text:
Women in World War II
Women in World War II took on a variety of roles from country to country. World War II involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale; the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made the expansion of the role of women inevitable. The hard skilled labor of women was symbolized in the United States by the concept of Rosie the Riveter, a woman factory laborer performing what was previously considered man's work.
With this expanded horizon of opportunity and confidence, and with the extended skill base that many women could now give to paid and voluntary employment, women's roles in World War II were even more extensive than in the First World War. By 1945, more than 2.2 million women were working in the war industries, building ships, aircraft, vehicles, and weaponry. Women also worked in factories, munitions plants and farms, and also drove trucks, provided logistic support for soldiers and entered professional areas of work that were previously the preserve of men. In the Allied countries thousands of women enlisted as nurses serving on the front lines. Thousands of others joined defensive militias at home and there was a great increase in the number of women serving for the military itself, particularly in "The Red Army" (see below).
In the World War Two era, approximately 400,000 U.S. women served with the armed forces and more than 460 — some sources say the figure is closer to 543 — lost their lives as a result of the war, including 16 from enemy fire. Women became officially recognized as a permanent part of the armed forces with the passing of the Women's Armed Services Integration Act of 1948.[1]
Several hundred thousand women served in combat roles, especially in anti-aircraft units. The U.S. decided not to use women in combat because public opinion would not tolerate it.[2]
Many women served in the resistances of France, Italy, and Poland, and in the British SOE which aided these.
1941: The Canadian Women's Army Corps was established. [3]
1942: The Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service was created. [4]
1942: The Women's Reserve of the U. S. Coast Guard Reserve program (officially nicknamed the "SPARs"), was first established in 1942. [5]
1942: YN3 Dorothy Tuttle became the first SPAR enlistee when she enlisted in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve on the 7th of December, 1942. [6]
1942: The Marine Corps Women's Reserve (MCWR) was authorized by the U.S Congress in July 1942 to relieve male Marines for combat duty in World War II. [7]
1942: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Public Law 689 creating the Navy's women reserve program on 30 July 1942. [8]
1942: The U.S. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) was founded. [9]
1942: The name of the U.S. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) is officially changed to Women's Army Corps (WAC). [10]
1943: The U.S. Women's Army Corps recruited a unit of Chinese-American women to serve with the Army Air Forces as "Air WACs." [11]
1944: Public Law 238 granted full military rank to members of the U.S. Navy Nurse Corps, who were then all women. [12]
When Britain went to war, as before in World War I, previously forbidden job opportunities opened up for women. Women were called into the factories to create the weapons that were used on the battlefield.[13] Women took on responsibility of managing the home and became the heroines of the home front. According to Carruthers, this industrial employment of women significantly raised women's self-esteem as it allowed them to carry out their full potential and do their part in the war. During the war, women's normative roles of "house wife" transformed into a patriotic duty. As Carruther's put it, the housewife has become a heroine in the defeat of Hitler (235).[13] The roles of women shifting from domestic to masculine and dangerous jobs in the workforce made for important changes in workplace structure and society. During the Second World War, society had specific ideals for the jobs in which both women and men participated in. When women began to enter into the masculine workforce and munitions industries previously dominated by men, women's segregation began to diminish. Increasing numbers of women were forced into industry jobs between 1940-1943.[14] As surveyed by the Ministry of Labour, the percentage of women in industrial jobs went from 19.75 per cent to 27 per cent from 1938-1945.[14] It was very difficult for women to spend their days in factories, and then come home to their domestic chores and care-giving, and as a result, many women were unable to hold their jobs in the workplace.[14] Britain underwent a labour shortage where an estimated 1.5 million people were needed for the armed forces, and an additional 775,000 for munitions and other services in 1942.[14] It was during this 'labour famine' that propaganda aimed to induce people to join the labour force and do their bit in the war. Women were the target audience in the various forms of propaganda because they were paid substantially less than men.[14] It was of no concern whether women were filling the same jobs that men previously held. Even if women were replacing jobs with the same skill level as a man, they were still paid significantly less due to their gender. In the engineering industry alone, the number of skilled and semi-skilled female workers increased from 75 per cent to 85 per cent from 1940-1942.[14] According to Gazeley, even though women were paid less than men, it is clear that women engaging in war work and taking on jobs preserved by men reduced industrial segregation.[14]
In Britain, women were essential to the war effort, in both civilian and military roles. The contribution by civilian men and women to the British war effort was acknowledged with the use of the words "Home Front" to describe the battles that were being fought on a domestic level with rationing, recycling, and war work, such as in munitions factories and farms and Men were thus released into the military. Women were also recruited to work on the canals, transporting coal and munitions by barge across the UK via the inland waterways. These became known as the 'Idle Women', initially an insult derived from the initials IW, standing for Inland Waterways, which they wore on their badges, but the term was soon adopted by the women themselves.[15] Many women served with the Women's Auxiliary Fire Service, the Women's Auxiliary Police Corps and in the Air Raid Precautions (later Civil Defence) services. Others did voluntary welfare work with Women's Voluntary Service for Civil Defence and the salvation Army.
Women were "drafted" in the sense that they were conscripted into war work by the Ministry of Labour, including non-combat jobs in the military, such as the Women's Royal Naval Service (WRNS or "Wrens"), the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF or "Waffs") and the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS). Auxiliary services such as the Air Transport Auxiliary also recruited women.[16] In the early stages of the war such services relied exclusively on volunteers, however by 1941 conscription was extended to women for the first time in British history and around 600,000 women were recruited into these three organizations.[17] In these organizations women performed a wide range of jobs in support of the Army, Royal Air Force (RAF) and Royal Navy both overseas and at home. These jobs ranged from feminine roles like cook, clerk and telephonist to more masculine duties like mechanic, armourer, searchlight[18] and anti- aircraft instrument operator.[17] British women were not drafted into combat units, but could volunteer for combat duty in anti-aircraft units, which shot down German planes and V-1 missiles.[19][20] Civilian women joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which used them in high-danger roles as secret agents and underground radio operators in Nazi occupied Europe.[21]
British Women's Propaganda was issued during the war in attempts to communicate to the house-wife that while keeping the domestic role, she must also take on a political role of patriotic duty.[22] Propaganda was meant to eliminate all conflicts of personal and political roles and create a heroine out of the women. The implication with propaganda is that it asked women to redefine their personal and domestic ideals of womanhood and motivate them go against the roles that have been instilled in them.[22] The government struggled to encourage women to respond to posters and other forms of propaganda. One attempt to recruit women into the labour force was in one short film, My Father's Daughter. In this propaganda film a wealthy factory owner's daughter begs to do her part in the war, but her father carries the stereotypical belief that women are meant to be caretakers and are incapable of such heavy work. When one foreman presents one of the most valuable and efficient workers in the factory as the daughter, the father's prejudices are eliminated. The encouraging message of this short film is, "There's Not Much Women Can't Do." [22]
Common roles[edit]
The most common role of women in active service was that of a searchlight operator.[23] In fact, all of the members of the 93rd Searchlights Regiment were females (Harris). Despite being limited in their roles, there was a great amount of respect between the men and women in the mixed batteries.[23] In fact, one report states, "Many men were amazed that women could make adequate gunners despite their excitable temperament, lack of technical instincts, their lack of interest in aeroplanes and their physical weaknesses".[23] While women still faced discrimination from some of the highly stereotypical older soldiers and officers who did not like women "playing with their guns", women were still given rifle practice and taught to use anti-aircraft guns while serving in their batteries. They were told that this was in case the Germans invaded…however if that were to ever happen, they would be evacuated immediately.[23]).
