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Allison Arden is vice president/publisher of Advertising Age and Creativity, overseeing the business and editorial strategies and operations for those media brands. Advertising Age is the world´s leading brand of news, information and insights on advertising, marketing and media. Creativity is the definitive showcase of brand-driven creative work.
Since becoming publisher in 2007, Arden and her team have expanded the way Advertising Age serves the community with products and programs including Ad Age on Campus, Goodworks, CaT: Creativity & Technology, and the Small Agency Awards. Throughout Arden's tenure at Advertising Age, she has held the roles of associate publisher and general manager, interactive for Advertising Age and Creativity. In those roles, she helped drive the evolution of Advertising Age and Creativity's digital product line, including Adage.com, Creativity-Online.com (formerly AdCritic.com),the expanding video line-up such as 3 Minute Ad Age, Creativity Top 5, as well as other vertical initiatives including Ad Age China, MediaWorks, TalentWorks and Ad Age Digital.
Prior to joining Crain Communications in 1996, Arden worked for Miller Freeman Inc. where she worked on Cadence Magazine and launched 3D Design Magazine and its Web site as national sales manager in 1995.
Arden is a graduate of the University of Maryland and the proud mother of Max, 8 and Maya, 5. Arden is a two-time finisher in the ING New York City Marathon. Arden also serves on the board of directors for the American Advertising Federation, on the board of directors of Advertising Women of New York, on the board of VCU BrandCenter, and was featured in the May 2009 issue of Publishing Executive Magazine as one of 50 Top Women in Magazine Publishing.Click Here to watch Allison Arden's Career Highlights
"Brilliant ideas are one thing. Making them real is another."
As worldwide CFO and COO of IPG's Mediabrands Tara Comonte oversees the commercial excellence of all Mediabrands companies. Sitting at the helm of all financial/operational decisions, Comonte has transformed Mediabrands into a leading global media organization. Comonte's additional responsibilities as COO is around further diversification of Mediabrands businesses, increased levels of automation and technology and driving maximum operational effectiveness of all our operations.
As CFO and COO, Comonte's view on the media business is unmatched. Her role is strategic business development and commercial excellence. Clients need business partners to develop marketing platforms to protect their investments, focus on performance and ROI. The CFO will help lead those conversations and you'll want Comonte at the table. She wants to work with clients to develop creative and value-based remuneration methodologies; in fact she's been doing this her whole career.
Comonte has extensive knowledge and experience in all aspects of business and operations including, mergers and acquisitions and corporate restructuring with a specific understanding of business associated with the marketing communications sector. Comonte's knowledge about our industry keeps her engaged in the growth and success of our business, both existing agencies within Mediabrands and even new ventures. Recognizing the need to inspire a collaborative and entrepreneurial culture, which is uncommon language for a CFO, Comonte created the first ever Mediabrands Venture Fund, which provides financial support to turn ideas, from anyone one of the 6,500 employees worldwide, into tangible, real-life businesses.Click Here to watch Tara Comonte's Career Highlights
Peter McGuinness' mission as chairman and CEO of Gotham is to bring leading marketers street-smart, integrated communications without the big-agency bureaucracy and to help his clients outsmart their competitors by focusing on ideas over executions and by exploiting every marketing channel available, especially if that channel didn't exist yesterday.
Before landing at Gotham, McGuinness spent many years at McCann Worldgroup in both the media and account management departments running accounts like Rubbermaid, Black & Decker, Smith Barney, AT&T and Gateway. He climbed the ranks quickly and became executive vice president and worldwide account director before he turned 30. In this role, he helped transform the MasterCard "Priceless" campaign into a global phenomenon in over 100 countries and in 45 languages and went on to lead 20 integrated brands for Unilever in 90 countries.
McCann/IPG then tapped him to head Momentum's UK unit as regional president for Europe, Middle East and Africa. He led 45 offices as well as overseeing accounts like Microsoft, Nokia, HP and American Express.
McGuinness also gave back to the industry and the community by leading multiple pro bono efforts including the AIDS Awareness Quilt campaign under the Clinton and Bush administrations, Mandela Day, the Anti-Crime campaign under the Giuliani administration, Paul Newman's The Hole in the Wall Camps' positioning , the "Small Steps" campaign for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the "Hands Can Do Incredible Things" CPR campaign for the American Heart Association/Ad Council and helped pioneer Agencies In Action by committing Gotham to it first, helping NYC's homeless. Add to his list these creative accomplishments: Effies, AMEs, CLIOs and Cannes Lions.
McGuinness also serves on the board of the AAAA and AEF, charged with helping to shape the future of the advertising industry. He is a David Rockefeller Fellow for the advancement of New York City and a member of IPG's Diversity Council. He sits on the board of the New York Pops, and Mandela Day, a division of the Nelson Mandela Foundation, as well as the Marketing/Advertising Curriculum Committee at Baruch College.
McGuinness is fascinated with culture and has flown over 3 million miles and visited over 60 countries in his career.
McGuinness and his wife recently started a philanthropic company called Do Your Part Through Art (DYPTA) focused on child development through artistic expression for children in need from countries of need.
In just 16 years, Ari Merkin has become one of the most awarded creatives in advertising history. His work has received not only hundreds of accolades for creativity and effectiveness, but also best of show honors at virtually every major advertising award competition. This includes the prestigious One Show, where in 2003, Merkin became the only creative to ever take home 13 Pencils in a single evening. He is a recognized industry leader who has been featured in almost every publication that follows the advertising industry. In 2006, Advertising Age named Merkin among its 40 Under 40.
Merkin's success stems from his early career at Crispin Porter + Bogusky, where his work on the BMW MINI helped the campaign become one of the most successful U.S. car launches in history. His "Body Bag" campaign for 'Truth', the anti-smoking effort for the American Legacy Foundation, is still considered one of the most effective public service efforts of all time. As writer of the IKEA "Lamp" spot, Merkin earned a Grand Prix at Cannes, as well as the Grand Clio. The spot still appears among listings of "top 10" commercials.
At just 33-years-old, Merkin left Crispin Porter + Bogusky to take over as executive creative director of Fallon New York. Within just two years, he turned a fledgling outpost into one of the top 10 most-awarded agencies in the world – all while creating record-breaking sales for its largest clients.
In 2005, with four small children at home and a very understanding wife, Merkin co-founded an agency of his own. Toy New York is an agency that has been profitable since day one, and it has attracted an impressive roster of blue chip clients, including Amazon, Macy's, Disney, Google, Virgin Mobile, Activision, American Eagle, OfficeMax, BusinessWeek and Extended Stay Hotels. Among the agency's most noteworthy work is the "Elf Yourself" viral phenomenon for OfficeMax, which attracted 200 million visits in less than six weeks. Elf Yourself is still on the record books as one of the greatest viral successes ever.
Despite his numerous accolades, Merkin's greatest contribution remains the inspiration and mentoring he gives to others. As a recent intern at Toy said, "It's refreshing when you come across a guy like Ari who has as much gold in his heart as he does on the shelves. He understands the influence that those in advertising have, knows how to best harness it, and most importantly, goes out of his way to pass that knowledge to the countless numbers that wish to follow in his footsteps."Click Here to watch Ari Merkin's Career Highlights
Beatriz R. Perez is the senior vice president, integrated marketing, for the North America division of The Coca-Cola Company. Perez's role is critical in this continuously changing landscape, where content and contacts are integrally linked to bring all of our North America brands to life. She is responsible for negotiating and leading all media, interactive, entertainment and sports strategy, partnerships and execution. This includes our partnerships with NASCAR, NCAA, PGA, Olympics, NBA, LeBron James, American Idol, Creative Artists Agency, and many others across film, music and television.
In Perez's career some of her accomplishments include developing the award-winning Motorsports marketing platform that launched Coca-Cola as the official soft drink of NASCAR, the Coca-Cola Racing Family, and securing the Daytona 500 partnership. Prior to this assignment, Perez worked on the Coca-Cola and Sprite Brand Teams and was responsible for multi-cultural marketing initiatives including advertising development, media planning and activation. For example, leading the Selena Movie Premiere program activated in over 37 cities.
Before joining Company, Perez was the account supervisor at DMB&B, for The Coca-Cola Company focused primarily on initiatives with Telemundo, Univision and led the development of a grassroots community relations tool kit for Coca-Cola bottlers.
Perez was named Sports Business Journal's 40 Under 40 award recipient three consecutive years (2001-2003) and was inducted into their Hall of Fame in 2003. In 2005 and 2000, she was named Sports Business Journal'sTop 25 Women in Business. In 1997, Perez was named the Most Promising Manager of the Year by the National Hispanic Employees Association. From 1991-1994, she worked for the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce in Washington, DC and was named their Employee of the Year in 1993. She was recently recognized as an Industry Career Achiever by the American Advertising Federation.
Perez sits on a number of boards including: Grammy Foundation, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta Foundation Board, The Victory Junction Gang Camps founded by Kyle and Pattie Petty, Abu Dhabi Investment House and HSBC North America Holdings Inc.
Perez holds a Bachelor of Science degree in marketing from the University of Maryland and resides with her family in Atlanta.Click Here to watch Beatriz Perez's Career Highlights
The world we live in is one of constant innovation, with online video, DVRs, VOD, mobile media and video sites like YouTube and Hulu allowing consumers to access information however and whenever they want. And that's just the beginning. As video technology continues to develop, it's Tracey Scheppach's job not only to understand it all, but to grasp how those changes affect consumers' behaviors and responses to advertising – and where marketers fit into the equation. She examines the world of advanced video contact points in her role at worldwide media agency network Starcom MediaVest Group (SMG), constantly striving to obtain better information to enhance media plans for some of the world's biggest marketers.
