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Current Options In Treating Chronic Venous Ulcers
- Volume 17 - Issue 9 - September 2004
- 8610 reads
- 0 comments
Reviewing The Various Treatment Options
After obtaining wound measurements and photographs, and the results of tissue cultures and tissue biopsy, one can start to formulate a treatment plan. First, one has to ensure control of any comorbidities. One can reduce edema with elevation, compression wraps and/or stockings, compression pumps or physical therapy edema reduction programs.
When it comes to perforating ulcers, one should seek a vascular consult for possible lentin or SEPS procedures. Vein sucrosing therapy is becoming popular for venous wounds but I have found limited results with this modality in my experience.
One would subsequently address the wound itself. You may control bacterial counts with appropriate topical, oral and/or IV antibiotics. However, pain often becomes a barrier to weekly debridement or compression, both of which are necessary to achieve secondary healing.
To overcome the pain barrier, one should consider alternative coverage techniques. There are many ways to cover a clean venous stasis ulceration and all of these alternatives can reduce pain. These options include Apligraf (Organogenesis), Dermagraft (Smith & Nephew) and cadaveric homografts. Cadaveric homografts should not be confused with skin grafts. Cadaveric homografts offer a very cost-effective biologic dressing that adheres and allow epithelialization to take place but keep in mind that they do not "take."
Apligraf and Dermagraft are commercially available dressings that deliver biologic products to the wound. Apligraf delivers collagen, growth factors, keratinocytes and fibroblasts to the wound. Dermagraft is adequate for delivering growth factors but does not deliver collagen.
More recently, I have been covering the clean venous stasis wound with GraftJacket (Wright Medical), a unique allograft product that is freeze-dried instead of frozen. This prevents the collagen from being denaturalized. The GraftJacket is also taken specifically from cadaveric banks in order to improve graft quality.
Preparation for application is dependent on the product. Instead of rehydrating the GraftJacket in saline or sterile water, our team has been hydrating it with the patient's own platelet rich plasma (PRP). One can achieve this via gravitational blood separation systems such as Biomet's Gravational Platelet Separation (GPS) or Harvest Technologies' SmartPReP system. In my opinion, the GraftJacket should be meshed on a 1:1.5 mesh after rehydration. Theoretically, the platelets should be absorbed into the graft and subsequently facilitate a concentrated release of the patient's own growth factors due to collagen exposure. Since the product is acellular, there is a reduced risk for rejection.
In Conclusion
In conclusion, I find that venous stasis ulcerations heal best with some type of graft coverage. Many commercial products are emerging to fill this purpose. My favorite on properly diagnosed, well prepared venous stasis ulcerations is the GraftJacket. Although all these products seem to reduce patient discomfort and speed epithelialization, the GraftJacket recipe seems to be the most consistent at this time.
Dr. Baker is board-certified in foot and ankle surgery. He practices at the West View Wound Care Center in Indianapolis, Ind.
Dr. Burks is a Fellow of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons and is board-certified in foot and ankle surgery. Dr. Burks practices in Little Rock, Ark.


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On demand webinars allow you to participate in a professional development event when it is most convenient for you. With one site license, an unlimited number of staff members can view the webinar and download the materials until the stated expiration date. Webinars cover a variety of topics, and last from 90 to 120 minutes.
Expires November 17, 2014 - Although this July will mark one year since the 150 percent Direct Subsidized Loan eligibility limitation went into effect, schools still face many challenges in implementing the requirements. This webinar will review the requirements of the 150 percent Direct Subsidized Loan eligibility limitation and will provide best practices for implementing the requirements on campuses.
On demand webinars allow you and members of your staff to participate in a professional development event when it is most convenient for you.
Expires October 20, 2014: In this webinar, learn how to prepare for an audit, including how to respond to document requests, how to prepare your staff to interact with auditors, and how to prepare other departments on your campus. Learn what tools are available to assist in your preparation efforts, and receive valuable tips and insights from your experienced colleagues.
Expires August 24, 2014: The return of Title IV funds requirements are among the most challenging aspects of administering Title IV aid. This event will provide a quick review of the calculation process and will feature how to address challenging issues including aid recalculations, redoing return calculations, and correctly calculating the length of the payment period or period of enrollment. A basic knowledge of the return of Title IV funds requirements is recommended.
Expires December 22, 2014 - FREE to members - Does your institutional default rate have you reconsidering your participation in the Direct Loan program? Has your school already dropped out of the loan program? Or have you implemented new default management tactics to keep default rates low? Join NASFAA for a webinar to discuss these issues: "Tough Choices: Tackling Loan Indebtedness at Low-Cost Institutions." This webinar will feature one institution that chose to leave the loan program and one institution that was considering doing so, but decided to stay in the program. In addition, NASFAA's staff will also highlight potential policy solutions and related advocacy work.

subset: commoncrawl


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Barrie Miller
Gender: Male
City: TORPOINT
Country: United Kingdom
Favourite Everton Moment
Cup Winners Cup Final
Favourite All Time Player
Kevin Ratcliffe. Dynamic, dedicated to the cause and a true blue
Favourite Current Player
Tim Cahill. Pure Class, School of science mentality
Favourite Manager
Howard Kendall. Just happened to be the right man at the right time in the right place to lead us to glory - the 80s were what we all now crave!
Favourite Game
Cup Winners Cup Semi Final and the magic night that took us to the final.
Favourite Goal
Andy Gray, Semi Final Cup


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Discover Adionomy, Your Online Radio Advertising Campaign, Fast, Easy and Custom-Made!
Asphyx is a Dutch death metal band that incorporates doom metal and thrash metal elements into their music. The band was formed in 1987 by Bob Bagchus and Tonny Brookhuis. Eric Daniels was found as a second guitarist and Chuck Colli joined on vocals and bass; this combo released the Enter the Domain demo. In March 1989 Colli was replaced by Theo Loomans and they recorded the Crush the Cenotaph demo. Brookhuis then left the band and the remaining three recorded Embrace the Death album which was never released due to label problems.


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Henkel has been a supplier to the Aerospace industry for over 50 years. The portfolio of Henkel products for the Aerospace industry allows an efficient manufacture and assembly of metal or composite structures. The adhesives provide structural integrity without additional weights and surface treatment products provide solutions for the cleaning and maintenance of all aircrafts and components.
The animation shows Henkel Aerospace products and their fields of application on an aircraft: Composite assembly, metal assembly and MRO. Please click on the teaser to the left to start the animation.


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For generations, Bethel's fusion of evangelical faith with top-ranked academics has transformed women and men, preparing them for unique callings in the kingdom of God.
Join the thousands of friends, alumni, employees, and investors who support this mission, sending out adventurous Christ-followers to serve their communities and workplaces.
The Bethel Fund
By supporting the Bethel Fund, you help bridge the gap between tuition and the actual cost of a life-transforming education for students.
See current and recent fundraising projects to get a sense for what's happening at Bethel and how you can get involved.
Creative & Planned Giving
Learn about creative ways to support Bethel through planned giving options that will improve your financial security at the same time.