Three quarters of women who entered the wartime forces were volunteers, compared to men who made up less than a third.[17] Single or married women were eligible to volunteer in WAAF, ATS or WRNS and were required to serve throughout Britain as well as overseas if needed, however the age limits set by the services varied from each other. Generally women between 17 and 43 could volunteer and those under 18 required parental consent.[17] After applying, applicants had to fulfill other requirements, including an interview and medical examination; if they were deemed fit to serve then they were enrolled for the duration of the war. WRNS was the only service that offered an immobile branch which allowed women to live in their homes and work in the local naval establishment.[17] WRNS was the smallest of the three organizations and as a result was very selective with their candidates. Of the three organizations, WAAF was the most preferred choice; the second being WRNS. ATS was the largest of the three organizations and was least favoured among women because it accepted those who were unable to get into the other forces. ATS had also developed a reputation of promiscuity and poor living conditions, many women also saw the khaki uniform unappealing and as a result caused women to favour WRNS and WAAF over ATS.[17][24]
Women were limited in their roles-they were allowed to do almost anything except fire the guns. This meant that they never got to capitalize on the training they received.[23] This was the most common sexual distinction between men and women during the war: women went through the same military training, lived in the same conditions and did almost the same jobs as men, however were restricted from actually killing anyone.[23] This small but important distinction meant that women were not eligible for any of the medals of valour or bravery, because they were only awarded for "active operations against enemy in the field", which women could not take part in.[23] Women were also distinct because of the titles by which they were addressed in the army: corporals were known as bombardiers and privates were known as gunners. They were also required to wear their designations differently on their uniforms, further distinguishing them from their male counterparts.[23] Discipline differed as well, as a woman was not allowed to be court marshaled unless she herself chose to be. The women in the service were also under the authority of the women officers of the ATS, instead of the male officers they served directly under. This meant any disciplinary action was difficult.[23]
Despite their obvious distinctions from men, women were eager to volunteer. Many of the servicewomen came from restricted backgrounds; therefore they found the army liberating.[23] Other reasons women volunteered included escaping unhappy homes or marriages, or to have a more stimulating job. The overwhelming reason for joining the army, though, was patriotism. As in World War I, Great Britain was in a patriotic fervour throughout World War II to protect itself from foreign invasion.[25] Women, for the first time, were given the opportunity to help in their native land's defense, which explains the high number of female volunteers at the beginning of the war. Even Princess Elizabeth was a driver for the Second Subaltern Windsor Unit, having joined to do her part in the protection of the country.[25] Despite the overwhelming response to the call for female volunteers, some women refused to join the forces; many were unwilling to give up the civilian job they had, and others had male counterparts that were unwilling to let them go (Crang 384). Others felt that war was still a man's job, and not something women should be involved in.[25] Similar to the men's forces, women's forces were mostly volunteer throughout the war.[25] When women's conscription did come into effect, however, it was highly limited. For example, married women were exempt from any obligation to serve unless they chose to do so, and those who were called could opt to serve in civil defense (the home front).[25]
During the war, approximately 487,000 women volunteered for women's services; 80,000 for WRNS, 185,000 for WAAF and 222,000 for ATS.[17] By 1941 the demands of the wartime industry called for women's services to be expanded so that more men could be relieved of their previous positions and take on more active roles on the battle field.[17] Of all the women's services, ATS needed the greatest number of new applicants; however due to ATS' lack of popularity, they were unable to gain the estimated 100,000 new volunteers needed.[17] To try and change women's opinions on ATS, living conditions were improved and a new more flattering uniform was made. In 1941 the Registration for Employment Order was introduced in hopes of getting more women enrolled.[26] This act could not force women to join the forces, but instead required women ages 20–30 to try to find employment through labour exchanges and provide information on their current employment and family situations.[26] Those who were deemed eligible were persuaded into the war industry because the Ministry of Labour did not have the power to force.[17] Propaganda was also used to persuade women into the women's services. poster By the end of 1941, ATS had only gained 58,000 new workers, falling short of expectations.Ernest Bevin then called for conscription and by late 1941 with the National Service Act it became compulsory for women ages 20–30 to join military service.[17] Married women were exempt from conscription, but those who were eligible had the option to work in war industry or civil defense if they did not want to join one of the women services.[27] Women were able to request which force they wished to join but most women were put into ATS because of its need for new applicants.[17] The National Service Act was repealed in 1949 but by 1944 women were no longer being called up for service because relying on volunteers was thought to be enough to complete the required tasks during the final stages of war.[17]
Women also played an important role in British industrial production during the war, in areas such as metals, chemicals, munitions, shipbuilding and engineering. At the beginning of the war in 1939 17.8% of women made up employment in these industries and by 1943 they made up 38.2%.[28] With the start of the war there was an urgent need to expand the country's labour force and women were seen as a source of factory labour. Before the war women in industrial production were exclusively on assembly, which was seen as cheap and undemanding work but during the war women were needed in other areas in the production process that were previously done by men such as Lathe operators.[29] The Ministry of Labour created training centres that gave an introduction to the engineering process, and by 1941 women were allowed entrance as the importance of the engineering industry grew and became a large source of female employment.[29] Areas such as aircraft manufacture, light and heavy general engineering and motor vehicle manufacturing all saw an increase in female employment during the war.[28] Aircraft production saw the largest rise in female employment as it rose from 7% in 1935 to 40% in 1944.[29] At the start of the war men who were already in engineering were prevented from going to war because engineering was seen as an important industry to war production but in 1940 there became a need for more female workers to supply the necessary labour for factory expansion.[27] By 1941 with the shortage of skilled labour the Essential Workers Order was introduced which required all skilled workers to register and prevented workers from quitting from jobs that were deemed essential to the war effort without agreement from a National Service Officer.[27] The Registration for the Employment Order in 1941 and the Women of Employment Order in 1942 also attempted to get more women into the workforce. The Women of Employment Order required women ages 18–45 to register for labour exchanges and by 1943 the maximum age was raised to 50, which brought an additional 20,000 women into the workforce. Aircraft production was given the top labour priority and many women were diverted into it with some even being transferred from agricultural production.[26]
Interpretation of aerial photographs[edit]
One of the most important roles within the forces that women occupied during the war was that of interpreting aerial photographs taken by British spy planes over Allied Europe.[30] There was equality in this work that was not found anywhere else during the war: women were considered equal to men in this field.[31] Women played an important role in the planning of D-Day in this capacity-they analyzed the photos of the Normandy Coast and decided which beaches the troops landed on and which sections. Women as photo analysts also participated in the biggest intelligence coup of the war-the discovery of the German V1 flying bomb. The participation of women allowed these bombs to be destroyed.[31]
Although many women were doing jobs that men had previously done during the war, there were still pay distinctions between the two sexes. Equal pay was rarely achieved as employers wanted to avoid labour costs. Skilled work was often broken down into smaller tasks and labelled skilled or semi-skilled and then paid according to women's pay rates.[29] Women who were judged to be doing 'men's work' were paid more than women who were thought to be doing 'women's work' and the employers' definition of this varied regionally.[26] Women were receiving closer wages to their male counterparts; however despite the government's expressed intentions, women continued to be paid less than men for equivalent work and were segregated in terms of job description, status, and the hours they put in.[26] In 1940 Ernest Bevin persuaded engineering employers and unions to give women equal pay to men since they were taking on the same tasks that men previously had; this became the Extended Employment of Women Agreement.[28] Generally, pay increases depended on the industry; industries that were dominated by women before the war, like textiles and clothing, saw no changes in pay. However the gap between male and female earnings narrowed by 20-24% in metals, engineering and vehicle building and by 10-13% in chemicals, which were all deemed important to the war effort.[27] Overtime hours also differed, with women getting 2–3 hours and men 9-10 a week. Women's hours were still regulated because of their responsibilities to take care of their family and household.[28]
Postwar, women were returned to many of the mundane jobs they occupied before the war started. Where once the army represented an escape from domestic life and liberty, it now returned to the male-dominated field it was before the war.[32] Women who served in the batteries as gunners and searchlight-operators were suddenly being demeaned to secretaries and clerks, taking away any opportunity these women may have had to capitalize on their training.[32] 'Demob was a big disappointment to a lot of us. It was an awful and wonderful war. I wouldn't have missed it for anything; some of the friends we made were forever." One female recounted after being dismissed from service to return to her normal job. Married women were released from service sooner at the end of the war, so they could return home before their husbands to ensure the home was ready when he returned from the front.[32] Despite being largely unrecognized for their wartime efforts in the forces, the participation of women in World War II allowed for the founding of permanent women's forces. Britain instituted these permanent forces in 1949, and the Women's Voluntary Services are still a standing reserve force today.[33]