In her SMG role – adopted in June 2009 – Scheppach is responsible for all strategic and operational oversight of SMG's Advanced Media Center of Excellence and is charged with determining best practices and standards for emerging video technologies. She also helps invest clients' advertising dollars across cutting edge video contact points such as addressable advertising, online video, DVRs, VOD, IPTV, interactive TV, mobile video, second-by-second set-top box measurement and more. Scheppach is also is one of the founders of the VivaKi program known as The Pool, a testing initiative built on the collaborative participation of a select group of clients, content providers and tech companies—all of whom are "pooling" insights and resources in pursuit of future engagement models while still in the development stage. The goal of this research and development initiative is to gain insights into emerging forms of media and create industry standards for new advertising models.
Prior, Scheppach was at full-service SMG agency Starcom USA where she was – and still is – a vocal industry advocate for the freeing and widespread use of national set-top box data, which will provide the business with a dramatically improved perspective on real life viewing behaviors – and thus improved accountability. She continues to be a leader in second-by-second set-top box data, working with partners like TNS, TiVo, DIRECTV, Google TV, Charter, Comcast and more. Since 2006 she has pioneered industry initiatives around addressable advertising, pushing television distribution companies, clients and the industry toward the next level of relevance and data-driven effectiveness.
A frequent speaker at industry events, Scheppach is also quoted in publications such as Advertising Age, Adweek, Mediaweek and Entertainment Weekly, radio talk shows such as NPR and newspapers such as The New York Times, Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal. Scheppach was named a Woman to Watch by Advertising Age in 2008, and was also recognized in Mediaweek's Watch List for 2009 and iMedia Connection's list of top 25 Internet Marketing Leaders and Innovators. Starcom's LEGO team, guided by Scheppach, won the Interactive/Enhanced TV category for Media magazine's Creative Media Awards and Mediaweek's Media Plan of the Year in 2008. She is also a member of the American Association of Advertising Agencies Digital Video Innovation committee, Google TV's Measurement Advisory Board and Invidi's Advisory Board.
Prior to joining Starcom, Scheppach was vice president of programming and research at OpenTV, a global interactive TV company. Working with Wink, Inc., a pioneer in the interactive television industry, she helped create branding campaigns with 60 advertisers – including Proctor & Gamble – on over 100 brands across 28 U.S. networks. Before that, as Monsanto Company's marketing director, Scheppach oversaw the development and implementation of communications strategies to secure global public acceptance of biotechnology through global advertising strategy and research. Scheppach also served as Monsanto's brand manager for Equal and NutraSweet, helping earn a Clio Award for Equal's 1998 "Scream" execution.
Emmy and Golden Globe Award-winning producer Ben Silverman announced a partnership with IAC, led by media mogul Barry Diller, in July 2009 to launch a new company, Electus, which will capitalize on the ever-evolving world of multimedia production and distribution. With Silverman as founder and CEO, Electus will unite producers, creators, advertisers and distributors under one roof and produce all forms of content for distribution across a variety of platforms around the world.
Silverman is executive producer of the Emmy Award-winning NBC comedy "The Office" and the Golden Globe-winning comedy "Ugly Betty," is co-creator and executive producer of hit reality show "The Biggest Loser" for NBC as well as an executive producer and co-creator of the critically acclaimed "The Tudors" for Showtime.
Prior to launching the new media venture with IAC, Silverman served as Co-Chairman, NBC Entertainment and Universal Media Studios from June 2007. Responsible for directing the efforts of NBC Universal's television operations, Silverman transformed the business model by connecting advertisers and consumers through content in a more profound way. Initiating the first of two Infronts, he rebranded the Upfront and enabled a two way conversation between media companies and advertisers. Fall 2009 marked Ben's first non-strike-interrupted slate which builds on the critical and bottom-line success he had with "30 Rock," "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon," "Saturday Night Live," "The Biggest Loser," "Celebrity Apprentice" and "The Office" as well as the new "The Jay Leno Show" which Ben championed that directly addresses the challenges facing broadcast TV with a topical DVR-proof show.
Prior to NBC Universal, Silverman, in March 2002, launched Reveille, a production and distribution company focusing on exploiting worldwide intellectual property rights through scripted and alternative television formats. The company leveraged Ben's relationships with the world's top broadcasters and producers to acquire, produce and distribute entertainment programming across all television genres. He made Reveille the world leader in creating integrated marketing opportunities for advertisers and developing alternative financing paradigms for the television business.
In 2003, he redefined advertiser-supplied programming by joining with Interpublic Group to produce "The Restaurant," and Bravo's "Blow Out," with both shows fully financed by context-relevant advertisers.
Previously, Silverman was in charge of the international packaging division at the William Morris Agency (WMA), where he was the company's youngest division head, packaging more than 25 television series that encompassed over 500 produced episodes, including "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire," "The Weakest Link," "Big Brother," and "Queer as Folk." He also led WMA's New York consulting branch, representing brand names such as Maxim, InStyle, eBay and Anheuser-Busch, and focused on extending those brands into alternative and traditional media outlets.
Prior to William Morris, Silverman was vice president for New World/Marvel Entertainment, where he developed sitcoms and envisioned live-action projects for film and television. Previously, he also held posts at CBS and Warner Bros.
Silverman graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University with a bachelor of arts degree in history, and is involved with multiple philanthropic endeavors, including Seeds of Peace, a group helping to foster peace among young people from adversarial cultures.
In addition, Silverman sits on the Cedars-Sinai Hospital board of governors. Silverman also serves on the board of directors of Best Buddies, a non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing the lives of people with intellectual disabilities by providing guidance and integrated employment. In December 2008, People magazine selected him in its sexiest entertainment executive under "Sexy A-Z."Click Here to watch Ben Silverman's Career Highlights


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by Roger Bernard, Informa Economics
The software used to make Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) payments was taken offline March 1 as the sequester effectively halted the payment process, according to the United States Department of Agriculture. But as of today, May 8, County FSA offices are again authorized to begin making payments under the program.
The following are the FY 2013 MILC payment rates for the contract periods of October 2012 through March 2013.
Month MILC Payment Rate
October 2012 $0.0236798
November 2012 $0.0000000
December 2012 $0.0000000
January 2013 $0.1179986
February 2013 $0.5222389
March 2013 $0.7545603
In addition, USDA noted that the prompt payment interest rule applies, meaning that county offices have 60 calendar days to issue payment from the latter of the date all production evidence and supporting documentation is received, or the date the final MILC payment rate adjusted for feed costs is known and made available.
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subset: commoncrawl


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South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley speaks Monday at a ceremony welcoming Connecticut gun maker PTR Industries to the state. PTR CEO Josh Fiorini said he decided to move after Connecticut passed stricter gun laws after the school shooting in Newtown, Conn.
Tri-Town iPad mini ContestEnter for a chance to win an iPad mini
Flat StanleySubmit your Flat Stanley photos for a chance to win!
40 Under Forty 2014Nominate a deserving professional in our region for recognition in our special section.
Connecticut Family Magazine Fall 2014Tell us your favorite children's books, board games, and more. You might be featured in an upcoming issue.
Pro FootballPredict pro football winners each week for a chance at local and national prizes, including a trip to Hawaii.
Photo Calendar ContestSubmit your photos for Southeastern Connecticut for our very popular annual calendar.
Freaky FridaysEnter now! We're giving out 13 trick-or-treat bags full of goodies every Friday from Sept. 26 through Oct. 17.
The U.S. is pursuing without success NSA leaker Edward Snowden. What do you think will be the lasting impact of this political intrigue?
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From 1969 to 1970, Mike Close served a year-long tour of duty in Vietnam. Five months ago, he revisited the country for the first time since the war, in a trip that turned out to be as much about change as it was about memories.
When Mike and his wife Chris decided to make the trip together with a friend from Mike's unit, John Berend, and his wife Marjorie, they turned to Myths and Mountains, with whom the Closes had previously traveled to Peru. "If I'm going to do a trip to an out-of-the-way place, I'm not even going to talk to anyone besides Myths and Mountains," Mike says. "They really do this out-of-the-way stuff well."
Mike and John had both served as pilots in Vietnam's Central Highlands and wanted to revisit the places they had flown in and out of every day. For logistical reasons they decided to do the trip by car, so Myths and Mountains President Toni Neubauer - whom Mike calls "basically a walking encyclopedia of Vietnam" - laid out a clockwise itinerary starting in Saigon. She also booked one of Vietnam's best guides, Le Van Cuong, to accompany the group.
Unfortunately John and Marjorie had to cancel at the last minute, so Mike and Chris ended up making the trip alone. Early on, it became clear that Vietnam in 2012 was very different from 40 years ago. Dalat, part of the no-fire zone during the war, was "one of the prettiest cities I've ever seen," Mike says. Further north, Buon Ma Thuot saw some of the heaviest American bombing in the country. Now, "it's a thriving little city. There's not a sign of the war left."
The town of Pleiku, site of an American base during the war, had grown beyond recognition. "I lived in Pleiku for seven months and couldn't even find within a half a mile where I lived, it's changed so much," Mike says.
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Money often presents one of the biggest challenges in preparing for an international trip. Will your credit card work overseas? Can you use your ATM card? Should you carry lots of cash? It's always best to be prepared, so that you don't find yourself in a foreign country without the financial resources you need. You can count on Myths and Mountains to make sure you have all the information you need before you go.
In Bhutan and other Asian countries, things operate very differently than in North America. Just because the ATM in your bank at home works, does not mean that the ATM in Bhutan will accept your card. In fact, it won't. Just because you have a platinum American Express Card does not mean that the antique store in Thimphu will allow you to buy that beautiful basket. In fact, it won't. Bhutan will sometimes accept Visa, but no other credit cards, and travelers cannot use local ATMs. Myanmar does not accept any credit cards and has no ATMs at all. In other countries such as Nepal sometimes the ATM works - but invariably, when you need it most, it doesn't!
For countries such as these, the best thing to do is to bring dollars in cash and change them into the local currency. If you are nervous about carrying a lot of money, break it into two packets and put them in separate parts of your travel gear. Then hope you remember where you put everything!
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Ethical Traveler's 13 Tips for the Accidental Ambassador
Travel is most meaningful - and least intrusive - when you approach your destination with openness, respect, and a willingness to adapt and learn. If you behave in an informed, culturally sensitive manner, you'll not only come away with truly memorable people-to-people experiences, but you'll also leave behind a positive impression with your hosts. As guidelines, we present these 13 tips from our friends at Ethical Traveler (www.ethicaltraveler.org).
