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Actual Cancer Deaths Decrease for Second Year Running
Marking what many cancer researchers are calling an important trend, the actual number of cancer deaths in the United States fell by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004, the most recent year for which mortality data are available. The steady decline in the rate of cancer deaths also continued.
The downturn from 556,902 deaths in 2003 to 553,888 in 2004 marks the biggest single-year decrease ever and the second consecutive year in which actual deaths - not just the death rate - have dipped.
"This decrease in actual number of cancer deaths, coupled with our SEER data showing a decline in the rate of cancer deaths since 1991, is extremely encouraging and highlights real progress," said NCI Director Dr. John E. Niederhuber. Read more
Good News on Cancer Deaths Underscores Progress
Last week, the entire nation received the excellent news that, for the second year in a row - and for only the second time ever - the actual number of cancer deaths in the United States fell.
As a nation, our population is still growing and living longer, which makes this decline even more significant. It also further demonstrates the importance of closely tracking and studying incidence and death rates. Read more
Actual Cancer Deaths Decrease for Second Year Running
Marking what many cancer researchers are calling an important trend, the actual number of cancer deaths in the United States fell by more than 3,000 from 2003 to 2004, the most recent year for which mortality data are available. The steady decline in the rate of cancer deaths also continued.
The downturn from 556,902 deaths in 2003 to 553,888 in 2004 marks the biggest single-year decrease ever and the second consecutive year in which actual deaths - not just the death rate - have dipped.
"This decrease in actual number of cancer deaths, coupled with our SEER data showing a decline in the rate of cancer deaths since 1991, is extremely encouraging and highlights real progress," said NCI Director Dr. John E. Niederhuber.
The new mortality numbers were released as part of an annual report released by the American Cancer Society (ACS), Cancer Statistics 2007, which reports on the most recent mortality data, as well as providing cancer incidence and mortality estimates for the current year. Last year's publication showed a decrease of 369 cancer deaths from 2002 to 2003, the first-ever reported decline in cancer deaths since such statistics have been reported.
The new report has sparked intense optimism.
"This second consecutive drop in the number of actual cancer deaths, much steeper than the first, shows last year's drop was no fluke," said ACS Chief Executive Officer Dr. John R. Seffrin.
Even though the mortality rate has been decreasing for some time, added Dr. Gabriel N. Hortobagyi, president of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the fact that the number of cancer deaths has decreased during a time of continued population growth "is very encouraging."
The drop in deaths was largely attributed to the reductions in smoking prevalence over the past several decades, improvements in cancer screening rates, and the use of increasingly effective treatment regimens. Screening's impact was most evident for colorectal cancer, which had the greatest reductions in cancer deaths among both men and women from 2003 to 2004.
According to Dr. Brenda Edwards, associate director of the NCI Surveillance Research Program, collaborative research is ongoing by the NCI-sponsored Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network to better understand the impact of risk factor reduction and prevention, screening, and treatment on trends in death and incidence rates for cancers of the breast, colon-rectum, lung, and prostate.
The report, led by Dr. Ahmedin Jemal, from the ACS Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, notes that cancer still accounted for about 23 percent of all U.S. deaths in 2004, with only heart disease responsible for more. Also, with the exception of a few cancer sites, Dr. Jemal and his ACS colleagues wrote, "[Cancer] incidence and death rates are consistently higher in African Americans than in Whites."
Although improvements in treatment for some cancers have lagged behind those seen in screening, Dr. Hortobagyi said he was optimistic that, with the pattern that's begun to develop with the newer targeted agents, that would start to change.
The pattern, he explained, begins with a "biological signal" in early-stage trials that a drug could be effective. It then moves into larger trials where it demonstrates some prolongation in disease progression and survival in previously treated metastatic disease. Finally, it transitions to testing in an early-stage disease with a curative intent.
"We've seen that with breast cancer and colorectal cancer, for example, and we're starting to see it in other tumors, as well," he said.
By Carmen Phillips
Good News on Cancer Deaths Underscores Progress
Last week, the entire nation received the excellent news that, for the second year in a row - and for only the second time ever - the actual number of cancer deaths in the United States fell.
As a nation, our population is still growing and living longer, which makes this decline even more significant. It also further demonstrates the importance of closely tracking and studying incidence and death rates.
