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Nocturnal plasma melatonin profile and melatonin kinetics during infusion in status migrainosus Claustrat B.; Brun J.; Geoffriau M.; Zaidan R.; Mallo C.; Chazot G. B. Claustrat, Serv. Radiopharmacie/Radioanalyse, Hopital Neurologique, 59 Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon France Cephalalgia (Norway), 1997, 17/4 (511-517)
The plasma melatonin profile was significantly disturbed (phase-shift of the maximum melatonin level) in four out of six female sufferers from status migrainosus, compared with nine healthy controls. The number of secretion peaks was similar in both groups. A nocturnal 20 pg melatonin infusion (from 21.00 to 01.00 h) evoked plasma melatonin levels slightly higher than a physiological secretion peak. During infusion, the episodes of secretion were reinforced and the endogenous plasma profile was phase-advanced in two patients displaying a phase-delay. These data suggest impaired pineal function in migraine. In the absence of side effects of melatonin infusion, the relief of certain migraine symptoms described by our patients might support a controlled trial of melatonin in migraine.
Pharmacology of serotonin as related to anesthesia Gyermek L. Department of Anesthesiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90509 USA Journal of Clinical Anesthesia (USA), 1996, 8/5 (402-425)
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is an important biogenic amine that fulfills the role of neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. It has been a focus of interest during the last decade. Its diversity of pharmacologic actions is related to a wide variety of receptors and effector mechanisms. Serum serotonin receptor families have been identified thus far. They are genetically different transmembrane proteins composed of several hundred amino acids. The majority of these are G-protein-coupled, except the 5-HT3 receptors, which are directly ligand gated to fast ion channels. Serotonin is widely distributed in the body within the central and peripheral nervous systems, smooth muscles, and platelets, in particular. Consequently, its effects manifest mainly in these organs and influence a wide variety of neural, vascular, smooth muscle, and platelet functions. (Melatonin, a physiologically active metabolite of serotonin, is also instrumental in affecting many neural and hormonal functions.) Several selective agonists and particularly many selective antagonists have been developed for serotonin, which helped the serotonin receptor subtype classification. Some of these drugs are also used therapeutically in the treatment of migraine (eg, sumatriptan, which is a 5-HT1 receptor agonist), vascular disorders (5-HT2 antagonists), and nausea and vomiting (5-HT3 antagonists, eg, dolasetron, granisetron, ondansetron, and tropisetron), and have been investigated in gastrointestinal motility disorders (5-HT4 antagonists) and behavioral psychopathologies (5-HT1 agonists and 5-HT2-4 antagonists). Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are of particular clinical importance in the treatment of psychological illnesses. Future use of these drugs is also envisioned in the treatment of certain types of pain syndromes. Awareness of the serotonergic drugs and the recognition of possible drug interactions among drugs that influence serotonergic mechanisms in humans are becoming increasingly important in the practice of anesthesiology.
Pathogenesis of posttraumatic headache and migraine: a common headache pathway? Packard RC; Ham LP Headache Management and Neurology, Pensacola, FL 32503, USA. Headache (United States) Mar 1997, 37 (3) p142-52
In recent years, research implicating biochemical abnormalities in various pathological conditions has spiralled. Headache is an area in which numerous research studies have been conducted examining biochemical alterations. We have noticed several similarities in biochemical changes reported to occur in migraine and in experimental traumatic brain injury. The most common symptom in mild head injury or mild traumatic brain injury is headache which, in many instances, resembles migraine but has a poorly understood pathophysiology. Biochemical mechanisms believed to be similar in both conditions include: increased extracellular potassium and intracellular sodium, calcium, and chloride; excessive release of excitatory amino acids; alterations in serotonin; abnormalities in catecholamines and endogenous opioids; decline in magnesium levels and increase in intracellular calcium; impaired glucose utilization; abnormalities in nitric oxide formation and function; and alterations in neuropeptides. In this paper, these proposed biochemical alterations will be reviewed and compared. Very similar alterations suggest posttraumatic headache associated with mild head injury and migraine may share a common headache pathway. (114 Refs.)
[Migraine--diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy] Diener HC Klinik und Poliklinik fur Neurologie, Universitat Essen. Ther Umsch (Switzerland) Feb 1997, 54 (2) p64-70
Migraine is caused by intermittent brain dysfunction. Attacks result in severe unilateral headache with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia and general weakness. The prevalence of migraine is 12 to 20% in women and 8 to 12% in man. Treatment of an acute attack is done by antiemetics in combination with analgesics. Severe migraine attacks are treated with ergotamine or sumatriptan. Parenteral treatment is performed most efficiently and safely with i.v. ASA. Frequent and severe attacks require prophylaxis. Drugs of first choice are metoprolol, propranolol, flunarizine and cyclandelate. Substances of second choice are valproic acid, DHE, pizotifen, methysergide and magnesium. Homeopathic remedies are not superior to placebo. Nonpharmacological treatment consists of sport therapy and muscle relaxation techniques.
Magnesium taurate and fish oil for prevention of migraine. McCarty MF Nutrition 21, San Diego, CA 92109, USA. Med Hypotheses (England) Dec 1996, 47 (6) p461-6
Although the pathogenesis of migraine is still poorly understood, various clinical investigations, as well as consideration of the characteristic activities of the wide range of drugs known to reduce migraine incidence, suggest that such phenomena as neuronal hyperexcitation, cortical spreading depression, vasospasm, platelet activation and sympathetic hyperactivity often play a part in this syndrome. Increased tissue levels of taurine, as well as increased extracellular magnesium, could be expected to dampen neuronal hyperexcitation, counteract vasospasm, increase tolerance to focal hypoxia and stabilize platelets; taurine may also lessen sympathetic outflow. Thus it is reasonable to speculate that supplemental magnesium taurate will have preventive value in the treatment of migraine. Fish oil, owing to its platelet-stabilizing and antivasospastic actions, may also be useful in this regard, as suggested by a few clinical reports. Although many drugs have value for migraine prophylaxis, the two nutritional measures suggested here may have particular merit owing to the versatility of their actions, their safety and lack of side-effects and their long-term favorable impact on vascular health. (94 Refs.)
Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Peikert A; Wilimzig C; Kohne-Volland R Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Munich-Harlaching Clinic, Germany. Cephalalgia (Norway) Jun 1996, 16 (4) p257-63
In order to evaluate the prophylactic effect of oral magnesium, 81 patients aged 18-65 years with migraine according to the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria (mean attack frequency 3.6 per month) were examined. After a prospective baseline period of 4 weeks they received oral 600 mg (24 mmol) magnesium (trimagnesium dicitrate) daily for 12 weeks or placebo. In weeks 9-12 the attack frequency was reduced by 41.6% in the magnesium group and by 15.8% in the placebo group compared to the baseline (p < 0.05). The number of days with migraine and the drug consumption for symptomatic treatment per patient also decreased significantly in the magnesium group. Duration and intensity of the attacks and the drug consumption per attack also tended to decrease compared to placebo but failed to be significant. Adverse events were diarrhea (18.6%) and gastric irritation (4.7%). High-dose oral magnesium appears to be effective in migraine prophylaxis.
Electromyographical ischemic test and intracellular and extracellular magnesium concentration in migraine and tension-type headache patients. Mazzotta G; Sarchielli P; Alberti A; Gallai V Interuniversity (Perugia-Rome-Sassari-Bari) Centre for the Study of Headache and Neurotransmitter Disorders of the CNS, Italy. Headache (United States) Jun 1996, 36 (6) p357-61
Headache has often been described in the hyperexcitability syndrome which recognizes an alteration of calcium and magnesium status in its etiopathogenesis. Moreover, in migraine patients magnesium has been shown to play an important role as a regulator of neuronal excitability and, therefore hypothetically, of headache. The present research involves a neurophysiological evaluation and magnesium status assessment of a group of headache patients. Nineteen patients (15 women and 4 men) with episodic tension-type headache and 30 patients (27 women and 3 men) with migraine without aura were examined. An ischemic test was carried out on the right arm with electromyographic (EMG) recording of motor unit potential activity during the interictal period. The determination of extracellular (serum and saliva) and intracellular (red and mononuclear blood cells) magnesium was also performed. The EMG test was positive in 25 of 30 migraine patients and in 2 of 19 tension-type headache patients. Between the two patient groups, there were no significant variations in the concentration of extracellular and white blood cell magnesium, while the red blood cell concentration of this mineral in the group of migraineurs was significantly reduced with respect to that in the group of tension-type headache patients (P < 0.05). The positive EMG test was significantly associated with a low concentration of red blood cell magnesium (P < 0.0001). These results confirm previous findings by demonstrating different etiopathogenic mechanisms as the basis of migraine and tension-type headache. Migraine seems to be related to an altered magnesium status, which manifests itself by a neuromuscular hyperexcitability and a reduced concentration in red blood cells.
Efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous sumatriptan administered using the IMITREX STATdose System. Mushet GR; Cady RK; Baker CC; Clements B; Gutterman DL; Davis R Georgia Headache Treatment Center, Augusta, USA. Clin Ther (United States) Jul-Aug 1996, 18 (4) p687-99
The efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous (SC) sumatriptan administered with the IMITREX (sumatriptan succinate) STATdose System, which circumvents the need for patients or health care professionals to handle a syringe, were evaluated in two randomized, double-masked, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies. In the clinic, 158 adults with migraine diagnosed according to International Headache Society criteria received SC sumatriptan (6 mg) or placebo delivered with the IMITREX STATdose System for treatment of a migraine attack. By 120 minutes after SC dosing, 73% and 79% of sumatriptan-treated patients, compared with 28% and 37% of placebo-treated patients in studies 1 and 2, respectively, experienced headache relief (a statistically significant difference). Clinical disability scores 120 minutes after dosing showed that 75% and 85% of sumatriptan-treated patients, compared with 30% and 42% of placebo-treated patients, were normal or only mildly impaired (a statistically significant difference). Similar efficacy rates were observed for nausea, phonophobia, and photophobia. No serious or unusual adverse events occurred, and no clinically relevant abnormalities in laboratory test values were reported. Based on these results, we concluded that SC sumatriptan (6 mg) administered using the IMITREX STATdose System is effective for the treatment of migraine. The efficacy and tolerability profiles of SC sumatriptan administered with this device are similar to those reported for SC sumatriptan administered with a conventional syringe.
A double-blind study of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine vs subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine. Winner P; Ricalde O; Le Force B; Saper J; Margul B Palm Beach Headache Center, Fla, USA. Arch Neurol (United States) Feb 1996, 53 (2) p180-4
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and tolerability of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE-45) vs subcutaneous sumatriptan succinate (Imitrex) for the treatment of acute migraine with or without aura.
DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized trial with parallel treatment arms.
SETTING: Clinics and private neurology practices.
SUBJECTS: Patients of either sex, with migraine with or without aura, between the ages of 18 and 65 years.
INTERVENTIONS: Patients with moderate or severe head pain were randomized to receive either 1 mg of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine mesylate or 6 mg of subcutaneous sumatriptan succinate. Patients rated head pain, functional ability, nausea, and vomiting at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours after the injection. Presence or absence of headache at 3 hours was calculated from collected data. If pain persisted after 2 hours, a second injection of the same study medication was allowed, and self-ratings were repeated 30 and 60 minutes later. Follow-up data were collected at 24 hours.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relief of head pain and recurrence of successfully treated headache.
RESULTS: There were 295 evaluable patients. At 2 hours, 73.1% of the patients treated with dihydroergotamine and 85.3% of those treated with sumatriptan had relief (P = .002). There was no statistical difference in headache relief between the groups at 3 or 4 hours. Headache relief was achieved by 85.5% of those treated with dihydroergotamine and by 83.3% of those treated with sumatriptan by 4 hours. By 24 hours 89.7% of dihydroergotamine-treated patients and 76.7% of sumatriptan-treated patients had relief (P = .004). Headache recurred within 24 hours after treatment in 45% of the sumatriptan-treated patients and in 17.7% of the dihydroergotamine-treated patients (P < or = .001).
CONCLUSIONS: Both sumatriptan and dihydroergotamine were effective in aborting migraine headaches. Headache recurrence was two and a half time as likely with sumatriptan as with dihydroergotamine.
Herbal products begin to attract the attention of brand-name drug companies. Cottrell K Can Med Assoc J (Canada) Jul 15 1996, 155 (2) p216-9
Many Canadians are interested in alternative medicine, and burgeoning public interest in herbal remedies has not gone unnoticed by Canada's drug companies. McNeil Consumer Products recently began selling a migraine prophylaxis made from the plant feverfew. Physicians who would like to see herbal medications subjected to outcome studies and quality-control standards, with evidence of risks and benefits being made available to consumers, welcome the interest the companies are showing. Meanwhile, physicians and pharmacists are trying to respond to consumer demand by increasing their own knowledge about herbal medications.
Long-time efficacy of cyclandelate and propranolol in prophylaxis of migraine following four months of treatment Schellenberg R.; Schwarz A.; Niederberger U.; Bolsche F.; Schindler M.; Gerber W.-D.; Wedekind W.; Soyka D. Dr. R. Schellenberg, Talstrasse 29, D-35625 Huttenberg Germany Nervenheilkunde (Germany), 1997, 16/3 (183-187)
After a 4 months randomized double-blind study with cyclandelate versus propranolol all patients kept a miniaturized headache diary for one more year. Both duration of migraine attacks in hours and the number of additional analgetic medication were recorded monthly. Reduction of the duration of migraine attacks in the clinical responders of the cyclandelate treated patients remained nearly unchanged. In the propranolol responders the duration of migraine attacks in hours increased from the third month after finishing the medication and reached values comparable to those at the beginning of the active treatment. Intake of additional analgetic medication during the 1-year-follow-up was lower in the cyclandelate responders than in the propranolol-responders. Cyclandelate can be described as an effective long-lasting drug in migraine prophylaxis.
Sumatriptan use in a large group-model health maintenance organization Greiner D.L.; Addy S.N. Kaiser Permanente, Box 6182, 2101 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20849-6182 USA American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (USA), 1996, 53/6 (633-638)
The outcomes of sumatriptan use at a health maintenance organization (HMO) were studied. The study was conducted during one year beginning immediately after sumatriptan was added to the formulary of a large group-model HMO. Subjects were included on the basis of drug-use evaluation criteria, a positive response to the first dose of sumatriptan (administered at the HMO by a nurse), and ability to participate in a telephone survey. Responders to the first dose were eligible to receive up to six doses of sumatriptan for home use. The telephone survey was designed to assess sumatriptan's effects on migraine headache and to capture data on quality of life, perceived problems with sumatriptan, and patient satisfaction. Patients who received sumatriptan between April and September 1993 were interviewed in late September 1993; patients who received sumatriptan between September and April 1994 were interviewed in late April 1994. Of 180 patients surveyed, 160 (89%) had evaluable responses. Migraine headache improved in two thirds of the patients. Sumatriptan was more effective than previously used agents in three fourths. The mean number of migraine headaches per patient per month decreased from 7.4 to 4.2. Quality-of-life indicators, such as time spent with friends, improved in three fourths. Eighty-three percent reported missing fewer days from work. Ninety percent said they would continue to take the drug, despite a 44% incidence of drug-related problems. There were no unexpected problems. A retrospective review showed that utilization of the HMO's resources was reduced with sumatriptan. Placing sumatriptan on an HMO's formulary led to favorable effects on the frequency and severity of migraine headache, patient quality-of-life indicators and productivity, and resource utilization by the organization.
The effect of sumatriptan on brain monoamines in rats Mitsikostas D.D.; Papadopoulou-Daifotis Z.; Sfikakis A.; Varonos D. Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, 70 Dinokratous Street, Athens 115 21 Greece Headache (USA), 1996, 36/1 (29-31)
Clinical data suggests that sumatriptan is effective in the acute treatment of migraine. The vascular effects of the drug have been invoked to explain this antimigraine efficacy. However, the effect of sumatriptan on brain monoamines has not previously been investigated. In order to study these hypothetical effects, we administered the drug to 24 male rats, subcutaneously, at three doses (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/kg of body weight), and 30 minutes later, all animals were decapitated. Dopamine, serotonin, and their metabolites 3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovanillic acid concentrations were measured in the frontal cortex, hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus, by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma concentrations of the drug were also determined. The control group was treated with NaCl 0.9%, given subcutaneously. Sumatriptan, at the dose of 0.3 mg/kg did not alter the brain monoamine concentrations; however, at the dose of 0.6 mg/kg, sumatriptan decreased serotonin concentration in the hypothalamus and increased the turnover of dopamine and serotonin in the hypothalamus and striatum, while at the dose of 0.9 mg/kg, it augmented only the turnover of serotonin in the hypothalamus. No dose- dependent effect of the drug was found. This subcortical antidopaminergic end antiserotoninergic effect of sumatriptan may be involved in its antimigraine action.
In vivo administration of propranolol decreases exaggerated amounts of serum TNF-alpha in patients with migraine without aura. Possible mechanism of action. Covelli V; Munno I; Pellegrino NM; Marinaro MR; Gesario A; Massari F; Savastano S; Jirillo E Acta Neurol (Napoli); 14(4-6):313-9 1992
Patients with migraine without aura (MWA) display elevated amounts of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha in their sera. In this study in 18 patients with MWA the in vivo effect of propranolol, a beta blocker agent, was evaluated with regard to the TNF serum levels before and after treatment. Results show that in 9 out 11 patients exaggerated serum concentrations of TNF reverted to normality after three months of therapy. Some hypotheses on the mechanisms of action of propranolol in terms of modulation of the immune response are formulated.
Concurrent use of antidepressants and propranolol: case report and theoretical considerations Nemeroff CB; Evans DL Biol Psychiatry; 18(2):237-41 1983
The therapeutic indications for propranolol have been steadily increasing in recent years. Propranolol and other beta-adrenergic blocking agents are now generally acknowledged to be helpful in the management of hypertension, certain cardiac arrhythmias, migraine, essential tremor, angina pectoris, and most recently, immediately after myocardial infarction (Frishman, 1981; Norwegian Multicenter Study Group, 1982). Because of the myriad clinical settings in which propranolol has been found to be of benefit, the interactions of these drugs with other commonly utilized pharmacological agents is of great pragmatic interest. In this report we describe the successful concomitant clinical use of propranolol and an antidepressant drug. This finding is also of interest because of recent theories concerning the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Because propranolol readily penetrates into the CNS, it blocks beta-adrenergic receptors in both the periphery and the CNS (Weiner, 1980). Much attention has been focused recently on the effects of long-term antidepressant therapy on central beta-adrenergic receptors in the brain as a possible mechanism of action of these drugs. The concurrent use of propranolol and an antidepressant drug in the patient described in this report did not attenuate the therapeutic effects of the antidepressant.
Nocturnal melatonin excretion is decreased in patients with migraine without aura attacks associated with menses Brun J.; Claustrat B.; Saddier P.; Chazot G. Cephalalgia (Norway), 1995, 15/2 (136-139)
Nocturnal melatonin excretion was studied throughout a complete menstrual cycle in 10 women with migraine without aura attacks associated with menses and 9 women controls. Urine melatonin was determined by radioimmunoassay. The mean nocturnal melatonin excretion throughout the cycle was significantly lower in the migraine patients than in controls. In the control group, melatonin excretion increased significantly from the follicular to the luteal phase, whereas no difference was observed in the migraine group. Results are discussed in view of the role of the pineal gland in the organization of biological rhythms and homeostasis in relation to environmental conditions.
Urinary melatonin excretion throughoutthe ovarian cycle in menstrually related migraine Murialdo G.; Fonzi S.; Costelli P.; Solinas G.P.; Parodi C.; Marabini S.; Fanciullacci M.; Polleri A. Endocrinological/Metabol. Sci. Dept., Viale Benedetto XV, 6, I-16132 Genoa Italy Cephalalgia 1994 Jun;14(3):205-9
Nocturnal urinary melatonin excretion was significantly decreased throughout an ovarian cycle in 12 migraine without aura patients compared to 8 healthy controls. Normal increases in urinary melatonin excretion during the luteal phase was less pronounced in the migraine patients. Melatonin excretion was further decreased during headache. The data indicate impaired pineal function in migraine.
Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in migraine: A preliminary report Claustrat B, Loisy C, Brun J, Beorchia S, Arnaud JL, Chazot G Headache (United States) Apr 1989, 29 (4) p242-5
We determined by radioimmunoassay plasma melatonin levels on blood samples drawn at 11 p.m. in migraine patients and control subjects. Ninety-three cephalalgic outpatients (75 females, 18 males) were compared to a control group (24 females, 22 males) matched according to age. Patients were divided into subgroups presenting common migraine (n = 38); ophthalmic migraine (n = 12); and tension headache associated with ophthalmic or common migraine (n = 24), and associated depressive status (n = 19). Statistical analysis revealed a decrease in plasma melatonin levels for the entire migraine population, compared to the control one, and a heterogeneity in both controls and patients; this heterogeneity was found mainly in the depressive and tension headache subgroups. When the migraine population - from which the depressive patients were excluded - was divided into male and female subgroups, a decrease in plasma melatonin levels was observed only for the female subgroups. Results are discussed with reference to the role of the pineal gland in the synchronization of the organism with the environmental conditions.