- Be aware of where your money is going. Patronize locally owned inns, restaurants, and shops. Try to keep your cash within the local economy, so the people you are visiting benefit directly from your stay.
- Avoid giving gifts directly to children. Give instead to their parents or teachers. When giving gifts- everything from pens to pharmaceuticals - first ask what's needed, and who can best distribute these items in the community.
- Learn basic greetings. Learn to say "please," "thank you," and as many numbers as you can. It's astonishing how far a little language goes toward creating a feeling of goodwill
- Remember the economic realities of your new currency. A few rupees one way or another is not going to ruin you. Don't get upset if a visitor who earns 100 times a local salary is expected to pay a few cents more for a ferry ride or an egg.
- Bargain fairly and respectfully. The final transaction should leave both buyer and seller satisfied and pleased. Haggling is part of many cultures, but it's not a bargain if either person feels exploited or ripped-off.
- Learn and respect the traditions and taboos of your host country. Never, for example, pat a Thai child on the head, enter a traditional Brahmin's kitchen, or open an umbrella in a Nepali home!
- Curb your anger, and cultivate your sense of humor. Travel can present obstacles and frustrations, but anger is never a good solution. It's perversely satisfying, but won't win respect or defuse a bad situation. A light touch, and a sense of humor, are infinitely more useful.
- Arrive with a sense of your host country's social and environmental concerns. Our site will direct you to good profiles of many popular travel destinations. It's also very useful to read the political background section in your guidebook, and the local English-language papers.
- Learn to listen. People in other nations often feel underestimated or patronized by travelers from the developed world. This fosters anger and resentment. Be aware that good listening skills and respect help shape the world's view of your country.
- Practice conservation. Never be wasteful of local resources - especially food and water. Your efforts at conservation will be noted and respected by your hosts, and will set a good example for your fellow travelers.
- "Can you please help me?" This is the most useful phrase travelers can learn. Rarely will another human being refuse a direct request for help. Being of service, and inviting others to express their kindness, is what the phrase "global community" is all about.
- Leave your preconceptions about the world at home. The inhabitants of planet Earth will continually amaze you with their generosity, hospitality, and wisdom. Be open to their friendship, and aware of our common humanity, delights, and hardships.
- Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.'s best line is worth remembering. "Strange travel suggestions are dancing lessons from God." Go with the flow, and give free reign to your sense of adventure!
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Some brides-to-be dream of walking down the aisle in a white dress, but not Randi Lass. For years she had dreamed of visiting Bhutan, and when she and her fiancé, Patrick Reyes, decided to make the trip, Randi had an idea. Why not make the experience even more memorable by celebrating their wedding in Bhutan? With Patrick's enthusiastic agreement, Randi contacted Myths and Mountains to see if it would be possible to arrange a traditional Bhutanese wedding celebration during a READ Global program in November 2011. The answer was a resounding yes.
The wedding was held at a 350-year-old farmhouse owned by the family of one of Myths and Mountains' Bhutanese partners. In a Bhutanese wedding, the man comes to the woman, so Randi was picked up early in the morning and brought to the farmhouse, where the hosts helped her dress in a kira, the traditional women's garment. The wedding guests, who included Myths and Mountains President Toni Neubauer, fellow trip participants, staff from Myths' Bhutanese partner companies, and relatives of the farmhouse owners, arrived later in a procession with the groom, who was wearing the traditional men's garment known as a gho. After traditional celebrations in the courtyard, the actual marriage ceremony was held in a special prayer room, with lamas conducting the rites in the ancient formal manner. Afterward there was traditional entertainment and lunch at the farmhouse.
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Sangay Wangchuk, the general manager of our Bhutan office, is full of useful insights for visitors to his country. Here are his thoughts and advice for anyone traveling to Bhutan.
- Bhutanese time is not like Western time. When watches first came to Bhutan, the gadget was more jewelry than timepiece. Even today the Bhutanese relationship with time is an issue. For a Bhutanese it is always acceptable when someone walks in late. In fact, the Bhutanese joke that "Bhutan Standard Time" should really be called "Bhutan Stretchable Time." People working in tourism are trying their best to be punctual, but it is always wise to be aware of the country's stretchable time.
- Responsible travelers are more appreciated than misguidedly generous ones. The Bhutanese treat tourists as guests and would lay down their lives to protect them. Yet this custom can become diluted over time unless tourists take care to act responsibly. Being a responsible tourist is not difficult. Small acts and thoughts can help preserve Bhutanese culture. For example, it is wise not to flaunt wealth by giving items or money publicly. It is always better to have travelers as guests rather than as walking - albeit compassionate - banks.
- Gross National Happiness is at the core of Bhutanese development. Gross National Happiness is the development philosophy coined by the fourth King of Bhutan, H.M. Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in the 1980s. To create happiness one must first create a good environment. Creating a good environment requires good policies that create equal socioeconomic opportunities and safeguard citizens' cultural heritage and rights. Finally, it means taking good care of our natural heritage and using it sustainably. That's Gross National Happiness in a nutshell.
- Personal relationships are more important than money. For most Bhutanese interpersonal connections are more important than money. Using the power of money to get things done in Bhutan is the wrong idea. People are willing to offer services to travelers because they are guests of the country. There is no expectation of remuneration attached.
- An open, inquiring mind is key to understanding Bhutan. Bhutan is still an unexplored destination. There are many new discoveries in this small kingdom, and you need to ask questions to explore it. Bhutanese guides tend to be quite reticient and generally do not volunteer answers unbidden, but this is simply a matter of culture. If you have a question, please ask, and your guides will always do their best to answer.


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MILWAUKEE (WSAU-Wheeler News) The Milwaukee County Courthouse is closed until at least Wednesday, in the aftermath of a weekend electrical fire. It occurred Saturday afternoon in a large utility room in the basement. Damage was estimated at just over a half-million dollars.
County Executive Chris Abele said some of the electrical equipment in the courthouse is quote, "older than it probably should be." Fire officials said an electrical system failed, and the blaze was ruled an accident. It knocked out power in much of downtown Milwaukee for at least a short time on Saturday. Milwaukee sheriff's dispatchers had to move to neighboring Waukesha County to field 9-1-1 calls. Abele said public safety was never compromised, and it's not known how the long the arrangement will last.
The courthouse jail is still open, using backup generators.
Adult court has been called off today and tomorrow. Those with scheduled appearances are being told to report on the same day next week. The Children's Court is still on.
About a-thousand Milwaukee courthouse employees will still get paid – but they won't work unless their managers want them.


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In the footsteps of Walker and Muir (14-pic gallery)
From a hilltop perch at Franklin Ridge, you are likely standing in the same spot where the West's greatest trailblazer, Joe Walker, once gazed across Suisun Bay and the Lower Delta. John Muir likely did the same. You can walk literally in the footsteps of America's two greatest outdoorsmen. Walker lived in Walnut Creek and […] [Read More]


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After 26 and one half years of service to the United States Postal Service, Brenda Gibson of Cotton Valley will be retiring February 28.
Her courtesy and dedication will be greatly missed by her co-workers and customers. Everyone is invited to come by Cotton Valley Post Office to express their congratulations.
Brenda is married to Earnie "Buster" Gibson and is the proud mother of son, Kermit. Kermit and wife, Sandy, have 2 sons, Kyle and Seth. Brenda will stay busy enjoying her family and working in her yard.


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Dim Candle, you know you use a sekonic bro
Act now before it sells out
You guys are so kind
Quality models will never be a problem at our events. The only problem we've had from photogs is getting a spot.
If you haven't already shot with this model, she is amazing!!!
Face it, you just need to move down here.
I do... Dammit.
Photogs, this model rocks! Her one on ones will sell out for sure. Better message her and reserve quickly... but you need to reserve your spot with me first.
I already have you down before we posted the event
Thanks John. You really should move down here. We'll have new models on the line up and they are HOT!
I'm really starting to give it some serious thought... Or at least rent an apartment down there and keep the house here.
What's funny is that I wasn't able to shoot with Leila while she was here for Christmas, but at least I'll get a chance down there.
I look forward to coming back out there.
I'm good, man. I caught a cold just in time for New Years Eve...
How you doing?
omg, is that animal for real? or photoshoped?
I got you down Dan. Same paypal address. Dang, we're already half way down the photogs list and lazy Karl hasn't posted more fine ass models attending.
Do i have to reserve a spot too?
Lazy ass Drew won't give me MM# so i can't update the models. He tells me to look their names up, which didn't work.
So I was out scoping a new place to shoot at today. That Leila model would look hot at this location. Send her my way Drew.
One bad thing about running these shoots is that I don't get to shoot.
I already warned her not to shoot with you as you always want to get the models naked.
Don't underestimate our events. We are never short of, not just models, but quality models. Whoever said "quality is better than quantity" is a moron. At our events, we have both.
If you bring beers and duck/deer/elk/wild boar sausage, Matus will come again.
Isn't that a good thing? You do it yourself. That's why your nickname is "30 minutes"
Ha! I just had to see it was a Drew and Karl event and I was sold.
I've already snapped up half her private time (unless she takes me up my offer to shoot the following day).
I'm not stupid. I learned to book private time waaaaay in advance. That way I can hang out and shoot casually during the group portion, then get down to business later.
BTW - Suggestion - perhaps whenever time permits add another hour or two for private sessions. I always end up wanting to shoot more folks than time permits...
(and I'm not betting with you anymore Drew. I learned my lesson, I think that was the first time I ever lost a bet before I made it)
Well I thought maybe smaller location would limit models, but Drew, I don't doubt cha, I was just excited there would be more quality models!!!!
Well I have fresh Deer/goose sausage I can bring and I will have beers, so tell him to join the fun! My cousin just got an Elk up in Utah today, so I'm not sure on the timeline, but I might have some fresh elk to bring...
I might also bring some Wahoo mix to go with crackers too, for those that like fish. I guess you could say I'm not the usual chips & salsa guy, hahah.