When war began to look unavoidable in the late 1930s, Canadian women felt obligated to help the fight. In October of 1938, the Women's Volunteer Service was established in Victoria, BC. Soon, all the provinces and territories followed suit and similar volunteer groups were emerged. "Husbands, brothers, fathers, boyfriends were all joining up, doing something to help win the war. Surely women could help as well!" [34] In addition to the Red Cross, several volunteer corps had designed themselves after auxiliary groups from Britain. These corps had uniforms, marching drills and a few had rifle training. It soon was clear, that a unified governing system would be beneficial to the corps. The volunteers in British Columbia donated two dollars each to pay the expenses so a representative could talk to politicians in Ottawa. Although all of the politicians appeared sympathetic to the cause, it remained 'premature' in terms of national necessity.[34]
In June 1941, the Canadian Women's Army Corps was established. The women who enlisted would take over
- Drivers of light mechanical transport vehicles
- Cooks in hospitals and messes
- Clerks, typists, and stenographers at camps and training centres
- Telephone operators and messengers
- Canteen helpers[34]
On July 2, 1942 women were given permission to enlist in what would be known as the Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force. Lastly the Royal Canadian Navy created the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service or the WRENS.[34] The WRENS were the only corps that were officially a part of their sanctioning body as a women's division. This led to bureaucratic issues that would be solved most easily by absorbing the civilian corps governed by military organizations, into women's divisions as soldiers. According to the RCAF the following are the requirements of an enlisted woman:
- Must be at least 18 years of age, and younger than 41 years of age
- Must be of medical category A4B (equivalent of A1)
- Must be equal to or over 5 feet, and fall within the appropriate weight for her height, not being too far above or below the standard
- Must have a minimum education of entrance into high school
- Be able to pass the appropriate trades test
- Be of good character with no record of conviction for an indictable offence[34]
Women would not be considered for enlistment if they were married and had children dependent on them. Training centres were required for all of the new recruits. They could not be sent to the existing centres as it was necessary that they be separated from male recruits. The Canadian Women's Army Corps set up centres in Vermilion, AB and Kitchener, ON. Ottawa, ON and Toronto, ON were the locations of the training centres for the Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force. The WRENS were outfitted in Galt, ON.[34] Each service had to come up with the best possible appeal to the women joining, for they all wanted them. In reality, the women went where their fathers, brothers and boyfriends were.[34] Women had numerous reasons for wanting to join the effort; whether they had a father, husband, or brother in the forces, or simply felt the patriotic duty to help. One woman blatantly exclaimed that she could not wait to turn eighteen to enlist, because she had fantasies of assassinating Hitler. Many women aged 16 or 17 lied about their age in order to enlist. The United States would only allow women to join that were at least twenty-one. For their young female citizens, Canada was the logical option. Recruitment for the different branches of the Canadian Forces was set up in places like Boston and New York. Modifications were made to girls with US citizenship, having their records marked, "Oath of allegiance not taken by virtue of being a citizen of The United States of America." [34]
Women were obligated to conform to the same enlistment requirements as men. They had to adhere to medical examinations, and fitness requirements as well as training in certain trades depending on the aspect of the armed forces they wanted to be a part of. Enlisted women were issued entire uniforms minus the undergarments, which they would receive a quarterly allowance for.[34]
To be an enlisted woman during the creation stages was not easy. Besides the fact that everyone was learning as they went, they did not receive the support they needed from the male recruits. To begin with, women were initially paid two-thirds of what a man at the same level would make.[35] As the war progressed the military leaders began to see the substantial impact the women could make. In many cases the women had outperformed their male counterparts. This was taken into account and the women received a raise to four-fifths of the wages of a man.[35] A female doctor however, would receive equal financial compensation to her male counterpart. The negative reaction of men towards the female recruits was addressed in propaganda films. Proudly She Marches and Wings on Her Shoulder were made to show the acceptance of female recruits, while showing the men that although they were taking jobs traditionally intended for men, they would be able to retain their femininity. .[34]
Other problems faced early on for these women were that of a more racial stature. An officer of the CWAC had to write to her superiors regarding whether or not a girl of "Indian nationality" would be objected for enlistment. Because of Canada's large population of immigrants, German women also enlisted creating great animosity between recruits.[34] The biggest difficulty was however the French-Canadian population. In a document dated 25 November 1941, it was declared that enlisted women should 'unofficially' speak English. However, seeing the large number of capable women that this left out, a School of English was stabled for recruits in mid-1942. .[34] In 1942, Mary Greyeyes-Reid became the first First Nations woman to join the Canadian Forces.[36] She was featured in photographs to represent native people in the forces, yet at the same time was not welcome in the barracks due to discrimination.[37]
Once in training, some women felt that they had made a mistake. Several women cracked under the pressure and were hospitalized. Other women felt the need to escape, and simply ran away. The easiest and fastest ticket home however was pregnancy. Women who found out that they were expecting were given a special, quickly executed, discharge.[34]
The women who successfully graduated from training had to find ways to entertain themselves to keep morale up. Softball, badminton, tennis, and hockey were among popular pastimes for recruits. .[34]
Religion was of a personal matter to the recruits. A minister of sorts was usually on site for services. For Jewish girls, it was custom that they were able to get back to their barracks by sundown on Sabbath and holidays; a Rabbi would be made available if possible. .[34]
At the beginning of the war 600,000 women in Canada held permanent jobs in the private sector, by the peak in 1943 1.2 million women had jobs.[38] Women quickly gained a good reputation for their mechanical dexterity and fine precision due to their smaller stature.[38] At home a woman could work as:
- Cafeteria workers
- Loggers or lumberjills
- Shipbuilders
- Scientists
- Munitions workers[35]
Women also had to keep their homes together while the men were away. "An Alberta mother of nine boys, all away at either war or factory jobs – drove the tractor, plowed the fields, put up hay, and hauled grain to the elevators, along with tending her garden, raising chickens, pigs, and turkeys, and canned hundreds of jars of fruits and vegetables." [38]
In addition to physical jobs, women were also asked to cut back and ration. Silk and nylon were used for the war efforts, creating a shortage of stockings. Many women actually painted lines down the back of their legs to create the illusion of wearing the fashionable stockings of the time.[38]
Much like in the United Kingdom, the Finnish women took part in defence: nursing, air raid signaling, rationing and hospitalization of the wounded. Their organization was called Lotta Svärd, where voluntary women took part in auxiliary work of the armed forces to help those fighting on the front. Lotta Svärd was one of the largest, if not the largest, voluntary group in World War II. They never fired guns (a rule among the Lottas).[39]
The Third Reich had many roles for women, including combat. The SS-Helferinnen were regarded as part of the SS if they had undergone training at a Reichsschule SS but all other female workers were regarded as being contracted to the SS and chosen largely from concentration camps. Women also served in auxiliary units in the navy (Kriegshelferinnen), air force (Luftnachrichtenhelferinnen) and army (Nachrichtenhelferin).[40][41][42][43][44]
In 1944-45 more than 500,000 women were volunteer uniformed auxiliaries in the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). About the same number served in civil aerial defense, 400,000 volunteered as nurses, and many more replaced drafted men in the wartime economy.[41] In the Luftwaffe they served in combat roles helping to operate the anti—aircraft systems that shot down Allied bombers. By 1945, German women were holding 85% of the billets as clericals, accountants, interpreters, laboratory workers, and administrative workers, together with half of the clerical and junior administrative posts in high-level field headquarters.[45]
Germany had a very large and well organized nursing service, with four main organizations, one for Catholics, one for Protestants, the secular DRK (Red Cross) and the "Brown Nurses," for committed Nazi women. Military nursing was primarily handled by the DRK, which came under partial Nazi control. Frontline medical services were provided by male medics and doctors. Red Cross nurses served widely within the military medical services, staffing the hospitals that perforce were close to the front lines and at risk of bombing attacks. Two dozen were awarded the iron Cross for heroism under fire.[40] The brief historiography focuses on the dilemmas of Brown Nurses forced to look the other way while their incapacitated patients were murdered.[46]
Hundreds of women auxiliaries (Aufseherin) served for the SS in the camps, the majority of which were at Ravensbrück. In Germany women also worked, and were told by Hitler to produce more pure Aryan children to fight in future wars.[47]
The Italian Social Republic had similar roles for women. In the 1944 the Women's Auxiliary Service (Servizio Ausiliario Femminile) were regarded as part of the RSI military formations. The commander was the brigadier general Piera Gatteschi Fondelli.
In occupied Poland, as elsewhere, women played a major role in the resistance movement, putting them in the front line. Their most important role was as couriers carrying messages between cells of the resistance movement and distributing news broadsheets and operating clandestine printing presses. During partisan attacks on Nazi forces and installations they served as scouts.