Our investment in programs like SEER, for example, has allowed us to track the stabilization of cancer incidence rates and the overall decline in cancer death rates since the early 1990s. And through CISNET, NCI is supporting a consortium of researchers with expertise in modeling to help determine the relative contributions of various interventions to incidence and mortality rates. These important programs are greatly informing our efforts to lessen the cancer burden.
NCI had a tremendous opportunity last week to share the good news of the decline in deaths from cancer with President Bush. The President participated in a roundtable discussion on cancer and research with HHS Secretary Mike Leavitt, NIH Director Dr. Elias Zerhouni, National Human Genome Research Institute Director Dr. Francis Collins, and me. Two cancer survivors, Becky Fisher and Dr. Grace Butler, who is a member of the NCI Director's Consumer Liaison Group, also participated and both had powerful personal messages about their cancer experience that clearly touched the President.
It was the President's fifth visit to NIH and the first time that his focus was on the impact of cancer research achievements. At the roundtable, I had the opportunity to explain to President Bush some of the exciting genetics-related initiatives NCI is leading, including the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility and The Cancer Genome Atlas. As I told the President, programs such as these are laying the foundation for our ability to identify individuals at risk, develop prevention strategies, and design the next generation of cancer therapies. This new knowledge will greatly contribute to improvements in treatment and the continued reductions in cancer deaths.
Earlier in the day, President Bush toured the laboratory of Dr. Marston Linehan, chief of the Urologic Oncology Branch in NCI's Center for Cancer Research, and went to the clinical floor to visit with two of his patients. Over the past two decades, Dr. Linehan has used the power of genetics to pinpoint new molecular targets for therapy for kidney cancer, a disease that, until recently, has proven to be an intractable foe.
In addition to using genetics research to identify potential therapeutic targets, research into identifying a tumor's genetic makeup via gene-expression profiles is already beginning to influence decisions about patient care with existing therapies for breast cancer and lymphoma.
The advances being made in these and many other areas offer real hope for continuous progress. Even so, the new ACS report again confirms that minority and low-income populations shoulder a disproportionate cancer burden and aren't benefiting equally from these important advances. One way NCI is attempting to address this problem is by bringing the results of postgenomics science to patients where they live through the NCI Community Cancer Centers Program, with the hope of broadening access to clinical trials and to cutting-edge prevention, diagnosis, and treatment interventions.
With this new report, there is great cause for optimism, but an optimism that should be tempered by an understanding of the very real hurdles to progress we still face. These are challenges that we must address as a community. In doing so, such encouraging trends will become the rule, not the exception.
Dr. John E. Niederhuber
Gemcitabine Extends Disease-Free Survival in Pancreatic Cancer
Results from the largest randomized clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery for pancreatic cancer, published in the January 17 Journal of the American Medical Association, show that the drug gemcitabine can increase disease-free survival without excessive side effects.
Investigators from Germany and Austria enrolled 354 eligible patients into the trial. All patients underwent complete resection of their pancreatic cancer. Following surgery, 179 patients received 6 cycles of chemotherapy with gemcitabine, each cycle consisting of 3 weekly injections followed by a 1-week rest period; 175 patients were assigned to an observation-only control group.
Dose modifications were allowed if patients experienced high-grade side effects. Investigators followed all patients with regular physical exams, blood tests, imaging, and quality-of-life assessments until death. The primary endpoint of the trial was disease-free survival, but investigators also measured toxicity and overall survival.
Sixty-two percent of patients in the gemcitabine group received all six cycles of scheduled chemotherapy, and 87 percent received at least one full cycle. High-grade side effects occurred infrequently and their incidence did not increase during the course of chemotherapy. Patients in the gemcitabine group experienced significantly longer median disease-free survival than patients in the control group (13.4 months vs. 6.9 months), without a decrease in quality of life.
Investigators observed a trend toward improved overall survival with the administration of gemcitabine, but this was not statistically significant. However, explained the authors, in light of their estimated survival analysis, "It seems highly likely that the difference in overall survival between groups will become statistically significant with a longer follow-up."
Review Reveals Common Flaws in Microarray Gene-Expression Studies
A detailed review of 42 cancer studies that used microarray technology to identify gene-expression profiles that can predict such things as therapeutic response or survival revealed common flaws in the studies' statistical analyses, according to a new report. Published in the January 17 Journal of the National Cancer Institute (JNCI), the "critical review" of the 42 studies, all published in 2004, was conducted by Drs. Alain Dupuy, from the Hospital Saint-Louis in Paris, and Richard M. Simon, chief of NCI's Biometric Research Branch.