Octopamine and some related noncatecholic amines in invertebrate nervous systems Robertson H.A.; Juorio A.V. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. (USA), 1976, Vol.19 (173-224)
In addition to the major monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, serotonin) there exists in the nervous tissue of all species examined a group of monoamines described as exotic amines, trace amines or microamines. Among the endogeneous microamines found in the mammalian brain are beta phenylethylamine, phenylethanolamine, m and p tyramine, octopamine and tryptamine. Despite their very low concentrations, microamines are interesting for several reasons: they are heterogeneously distributed within the brain; they are present in the same subcellular fraction as catecholamines and 5 HT; they have a high turnover rate; they release and/or replace catecholamines from storage sites and block reuptake; they may be excreted abnormally in the urine of patients with migraine, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and depression; some of them are behaviorally active. Analytical procedures for micramines are described and their biosynthesis and catabolism discussed. Out of them octopamine proved to be the most prospective candidate as a transmitter in the invertebrate nervous system as it fulfilled six of the seven criteria for identification of chemical transmitters (it has been shown to be present in neurons; presence of synthetic enzymes as well as precursors and intermediates has been demonstrated; it was released during nerve stimulation; exogeneous octopamine mimics the effect of the released transmitter; pharmacological agents interact with both the synaptically released transmitter and octopamine in an identical manner. The physiological means of inactivation and/or removal from the synapse, however, remain unknown). Among the other microamines, there is little evidence for a role in invertebrates.
The co-occurrence of multiple sclerosis and migraine headache: the serotoninergic link. Sandyk R; Awerbuch GI Int J Neurosci (England) Jun 1994, 76 (3-4) p249-57
The occurrence of migraine headaches in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been recognized for quite some time but the significance of this association to the pathogenesis of MS largely has been ignored. Several reports have documented that migraine headaches may occur during exacerbation of symptoms and may even herald the onset of relapse in MS. We present three MS patients in whom migraine headaches developed during a period of relapse. As migraine has been linked to changes in serotonin (5-HT) functions, the emergence of migraine headaches coincident with the onset of relapse implicates dysregulation of the 5-HT system in the pathophysiology of MS. This hypothesis is plausible considering the evidence that MS patients are serotonergically depleted and that 5-HT is involved in maintaining the integrity of the blood brain barrier, disruption of which is believed to occur in the initial stages of exacerbation of MS symptoms. Furthermore, this hypothesis may have potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of exacerbations of MS and possibly in the prevention of relapse in the disease.
Urinary melatonin excretion throughout the ovarian cycle in menstrually related migraine Murialdo G; Fonzi S; Costelli P; Solinas GP; Parodi C; Marabini S; Fanciullacci M; Polleri A Cephalalgia (Norway) Jun 1994, 14 (3) p205-9
The influence of the pineal gland on migraine and cluster headaches and effects of treatment with picoTesla magnetic fields. Sandyk R Int J Neurosci (England) Nov-Dec 1992, 67 (1-4) p145-71
For over half a century the generally accepted views on the pathogenesis of migraine were based on the theories of Harold Wolff implicating changes in cerebral vascular tone in the development of migraine. Recent studies, which are based on Leao's concept of spreading depression, favor primary neuronal injury with secondary involvement of the cerebral circulation. In contrast to migraine, the pathogenesis of cluster headache (CH) remains entirely elusive. Both migraine and CH are cyclical disorders which are characterised by spontaneous exacerbations and remissions, seasonal variability of symptoms, and a relationship to a variety of environmental trigger factors. CH in particular has a strong circadian and seasonal regularity. It is now well established that the pineal gland is an adaptive organ which maintains and regulates cerebral homeostasis by "fine tuning" biological rhythms through the mediation of melatonin. Since migraine and CH reflect abnormal adaptive responses to environmental influences resulting in heightened neurovascular reactivity, I propose that the pineal gland is a critical mediator in their pathogenesis. This novel hypothesis provides a framework for future research and development of new therapeutic modalities for these chronic headache syndromes. The successful treatment of a patient with an acute migraine attack with external magnetic fields, which acutely inhibit melatonin secretion in animals and humans, attests to the importance of the pineal gland in the pathogenesis of migraine headache. (242 Refs.)
Is migraine due to a deficiency of pineal melatonin? Toglia JU Ital J Neurol Sci (Italy) Jun 1986, 7 (3) p319-23
Recent clinical observations favor the theory that migraine is caused by a primary injury of cerebral neurons with secondary involvement of intracranial and extracranial blood vessels. The primary injury is attributed to disruption of cerebral neurotransmitters and particularly the neuroadrenergic and serotonergic systems. These theories have not explained the importance of environmental factors, which so frequently trigger migraine. The author suggests that the pineal gland, which is outside the CNS unprotected by blood brain barrier and sensitive to external stimuli, could act as the intermediate causative factor of migraine, via a derangement of melatonin. (47 Refs.)
Melatonin in humans physiological and clinical studies. Wetterberg L J Neural Transm Suppl (Austria) 1978, (13) p289-310
Studies are reported of the variation of melatonin in serum, plasma urine and cerebrospinal fluid in normal subjects and in patients with various diseases. The diurnal variation of plasma and urine melatonin found in healthy controls on a regular dark-sleep pattern persisted when the subjects slept in light. The effect of sleep deprivation and of rapid light exposure at night is reported. There was a correlation between melatonin in morning urine and plasma at 2 a.m. Four hours of extended darkness in the morning as well as a 9-hour shift of sleep and activity cycles following travel affected the melatonin rhythm. The night increase in plasma melatonin preceeded both the cortisol and prolactin rise. A single oral dose of 4.3 X 10(5) nmol of melatonin given to a 44-year-old healthy male gave a peak plasma value of 624 nmol/l after 30 min. Plasma melatonin was not affected by electroconvulsive therapy, TRH-injection, L-Dopa or bromoergocryptine orally. Patients with alcoholism, migraine, postoperative pinealoma, panhypopituitarism, hereditary dystonia and schizophrenics on propranolol exhibited a decreased amplitude of their diurnal rhythm of melatonin. Two patients with pituitary tumors had occasional high levels of plasma melatonin. The change in melatonin secretion in human is apparently controlled by a mechanism which is at least party influenced by environmental lighting conditions, drugs and different disease states. (27 refs.)
FEVERFEW (Tanacetum pathenium):
Feverfew appears to work in the treatment and prevention of migraine headaches by inhibiting the release of blood vessel dilating substances from platelets (serotonin and histamine), inhibiting the production of inflammatory substances (leukotrienes, serine proteases, etc.), and re-establishing proper blood vessel tone. Commercial sources providing assurance of botanical identity and minimum required level of parthenolides are needed (Awang DVC. Feverfew. Car Pharm J 122:266-70, 1989).
In vitro Study: Feverfew was found to contain a factor that inhibits prostaglandin synthesis, but differs from salicylates by not inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase by prostaglandin (PG) synthase. "The ability of feverfew to inhibit PG production may account for its effectiveness as a herbal remedy in conditions responding to acetylsalicylate and like-acting drugs" (Collier HOJ, Butt NM, McDonald-Gibson WJ, Saeed SA. Extract of feverfew inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. Letter. lancet October 25, 1980).
The dosage of feverfew used in one double-blind study was one capsule containing 25 mg of the freeze-dried pulverized leaves twice daily; in another double-blind study it was one capsule containing 82 mg of dried powdered leaves once daily. While these low dosages may be effective in preventing an attack, a higher dose (I to 2 grams) may be necessary during an acute attack.
Note: The efficacy of feverfew is dependent upon adequate levels of parthenolide, the active ingredient. (The preparations used in successful clinical trials have a parthenolide content of 0.4-0.66%.)
Animal Ex vivo Study: Extracts of fresh feverfew caused a dose- and time dependent, irreversible inhibition of the contractile response of rabbit aortic rings to all receptor-acting agonists tested. The presence of potentially SH reacting parthenolide and other sesquiterpene alpha-methylenebutyrolactones in, these extracts, and the close parallelism of pure parthenolide, suggest that the inhibitory effects are due to these compounds. Extracts of the dry leaves were not inhibitory and actually caused potent and sustained contractions of aortic smooth muscle; these extracts were found to be devoid or parthenolide or butyrolactones (Barsby RWJ, Salan U, Knight BW, Hoult JRS. Feverfew and vascular smooth muscle: Extracts from fresh and dried plants show opposing pharmacological profiles, dependent upon sesquiterpene lactone content. Planta Medica 59:20-5, 1993).
Chemical Analysis: The parthenolide content of over 35 different commercial preparations of feverfew was determined by bioassay, 2 HPLC methods, and NMR. The results indicate a wide variation in the amts. of parthenolide in commercial preparations. The majority of products contained no parthenolide or only traces (Heptinstall S et al. Parthenolide content and bioactivity of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip.). Estimation of commercial and authenticated feverfew products. J Pharm Pharmaco1 44:391-5, 1992).
WARNING: No long-term toxicity studies have been conducted. While feverfew is extremely well-tolerated and no serious side effects have ever been reported, chewing the leaves can result in small ulcerations in the mouth and swelling of the lips and tongue in about 10% of users (Awang DVC. Feverfew. Can Pharml 122:266-70, 1989).
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The Good Unemployment Data Report is Good for Real Estate, and the Economy Overall
Thu, Jul 03: Since tomorrow is the 4th of July holiday, the unemployment data report came out today - and the numbers were good! Unemployment continues to drop, and there are more new jobs in the economy that predicted. Overall this is great news for our recove... More
Mortgage Rates Hold Steady After Fed Meeting
Wed, May 21: Mortgage rates continue to hold right around 4%, even after today's Fed meeting discussing future rate hikes to help further normalize the economy. One of the key points in the meeting minutes was that rate hikes will not come soon, but no time... More
Employment, Russia, and Mortgage Rates
Mon, May 05: On Friday, The US Department of Labor released employment data, showing that the unemployment rate fell from 6.7% to 6.3% for April, which is great news for the economy - see the chart below. Many people are celebrating the fact that employment figue... More
Mortgage Rates Drop Dramatically
Thu, Apr 10: In an unforeseen dramatic day in the mortgage markets, rates have dropped significantly, without any certain cause, other than massive trading by investors. The average 30 year rate is now down to 4.35% on 30-year fixed loans (down from about... More
Mortgage Rates Higher after Today's Fed Meeting
Wed, Mar 19: Average mortgage rates are up to about 4.5% after the Federal Reserve meeting today. Investors were slightly surprised to hear that six members of the Fed changed their expectation of when and how much the Federal Reserve Rate will be adjuste... More
Spring is Right Around the Corner
Fri, Feb 28: Spring and the hottest time for real estate will be here in a couple months, which means that if you are planning on buying or selling property, it's time to start preparing! Planning on buying? Many sellers wait to list their properties unti... More

