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The Nephilim /ˈnɛfɨˌlɪm/ (Hebrew: נפילים) were offspring of the "sons of God" and the "daughters of men" before the Deluge according to Genesis 6:4; the name is also used in reference to giants who inhabited Canaan at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan according to Numbers 13:33. A similar biblical Hebrew word with different vowel-sounds is used in Ezekiel 32:27 to refer to dead Philistine warriors.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 In the Hebrew Bible
- 3 Interpretations
- 4 Misidentification of fossil remains
- 5 Related terms
- 6 Popular culture
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 External links
The Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon gives the meaning of Nephilim as "giants."[1] Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root n-ph-l "fall." Robert Baker Girdlestone [2] argued the word comes from the Hiphil causative stem, implying that the Nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down." Adam Clarke took it as a perfect participle, "fallen," "apostates." Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form "ones who have fallen," equivalent grammatically to paqid "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), asir, "one who is bound," (i.e., prisoner) etc.[3][4] According to the Brown-Driver-Briggs Lexicon, the basic etymology of the word Nephilim is "dub[ious]," and various suggested interpretations are "all very precarious."[5]
The majority of ancient biblical versions, including the Septuagint, Theodotion, Latin Vulgate, Samaritan Targum, Targum Onkelos and Targum Neofiti, interpret the word to mean "giants."[6] Symmachus translates it as "the violent ones"[7][8][9] and Aquila's translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"[7] or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]."[9][10]
In the Hebrew Bible[edit]
The term "Nephilim" occurs just twice in the Hebrew Bible, both in the Torah. The first is Genesis 6:1–4 NAS, immediately before the story of Noah's ark:
Now it came about, when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them, that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose. Then the LORD said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years." The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.
The second is Numbers 13:32–33 NAS, where the Twelve Spies report that they have seen fearsome giants in Canaan:
So they gave out to the sons of Israel a bad report of the land which they had spied out, saying, "The land through which we had gone, in spying it out, is a land that devours its inhabitants; and all the people whom we saw in it are men of great size. There also we saw the Nephilim (the sons of Anak are part of the Nephilim); and we became like grasshoppers in our own sight, and so we were in their sight.
The nature of the nephilim is complicated by the ambiguity of Genesis 6:4, which leaves it unclear whether they are the "sons of God" or their offspring who are the "mighty men of old, men of renown". Richard Hess in The Anchor Bible Dictionary takes it to mean that the nephilim are the offspring,[11] as does P. W. Coxon in Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible.[12]
There are effectively two views[13] regarding the identity of the nephilim, which follow on from alternative views about the identity of the sons of God (Bənê hā'ĕlōhîm):
- Offspring of Seth: The Qumran (Dead Sea Scroll) fragment 4Q417 (4QInstruction) contains the earliest known reference to the phrase "children of Seth", stating that God has condemned them for their rebellion. Other early references to the offspring of Seth rebelling from God and mingling with the daughters of Cain, are found in rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Augustine of Hippo, Julius Africanus, and the Letters attributed to St. Clement. It is also the view expressed in the modern canonical Amharic Ethiopian Orthodox Bible.
- Offspring of angels: A number of early sources refer to the "sons of heaven" as angels. The earliest such references[14] seem to be in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Greek, and Aramaic Enochic literature, and in certain Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch (mss A–Q) and Jubilees[15] used by western scholars in modern editions of the Old Testament Pseudepigrapha.[16] Some Christian apologists, such as Tertullian and especially Lactantius, shared this opinion. The earliest statement in a secondary commentary explicitly interpreting this to mean that angelic beings mated with humans can be traced to the rabbinical Targum Pseudo-Jonathan and it has since become especially commonplace in modern-day Christian commentaries.
Fallen angels[edit]
The New American Bible commentary draws a parallel to the Epistle of Jude and the statements set forth in Genesis, suggesting that the Epistle refers implicitly to the paternity of nephilim as heavenly beings who came to earth and had sexual intercourse with women.[17] The footnotes of the Jerusalem Bible suggest that the Biblical author intended the nephilim to be an "anecdote of a superhuman race."[18]
Some Christian commentators have argued against this view,[19][20] citing Jesus's statement that angels do not marry.[21] Others believe that Jesus was only referring to angels in heaven.[22]
Evidence cited in favor of the "fallen angels" interpretation includes the fact that the phrase "the sons of God" (Hebrew, בְּנֵי הָֽאֱלֹהִים; literally "sons of the gods") is used twice outside of Genesis chapter 6, in the Book of Job (1:6 and 2:1) where the phrase explicitly references angels. The Septuagint's translation of Genesis 6:2 renders this phrase as "the angels of God."[23]
Second Temple Judaism[edit]
The story of the nephilim is further elaborated in the Book of Enoch. The Greek, Aramaic, and main Ge'ez manuscripts of 1 Enoch and Jubilees obtained in the 19th century and held in the British Museum and Vatican Library, connect the origin of the nephilim with the fallen angels, and in particular with the egrḗgoroi (watchers). Samyaza, an angel of high rank, is described as leading a rebel sect of angels in a descent to earth to have sexual intercourse with human females:
And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another: 'Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children.' And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them: 'I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.' And they all answered him and said: 'Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.' Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it...[24]
In this tradition, the children of the Nephilim are called the Elioud, who are considered a separate race from the Nephilim, but they share the fate as the Nephilim.
According to these texts, the fallen angels who begat the nephilim were cast into Tartarus (Greek Enoch 20:2),[25] a place of 'total darkness'. However, Jubilees also states that God granted ten percent of the disembodied spirits of the nephilim to remain after the flood, as demons, to try to lead the human race astray until the final Judgment.
In addition to Enoch, the Book of Jubilees (7:21–25) also states that ridding the Earth of these nephilim was one of God's purposes for flooding the Earth in Noah's time. These works describe the nephilim as being evil giants.
Targum Pseudo-Jonathan identifies the nephilim as Shemihaza and the angels in the name list from 1 Enoch.[26] b Yoma 67, PRE22 and 1 QapGen ar ii 1 also identify the nephilim as the angels that fell.
There are also allusions to these descendants in the deuterocanonical books of Judith, Sirach 16:7, Baruch 3:26–28, and Wisdom of Solomon 14:6, and in the non-deuterocanonical 3 Maccabees 2:4.
In the New Testament Epistle of Jude 14–15 cites from 1 Enoch 1:9, which many scholars believe is based on Deuteronomy 33:2.[27][28][29] To most commentators this confirms that the author of Jude regarded the Enochic interpretations of Genesis 6 as correct, however others[30] have questioned this.
The descendants of Seth and Cain[edit]
Orthodox Judaism has taken a stance against the idea that Genesis 6 refers to angels or that angels could intermarry with men. Shimon bar Yochai pronounced a curse on anyone teaching this idea. Rashi and Nachmanides followed this. Pseudo-Philo, Biblical Antiquities 3:1–3 may also imply that the "sons of God" were human.[31] Consequently, most Jewish commentaries and translations describe the Nephilim as being from the offspring of "sons of nobles", rather than from "sons of God" or "sons of angels".[32] This is also the rendering suggested in the Targum Onqelos, Symmachus and the Samaritan Targum which read "sons of the rulers", where Targum Neophyti reads "sons of the judges".
Likewise, a long-held view among some Christians is that the "sons of God" were the formerly righteous descendants of Seth who rebelled, while the "daughters of men" were the unrighteous descendants of Cain, and the nephilim the offspring of their union.[33] This view, dating to at least the 1st century AD in Jewish literature as described above, is also found in Christian sources from the 3rd century if not earlier, with references throughout the Clementine literature,[34] as well as in Sextus Julius Africanus,[35] Ephrem the Syrian[36] and others. Holders of this view have looked for support in Jesus' statement that "in those days before the flood they [humans] were… marrying and giving in marriage" (Matthew 24:38).[37]
Some individuals and groups, including St. Augustine, John Chrysostom, and John Calvin, take the view of Genesis 6:2 that the "Angels" who fathered the nephilim referred to certain human males from the lineage of Seth, who were called sons of God probably in reference to their prior covenant with Yahweh (cf. Deuteronomy 14:1; 32:5); according to these sources, these men had begun to pursue bodily interests, and so took wives of the daughters of men, e.g., those who were descended from Cain or from any people who did not worship God.
This also is the view of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church,[38] supported by their own Ge'ez manuscripts and Amharic translation of the Haile Selassie Bible—where the books of 1 Enoch and Jubilees, counted as canonical by this church, differ from western academic editions.[39] The "Sons of Seth view" is also the view presented in a few extra-Biblical, yet ancient works, including Clementine literature, the 3rd century Cave of Treasures, and the ca. 6th Century Ge'ez work The Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan. In these sources, these offspring of Seth were said to have disobeyed God, by breeding with the Cainites and producing wicked children "who were all unlike", thus angering God into bringing about the Deluge, as in the Conflict:
Certain wise men of old wrote concerning them, and say in their [sacred] books, that angels came down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of Cain, who bare unto them these giants. But these [wise men] err in what they say. God forbid such a thing, that angels who are spirits, should be found committing sin with human beings. Never, that cannot be. And if such a thing were of the nature of angels, or Satans, that fell, they would not leave one woman on earth, undefiled... But many men say, that angels came down from heaven, and joined themselves to women, and had children by them. This cannot be true. But they were children of Seth, who were of the children of Adam, that dwelt on the mountain, high up, while they preserved their virginity, their innocence and their glory like angels; and were then called 'angels of God.' But when they transgressed and mingled with the children of Cain, and begat children, ill-informed men said, that angels had come down from heaven, and mingled with the daughters of men, who bear them giants.