Although the volume of studies that use microarrays is increasing, the authors explained, questions have been raised about the validity of such studies' findings. The authors indicated that "microarray-based clinical investigations have generated both unrealistic hype and excessive skepticism."
Drs. Dupuy and Simon reviewed 90 studies published through the end of 2004 that related microarray-expression profiling to clinical outcome. They grouped the studies into three general categories: those that had an "outcome-related gene finding," which attempted to find specific genes expressed differently depending on patients' prognoses; those that focused on "class discovery" using statistical methods to group tumor specimens with similar gene-expression profiles; and those focused on "supervised prediction," which produce an algorithm that could predict clinical outcome on the basis of individual gene-expression profiles.
They then more closely reviewed 42 studies from this larger group published in 2004 and concluded that 50 percent contained at least one basic flaw. In 9 of the 23 outcome-related gene-finding studies, for example, there was "an unstated, unclear, or inadequate control for multiple testing." Other important flaws they found included overuse and/or inappropriate use of cluster analysis and reporting of biased estimates of prediction accuracy for supervised classifiers.
To help researchers avoid similar problems in future microarray data analyses, the paper includes guidelines for conducting these types of studies.
New Mechanisms Found for PTEN Protein
Tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) play a key role in controlling cell proliferation. Normal PTEN protein acts in a biochemical pathway that signals damaged cells to stop dividing and triggers them to self-destruct. Research teams from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and NCI's Center for Cancer Research (CCR) have uncovered ways that cancer cells interfere with this suppressor action. Their findings, published in the January 12 Cell, could eventually yield new clinical strategies.
In one study, Dr. Xuejun Jiang and colleagues identified a key regulator of PTEN protein, a ubiquitin ligase known as NEDD4-1. In a mouse model, they found that NEDD4-1 was highly expressed in tumor cells and involved in posttranslationally modifying the PTEN protein by adding ubiquitin. Though the PTEN gene was not mutated, the ubiquinated PTEN protein was largely destroyed and its ability to suppress tumors was lost, thus qualifying NEDD4-1 as a potential proto-oncogene.
In a second study, Dr. Pier Paolo Pandolfi and colleagues uncovered a novel role for the PTEN protein in the cell nucleus. In collaboration with Dr. Tom Misteli in CCR, they showed that normal PTEN protein is synthesized in the cytoplasm and modified by the NEDD4-1 ligase for entry into the nucleus, where it contributes to chromosome stability. A cancer mutation in the PTEN gene alters the protein, preventing it from entering the nucleus and acting as a tumor suppressor. "This is a beautiful example of basic research uncovering a novel cancer mechanism and pointing the way to entirely novel therapeutic strategies," said Dr. Misteli.
Calcium Offers Prolonged Protection From Colorectal Adenomas
Calcium supplements decrease the risk of colorectal adenomas 5 years after treatment ends, according to study results published in the January 17 JNCI.
Dr. John A. Baron of Dartmouth Medical School and colleagues followed participants of the Calcium Polyp Prevention Study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of calcium supplements for subjects with a previous colorectal adenoma from 1988 to 1992. Researchers sent participants annual follow-up questionnaires that addressed medical events, including colonoscopies, as well as use of medication, vitamins, and dietary supplements. They obtained posttreatment information from 1999 to 2003 for 822 of the original 930 subjects.
Both the calcium treatment group and the placebo group had a similar number of colonoscopies, time to first and last colonoscopy, and use of calcium supplements after treatment ended. However, during the 5 years after treatment, those participants in the calcium treatment group had a significantly lower risk of all adenomas than those in the placebo group (31.5 percent vs. 43.2 percent).
The researchers wrote, "The persistence of the effect is a provocative finding, but one that is difficult to explain. It suggests that a 4-year course of calcium treatment alters the colorectal mucosa in such a way that it can resist the development of new adenomas that would otherwise become apparent several years later."As for potential avenues of future research, Drs. Maria Elena Martinez and Elizabeth T. Jacobs of the Arizona Cancer Center wrote in an accompanying editorial that "individuals with lower rather than higher nutrient intakes are likely to benefit the most from supplementation and…those who have already exceeded the threshold of prevention may experience no added protection. Additionally, trials of adenoma recurrence should consider combinations of calcium and other agents."