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Phil's return would be ideal for Pau, who remains close with Phil. But Pau could definitely still be traded to ...
Phil's return would be ideal for Pau, who remains close with Phil. But Pau could definitely still be traded to ...
bring youth, speed and athleticism if this lineup proves too slow -- as has been suggested by the results on the court ever since Lamar Odom went away. Jackson actually preferred to play Odom and Gasol together, not Andrew Bynum, during the Lakers' greatest success. Whether Dwight Howard and Pau prove to be a workable twin-tower arrangement remains unclear -- and one reason the Lakers would like to see some traditional offense run with Steve Nash under a new coach (without the learning curve of a read-and-react offense) and gauge whether the personnel, specifically Gasol, is right for a championship run. Obviously the Lakers have a decision to make immediately whether they are willing to commit back to Phil and the triangle, which would include a learning curve for most everyone besides Kobe and Pau, or believe the personnel is better suited for something simpler.
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text: Bulk Fuel Native Village of Kongiganak Number of Tanks for Heating Oil 1 Number of Tanks for Gasoline 0 Total Heating Oil Tank Capacity (gal) 60,000 Total Gasoline Tank Capacity (gal) 96,000 Overall Condition of Tanks Good When Fuel is Delivered Spring or Fall How Fuel is Delivered Fuel Barge Native Village of Selawik Number of Tanks for Heating Oil 1 Number of Tanks for Gasoline 1 Total Heating Oil Tank Capacity (gal) 142,000 Total Gasoline Tank Capacity (gal) 103,500 Overall Condition of Tanks Good When Fuel is Delivered July How Fuel is Delivered Barge Communications Water Distribution, Source and Treatment Systems City of Selawik Public Water System ID# AK2340379 Primary Source Surface Water System Type Community Water System Population Served 846 Water System Details URL http://dec.alaska.gov:8080/DWW/JSP/WaterSystemDetail.jsp?tinwsys_is_number=3791&tinwsys_st_code=AK&wsnumber=AK2340379 Sewage Collection Systems Selawik Wastewater Collection System Number of Lift Stations 2 Service Connections 200 Residents 800 Wastewater Collection URL https://myalaska.state.ak.us/dec/water/opcert/Home.aspx?p=SystemSearchRecord&d=408 Selawik Wastewater Treatment System Class Stabilization Pond Gallons Per Day, Capacity 10,000 - 50,000 Wastewater Treatment URL https://myalaska.state.ak.us/dec/water/opcert/Home.aspx?p=SystemSearchRecord&d=407 Refuse/Landfill Systems City of Selawik DEC Landfill Permit # Never Permitted Landfill Name Selawik Landfill DEC Landfill Classification Class III DEC Landfill Permit Status Never Permitted DEC Landfill Expiration Date Never Permitted DEC Landfill URL http://dec.alaska.gov/Applications/EH/SWIMS/ModFacility.aspx?siteId=386 Electric Utility Alaska Village Electric Cooperative - AVEC Power Source Diesel generator PCE Eligible Yes Residential Rate $0.66 per kWh, June 2012 PCE reimbursement rate $0.44 per kWh, June 2012 Residential Rate after PCE $0.22 per kWh, June 2012 Note Wind Turbines installed 3 Rated Wind Capacity Kilowatts 260 ISER Community Data Summary https://akenergygateway.alaska.edu/community-data-summary/1413930/ Health Care Visitor Accommodations/Information Local Facilities and Utilities Transportation Facilities Roland Norton Memorial Airstrip Airport Type Airport Airport Code 8AK3 Airport Owner City of Selawik Airport Use Private Airport Ownership Private FAA URL http://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/airportLookup/airportDisplay.jsp?category=nasr&airportId=8AK3 Runway-1 ID '02/20 Runway-1 Size 3,000 ft. x 70 ft. Runway Materials/Condition Gravel Selawik Airport Airport Type Airport Airport Code WLK Airport Owner State Of Alaska-DOT&PF Airport Use Public Airport Ownership Public FAA URL http://nfdc.faa.gov/nfdcApps/airportLookup/airportDisplay.jsp?category=nasr&airportId=WLK Runway-1 ID '04/22 Runway-1 Size 3,002 ft. x 60 ft. Runway Materials/Condition Gravel-Good Condition Runway-2 ID '09/27 Runway-2 Size 2,659 ft. x 60 ft. Runway-2 Materials/Condition Gravel-Good Condition Public Safety Entities Selawik Alaska State Trooper Post Alaska State Troopers Post Yes Village Public Safety Officer No Airlines Arctic Transportation Enplaned Passengers 0 passengers in 2013 Enplaned Freight 359,231 lbs. in 2013 Enplaned Mail 398,989 lbs. in 2013 Bering Air Inc. Enplaned Passengers 2,842 passengers in 2013 Enplaned Freight 106,566 lbs. in 2013 Enplaned Mail 601,378 lbs. in 2013 Frontier Flying Service Enplaned Passengers 0 passengers in 2013 Enplaned Freight 106 lbs. in 2013 Enplaned Mail 2,529 lbs. in 2013 Hageland Aviation Service Enplaned Passengers 2,255 passengers in 2013 Enplaned Freight 21,567 lbs. in 2013 Enplaned Mail 532,349 lbs. in 2013 Post Offices Public Libraries Selawik Davis Ramoth Community Library Schedule of Hours Monday & Tuesday 4 - 7pm Saturday 3 - 7pm Annual Hours Open 400


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Sandy benefit concert SundayNovember 22,2012Restoring Rutland and the Palms Restaurant have teamed up for a Hurricane Sandy benefit concert from 4-to 8 p.m. Sunday.
Local bands Rick Redington and the Luv and Dank and the Funkstick will keep music going while the Sabataso family serves up Italian food and hospitality for a good cause.
A donation of $15 for adults and $5 for children under 12 includes live entertainment, a buffet dinner and cash bar.
All proceeds from the event will go to the Tunnel to Towers Foundation to benefit victims of Hurricane Sandy in the Staten Island area.
For more information, email firstname.lastname@example.com or visit facebook.com/restoringrutland.MORE IN This Just InMan denies golf Full StoryPolice: Road rage leads to gunfire Full StoryCastleton heroin Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Dutch father of microbiology Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers the existence of one-celled organisms; in 1967, The Doors are booked to play the Ed Sullivan show; in 1858, freedom fighter Dred Scott dies on this day in St. Louis.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: No money this year for western rail project, Lola Aiken memorialized in Montpelier, Supreme Court Castleton murder suspect will remain in jail, Shaftbury man fires shots from his AK-47 into neighbor's home.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1959, Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev arrives in U.S. for historic 13-day visit; in 1987, Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze sign nuclear reduction agreement.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City celebrates completion of its newest mural, on West Street opposite the post office, more than $2 million in federal grants will bolster Vermont's health centers, Patrick McArdle reports on pending sale of Vermont papers.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: Henry Hudson sails up the Hudson River as far as present-day Albany, Leo Szilard has epiphany waiting for the light to change, 3 kids report a West Virginia close encounter in 1952.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Who will run for mayor in Rutland next year? Has Bennington overcome its fear of twerking? Documentary 'Hungry Heart' packs the Paramount, and the city's Creek Path scores another million-plus dollars.


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PUCESA sponsors events at the annual Purdue Extension Professional Development Conference, an annual spring breakfast, and special events. To suggest a professional development opportunity, please contact your PUCESA department representative.
To see our list of events, please go to the PUCESA Calendar.
PUCESA Professional Development Events:
Purdue Education Store Brown Bag Session (View Archived Session)


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Book your room at Sheraton Pretoria Hotel
Classic RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
Deluxe RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
Club RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
SuiteMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children)
5-star luxury hotel in Pretoria with 3 restaurants
Situated near the airport, in Pretoria, this luxury hotel is close to Pretoria Art Museum, Union Buildings, and Palace of Justice. Also nearby are University of Pretoria and UNISA.
Hotel Features
In addition to 3 restaurants, Sheraton Pretoria Hotel features an outdoor pool. Other amenities include a bar/lounge and a coffee shop/café.
Room Amenities
LCD televisions come with satellite channels. Guestrooms also feature complimentary wireless Internet access, air conditioning, and climate control.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
At your hotel
At your hotel
In addition to an outdoor pool, Sheraton Pretoria Hotel provides a health club and a sauna. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 3 restaurants and guests can grab coffee at the coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge.
Business-related amenities at this 5-star property consist of a business center and meeting rooms. 9 meeting rooms are available. This luxury hotel also offers spa services, gift shops/newsstands, and laundry facilities. For a surcharge, a roundtrip airport shuttle (available 24 hours) is offered to guests. Onsite parking is available (surcharge).
Sheraton Pretoria Hotel has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 175
- Valet parking (surcharge)
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee shop or café
- Conference space
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Elevator/lift
- Hair salon
- Health club
- Designated smoking areas
- Wireless Internet access - surcharge
- Laundry facilities
- Number of floors - 7
- Meeting rooms
- Room service (24 hours)
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Self parking (surcharge)
- Sauna
- Outdoor pool
- Business center
- Wedding services
- Express check-in
- Gift shops or newsstand
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Porter/bellhop
- Number of meeting rooms - 9
- Year Built 1999
- Number of restaurants - 3
- Shopping on site
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Spa services on site
Stay connected
Available in all rooms: Free Wi-Fi
Available in some public areas: Wireless Internet access - surcharge
Park your car
Self parking (surcharge), Valet parking (surcharge)
In your room
- Premium bedding
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Air conditioning
- Phone
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Daily housekeeping
- Complimentary toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Satellite TV service
- Desk
- Climate control
- Complimentary bottled water
- Free Wi-Fi
- Private bathroom
- Bathrobes
- Slippers
- Separate bathtub and shower
- Bidet
- Down comforter
- Pillow menu
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Cribs/infant beds (surcharge)
- Iron/ironing board
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- In-room safe (laptop compatible)
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Espresso maker
Eat and drink
Sheraton Pretoria Hotel has 3 restaurants serving breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
24-hour room service is available.
Recreational amenities at the hotel include an outdoor pool, a health club, and a sauna.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Ecotours on site
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
- Braille or raised signage
The fine print for Sheraton Pretoria Hotel
When you arrive
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
When you leave
Check-out time is noon
How you can pay
Accepted at this hotel: American Express, Diners Club, MasterCard, Visa
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Breakfast fee: ZAR 235 per person (approximately)
- Self parking fee: ZAR 80 per night
- Valet parking fee: ZAR 80 per night
- Early check-in fee: ZAR 100
- Late check-out fee: ZAR 100
- Deposit: ZAR 500 per night
- Crib (infant bed) fee: ZAR 400 per night
- Rollaway bed fee: ZAR 500 per night
We should mention
Children 12 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
Quality Graded by the Tourism Grading Council of South Africa (TGCSA) – South Africa's official quality assurance organization.


text: To contact staff via email, please use the person's first initial, last name followed by @anesu.org. Example: email@example.com To reduce spam we do not post our staff emails on our web site. If you have questions regarding a hyphenated name, please contact the webmaster or call the school for the correct email address.