During the Warsaw Rising of 1944, female members of the Home Army were couriers and medics, but many carried weapons and took part in the fighting. Among the more notable women of the Home Army was Wanda Gertz who created and commanded DYSK (Women's sabotage unit). For her bravery in these activities and later in the Warsaw Uprising she was awarded Poland's highest awards - Virtuti Militari and Polonia Restituta. One of the articles of the capitulation was that the German Army recognized them as full members of the armed forces and needed to set up separate Prisoner-of-war camps to hold over 2000 women prisoners-of-war.[48]
Soviet Union[edit]
The Soviet Union mobilized women at an early stage of the war, integrating them into the main army units, and not using the "auxiliary" status. Some 800,000 women served, most of whom were in front-line duty units.[50] About 300,000 served in anti-aircraft units and performed all functions in the batteries—including firing the guns.[51][52] A small number were combat flyers in the Air Force.[53]
Tito's Yugoslav National Liberation Movement claimed 6,000,000 civilian supporters; its two million women formed the Antifascist Front of Women (AFŽ), in which the revolutionary coexisted with the traditional. The AFŽ managed schools, hospitals and even local governments. About 100,000 women served with 600,000 men in Tito's Yugoslav National Liberation Army. It stressed its dedication to women's rights and gender equality and used the imagery of traditional folklore heroines to attract and legitimize the partizanka.[54] After the war women were relegated to traditional gender roles, but Yugoslavia is unique as its historians paid extensive attention to women's roles in the resistance, until the country broke up in the 1990s. Then the memory of the women soldiers faded away.[55][56]
United States[edit]
More than 60,000 Army nurses (all military nurses were women at the time) served stateside and overseas during World War II. They were kept far from combat but 67 were captured by the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942 and were held as POWs for over two and a half years. One Army flight nurse was aboard an aircraft that was shot down behind enemy lines in Germany in 1944. She was held as a POW for four months.[57][58] In 1943 Dr. Margaret Craighill became the first female doctor to become a commissioned officer in the United States Army Medical Corps.[59]
The Army established the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) in 1942. WAACs served overseas in North Africa in 1942. The WAAC, however, never accomplished its goal of making available to "the national defense the knowledge, skill, and special training of the women of the nation.".[60] In 1942, Charity Adams (Earley) became the first black female commissioned officer in the WAAC.[61] The WAAC was converted to the Women's Army Corps (WAC) in 1943, and recognized as an official part of the regular army. More than 150,000 women served as WACs during the war, and thousands were sent to the European and Pacific theaters; in 1944 WACs landed in Normandy after D-Day and served in Australia, New Guinea, and the Philippines in the Pacific. In 1945 the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion (the only all African-American, all-female battalion during World War II) worked in England and France, making them the first black female battalion to travel overseas. The battalion was commanded by MAJ Charity Adams Earley, and was composed of 30 officers and 800 enlisted women.[62][63] WWII black recruitment was limited to 10 percent for the WAAC/WAC—matching the percentage of African-Americans in the US population at the time. For the most part, Army policy reflected segregation policy. Enlisted basic training was segregated for training, living and dining. At enlisted specialists schools and officer training living quarters were segregated but training and dining were integrated. A total of 6,520 African-American women served during the war.[63]
Asian-Pacific-American women first entered military service during World War II. The Women's Army Corps (WAC) recruited 50 Japanese-American and Chinese-American women and sent them to the Military Intelligence Service Language School at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, for training as military translators. Of these women, 21 were assigned to the Pacific Military Intelligence Research Section at Camp Ritchie, Maryland. There they worked with captured Japanese documents, extracting information pertaining to military plans, as well as political and economic information that impacted Japan's ability to conduct the war. Other WAC translators were assigned jobs helping the US Army interface with our Chinese allies. In 1943, the Women's Army Corps recruited a unit of Chinese-American women to serve with the Army Air Forces as "Air WACs." The Army lowered the height and weight requirements for the women of this particular unit, referred to as the "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Air WAC unit." The first two women to enlist in the unit were Hazel (Toy) Nakashima and Jit Wong, both of California. Air WACs served in a large variety of jobs, including aerial photo interpretation, air traffic control, and weather forecasting.[11]
More than 14,000 Navy nurses served stateside, overseas on hospital ships and as flight nurses during the war. Five Navy nurses were captured by the Japanese on the island of Guam and held as POWs for five months before being exchanged. A second group of eleven Navy nurses were captured in the Philippines and held for 37 months. (During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, some Filipino-American women smuggled food and medicine to American prisoners of war (POWs) and carried information on Japanese deployments to Filipino and American forces working to sabotage the Japanese Army.[11]) The Navy also recruited women into its Navy Women's Reserve, called Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), starting in 1942. Before the war was over, 84,000 WAVES filled shore billets in a large variety of jobs in communications, intelligence, supply, medicine, and administration.[57][64][65] The Navy refused to accept Japanese-American women throughout World War II.[11] USS Higbee (DD-806), a GEARING-class destroyer, was the first warship named for a woman to take part in combat operation. Lenah S. Higbee, the ship's namesake, was the Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps from 1911 until 1922.[66]
The Marine Corps created the Marine Corps Women's Reserve in 1943. That year, the first female officer of the United States Marine Corps was commissioned; the first detachment of female marines was sent to Hawaii for duty in 1945. The first director of the Marine Corps Women's Reserve was Mrs. Ruth Cheney Streeter from Morristown, New Jersey. Captain Anne Lentz was its first commissioned officer and Private Lucille McClarren its first enlisted woman; both joined in 1943. Marine women served stateside as clerks, cooks, mechanics, drivers, and in a variety of other positions. By the end of World War II, 85% of the enlisted personnel assigned to Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps were women.
In 1941 the first civilian women were hired by the Coast Guard to serve in secretarial and clerical positions. In 1942 the Coast Guard established their Women's Reserve known as the SPARs (after the motto Semper Paratus - Always Ready). YN3 Dorothy Tuttle became the first SPAR enlistee when she enlisted in the Coast Guard Women's Reserve on 7 December 1942. LCDR Dorothy Stratton transferred from the Navy to serve as the director of the SPARs. The first five African-American women entered the SPARs in 1945: Olivia Hooker, D. Winifred Byrd, Julia Mosley, Yvonne Cumberbatch, and Aileen Cooke. Also in 1945, SPAR Marjorie Bell Stewart was awarded the Silver Lifesaving Medal by CAPT Dorothy Stratton, becoming the first SPAR to receive the award. SPARs were assigned stateside and served as storekeepers, clerks, photographers, pharmacist's mates, cooks, and in numerous other jobs. More than 11,000 SPARs served during World War II.[67]
In 1943, the US Public Health Service established the Cadet Nurse Corps which trained some 125,000 women for possible military service.
In all, 350,000 American women served in the U.S. military during World War II and 16[dubious ] were killed in action. World War II also marked racial milestones for women in the military such as Carmen Contreras-Bozak, who became the first Hispanic to join the WAC, serving in Algiers under General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Minnie Spotted-Wolf, the first Native American woman to enlist in the United States Marines.[68]
The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP), created in 1943, were civilians who flew stateside missions chiefly to ferry planes when male pilots were in short supply. They were the first women to fly American military aircraft. Accidents killed 38. The WASP was disbanded in 1944 when enough male veterans were available.[69]
Home front[edit]
U.S. women also performed many kinds of non-military service in organizations such as the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), American Red Cross, and the United Service Organizations (USO). Nineteen million American women filled out the home front labor force, not only as "Rosie the Riveters" in war factory jobs, but in transportation, agricultural, and office work of every variety. Women joined the federal government in massive numbers during World War II. Nearly a million "government girls" were recruited for war work. In addition, women volunteers aided the war effort by planting victory gardens, canning produce, selling war bonds, donating blood, salvaging needed commodities and sending care packages.