subset: commoncrawl


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There is nothing better than experiencing the holidays through the eyes of a child, but their curiosity might get the best of them as they explore this holiday season with their hands and even mouths.Now is a good time to look around the house for different holiday hazards for you children and even pets. There are a lot of holiday decorations we don't think about that might pose a dangers.For pets, tinsel or gift-wrapping string or even chocolate can be a problem.For toddlers, plants like holly and mistletoe and poinsettias can be poisonous.Click on video above for full report from FOX Medical's Beth Galvin
The FOX Medical Team's Beth Galvin shows us new tactics doctors are trying, to help patients tackle anxiety.
KSAZ-TV & KUTP511 W. Adams St.Phoenix, AZ 85003Phone: (602) 257-1234Fax: (602) 262-0177


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Obesity rates have started to decline and level off for many adolescents, but continue to increase for certain racial and ethnic minorities, according to a new UCSF-led study.
Latest News
July 12, 2010
A recent book by UCSF sociologist Patrick Fox, PhD, helps us understand a patient's perspective in Alzheimer's disease.
April 14, 2010
Rebecca Skloot, author of New York Times bestselling book "The Immortal Life of Henriettal Lacks," will visit UCSF for a special conversation about science and the ethics of research on April 28.
March 03, 2010
A new study co-authored by a UCSF resident physician and published this week examines why low-income countries are making poor progress in meeting international health goals. Study researcher Sanjay Basu, MD, PhD, of the Department of Medicine at UCSF and Division of General Internal Medicine at San Francisco General Hospital, said findings highlight the importance of looking at the entire health experience of a family, rather than just one or a few diseases.
January 20, 2010
Reducing salt in the American diet by as little as one-half teaspoon (or three grams) per day could prevent nearly 100,000 heart attacks and 92,000 deaths each year, according to a new study. Such benefits are on par with the benefits from reductions in smoking and could save the United States about $24 billion in healthcare costs, the researchers add.
January 14, 2010
The UCSF community is invited to hear UC Irvine Chancellor Michael Drake, a longtime UC leader and champion of diversity, deliver the keynote address on Friday during Martin Luther King, Jr. events.
January 12, 2010
African Americans comprise six percent of the California adult population, yet they account for over eight percent of the state's smoking-attributable health care expenditures and 13 percent of smoking-attributable mortality costs, according to a new analysis by UCSF researchers.
December 14, 2009
UCSF researchers have that found routinely offering rapid HIV tests to patients in community health centers can significantly increase the number of patients screened for HIV.


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An in-depth look at our Level 1 Trauma Center and our efforts to increase trauma awareness and prevention.
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We have teamed up with "Buckle Up for Life" to Improve the safety of child passengers. Learn more»
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Undergraduate Courses/Fall
MOL 470 Advanced Topics in Genetic Analysis
Not offered Fall 2011
A survey of contemporary research on complex genotype-phenotype correlations in human populations. Topics will include mammalian genome structure and evolution, intra-species variation, and molecular tools developed for modern gene discovery projects. The analytical approaches of formal linkage analysis and Whole Genome Association Studies will be explored through primary publications on various complex traits including bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cancer susceptibility. Other topics will include comparative analysis of hominoid genomes and experimental embryological techniques of gene targeting, chimeras, and artificial chromosomes.


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Beautiful Women
Sad day. For a project I was doing for psyc, I needed a picture of a pretty lady, just comparing different hair colors and such. And what do I find? Porn. Yep. Its everywhere! How sad it is that I cannot search "beautiful woman" without seeing ALL of her.
Ladies, you are beautiful with all your clothes on. And men, shame on you for allowing these women to think sex is the best they can offer you.
If I could have a dream come true, it would be that all men and women didn't want to use the other for their own selfish needs.


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Ok, so I know that a costume person dressed the character Bella in the movies but I just think that some of the things they put her in looked awful! lol I know that it's wet, cold and dull in Forks but still, they could've made her dress a little nicer lol (I'm not dissing every outfit by the way, some things were practical and still nice but others (see below) were just yuk! lol)
So what would you dress Bella in for her time in Forks?? (Human or Vamp Bella lol)
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There are 49 results - Show results on a map Print this page
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Great local produce features in the hearty breakfasts at this comfortable, eco-friendly property, an idyllic 17th-century house and chapel set in mature gardens with panoramic views of the South Downs...More about Old Chapel Forge
This former hunting lodge has retained much original character and is located in lovely countryside at the foot of the South Downs National Park. The bedrooms are well appointed and the pub boasts low...More about The Fox Goes Free
Rooks Hill is in a convenient and picturesque location near Goodwood and the city of Chichester. The warm and friendly proprietors create a wonderful home-from-home atmosphere. Rooms have power shower...More about Rooks Hill
Occupying a prime position with far-reaching views over the estuary, this 16th-century house is the scene for some accomplished and exciting cuisine. The elegant restaurant occupies centre stage with ...More about 36 on the Quay
Warm and friendly hospitality abounds at 82 Fishbourne, which is just a short drive from historic Chichester. Accommodation is spacious and well equipped. Breakfast provides a substantial start to the...More about 82 Fishbourne
This Grade II listed former coaching inn is located in the heart of the town and has informal public rooms which include a small cocktail bar and the Elizabethan public bar. The fully equipped bedroom...More about The Bear
This property is conveniently located opposite Butlins and close to the seafront and town centre. Comfortably appointed bedrooms come well equipped with free WiFi, flat-screen digital TVs and heating/...More about Jubilee Guest House
Located close to the Goodwood estate and Rolls Royce HQ this delightful inn is full of character with beamed ceilings, timber floors and open fires in the public areas. Bedrooms are finished to a very...More about The Royal Oak Inn
Hayleys Corner is located in a quiet and tranquil area of Felpham, close to Bognor Regis, Portsmouth and Chichester. Bedrooms are modern in style yet retain some traditional features. All offer digita...More about Hayleys Corner
This 17th-century farmhouse is set on a 300-acre farm with wonderful views of the South Downs from the windows. The comfortable rooms have their own entrance and benefit from king size beds and en sui...More about Loves Farm


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2070. Our world has changed. The sea's rising level has harmed the coastal cities and climate change has made large stretches of land inhospitable. Build your own society of the future, colonize islands and create huge metropolises on the biggest island setting ever.