Arguments from culture and mythology[edit]
In Aramaic culture, the term niyphelah refers to the Constellation of Orion and nephilim to the offspring of Orion in mythology.[40] However the Brown-Driver-Briggs lexicon notes this as a "dubious etymology" and "all very precarious".[1]
J. C. Greenfield mentions that "it has been proposed that the tale of the Nephilim, alluded to in Genesis 6 is based on some of the negative aspects of the apkallu tradition".[41] The apkallu in Sumerian mythology were seven legendary culture heroes from before the Flood, of human descent, but possessing extraordinary wisdom from the gods, and one of the seven apkallu, Adapa, was therefore called "son of Ea", despite his human origin.[42]
Ezekiel's "mighty fallen" or nophlim[edit]
Ezekiel 32:27 speaks of "the fallen mighty (gibborim nophlim, גִּבֹּורִים נֹפְלִים) of the uncircumcised, which are gone down (yardu, יָרְדֽוּ) to the grave with their weapons of war"; a change to the vowels would produce the reading gibborim nephilim.[43][44][45]
Misidentification of fossil remains[edit]
Cotton Mather believed that fossilized leg bones and teeth discovered near Albany, New York, in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in a great flood. However, Paleontologists have identified these as mastodon remains.[46][47]
Related terms[edit]
In the Hebrew Bible, there are a number of other words that, like "Nephilim", are sometimes translated as "giants":
Popular culture[edit]
See also[edit]
- ^ a b Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon p. 658; Strongs H5307
- ^ Girdlestone R. Old Testament Synonyms p. 54
- ^ Hendel R. ed. Auffarth Christoph; Loren T. Stuckenbruck The Fall of the Angels Brill (22 Feb 2004) ISBN 978-90-04-12668-8 p. 21, 34
- ^ Marks, Herbert "Biblical Naming and Poetic Etymology" Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 114, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 21–42
- ^ Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon p. 658
- ^ Van Ruiten, Jacques (2000). Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis I-II in the Book of Jubilees. Brill. p. 189. ISBN 9789004116580.
- ^ a b Wright, Archie T. (2005). The Origin of Evil Spirits: The Reception of Genesis 6.1-4 in Early Jewish Literature. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 80–81. ISBN 9783161486562.
- ^ The Greek text reads 'οι βιαιοι; the singular root βιαιος means "violence" or "forcible" (Liddell & Scott. Greek-English Lexicon, 1883.)
- ^ a b Stackhouse, Thomas (1869). A History of the Holy Bible. Blackie & Son. p. 53.
- ^ Salvesen, Alison (1998). "Symmachus Readings in the Pentateuch". Origen's Hexapla and Fragments: Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, [July] 25th-3rd August 1994. Mohr Siebeck. p. 190. ISBN 9783161465758. "The rendering "he fell upon, attacked" [in Symmachus, Genesis 6:6] is something of a puzzle...If it has been faithfully recorded, it may be related to the rendering of Aquila for the Nephilim in 6:4, οι επιπιπτοντες."
- ^ Richard Hess, article "Nephilim" in Freedman, David Noel, ed., The Anchor Bible Dictionary, (New York: Doubleday) 1997, 1992.
- ^ P. W. Coxon, article "Nephilim" in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p. 619
- ^ G. Milton Smith Knowing God in His Word—Genesis 2005 Page 140 "The other view holds that the sons of God were fallen angels who had some sort of union with the women of Noah's"
- ^ paleographically dated by Milik as c150BC see Michael E. Stone Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha 1991 p. 248
- ^ either stolen or purchased from street vendors by the British in the reign of Tewodros
- ^ compare: R.H. Charles 1 Enoch 7:2 "And when the angels, (3) the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other,Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children. Ethiopian Orthodox Bible Henok 2:1–3 "and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, "Come, let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us."
- ^ New American Bible, footnotes page 1370, referring to verse 6.
The angels too, who did not keep to their own domain but deserted their proper dwelling, he has kept in eternal chains, in gloom, for the judgement of the great day. Likewise, Sodom and Gomorrah, and the surrounding towns, which, in the same manner as they, indulged in sexual promiscuity and practiced unnatural vice, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire.—Jude 1:6–7, New American Bible.
- ^
The author does not present this episode as a myth nor, on the other hand, does he deliver judgment on its actual occurrence; he records the anecdote of a superhuman race simply to serve as an example of the increase in human wickedness which was to provoke the Flood.—Jerusalem Bible, Genesis VI, footnote.
- ^ Who are the sons of God and the Nephilim?
- ^ Ken Raggio teaches Did Angels Breed Giants?
- ^ "Matthew 22:30". BibleGateway.com, from the New American Standard Bible translation.
- ^ Bob Deffinbaugh, Genesis: From Paradise to Patriarchs, The Sons of God and the Daughters of Men
- ^ Swete, Henry Barclay (1901). The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint (Volume 1). Cambridge University Press. p. 9. Greek text: 'οι αγγελοι του θεου
- ^ "Book 1: Watchers". Academy for Ancient Texts, Timothy R. Carnahan. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
- ^ R. H. Charles A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Revelation of St John p239 "He may be Uriel, if it is legitimate to compare 1 Enoch xx. 2, according to which he was the angel set over the world and Tartarus (ὁ ἐπὶ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τοῦ Ταρτάρου). In 1 Enoch, Tartarus is the nether world generally,"
- ^ Archie T. Wright The origin of evil spirits: the reception of Genesis 6.1–4 6:1–4 in Early Jewish Literature. 2005 Page 82 "Targum Neofiti's rendition of nephilim follows that of Onkelos ... Targum Pseudo-Jonathan interprets the Genesis 6.4 passage with significant changes, which indicate a strong negative"
- ^ "1.9 In 'He comes with ten thousands of His holy ones' the text reproduces the Masoretic of Deut. 33² in reading אָתָא = ἔρχεται, whereas the three Targums, the Syriac and Vulgate read אִתֹּה = μετ' αὐτοῦ. Here the LXX diverges wholly. The reading אתא is recognised as original. The writer of 1–5 therefore used the Hebrew text and presumably wrote in Hebrew." R.H.Charles, Book of Enoch: Together with a Reprint of the Greek Fragments London 1912, p.lviii
- ^ "We may note especially that 1:1, 3–4, 9 allude unmistakably to Deuteronomy 33:1–2 (along with other passages in the Hebrew Bible), implying that the author, like some other Jewish writers, read Deuteronomy 33–34, the last words of Moses in the Torah, as prophecy of the future history of Israel, and 33:2 as referring to the eschatological theophany of God as judge." Richard Bauckham, The Jewish world around the New Testament: collected essays. 1999 p276
- ^ "The introduction.. picks up various biblical passages and re-interprets them, applying them to Enoch. Two passages are central to it The first is Deuteronomy 33:1 .. the second is Numbers 24:3–4 Michael E. Stone Selected studies in pseudepigrapha and apocrypha with special reference to the Armenian Tradition (Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha No 9) p.422.
- ^ e.g. Michael Green The second epistle general of Peter, and the general epistle of Jude p59
- ^ James L. Kugel Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era (9780674791510)
- ^ "The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of the nobles would come to the daughters of man, and they would bear for them; they are the mighty men, who were of old, the men of renown."—Genesis 6:4 (chabad.org translation)
- ^
Later Judaism and almost all the earliest ecclesiastical writers identify the "sons of God" with the fallen angels; but from the fourth century onwards, as the idea of angelic natures becomes less material, the Fathers commonly take the "sons of God" to be Seth's descendants and the "daughters of men" those of Cain.—Jerusalem Bible, Genesis VI, footnote.
- ^ Kitab al-Magall
- ^ Julius Africanus at CCEL
- ^ Commentary in Genesis 6:3
- ^ Rick Wade, Answering Email, The Nephilim
- ^ Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Sunday Schools Department: The "Holy Angels" (in Amharic)
- ^ The Amharic text of Henok 2:1–3 (i.e. 1 En) in the 1962 Ethiopian Orthodox Bible may be translated as follows: "After mankind abounded, it became thus: And in that season, handsome comely children were born to them; and the Offspring of Seth, who were upon the Holy Mount, saw them and loved them. And they told one another, "Come,let us choose for us daughters from Cain's children; let us bear children for us."