By the end of the World War I, twenty-four percent of workers in aviation plants, mainly located along the coasts of the United States were women, and yet this percentage was easily surpassed by the beginning of the World War II.[70] Mary Anderson, director of the Women's Bureau, reported in January 1942 that about 2,800,000 women "are now engaged in war work, and that their numbers are expected to double by the end of this year."[71]
The skills women had acquired through their daily chores proved to be very useful in helping them acquire new skill sets towards the war effort. Since men that usually did certain jobs were out at war, women tried to replace them. For example, the pop culture phenomenon of "Rosie the Riveter" made riveting one of the most widely known jobs. Experts speculate women were so successful at riveting because it so closely resembled sewing (assembling and seaming together a garment).[72] However, riveting was only one of many jobs that women were learning and mastering as the aviation industry was developing. As Glenn Martin, a co-founder of Martin Marietta, told a reporter: "we have women helping design our planes in the Engineering Departments, building them on the production line, [and] operating almost every conceivable type of machinery, from rivet guns to giant stamp presses".[73]
It is true that some women chose more traditional female jobs such as sewing aircraft upholstery or painting radium on tiny measurements so that pilots could see the instrument panel in the dark. And yet many others, maybe more adventurous, chose to run massive hydraulic presses that cut metal parts while others used cranes to move bulky plane parts from one end of the factory to the other. They even had women inspectors to ensure any necessary adjustments were made before the planes were flown out to war often by female pilots. The majority of the planes they built were either large bombers or small fighters.[74]
Although at first, most Americans were reluctant to allow women into traditional male jobs, women proved that they could not only do the job but in some instances they did it better than their male counterparts. For example, women in general paid more attention to detail as the foreman of California Consolidated Aircraft once told the Saturday Evening Post, "Nothing gets by them unless it's right."[75]
Two years after Pearl Harbor, there were some 475,000 women working in aircraft factories - which, by comparison, was almost five times as many as ever joined the Women's Army Corps.[74]
- ^ CBC News http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/military-international/
|url=missing title (help).[dead link]
- ^ D'Ann Campbell, online edition "Women in Combat: The World War Two Experience in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union", Journal of Military History (April 1993), 57:301-323
- ^ http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/canadian-womens-army-corps/
- ^ http://www.warmuseum.ca/education/online-educational-resources/dispatches/the-canadian-womens-army-corps-1941-1946/
- ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenChronology.asp
- ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/uscghist/WomenChronology.asp
- ^ http://www.usmcra.org/Default.aspx?pageId=1525243
- ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/women/timeline1.htm
- ^ http://www.army.mil/women/wac.html
- ^ http://www.army.mil/women/timeline.html
- ^ a b c d "Asian-Pacific-American Servicewomen in Defense of a Nation". Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/special%20highlights/women/timeline1.htm
- ^ a b Carruthers, Susan L. "'Manning the Factories': Propaganda and Policy on the Employment of Women, 1939-1947." History 75.244 (1990): 232-56. Web.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gazeley, Ian. "Women's pay in British Industry during the second world War." Economic History Review. (2008): 651-671. Web.
- ^ "Reunion and plaque for the 'Idle Women', the Land Girls of the canals". The Telegraph (London). 4 October 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ Shelford Bidwell, The Women's Royal Army Corps (London, 1977)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Crang, Jeremy (2008). "Come into the Army, Maud': Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry". Defence Studies 8: 381–395. EBSCOhost. doi:10.1080/14702430802252537.
- ^ Brigstock, Keith (17 January 2007). "Royal Artillery Searchlights". Royal Artillery Historical Society. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
- ^ See Campbell 1993
- ^ Frederick Arthur Pile, Ack-Ack (London, 1949),
- ^ Nigel West, Secret War: Story of S.O.E. (1993)
- ^ a b c Gingrich, Nadine. ""Every Man Who Dies, Dies for You and Me. See You Be Worthy": The Image of the Hero as Rhetorical Motivation in Unofficial War Propaganda, 1914-1918" War, Literature & the Arts: An International Journal of the Humanities. November 1, (2005): 108-117. Web.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j De Groot, Gerard J. "`I Love the Scent of Cordite in Your Hair': Gender Dynamics in Mixed Anti-Craft Batteries". History 82.265 (1997): 73-92. Web.
- ^ dress
- ^ a b c d e Crang, Jeremy A. "'Come into the Army, Maud': Women, Military Conscription, and the Markham Inquiry." Defence Studies 8.3 (2008): 381-95. Web.
- ^ a b c d e Little, Stephen (2011). "Shadow Factories, Shallow Skills? an Analysis of Work Organisation in the Aircraft Industry in the Second World War". Labor History 52: 193–216 EBSCOhost. doi:10.1080/0023656x.2011.571476.
- ^ a b c d Gazeley, Ian (2008). "Women's Pay in British Industry during the Second World War". Economic History Review 61: 651–671 EBSCOhost. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00412.x.
- ^ a b c d Hart, Robert (2007). "Women Doing Men's Work and Women Doing Women's Work: Female Work and Pay in British Wartime Engineering". Explorations in Economic History 44: 114–130 EBSCOhost. doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2005.10.005.
- ^ a b c d Bruley, Sue (2003). "A New Perspective on Women Workers in the Second World War: The Industrial Diary of Kathleen Church-Bliss and Elsie Whiteman". Labour History Review 68: 217–234 EBSCOhost.
- ^ Downing, Taylor. "Spying from the Sky." History Today 61.11 (2011): 10-16. Web.
- ^ a b Downing, Taylor. "Spying from the Sky." History Today 61.11 (2011): 10-16. Web
- ^ a b c De Groot, Gerard J. "`I Love the Scent of Cordite in Your Hair': Gender Dynamics in Mixed Anti-Craft Batteries". History 82.265 (1997): 73-92. Web
- ^ Harris, Carol. "Women Under Fire in World War Two". February 17, 2011.Web. February 17, 2013 .
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gossage, Carolyn. ''Greatcoats and Glamour Boots''. (Toronto:Dundurn Press Limited, 1991)
- ^ a b c "1942 Timeline". WW2DB. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
- ^ "Aboriginal Programs, A Proud History". Canadian Forces. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ Adams, Sharon (August 10, 2012). "Historical record corrected after nearly 70 years". Legion Magazine. Retrieved January 25, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Veterans Affairs Canada, "Women at War," Government of Canada, 2013-08-02
- ^ Charles Leonard Lundin, Finland in the Second World War (Indiana UP, 1957)
- ^ a b Gordon Williamson, World War II German Women's Auxiliary Services (2003).
- ^ a b Karen Hagemann, "Mobilizing Women for War: The History, Historiography, and Memory of German Women's War Service in the Two World Wars," Journal of Military History (2011) 75#4 pp 1055-1094
- ^ "Das SS-Helferinnenkorps: Ausbildung, Einsatz und Entnazifizierung der weiblichen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS 1942-1949". Reviews in History. 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
- ^ Robin Lumsden. Himmler's SS: Loyal to the Death's Head. Google Books. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
- ^ Gerhard Rempel. Hitler's Children: The Hitler Youth and the SS. Google Books. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
- ^ Campbell, D'Ann (April 1993). "Women in Combat: The World War Two Experience in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union". Journal of Military History 57: 301–323. doi:10.2307/2944060.
- ^ Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland-Icke, Nurses in Nazi Germany (1999)
- ^ Leila J. Rupp, Mobilizing Women For War: German and American Propaganda, 1939-1945 (1979)
- ^ Ney-Krwawicz, Marek. "Women Soldiers of the Polish Home Army". Polishresistance-ak.org. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ (Russian)"Kalugina Klavdiya Yefremovna". Iremember.ru. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
- ^ Bernard A. Cook (2006). "Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present". ABC-CLIO. p.546. ISBN 1-85109-770-8
- ^ Campbell 1993
- ^ K. Jean Cottam, "Soviet Women in Combat in World War II: The Ground Forces and the Navy," International Journal of Women's Studies, 3, no. 4 (1980): 345-57;
- ^ K. Jean Cottam, Soviet Airwomen in Combat in World War II (Manhattan, KS: Military Affairs/Aerospace Historian Publishing, 1983)
- ^ Barbara Jancar, "Women in the Yugoslav National Liberation Movement: An Overview," Studies in Comparative Communism (1981) 14#2 pp 143-164.
- ^ Vesna Drapac, "Resistance and the Politics of Daily Life in Hitler's Europe: The Case of Yugoslavia in a Comparative Perspective," Aspasia 2009 3: 55-78
- ^ Barbara Jancar-Webster, Women and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941-1945 (1990)
- ^ a b "Resources-Historical Frequently Asked Questions". Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ Mary T. Sarnecky, A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (1999)
- ^ Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002). "Craighill, Margaret D.". Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-57607-392-6.