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One Multi Level Marketer Is On A Tear
Marshall is a member of The Motley Fool Blog Network -- entries represent the personal opinion of the blogger and are not formally edited.
Despite the turmoil surrounding multi-level marketing companies, with billionaire Bill Ackman launching an offensive against Herbalife, Avon (NYSE: AVP) saw its stock up 20% after its earnings announcement. Avon investors took the numbers as "stabilizing" and a sign that restructuring might be taking hold for the company, but is it too rich for investors to buy in now? I wouldn't go that far (read more about the earnings over reaction).
Multi-level marketing companies have been under pressure of late thanks to Ackman's Herbalife accusations. With Herbalife in the spotlight, new speculation has arisen concerning Nu Skin. The accusations of Nu Skin (NYSE: NUS) as a pyramid scheme goes back to the early nineties. However, fellow MLM company Avon has not seen as much pressure as Herbalife and Nu Skin. Both are still down over 8% since Ackman's attack on Herbalife--Avon, meanwhile, is up over 40%.
Avon managed to report EPS of $0.37 per share versus consensus of $0.27. This is well above the flat earnings per share the company posted for the same quarter a year ago. For its top market, Brazil, revenue rose 10%, but for its fastest growing market, Asia, revenue rose a mere 3%.
Fellow beauty products company Nu Skin has also managed to post solid results for its latest quarter, posting EPS of $0.97, compared to $0.76 for the same quarter last year, and above consensus of $0.96. The company also upped its revenue guidance by $50 million to between $2.3 billion and $2.35 billion.
Estee Lauder posted last quarter earnings of $1.16 per share, which were up 15% from the prior-year quarter, and ahead of the management guidance range of $0.97-$1.03. Estee also owns brands that includes MAC, Bobbi Brown and Clinique.
Revlon's last quarter earnings were up 28% from the same quarter last year. Revlon's brands includes Almay, Pure Ice, Charlie and Mitchum. Driving Revlon has been sales growth of 14% for the U.S. segment and 15% for Latin America. Revlon is up over 40% year to date already, whereas Avon is up almost 30% over the same time period.
Given the fundamental differences of the business models, the peer valuation does not mean much for investors, nor does a profitability or balance sheet comparison. But let's look at how these companies compare on a straight growth basis:
Don't be fooled
The historical growth for Avon has been poor, and its future growth is mediocre at best. Avon's forward P/E of 23x also appears rather high, making the stock 'expensive' after its recent run up. The chart below shows that the 23x multiple is near historical highs.
I would rather invest in beauty products that have a more diverse sales outlet, such as Estee Lauder. Estee is up only 5% year to date compared to the huge run ups by Avon and Revlon, but it does boast the best expected long-term growth rate.
mhargra has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy. Is this post wrong? Click here. Think you can do better? Join us and write your own!


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Expect Cooler Nights with No Precipitation through the Remainder of the Week
Monsoonal weather patterns have moved into the Grand Canyon area decreasing fire danger. As a result, on Tuesday, July 8 at 8 a.m. fire managers lifted fire restrictions within Grand Canyon National Park. More »
Two Bats Collected in the Park Have Tested Positive for Rabies
One on the North Kaibab Trail and the other at Tusayan Ruin/Museum. Rabies can be prevented if appropriate medical care is given following an exposure. Any persons having physical contact with bats in Grand Canyon National Park, please follow this link. More »
Bright Angel Trailhead Dedication and Ribbon Cutting Ceremony Saturday May 18
Contact: Maureen Oltrogge, 928-638-7779
Contact: Miriam Robbins, 928-863-3878
Contact: Vicky Stinson, 928-638-7364
Grand Canyon, Ariz. - Grand Canyon National Park and the Grand Canyon Association will dedicate the renovated trailhead for Bright Angel Trail, one of the oldest and best known trails in the National Park system. This renovation encompasses a 3.5 acre area at and surrounding the Bright Angel Trailhead and is focused on creating an accessible and comfortable area for visitors that complements existing historic buildings including the Bright Angel Lodge and Rim Cabins designed by Grand Canyon architect Mary E. J. Colter. Having not had much significant development in the past 100 years, many people have had a hard time finding the trailhead and there was no convenient or comfortable place for people to sit to either enjoy the view or prepare for hikes. The renovation will greatly improve conditions at and around the trailhead, providing a much better experience for park visitors.
Located in the heart of Grand Canyon Village, Bright Angel trail was one of the first entryways into Grand Canyon originally built by the Havasupai people and then popularized to the burgeoning tourist community by John Cameron in the early 1900s. Historic Kolb studios, home to the Kolb brothers' photography business is located overhanging the Bright Angel Trail and is also currently undergoing reconstruction. Today, Grand Canyon National Park is visited by nearly 4.5 million people a year; several thousand people pass through the Bright Angel Trailhead area on a typical summer day. It is used by day and overnight hikers, mule riders, shuttle bus riders and rim walkers. In addition, visitors park in this area to access lodging, visitor services and the trailhead.
The new design for the area includes a paved parking lot around the Bright Angle Rim Cabins for approximately 87 vehicles; new restrooms and a plaza area with shade structures for visitors to rest or prepare for their hike; a new accessible path from the shuttle bus stop to Kolb Studio; reconstruction of two stone walls; burial of the overhead electrical and phone lines; removal of an underground storage tank; and an etched rock sign for the Bright Angel Trailhead, so visitors can find it and celebrate it!
"Constructing these much needed accommodations at the Bright Angel Trailhead to bring it up to modern standards has been a dream in the works for over a decade," says Dave Uberuaga, Grand Canyon Superintendent, "With funding available through the Federal Lands Recreation Enhancement Act and generous donors this, we are proud to finally complete this project."
The project was funded with support from private donations and federal funding that comes from park entrance fees. "We are greatly appreciative of the donor support we received for the Bright Angel Trailhead Renovation project," says Susan Schroeder, Executive Director of Grand Canyon Association. "This area of the park is so meaningful to many people in many ways from the exhilaration of climbing out of the Canyon after a long hike to the simple pleasure of enjoying the expansive canyon view with your family."
Grand Canyon National Park and the Grand Canyon Association are thankful to Stewart and Ellen Horesji, Arizona Public Service, William and Elizabeth Sweeney and Rick and Frances Rockwell for their generous contributions. The Bright Angel Trailhead will now be a place of celebration and enjoyment of Grand Canyon for generations to come.
The project was overseen by Grand Canyon National Park Project Manager, Vicky Stinson with construction completed by Merrill, Inc., out of Cheyenne, WY. Chevo Studios and Rock & Co., both from Denver, CO, built the stone masonry walls, seating areas and the new identity sign. A dedication and ribbon cutting ceremony open to the public is to be held on May 18th at 4 pm at the Bright Angel Trailhead to commemorate the completion of this project.
For more images of the project: http://www.flickr.com/photos/grand_canyon_nps/sets/72157631676210897/with/8541160440/
About Grand Canyon National Park
The world-famous Grand Canyon National Park encompasses 277 miles of the Colorado River, with adjacent uplands, from the southern terminus of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area to the eastern boundary of Lake Mead National Recreation Area. The forces of erosion have exposed an immense variety of formations which illustrate a vast period of geological history. Grand Canyon was established as a national park on February 26, 1919. It is one of the most visited national parks in the system, second in visitation (Great Smokey Mountains National Park being first) with nearly 4.5 million visitors annually. For more information about Grand Canyon National Park, please visit http://www.nps.gov/grca.
About Grand Canyon Association
Founded in 1932, the Grand Canyon Association (GCA) is the National Park Service's official nonprofit partner raising private funds to benefit Grand Canyon National Park, operating retail shops and visitor centers within the park, and providing premier educational opportunities about the natural and cultural history of the region. GCA works to help preserve and protect Grand Canyon National Park by cultivating support, education and understanding of the park. To learn more about this and other projects visit www.grandcanyon.org.
Did You Know?
The more recent Kaibab limestone caprock, on the rims of the Grand Canyon, formed 270 million years ago. In contrast, the oldest rocks within the Inner Gorge at the bottom of Grand Canyon date to 1.84 billion years ago. Geologists currently estimate the age of Earth at 4.5 billion years.


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Featured Story
Why Uranium Prices Are at a Critical Tipping PointThanks to considerably higher energy costs, the demand for nuclear power continues to rise.
This year alone, 65 nuclear power plants are under construction, another 160 new reactors are currently in the planning stages, and 340 more have been proposed. Even Japan is now shifting its stance on nuclear power. According to Japan Today, newly elected Prime Minister Shinzo Abe now says he is willing to build new nuclear reactors.
The demand for uranium is clearly going to be getting stronger, which presents a problem. There is already a uranium supply deficit of 40 million pounds a year.
But supply and demand are only part of the uranium story...
Read More...
uranium prices 2012
Uranium Prices Report: Uranium to Double on "Nuclear Renaissance"
Uranium stocks got hammered in the wake of the Fukushima disaster.
But now uranium mining stocks have finally begun to bounce back... just like we told you they would.
After getting pummeled last year, shares of Cameco Corp. (NYSE: CCJ) - the world's second-largest uranium miner - are up 32%.
Meanwhile, smaller American competitors Uranium Resources Inc. (Nasdaq: URRE) and Uranium Energy Corp. (AMEX: UEC) are each up about 30%. And the Global X Uranium ETF (NYSE: URA) is up 25%.
But that's just the beginning...
Read More...