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Ibn Battuta
|Ibn Battuta
|Native name
|أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة
February 25, 1304
Tangier, Morocco
|1369 (aged 64–65)
|Islamic scholar, Jurist, Judge, explorer, geographer
Ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة, ʾAbū ʿAbd al-Lāh Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Lāh l-Lawātī ṭ-Ṭanǧī ibn Baṭūṭah), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوطة) (February 25, 1304 – 1368 or 1369), was a Moroccan explorer of Berber descent.[1] He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. Ibn Battuta is generally considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.[2]
- 1 Early life and first hajj
- 2 Iraq and Persia
- 3 Arabian Peninsula
- 4 Somalia
- 5 Swahili Coast
- 6 Near East, Central Asia and Southern Asia
- 7 South Asia
- 8 Southeast Asia
- 9 China
- 10 Return home and the Black Death
- 11 Al-Andalus and North Africa
- 12 Mali and Timbuktu
- 13 Rihla
- 14 Legacy
- 15 Places visited by Ibn Battuta
- 16 Popular culture
- 17 Notes
- 18 References
- 19 Sources
- 20 Further reading
- 21 External links
Early life and first hajj[edit]
All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels. Ibn Battuta was born into a family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on February 25, 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty.[3] He claimed descent from the Berber tribe known as the Lawata.[4] As a young man he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki madh'hab, (Islamic jurisprudence school), the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time.[5] In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months. He would not see Morocco again for twenty-four years.[6]
I set out alone, having neither fellow-traveller in whose companionship I might find cheer, nor caravan whose part I might join, but swayed by an overmastering impulse within me and a desire long-cherished in my bosom to visit these illustrious sanctuaries. So I braced my resolution to quit my dear ones, female and male, and forsook my home as birds forsake their nests. My parents being yet in the bonds of life, it weighed sorely upon me to part from them, and both they and I were afflicted with sorrow at this separation.[7]
He travelled to Mecca overland, following the North African coast across the sultanates of Abd al-Wadid and Hafsid. The route took him through Tlemcen, Béjaïa, and then Tunis, where he stayed for two months.[8] For safety, Ibn Battuta usually joined a caravan to reduce the risk of an attack by wandering Arab Bedouin. He took a bride in the town of Sfax, the first in a series of marriages that would feature in his travels.[9]
In the early spring of 1326, after a journey of over 3,500 km (2,200 mi), Ibn Battuta arrived at the port of Alexandria, which was at the time part of the Bahri Mamluk empire. He met two ascetic pious men in Alexandria. One was sheikh Burhanuddin who foretold the destiny of Ibne Batuta as a world traveler saying-`It seems to me that you are fond of foreign travel. You will visit my brother Fariduddin in India,Rukonuddin in Sind and Burhanuddin in China.Convey my greetings to them'. Another pious men Sheikh Murshidi disclosed the meaning of a dream of Ibne Batutah as a world traveler.Ibne Batutah had no intention before to travel these faraway land. But these two holy men instilled the desire of world traveling into him.[10][11] He spent several weeks visiting sites in the area, and then headed inland to Cairo, the capital of the Mamluk Sultanate and even at that time an important large city. After spending about a month in Cairo,[12] he embarked on the first of many detours within the relative safety of Mamluk territory. Of the three usual routes to Mecca, Ibn Battuta chose the least-travelled, which involved a journey up the Nile valley, then east to the Red Sea port of Aydhab,[a] Upon approaching the town, however, a local rebellion forced him to turn back.[13]
Ibn Battuta returned to Cairo and took a second side trip, this time to Mamluk-controlled Damascus. During his first trip he had encountered a holy man who prophesied that he would only reach Mecca by travelling through Syria.[14] The diversion held an added advantage; because of the holy places that lay along the way, including Hebron, Jerusalem, and Bethlehem, the Mamluk authorities spared no efforts in keeping the route safe for pilgrims. Without this help many travellers would be robbed and murdered.[15]
After spending the Muslim month of Ramadan in Damascus, he joined a caravan travelling the 1,300 km (810 mi) south to Medina, tomb of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After four days in the town, he journeyed on to Mecca, where completing his pilgrimage he took the honorific status of El-Hajji. Rather than returning home, Ibn Battuta instead decided to continue on, choosing as his next destination the Ilkhanate, a Mongol Khanate, to the northeast.[16]
Iraq and Persia[edit]
On 17 November 1326, following a month spent in Mecca, Ibn Battuta joined a large caravan of pilgrims returning to Iraq across the Arabian Peninsula.[17] The group headed north to Medina and then, travelling at night, turned northeast across the Najd plateau to Najaf, on a journey that lasted about two weeks. In Najaf, he visited the mausoleum of Ali, the Fourth Caliph.[18]
Then, instead of continuing on to Baghdad with the caravan, Ibn Battuta started a six-month detour that took him into Persia. From Najaf, he journeyed to Wasit, then followed the river Tigris south to Basra. His next destination was the town of Esfahān across the Zagros Mountains in Persia. He then headed south to Shiraz, a large, flourishing city spared the destruction wrought by Mongol invaders on many more northerly towns. Finally, he returned across the mountains to Baghdad, arriving there in June 1327.[19] Parts of the city were still ruined from the damage inflicted by Hulago Khan's invading army in 1258.[20]
In Baghdad, he found Abu Sa'id, the last Mongol ruler of the unified Ilkhanate, leaving the city and heading north with a large retinue.[21] Ibn Battuta joined the royal caravan for a while, then turned north on the Silk Road to Tabriz, the first major city in the region to open its gates to the Mongols and by then an important trading centre as most of its nearby rivals had been razed by the Mongol invaders.[22]
Ibn Battuta left again for Baghdad, probably in July, but first took an excursion northwards along the river Tigris. He visited Mosul, where he was the guest of the Ilkhanate governor,[23] and then the towns of Cizre (Jazirat ibn 'Umar) and Mardin in modern-day Turkey. At a hermitage on a mountain near Sinjar, he met a Kurdish mystic who gave him some silver coins.[b][25] Once back in Mosul, he joined a "feeder" caravan of pilgrims heading south to Baghdad, where they would meet up with the main caravan that crossed the Arabian Desert to Mecca. Ill with diarrhoea, he arrived in the city weak and exhausted for his second hajj.[26]
Arabian Peninsula[edit]
Ibn Battuta remained in Mecca for some time (the Rihla suggests about three years, from September 1327 until autumn 1330). Problems with chronology, however, lead commentators to suggest that he may have left after the 1328 hajj.[c]
After the hajj in either 1328 or 1330, he made his way to the port of Jeddah on the Red Sea coast. From there he followed the coast in a series of boats making slow progress against the prevailing south-easterly winds. Once in Yemen he visited Zabīd and later the highland town of Ta'izz, where he met the Rasulid dynasty king (Malik) Mujahid Nur al-Din Ali. Ibn Battuta also mentions visiting Sana'a, but whether he actually did so is doubtful.[27] In all likelihood, he went directly from Ta'izz to the important trading port of Aden, arriving around the beginning of 1329 or 1331.[28]
From Aden, Ibn Battuta embarked on a ship heading for Zeila on the coast of Somalia. He then moved on to Cape Guardafui further down the Somalia seaboard, spending about a week in each location. Later he would visit Mogadishu, the then pre-eminent city of the "Land of the Berbers" (بلد البربر Balad al-Barbar, the medieval Arabic term for the Horn of Africa).[29][30][31]
When Ibn Battuta arrived in 1331, Mogadishu stood at the zenith of its prosperity. He described it as "an exceedingly large city" with many rich merchants, noted for its high-quality fabric that was exported to other countries, including Egypt.[32] Ibn Battuta added that the city was ruled by a Somali Sultan, Abu Bakr ibn Sayx 'Umar,[33][34] who was originally from Berbera in northern Somalia and spoke both Somali (referred to by Battuta as Mogadishan, the Benadir dialect of Somali) and Arabic with equal fluency.[34][35] The Sultan also had a retinue of wazirs (ministers), legal experts, commanders, royal eunuchs, and assorted hangers-on at his beck and call.[34]
Swahili Coast[edit]
Ibn Battuta continued by ship south to the Swahili Coast, a region then known in Arabic as the Bilad al-Zanj ("Land of the Zanj"),[36] with an overnight stop at the island town of Mombasa.[37] Although relatively small at the time, Mombasa would become important in the following century.[38] After a journey along the coast, Ibn Battuta next arrived in the island town of Kilwa in present-day Tanzania,[39] which had become an important transit centre of the gold trade.[40] He described the city as "one of the most beautiful and well-constructed towns in the world".[41]
Ibn Battuta recorded his visit to the Kilwa Sultanate in 1330, and commented favorably on the humility and religion of its ruler, Sultan al-Hasan ibn Sulaiman, a descendant of the legendary Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi. He further wrote that the authority of the Sultan extended from Malindi in the north to Inhambane in the south and was particularly impressed by the planning of the city, believing it to be the reason for Kilwa's success along the coast. From this period date the construction of the Palace of Husuni Kubwa and a significant extension to the Great Mosque of Kilwa, which was made of Coral Stones and the largest Mosque of its kind. With a change in the monsoon winds, Ibn Battuta sailed back to Arabia, first to Oman and the Strait of Hormuz then on to Mecca for the hajj of 1330 (or 1332).