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This 24-inch desktop monitor has it all: A 1920-by-1200-pixel IPS panel that produces brilliant images with wide viewing angles, an easy-to-adjust stand that can pivot to portrait mode, a four-port USB hub, and an energy-saving LED backlight. It can connect to your computer via DVI, DisplayPort, DVI, or HDMI.
36. Sony Bloggie Live MHS-TS55 (camcorder)
Burning up your smartphones battery shooting impromptu videos? Maybe its time to move up to a dedicated device. The Bloggie Live is the most versatile pocket camcorder around, delivering wireless streaming, peer-to-peer sharing, and image resolution on a par with todays top phone cameras.
37. Nvidia GeForce GTX 680 (GPU)
If you find the size and power consumption of AMDs Radeon HD 7970 objectionable, this Nvidia GPU blends the high performance of the companys Kepler architecture with the terrific efficiency of its earlier Fermi design to deliver a well-balanced powerhouse thats suited to both gaming and GPU-compute applications.
38. Angry Birds Space (game app)
Quick review for the 0.00002% of the population that hasnt played Rovio's Angry Birds: You shoot birds at pigs. In-game physics are one of the games best attributes, so it was a brilliant idea to move the games environment into space and add gravity puzzles.
39. Instagram (digital photo app)
Love it or loathe it, Instagram has driven plenty of interest in phone photography. This free app for iOS and Android devices makes it incredibly easy to apply creative filters and borders to your photos and then share them with friends and family via social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.
40. Arcam rPAC (digital-to-analog converter)
This device connects to your computer via USB, sounds spectacular (for its price), is built like a tank, supports high-resolution files, and incorporates a high-quality headphone amplifier to make even power-hungry headphones sing.
41. AMD Radeon HD 7970 GHz Edition (GPU)
AMD made a few tweaks to the reference design it originally released in December 2011. This single-GPU card now overpowers Nvidias GeForce GTX 680 in most of our benchmarks. Its still too big and consumes too much juice, but well accept the trade-off.
42. Adobe Lightroom 4.5 (photo-editing software)


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An Estero woman is facing child cruelty charges after witnesses told deputies that they saw her dragging a child across the Coconut Point Mall parking lot.
Shurlene Christy Elmer, 36, was arrested Friday morning.
Witnesses told deputies Elmer appeared intoxicated when she threw the child to the ground and dragged him across the parking lot by his hair.
The child had multiple injuries on his legs and head, according to reports. He was taken to an area hospital for treatment.
3719 Central AvenueFort Myers, FL 33901Main Phone: (239) 939-2020Newsroom Phone: (239) 939-6223


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ALEDO -- Five starters were out because of injury or illness on Tuesday night, forcing the Geneseo wrestling team to bank on three freshmen to overcome a late deficit.
None flinched when the spotlight found them.
All three found a way to win when it mattered, allowing the Maple Leafs to overcome a late deficit against Mercer County and prevail in a state-rated showdown. Freshmen Tumbo Tumbarello, Jon Warner and Hunter Grau won by falls, forfeit and major decision, respectively, in the last three bouts to help Geneseo earn a 34-28 come-from-behind win over the Golden Eagles.
"We expect every guy to give everything they have," said Geneseo coach Jon Murray, whose team is rated eighth in the latest Illinois Best Weekly Class 2A poll. "That's how things like this happen."
Effort was not the key question when those three took the mat. Experience was the issue.
Turns out, the trio displayed both.
Tumbarello needed 53 seconds to complete a 106-pound fall against Drake Stirn, cutting the Mercer County lead to 28-24 with two bouts left. After Jon Warner earned a forfeit victory at 113 pounds, the Maple Leafs regained a 30-28 advantage.
That turned the 120-pound bout into a winner-take-all match.
"I went out there with a mentality that I was going to come out on top," Grau said.
Within 30 seconds of the opening whistle, Grau took a 4-0 lead with a quick takedown and near-fall. By the end of the second period, the advantage ballooned to 13-4.
Grau eventually earned a 17-4 major decision over Preston Adams.
"I knew we were going to win," Grau said. "When it came down to me, I just had to get the win."
The ending mirrored the start as Geneseo won the first three of the first four bouts to get a 13-3 lead. After that, the Golden Eagles, ranked fifth in the Class 1A poll, found a groove.
Zach Nelson (152), Devin Morford (160), Jesse Snyder (170) and Jon Ricke (182) won, in order, by decision, major decision, fall and decision to build 19-12 lead. Geneseo had a team point deducted after the 182-pound bout because of unsportsmanlike conduct.
Lane Akre ended the Mercer County four-bout run with a fall at 195 pounds, but Mason Weeks (220) won by forfeit and Alex Kisner (285) secured a decision to push the Mercer County advantage up to 28-18.
"But down the stretch," Mercer County coach Jeremy Finch said, "(Geneseo) had too much in the lighter weights."
The Golden Eagles (20-3) knew that before the bout, so they tried to shift their lineup to overcame that. In the end, Mercer County could not get the bonus points needed to offset the Maple Leafs' late run.
Geneseo held a 10-4 advantage on bonus points.
"We thrive on bonus points," Finch said. "In the middle of our lineup, that's how we get rolling. Geneseo did a good job of not letting that happen."
Staying strong in weak spots proved to be the difference for the Maple Leafs.
"Our guys were fighting tough," Murray said. "We had some guys who aren't our normal starters in there. They knew what they were up against. They just fought their guts out."
Once again, Geneseo proved its lineup has interchangeable parts. No matter the age, they find a way.
"Every year we keep doing what we do," Murray said. "Hopefully success breeds success."
East moline, IL Details
|(More Print Ads)


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In next month's publication the following improvements will be made to the Index of Production:
A move onto the new 2007 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC07).
The dataset will be consistent with the Blue Book 2011 publication.
The reference year will be moved forward by two years, so that the latest base year for the chained volume measure of IoP will be 2008.
Methodological improvements.
New Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007)
In keeping with EU regulations IoP will be published on a SIC 2007 basis from October 2011. The change in classification is motivated by the need to keep up with changes in the structure of the economy.
The new classification has a small impact on total IoP and a slightly bigger impact on manufacturing. The main changes are:
Sewerage and waste disposal has been moved from services to sector E.
Recycling has moved from manufacturing to sector E.
Publishing has moved from manufacturing into services.
The presentation of IoP, and therefore the bulletin, will change to four main sectors:
B Mining and quarrying
C Manufacturing
D Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
E Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Manufacturing will be split into 13 sub sectors:
C Manufacturing
CA Manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco
CB Manufacture of textiles, wearing apparel and leather products
CC Manufacture of wood and paper products, and printing
CD Manufacture of coke, and refined petroleum products
CE Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
CF Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations
CG Manufacture of rubber and plastic products, and other non-metallic mineral products
CH Manufacture of basic metals and metal products
CI Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
CJ Manufacture of electrical equipment
CK Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
CL Manufacture of transport equipment
CM Other manufacturing and repair
Based on current 2006 weights the loss of recycling and publishing from manufacturing would reduce its weight within production to approximately 69.8% (currently 74.4%).
Based on current 2006 weights gaining sewerage and losing publishing would increase overall productions weight within GDP by 0.3%.
Note that both these estimates exclude any changes made to weights for 2007 and 2008.
Methodological Improvements
The main area of improvement will be the approach to deflation. A more consistent approach across the National Accounts will be introduced for Bluebook 2011 (see Drew S, 2011).
Other changes that effect the Index of Production are covered in the article Blue Book 2011: Improvements to GDP(O), IoS and IoP (see Duff H, 2011).
Source: Office for National Statistics
Duff H (2011) Blue Book 2011: Improvements to GDP(O). Available at:
Everett G (2011). 'Content of Blue Book 2011', Economic and Labour Market Review, April 2011, Volume 5, No 4, pp 87-85. Available at:
Drew S (2011). Deflation improvements in the UK National Accounts. Non-journal article, ONS. Available at:
Details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/assessment/code-of-practice/index.html or from the Media Relations Office email: firstname.lastname@example.com
These National Statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the UK Statistics Authority.