Late in Life, Prostate Cancer Screening May Do More Harm than Good
The test used to screen for prostate cancer, the PSA (prostate-specific antigen) test, is controversial among many physicians. But even advocates of PSA testing do not recommend it for men who might not live long enough to see a benefit from screening.
The potential benefits of PSA testing are unclear, but experts agree that a man would probably have to live more than a decade to experience them. This is because the forms of prostate cancer that are detected by PSA testing late in life often progress slowly, as opposed to the more aggressive and often fatal forms of the disease that may occur earlier.
The potential harms of PSA testing, on the other hand, can occur immediately and are often substantial. These include additional testing, psychological distress, and side effects from treating a disease that might never have caused any harm.
For these reasons, most prostate cancer screening guidelines recommend against testing elderly men with limited life expectancy. But many men in their 70s and 80s are being screened anyway, and this has raised concerns among some physicians.
"This test can definitely cause more harm than benefit when used in an elderly population with multiple health conditions," says Dr. Louise Walter, a geriatrician and researcher at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and the University of California, San Francisco.
She led a recent survey of PSA testing in the VA medical system. Many physicians have been ordering PSA tests for men in their 70s and 80s, including some men in poor health, the researchers reported last November in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
"I was surprised by how often very elderly men who have other severe diseases are getting prostate cancer screening," says Dr. Walter, who undertook the study after seeing some of her patients being harmed by PSA testing.
The test, she points out, measures blood levels of the PSA protein and is thought to be less informative in older men. Changes associated with aging such as a benign enlarged prostate can cause high PSA levels even when there is no prostate cancer.
And the benefits of testing remain unproven for all men, regardless of age or life expectancy. Two large randomized trials are investigating whether screening reduces prostate cancer deaths. Both have been ongoing for about 12 years and have yet to demonstrate a survival advantage for the men being screened.
Nonetheless, the prospect of having cancer based on the test is "very scary" to many men. "They may not realize that prostate cancer can range from an indolent disease that will never affect anyone to aggressive cancers that will kill them," says Dr. Walter.
Some of her patients became so distracted by looking for a disease they did not have that they neglected the diseases they did have.
She gives the example of an 85-year-old patient with inoperable heart disease. As she was treating him, another doctor tested his PSA and found it to be elevated. The patient grew anxious and requested a biopsy.
The result came back, and the doctor told him he had low-grade prostate cancer, which progresses slowly and kills relatively few people. The doctor told him not to worry, but the man couldn't stop worrying.
He considered himself a cancer patient and flew to Mexico for an alternative treatment. Meanwhile, his heart condition worsened, and he died of a heart attack 6 months later.
"He spent those final months worrying about his cancer, which was the least of his problems," says Dr. Walter. "He should never have been screened."
Her study last year suggests that his case may not be unique. More than half of nearly 600,000 men over age 70 had PSA testing at VA facilities in 2003. None of the men had a history of prostate cancer, and healthy men were screened at about the same rates as those with other diseases.
"This study points out that we are not doing a great job in terms of selecting people for screening," says Dr. Howard Parnes, who studies prostate cancer prevention in NCI's Division of Cancer Prevention.
Physicians may not be taking the whole person's health picture into account when making this screening decision, he adds.
"It's not that old men shouldn't be screened, but we should be selective in screening because the benefits take a while but the harms are immediate," says Dr. Parnes.
The reasons for the high screening rates among veterans are not clear, but very few men asked for the test. Most likely, the tests were done as part of routine blood work that might include, for instance, testing cholesterol levels.
An editorial in the same issue of JAMA noted that physicians order the tests because patients overestimate their chances of dying from prostate cancer, as well as the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Another reason is that physicians are often rewarded for treating patients and may be severely penalized for missing a cancer.
"This dilemma is quite common in the current health care system and certainly requires urgent attention in the near future," wrote Dr. Peter Albertsen of the University of Connecticut Health Center in the JAMA editorial.
In the meantime, Dr. Walter hopes that more physicians will talk openly with their elderly patients about the potential harms of PSA testing. "This is really about not harming people by avoiding a procedure they don't need," she says.