- ^ e.g. Peake's commentary on the Bible 1919
- ^ J. C. Greenfield, Article Apkallu in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.72–4
- ^ J. C. Greenfield, Article Apkallu in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.73
- ^ W. Zimmerli, Ezekiel vl.2 Translated J. D. Martin; Hermeneia; Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983 p168, 176
- ^ RS Hendel, Of Demigods and the Deluge: Towards an Interpretation of Genesis 6:1–4, JBL 106 (1987) p22
- ^ K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p.619
- ^ Rigal, Laura (2001). American Manufactory: Art, Labor, and the World of Things in the Early Republic. Princeton University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780691089515.
- ^ Rose, Mark (November–December 2005). "When Giants Roamed the Earth". Archaeology 58 (6). Retrieved 01.04.2013.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). "Nephilim". Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons.


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- Holly Arnold
- Eugene, OR
- United States
This conversation is closed.
Are memes important for our survival? How can we draw on memetic theory to inspire ideas of sustainability that go viral?
Memes are elements of a culture or behavior that may be passed from one individual to another by non-genetic means. Dan Dennet's TED talk addresses memes that are powerful because they inspire passionate, extremist behavior based on idealistic notions of freedom, justice, truth, communism, capitalism, and religion. While not always bad, memes can be destructive and result in conflict and death. Yet, memes have great potential benefit to humanity by eliciting behaviors that promote equality, peace, and sustainability. Sustainability in particular has been suggested to be the most important factor in determining the fate of humanity, as discussed by Paul Gildings. How can we harness the power of memes to inspire notions of patriotism, freedom, and justice that elicit a passionate response for the cause of sustainability, rather than a passionate response that leads to conflict?
Showing single comment thread. View the full conversation.
Mar 7 2012: You asked "How can we harness the power of memes to inspire notions of patriotism, freedom, and justice that elicit a passionate response for the cause of sustainability, rather than a passionate response that leads to conflict?"
What I want to know is: Isn't this brainwashing of sorts? Doesn't i go against first amendment rights? You say it is for sustainability and to get rid of conflict, but isn't that the same argument that has been made warring countries, terrorists, and so many others? Even though you want it through a somewhat subliminal method, isn't it still a hostile takeover of the mind?
Mar 7 2012: I feel like this is a hard question to answer depending on notions of freedom, patriotism and justice. I think it would depend on how we answered this question: Can we think of a case in which the ideas of freedom, patriotism, and justice within a country are not a form of brainwashing?
If so, then I believe sustainability could be propagated without considering it a "hostile takeover".
If not, then is there a case for justifying "sustainability propaganda?"
Mar 7 2012: Freedom, patriotism and justice vary from person to person, so making it a conformed definition is brainwashing, so for your response to my reply, I would have to go with the case of where it is not so. So, as you said it becomes sustainability propaganda, but it would be much more pointed that just propaganda. It would be more of a subliminal propaganda, which people don't know how to defend themselves from, whereas, regular propaganda they know how to deal with and accept/reject.
Mar 8 2012: I think, with regards to sustainability, the key to propagation is going to be some above board method. I don't think propaganda or subliminal trickery are the tickets to this meme's success. Rather, I agree with what a lot of people are saying-that if sustainability can be boiled down into a simple image or symbol or phrase that finds a way to take hold in the internet "mind" and resonate with people then it has the potential to spread quickly and successfully.
Mar 7 2012: The question was "how do we harness the power of memes" and not necessarily control it. I guess it's a matter of how we take the question. If you'd rather take the point of harnessing the power of memes through education of the people or at least perspective then it doesn't fall under propaganda
Mar 8 2012: I had a similar reaction - the first thought that came to mind my mind was how similar memes are to propaganda. Propaganda can be loosely defined as a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the mindset of people towards a specific cause or position, and images or video memes can be used to easily propagate a specific idea.
But honestly does it even matter? No. Corporations, social and political organizations, and media networks constantly try to influence people through subliminal messages and advertising. People have shown that they have the mental fortitude to act on their own convictions and not be "brainwashed" by what they see or hear; they do so everyday. Memes have already been in existence for a very long time, the recent internet phenomenon of images being used to convey thematic messages is a very narrow definition of a "meme". Memes are a great way to spread awareness and inspire ideas of sustainability because they draw attention through their imagery. The KONY 2012 video that has gone viral over social networks like facebook and twitter is a prime example of a meme that has spread awareness of a situation in Africa. While the video itself has a particular intent, the viewer has total control over how he or she responds to the video. All that has happened is that the viewer has become aware of a particular situation, and that is the benefit of using memes.
Taking advantage of this tool does not imply that the community will suddenly be "brainwashed" into mindless adherents who are not acting on their own volition.
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Change of heart : a novel
Jodi Picoult
Adult Fiction PICOULT
Jodi Picoult
Adult Fiction PICOULT
What other readers are saying about this title:
spimba said:
I heard alot about this book before I read it. Although it was easy to read and interesting in some parts mostly I was not impressed. I will say that Jodi Picoult spends alot of time doing research before she writes her books and that does show up. I would recommend this book to anyone wanting to confront their own beliefs on several topics or anyone who just loves this author's work in general.
posted Aug 17, 2008 at 5:29PM
jkt said:
I couldn't read another book for a while after this one because it made me really think about my beliefs pretty much on everything. A book is worth reading if it forces you to think hard and long about it well after the last page is read.
posted Jan 7, 2010 at 10:02AM
babsrich said:
Very good. Shay Bourne killed June Nealon's daughter and husband who was also a police officer. Soon after June had another child named Claire who she was pregnant with during the trial. Claire needed a heart and Shay was put on deathrow and wanted to give his heart to Claire.
posted Jul 28, 2010 at 4:59PM
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Shay Bourne
Former carpenter; sentenced to death for killing June's daughter Elizabeth and her cop husband; volunteers to undergo surgery to save June's other daughter.
June Nealon
Husband and daughter were murdered by Shay; her 11-year-old daughter needs a heart transplant; trying to decide if she should give up her quest for vengeance in order to save her daughter.


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Find great deals on quality New Zealand hotels & resorts, or indulge at one of our luxury resorts. Take advantage of the many amenities that can be included with your stay such as in-room internet access, wifi, room service, fitness center, pool, hot tub, steam room, and shuttle services to and from the airport. Browse our New Zealand hotels and resorts and plan your New Zealand vacation today!
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Foxton Beach, New Zealand Hotels & Resorts - Foxton Beach family accommodation in modern fully equipped Two Bedroom Units. Adjacent to Manawatu River Estuary and walking distance to ocean beach
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Auckland, New Zealand Hotels & Resorts - Location, location, location! The boutique style Mercure Auckland Windsor is located in the heart of central Queen Street and surrounded by shops, theatres
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By Taos Turner
BUENOS AIRES--Argentine stocks ended the week on a negative note Friday, led lower by the financial group Grupo Financiero Galicia SA (GGAL.BA, GGAL), whose quarterly earnings report did little to inspire local investors.
The benchmark Merval stock index fell 0.25% to 3295.42 in volume totaling about 45.5 million pesos ($9.1 million).
Grupo Galicia, the most traded stock, slid 2.1% to ARS4.47 after reporting its net profit for the quarter ended Dec. 31 was barely changed at ARS368 million, compared with ARS355 million a year earlier.
Administrative expenses soared by about 37% to ARS1.59 billion, largely because of higher personnel costs.
Like other companies, banks aren't immune to Argentina's inflation problems. Unions annually demand wage increases to keep pace with inflation, which economists estimate totals around 26%. That puts continual pressure on companies.
Another heavily traded stock was the state-run oil company YPF SA (YPFD.BA), which fell 1.2% to ARS127.
Steel producer Siderar SAIC (ERAR.BA) led the gains, rising 2.2% to ARS1.90. Its sister company, Tenaris SA (TEN.MI, TS) rose 1.5% to ARS157.40.
Tenaris said earlier Friday it plans to spend $1.5 billion to build a seamless pipe factory in Texas, further evidence that the U.S. unconventional oil and gas boom is attracting more jobs and investment. The company's pipes are widely used in the oil and gas industry around the world.
Argentina's GDP warrants, or securities whose performance is tied to economic growth, fell after the statistics agency, Indec, confirmed that the economy grew 1.9% in 2012, below the 3.26% floor required to trigger the payout on the warrants.
The TVPA fell 1.1% to ARS44; the TVPY 1.2% to ARS43.90.
Argentina's black market peso was weaker at ARS7.71 to the dollar, according to the financial daily El Cronista.
Argentina strictly rations the sale of dollars and other currencies, forcing many people into the black market if they really need other currencies for travel or to save.
The official exchange rate closed at ARS5.0115 on the MAE wholesale currency market, compared with ARS5.005 in the previous session.
Write to Taos Turner at email@example.com


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Slesse Memorial Trail Due For An Upgrade
Written by Sam Waddington - Chilliwack's Outdoor Expert (Mt Waddington Outdoors) - photo credit Garth White
The other day I had the privilege to hike the amazing Mt. Slesse Memorial Trail with a handful of people to assess some of the work that needs to be done to make it one of Chilliwack's flagship trails. For many Chilliwack residents the peak of Mt. Slesse is a prominent and well know feature dominating the skyline as we gaze up the Chilliwack River Valley. However many people do not realize the history and intrigue that is associated with the mountain and all of the features that make it truly a world-renowned gem..... Read more


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Hey everyone! Check out SlutWalk Denver's 2013 Promo Video!