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San Francisco, CAUSA
Hometown: USA
January 31, 2009
No introduction yet
Dear Daniel:
object Welcome { def main(args: Array[String]) { println("Welcome to the GDG East Bay!") } }
Our next meeting is "Google+ History for Developers, Socializing Proven Game Mechanics for Google+" on Tuesday, September 4th, 2012 at Dublin. Food/drink will be provided. For details and RSVP,
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Swift, Silent, Deadly We are a GRAW gaming community from around the world, and all walks of life. Team Stealth is a community that provides gaming services to thousands of Gamers Worldwide. As Team Stealth Expands it's community base
teamstealthusa, swift, #silent, deadly, graw, gaming, community, from, around, world, walks, life, team, stealth, that, provides, services, thousands, gamers, worldwide, stealt
Silent Zero...The clan of Cosmic Break...Known for it's skilled warriors and friendly atmosphere.
#silent, zero, clan, cosmic, break, known, it's, skilled, warriors, friendly, atmosphere
Announcement, discussion, how to, issues, etc for Free Busy Silent Mode android app
free, busy, #silent, mode, announcement, discussion, issues, android


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Riding the HD Radio coat tails
On Nov. 28, 2008, NPR held a National Day of Listening that was highlighted by a special series that ran Nov. 22 to Nov. 28. The series, which NPR created in partnership with Story Corps, featured interviews of 10 popular NPR hosts, correspondents and commentators with their own friends and family.
Sounds interesting, doesn't it? The series was carried on NPR affiliates across the country, and the segments were also posted online. I know some listeners found it to be compelling, interesting content.
What I found strange is that I received a press release about the series under a thin HD Radio veil. The release said, "Experience the first ever National Day of Listening on National Public Radio member stations [on] November 28, broadcasting in crystal-clear sound — only with HD Radio."
It appeared that the series was only available to listeners with HD Radio receivers. As an effort to promote HD Radio, this is an ideal way to encourage listeners to obtain receivers with the technology. But as I read more I realized that HD Radio had nothing to do with the series. I asked a PR rep from the source of the press release, and I was told:
"With NPR's National Day of Listening, we're highlighting some of the most compelling programming on the radio today and we're saying that there is no better way to listen to these multigenerational stories from across the country than in crystal-clear HD Radio quality. It's a reminder to folks of the improved sound quality of HD Radio broadcasts and the many great receivers available on the market."
So the series has nothing to do with HD Radio. Just to be sure, I asked if the series was being offered exclusively on multicast channels, which would be another way to promote HD Radio for what HD Radio has to offer. But alas, the reply proved that wrong: "This series will be broadcast on NPR's primary stations, not multicast stations."
I appreciate the intent of the release. HD Radio provides a clearer sound. We know that. I think most of the respectable trade press will see through this as well. Unfortunately, some consumer media may pick this up and only confuse the issue.
There's no need to tack HD Radio to unique content when that content is available elsewhere. Make the content exclusive to HD Radio and not a tag-along to other forms of media.
Related Topics: HD Radio


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Friends and family of Dr. Jack Culbertson confirmed Wednesday morning that the long-time surgeon at Emory was killed Monday night in a small plane crash along Highway 136 and Auraria Road near Dawsonville.
Culbertson's single-engine Piper Malibu PA-46 went down at about 7:10 p.m. Monday.
Nearby residents heard the plane in distress moments before it crashed.
"I wasn't sure exactly what was going on to begin with, then all of a sudden you heard an explosion and then the plane descended on down," said Josh Littlejohn. "You could tell it was an airplane."
The Dawson County Sheriff's Office said they received a call from the Federal Aviation Administration that a plane had made a distress call.
Maj. Tony Wooten with the Dawson County Sheriff's Office said his deputies were dispatched to the area on the 1500 block of Auraria Road and located debris from the plane, including parts of the wing, on the roadway.
The FAA said the plane was headed from the Morristown, NJ, Municipal Airport to DeKalb-Peachtree Airport when air traffic controllers lost contact with the flight shortly after 7 p.m. One of Culbertson's colleagues said he was visiting family in New Jersey, and was on his way back to Peachtree-DeKalb Airport when the plane went down.
"I have flown with Jack many times and that was one of this true loves, was flying his airplane," said Dr. Grant Carlson at Emory University Hospital. "He was so loved, and in the last 24 hours, there's been such an outpouring of emotion regarding his loss, because he befriended everyone. Everyone loved him, and he related to everyone. And he had a zest for life, and he reminded us that we all should appreciate it. And he worked hard to help others."
The National Transportation Safety Board is investigating and will determine the cause of the crash.
Culbertson was found dead inside the cockpit behind a home a couple hundred yards from the road. The plane did not come close to hitting the house, according to Wooten.
Investigators battled rain, fog and poor visibility overnight as they collected evidence to try and determine what caused the crash.
Culbertson was a doctor at Emory Hospital, serving since 1986. The hospital released the following statement:
"John "Jack" Culbertson, MD, passed away when the airplane he was piloting went down in North Georgia. On behalf of all of the Woodruff Health Sciences Center faculty and staff, our deepest sympathies go out to Dr. Culbertson's family. We do not know the circumstances surrounding the crash and NTSB is investigating. Dr. Culbertson served as Associate Professor within the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for more than twenty-five years. He was a member of multiple national societies and served as Chief of Plastic Surgery at Emory University Hospital Midtown. Dr. Culbertson also directed plastic and reconstructive surgery services based at Grady Memorial Hospital and mentored plastic surgery residents there. Dr. Culbertson contributed to numerous publications and textbooks and lectured nationally and internationally. In addition, he traveled to Navajo reservations for many years to provide instruction and perform surgery."
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Published on Brock University (http://brocku.ca)
Scholarship Information Sessions
The Faculty of Graduate Studies invites fourth-year undergraduate and current graduate students to attend information sessions about external scholarships. The sessions will focus on the application process and deadlines.
NSERC Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council
Award value $17,300-$50,000
Thursday, Sept. 15, 9 to 10:30 a.m., Pond Inlet
SSHRC Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
Award value $17,500-$50,000
Doctoral – Tuesday, Sept. 13, 2:45 to 4:15 p.m., Plaza 600F
Master's – Wednesday, Sept. 14, 2:45 to 4:15 p.m., Plaza 600F
(These are webinar information sessions)
CIHR Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Award value $17,500
Information session dates to be announced soon
OGS Ontario Graduate Scholarship
Award value $15,000
Wednesday, Sept. 14, 9 to 10:30 a.m., Pond Inlet
Tuesday, Sept. 20, 9 to 10:30 a.m., Pond Inlet
For information, contact Joanne Kremble, Graduate Funding and Awards Officer, Faculty of Graduate Studies, x5207;email@example.com


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The Nite Ize Magnet Clip Cell Phone Case safeguards your phone in all conditions. Made of extremely durable ballistic polypropylene and equipped with a fully enclosed bottom, it absorbs shocks and shields your items from the elements. With a patented flex clip that attaches securely over and under your belt, the Cell Phone Case fully rotates for access at any angle, and even locks in eight different positions. Two pockets on the case; one inside and one in the back, hold identification, cash and credit cards. Additionally, the Tooth Ferry feature keeps your wireless headset or headphones safe and available.Perfect for the toughest work and hardest play, The Nite-Ize Cell Phone Case is an innovative accessory for high-tech devices in rugged environments.
Harry's Army Surplus: Serving Dearborn and Metropolitan Detroit with army navy surplus, uniform gear, boots, army surplus and work clothing since 1950.


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The game features 22 playable characters and many multi-tiered and interactive fighting arenas. There are six modes in the game. Story Mode offers the player to play with the character and learn its backstory. In Time Attack, the player must defeat a set amount of opponents in the shortest possible time. In Survival mode, they player must defeat many opponents as possible. Team Battle has a team of characters fighting each other, and there is a total of 8 characters on each side. Versus mode depicts two players fighting each other, without needing to plug in the second controller. Players cannot select Tag Battle but it is still available for use by selecting Time Attack, Survival or Versus. DOA Online, available via Xbox Live, is similar to the Versus mode.
DOA4 has a number of updates in reference to previous titles. Characters' move lists have been vastly updated and four new characters have been added to the fighting roster, with returns from a couple of past characters as well. The counter system has been tightened, making the window for counters shorter and more difficult to execute, and the amount of damage that counters inflict has been changed.


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Surrey, the most wooded county in England, possesses many venues ideal for an enchanting wedding and is within easy reach of London. Epsom, known for the Derby horse race and Guilford are just a couple of the many highlights of the county. Notable beauty spots such as Frensham Ponds and Box Hill line the Surrey landscape immersed between old pubs and pretty villages.
Let us help. We hand pick beautiful, exclusive-use wedding venues to give you the best, one-of-a-kind locations at your fingertips. What's more, our free wedding venue matching service makes finding your dream wedding venue even easier.
Simply call our friendly team now on 01244 571208.


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Jing Yu
Primary Appointment
- Assistant Professor, Cell Biology
- Phone: 2-0203
- Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Research Interest(s)
Mammalian kidney development
Research Description
Proper formation of epithelial architecture is integral for development and function of most organs. Research interests in the Yu laboratory focus on epithelial morphogenesis during organogenesis, using the mammalian kidney as the model system. The formation and organization of renal epithelia involves multiple mechanisms commonly employed in the formation of epithelial organs, thus provides an excellent model for the study of epithelial morphogenesis. We have recently identified that Wnt7b signaling plays critical roles in the regulation of renal collecting duct epithelium morphogenesis underlying renal cortico-medullary patterning. We will take advantage of a combination of genetic, in vitro organ and cell culture, cell biology and biochemical approaches to dissect the inter- and intra-cellular machineries mediating Wnt7b signaling in renal epithelial morphogenesis. It is our hope that our study will extend the knowledge of molecular circuits orchestrating epithelial morphogenesis and provide tools for prevention, detection and treatment of renal diseases arising from defective epithelial formation or maintenance.
Selected Publications
- Pierzchalski K, Yu J, Norman V, Kane M. CrbpI regulates mammary retinoic acid homeostasis and the mammary microenvironment. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2013. PMID: 23362116
- Yang F, Ser W, Yu J, Foo D, Yeo D, Chia P, Wong J. Lung water detection using acoustic techniques. Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference. 2013;2012 4258-61. PMID: 23366868
- Yu J, Mu X, Li R. A case of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis due to Emericella nidulans var.echinulata, successfully cured by voriconazole and micafungin. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2013. PMID: 23363828
- Yu J, Pan Y, Ang K, Guan C, Leamy D. Prefrontal cortical activation during arithmetic processing differentiated by cultures: A preliminary fNIRS study. Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference. 2013;2012 4716-9. PMID: 23366981
- Yu W, Sheng M, Xu R, Yu J, Cui K, Tong J, Shi L, Ren H, Du H. Berberine protects human renal proximal tubular cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress pathways. Journal of translational medicine. 2013;11(1): 24. PMID: 23360542