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Terpening expects the pylon installations to be completed by the end of this week, depending on the weather. WSDOT crews will also be re-striping lane lines on the truck route closer to the border to line up with the Canadian border agency's five new inspection booths.
Welcome to the Lighthouse, the official blog of The Northern Light newspaper. The Lighthouse is the place for some breaking news, previews of upcoming articles, smaller news items and some tidbits of local information that might not make it into the print edition of The Northern Light.
The Northern Light reporter Steve Guntli will be the main contributor to The Lighthouse, but other staff from The Northern Light may add items from time to time.
The Lighthouse is a work in progress and may undergo substantial changes as readers react to the content posted here. The Northern Light kindly asks for the patience of its readers as we edge ever so slightly into the world of blogging.
Thank you, and enjoy The Lighthouse Blog!


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WOW I had NO idea that 3 years ago what my porch painting would end up being. I started it all as a therapy to help me try to enjoy Oct/Halloween again. After a great lose Halloween had lost it's fun. I now add color into my little corner of the world instead of trying to look past it all. I hope you all enjoy my artwork this month. Keep in mind I also paint for almost any good cause for free. My Mother taught us that when your older, you give back to the Community. I'm trying...
4th. Annual Porch Painting
By: artistatplaySubscribe Channel: News Location: Ashland, WI
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Deb your artwork is amazing. Iam the person from the Spooner thrift shop, thank you so much for sharing.


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Ken Read
Skipper Ken Read is too superstitious to tell you what he's superstitious about. But whether he's knocking on wood or reciting Grateful Dead lyrics under his breath, we hope he keeps it up. Considered to be one of the world's most accomplished racers, Read was at the helm of PUMA'sil mostro throughout the entire Volvo Ocean Race 2008-2009.
"We weren't perfect in the last race. I'm looking to use that knowledge and experience to do better this time around."
The U.S.-born Read has twice helmed America's Cup programs in 2000 and 2003 and was named "United States Rolex Yachtsman of the Year" twice and has 46 World, North American, and National Championships to his credit.
Yet despite his many sailing trophies, Read admits that his greatest accomplishment in life is his daughter, Tory.
Ken's Vitals
|Estados Unidos
|Date of Birth:
|24 de junho de 1961
|Cidade natal:
|Newport, Rhode Island. USA
Trophy Case
Helmed America's Cup programs in 2000 and 2003
Twice named "United Sates Rolex Yachtsman of the Year"
46 World, North American and National Championships


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Groundwork Milwaukee
The mission of Groundwork Milwaukee is to bring about the sustained regeneration, improvement and management of the physical environment by developing community-based partnerships that empower people, businesses and organizations to promote environmental, economic and social well-being. www.groundworkmke.org
Milwaukee Environmental Consortium
The Milwaukee Environmental Consortium provides communal office space and is a conduit for communal benefits to its members. The member organizations include nonprofit organizations with missions focused on environmental and sustainable development issues. MEC provides an open and welcoming working environment to all environmental groups in the Greater Milwaukee area. http://www.milwaukeeenvironmentalconsortium.org
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Have a yard or garden question? From 9 am to Noon Monday through Wednesday, Milwaukee County residents may call 414-290-2410 to consult our Horticulturists or Master Gardeners. For more answers to your yard and garden questions, visit the Horticulture Help Line web page.
Rent a Garden Plot from the UW Extension
Master Beekeeping & the Urban Apiculture Institute
Milwaukee County UW-Extension & the Urban Apiculture Institute have started Wisconsin's first Master Beekeeper program. In 2008, we secured a permit for an apiary at the community gardens in Wauwatosa and conducted our first Master Beekeeper class.
Milwaukee Urban Agriculture Network – MUAN
A network of Milwaukee-area individuals and organizations collaborating to support urban agriculture and promote awareness of the value and importance of a local food system. All are welcome! This is a casual network that is open to anyone interested in urban gardening,community gardening, local healthy food and urban aquaculture in all of its many forms. Please feel free to join us!
The Victory Garden Initiative
The Victory Garden Initiative is a grassroots movement encouraging you, yes you, to move grass, grow food. Victory Gardeners believe there is no better place to grow food, than in your own yard. In your yard you can foster sustainable agriculture, delicious nutrient rich food, a respect for the cycle of life, a healthy outdoor lifestyle, self-sufficiency and frugality by making the decision to grow your food in your own yard.
Other National Resources
Growing Power
Growing Power is a national nonprofit organization and land trust supporting people from diverse backgrounds, and the environments in which they live, by helping to provide equal access to healthy, high-quality, safe and affordable food for people in all communities. Growing Power implements this mission by providing hands-on training, on-the-ground demonstration, outreach and technical assistance through the development of Community Food Systems that help people grow, process, market and distribute food in a sustainable manner.
Kitchen Gardeners International
is a 501c3 nonprofit founded in Maine, USA with friends from around the world. Our mission is to empower individuals, families, and communities to achieve greater levels of food self-reliance through the promotion of kitchen gardening, home-cooking, and sustainable local food systems. In doing so, KGI seeks to connect, serve, and expand the global community of people who grow some of their own food. They have a great education/advice page.
San Francisco Victory Garden
An wonderful example of what a city can do:


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MRTP–Day 2Posted by Rodney Lister in Uncategorized
Shostakovich–String Quartet No. 7
Irving Fine–String Quartet
Britten–Death In Venice–Act II
Music of Philip Grange–
The Kingdom of Bones
Lowry Dreamscap
Diptych for oboe and harp
Concerto for Solo Clarinet Radical and Symphonic Wind Band
(This is a Cameo disc–2061–Philip Grange is a terrific composer who teaches
a the University of Manchester and whose music should be a lot better known in the US–everywhere, actually)
Ellington–Jumpin'Pumkins, John Henry's Wife, Blue Serge, Jump for Joy (from Classics 837)
Lister–Sleeping In Air (Sometimes you want to remember that you exist)
The Beetles–Sgt. Pepper
Then I was able to find ACT–in Knoxville)
I arrived yesterday at about 5:00CST–Good thing. I've o.d.ed for a little while


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BEAVERTON -- A gunman robbed the Shilo Inn motel about 4 a.m. Monday.
The man entered the motel lobby at 9900 SW Canyon Road in a ski mask, gloves and a grey hoody, said Sgt. David Thompson of the Washington County sheriff's office.
He pointed a semi-automatic handgun at the clerk, then tied him up.
The robber left with an undisclosed amount of cash. A search that included a K9 dog yielded no results.The suspect was of average height and had a slender build.
The clerk was not hurt. It took several minutes to free himself and call police, Thompson said.