Share it with your friends!!
SlutWalk Denver welcomes everyone of all genders, races, classes and backgrounds. If we are failing to be inclusive, please let us know how to be more inclusive.
Hey everyone! Check out SlutWalk Denver's 2013 Promo Video!
Share it with your friends!!
SlutWalk Denver 2013 has been changed to July 6th at 12pm, Civic Center Park!
Mark your calendars and tell your friends!
TW: rape
We have a cultural blind spot about this," said David Lisak, a clinical psychologist who has done research on interpersonal violence and sexual abuse and is a founding board member of 1in6, an organization that offers information and services to men who had unwanted or abusive sexual experiences as children.
"We recognize that male children are being abused," Dr. Lisak said, "but then when boys cross some kind of threshold somewhere in adolescence and become what we perceive to be men, we no longer want to think about it in this way."
(Source: shafp)
Just in case you haven't seen it yet.
friends and followers, sluts and allies: we need to raise funds this year to secure permitting for the event. we're looking at late july, but cannot confirm a date until we get the permit, which leads us back to looking for donations. please, donate what you can. any and all funds help!
if you can't donate, please reblog. maybe some of your friends can!
Tomorrow night, Colorado State University will be hosting a Take Back the Night event. 6pm meet at the LSC Sculpture Garden and we will see you there!
Friends, followers, sluts and allies: like our new cause page on facebook to stay in touch with upcoming events and to participate in whatever dialouges occur.
You can also friend us on facebook!


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Workweeks shorter in 1998
April 02, 1999
The average workweek of production or nonsupervisory workers in the private sector declined slightly in 1998, after increasing in 4 of the previous 5 years. The 0.3-percent decline followed rises of 0.3 percent in 1996 and 0.6 percent in 1997. The manufacturing workweek declined more sharply, dropping 1.0 percent in 1998.
[Chart data—TXT]
Despite the average workweek decline, aggregate, or total, hours worked per week rose 2.0 percent in 1998 because of increased production employment in the private sector. However, the rise in total hours was the smallest since 1995 and 1.2 percentage points lower than the average increase over the five preceding years.
The manufacturing division reported a decline of 2.5 percent in aggregate weekly hours in 1998. The decline reflected both the shortened average workweek and a decline in the number of production workers on factory payrolls.
The average weekly and aggregate hours data are products of the Current Employment Statistics program. Obtain more information from "Job growth slows during crises overseas," Monthly Labor Review, February 1999.
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, Workweeks shorter in 1998 on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/1999/mar/wk5/art05.htm (visited September 23, 2014).
Spotlight on Statistics: Productivity
This edition of Spotlight on Statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the U.S. economy. Read more »


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- Dorian Knus
- Antarctica
- Antarctica
This conversation is closed.
What if, to re-shape education, kids are graded daily in every subject?
Just an idea to build together.
The teacher teaches the day topic and at the end of the hour the kids will answer questions about it. Only orally and they are graded daily.
Of course there will be proper written tests, but the every day grade system will push them to pay attention and may be they will invest less time at home to do homework or, even better, they will have less homework.
May be not everyone will be questioned every day, but as there is a chance, they will pay more attention. They will learn.
At the end of term the every day grade will also be part of the final grade.
Of course some teachers will need to be trained and coached.
It won't be easy for maths and others, or may be impossible, but let's work together on this.
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Mar 18 2013: Dorian,
I like your enthusiasm. In fact, this is the age-old question for educators: how do I get my students to learn?
First, is your assumption: students do not want to learn, or fail to learn well, so they must be motivated by a daily quiz?
Second assumption: is the quiz administered out of fear or out of enthusiasm?
Rebuttal: As a teacher, I would not want to grade papers daily!
Granted, the knowledge of a "pop-quiz", which has been employed for many years, does motivate some students to come to class prepared to either: have homework done; or, be actively engaged in class.
How can we administer daily quizes and not burn-out teachers? Maybe we could employ self-administered quizes. The students, on an honesty basis, take the quiz and record their own scores and turn in their papers.
Moreover, I would hope that most teachers would want to facilitate learning: by piquing students interest; and by sharing their subject course with knowledge and enthusiasm. Likewise, I would hope the students would want to monitor their own progress in order to master the skill at hand.
I see your suggestion as a means to improve achievement scores .... and , perhaps to close the achievement gap with other countries ... so I give you props!
I see a revolution broiling in Education. Those countries we compare achievement scores, e.g. Korea, have institutionalized fear into their curriculum. Teenage suicide rates are high due to the pressure. Students and parents learn early that if they want kids to go to university, they then must perform well from an early age and progress through all the right schools and learning clubs. I hesitate to think this is what we want of American Education. No.
I suggest, like others (Salman Kahn, Sir Ken Robinson) that we revolutionize our system to become organic: students learn on their own (we are innately curious); master the skills at certain level (account for their own scores); move on to the next skill. Any thoughts?
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Injuries sideline Borderites in key track events
Published on Wed, Apr 25, 2012 by
Kyle Elliott and Jeremy Schwartz
Read More
A leg injury kept one of Blaine's fastest female runners from a competing in a key event at the Northwest Conference (NWC) track championships last Friday, though the girls' team still finished strong with a fifth place finish and a personal best for another one of its star runners.
The boys team hardly slacked, either, garnering an eight place finish overall. Blaine track coach Mike Grambo said the conference championships, which includes every team in the NWC, always provides a challenge for the Borderites.
"It is overall a great competition," Grambo said. "We have the toughest league in the state, so it is very competitive."
The girl's team lost star senior runner Cherish Morrison to a leg injury, but not before she was able to compete in and win the 100m sprint with a time of 12 minutes, 35 seconds. Morrison, however, was not able to compete in the 4x200m relay, which she usually anchors.
"There were some good parts [to the meet], but we had so many injuries before and during that it hurt us," Grambo said.
Taking Morrison's place in the anchor spot for the 4x200m relay was Kiersten Sigfusson, second only to Morrison in sprinting ability. With the help of teammates Olivia Adams, Olivia Olason and Kieya Villars, Sigfusson brought the 4x200m team to a second place finish with a time of 1:47.91.
Sigfusson dominated the 400m sprint, though, turning in a blistering 59.95 finish and becoming the only girl at the meet to run a sub-1-minute 400m time. Sigfusson also set a personal best for year with the mark.
"It felt pretty good," Sigfusson said. "I came out strong. The last turn was a little scary, but I picked it up in the final straight."
The Borderite boys had less personal accomplishments to brag about coming from the meet, but not for lack of trying. Injuries sidelined Borderites in key boys' events, including the 100m, 200m and 4x100m relay.
Bright spots for the boys' side included a second place finish in the shot put from Eddie Avena and a third place finish in the 3200m race from Eddie Fontes with a time of 9:51.3.
The Borderite track teams compete in two more regular season meets before the postseason starts the second week of May.
Blaine next hosts a track meet on Thursday, April 26, starting at 3:30 p.m.


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1,999 acres, mostly forested with hilly terrain, scenic overlook, bow & rifle ranges, interpretive hiking trail,
Over 80 years ago, two gentlemen helped to establish a game preserve on a prime piece of property between Dawson Springs and Princeton, Kentucky. These conservationists were Dr. Joe W. Jones and Dr. L.B. Keeney. Years later their legacy continues in the Jones-Keeney Wildlife Management Area. Additions have been made throughout the years and it continues to provide visitors with excellent opportunities for outdoor recreation. The Caldwell County Sportsmen Club operates a shooting range and bow hunters will find a range for them as well. The hilly terrain is home to deer, wild turkey and squirrel. An interpretive trail leads through the WMA and points out some of the unique features to visitors. One of these is the presence of Black Cohosh, a shrub that outside of Jones-Keeney grows exclusively in eastern Kentucky. Donations of additional property will ensure that visitors for generations continue to have plenty of room to explore.
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Frankfort, KY 40601
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Model Number: 010-10997-00
The Garmin Heart Rate Monitor Transmitter upgrades your Garmin GPS watch to a heart rate monitor. The comfortable strap on the heart rate monitor sends heart rate data to any compatible ANT+ enabled device without need for wires.
Compatible Devices
Important Shipping Note: U.S. sales only.
Please include any relevant information such as weekly mileage, training or race pace, or foot type.
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- Kareem Fahim
- Barcelona - Catalonia
- Spain
This conversation is closed.
Are you comfortable with NSA collecting your personal data?
'Top secret PRISM program claims direct access to servers of firms including Google, Facebook and Apple'
The National Security Agency has obtained direct access to the systems of Google, Facebook, Apple and other US internet giants, according to a top secret document obtained by the Guardian.
Well, all of us already knew so I don't think it has surprised anyone... but I'd like to know opinions of TED community, are you comfortable with fact that USA Gov. is continuously collecting your personal data?