Near East, Central Asia and Southern Asia[edit]
After spending another year in Mecca, Ibn Battuta decided to seek employment with the Muslim Sultan of Delhi, Muhammad bin Tughluq. In 1330 (or 1332), in need of a guide and translator for his journey, he set off for the Seljuq controlled territory of Anatolia to join one of the caravans that went from there to India. From the Syrian port of Latakia, a Genoese ship took him to Alanya on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey. He then travelled overland to Konya and afterwards to Sinope on the Black Sea coast.[42] Ibn Battutah gave a wonderful description of social condition of Seljuq Islamic rule of Room(modern day Turkey).He noted that,"Wherever we stopped in this land, whether at a hospice or a private house, our neighbors both men and women came to take care of us. When we left them they bade us farewell as if they were our relatives and , the women were weeping." Ibn Battutah also experienced an extraordinary social custom of Brotherhood. He describes,"in every district, town and village, there are the organizations known as the Akhiya or Young Brotherhood. Nowhere in the world will you find men so eager to welcome strangers, and to satisfy the wants of others...even they compete each other to entertain the travelers.."[43] From Sinope he took a sea route to the Crimean Peninsula, arriving in the Golden Horde realm. He went to the port town of Azov, where he met with the emir of the Khan, then to the large and rich city of Majar. He left Majar to meet with Uzbeg Khan's travelling court (Orda), which was in the time near Beshtau mountain. From there he made a journey to Bolghar, which became the northernmost point he reached, and noted its unusually (for a subtropics dweller) short nights in summer. Then he returned to Khan's court and with it moved to Astrakhan. Ibn Battutah noted that as soon as he arrived in Bulghar in the month of Ramadan the call for evening prayer(maghrib salah)was announced from a mosque.He attended the prayer.After a short while he attended Isha prayer and Tarabih prayer(special Ramadan prayer). After this prayer he was to about take some rest.In the meantime his companion made him hurry to eat suhur (late night meal for fasting in Ramadan)as the dawn was about to begin.No sooner he finished the suhur the Muazzin made the call for dawn(fajr)prayer.He did not get even a short time for sleep. Ibn Battutah also informed that while in Bulghar he wanted to travel further north into the land of darkness.The land is all through snow covered(northern Siberia)and only means of transport is dog drawn sled.There lived a mysterious people who were reluctant to show their appearance.But they make trade with southern people in a peculiar way.Southern merchants bring various goods and place them in an open area on the snow in the night and returned to their tents.Next morning they come to the place again and found their merchandise were taken by the mysterious people and in exchange they put various skins of fur animals which are used for making valuable coat,jacket and other winter garments.The trade is done between merchants and mysterious people without seeing each other. As Ibn Battutah was not a merchant and seeing no benefit of going there he abandoned the travel to this land of darkness.[44]
When they reached Astrakhan, Öz Beg Khan had just given permission for one of his pregnant wives, Princess Bayalun, a daughter of Greek Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos, to return to her home city of Constantinople to give birth. Ibn Battuta talked his way into this expedition, which would be his first beyond the boundaries of the Islamic world.[45]
Arriving in Constantinople towards the end of 1332 (or 1334), he met the Greek emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. He visited the great church of Hagia Sophia and spoke with a Christian Orthodox priest about his travels in the city of Jerusalem. After a month in the city, Ibn Battuta returned to Astrakhan, then arrived in the capital city Sarai al-Jadid and reported his travelling account to Sultan Öz Beg Khan (r. 1313–1341). Thereafter he continued past the Caspian and Aral Seas to Bukhara and Samarkand. There he visited the court of another Mongolian king, Tarmashirin (r. 1331-1334) of the Chagatai Khanate.[46] From there, he journeyed south to Afghanistan, ruled by the Mongols, then crossed into India via the mountain passes of the Hindu Kush. In the Rihla, he mentions these mountains and the history of the range.[47] From there, he made his way to Delhi and became acquainted with the sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq.
South Asia[edit]
Muhammad bin Tughluq was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim world at that time. He patronized various scholars, Sufis, qadis, viziers and other functionaries in order to consolidate his rule. As with Mamluk Egypt, the Tughlaq Dynasty was a rare vestigial example of Muslim rule in Asia after the Mongol invasion. On the strength of his years of study in Mecca, Ibn Battuta was appointed a qadi, or judge, by the sultan. He found it difficult to enforce Islamic laws beyond the sultan's court in Delhi, due to lack of Islamic appeal in India.[48]
From the Rajput Kingdom of Sarsatti, he visited Hansi in India, describing it as "among the most beautiful cities, the best constructed and the most populated; it is surrounded with a strong wall, and its founder is said to be one of the great infidel kings, called Tara".[49] Upon his arrival in Sindh, Ibn Battuta mentions the Indian rhinoceros that lived on the banks of the Indus.
The Sultan was erratic even by the standards of the time and for six years Ibn Battuta veered between living the high life of a trusted subordinate and falling under suspicion of treason for a variety of offences. His plan to leave on the pretext of taking another hajj was stymied by the Sultan, who asked him instead to become his ambassador to Yuan Dynasty China. Given the opportunity to get away from the Sultan and visit new lands, he readily accepted.
En route to the coast at the start of his journey to China, Ibn Battuta and his party were attacked by a group of bandits.[50] Separated from his companions, he was robbed and nearly lost his life.[51] Despite this setback, within ten days he had caught up with his group and continued on to Khambhat in the Indian state of Gujarat. From there, they sailed to Kozhikode (Calicut), where Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama would land two centuries later. Then he sailed to Quilon, one of the famous port cities situated in the Southern Coast. His journey from Calicut to Quilon(Kollam) lasted 10 days.[52] While Ibn Battuta visited a mosque on shore, a storm arose and one of the ships of his expedition sank.[53] The other ship then sailed without him only to be seized by a local Sumatran king a few months later.
Afraid to return to Delhi and be seen as a failure, he stayed for a time in southern India under the protection of Jamal-ud-Din, ruler of the small but powerful Nawayath sultanate on the banks of the Sharavathi river next to the Arabian Sea. This area is today known as Hosapattana and lies in the Honavar administrative district of Uttara Kannada. Following the overthrow of the sultanate, Ibn Battuta had no choice but to leave India. Although determined to continue his journey to China, he first took a detour to visit the Maldive Islands.
He spent nine months on the islands, much longer than he had intended. As a Chief Qadi, his skills were highly desirable in the formerly Buddhist nation that had recently converted to Islam. Half-kidnapped into staying, he became chief judge and married into the royal family of Omar I. He became embroiled in local politics and left when his strict judgments in the laissez-faire island kingdom began to chafe with its rulers. In the Rihla he mentions his dismay at the local women going about with no clothing above the waist, and the locals taking no notice when he complained.[54] From the Maldives, he carried on to Sri Lanka and visited Sri Pada and Tenavaram temple.
Ibn Battuta's ship almost sank on embarking from Sri Lanka, only for the vessel that came to his rescue to suffer an attack by pirates. Stranded onshore, he worked his way back to Madurai kingdom in India. Here he spent some time in the court of the short-lived Madurai Sultanate under Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad Damghani,[55] from where he returned to the Maldives and boarded a Chinese junk, still intending to reach China and take up his ambassadorial post.
He reached the port of Chittagong in modern-day Bangladesh intending to travel to Sylhet to meet Shah Jalal, who became so renowned that Ibn Battuta, then in Chittagong, made a one-month journey through the mountains of Kamaru near Sylhet to meet him.[3] On his way to Sylhet, Ibn Battuta was greeted by several of Shah Jalal's disciples who had come to assist him on his journey many days before he had arrived. At the meeting in 1345 CE, Ibn Battuta noted that Shah Jalal was tall and lean, fair in complexion and lived by the mosque in a cave, where his only item of value was a goat he kept for milk, butter, and yogurt. He observed that the companions of the Shah Jalal were foreign and known for their strength and bravery. He also mentions that many people would visit the Shah to seek guidance. Ibn Battuta went further north into Assam, then turned around and continued with his original plan.
Southeast Asia[edit]
In the year 1345, Ibn Battuta travelled on to Samudra Pasai Sultanate in present day Aceh, Northern Sumatra, where he notes in his travel log that the ruler of Samudra Pasai was a pious Muslim named Sultan Al-Malik Al-Zahir Jamal-ad-Din, who performed his religious duties in utmost zeal and often waged campaigns against animists in the region. The island of Sumatra according to Ibn Battuta was rich in Camphor, Areca nut, Cloves, Tin. The madh'hab he observed was Imam Al-Shafi'i, with similar customs as he had seen in coastal India especially among the Mappila Muslim, who were also the followers of Imam Al-Shafi'i. At that time Samudra Pasai was the end of Dar al-Islam for no territory east of this was ruled by a Muslim ruler. Here he stayed for about two weeks in the wooden walled town as a guest of the sultan, and then the sultan provided him with supplies and sent him on his way on one of Sultan's own junks to China.[56]
Ibn Battuta then sailed to Malacca on Malay Peninsula which he described as "Mul Jawi" he met the ruler of Malacca and stayed as a guest for three days. He then sailed to Po Klong Garai (named "Kailukari") Vietnam where he is said to have briefly met the local princess Urduja, who wrote the word Bismillah in Islamic calligraphy. Ibn Battuta described her people as opponents of the Yuan dynasty.[57] From Po Klong Garai he finally reached Quanzhou in Fujian province, China.
On arriving in Quanzhou in Fujian province, China under the rule of the Mongols in the year 1345, one of the first things he noted was that Muslims referred to the city as "Zaitun" (meaning Olive), but Ibn Battuta could not find any Olives anywhere. He mentioned local artists and their mastery in making portraits of newly arrived foreigners these portraits Ibn Battuta noted were for security purposes. Ibn Battuta praised the craftsmen and their silk and porcelain; fruits such as plums and watermelons and the advantages of paper money.[58] He described the manufacturing process of large ships in the city of Quanzhou,[59] he also mentions Chinese cuisine and its usage of animals such as frogs, pigs and even dogs which are sold in the markets and also mentions that the chicken in China were larger in comparison.
In Quanzhou, Ibn Battuta was welcomed by the local Muslim Qadi "Fanzhang" (Judge), Sheikh al-Islam (Imam) and the leader of the local Muslim merchants all came to meet Ibn Battuta with flags, drums, trumpets and musicians.[60] Ibn Battuta noted, that the Muslim populace lived within a separate portion in the city where they had their own Mosques, Bazaars and Hospitals. In Quanzhou, he met two prominent Persians one Burhan al-Din of Kazerun and another Sharif al-Din from Tabriz[61] (both were influential figures noted in the Yuan History as "Sai-fu-ding" and "A-mi-li-ding").[62] While in Quanzhou he ascended the "Mount of the Hermit" and briefly visited a well-known Taoist monk in a cave.