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Give maintainership to Josh Paetzel <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
Give maintainership to Josh Paetzel <firstname.lastname@example.com>.
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Reading the LG Tea Leaves
What picking Rochester Mayor Duffy means for team Cuomo By Alan S. Chartock Andrew Cuomo has chosen his candidate for lieutenant governor. He is Bob Duffy, the mayor of Rochester, and a virtual unknown "who-he?" to most New Yorkers. If one knows the Cuomos and the way they think, which is politically, you had better [&hellip
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48°43' / 21°15'
Translation of the
Kosice chapter from
Pinkas Hakehillot Slovakia
Translation of the
Edited by Yehoshua Robert Buchler and Ruth Shashak
Published by Yad Vashem
Published in Jerusalem, 2003
Published by Yad Vashem
Published in Jerusalem, 2003
Project Coordinator
Francine Shapiro
Our sincere appreciation to Yad Vashem
This is a translation from: Pinkas Hakehillot Slovakia: Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Slovakia,
Edited by Yehoshua Robert Buchler and Ruth Shashak, published by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.
JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of
the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material
for verification.
JewishGen is not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in the original work and cannot rewrite or edit the text to correct inaccuracies and/or omissions.
Our mission is to produce a translation of the original work and we cannot verify the accuracy of statements or alter facts cited.
(Pages 495-505)
Translated by Francine Shapiro
(Kassa in Hungarian, Kaschau in German, and Kashoy in Jewish documents).
The capital of Abov district, administrative and economic center of eastern Slovakia.
|% of
Kosice is first mentioned in written documents in 1249, but it is known that it was established a long time before that. From its beginning, it was the property of the kings of Hungary, and there were big markets which also attracted merchants from neighboring countries. Kosice was situated on a crossroad, and controlled an important trade route from southern Europe to Poland and Russia, and a lively traffic developed there. In 1342 it became a free royal city, and that status gave it broad rights. Thanks to its new status, it became a center for international trade, especially in leather, cloth, and spices. A mint was opened there.
In 1554 it became the capitol of Upper Hungary (which included most of the area of Slovakia), and held government offices and the seat of the Roman Catholic church. At this time many schools were opened there, and in 1657 a university was founded.
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, textile, ceramic, and clothing industries were started. Many artisans opened (work) shops, and their proprietors were organized in guilds, according to profession. The flourishing era was cut short during the wars of the Hungarian nobility against the Imperial army in the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century.
During these wars, part of the city was destroyed, many inhabitants departed, administration and government institutions closed, and its status wavered. There were fierce battles in the city and vicinity during the Revolution of 1848-49.
The stagnation in Kosice continued until the city was connected to the railway system, and became an important railroad crossroad.
After the long depression a rapid industrialization process began, accompanied by demographic increase. In the middle of the nineteenth century factories were built for sugar refining, iron products, bricks, beer, large stores, and a few banks. Thanks to the economic boom, Kosice once again became an administrative and economic center for northeastern Hungary. As time passed a cigarette factory, the Frank plant for a coffee substitute, the biggest in Slovakia, and a machine foundry started to work.
Citizens of the city made their living through trade, artisanship, and work in factories, and not a few of them became rich.
The population of Kosice was mixed, and included Hungarians, Slovaks, Germans, Ruthenians, Gypsies, Catholics, Lutherans, and also many Jews. There were various cultural activities. A national theater was founded there, and journals and periodicals were published in a variety of languages. Various social and political organizations were founded, one after another.
During the Czechoslovak Republic development and prosperity continued, the population grew. It was an administrative center for the eastern district of Czechoslovakia, the site of administrative offices, and army and police headquarters. The majority of the population made its living by supplying goods and services to the surrounding population. During the census of 1930 about 60% of the population declared themselves of Czechoslovakian nationality, while the rest were listed as Hungarians, Jews, and Germans.
After the Vienna arbitration of Nov. 2, 1938, when Kosice was annexed to Hungary, about 20,000 inhabitants, most of them Czechs and Slovaks, left the city.
The Hungarian authorities plotted against the Jews and Slovaks who remained in the city, and accused them of supporting the Czechoslovakian regime. Some public figures, Czechoslovakian supporters, were arrested and accused of illegal activity, then executed. Near the end of the Second World War dozens of city residents were murdered by Hungarian Fascist gangs under the command of Ferenc Szalasi, the leader of the Arrow Cross party, who was born in Kosice.
On January 19, 1945 the Soviet and Czechoslovakian armies liberated Kosice. From that time until the liberation of Prague, the capital, on May 9, 1945, Kosice was the home of the Czechoslovakian president, the government, and the higher institutions of the republic. During the Communist regime, from 1948-1989, Kosice continued to grow and develop. The government built new neighborhoods and many factories, including one for steel works, VSZ, the biggest in Czechoslovakia.
At the end of the seventeenth century, Jews settled in a few places in the Kosice district, against the will of the merchants of the city who feared Jewish domination of their trade, and demanded the authorities banish them from Kosice. Despite the fierce opposition of the merchants, and their repeated petitions to the authorities demanding their banishment, some Jews did settle there at the beginning of the eighteenth century in the nearby village of Rozhanovce, and they came to Kosice on market and fair days. They were permitted to trade, but not to sleep there. The local authorities refused applications again and again to permit them to live in Kosice. Since there were many applications from Jews, but opposition of the inhabitants on the other side, again the authorities declared in 1765 it was forbidden for Jews to be in the area of the city when the sun set. In the 1780's it seems that some Jewish families lived on estates close to the city, under the patronage and protection of the local nobles. In a document from 1784 a Jew was mentioned who lived in one of Kosice neighborhoods, and was the owner of a concession to transport the mail. During this era, Rozhanovce was the center for Kosice's Jews.
A few Jews were permitted to settle in Kosice at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1805 two Jewish family heads were there. In 1814 the city authorities permitted the widow Roth to open a kosher restaurant in a street close to the city walls for Jews who came to Kosice on market days. On the list of Kosice inhabitants from 1831 the widow and household are mentioned as the only Jewish inhabitants of the city, although it is possible that a few more Jews lived there without permission. Two years later, in the census of 1833, 24 Jews were listed as Jews, who belonged to the Rozhanovce community and its rabbinate.
Limitations on Jewish settlement in the cities were abolished in 1840, and a small Jewish settlement developed. In 1842 the Jews of Kosice organized and founded an independent community. The Jews gained a license to rent a house in Zabonerska Road, and they converted it into a place usable as a synagogue. In the courtyard of the building they opened a cheder with separate classes for boys and girls. The children were taught to read and write, and three times a week they were given religious instruction. As time passed more Jewish institutions were established on Zabonerska Road, and most Jews lived on this street and neighboring streets, close to the walls of the city. In 1843 the Jewish community wrote it own by-laws. In this year the community included 30 families, inhabitants of Kosice and nearby towns. Very quickly the Jews founded more public institutions, and Kosice became the seat of the rabbinate. The first rabbi was Mordechai HaCohen, who moved to the city from Rozhanovce with other Jews. In 184? the Hevra Kadisha was founded. In 1845 the cemetery was opened (according to another version, the cemetery was open only around 1860 after the city authorities granted the community a piece of land north of the city). In 1888 the first cemetery was so full it was closed, and instead a new cemetery was opened.
In 1845 Jewish merchants (4 textile merchants, one leather merchant, and a silversmith) were granted permission to opened stores in the center of the city. The merchants of the city organized a protest and demanded that the city authorities not allow the Jews to open more stores. Although the inhabitants protested, the Jewish settlement of Kosice continued, and by 1848 there were about 600 Jews.
In the Hungarian War of Independence of 1848-49 some Jews participated with the Hungarian rebels. In the city the revolutionary days were accompanied by attacks against Jews. On March 22, 1848 at night an agitated mob of farmers and local citizens burst into Jewish homes and shops, causing heavy damage to them. 198 homes and stores of Jews were robbed and damaged. The synagogue was profaned and more public institutions were injured. Non-Jewish residents of the city demanded that the city authorities expel all the Jews from Kosice, but were refused. When the rebellion was put down, the Austrian authorities levied a fine on the Jews of 5,000 gold pieces on the pretext that they supported the Hungarians in their revolution.
The great increase of Jews in Kosice continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth century. The community developed, and in 1867 when the Jews were granted equal rights, the population numbered about 300 families. The majority of Kosice Jews made their living through trade, artisanship, as members of the free professions, or entrepreneurs who established factories, mostly to further process products of the agricultural sector.