@People who say 'nothing to hide, nothing to fear' http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oAKtBpdZSw
Closing Statement from Kareem Fahim
Majority of people are annoyed by this 'data collection'. Western Govs., defenders of 'freedom' 'democracy' and 'input_word' are mere bunch of hypocrites. Although it is shocking how some people are defending NSA and these faceless entities... (maybe they are 'trolls' or NSA paid users...).
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V WilliamsJul 4 2013: Just like to make a few points about the situation:
First, I don't think anyone can listen to everyone's conversations, the NSA may be good, but not that good. I don't think the NSA is interested in endless conversations with high points such as "what are we having for dinner, boy what a hard day at work, do you want to go to the movies tonight, etc, etc. I think the program scans/screens millions of calls and flags calls with "hot button" words or probably patterns of words that indicate some type of encryption or code. Since I'm not, nor is the majority of the U.S. population, involved in the sale of weapons of mass destruction or espionage, I'm not really concerned about phone calls being being benignly screened. If screening calls is going to prevent 911-like situations then I think its ok.
Second, intelligence gathering goes on all day every day by all countries (and FYI by businesses), NO country can truly sit on their high horse and say they don't; spying in many senses helps keep the global peace, its just an unspoken global "accord"- this is just the world we live in.
Third, (most importantly) don't blame the NSA, in many senses they're just doing their job. When we live in a time of unconventional warfare (i.e. 911) unconventional defenses must be put in place. Some say the CIA/NSA dropped the ball with 911 but for that one "failure" I'm sure there have been many more "unreported" victories.
Fourth, Mr Snowden may have used "free speech" to express what he wanted but in the end I think his efforts have caused damage. Behind each covert operation there are usually agents (PEOPLE) who are being protected by the secrecy of the operation, who in this case may have been exposed. Mr Snowden has cast judgment on NSA for spying on "us" without our consent but I think he was also out of place for taking it upon himself for disclosing a covert operation and making a decision for "us" and the safety of our nation without our consent.
Jul 5 2013: Curious he V WILLIAMS on this point of yours......" Mr Snowden has cast judgment on NSA for spying on "us" without our consent but I think he was also out of place for taking it upon himself for disclosing a covert operation and making a decision for "us" and the safety of our nation without our consent."
Are you perchance telling us that a democratically elected Govt (in your case America) has accordingly been given 'open slaver' and full consent be YOU the voter, to carry out whatever actions they like with out your consent or knowledge or accountability??
Curious.............who's job and right is it to hold govts accountable??
Jul 7 2013: They can listen to all our conversations and they do! Although by monitoring this is real time our government may thwart a terrorist threat, the even larger value is that this data is always around. So five years from now when they are trying to track down the terrorist next store who happened to have dinner with you years ago, they may well pull up that phone call you had with your neighbor where he talked about his dislike for apple pie, and now, yes, that could help track down the apple-pie-hating terrorist.
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New Sleeveless Dress with Long Cardigan
Restock of sleeveless cotton long dress with long cardigan, can wear the sleeveless dress and cardigan separately (not detached). It available in multiple colors for matching your best long dress with cardigan expressing your personality. New color dark blue/ dark grey.
Restock are ready with all color now. Kindly place order while stock last.
Please send order to email@example.com .


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The Restaurant
In Vancouver's Historic Gastown, on the corner of Columbia Street and Alexander in the old Anchor hotel. The space had operated for nearly 20 years as Al Forno, a restaurant that provided first dates for countless Vancouverites. By re-exposing all of the existing brick and opening up the kitchen to the diner's view, we have managed to retain the heritage feel while still breathing new life into a comfortable and ambient room. Incendio lends itself to intimate dinner for two, or to a celebratory gathering of friends and family. We serve 100% local craft beers on tap.
Reviews and Awards
"Possibly the best pizza in Vancouver. And I love pizza and have been to most in town. Hip atmosphere, excellent service and just a really nice time" — Mark C, Yelp
"I've been coming to Incendio for about 14 years now. I love the pizza of course, the salads, and the pasta dishes. Their tiramisu is easily the best I've ever had. Incendio has a great ambience and really friendly staff" — Patrick G, Yelp


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TripAdvisor ratingRead reviews
Hotel Capacity:Total Number of Rooms - 384
Hotel Isabel
Located just 600m from Fanabe beach, this uniquely Canary hotel offers comfort and a wide selection of activities, surrounded by marvellous gardens.
Hotel Isabel has apartments with living room, separate bedroom and complete bathroom or bungalows, also with living room, separate bedroom, complete bathroom but also with a garden.
A wide variety of gastronomic choices are offered, with fresh, top quality products. Formal dress is required for the dinner service and All Inclusive is available for an even more care-free break.
Hotel Isabel has large areas in which you can relax and enjoy the facilities, including free WiFi. Hotel facilities include a mini market, boutique, hairdresser's and a Wellness Centre and gymnasium, free of charge.
There are various activities that the entertainment team sets up both during the day and at night time, and there is also a great entertainment programme for the little ones, with a Mini-club for kids from four to 12 years old.
The hotel has a pool for adults with an access ramp for people with reduced mobility, and another for children, which is temperature controlled throughout the year. The hammocks, beach mats, towels and sun-shades are free for convenience.
Accommodation details
Address:Anda. de Moscu,2
Check-in Details:
Room types and facilities
Sleeps 3, Bed Type: Single(s) Private bathroom, Satellite television, Air conditioning, Television, Balcony/Lanai/Terrace, Bathtub/shower combination, Minibar
Sleeps 4, Bed Type: Single(s) Private bathroom, Satellite television, Air conditioning, Television, Balcony/Lanai/Terrace, Bathtub/shower combination, Minibar
General facilities
- Playground
- Outdoor pool
- 1 Pool
- Baby sitting
- Dry cleaning
- Massage services
- Live entertainment
- Pool Bar
- Solarium
- Safe deposit box
- Bicycle rentals
- Children's nursery
- Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
- Aerobics instruction
- Game room
- Concierge desk
- Elevators
- Exercise gym
- Sauna
- Non-smoking rooms (generic)
- Jacuzzi
- 1 Children's pool
- Internet services
- Hairdresser/barber
- Ironing board
- Beauty shop/salon
- Laundry/Valet service
- Off-Site parking
- Tennis court
- Hair dryer
- 4 Lounges/bars
- Currency exchange
- Kids Club
- Onsite laundry
- 1 Restaurant
- Shop
Dining information
• Buffet Restaurant - discover a wide variety of dishes that are offered daily and enjoy the show cooking (live cooking)
• Pool Snack-Bar Restaurant - enjoy a la carte meals on the terrace at the edge of the pool, open until 18:00
• Lounge Bar - when winter arrives and the temperature during the beautiful Tenerife nights drops by a degree or two, this is the time for the Lounge Bar, a large area with comfortable furnishings, bar and stage where the programmed shows are held and leads on to the terrace for the Tacoronte Bar smokers
• Taroconte Bar - a space for smokers and non-smokers, it is spacious, open and comfortable and designed with lattice windows, located at the end of the reception hall. Here you will be able to enjoy a tranquil moment at any time of the day, have a coffee, a drink, or, in the evening-night time, enjoy the atmosphere and the shows that are performed in the Canaria plaza.
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Getting ready for #BYOMBash! Are you coming lady? (at Hotel Providence)
Had a blast at the @madewell1937 opening on Wednesday at Providence Place! Excited for a possible future event… (at Madewell)
Follow your passion. #juliachild (via @missmarylouise)
Zen out with @pvdladyproject and RI Yoga & Pilates Passport on 8/31! www.pvdladyproject831.eventbrite.com (at Barrington Town Beach)
New @moo business cards for the @pvdladyproject team- @amydemello @katehuot @instalivc @linnydinny thanks, @moo!
5 Ways to Get Inspired
(via unuttere-d)
Source: aplaceforart
(via unuttere-d)
Kristin Crane, 38, Providence, RI
"Say NO more when it's not the right fit!"
Sierra Barter, 26, Providence, RI: "I would do my dream full-time."
Lisa Milich, 46, Bristol, RI: "Aready doing it. Facing fear head on."
Spotted: @pvdladyproject member, @kristincrane1 looking fly in an @indowncitypvd ad in @pvdmonthly!
Big thanks to the team at @davescoffee for inviting us to tonight's Summer Shindig that benefited @farmfreshri's Open Kitchen Project! …those coffee cabinets are AMAZING! (at The Met Cafe)
Sending a special 20th birthday present to our friends at @bust_magazine! Special thanks to our friends at @craftland for the extra goodies! (at Craftland)
Mailing out thank you cards by @moo to everyone who made last week's @leaninorg book club a success!


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- Dyed All Hues
- Los Angeles, CA
- United States
Thinker and Experimenter,
This conversation is closed.
Should we start teaching children in Primary and/or Secondary School "Coding"?
Coding is computer lingo, which I've heard a million times, but I've never really found an interest in learning anymore, until I saw this video, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU1xS07N-FA.
I believe that learning coding seems like a fascinating task now. I feel that coding would be pretty amazing skill to spread to the future innovators of tomorrow. I have not yet given myself the opportunity to learn coding, but after watching this I will check it out in the near future.