- ^ Stremlow, Mary V. Free a Marine to Fight: Women Marines in World War II. Reprint, illustrated ed. DIANE, 1996. Google Book Search. 23 April 2009 <http://books.google.com/books?id=lA8DkWs_FXgC&printsec=frontcover>
- ^ "Claiming Their Citizenship: African American Women From 1624-2009". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ "Black America Web". Black America Web. Retrieved 2013-01-07.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Celebrating the Legacy: African-American Women Serving in Our Nation's Defense". Women In Military Service For America Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ Bonar, Nancy Yockey (November 16, 2010). "All-Aboard! Navy Welcomes Women to Submarine Fleet". On Patrol. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ Jean Ebbert and Mary-Beth Hall, Crossed Currents: Navy Women in a Century of Change (1999)
- ^ "History & Firsts". Navy Personnel Command. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ "Women & the U.S. Coast Guard: Moments in History". United States Coast Guard. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ "Highlights in the History of Military Women". Women in Military Service for America Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 2013-01-07.
- ^ Molly Merryman, Clipped Wings: The Rise and Fall of the Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPS) of World War II (2001)
- ^ Adams, Frank S. "Women in Democracy's Arsenal," New York Times, October 19, 1941.
- ^ "About 3,000,000 Women Now in War Work." Science News Letter, January 16, 1943.
- ^ Weatherford, Doris. American Women during World War II. New York:Routledge, 2010. p12
- ^ Bradley, La Verne. "Women at Work." National Geographic, August 1944.
- ^ a b Weatherford, Doris. American Women during World War II. New York: Routledge, 2010, p.12
- ^ Weatherford, Doris. American Women during World War II. New York: Routledge, 2010, p.14


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Rolex Rankings #65
Rolex Rankings #1
Will Shanshan Feng defend her title?
Will Lexi Thompson defend her title?
Ernst's victory another big step in her career
The Social Scene for September, 2014
I.K. Kim and Paula Creamer were Up to the Challenge presented by Prudential during the 2013 Kia Classic.

subset: commoncrawl


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Resort Brazil Sarongs (2 Pack)
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Resort Brazil Flag Sarongs (2 Pack)
Whether you're sunning yourself on a Rio beach this summer or watching the world's biggest football tournament poolside, this sarong by Resort is perfect for getting in the carnival spirit!
In a great value pack of two you can wear these sarongs right through the tournament. The Brazil flag print shows your support for the home side and shows off your tan to perfection with its vibrant green, yellow and blue colour palette.
Wear these sarongs over the Brazil flag print triangle bikini by Resort this summer for a gorgeous co-ord poolside look.
Useful info:
- Sarongs by Resort
- Great value 2 pack
- Brazil flag print
- One size: 8-24
Resort Triangle Bikini Set
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Resort Triangle Bikini Set.Colours: Pineapple Print, Tie Dye Print. 80% polyamide, 20% elastane. Machine washable.
Resort Triangle Bikini Set - Fruit Print
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Resort Triangle Bikini Set.Colour: Fruit Print 80% polyamide, 20% elastane. Machine washable.
Resort Moulded Bikini Set.Colours: Tropical Print, Yellow. 80% polyamide, 20% elastane. Machine washable.
Resort Cut Out Detail Swimdress
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Resort Cut Out Swimdress
Give your poolside style a flirty feminine look with a bold pop of zesty colour in this cut out detail swimdress by Resort.
The bandeau cut skims your figure for a feminine look that makes the most of your beach babe curves. A detachable halter strap lets you get sun-kissed summer skin all over with no worry of tan lines! The bold colour pop will set off your suntan for a beautifully bright look. The perforated tiered skirt covers built in briefs and skims your hips while playing up your curves for flirty feminine movement as you frolic in the sun!
Wear this swimdress with a spritz of SPF and your largest, darkest sunglasses to do poolside glamour in zesty, colour pop style!
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- Swimdress by Resort
- Detachable spaghetti straps
- Perforated tiered skirt
- Bandeau top
Resort Fashion Mix and Match Bow Detail Playsuit
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Resort Fashion Mix and Match Bow Detail Playsuit.Colour: Fruit Print. 80% polamide, 20% elastane. Machine washable.
Resort Triangle Bikini Set
This triangle bikini set by Resort is a flattering ladies swimwear pick for your confident beach or poolside style. The cut of the triangle bikini top channels a retro inspired style and we love the colour for a statement finish.
In a range of prints and colours this triangle bikini set is the ideal mix and match piece. The halter design gives it a classic style while the pretty prints and the triangle cut bring it right up to date.
Wear this triangle bikini set with a semi-sheer sarong for poolside lounging. Embellished sandals add a touch of shimmer.
Useful info:
- Triangle bikini set by Resort
- Halter design; range of prints
- A great mix and match piece


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ELMHURST, Ill. – South Dakota State's Nate Wolters was named Summit League Men's Basketball Player of the Week for his performance Feb. 11-17.
Wolters tied The Summit League record with his sixth Player of the Week award this season after leading South Dakota State into sole possession of first place. Against IUPUI, Wolters scored 18 points in just 27 minutes while adding four rebounds, two assists and two steals. Two days later in a first-place showdown against Western Illinois, Wolters tallied 28 points against the nation's No. 2 scoring defense (51.7 ppg) in a victory that lifted the Jackrabbits to the top spot in the league standings. He had a game-high six assists and three steals and connected on 10-of-16 (62.5 percent) field goal attempts and four-of-seven (57.1 percent) from beyond the arc. For the week, Wolters averaged 23 points per game, shot 60 percent from the field and 58.3 percent from three-point range. Wolters now has 14 career Player of the Week awards, the second-highest total on record.
Also nominated: Frank Gaines, Fort Wayne; Lyonell Gaines, IUPUI; Drew Valentine, Oakland; Ceola Clark III, Western Illinois.
Previous honorees: Nov. 10 – Nate Wolters, South Dakota State; Nov.19 – Corey Petros, Oakland / Nate Wolters, South Dakota State; Nov. 26 – Taylor Braun, North Dakota State; Dec. 3 – Ceola Clark III, Western Illinois; Dec.10 – Taylor Braun, North Dakota State; Dec. 17 – Tony Fiegen, South Dakota State; Dec. 24 – Nate Wolters, South Dakota State; Dec. 31 – Lawrence Alexander, North Dakota State; Jan. 7 – Duke Mondy, Oakland / Terell Parks, Western Illinois; Jan. 14 – Estan Tyler, Kansas City; Jan. 21 – Nate Wolters, South Dakota State; Jan. 28 – Travis Bader, Oakland; Feb. 4 – Frank Gaines, Fort Wayne / Drew Valentine, Oakland; Feb. 11 – Nate Wolters, South Dakota State.
Courtesy: The Summit League


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Definition of Meissner's corpuscle in English:
Meissner's corpuscleSyllabification: Meiss·ner's cor·pus·cle
A sensory nerve ending that is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, found in the dermis in various parts of the body.
More example sentences
- In primates, Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles within the skin confer vibrational sensitivity.
- It's because of the Meissner's corpuscles that these areas of your body are particularly sensitive.
- There is no known method of restoring Meissner's corpuscles or other specialized sensory nerve cells.
late 19th century: named after Georg Meissner (1829–1905), German anatomist.
Definition of Meissner's corpuscle in:
- The British & World English dictionary
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Word of the day hypnopompic
Pronunciation: ˌhɪpnə(ʊ)ˈpɒmpɪk
relating to the state immediately preceding waking up


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Oxford Bookcase Cabinet - Right Return
A wonderful cabinet to store your valuables for your viewing pleasure!
Oxford Cabinet Right Return
This stately wall storage unit features a fluted front frame and a wraparound pediment on its right side. There is plenty of space to showcase your treasures with four wood shelves. Three of the shelves are adjustable. Adjustable levelers under each corner provide stability on uneven and carpeted floors.
Dimensions: 14 ¼" L x 26 ¼" W x 81 ¾" H
Weight: 100 lbs.
Oxford Bookcase Cabinet - Right Return
Oxford Bookcase Cabinet - Right Return
Our innovative products will provide you and your family with years of enjoyment. And with the Brookstone Protection Plus service and replacement plans, you'll have the added peace of mind knowing that if the unexpected does happen, we will simply repair or replace your covered product. Our enhanced coverage goes above and beyond the manufacturer's warranty, saving you time and money.
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Product Description
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Date Reviewed: December 15, 2001
Strengths: The short back end is great for spinning tricks. 4130 Chromoly. 14 mm axles. 3 piece fusion crank. This bike kicks ass. Pretty light.
Weaknesses: The top tube is a bit long because its also for street. The fork is meant for street. The Ground Zero fork should be on this bike i think. Costs alot.