When the Enlightenment spread among the Jews, many of them supported change from the traditional way of life, and style of prayers in worship.
The leader of Maskilim?? Enlightened ?? was Rabbi Dr. Aharon (Zigfried) Bettelheim from 1861-1866 was a lecturer and secretary of the community, famous as an orator and talented author, a fighter for the Jewish Emancipation. He published a Jewish journal, The Jude, the first of this kind in Slovakia, where he advocated changes in worship and customs, and the style of the rabbi's performance, and the modern ideas he spread caused an acrid dispute among Kosice Jews, and the rabbi was forced to leave the city. Afterwards he immigrated to the United States, where he was doctor and a rabbi in several important communities.
In 1866 the first Reform synagogue was founded in Kosice, which heightened the dispute. The new synagogue included about 500 seats, (some of them in the women's section), but the Orthodox did not recognize it, and continued to pray in the old synagogue. The authorities arbitrated the dispute, and decided to sidestep the problem. They gave the synagogue to the Reform movement, but obligated it to build another synagogue in traditional style with their own funds for the Orthodox public.
At the Congress of Hungarian Jews, in Budapest 1868-69, David Keyn represented the Jews of the Abov region from Kosice. After the resolution of the Congress, the community of Kosice suffered a severe crisis. Most called themselves Neologs, and the Orthodox minority left the community and established a separate framework, which became a member of the Orthodox Communities' organization. This caused a break with the traditional organizational framework, estrangement among Jewish groups in the city, and a split, which continued until the end of the Second World War. After the Holocaust the two groups united into one community.
The Neolog community organized and founded its institutions immediately after the Budapest Congress. It was headed by very famous public figures, who also had a high position in non-Jewish society, among them Dr. David Keyn and Dr. Yakov Moshkovits, who was chief physician and made an important donation to the urban health system. The Neolog Hevra Kadisha, and the Jewish women's organization, which founded a soup kitchen and directed various social activities, started in 1870, while other mutual assistance societies began at that time. In 1888 a new cemetery was opened near the village of Bertza, south of the city. The cemetery was open to all Jews, but had separate sections for Neolog and Orthodox. In 1911 the Neolog synagogue was enlarged and renovated.
The first Neolog rabbi (since 1879) was Rabbi Dr. (Armin) Avraham Perls, a talented preacher, who was outstanding in acumen and leadership ability. He was followed by Rabbi Kalman Lieberman, followed him, assisted during the years 1894-1897 by Rabbi Dr. Shimon Havashi Handler, a scholar and enlightened man. Afterwards he was the Chief Rabbi of Budapest, and one of the spiritual leaders of liberal Jews in Hungary. At the end of the nineteenth century Rabbi Yosef Klein was elected to the rabbinate, and officiated until 1914. Then came Rabbi Emanuel Antin, born in Tarnova, a Halachic scholar, famous thanks to his books and essays in Halachic Judaism.
The Orthodox community gained recognition as a separate community in 1871. A few Batei Midrash belonged to them, in which public prayers were said, a mikva, a Talmud Torah (opened in 1872), a kosher butcher and slaughterhouse, a matzo bakery, and other public institutions. They also founded traditional charitable societies, among them a free loan fund, a clinic for the poor, a burial society, and a learning society: Talmud, Mishna, etc.
In 1882 the Neolog Jews completed the new Orthodox synagogue, in accord with the judgment of the arbitrators in the 1866 case. The first Orthodox synagogue (which was nicknamed the old) was founded in Zabonerska Street on a big plot bought by one of the leaders of the community. During the years the synagogue was enlarged several times, in order to make it suit the needs of the community. The building was 16x 28 meters. Afterwards a yeshiva, bet Midrash, Talmud Torah, mikva, a slaughterhouse, soup kitchen, an apartment for religious workers of the community, and the community offices. It seems that the first Orthodox Rabbi was Rabbi Yehuda Leib Jolles, who came to Kosice from Charisa Luky at the beginning of the 1870's he opened the first yeshiva in Kosice. His assistant was Rabbi Moshe Levi Jungreis. In 1889 Rabbi Jungreis was named chief rabbi and head of the upper yeshiva, with dozens of students. After his death in 1906 his son Rabbi Ithak Zvi Jungreis, who also headed the yeshiva until his death in 1933, succeeded him. Before the First World War, Rabbi Avram Schwarz lived in Kosice, who founded and directed another yeshiva.
A short time after the establishment of the Orthodox community, there was a split. The liberals came under the leadership Rabbi Avram Abba Katz Zellenfreind, who did not like the path of the Zealots, withdrew and established Congregation Adat Shalom. After a short time Adat called itself a Status quo community, one of the first in Hungary. Its members, some dozens of traditional families, established a separate synagogue, and some public institutions. They were keepers of traditions, and their lifestyle was religious, and because of it the very strict rabbis did not excommunicate them. Their Rabbi, Katz Zellenfreind, a distinguished and famous scholar books, Pras Avot, Pnai Avraham, and others gained him wide renown. He was the rabbi in Kosice until his death in 1819, and followed by Rabbi Mordechai Ekshtain.
The Jewish educational system was based on the traditional cheder, and the Talmud Torah. In the middle of the nineteenth century it had between 100-150 pupils. Children of the well to- do either studied general subjects with private tutors, or in public schools. In 1859 a private elementary Jewish school was opened in Kosice, the Israelische Volksschule, which included four classes. It was taught in German, and included boys and girls. In 1862 it closed because of the small number of pupils. In 1868 the community opened a four-class elementary school in a rented house, and in 1872 a fifth class was added. Approximately 120 pupils studied there, first in German, then in Hungarian. After it was broadened 326 children learned there. The distinguished educator, M.N. Rutenberg directed the school, and published an educational weekly, Shomer Yisroel.
After the split and the separation of community institutions, the elementary school became Neolog. The Neolog community continued to develop and invest in education. In 1884 a new and modern Neolog school was built in 1884 near the synagogue. Over a period of time an elementary school was established for boys, in which taught religious and secular studies. From the 1870's it also had a yeshiva and Talmud Torah with a few dozen pupils.
In the three communities there were some funds, charitable organizations, and self-help societies before the First World War. The old Agudat Nashim Yudiot widened its activities, and gained more appreciation, thanks to the variety of its activities for all the people of Kosice.
The Jews of Kosice were involved in city life, and at this time they strengthened their support of emancipation, and the desire to integrate into society as a whole, especially among the enlightened. At this time most of the Jews of Kosice spoke Hungarian and supported Hungarian cultural institutions in the city. They had a most important share in the local economy, and were among the pioneers of industry and banking in the city. The also were in the majority of professionals, especially doctors, lawyers, and pharmacists.
At the end of the nineteenth century the Jewish residents took part in the Hovavei Zion movement, and at the beginning of the twentieth century a Zionist branch was established, headed by Yoshua Rusnak and Zvi Shpielberger, who were some of the founders of the Zionist Organization in Hungary. The Zionist student movement, Bar Kochba, was also active in the city, and in the First World Conference of the Mizrachi Movement in Bratislava in 1904; one representative from Kosice took part. Even at this time, Kosice was one of the centers of Zionist activity in Hungary.
In 1909 three local Jews Zvi Shpielberger, Moshe Yohas, and Ludvig Green were elected to the national Zionist leadership in Hungary, and in May 1910 the Zionist National Conference of Hungary was in Kosice. Yoshua Rusnak from Kosice also took part in the first Zionist congresses. In 1913 a branch of Agudat Yisroel was also established in Kosice by the initiative of Rabbi Yitzhak Zvi Jungreis.
One might mention Rifka Kohut (1864-1951), who immigrated to the US, and was a famous social worker and educator, among the public figures who were born in Kosice. She headed a national charity, and was the president of the Jewish Women's Congress in the US.
During the First World War hundreds from Kosice were taken into the Austro-Hungarian army. Fifteen of them were killed in battles. The war years brought masses of Jewish refugees who fled because of the progress of the Russian army. Many of them settled in Kosice, and integrated into the already pluralistic community. The two Admorim, Rabbi Shmuel Engel from Radomishla, and Rabbi Abraham Shalom Halberstam from Strupkov moved their Hasidic courts to Kosice. The synagogues couldn't contain any more worshippers, and a new Beit Midrash and Hassidic klois were established, in which Rabbi Wolf Reichman and Rabbi Avram Hirsh Klein and their Hassidim prayed.
The communities and their institutions. After the war the Neolog community was the biggest in the city, and had 560 heads of families, who paid communal taxes.
The Rabbi Dr. Emanuel Entin continued to be the rabbi of the community. During the era of the Czechoslovak Republic, Dr. Alexander Noivilt, Dr. Woitech Weiss, Dr. Oygen Molnar, and Dr. Ignatz Herz headed the community successively. In 1927 it erected a new and magnificent synagogue, which cost 4.5 million crowns. The synagogue included 600 seats for men and 500 more in the Women's section. In its courtyard an elementary school was established, one of the most modern in the state, which included ten classes (several on the same grade), rooms for teachers, a gymnasium, a laboratory, and an office. The languages of instruction were Slovak and Hungarian. Besides communal institutions some charities and mutual help societies were also active. In 1929 the Neolog community became a member of the Liberal Communities organization, Yeshurun.