Do you think that the current curricula for education would fit a whole new division of computer science related courses, like coding (I think it's the big one?).
What are your views of more technologically based educational environments in the near future?
Does anyone else imagine a world of cyborgs....ha, but seriously, what are the limitations to having this skill?
If you have any other questions that might get answers or you have an answer for, then ask away and let's challenge the boundaries my fellow Tedsters! =)
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Mar 15 2013: I think it depends on what you are trying to achieve. Surely the end goal should be the driver on what to spend and direct their time upon.
If the achievement is to give a lot of young people the ability to code, then great this is the way forward.
If you are looking for a lot of young entrepreneurs, high achievers or creative thinkers then I think the time would be better spent else were.
The current problem with our education system is the concept that 'one size fits all' i.e. all kids can achieve and attain the same level or become the best at whatever they choose to do. This initial mind set is wrong, and does not build children up upon their strength but instead tries to level the playing field. We really should be looking at their interests and natural talent and trying to nurture and build upon them.
If the concept was right then surely anyone can become an Olympic champion, greatest violinist, ever or surgeon regardless or interest or ability. All they need is a little time to practice, in which case surely we should all be in very highly paid jobs doing whatever.
I believe just because you can use a screw drivers and a socket set does not make you a great mechanic. It only produces someone able to do rudimentary mechanical tasks.
Learning to code is no different, great you can now make a program but without imagination, creativity and other interests what are you going to do with it??
Mar 21 2013: Hi James,
I want to emphasize that if coding were added to schools curriculum, then it would be to peak interests where children may not know they had , but having more skills wouldn't hurt anyone. If you watched any of the videos I have in my description, then it shows how coding can be a medium for creative expression. I don't believe that coding should dominate and be the only topic children should be learning, but it should be part of their agenda.
I think you are assuming that people can't fail or should know their strengths and weaknesses from birth. Some people are like wine, just give them some time and they will "ripen".
Who are we to decide what a child should do, even if it is their strength. Encouragement and improving those skills may be beneficial, but do they want or like to do what they are good at?
Someone once told me a sad story of their friend. She was really good at mathematics, so her parents told her to become an engineer. She would graduate top of her class and had many job offers, but she would tell her friend that she really likes doing art, though she wants to make er parents happy. She begins to spiral into a deep depression and she ends up taking her own life. The fact that she wanted to do something she was good at and her parents wanted, she never achieved the happiness that she could have attained. Moral of the story, let people try what they like and give them help and encouragement.
Mar 22 2013: Hi Derek,
Yes, very very sad story about someone that should have followed their heart rather than there head.
I actually do agree with the sentiment that you are putting across. Being a software engineer myself I know how liberating and creative coding can actually be. My ideal would be to expand across a wider range of skills in addition to just coding i.e. basic mechanical engineering and more music type activities.
I'm unsure if you know here in the UK the government has announced that all children should be able to program and create apps etc. My concern is forcing kids into to as well as not allowing them access to the information/skills etc could be damaging to the child.
You address my point exactly when you say 'Who are we to decide what a child should do'; with our current system for example I was disallowed to take computing at school, as the teachers said that I wouldn't do well in that. Now here I am with Masters in Software Engineering!
Because I my very bad experience during schooling, I'm very keen on trying to create an environment that nurtures children and build upon their skills, abilities and desires.
However I still maintain on what the end goal of this would be, as for a taster I think it's great but I can see the education system taking something good like this and warping it into something totally different. In our current education system I see kids that don't have the basic skills of looking and feeding themselves. I would much prefer kids being shown and taught basic life skills before other such subjects.
Mar 25 2013: Hi James,
In no way will I ever advocate for an education system that will produce students that doesn't consider their interests whatsoever to fruition. According to Sugata Mitra, most school systems were created with the ideal in mind that people needed to be identical, so they would be able to fit in at any work location, such as government positions, but he said that was the system that was efficient about 300 years ago. Now we have surpassed the need for that system and a new system will be beneficial. Indecisiveness is our enemy and research has been done where a new system is supposed to focus on the individual growth, but it probably won't be implemented because of special interest groups.
If you believe in something, then amass like-minded individuals and act upon those ideas in the safest manner. Change is difficult for many to accept, but it will eventually happen in my optimistic view of our future.
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Shadow Priest DPS Rotation, Cooldowns, and Abilities (MoP 5.4)
On this page, we list your Shadow Priest core abilities and how they should be used together (rotation) in World of Warcraft MoP 5.4. We also explain when to use your various cooldowns. Then, we go deeper and present all the subtleties that you will need to know if you want to excel at playing a Shadow Priest.
The other pages of our Shadow Priest guide can be accessed from the table of contents on the right.
This guide has been reviewed and approved by Twintop, one of the main Shadow Priest theorycrafters, who runs Shadow Orbs and Mind Spikes and works on How To Priest.
1. Single Target Rotation↑top
As a Shadow Priest, you should always have Shadowform active while DPSing.
The single target rotation for Shadow Priests is based on a rather simple priority system. It can best be summarised as:
- Cast Devouring Plague with 3 Shadow Orbs.
- Cast Mind Blast if you have fewer than 3 Shadow Orbs.
- Cast Shadow Word: Death if you have fewer than 3 Shadow Orbs.
- Shadow Word: Death can be cast twice before triggering its cooldown, and you should always do so.
- Shadow Word: Death is only usable on targets who are below 20% health.
- Cast Mind Flay on the target when Devouring Plague is up.
- Apply and maintain Shadow Word: Pain and Vampiric Touch.
- Cast Mind Flay as your filler spell.
- Cast the second cast of Shadow Word: Death (which does not generate a Shadow Orb) if you are moving and cannot cast Mind Flay.
2. Multiple Target Rotation↑top
The multiple target rotation depends on how many enemies you are facing and how long these enemies will live. Use the following guidelines, but do not hesitate to adapt your playstyle to your particular situations.
2.1. Persistent Enemies
If your enemies will live for a rather long period of time, then make use of the following guidelines:
2.1.1. Against 2-4 Targets
- Keep Shadow Word: Pain up on all targets.
- Keep Vampiric Touch up on all targets.
- Cast Mind Flay when Devouring Plague is up.
- Cast Mind Blast if you have fewer than 3 Shadow Orbs.
- Cast Devouring Plague with 3 Shadow Orbs.
- Cast Shadow Word: Death on low-health targets, in order to generate more Shadow Orbs.
- Cast Mind Flay as a filler.
2.1.2. Against 5 or More Targets
Against 5 targets, maintain Shadow Word: Pain and Vampiric Touch up on all of them, and use Mind Sear as a filler. Against more than 5 targets, ignore DoTs and simply channel Mind Sear on one of them or, ideally, on a tank or melee DPS who is in range of all of them.
2.2. Short-lasting Enemies
Keep Shadow Word: Pain up on all targets, and use Mind Flay as a filler.
Cast Shadow Word: Death on low-health targets, in order to generate more Shadow Orbs.
If there is a large number of enemies, you can resort to channeling Mind Sear.
3. Inner Fire Versus Inner Will↑top
You should be using Inner Fire in nearly every imaginable scenario, since it increases your spellpower and your DPS.
Inner Will provides a small movement speed increase, so it can be used in a situation where moving quickly is of the utmost importance.
4. Cooldowns↑top
As a Shadow Priest, you have few (and weak) offensive cooldowns. However, you possess several abilities that are useful for your raid.
- Shadowfiend should, essentially, be used on cooldown.
- Dispersion should be used to help replenish your mana or allow you to survive. We explain it in greater depth in our section dedicated to Dispersion.
- Void Shift allows you to swap health percentages with your target. It can be used to save raid members, by trading your life with theirs, or to save yourself in the same way.
- Vampiric Embrace is 3-minute cooldown with a 15-second duration. It causes all the single-target damage you deal to heal nearby allies for 50% of the damage.
- Hymn of Hope restores the mana of raid members, and also temporarily increases their mana pool. It is a strong raid cooldown, and you should consult with your raid leader before using it.
To read about these abilities in more detail, we recommend our detailed cooldown section.
You also gain several new abilities from your talents. You can read about these below.
5. Optional Read: Mastering Your Shadow Priest↑top
Shadow Priests have a relatively simple rotation. However, there are several things you must understand in order to play your character to its full potential.
5.1. Shadow Orbs and Devouring Plague
Each time you deal damage with Mind Blast and Shadow Word: Death, you generate a Shadow Orb. Note that you can use Shadow Word: Death twice in a row, but only the first cast will grant you a Shadow Orb. You can have a maximum of 3 Shadow Orbs at one time. The only spells that cost Shadow Orbs to cast are:
- Devouring Plague, a powerful DoT;
- Psychic Horror, a stun and disarm.
You should always use your Shadow Orbs on Devouring Plague (barring some exceptional encounter mechanics where you may need Psychic Horror). The damage of Devouring Plague is based on the number of Shadow Orbs you cast it with. We advise you to always cast it with 3 Shadow Orbs.