By Edward R. Winstead
Sorafenib for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Name of the Trial
Principal Investigator
Why This Trial Is Important
Many new drugs are currently being tested for the treatment of metastatic, androgen-independent prostate cancer. Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a type of anticancer drug that belongs to a class of drugs called small-molecule inhibitors. Small-molecule inhibitors block the activity of proteins in cancer cells that help promote cell division and survival.
Sorafenib inhibits the activity of at least three cancer-cell proteins involved in cell signaling - the transmission of information within a cell or between cells. The inhibition of multiple signaling proteins blocks both tumor-cell division and the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that feed the tumor.
"In the laboratory, sorafenib had activity against both signal transduction and angiogenesis in prostate cancer," explained Dr. Dahut. "We believe that angiogenesis is an important target in prostate cancer. Patients who have more vascular tumors at the time of initial diagnosis are more likely to eventually develop metastatic disease."
Who Can Join This Trial
Study Sites and Contact Information
An archive of "Featured Clinical Trial" columns is available at http://cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/ft-all-featured-trials.
States with Laws Requiring Third-Party Coverage for Cervical Cancer Screening*
January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month. Pelvic exams, Pap test, and tests for human papillomavirus (HPV) are essential for detecting cervical cancer or abnormalities that may lead to cervical cancer. The map shows the states with laws requiring third-party coverage for cervial cancer screening. For information on coverage of cancer screening in your state, go to http://www.scld-nci.net. For information on cervical cancer, go to http://www.cancer.gov/
Following are newly released NCI research funding opportunities:
PHS 2007-02 Omnibus Solicitation of the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration for Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Grant Applications (Parent SBIR)
This funding opportunity will use the R43/R44 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3660. Inquiries: Michael Weingarten - email@example.com
PHS 2007-02 Omnibus Solicitation of the National Institutes of Health for Small Business Technology Transfer Grant Applications
This funding opportunity will use the R41/R42 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3661. Inquiries: Michael Weingarten - firstname.lastname@example.com
Outcomes and Cost-Effectiveness Studies of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Using Existing Practice-Based Research Networks
This funding opportunity will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3673. Inquiries: Dr. Martin Brown - email@example.com
Research on Social Work Practice and Concepts in Health
This is a renewal of PA-06-081 and will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3662. Inquiries: Dr. Sabra Woolley - firstname.lastname@example.com
Information Technologies and the Internet in Health Services and Intervention Delivery
This is a renewal of PA-06-226 and will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3665. Inquiries: Dr. Audie Atienza - email@example.com
The National Institutes of Health Pathway to Independence Award
This is a renewal of PA-06-133 and will use the K99/R00 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3666. Inquiries: Dr. David J. Eckstein - firstname.lastname@example.com
Epigenetic Approaches in Cancer Epidemiology
This funding opportunity will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3667. Inquiries: Dr. Mukesh Verma - firstname.lastname@example.com
Epigenetic Approaches in Cancer Epidemiology
This funding opportunity will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3668. Inquiries: Dr. Mukesh Verma - firstname.lastname@example.com
Application of Metabolomics for Translational and Biological Research
This funding opportunity will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3669. Inquiries: Dr. Padma Maruvada - firstname.lastname@example.com; Dr. Sudhir Srivastava - email@example.com; Dr. John R. Knowlton - email@example.com
Application of Metabolomics for Translational and Biological Research
This funding opportunity will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3670. Inquiries: Dr. Padma Maruvada - firstname.lastname@example.com; Dr. Sudhir Srivastava - firstname.lastname@example.com; Dr. John R. Knowlton - firstname.lastname@example.com
Novel Approaches to Enhance Animal Stem Cell Research
This is a renewal of PA-04-125 and will use the R01 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3671. Inquiries: Dr. Donald Blair - firstname.lastname@example.com
Novel Approaches to Enhance Animal Stem Cell Research
This is a renewal of PA-04-125 and will use the R21 award mechanism. For more information, see http://cri.nci.nih.gov/4abst.cfm?initiativeparfa_id=3672. Inquiries: Dr. Donald Blair - email@example.com
Dr. Grace L. Butler is professor emeritus at the University of Houston. She is a colorectal cancer survivor who founded Hope Through Grace in 2002. Dr. Butler was recently appointed to serve on the NCI Director's Consumer Liaison Group (DCLG) and also participated in the roundtable discussion with President Bush during his recent visit to NIH.
The roundtable discussion included several topics about advances in cancer treatment and other issues. What aspects of the discussion were of particular interest to you?