He then traveled south along the Chinese coast to Guangzhou, where he lodged for two weeks with one of the city's wealthy merchants.[63]
From Guangzhou he went north to Quanzhou and then proceeded towards city of Fuzhou, where he took up residence with Zahir al-Din and was proud to meet Kawam al-Din and a fellow countryman named Al-Bushri of Ceuta, who had become a wealthy merchant in China. Al-Bushri accompanied Ibn Battuta northwards to Hangzhou and paid for the gifts that Ibn Battuta would present to the Mongolian Emperor Togon-temür of the Yuan Dynasty.[64]
Ibn Battuta describes Hangzhou as one of the largest cities he had ever seen,[65] and he noted its charm, describing that the city sat on a beautiful lake and was surrounded by gentle green hills.[66] Ibn Batutta mentions the city's Muslim quarter and resided as a guest with a family of Egyptian origin.[67] During his stay at Hangzhou he was particularly impressed by the large number of well-crafted and well-painted Chinese wooden ships, with colored sails and silk awnings, assembling in the canals. Later he attended a banquet of the Yuan Mongol administrator of the city named Qurtai, who according to Ibn Battuta, was very fond of the skills of local Chinese conjurers.[68] Ibn Battuta also mentions locals who worship the Solar deity.[69]
He also described floating through the Grand Canal on a boat watching crop fields, orchids, merchants in black-silk, and women in flowered-silk and priests also in silk.[70] In Beijing, Ibn Battuta referred to himself as the long-lost ambassador from the Delhi Sultanate and was invited to the Yuan imperial court of Togon-temür, who according to Ibn Battuta was worshiped by some people in China. Ibn Batutta noted that the palace of Khanbaliq was made of wood and that the ruler's head wife held processions in her honor.[71][72]
Ibn Battuta also reported "the rampart of Yajuj and Majuj" was "sixty days' travel" from the city of Zeitun (Quanzhou);[73] Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb notes that Ibn Battuta believed that the Great Wall of China was built by Dhul-Qarnayn to contain Gog and Magog as mentioned in the Quran.[73]
Ibn Battuta then traveled from Beijing to Hangzhou, and then proceeded to Fuzhou. Upon his return to Quanzhou, he soon boarded a Chinese junk owned by the Sultan of Samudra heading for Southeast Asia, whereupon Ibn Battuta was unfairly charged a hefty sum by the crew and lost much of what he had collected during his stay in China.[74]
Return home and the Black Death[edit]
After returning to Quanzhou in 1346, Ibn Battuta began his journey back to Morocco.[75] In Kozhikode, he once again considered throwing himself at the mercy of Muhammad bin Tughluq, but thought better of it and decided to carry on to Mecca. On his way to Basra he passed through the Strait of Hormuz, where he learned that Abu Sa'id, last ruler of the Ilkhanate Dynasty had died in Persia. Abu Sa'id's territories had subsequently collapsed due to a fierce civil war between the Persians and Mongols.[76]
In 1348, Ibn Battuta arrived in Damascus with the intention of retracing the route of his first hajj. He then learned that his father had died 15 years earlier[77] and death became the dominant theme for the next year or so. The Black Death had struck and he was on hand as it spread through Syria, Palestine, and Arabia. After reaching Mecca he decided to return to Morocco, nearly a quarter of a century after leaving home.[78] On the way he made one last detour to Sardinia, then in 1349 returned to Tangier by way of Fez, only to discover that his mother had also died a few months before.[79]
Al-Andalus and North Africa[edit]
After a few days in Tangier, Ibn Battuta set out for a trip to the Moor controlled territory of al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula. King Alfonso XI of Castile and León had threatened to attack Gibraltar, so in 1350 Ibn Battuta joined a group of Muslims leaving Tangier with the intention of defending the port.[80] By the time he arrived, the Black Death had killed Alfonso and the threat of invasion had receded, so he turned the trip into a sight-seeing tour, traveling through Valencia and ending up in Granada.[81]
After his departure from al-Andalus he decided to travel through Morocco. On his return home, he stopped for a while in Marrakech, which was almost a ghost town following the recent plague and the transfer of the capital to Fez.[82]
Once more Ibn Battuta returned to Tangier, but only stayed for a short while. In 1324, two years before his first visit to Cairo, the West African Malian Mansa, or king of kings, Musa had passed through the same city on his own hajj and caused a sensation with a display of extravagant riches brought from his gold-rich homeland. Although Ibn Battuta never mentioned this visit specifically, when he heard the story it may have planted a seed in his mind as he then decided to cross the Sahara and visit the Muslim kingdoms on its far side.
Mali and Timbuktu[edit]
In the autumn of 1351, Ibn Battuta left Fez and made his way to the town of Sijilmasa on the northern edge of the Sahara in present-day Morocco.[83] There he bought a number of camels and stayed for four months. He set out again with a caravan in February 1352 and after 25 days arrived at the dry salt lake bed of Taghaza with its salt mines. All of the local buildings were made from slabs of salt by the slaves of the Masufa tribe, who cut the salt in thick slabs for transport by camel. Taghaza was a commercial centre and awash with Malian gold, though Ibn Battuta did not form a favourable impression of the place, recording that it was plagued by flies and the water was brackish.[84]
After a ten-day stay in Taghaza, the caravan set out for the oasis of Tasarahla (probably Bir al-Ksaib)[85][d] where it stopped for three days in preparation for the last and most difficult leg of the journey across the vast desert. From Tasarahla, a Masufa scout was sent ahead to the oasis town of Oualata, where he arranged for water to be transported a distance of four days travel where it would meet the thirsty caravan. Oualata was the southern terminus of the trans-Saharan trade route and had recently become part of the Mali Empire. Altogether, the caravan took two months to cross the 1,600 km (990 mi) of desert from Sijilmasa.[86]
From there, Ibn Battuta travelled southwest along a river he believed to be the Nile (it was actually the river Niger), until he reached the capital of the Mali Empire.[e] There he met Mansa Suleyman, king since 1341. Ibn Battuta disapproved of the fact that female slaves, servants and even the daughters of the sultan went about exposing parts of their bodies not befitting a Muslim.[88] He left the capital in February accompanied by a local Malian merchant and journeyed overland by camel to Timbuktu.[89] Though in the next two centuries it would become the most important city in the region, at that time it was a small city and relatively unimportant.[90] It was during this journey that Ibn Battuta first encountered a hippopotamus. The animals were feared by the local boatmen and hunted with lances to which strong cords were attached.[91] After a short stay in Timbuktu, Ibn Battuta journeyed down the Niger to Gao in a canoe carved from a single tree. At the time Gao was an important commercial center.[92]
After spending a month in Gao, Ibn Battuta set off with a large caravan for the oasis of Takedda. On his journey across the desert, he received a message from the Sultan of Morocco commanding him to return home. He set off for Sijilmasa in September 1353, accompanying a large caravan transporting 600 female slaves, and arrived back in Morocco early in 1354.[93]
Ibn Battuta's itinerary gives scholars a glimpse as to when Islam first began to spread into the heart of west Africa.[94]
After returning home from his travels in 1354, and at the instigation of the Marinid ruler of Morocco, Abu Inan Faris, Ibn Battuta dictated an account of his journeys to Ibn Juzayy, a scholar whom he had previously met in Granada. The account is the only source for Ibn Battuta's adventures. The full title of the manuscript تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار may be translated as A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling. However, it is often simply referred to as the Rihla الرحلة, or "The Journey".[95]
There is no indication that Ibn Battuta made any notes during his twenty-nine years of travelling. When he came to dictate an account of his experiences he had to rely on memory and manuscripts produced by earlier travellers. Ibn Juzayy did not acknowledge his sources and presented some of the earlier descriptions as Ibn Battuta's own observations. When describing Damascus, Mecca, Medina and some other places in the Middle East, he clearly copied passages from the account by the Andalusian Ibn Jubayr which had been written more than 150 years earlier.[96] Similarly, most of Ibn Juzayy's descriptions of places in Palestine were copied from an account by the 13th-century traveller Muhammad al-Abdari.[97]
Scholars do not believe that Ibn Battuta visited all the places he described and argue that in order to provide a comprehensive description of places in the Muslim world, he relied on hearsay evidence and made use of accounts by earlier travellers. For example, it is considered very unlikely that Ibn Battuta made a trip up the Volga River from New Sarai to visit Bolghar[98] and there are serious doubts about a number of other journeys such as his trip to Sana'a in Yemen,[99] his journey from Balkh to Bistam in Khorasan[100] and his trip around Anatolia.[101] Some scholars have also questioned whether he really visited China.[102] However, even if the Rihla is not fully based on what its author personally witnessed, it provides an important account of much of the 14th-century world.
Ibn Battuta often experienced culture shock in regions he visited where the local customs of recently converted peoples did not fit in with his orthodox Muslim background. Among the Turks and Mongols, he was astonished at the freedom and respect enjoyed by women and remarked that on seeing a Turkish couple in a bazaar one might assume that the man was the woman's servant when he was in fact her husband.[103] He also felt that dress customs in the Maldives, and some sub-Saharan regions in Africa were too revealing. He particularly made note of cannibalism practiced in West Africa:
Sultan Mansa Suleiman was visited by a party of these negro cannibals... and gave them as his hospitality-gift a servant, a negress. They killed and ate her, and having smeared their faces and hands with her blood came to the sultan to thank him... Someone told me about them that they say that the choicest parts of women's flesh are the palm of the hand and the breast..."—Ibn Battuta, Rihla of Ibn Battuta[104]
Little is known about Ibn Battuta's life after completion of his Rihla in 1355. He was appointed a judge in Morocco and died in 1368 or 1369.[105]
For centuries the book was obscure, even within the Muslim world, but in the early 19th century manuscripts were discovered in the Middle East that contained abridged versions of Ibn Juzayy's Arabic text. One of the abridged manuscripts was translated into English by the orientalist Samuel Lee and published in 1829.[106] In the 1830s, during the French occupation of Algeria, five manuscripts were discovered in Constantine including two that contained more complete versions of the text.[107] These manuscripts were brought back to the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris and studied by the French scholars Charles Defrémery and Beniamino Sanguinetti. Beginning in 1853 they published a series of four volumes containing the Arabic text together with a translation into French.[108] In 1929, exactly a century after the publication of Lee's translation, the historian and orientalist Hamilton Gibb published an English translation of selected portions of Defrémery and Sanguinetti's Arabic text.[109] Gibb had proposed to the Hakluyt Society in 1922 that he should prepare an annotated translation of the entire Rihla into English.[110] His intention was to divide the translated text into four volumes, each volume corresponding to one of the volumes published by Defrémery and Sanguinetti. The first volume of Gibb's translation was not published until 1958.[111] Gibb died in 1971, having completed the first three volumes. The fourth volume was prepared by Charles Beckingham and published in 1994.[112] Defrémery and Sanguinetti's printed text has now been translated into many other languages while Ibn Battuta has grown in reputation and is now a well-known figure.