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Cheap ski holidays in hundreds of ski resorts worldwide.
Extensive snowsure high altitude skiing with lively village atmosphere.
High in the Paznaun valley in the heart of the stunning Silvretta mountains, the fashionable, alpine village of Ischgl presents some of the best skiing in Austria. An efficient high altitude lift system and beautiful scenery make Ischgl a true paradise for skiers. Renowned for its superb après ski, Ischgl is a lively and compact village with a wide choice of beckoning bars and nightspots. Galtür is a pretty and unspoilt little village with its own 40km ski area and linked to neighbouring Ischgl by a frequent bus service, free with the lift pass.
10/10 place... everything about it is amazing!! The Skiing was the best I have ever done before. Great snow and... read full
We spent a week in February and returned again for Christmas. The town is lovely and has lots for those that enj... read full
A ski holiday in this famous resort wouldn't be complete without accommodation in just the right spot. Browse our great range of Ischgl hotels now or take a look at our latest property, the Chalet Hotel Abendrot, to finish off your perfect break away.
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AAA Large Online Travel Agent of the Year 2013


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Welcome to the Moreton Show
Back By Popular Demand!
Moreton Show are excited to announce the return of the Bolddog Lings Freestyle Motorcross Team to the Moreton Show Grand Arena for 2014. In 2013, the team put on a spectacular display for the whole show ground to see and we look forward to welcoming them back in 2014 to see what breath-taking stunts they have in store.
The 2014 Show on Saturday 6th September promises to be another spectacular day out and one we're sure you won't want to miss, so round up all your friends and family and come along on Saturday 6th September to enjoy a true Cotswold countryside event like no other.
You'll quickly discover there's far more to the Moreton Show than you imagined.
The Moreton Show is a traditional one day Agricultural and Horse Show which is held on the first Saturday in September each year. It is one of the largest one-day agricultural shows in the UK and attracts over 20,000 visitors each year.
The Show is held in a parkland setting with no permanent buildings, so is built up in the traditional way with marquees and hurdle pens giving a true country show atmosphere.
What you can see at the Moreton Show?
The Moreton Show has all the charm of a traditional country show and offers something for everyone. Competitions are held for horses, cattle (including the National Show of Poll Hereford Cattle), sheep (including the National Show of Cotswold Sheep), goats, poultry, dogs, crafts, flowers and even scarecrows.
There are also over 300 trade stands selling everything from farm equipment and gardening gear to designer clothes and toys, as well as a wide selection of food and drink in our Country Larder Food Hall.
All of this is complemented by a full day of family entertainment.
UK law now requires website operators to ask for a website user's informed consent when cookies are placed on the user's device. By using this site you agree we may place cookies on your device. Please read our privacy policy for more detailed information.


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Occupational Therapy: Referral Directory
Key Contacts:
- Interim Sr. Director - Joy Parker
- Interim Clinical Director - Diana Terry, CCC-SLP
- Interim Business Operations Director - Chad Robertson
- Amy Garrow - Inpatient Clinical Manager
- Cindy Edmiston - Outpatient Clinical Manager
- Deborah Smith - Outpatient Team Leader (Dallas Pavilion)
- David Myers - Outpatient Team Leader (Legacy, Mesquite & Southlake)
Description of services:
Occupational therapy provides inpatient and outpatient services for patients with various diagnoses, including neurological, orthopaedic and traumatic disorders. Approaches used include neurodevelopmental, biomechanical and sensory integration. Specialized treatment is available in the area of hand and upper extremity trauma.
Procedures performed or problems diagnosed and treated:
Therapeutic handling using a variety of treatment approaches, including:
- Fine motor delay
- Decreased coordination
- Cerebral palsy
- Brachial plexus injury
- Amputation of upper or lower extremity
- Contracture management
- Self-care difficulties
- Upper extremity injuries
- Congenital anomalies
- Sensory integration/sensory motor deficits
- Upper and lower extremity casting and splinting for neurological, congenital or traumatic injuries
- Visual/motor/perceptual development
- Pediatric neurodevelopmental treatment
- Hydrotherapy and wound care
- Functional Tolerance
- Electrical stimulation
- Biofeedback
- Ultrasound
- Thermal modalities
- Joint mobilization
- Adaptive equipment evaluation
- Patient and family education
Information for referral sources:
- Physician orders are required for therapy services.
- Pre-authorization is required by some insurance plans.
Why Children's Medical Center?
- Equipment is specially designed and sized for children.
- The occupational therapy clinic is colorful and visually interesting for children, which encourages them to engage in therapeutic interactions.
- Skilled, experienced OT's are specially trained in evaluating and treating the varied pediatric population.
- Occupational therapists have specialized training in treating children with sensory differences relating to and often affecting daily activities. This training, in many cases, markedly increases the opportunity for success and positive performance in basic home and community activities.


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© 2002 - 2014 DBolical Pty Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 2768 modders.
Experience brutal battles on a massive scale! Wage war by creating enormous customizable armies and experimental war machines that can change the balance of power at any given moment. Take the role of one of the three enigmatic commanders, each representing a unique faction with a rich story that brings a new level of emotional connection to the RTS genre, or fight the battle online. Where do your loyalties lie?


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Nicole Drawl Bootie
Compare at $145.00
Item # 291206
Add an element of surprise to your style with Nicole! The Drawl bootie can be worn zipped up the back or unzipped for an unexpected fun pop of color.
- PLEASE NOTE: For this style, we recommend ordering a ½ size smaller
- Burnish leather and canvas upper
- Back zipper with colorful panel insert
- Almond toe
- 2½" block heel
- Rubber sole
- Imported
- View more Women's Nicole Shoes
By: Di11
Location: Deptford, NJ
November 14, 2013
Cute boot
"This Nicole boot is really adorable. Truly Western inspired. It does run big (thanks for the tip in the description, DSW!). I'm anywhere from a size 7 to 7.5. With Nicole's, I'm usually a 7. I ordered these in 6.5 and they fit and I can even wear with a sock. I find that I can't show the cute pop of color in the back, though, because if I leave that unzipped, the boot is too loose and unstable (like it will slip off my foot)."
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Places to Eat
On Campus
The Purdue Memorial Union offers a variety of dining options to please any visitor to Purdue right in the central hub of campus.
- Loops
- Oasis Café
- Pappy's Sweet Shop
Other Campus Dining Options
Academic Buildings
- Amelia's - at Armstrong Hall of Engineering
- Beans - at Materials and Electrical Engineering Building
- The Bistro - at Rawls Hall
- Boiler Bistro - at Marriott Hall
- John Purdue Room - at Marriott Hall
- Lavazza - at Marriott Hall
- Port - at Lawson Computer Science Building
- Undergrounds - at Hicks Undergraduate Library
- Venture Café - at Burton D. Morgan Center
- Continuum Café - at Lynn Hall
Residence Halls and Dining Courts
- Earhart Dining Court
- Ford Dining Court
- Hillenbrand Dining Court
- Wiley Dining Court
- Windsor Dining Court
- Cary Knight Spot Grille
- Harrison Grillé
Off Campus
The Lafayette/West Lafayette community offers you more than 250 dining possibilities, including local flavor, popular chain restaurants, fine dining and fast food. Visit the Visitors Bureau Web site for a comprehensive list of area dining options.


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Kids' Art Projects that Inspire Creativity
For kids, art is more about the creative process than the end result. Try these great tips for a successful art experience that'll give boredom the brush!
The Creative Process
Jackson Pollock. Pablo Picasso. Salvador Dali. What might these great artists have done, had they been given modern-day inventions such as cereal boxes, rubber bands, or wallpaper paste to use in their artwork? Paint, of course! Your own young artists can combine some contemporary household items with a few products from the craft store to create one-of-a-kind works of art.
Painting is a fun, creative, and expressive art form well-suited to kids of all ages. Parents can kick up the creativity quotient by offering a variety of unusual techniques to their aspiring artists. Why simply paint with brushes, when other options abound? Why limit kids to temperas, when they can blend paints of their own?
Painting with unusual materials and methods serves another purpose as well: any preconceived notions about what the finished product should look like are left behind as kids explore the many possibilities. While adults may consider "art" something beautiful to behold, for kids, it's more about the creative process. Here you'll find tips for a successful art experience, as well as several open-ended art projects that might just entice the whole family to join in!
- Focus on the Process, Not the Product: Your child's piece de resistance may not look like much of anything to you, but his methods and artistic experimentation allow him to expand his creative thought process. MaryAnn Kohl, author of Discovering Great Artists and 15 more award-winning books about kids' art says, "Children who feel free to make mistakes and to explore and experiment will also feel free to invent, create, and find new ways to do things."
- Understand the Difference Between Arts and Crafts: Craft projects are an enjoyable diversion for many families. Following concise instructions, each participant will end up with a similar-looking product, based on a model of what the craft is "supposed" to look like. Art projects allow for creative use of materials and experimentation in design, layout, and methods. When providing art opportunities to kids, avoid confusing the two.
- Put Yourself in Their Shoes: What would you do if someone sat you down in front of a Monet and asked you to replicate it? Could you? Of course not. You'd likely feel unsuccessful and question your own artistic ability. Kids feel the same way when shown a model of what they are supposed to draw or paint.
- Give Them the Time They Need to Experiment: In her book Together We're Better, early childhood expert Bev Bos tells this story about a little boy in her program: "Arthur went immediately to the paint mixing table when he arrived at 9 AM, and at 9:55 he was still mixing. He made almost two quarts of brown paint. The next day when he arrived, he was barely inside when he announced to the whole school: 'I know how to get brown!'" If little Arthur had been hurried through his color experiment he would have missed out on the knowledge gained from self-discovery as well as his feeling of accomplishment.
- Skip the Judgment: How many times have you commented about something your child was painting, only to find that while you thought it looked uncannily like a dragon, he was depicting the family's latest campout, complete with a roaring fire? By guessing at the objects in the picture, you take a huge risk: if you don't get it right, the artist will feel that her rendition wasn't "good enough" to be recognizable. A better tactic is to say, "Tell me about your picture."
- Dress for the Occasion: Before painting, make certain that your child is wearing appropriate clothes. Hint: if you have to remind her not to get paint on herself, they are not appropriate! If need be, sacrifice one outfit for messy art projects. This will allow her the freedom to create without constantly worrying about soiling her clothes.
Another trap is the child who asks, "Do you like my picture, Mom?" Kids who constantly seek approval for their work have become dependant upon extrinsic motivation. Alfie Kohn, author of Punished by Rewards: The Trouble with Gold Stars, Incentive Plans, A's, Praise, and Other Bribes, says: "Kids don't need, or thrive on, constant judgment, even if it's in the form of "Good job!" That tends to create praise junkies, who quickly grow to be dependent on someone else to evaluate what they've done." If you must comment, don't judge the picture; learn to comment on exactly what you see. Phrases like, "That's sure a bold stroke of purple!" or "Wow, you've chosen some really bright colors!" are safe ways to express interest in your child's art.
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LANSING (WKZO) -- The results of the antlerless deer applications are now available for hunters to check on the Michigan Department of Natural Resources website.
The remaining licenses will go on sale September 10th on a first-come, first-served basis. They can be purchased online, at a DNR Customer Service Center, or any authorized licensing agent.
The early antlerless firearm season is set for September 22nd and 23rd, archery deer season runs October 1st to November 14th and all of December, while firearm deer season is set for November 15th through 30th.