The Orthodox community, which was headed by Shimon Sherman, had about 3,000 members after the war (384 family heads paid the communal tax). The community budget to maintain its institutions and workers in 1922 was 860,000 crowns. In 1923, after the death of the Rabbi. I.Z. Jungreis, Rabbi Shaul Broch was elected head of the community. He was born in Nitra, became one of the distinguished rabbis in Slovakia, and was elected Chief Orthodox Rabbi of Kosice. Divrei Shaul, and Likutei Shaul, and other titles are among his most important works. Rabbi Shaul Broch also headed the Yeshiva of Kosice, which was at the height of its development during his time. Then it had about 300 students, and gained the status of an institution of higher learning by the government of Czechoslovakia. Except for directing the yeshiva, Rabbi Broch was also the head of the Shas and Mishnayot societies, from which generated some talented scholars. Many of the rabbis of this generation were his disciples.
He was assisted by the dayanim, Rabbi Hanoch Peck, the author of Zichron Yosef, and Rabbi Yoshua Friedman, and Rabbi Rafael Bloom. Rabbi Broch was also active in public affairs, was one of the leaders of Agudat Yisroel, and the central office of the Orthodox community in Czechoslovakia. We can learn about his total opposition to Zionism generally, and to religious Zionism (Mizrachi), especially we can learn among other things from the preface to his book, Avot Al Banim, which was mostly dedicated to the struggle against Zionism.
During the Czechoslovakian Republic era, the Orthodox community was enlarged permanently, and at the beginning of the 1930's it included about 700 families. In 1927 its members built a new and spacious synagogue (its size was 35x25 meters) in Maori(??)-a Spanish style). Close to it an Orthodox elementary school, in which the language of instruction was Slovak, a Talmud Torah, and a large, modern matzo bakery were built. At this time in the Orthodox community a group of worshippers prayed in the Sephardic style-i.e, as did the Hassidim. They prayed in the old Beit Midrash, which was converted into a Hassidic Klois. Rabbi Shmuel Engel, who moved to Kosice, was famous for his sharpness, and his important books Shalot and Tshvot Maharash, Pitchei Marash, and others. He was nominated Dayan and Mrei Tzedek, and until his death in 1935 he was the religious leader of the big Hassidic community in Kosice. During this time there were a few more famous rabbis, among them Rabbi Shalom Adler, the rabbi of the community Yeshuat Yisroel, Rabbi Yoshua Frankforter, head of Hevrat Mishnayot, and Rabbi Itzhak (Isaac) Eichenshtain, who was the head of the Beit Midrash HaGadol in Zabonerska Street.
The status quo community, which included some dozen families, kept an independent framework, also after the establishment of Yeshurun, the Liberal Communities Organization. Its head was Moritz Klein, and Rabbi Mordechai Eckshtain continued to be Chief Rabbi until he was expelled to Auschwitz in 1944.
In 1927 the old Neolog synagogue became the place of worship of the Yeshurun community. It was remodeled slightly to suit the needs of the traditional community. Between the two world wars the old charitable societies widened their activities, and new institutions and organizations were set up, including all sorts of social activities.
Jews were directors of urban institutions, such as the gas and electric companies, and public maintenance. The city engineer and two district judges were Jewish. Jews also headed general social and political organizations, and held an honored place among the activists of the Communist Party, and parties of the Hungarian minority. In 1935 Dr. Zoltan Farkash from Kosice was elected to the Upper House of the Czechoslovak Parliament as a representative of the Social Democratic Party.
The national consciousness was also strengthened among the Jews. The population census of 1930 showed that about half the Jews of Kosice (5,733 of 11,514) declared they belonged to the Jewish people. The rest defined themselves as Hungarians and Slovaks. The national Jewish party gained much support among the Jewish public, despite protests of the rabbis. It gained about 10% of the vote in municipal elections in 1925, and had five representatives on the City Council. In the 1928 elections, about 1,700 voted for this party.
Kosice was the site of the leadership of the national Jewish party for all eastern Slovakia and Carpato-Russia. Two Jews from Kosice, Ignatz Goldberger and Dr. Armin Kabosh were members of the Central Directorate of the party in Czechoslovakia. To oppose the Jewish National Party, the Orthodox founded the Jewish Merchants' Party, which also had representatives in the City Council.
The 1920's and 1930's represented the height of Zionist activity, and Kosice became a Zionist center in Czechoslovakia. A spectrum of Zionist organizations existed. A WIZO had 670 members, and was one of the strongest.
In 1929 6,500 crowns were donated in Kosice to pant a forest in Palestine, named for the President of Czechoslovakia, T. G. Masaryk. Before the seventeenth Zionist Congress in 1931, 408 shekels (which entitled the buyer to vote -FS) were purchased in the city.
Dr. Ludvig Green headed the Zionist association in Kosice. DR. Yosef Levi was a member of the active directory of the Zionist organization in Czechoslovakia.
Jewish sports associations, Maccabi and Koach included hundreds of youngsters and adults from all Jewish circles developed a variety of activities. The Koach association, (established in 1920) was centered in seven areas: soccer, swimming, bicycle riding, volleyball, tennis, handball, and table tennis.
The Maccabi Association, which was founded in 1921, was distinguished by sport activities, and from the local branch came some distinguished sportsmen, who also competed in national contests. In the 1930's the two associations began to cooperate, and in time they united.
Hashomer Kadima (afterwards Hashomer Hatzair), was the first Zionist youth movement which opened a club in Kosice. It was founded in 1921, and was the largest youth movement in the city. Then came branches of Betar, Ziorei Mizrachi (afterwards B'nai Akiva), Hanoar Zioni, and Maccabi Hazair. Ha Mizrachi Hashomer Kadima and B'nai Akiva opened offices of the national leadership in Kosice and organized conferences in it. Dozens of graduates of youth movements in Kosice who were trained on farms made aliyah before World War Two.
The non-Zionist orthodox were active in Agudat Yisroel, and Ziorei Agudat Yisroel movement, which had hundreds of members. Religious girls were members of the Beis Yakov movement, which was involved in educational and social work.
Many of the Jews of Kosice were oriented to Hungarian culture, and were members of political and social organization of the Hungarian minority in the city. Some had leadership positions. The majority spoke Hungarian, and some even registered as members of the Hungarian nation. They were a small section of the elite of Jewish society, identified with the national Hungarian movement, which insisted on annexing the areas of Slovakia to Hungary. On the other hand, the majority of the youths, especially Zionist activists and the ideal of a Jewish nationalism, had a stronger tendency to identify with the democratic Czechoslovakian republic. In the 1930's there was an Association of the Jews of Slovakia, and a second Association.of Slovak Jews. Dr. Andre Marcus led the second organization. It spread Slovak culture among the Jews, and encouraged them to integrate into Slovak national life. From 1935-38 it published the periodical Rozvoj.
Some Jewish journals were published during those years in Kosice, among them Kassai Hirlap (in Hungarian), Judische Tradition (in German), close to the viewpoint of Agudat Yisroel, the Yiddish weekly Yiddishe Folkszeitung , and from 1932 another weekly in Yiddish and Hungarian, Dos Yiddishe Vort- Zsido Szo. A local periodical was also published in Kosice in German dedicated to society and culture, called Judischer Wochenkalender, which enjoyed wide popularity.
In the economy the Jews continued to enjoy a much more important position than their proportion in the population. The majority of the (about 60%) made their living by trade, and the majority of business establishments in the city were owned by them.
Jews were especially outstanding in the textile and clothing branches, wood, and building materials. Many of them were artisans, and also salesclerks, agents, clerks, and a large group of free professionals: about 30 doctors, fifty-four lawyer, 15 engineers, and seven pharmacists. The Jewish industrialists and initiators were outstanding. The owned a factory for manufacturing wood products, Fodor and Lustig, a factory for paint and mineral oil, Sakaly and his partner, a chemical fertilizer factory, a soap plant, Adolf Friedman, a factory for machines and turbines, Fleischer and partners, a factory for leather goods and furniture, a flour mill, a factory for concrete products, Glass and Friedman, the Globus publishing and printing house, and other smaller factories.
Jews were also the owners of insurance agencies, and some banks.
They were noteworthy among the intelligentsia of the city, and there were among them some lecturers and professors in the upper educational institutions, journalists, artists, authors, and other intellectuals.
At the beginning of 1938 the Arrow Cross-Fascist anti-Semitic party, which began agitation against the Jews, tortured them, and demanded the authorities enact severe economic laws against them. The Arrow Cross Party and its leader, Ferenc Salashy, who was born in Kosice, enjoyed great support among the people. In 1940 the local authorities expelled Jews from some economic activities, and levied limitations and severe decrees. Some 461 Jewish merchants were deprived of business licenses, and many free professionals were fired from work, and lost their licenses. The majority of Jews who still worked in public service, and Jews who wee members of the local council were dismissed from their jobs. The results of the activities of the authorities against the Jews were significant in a short time. About 3,000 local Jews and refugees needed support from welfare organization of the Jewish community (OMZSA). In the summer of 1940 hundreds of the Jews of Kosice were enlisted into forced labor units, and were sent to work camps.
The campaign of pursuit against the Jews continued and intensified in 1941. In June the last two Jews were expelled from the city council, Dr. Bella Halmi, and Dr. Armin Wickerman, members of the Hungarian National Party. The Hungarian police entered dozens of offices and clubs of Jewish movements and organizations, whose activities were prohibited, and confiscated their possessions. In July 1941 there was another expulsion in Kosice of Jews without Hungarian citizenship. About 300 men, women, and children were expelled to the occupied area in the Ukraine, and in the autumn all were murdered in the Kaminets-Podolsk area. At the end of 1941 about 10,000 Jews remained in the city.