Ibn Battuta himself stated according to Ibn Juzayy that:
I have indeed—praise be to God—attained my desire in this world, which was to travel through the Earth, and I have attained this honour, which no ordinary person has attained.
Places visited by Ibn Battuta[edit]
Over his lifetime Ibn Battuta traveled over 73,000 miles (117 500 km) and visited the equivalent of 44 modern countries.[113]
A list of places visited by Ibn Battuta:
- Tangier
- Fes
- Marrakech
- Tlemcen (Tilimsan)
- Miliana
- Algiers
- Djurdjura Mountains
- Béjaïa
- Constantine - named Qusantînah.
- Annaba - Also called Bona.
- Tunis - At that time, Abu Yahya (son of Abu Zajaria) was the sultan of Tunis.
- Sousse - Also called Susah.
- Sfax
- Gabès
- Tripoli
- Ajloun
- Al Karak
- Cairo
- Alexandria
- Damietta
- Jerusalem
- Bethlehem
- Hebron
- Damascus
- Latakia
- Egypt
- Syria
- Medina - Visited the tomb of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
- Jeddah
- Mecca - Performed the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
- Najaf - Visited the tomb of 'Ali ibn Abi Talib.
- Rabigh - City north of Jeddah on the Red Sea.
- Oman
- Dhofar
- Hajr (modern-day Riyadh)
- Bahrain
- Al-Hasa
- Strait of Hormuz
- Yemen
- Qatif
Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe
- Khwarezm and Khorasan (now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Balochistan (now Pakistan) and Afghanistan)
- Bukhara and Samarqand
- Pashtun areas of eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan (Pakhtunkhwa)
- North India
- Sindh (Pakistan)
- Multan
- Delhi
- Present day Uttar Pradesh
- Present day Gujarat
- Maharashtra
- Kozhikode
- Malabar
- Pandiyan Kingdom
- Bengal (now Bangladesh and West Bengal)
- Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh visited the area on his way from China.
- Meghna River near Dhaka
- Sylhet met Sufi Shaikh Hazrat Shah Jalal.
- Maldives
- Sri Lanka - Known to the Arabs of his time as Serendip. Ibn Battuta visited the Jaffna kingdom and Adam's Peak.
- Quanzhou - as he called in his book the city of donkeys
- Hangzhou — Ibn Battuta referred to this city in his book as "Madinat Alkhansa" مدينة الخنساء. He also mentioned that it was the largest city in the world at that time; it took him three days to walk across the city.
- Beijing - Ibn Battuta mentioned in his journey to Beijing how neat the city was.
- Burma (Myanmar)
- Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Aceh, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
- Malacca, Malay Peninsula Malaysia
- Oualata (Walata)
During most of his journey in the Mali Empire, Ibn Battuta travelled with a retinue that included slaves, most of whom carried goods for trade but would also be traded as slaves. On the return from Takedda to Morocco, his caravan transported 600 female slaves, suggesting that slavery was a substantial part of the commercial activity of the empire.[114]
Itinerary 1325–1332[edit]
Itinerary 1332–1346[edit]
Itinerary 1349–1354[edit]
Popular culture[edit]
- The interiors of the Ibn Battuta Mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, inaugurated in 2005, are inspired by the travels of Ibn Battuta, and carry the theme throughout the building.
- The 2007 BBC television documentary Travels with a Tangerine, hosted by classicist Tim Mackintosh-Smith, traces Ibn Battuta's journey from Tangier to China.
- He was portrayed by Richar van Weyden in the film Ninja Assassin (2009).[115] His fictional persona is mentioned as being invited to the undisclosed training grounds in an oral history about the Ninja clans.
- Ibn Batuta pehen ke joota is a popular Hindi nursery rhyme from the 1970s, written by the poet Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena.[116]
- Ibn-E-Batuta is a song from the 2010 Bollywood film Ishqiya, titled after Ibn Battuta.
- Layar Battuta is a song from the 2002 Malaysian album Aura sung by popular ethnic singer-songwriter Noraniza Idris, titled after the journey of Ibn Batuta to Southeast Asia.
- The 2009 IMAX film Journey to Mecca is based on Ibn Battuta's travels.[117]
- Ibn Battuta's travels are featured as part of the main plot in the modern-day settings of the episodic video game Unearthed: Trail of Ibn Battuta, which is developed in Saudi Arabia by Semaphore.
- Ibn Battuta Centre is a research institution at Marrakech (Morocco) to test rovers, landers and instruments for the exploration of Mars and Moon.[118]
- ^ Aydhad was a port on the west coast of the Red Sea at 22°19′51″N 36°29′25″E / 22.33083°N 36.49028°E. See: Peacock, David; Peacock, Andrew (2008), "The enigma of 'Aydhab: a medieval Islamic port on the Red Sea coast", International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 37: 32–48, doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2007.00172.x
- ^ Most of Ibn Battuta's descriptions of the towns along the Tigris are copied from Ibn Jabayr's Rihla from 1184.[24]
- ^ Ibn Battuta states that he stayed in Mecca for the hajj of 1327, 1328, 1329 and 1330 but gives comparatively little information on his stay. After the hajj of 1330 he left for East Africa, arriving back again in Mecca before the 1332 hajj. He states that he then left for India and arrived at the Indus river on 12 September 1333; however, although he does not specify exact dates, the description of his complex itinerary and the clues in the text to the chronology suggest that this journey to India lasted around three years. He must have therefore either left Mecca two years earlier than stated or arrived in India two years later. The issue is discussed by Gibb 1962, pp. 528–537 Vol. 2, Hrbek 1962 and Dunn 2005, pp. 132–133.
- ^ Bir al-Ksaib (also Bir Ounane or El Gçaib) is in northern Mali at 21°17′33″N 5°37′30″W / 21.29250°N 5.62500°W. The oasis is 265 km (165 mi) south of Taghaza and 470 km (290 mi) north of Oualata.
- ^ The location of the Malian capital has been the subject of considerable scholarly debate but there is no consensus. The historian, John Hunwick has studied the times given by Ibn Battuta for the various stages of his journey and proposed that the capital is likely to have been on the left side of the Niger River somewhere between Bamako and Nyamina.[87]
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 20.
- ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (1989). Glimpses of World History. Oxford University Press. p. 752. ISBN 0-19-561323-6. After outlining the extensive route of Ibn Battuta's Journey, Nehru notes: "This is a record of travel which is rare enough today with our many conveniences.... In any event, Ibn Battuta must be amongst the great travellers of all time."
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 19
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 1 Vol. 1; Dunn 2005, p. 19
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 22
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 30-31.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 13 Vol. 1; Gibb 1958, p. 8
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 37; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 21 Vol. 1
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 39; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 26 Vol. 1
- ^ Travels of Ibne Batutah translated by H.A.R Gibb
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 27 Vol. 1
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 49; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 67 Vol. 1
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 53–54
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 105 Vol. 1; Gibb 1958, p. 66; Dunn 2005, p. 53
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 54.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 66-79.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 88–89; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 404 Vol. 1; Gibb 1958, p. 249 Vol. 1
- ^ Gibb 1958, pp. 255–257 Vol. 1; Dunn 2005, pp. 89–90
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 97; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 100 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 41, 97.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 98–100; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 125 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 100–101; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, pp. 128–131 Vol. 2
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, pp. 134-139 Vol. 2.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 102.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 102; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 142 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 102–103; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 149 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 115–116, 134
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 373 Vol. 2
- ^ Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama, (Cambridge University Press: 1998), pp. 120-121.
- ^ J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, (Cambridge University Press: 1977), p. 190.
- ^ George Wynn Brereton Huntingford, Agatharchides, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: With Some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs "On the Erythraean Sea", (Hakluyt Society: 1980), p. 83.
- ^ Helen Chapin Metz (1992). Somalia: A Country Study. US: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0775-5.
- ^ Versteegh, Kees (2008). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4. Brill. p. 276. ISBN 9004144765.
- ^ a b c David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, Somalia: Nation in Search of a State, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 15.
- ^ Chapurukha Makokha Kusimba, The Rise and Fall of Swahili States, (AltaMira Press: 1999), p.58
- ^ Chittick 1977, p. 191
- ^ Gibb 1962, p. 379 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 126
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854, p. 192 Vol. 2
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 126–127
- ^ Leften Stavros Stavrianos, The world to 1500: a global history, (Prentice-Hall, 1970), p.354.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 137–156
- ^ Safarname Ibn Battutah
- ^ Safarname Ibn Battutah-vol:1
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 169–171
- ^ http://www.hajjguide.org/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2/html/The_Longest_Hajj_Part2_6.htm
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 171–178
- ^ Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993),121.
- ^ André Wink, Al-Hind, the Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest, 11th-13th Centuries, Volume 2 of Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 11th-13th Centuries, (BRILL, 2002), p.229.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 215; Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 777 Vol. 4
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 773–782 Vol. 4; Dunn 2005, pp. 213–217
- ^ [1] Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 10
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 814–815 Vol. 4
- ^ Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993),126.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 245.