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Digital Download includes a compressed ZIP file containing DRM-free 256 kbps MP3's of the full album. Once payment is completed, you will then i…
Digital Download includes a compressed ZIP file containing DRM-free 256 kbps MP3's of the full album.
Once payment is completed, you will then immediately receive an e-mail with instructions on how to obtain your download link. Please make sure to check your spam folder if the e-mail does not show up into your main mail folder.
(Released 2007) "Crush Your System" is the sophomore LP from Dutchmassive. This title was originally released on Rawkus Records for their historic 'Rawkus 50' campaign. This album features Buff1 of Athletic Mic League, Median, Mishoo the Drumkit, ST/MiC, Unknown, Muneshine, Fresh Daily, Main of The Villanz, Jazz Addixx, NapsNdreds, Surreal, Von Pea of Tanya Morgan and Will Widdoss. Production is handled by: Illmind, 14KT (Cliffnotes), Mo0, Rik Marvel, Roxstar, Sebmaestria, Slopfunkdust, Surreal, Dela, Comfort Fit, Take aka Sweatson Klank, Unknown, Tzarizm, Mudd and Samiyam.
01. Crush Your Intro (Prod by Roxstar)
02. Far Away (Prod by Rik Marvel)
03. Vampire Night (Instrumental Interlude) [Prod by Dutchmassive]
04. I Won't Stop (feat. Mishoo the Drumkit) [Prod by Comfort Fit]
05. Ghibli (Prod by Dutchmassive)
06. I Want Her (Prod by 14KT)
07. Love Is Complicated Tomorrow (feat. ST/MiC & Unknown) [Prod by Unknown]
08. Dream Suite (Prod by Take aka Sweatson Klank)
09. The Art of the Collar Pop (Prod by Tzarizm)
10. Vibrate (Prod by Slopfunkdust aka T. The Beat Specialist)
11. Get It On (feat. Muneshine & Fresh Daily) [Produced by Mudd]
12. Without Love / Last Minute Mixtape (Prod by Dutchmassive)
13. Positive Contact! (feat. Main of the Villanz) [Prod by Dutchmassive]
14. Better Man (feat. Median & Von Pea of Tanya Morgan) [Prod by Illmind]
15. 7th Day (feat. Will Widdoss) [Prod by Roxstar]
16. Kill 'Em in 8-Bit (Prod by Samiyam of Flyamsam)
17. Main Vein / Launch Interlude (feat. Napsndreds) [Prod by Mo0 & Dutchmassive]
18. Blood Rush (feat. Buff1 of Athletic Mic League) [Prod by Sebmaestria]
19. Life Lines (feat. Surreal) [Prod by Surreal & Dutchmassive]
20. Butterflies Pt. 1 / She's Ansi (Prod by Dela & Dutchmassive)
21. Kelley's Dream (DeepHouse Remix) [Prod by Dutchmassive]
22. Intro Interlude to Project REACH (Bonus Track)
23. Project REACH (Radio Promo) [Bonus Track]
24. Little Drummer Boi (Radio Promo) [Bonus Track]
25. Season Emcee (Radio Promo) [Bonus Track]
26. My Apology Pt. 1 (Radio Promo) [Bonus Track]
27. Love Was Complicated Yesterday (feat. ST/MiC & Jazz Addixx) [Prod by Mudd] [Bonus Track]
28. Outro Interlude to Project REACH [Bonus Track]
29. Shipping & Handling (Instrumental) [Prod by Dutchmassive] [Bonus Track]
30. The American Dream (Performed by Surreal) [Prod by Dutchmassive] [Bonus Track]


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Charlotte, Amanda, Emily, Carl, and Nolan get close for a picture.
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on ABC's media platforms. Learn more.


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Difference between revisions of "Xtext/Reviews/2.2"
From Eclipsepedia
(New page: This page provides the required ''docuware'' for the '''Xtext 2.2 Release Review''' == Overview == With Xtext you can easily create your own programming languages and domain-specific lan...)
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== Bugzilla ==
== Bugzilla ==
Bugzilla snapshot for TMF/Xtext as of
Bugzilla snapshot for TMF/Xtext as of , 2011.
== Standards ==
== Standards ==
Latest revision as of 08:38, 30 November 2011
This page provides the required docuware for the Xtext 2.2 Release Review
[edit] Overview
With Xtext you can easily create your own programming languages and domain-specific languages (DSLs). The framework supports the development of language infrastructures including compilers and interpreters as well as full blown Eclipse-based IDE integration. While Xtext equips you with a set of sensible defaults, you can tweak every single aspect of your language with Xtext's powerful APIs. A comprehensive documentation as well as the vivid community will help you getting started in no time. And if that is not enough you can buy trainings, consulting or support contracts delivered directly by the committers.
[edit] Features
[edit] Syntax Highlighting
Out of the box, the editor supports syntax coloring based on the lexical structure and the semantic data of your files. Users are free to customize the highlighting and configure their favorite styles.
[edit] Code Completion
An Xtext editor proposes valid code completions at any place in the document, helping your users with the syntactical details of your language.
[edit] Validation and Quick Fixes
Xtext has outstanding support for static analysis and validation of your models. It has never been so easy to define constraints to tackle errors and warnings in your code instantaneously. With custom Quick Fixes you can correct these with a single keystroke.
[edit] More Editor Features
You'll find all the editor features that you got used to in your favorite IDE in the editor for your very own language. There is bracket matching and auto-edit, an outline that shows the semantic structure of your model, code formatting to properly indent the documents and much more.
[edit] Advanced Workbench Integration
Xtext's advanced Eclipse integration goes far beyond the editor. You will not feel any difference between your language and Java.
[edit] Integration with EMF
Xtext tightly integrates with EMF: You can combine it with a plethora of other EMF-based tools, e.g. for mixed graphical and textual modeling.
[edit] New in this release
- Several Language enhancements to Xtend and Xbase
- Headless compilation of Xtend files
- Maven plugin for Xtend source compilation
- Many nice new editor features for Xtend
[edit] Accordance with project plan themes and priorities
See http://www.eclipse.org/projects/project-plan.php?projectid=modeling.tmf.xtext
[edit] Non-Code Aspects
- Updated documentation and website
[edit] APIs
APIs have been extended in a backwards compatible way in this release. Languages which are built with Xtext 2.0 and only used published API are binary compatible (not necessarily source compatible).
- The project lead certifies that the requirements for Eclipse Quality APIs have been met for this release.
- Non-API in is marked as "internal"
[edit] Architecture
No change.
[edit] Tool Usability
Sample tools haven't changed.
[edit] End-of-Life
Nothing has been deprecated.
[edit] Bugzilla
Bugzilla snapshot for TMF/Xtext as of November 30, 2011.
[edit] Standards
No standards.
[edit] UI Usability
- Xtext 2.2 conforms to Eclipse User Interface Guidelines
- Eclipse platform standard i18n support used where applicable/possible; stand-alone deployment uses equivalent J2SE APIs
- ICU4J is used
[edit] Communities
- Interaction in Bugzilla
- Activity on the newsgroup
- Collaboration with other projects at Eclipse
[edit] Committer Changes
No change.
[edit] IP Issues
The Xtext project leadership verifies that:
- the about files and use licenses are in place as per the Guidelines to Legal Documentation.
- all contributions (code, documentation, images, etc) have been committed by individuals who are either Members of the Foundation, or have signed the appropriate Committer Agreement. In either case, these are individuals who have signed, and are abiding by, the Eclipse IP Policy.
- all significant contributions have been reviewed by the Foundation's legal staff.
- all non-Committer code contributions, including third-party libraries, have been documented in the release and reviewed by the Foundation's legal staff.
- all Contribution Questionnaires have been completed.
- the "provider" field of each plug-in is set to "Eclipse Modeling Project".
- the "copyright" field of each feature is set to the copyright owner (the Eclipse Foundation is rarely the copyright owner).
- any third-party logos or trademarks included in the distribution (icons, help file logos, etc) have been licensed under the EPL.
- any fonts or similar third-party images included in the distribution (e.g. in PDF or EPS files) have been licensed under the EPL.
The approved Xtext project IP log is located at http://www.eclipse.org/Xtext/ip_log/ip_log_2.2.0.pdf.
[edit] Project Plan
The current project plan is available from http://www.eclipse.org/projects/project-plan.php?projectid=modeling.tmf.xtext.
Draft development plan for Xtext 2.3 is not yet available.