Much of your rotation actually revolves around making the best out of your Shadow Orbs. As such, in addition to always casting Devouring Plague when you have 3 Shadow Orbs, you have to pay special attention not to waste any Shadow Orbs by casting Mind Blast or Shadow Word: Death when you have 3 Orbs.
5.2. Refreshing Your DoTs
As a Shadow Priest, a great part of your DPS comes from your 3 DoTs ( Shadow Word: Pain, Devouring Plague, and Vampiric Touch). Devouring Plague, however, cannot be "refreshed" since it lasts 6 seconds, and it cannot be cast freely. In best-case scenarios, you can cast Devouring Plague as often as every 11 seconds (if you are able to use Shadow Word: Death, and you receive procs from Divine Insight), and normally you will get to cast it every 24 seconds or so.
As a general rule, you should aim to refresh your DoTs just as they are about to expire (before the final tick of the DoT).
There are a few subtleties that you should understand, though, to maximise the damage you gain from your DoTs. Namely, you must understand how your DoTs are affected by your current buffs and procs and you must also understand what DoT clipping is.
5.2.1. Dynamic Power of DoTs
DoTs benefit from your statistics at the time when the DoT was cast or refreshed. This means that the DoT will take into account your haste, spellpower, intellect, etc. at the time when you cast the DoT, and it will not be affected by any change in your stats while the DoT is running.
This raises the question of when and how it is best to refresh your DoTs. For example, is it worth refreshing a weak DoT (that still has more than a few seconds on its duration) simply because you gained extra buffs? To answer this question, you also have to understand what DoT clipping is.
The following section should answer all other questions you may have.
5.2.2. DoT Clipping
DoT clipping refers to the action of refreshing a DoT before its final tick has occurred. If you refresh a DoT while it had 2 or more ticks left, all ticks except for the final one will be "wasted". The final tick will be added to the new duration of the DoT (which will, therefore, be extended to include it). Furthermore, the final tick of the previous DoT, when becoming part of the new DoT, will be modified to your current statistics, and not the statistics of the old DoT.
What this means, in simpler terms, is that:
- If you refresh a strong application of a DoT with a weaker one, between its penultimate and last ticks, the final tick will become weak.
- If you refresh a weak application of a DoT with a stronger one, between its penultimate and last ticks, the final tick will become strong.
5.3. More on Single Target Rotation
To better understand how you will put into practice the priority listed at the start of this guide, we will quickly walk you through it.
You should apply and refresh your DoTs on the target, based on the above guidelines (essentially, just as they are about to expire). Then, if both your DoTs are ticking, you should use Mind Blast as soon as it is available. The situation will rarely occur when a DoT will need refreshing just as Mind Blast comes off cooldown, but if it does happen, we recommend casting Mind Blast first. If you benefit from a Divine Insight proc, then you absolutely should cast Mind Blast, regardless of the state of your DoTs.
Then, when Mind Blast is unavailable and your DoTs do not need to be refreshed, channel Mind Flay on the target. When a higher priority action is needed, simply interrupt your current Mind Flay and perform it. Indeed, it will prove a sizable DPS increase to interrupt Mind Flay as soon as you need to cast something else. It is useful to have a cast bar addon that allows you to see when Mind Flay ticks, as it is most beneficial to interrupt it right after a tick.
It is, moreover, important to note that Mind Flay works just like a DoT would, and that if you are going to cast more than one Mind Flay after another, it is ideal to cast the new Mind Flay before the final tick of the current Mind Flay. In other words, it is ideal to clip the last tick of your Mind Flay with a new Mind Flay. This also applies to Mind Sear.
5.4. More on Cooldowns
5.4.1. Shadowfiend
Your Shadowfiend (or Mindbender, in case you have taken that talent), as a DPS cooldown, provides a small boost. Regardless of this, it should still be used more or less on cooldown, and not for necessarily for the mana returns that it offers.
The damage that the Shadowfiend deals is based on your current statistics (most importantly, your spellpower), so using it when you have procs from Enchant Weapon - Jade Spirit or Lightweave Embroidery is beneficial.
It is ideal to cast Shadowfiend after Heroism/ Bloodlust/ Time Warp has been cast. This way, the Shadowfiend will benefit from the increase in attack speed for its entire 15-second duration. If you cast Shadowfiend before Heroism/Bloodlust/Time Warp, there will be at least a few seconds of its duration (before Heroism/Bloodlust/Time Warp is cast) during which the Shadowfiend will not have increased attack speed.
When Heroism/Bloodlust/Time Warp has already been used in the fight, or it will not be used for some time still, you should simply use Shadowfiend on cooldown.
5.4.2. Dispersion
Dispersion is an interesting ability on a 2-minute cooldown. It provides you with several benefits during its 6 second duration:
- All damage you take is reduced by 90%.
- You cannot be snared or slowed.
- You gain 6% of your total mana each second.
As a drawback, while Dispersion is active you cannot attack or cast any spells. Your DoTs will still deal damage, though.
Dispersion's primary use is to avoid dying, to minimise the damage you take, and sometimes to bypass various deadly encounter mechanics.
While it does serve as a useful mana regeneration tool, you should never really use it specifically for this purpose.
5.4.3. Void Shift
Void Shift has a straightforward usage. It is an emergency cooldown (although you can also use it to handle some pre-determined encounter mechanics). If you are at or near full health, you can cast this on a raid member who has low health and is likely to be damaged again. Conversely, you can use this on a full health raid member if you yourself are low health and you are about to take damage again shortly.
You should always be mindful of the surroundings of the person who will have their health lowered, so as to make sure that you are not endangering them.
5.4.4. Tier 3 Talents
Solace and Insanity works passively to boost your single target damage, provided that you are casting Mind Flay on the target affected by Devouring Plague. So, in order to maximise the benefit you gain from this talent, make sure to cast Mind Flay on the target affected by Devouring Plague while the DoT is up. Using Power Infusion (assuming you have taken this talent) shortly before applying Devouring Plague will allow you to get more Mind Flay ticks in, and will boost your DPS further.
Taking Solace and Insanity has some repercussions on your single-target rotation, in the sense that you should plan ahead of casting a Devouring Plague so that you will not have to interrupt your Mind Flay to refresh a DoT. Specifically, this means that both Shadow Word: Pain and Vampiric Touch should have at least 7.5 seconds remaining on their durations when you cast Devouring Plague.
If you have chosen From Darkness, Comes Light, you will have to be on the look-out for these instant cast, supercharged Mind Spikes, and you must use them regularly. As you can tell, it is not a difficult task at all. Keep in mind, though, that you cannot have more than 2 procs from this talent at once, so if you have 2 procs, you need to quickly cast a Mind Spike in order to free up room for additional procs, and to avoid wasting DPS.
If you have chosen Mindbender, simply use this ability as many times as possible during the fight.
5.4.5. Tier 5 Talents
Power Infusion should be treated as a DPS cooldown, and used as often as possible. As we mentioned above, if you are able to cast this just before a Devouring Plague, in case you have taken the Solace and Insanity talent, that will greatly boost the efficiency of both talents.
Twist of Fate causes its effect passively, so you do not need to concern yourself with it.
Finally, procs from Divine Insight should be used right away. This will increase your Shadow Orb generation, allowing for higher Devouring Plague uptime. This is especially useful on fights with multiple adds, where you will get a large amount of procs (assuming that you have Shadow Word: Pain up on multiple targets), allowing you to cast Devouring Plague a lot more often.
5.4.6. Tier 6 Talents
Simply use the ability granted by your Tier 6 talent ( Cascade, Divine Star, or Halo) on cooldown, whenever you can damage multiple targets with it.
5.5. Mana Management
As a Shadow Priest, you are dependant on mana in order to do DPS. Your DoTs are extremely costly, and mana will be a problem especially on fights where you are trying to keep your DoTs up on several targets.
Fortunately, you have a variety of means to regain mana.
5.5.1. Vampiric Touch
Vampiric Touch is your primary means of mana regeneration. Casting it costs 3% of your base mana, and it returns 2% of your maximum mana with each tick.
If you are low on mana, and there are several adds alive that will live long enough for Vampiric Touch to tick more than 2-3 times, then you can apply the DoT to all these targets, which will quickly replenish your mana pool.
5.5.2. Dispersion
Dispersion should never really be used for the mana regeneration that it offers, although this is a nice benefit. As such, you should use Dispersion for its damage-reducing component, and you should try to use it in such a way as to sacrifice as little DPS as possible. This means you should try to use Dispersion during phase transitions or moments where the targets are not attackable.
Otherwise, make sure you use Dispersion immediately after using Mind Blast and while none of your DoTs need to be refreshed. In this way, Dispersion will essentially take the place of Mind Flay in your rotation, which is your weakest spell.
Keep in mind, also, that the Dispersion buff can be cancelled, should you wish to end it early in order to resume DPS or cast some other spell.
5.5.3. Shadowfiend
Your Shadowfiend will restore mana to you with every attack it performs. You should be using this as a DPS cooldown, so you will be getting the mana-returning benefit anyway.