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Price Paid: $800.00
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Stop Negative Thoughts from Sabotaging Your Weight Loss
When you are trying to lose weight or get in shape, there's a battle taking place in your head! You might not know it now, but it's a war between your positive self-image and those awful negative thoughts that chip away at your self-esteem and erode your self-confidence.
The negative voice says things like, "You've already blown your diet today so you might as well eat another slice of pizza!" It tells you that you're not as strong and determined as your peers and will never get down to your pre-baby weight. Sometimes the negative voice actually comes out of your mouth in those little self-deprecating comments women love to make in front of their friends: "I tried on bathing suits today and wanted to die! My thighs didn't even fit in the mirror!" Or "You did a step aerobics class today? I'm lucky if I can just get my big buns up the steps!"
It's just a joke, right? Not really. Those insulting statements are really a form of self-defense against what you mistakenly believe everyone is already thinking. They're also self-fulfilling prophesies. What we say and think often comes true. We are in charge of ourselves, our thinking, and our destiny, so why are we often our own worst enemy?
Listen to Your Better Self
In order to be successful at anything in life, whether it's your career, motherhood, or weight loss, you have to put a lid on those negative thoughts and start listening to the powerful, confident woman who created and cares for a fragile human being. That woman is a tireless leader, a natural teacher, and a fierce protector of the life she created. If it were necessary, she would do anything, she could will herself to do anything for that child. That amazing person is the one you should be listening to, don't you think?
She's the cheerleader who says, "You can do it. Get up. We have a workout to do!" She's the friend who says, "You deserve to take time for yourself." She's the coach who says, "Go faster. Push harder. Don't stop now. You're doing so well!"
Let her be in charge! In fact, if you can't do it for yourself, do this for your children too. Modeling a positive attitude will help develop resilient children!
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New Arrivals
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Naturally Tribal Dora Tank
A whimsical layer romanced with ruffles. Our tribally printed tank is soft and fluttery.
- Double-layered mesh is cool and comfortable with built-in stretch.
- Length: 24" to 26".
- 100% nylon.
- Machine wash. Imported.


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This was very good, especially with the onion gravy made with browned flour. I had never used this "toasted" flour method before, and we loved the flavor. It was especially good with the mashed potatoes I made for the meal. One small change I made was using pork tenderloin, which I cut into thick slices, instead of the pork chops. I prefer the tenderloin because it is much more tender than the chops.
Fried Pork Chops with Caramelized Onion Gravy
Photo: Melina Hammer; Styling: Lydia Degaris Pursell
Try this versatile technique with chicken, beef, or veal cutlets.
Yield: Makes 6 servings
How to Separate Eggs
How to Measure Flour
More From Southern Living
Recipe Time
Hands On:
30 Minutes
Total: 1 Hour, 45 Minutes
- 2 cups panko (Japanese breadcrumbs)
- 1/4 cup finely chopped fresh flat-leaf parsley
- 2 teaspoons chopped fresh rosemary
- 1 1/2 teaspoons salt, divided
- 1 1/2 teaspoons freshly ground pepper, divided
- 6 (1/2-inch-thick) boneless pork loin chops
- 1/2 cup all-purpose flour
- 4 egg whites, lightly beaten
- 6 tablespoons canola oil
- Caramelized Onion Gravy
- Apple-Cabbage Slaw
- 1. Combine first 3 ingredients, 1/2 tsp. salt, and 1/2 tsp. pepper in a shallow dish. Place each pork chop between 2 sheets of plastic wrap, and flatten to 1/8-inch thickness, using a rolling pin or flat side of a meat mallet.
- 2. Sprinkle pork with remaining 1 tsp. each salt and pepper. Place flour in a shallow dish; place egg whites in another shallow dish. Dredge pork in flour, dip in egg whites, and dredge in breadcrumb mixture, pressing to adhere; place on a wire rack.
- 3. Cook half of pork in 1 1/2 Tbsp. hot oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium heat 3 to 4 minutes or until golden. Dab top of pork with 1 1/2 Tbsp. oil using a pastry brush; turn pork over. Cook 3 minutes or until done. Keep warm on a clean wire rack in a jelly-roll pan in a 200° oven. Repeat with remaining pork and 3 Tbsp. oil. Serve with Caramelized Onion Gravy and Apple-Cabbage Slaw.
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Fried Pork Chops with Caramelized Onion Gravy Recipe at a Glance
- COURSE: Main Dishes
- CONVENIENCE: Family
- MAIN INGREDIENT: Pork
- PUBLICATION: Southern Living
More Recipes Like This
Fried Pork Chops with Cream GravySouthern Living
Pork Chops with Country Gravy and Mashed PotatoesCooking Light
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In 2010, i-Blason began as a concept of engineering and creating products that protect and prolong technological devices like smartphones and tablets through covers and cases. We innovate ideas and respond to the needs of the younger generation mostly college students and young professionals by watching out for new gadgets, devices, and inventions and tailoring our creation to preserve the signature design whilst protecting the phone or tablet with styles and fun.
I-Blason offers a myriad of character, personality, and theme in our designs. It can be classic, elegant, hip, stylish, colorful, or plain effect enhancing your mobile experience.
We believe that a case is not just a case. It is something you hold on every day in your life. At i-Blason, we desire for phone and tablet users to enjoy their gadgets stylishly and durably with the long 'wear and tear' guarantee.
Since we care about the investment you have just made in your iPhone or Nexus tablet, we are here to safeguard your device the best way we can. We have priced our cases competitively and our loyal patronage attests that every case is the best price online without sacrificing quality and design.
I-Blason office is in Atlanta, Georgia and our team consists of young talents with experience and skill set that delivers top of the line products and services. We are able to produce unique products from time to time and we keep on improving our line and range as we research our industry and listen to our customer feedback and recommendations.
We offer outstanding customer care for all our clients and we ship and deliver products on time.
Don't just take our word for it. Test our product and join our well-satisfied mobile and tablet users who are clever enough to pick up one of our cases and enjoy maximum protection with the style.
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Unrecognised Portable Hard Drive
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Results from Tuesday's action from the baseball fields at the Minden Recreation Complex.
Coach Pitch
Cooper Tires 18, Swain's 1
Cason Clemons led Cooper Tires with two triples and a home run. dayton Sims, CJ Watts, Chase Tolbert, Chase Sentell, and Collin Murphy all had three hits. William Davis, Kendall Dee Flournoy, Jake Wilkins and Reggie Allen Reed all had two hits. Jake Chumley added a single.Subscribe to Read!


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Stephen Bonga, George's brother, c.1880.
A crowd gathered at the 1898 Stiftungsfest celebration.
Stone Arch Bridge and Tenth Avenue Wagon Bridge, c.1905.
Stone Arch Bridge and workers as the bridge nears completion in 1883.
Stone Arch Bridge under construction, c.1883. Photographer: Henry R. Farr.
Description: Stone Arch Bridge, 1884.
Postcard showing Stone Arch Bridge, St. Anthony Falls, and the milling district, c.1900.
A low-slung "stone boat" is loaded with limestone and ready to be pulled away from a Red Wing quarry, c. 1890.
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Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
Suicide prevention walk setby jmaloni
Sat, Sep 7th 2013 07:00 am
The Western New York chapter of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention will hold its seventh annual Buffalo area Out of the Darkness Community Walk at 10:30 a.m. Saturday, Sept. 14, in Delaware Park North (near Buffalo Zoo).
Proceeds will benefit local and national suicide prevention and awareness programs. Registration is free and can be done online until noon on Sept. 13, or at the walk 8:30 to 10:30 a.m., with the walk starting at 10:30 a.m. For more information, go to http://afsp.donordrive.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=donorDrive.event&eventID=2172, email [email protected] or call 716-597-9285.
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Construction will soon begin on a lake project more than 70 years in the making.
Grady County Commissioners voted to approve Brad Cole Construction out of Carrollton to build the Tired Creek Lake Dam.
Financial and legal hurdles stalled the project until now, but county officials say they now have the green light to build.
"We hope to break ground on dam construction in the next few weeks. The same will be occurring on mitigation construction. At the same time we'll be planning the facilities necessary to create marinas and swimming areas and docks and things of that nature," said Grady County Attorney Kevin Cauley.
County officials say a new lake authority has been created to help the county commission develop the resources necessary to the make the lake a public facility.
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Street Fighter Alpha Walkthroughs for PlayStation
Our review of Street Fighter IV plus some in-game footage from the game.