- ^ "Ibn Battuta's Trip: Chapter 9 Through the Straits of Malacca to China 1345 - 1346". The Travels of Ibn Battuta A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler. Berkeley.edu. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ Balmaceda Guiterrez, Chit. "In search of a Princess". Filipinas Magazine. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 258.
- ^ تحفة النظار في غرائب الأمصار وعجائب الأسفار,ابن بطوطة,ص 398
- ^ http://www.muslimheritage.com/uploads/China%201.pdf
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W-2iWcxD2e8C&pg=PA237&dq=ibn+battuta+in+the+court+of+the+yuan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YsB3Uu7CLsXH7AaMtoHQAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=sharaf%20al-din&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C&pg=PA131&dq=ibn+battuta+in+the+court+of+the+yuan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YsB3Uu7CLsXH7AaMtoHQAw&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Sharaf%20al-Din%20of%20Tabriz&f=false
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 259.
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ibn+battuta+china&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0FR_UoXOA8z74QSBhYFo&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=al-bushri%2040%20miles&f=false
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 260
- ^ Elliott, Michael (2011-07-21). "The Enduring Message of Hangzhou". Time.com. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZF2spo9BKacC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ibn+battuta+china&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0FR_UoXOA8z74QSBhYFo&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=family%20Egyptian%20origin&f=false
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 904, 907.
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=22IbAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ibn+battuta+china&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FWV_UqDAKOeF4gSX6YCQCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=worship%20sun&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9-m4X84BBgwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ibn+battuta+china&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0FR_UoXOA8z74QSBhYFo&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=china&f=false
- ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LXyyYs2cRDcC&pg=PT158&dq=ibn+battuta+in+the+court+of+the+yuan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YsB3Uu7CLsXH7AaMtoHQAw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ibn%20battuta%20in%20the%20court%20of%20the%20yuan&f=false
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 260.
- ^ a b Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. 896.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 259–261
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 261
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 268–269
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 269
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 274–275
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 278
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 282
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 283–284
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 286–287
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. 376 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 282; Dunn 2005, p. 295
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 378–379 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 282; Dunn 2005, p. 297
- ^ Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 457.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, p. 385 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 284; Dunn 2005, p. 298
- ^ Hunwick 1973.
- ^ Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993),131.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, p. 430 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 299; Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 969–970 Vol. 4; Dunn 2005, p. 304
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 304.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 425–426 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 297
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 432–436 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 299; Dunn 2005, p. 305
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858, pp. 444–445 Vol. 4; Levtzion & Hopkins 2000, p. 303; Dunn 2005, p. 306
- ^ Noel King (ed.), Ibn Battuta in Black Africa, Princeton 2005, pp. 45-46. Four generations before Mansa Suleiman who died in 1360 CE, his grandfather's grandfather (Saraq Jata) had embraced Islam.
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 310–311; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, pp. 9–10 Vol. 1
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 313–314; Mattock 1981
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 63–64; Elad 1987
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 179; Janicsek 1929
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 134 Note 17
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 180 Note 3
- ^ Dunn 2005, p. 157 Note 13
- ^ Dunn 2005, pp. 253 and 262 Note 20
- ^ Gibb 1958, pp. 480–481; Dunn 2005, p. 168
- ^ Hanbury-Tenison, Robin., ed. (2005). The Oxford Book of Exploration. Oxford University Press. p. 134.
- ^ Gibb 1958, pp. ix-x Vol. 1; Dunn 2005, p. 318
- ^ Lee 1829.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853, p. xx Vol. 1.
- ^ Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1853; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1854; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1855; Defrémery & Sanguinetti 1858
- ^ Gibb 1929.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994, p. ix.
- ^ Gibb 1958.
- ^ Gibb & Beckingham 1994.
- ^ Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993),114.
- ^ Candice Goucher, Charles LeGuin, and Linda Walton, Trade, Transport, Temples, and Tribute: The Economics of Power, in In the Balance: Themes in Global History (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998)
- ^ IMDB (2009). "Full cast and crew for Ninja Assassin (2009)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Jyothi Prabhakar (4 February 2010). "Why credit for Ibn-e-Batuta asks Gulzar". The Times of India. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Journey to Mecca OMNIMAX Movie at the St. Louis Science Center". St. Louis Science Center. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ^ Ibn Battuta Centre
- Chittick, H. Neville (1977), "The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean", in Oliver, Roland, Cambridge History of Africa Vol. 3. From c. 1050 to c. 1600, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 183–231, ISBN 0-521-20981-1.
- Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1853), Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 1) (in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic. The text of these volumes has been used as the source for translations into other languages.
- Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1854), Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 2) (in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic.
- Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1855), Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 3) (in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic.
- Defrémery, C.; Sanguinetti, B.R. trans. and eds. (1858), Voyages d'Ibn Batoutah (Volume 4) (in French and Arabic), Paris: Société Asiatic.
- Dunn, Ross E. (2005), The Adventures of Ibn Battuta, University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24385-4. First published in 1986, ISBN 0-520-05771-6.
- Elad, Amikam (1987), "The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭūṭṭa in Palestine: is it original?", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 119: 256–272, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00140651.
- Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1929), Ibn Battuta Travels in Asia and Africa (selections), London: Routledge. Reissued several times. Extracts are available on the Fordham University site.
- Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1958), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 1), London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1962), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 2), London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R. trans. and ed. (1971), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 3), London: Hakluyt Society.
- Gibb, H.A.R.; Beckingham, C.F. trans. and eds. (1994), The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Volume 4), London: Hakluyt Society, ISBN 978-0-904180-37-4. This volume was translated by Beckingham after Gibb's death in 1971. An separate index was published in 2000.
- Hrbek, Ivan (1962), "The chronology of Ibn Battuta's travels", Archiv Orientalni 30: 409–486.
- Hunwick, John O. (1973), "The mid-fourteenth century capital of Mali", Journal of African History 14 (2): 195–208, doi:10.1017/s0021853700012512, JSTOR 180444.
- Janicsek, Stephen (1929), "Ibn Baṭūṭṭa's journey to Bulghàr: is it a fabrication?", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 61: 791–800, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00070015.
- Lee, Samuel (1829), The Travels of Ibn Batuta, London: Oriental Translation Committee. A translation of an abridged manuscript. The text is discussed in Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1853) Volume 1 pp. xvi-xvii.
- Levtzion, Nehemia; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000), Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN 1-55876-241-8. First published in 1981. Pages 279-304 contain Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to West Africa.
- Mattock, J.N. (1981), "Ibn Baṭṭūṭa's use of Ibn Jubayr's Riḥla", in Peters, R., Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants: Amsterdam, 1st to 7th September 1978, Leiden: Brill, pp. 209–218, ISBN 978-900406380-8.
- Yule, Henry (1916), "IV. Ibn Battuta's travels in Bengal and China", Cathay and the Way Thither (Volume 4), London: Hakluyt Society, pp. 1–106. Includes the text of Ibn Battuta's account of his visit to China. The translation is from the French text of Defrémery & Sanguinetti (1858) Volume 4.
Further reading[edit]
- Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), "Ibn Batūtā", Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2) (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426–458.
- Gordon, Stewart (2008), When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East", Philadelphia, PA.: Da Capo Press, Perseus Books, ISBN 0-306-81556-7.
- Harvey, L.P. (2007), Ibn Battuta, New York: I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-184511-394-0.
- Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2002), Travels with a Tangerine: A Journey in the Footnotes of Ibn Battutah, London: Picador, ISBN 978-0-330-49114-3.
- Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (ed.) (2003), The Travels of Ibn Battutah, London: Picador, ISBN 0-330-41879-3. Contains an introduction by Mackintosh-Smith and then an abridged version (around 40 percent of the original) of the translation by H.A.R. Gibb and C.E. Beckingham (1958-1994).
- Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2005), Hall of a Thousand Columns: Hindustan to Malabar with Ibn Battutah, London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-7195-6710-0.
- Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2010), Landfalls: On the Edge of Islam with Ibn Battutah, London: John Murray, ISBN 978-0-7195-6787-2.
- Waines, David (2010), The Odyssey of Ibn Battuta: Uncommon Tales of a Medieval Adventurer, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-86985-8.
External links[edit]
|Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ibn Battuta
- A Tangerine in Delhi — Saudi Aramco World article by Tim Mackintosh-Smith (March/April 2006).
- The Longest Hajj: The Journeys of Ibn Battuta — Saudi Aramco World article by Douglas Bullis (July/August 2000).
- Google Books — link to a 2004 reissue of Gibb's 1929 translation.
- French text from Defrémery and Sanguinetti (1853–1858) with an introduction and footnotes by Stéphane Yérasimos published in 1982: Volume 1, Volume 2,Volume 3.
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WAUSAU, WI (WTAQ) - As the result of an intense political debate, voters around Wausau are learning Friday that their new state representative was raped as a child.
Democrat Mandy Wright revealed her ordeal on the Assembly floor last night, just before majority Republicans approved a bill that requires abortion candidates to get ultrasounds.
The bill allows exemptions in cases of rape, incest, or when a mother's life is threatened. To get the exemptions, victims would have to file complaints with police – something Wright said women should not have to do.
Wright noted that a large percentage of rape victims never go to the police, just like her family didn't do when she was repeatedly raped by a cousin at age 8. Wright said her parents protected her, and she told her fellow lawmakers, "You are re-victimizing me and thousands of families across Wisconsin."
The Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network says about half of all sexual assaults are reported to law enforcement.
The Assembly sent the ultrasound bill – and the reporting requirement for exceptions – to Governor Scott Walker. He has promised to sign it.
Wright replaced fellow Democrat Donna Seidel in the Assembly in January.
Wright said she felt compelled to share her experience, because she does not want other women to have to disclose their trauma to get adequate health care.


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Glad to hear all is well. Congrats on the little girl. Thats huge. Last Knicks game I went to was in Miami. I gotta start looking at some tickets again while the enthusiasm is down.
Married life is still real good. Work is going well enough that my wife has not had to rush the job search so she is holding out for what she really wants.
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hey u know what channel knicks game is on ?
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