Kosice was one of the places that Jews who succeeded in fleeing expulsion from where they were living came to. Many refugees from Poland also found shelter in the city for a brief time. The Jewish public and the community institutions aided the refugees, and gave them forged papers, food, sometimes also some money, and smuggled them into Budapest. Most of the smuggling was done by members of youth movements, who organized themselves into underground groups, and helped to smuggle refugees to Romania, and from there to Palestine. Hungarian policemen arrested many of those active in smuggling, who were caught giving shelter to refugees from Slovakia and Poland. Zoltan Schonerz from Kosice, active in the Czechoslovakia Communist party, was condemned to death, and executed in 1942 after the Hungarians accused him of espionage.
At the beginning of 1944 the Neolog community numbered 875 heads of families, taxpayers, about 4,500 souls. The community continued to function as usual under the leadership of Dr. Akush Kollush (spelling??), and had 38 workers. Rabbi Emanuel Antin continued to be Chief Rabbi.
In the community school there were 630 pupils, and in the orphanage, supported by its budget, lived some dozens of children.
At this time there were about 3,000 members of the Orthodox community, 682 families who paid taxes. After the death of Rabbi Shaul Broch in 1940, the Dayan, Rabbi Hanoch Pek, succeeded him. The head of the community was Oygen Unger, and Rabbi Eleazer Weisberg was the Dayan. The Orthodox community employed 16 workers, and maintained a soup kitchen, which gave hot meals to 200 needy people.
To free them, a ransom of a million Pengos was demanded of the Jews of Kosice, an astronomical sum in those days. The Jews paid the whole ransom, but those arrested were not freed. After a short time a unit of the Nazi security police was located in Kosice, together with the Hungarian authorities. They planned the stages of expulsion, and method of execution. Since Kosice was a central railway junction, it was made a central transit station where Hungarian policemen transferred supervision of the transports to German SS men.
At the beginning of April, 1944 a Judenrat of 20 members was set up, half Neolog and half Orthodox by orders of the authorities. The head of the council was DR. Akush Kolosh, and Artur Greg was his assistant. On April 16, 1944, after Passover, Jews from towns in the district were concentrated in Kosice, about 4,000 from Muldover, Tuna, and little rural communities. These people were temporarily located in Jewish homes, and in buildings of Jakob's local brick factory. On April 20, 1944 a ghetto was established in the brick factory, which was directed by Hungarian police officer Tibor So. Two days later Deak Street was speedily evacuated, a street mostly populated by Jews, and they were mostly brought to the Orthodox synagogue. On April 24, 1944 the state secretary, Laszlo Endre, who was responsible for Jewish among the public figures that were born in Kosice Affairs in the Hungarian government, visited Kosice and a group of SS officers came with him, in order to coordinate the concentration and the expulsion of the Jews. On the 27th the Jews were ordered to assemble in the synagogue area, on Zabonerska and Zariny Streets, and from there they were taken to the ghetto. On the next day the commander of the police reported that there were 11,839 Jews, 7,833 of them inhabitants of Kosice, and 4,006 inhabitants of other places in the district. The police commander arrested another 220 Jews. In the temporary ghetto were very difficult and only after a few days were a kitchen and a clinic established. The police enforced a reign of terror, and tortured the Jews cruelly. A 17-year-old girl who tried to flee the ghetto was shot to death, and her corpse displayed as a warning. About 1,00 Jews remained outside the ghetto, whose professions were needed, and some were privileged (army officer, soldiers with medals, war invalids, political activists of the Hungarian minority, and others.)
On April 29 they were concentrated in a ghetto of the privileged, which was established on some streets in the southeastern parts of the city. The commander of this ghetto was Laszo Csatari, an officer of the Hungarian gendarmerie. On May 19, 1944, all its inhabitants were transported to the central ghetto. The expulsion of Kosice's Jews and those of nearby communities began on May 15, 1944. That day they made a temporary side branch of the station platform near the ghetto to transport about 6,680 people, mainly Jews of the vicinity to the death camp of Auschwitz. On May 19, 1944 a transport left Kosice with 3352 people, and another expulsion train left on May 24 with 3172 Jews from Kosice and the vicinity. At night between June 3 and 4, 1944 the fifth and last transport left Kosice of 2,439 Jews. There were about 15,700 Jews expelled from Kosice to the death camp.
The population of Kosice was generally indifferent or even showed satisfaction about the expulsion of their Jewish neighbors, and the hardest actions before it. Many cooperated with the police, and took part in the robbery of Jewish wealth that remained after the Jews were expelled. Only a few protested against what was done to the Jews, and some local leaders even tried to help them. The Catholic bishop Charski (of Slovak origin) organized with some priests organized a protest march to the brick factory, against the expulsion of the Jews. About 100 Kosice Jews found shelter with inhabitants of the city, or fames in nearby villages, who risked their lives in order to save Jews. Dozens of Jews succeeded in fleeing the ghetto, and infiltrated the Slovakia area full of dangers and obstacles. Among them were refugees from Slovakia who fled in 1942 to Kosice. Some of them participated in the partisans, and during the time of the Slovakian Rebellion, fought against the Germans. In November 1944 a transport of 220 Jews from the city of Miskolc stopped in Kosice. According to testimonies, members of the local Arrow Cross inserted poison gas into the closed car, and caused the death of all the Jews.
On January 5, 1945 a few days before the liberation of Kosice, members of the Arrow Cross hung 12 men on the city streets who deserted the Hungarian army and the forced labor, among them five Jews.
As soon as the war was over, quick activity began to revive Jewish life in the city. An office was established in the city to receive refugees and repatriate them, and took care of their primary needs. Also a soup kitchen and hostel was opened for the homeless and refugees. The members of the three Kosice communities, united to form one community of an Orthodox character. The new Orthodox synagogue, the Bet Midrash in Zabonerska street, the mikva, cemetery, and other public institutions were cleaned and refurbished, and began to function again. Morris Roth was elected leader of the community, and with him worked Rabbi Rafael Bloom and Rabbi Yitzhak Eichenshtein, who returned to the city. On Rosh Hashana 1945 there were in the two synagogues public prayers, and many people took part in them.
After a short time Rabbi Bloom opened and headed a yeshiva. When he immigrated to the USA in 1947, Rabbi Yithak Eishenshtein succeeded him. The yeshiva was one of the two yeshivas in Slovakia after the Holocaust, and it had some dozens of students.
Gradually the returnees reconstructed their lives in the community framework.
Memorial tablets dedicated to the Jews of Kosice who were murdered in the Holocaust were placed in the cemetery and in the synagogue in Zabonerska Street. Some of the survivors had new families, others reconstructed their businesses and an intense social life developed. During the time many Jews from villages in SE Slovakia came to live in Kosice. In 1948 Alexander Schweid headed the community. It had about 3,600 members, and aside from them there were hundreds of Jews who were not members of the community.
The Zionist movement became active in Kosice immediately after the liberation, and the city was the location of the Central Office of the Zionist organization in eastern Slovakia, headed by Zaharia Goldshtein.
Henry Neugershal and Isidor Vaks headed in succession the local Zionist Assn. In 1947 the Jews of Kosice donated to the Jewish national Fund $712,000 crowns to plant Yar Czechoslovakia in the mountains of Jerusalem. There were Zionist clubs of all movements and parties wee opened, and were social centers for hundreds of Jewish youths. The biggest youth movements in Kosice were HaShomer Hazair and Bnai Akiva. Betar, Maccabi HaZair, and HaOved Hazioni were also active. The Bnai Akiva movement opened a small yeshiva, Midrashiat Ben Zakkai. Hashomer HaZair and Maccabi HaZair opened training centers before aliyah. The sport association, Maccabi restarted its activity, and Agudat Yisroel, which also renewed its activity, opened a Beit Yakov hostel for Jewish girls. During the years 1948-1949 the majority of the Jews of Kosice emigrated to Israel and other states. At the end of 1949 more than 1,000 Jews remained. The community continued to function, and some more hundreds of Jews from villages and towns in the area joined them. Rabbi Shmuel Grossman was the community rabbi, succeeded by Rabbi Shlomo Shteiner. All the communities of Eastern Slovakia were placed under the jurisdiction of the Kosice rabbinate, and the community of Kosice supplied them with religious services for many years. The community also maintained a kosher restaurant in the city.
Some hundreds of Jews already belonged to the Kosice s community during the 1990's, under the leadership of Dr. Shick. After some years without a rabbi, there is again a rabbi in Kosice. There is a Jewish youth movement in the community framework, and religion lessons. The community owns a synagogue, formerly the Orthodox synagogue, and has recently begun to renovate it, and another synagogue, cemetery, community house, mikva, and a kosher restaurant. During the last few years some buildings were returned to the community in which were located its institutions, and were confiscated by the Communists. Some Jewish organizations began activities again. The former Neolog synagogue is now a concert hall, and the Status Quo community synagogue is now a warehouse. The Jewish cemetery is still in use, and it includes some large monuments of Hassidic rabbis.
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