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LOUISVILLE, KY. (WDRB) -- Three new businesses are moving near the KFC Yum Center. The Al J. Schneider Company announced it will open Down One Bourbon Bar, 321deli, and 2 Dips and a Shake Ice Cream Shop at the corner of Third Street and Main Street.
The new locally-owned restaurants will open starting in mid-February with Down One Bourbon Bar. 321deli says it will have the look and feel of a New York deli with the charm of the south, and 2 Dips and a Shake will offer ice cream from The Comfy Cow.
The three new businesses will be just down from street level in the company's Waterside Building.
"We had recently been to New York," explains the president of the Schneider Company, Mary Moseley, "and they have a lot of this these types of stores where you descend down to shops and restaurants so we decided to do that here."
While the cost of the investment is not being disclosed, it continues the Schneider Company's commitment to downtown that began when Moseley's late father, Al Schneider, built the Galt House in the early 1970's when no one else was willing to invest in downtown.
"There is lots of activity along Main Street," says Moseley, "especially after the games and concerts, so we want to be part of that as people travel back and forth from here to Fourth Street and up and down Main Street."
30 people will work at the downtown Louisville businesses.
Copyright 2013 WDRB News. All Rights Reserved.
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WAUSAU, WI (WSAU) - The Legislature's Joint Finance Committee has wrapped up it's budget hearings, but several Democrats are continuing to hold their own listening sessions. One of them is Monday in Wausau.
Steven Potter is with Representative Mandy Wright's office. He says the Monday budget listening session will be in the auditorium at the UW Marathon County Center for Civic Engagement between 4:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. "It's going to be Representative Mandy Wright, joined by Senator Chris Larson, Representative Peter Barca, and Representatives Corey Mason and John Richards who both sit on the Joint Finance Committee, and also Representative Janet Bewley.
Potter says they have heard several concerns about the proposed state budget, with most of the calls about the school voucher expansion issue.


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Product Details SKU: JKANMSILBORDER
This fun design combines graphic animal silhouettes with calico prints to bring a punch of design into any child's room or play area.
The prepasted border is easy to apply: just dip in water, then bring it to the wall. Coordinate with our Lively Scrolls wallpaper for a matching backdrop, then add our Brown Animal Silhouettes MegaPack to create a jungle safari right on your walls!
5"H, 5 yards
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At the first look the room seemed ok, but once cockroaches came out of the wardrobe it was less funnier. Moreover, the hostel is very difficult to find and the staff almost doesn't speak a word of English.
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Welcome to the Diocese of Jamaica and The Cayman Islands. We are one of eight Dioceses in the English-speaking Caribbean and a part of the Church in the Province of the West Indies (CPWI).
Our Vision
The Diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands, inspired by the Holy Spirit, and through the energetic and joyful discipleship of its members at all levels and of all ages, commits itself to being an assertive influence for good on society, and to locate, engage and serve the wider society wherever they are, through individual mission and ministry, in faith hope and charity, and to inspire and enlist recruits into active discipleship as members of the body of Christ and new member/stakeholders of a growing and dynamic Diocese.
To bring others into relation with God in Christ through our witness, mission and service.
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For our Visioning Prayer click on the following link: Visioning Prayer
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Eye Disease Linked to Memory Decline Eye Screening May Identify Increased Risk of Early Mental Issues WebMD Medical News By Salynn Boyles Reviewed by Laura J. Martin, MD More from...
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PHOENIX (AP) - Authorities say a Phoenix businessman has been arrested for allegedly selling counterfeit merchandise including contact lenses.
Jewelry Unlimited also sells necklaces, watches, and nose rings, but police say many of the store's items are fake.
The Phoenix Police Business and Economic Stability Team busted the store Tuesday.
At the Desert Sky Mall location, police confiscated $560,000 worth of counterfeit merchandise in watches, purses and clothing along with prescription and novelty contact lenses.
Police say Jewelry Unlimited chain owner Masarof Hossain didn't have a license to sell contacts as a pharmacy.
They also say fake contacts can ruin people's eyes and cause everything from ulcers to blindness.
Police say Hossain is being held on suspicion of illegal control of an enterprise and counterfeit products.
It's unclear if he has a lawyer.
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Sioux Falls, SD (KELO-AM) The Sioux Falls School District has used automated phone calls to survey parents on whether they want the pledge of allegiance recited daily in city high schools. Currently a daily pledge is not required in high school.
School Board President Doug Morrison says, as far as he knows, it is the first time the schools have used auto calls in such a way to poll parents. He tells KELO-AM that there has been alot of incorrect information in the media about the pledge policy so this technology allows officials to go directly to parents to find out what they want.
Morrison says the results will likely be ready for discussion at Monday's meeting.


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Years ago in Mexico City, I tasted a tart like this and have thought about it ever since. One of the New World foods, chocolate has always been a favorite in Mexico (and everywhere else, for that matter), especially when it's paired with cinnamon and coffee. Try this combination of true Mexican flavors.–Joanne Weir
Warm Chocolate, Cinnamon, and Coffee Tart Recipe
- Quick Glance
- Serves 8 to 10
- For the short crust tart shell
- 1 1/4 cups all-purpose flour
- 1 tablespoon sugar
- Pinch of salt
- 10 tablespoons butter, cut into 12 pieces and out of the refrigerator for 15 minutes
- 1 tablespoon cold water, or more if needed
- For the tart
- 1/4 cup pine nuts
- 4 ounces bittersweet chocolate, chopped
- 3 tablespoons unsalted butter, cut into 8 pieces
- 1/3 cup dark corn syrup
- 2 tablespoons granulated sugar
- 2 tablespoons Kahlua or brandy
- 2 1/2 teaspoons instant espresso powder
- 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon
- 3 eggs
- 1 prebaked short crust tart shell
- 1 cup heavy cream
- 2 tablespoons confectioners' sugar
- 1/4 teaspoon vanilla extract
- Make the tart shell
- 1. In a food processor, mix the flour, sugar, and salt with a few pulses. Add the butter and pulse until the mixture resembles cornmeal. Add the water, or more as needed, until the pastry is blended and will hold together if you press it. Gather it into a ball, flatten it into a 6-inch disk, and wrap it in plastic wrap. Refrigerate it for 30 minutes.
- 2. Preheat the oven to 400°F (200°C).
- 3. Press the pastry evenly into the bottom and 1 inch up the sides of a 9-inch round tart pan. Set the pastry-lined pan in the freezer for 30 minutes.
- 4. Line the pastry with parchment paper and scatter 1 cup of dried beans or pie weights onto the parchment. Bake the tart shell until the top edges are light golden, 10 to 15 minutes. Remove the parchment and weights, reduce the oven temperature to 375°F (190°C), and continue to bake until the pastry is light golden, 10 to 15 minutes.
- Make the tart
- 5. Preheat the oven to 350°F (175°C).
- 6. Place the pine nuts in a dry skillet and cook over medium heat, stirring, until golden, 1 to 2 minutes. Set aside to cool.
- 7. In a double boiler over medium-high heat, melt the chocolate and butter, stirring until smooth. In another saucepan over medium-high heat, stir together the corn syrup and granulated sugar until boiling. Add to the melted chocolate.
- 8. In a small bowl, whisk together the Kahlua, espresso powder, and cinnamon. Place the eggs in a large bowl and whisk until foamy. Add the Kahlua mixture and whisk until well mixed. Add the chocolate and whisk until well mixed. Stir in the toasted pine nuts.
- 9. Pour the filling into the prebaked tart shell and bake until a skewer comes out of the center clean, 35 to 40 minutes. Let the tart cool for 15 to 20 minutes.
- 10. Meanwhile, whip the cream to soft peaks. Add 1 tablespoon of the confections' sugar and vanilla and stir together.
- 11. Cut the tart into wedges, dust the top with the remaining 1 tablespoon confectioners' sugar and serve with the soft cream.
Hungry for more? Chow down on these:
- Mexican Chocolate Tart with Cinnamon-Spiced Pecans from Love and Olive Oil
- Chocolate Cake with Coffee and Cinnamon from Created by Diane
- Chocolate and Cinnamon Swirl Meringues from Leite's Culinaria
- Chocolate Tart with Pine Nuts from Leite's Culinaria
Warm Chocolate, Cinnamon, and Coffee Tart Recipe © 2004 Joanne Weir. Photo © 2004 Penina Meisels. All rights reserved.


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