5.5.4. Hymn of Hope
Hymn of Hope is more of a raid cooldown than a person mana regeneration cooldown. It offers no DPS gains whatsoever to you and, unless the other healers or the raid leader require you to use it to boost their mana regeneration, you should not have to use it.
Regardless of this, you should keep it in mind as a last resort.
6. Changelog↑top
- 10 Sep. 2013: Patch 5.4 update.
- Updated the single target rotation to suggest using both available casts of Shadow Word: Death immediately, and also removed using Shadow Word: Pain as a filler from the single target rotation.
- Improved the multiple target rotations, especially by adding that you should use Shadow Word: Death on low-health targets to gain more Shadow Orbs.
- Updated the description of Hymn of Hope to specify that this spell now prefers restoring mana to healers over casters.
- 02 Aug. 2013: Added a mention of the fact that it is ideal to clip the final tick of Mind Flay and Mind Sear when chaining more than one cast of these spells.
- 20 May 2013: Patch 5.3 update: nothing to change.
- 07 May 2013: Made several updates.
- Added casting Shadow Word: Pain while on the move, as a low priority action, to the rotation.
- Made keeping up Vampiric Touch higher priority against multiple targets.
- Improved the sentence that mentions how often Devouring Plague can be cast.
- Clarified that Dispersion should not be used as a mana regeneration ability.
- Added Vampiric Touch to the list of mana regeneration tools at your disposal.
- Added mention of the importance of using Divine Insight procs immediately.
- 27 Apr. 2013: Improved the single target priority greatly. Also updated the Shadowfiend section to state that it is ideal to use the Shadowfiend after Heroism/ Bloodlust/ Time Warp has been cast.
- 26 Apr. 2013: Fixed an error. The DoT refreshing section was incorrectly stating that the power of DoTs is dynamically updated when changes to your Intellect occur.
- 12 Apr. 2013: Modified the explanation of the relation between Shadowfiend and Heroism/ Bloodlust/ Time Warp to reflect the fact that it essentially does not matter when you cast Shadowfiend.
- 10 Apr. 2013: Improved the single target and multiple target rotations. Updated the Dynamic Power of DoTs section to account for the fact that Intellect (Spellpower) buffs instantly affect your existing DoTs.
- 26 Mar. 2013: Made several small improvements
- Added mention of Shadow Word: Death generating Shadow Orbs.
- Fleshed out the best usage of Solace and Insanity.
- Made several minor wording adjustments.
- 13 Mar. 2013: Improved explanation for usage of Solace and Insanity and Power Infusion.
- 04 Mar. 2013: Patch 5.2 update.
- Added notes about the usage of Solace and Insanity.
- Introduction
- Builds, Talents, and Glyphs
- Rotation, Cooldowns, and Abilities
- 1. Single Target Rotation
- 2. Multiple Target Rotation
- 3. Inner Fire Versus Inner Will
- 4. Cooldowns
- 5. Optional Read: Mastering Your Shadow Priest
- 5.1. Shadow Orbs and Devouring Plague
- 5.2. Refreshing Your DoTs
- 5.3. More on Single Target Rotation
- 5.4. More on Cooldowns
- 5.5. Mana Management
- 6. Changelog
- Buffs, Debuffs, and Useful Abilities
- Statistics Priority and Reforging
- Gems, Enchants, and Professions
- Macros and Addons
- 1. Macros
- 2. Addons
- 3. Changelog
- Gearing Up and Best in Slot


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Diabetes Health Center
Still Debated: HRT Helps Heart Health?
Sept. 26, 2002 -- Does hormone replacement therapy (HRT) improve a woman's heart health? It's a much-debated question; studies have shown conflicting results. Now, a large study shows that HRT use may indeed improve a women's cholesterol and blood sugar levels -- major risk factors for heart disease -- especially if she is diabetic.
But the study raises a chicken-or-egg question: Is it HRT that makes the difference in women's health? Or are women who take HRT simply taking better overall care of themselves?
The latest study results were "rather surprising -- diabetic women who use HRT have lower total cholesterol levels and lower fasting glucose [blood sugar] levels, major risk factors for cardiovascular disease," study author Carlos Crespo, PhD, associate professor of epidemiology at Buffalo State University of New York, tells WebMD.
His study appears in the October issue of Diabetes Care.
Crespo's study involves data taken for six years from 2,786 women across the U.S. -- all postmenopausal and between ages 40 and 74 -- who had numerous laboratory tests and a complete physical exam. In that group, diabetics were 60% less likely to be taking HRT than nondiabetics.
The diabetics who were taking HRT, however, significantly lower levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol
and higher levels of HDL (good) cholesterol -- than diabetics not taking HRT.
"We're continuing to study these same women, to see if those using HRT are more likely to have healthier behaviors," Crespo tells WebMD.
He says HRT users may be in better control of their diabetes. Also, women taking HRT may be more likely to take vitamin supplements, since they're used to "popping an HRT pill."
Diabetic women -- whether they took HRT or not -- had worse glucose levels than the other women. They also had higher overall cholesterol levels and lower HDL levels, says Crespo.
Though it's an "interesting study," Crespo's data aren't quite as sound as another study -- the Women's Health Initiative -- which reported this summer that HRT did not improve cardiovascular health of diabetic women, says Kathryn Rexrode, MD, MPH, women's health specialist at Brigham and Women's Hospital and assistant professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.
She points out that the WHI study was the gold standard type of study, in which some women were randomly given HRT and others were not, and their progress was tracked.
If Crespo can replicate his findings in a similar trial, "they might have something," says Rexrode. "But right now, randomized trial data does not show a difference in cardiovascular effects for diabetic and nondiabetic women."
Indeed, a lot of studies show that HRT users themselves are different from nonusers. "Because they're going to a doctor to get a prescription for HRT, they're more likely to be involved in other healthy behaviors. At the time this data was collected, HRT was considered a beneficial thing."
Crespo says that although there are some risks with certain types of HRT, diabetics still might benefit from HRT.
Rexrode also wonders if the HRT users were also taking statins (drugs that improve cholesterol levels). But Crespo doubts it. "Statins have become fashionable lately, but were not in 1988 to 1994 [the study period]. Even if they were fashionable, they might not have been recommended for diabetics."
Is This Normal? Get the Facts Fast!
Your level is currently
If the level is below 70 or you are experiencing symptoms such as shaking, sweating or difficulty thinking, you will need to raise the number immediately. A quick solution is to eat a few pieces of hard candy or 1 tablespoon of sugar or honey. Recheck your numbers again in 15 minutes to see if the number has gone up. If not, repeat the steps above or call your doctor.
People who experience hypoglycemia several times in a week should call their health care provider. It's important to monitor your levels each day so you can make sure your numbers are within the range. If you are pregnant always consult with your health care provider.
Congratulations on taking steps to manage your health.
However, it's important to continue to track your numbers so that you can make lifestyle changes if needed. If you are pregnant always consult with your physician.
Your level is high if this reading was taken before eating. Aim for 70-130 before meals and less than 180 two hours after meals.
Even if your number is high, it's not too late for you to take control of your health and lower your blood sugar.
One of the first steps is to monitor your levels each day. If you are pregnant always consult with your physician.
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Use the Blood Glucose Tracker to monitor
how well you manage your blood sugar over time.
This tool is not intended for women who are pregnant.
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Good Eats: Bread and Tomato Soup
What's going on this week over at Serious Eats? Well, there's this bread and tomato soup, and it looks pretty mouthwatering. This and more in our weekly wrap-up of the best cooking this week at Serious Eats.
• Dinner Tonight: Bread and Tomato Soup - A thrifty peasant classic - pappa al pomodoro. Uses stale bread and fresh tomatoes, a winning combination.
• Apple brandy for autumn - A discussion of Calvados and other apple brandies.
• Black and Orange Recipe: Spiced Pumpkin Bisque with Pumpernickel Soldiers - The Halloween parade marches on with a spicy soup and dark bread.
• Braised Potatoes with Garlic - Anything from a Molly Stevens book is good by us.
• Serious Chocolate: Cocoa Is for Drinking, Not Eating, in the Dominican Republic - Exploring the chocolate harvest in the Dominican Republic.
Previous Good Eats: Good Eats: Vegan Crepes for Breakfast
2 Comments
I avoid wheat and gluten and my husband indulges in bread only once in while when he pulls out his favorite olive oil, so it is difficult for our household to finish a whole loaf of bread or even one baguette while fresh. I have some brilliant yellow Moonglow tomatoes, fresh sage and stale bread on hand this morning, Pappa al Pomodoro should make a good lunch or early dinner for him today. What a simple way to keep our leftovers from going to waste!
there's something weird about having a "best of" from a blog that's already a "best of" other blogs and sites. i think i'll start a blog and post the the best of kitchn's serious eats best of's to really narrow down the best.


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"Hi Lara, Would you like to rally this coming week? "
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Hi Orton, I´d like to play tennis in Vancouver. Im intermediate player having similar style as Roger Federer ;-)
Let me know if you want to play: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hi Orton, long time no see. Thanks for being a great member here. Let me know if you need any help. M
© 2014 Created by Mark / The Mayor.


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