep undercover at a local college.
Tomorrow's Events
Taxi Driver (1978) at KiMo Theatre
Friday Filmmakers Coffee at Fans of Film CaféMore Recommented Events ››
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I LOVE the DQ blizzard with the PB cups. Then I discovered the Tagalong (my favorite GS cookie) blizzard. It was damn good!
Unfortunately, the DQ by my house closed recently :(
But, PB cups are, indeed, the best candy to answer the original question.
I can't have mine melted or frozen. It has to be just right. Just the right amount of PB 'grease' on the bottom of the wrapper means it's perfect for me. That, along with a tall glass of ice-cold non-fat milk...yuuuummmm.


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1 gallon = $9.56
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Departures Rundle Hall
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Hours of Operation:
9 a.m. - 9 p.m.
Monday - Friday
9 a.m. - 5 p.m.
Saturday & Sunday
Airport Location:
Departures Rundle Hall
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