What issues did the President seem particularly interested in and what were his
If Memory Serves...
On August 5, 1937, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed legislation that established NCI to support research related to the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. (Read more)
For more information about the birth of NCI, go to http://www. cancer.gov/aboutnci/ncia.
I sensed compassion from the President as I spoke about my journey and the nonprofit organization I've created. My involvement in the cancer community was the result of several meetings I had with health care providers about the issue of what is going to happen for uninsured people in our community. I especially remember asking a group of physicians about what was going to happen to those people: Are they simply going to be left to die? A gastroenterologist gave me a very cogent response and at the end he told me the answer to my question is "Yes."When I heard that, I felt a lump in my throat. I couldn't believe this was happening in the United States. The information I gleaned from those meetings was the inspiration for founding Hope Through Grace. I recounted this story to the President. He expressed compassion for what I said and the issues I raised. He is also aware that, although the overall mortality rates for cancer are on the decline, there is a disproportionate incidence of cancer among some minority groups and we need to take assertive measures to eliminate these disparities.


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For beginners on ski holidays in La Tania, the nursery slopes have a free lift, so total novices needn't buy a lift pass for the first couple of days. Once more confident, the gentle slopes up towards Courchevel attract the more confident starters.
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Nov 15, 2012 | 04:25 PM
| Chris Prentice
Severstal North America,
Alexey Mordashov,
Chris Prentice
NEW YORK OAO Severstal expects the fourth quarter to be more challenging than the third quarter, forecasting falling global steel prices amid stable input costs.
The outlook for the end of the year comes as the Moscow-based steelmaker reported net sales of $3.59 billion for the three months ended Sept. 30, down 3.4 percent from the second quarter, putting year-to-date sales at $10.99 billion, a 9.1-percent decline from the first nine months of last year.....
NEW YORK OAO Severstal expects the fourth quarter to be more challenging than the third quarter, forecasting falling global steel prices amid stable input costs.
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Eligibility | Admission | Medical Coverage
Eligibility for Admission
Individuals seeking regular full admission to a graduate program must meet the minimum admission requirements for the Division of Graduate Studies and any additional requirements of the program. To meet the minimum requirements for admission to the Division of Graduate Studies international applicants must provide evidence of:
(1) A bachelor's degree or its equivalent from an acceptably accredited college or university. International applicants must have their complete academic records (transcripts, mark sheets, certificates) evaluated by one of the following professional credential evaluating services:
WORLD EDUCATION SERVICES (WES) -- www.wes.org
EDUCATIONAL CREDENTIAL EVALUATORS, INC. (ECE) -- www.ece.org
Applicants should request WES or ECE to forward the evaluation results directly to the Clarion University Graduate Admissions Office. Please note that evaluations must be received directly from WES or ECE; unofficial copies will not be accepted. In addition, you are required to submit copies of the academic records (transcripts, mark sheets, certificates) in the original language AND a certified English translation using the same format. These documents also should be forwarded to the Clarion University Graduate Admissions Office. Individuals who have not yet completed the baccalaureate degree may send transcripts for course work completed in the original language AND a certified English translation, along with application materials. However, the WES or ECE evaluation of final transcripts, mark sheets, and/or certificates showing the completion of the course work and the degree will be required.
(2) A minimum quality-point average of 2.75/4.00 scale at the undergraduate level. Some programs require a higher undergraduate quality-point average. Please review the program admission requirements listed on the "Checklist for Completion of Graduate Application."
Individuals not meeting the quality-point average requirement of a graduate program may be eligible for regular admission when the lower quality-point average is evaluated in terms of supplementary factors, including recommendations, examination scores on such instruments as the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT), and/or the Miller Analogies Test (MAT), or achievement in graduate-level course work. Information regarding the GRE, GMAT, or MAT may be obtained from the Division of Graduate Studies.
Applicants should refer to the admission requirements on the enclosed "Checklist for Completion of Graduate Application." Also, applicants should follow the directions outlined on the "General Information on Procedures for Applying to Clarion University Graduate Programs" sheet.
Admission of International Graduate Students
Clarion University welcomes international students to its campus and has an Office of International Programs to assist students from other countries in achieving a successful educational experience at Clarion. International students may write to:
Office of International Programs
Clarion University of Pennsylvania
840 Wood Street
Clarion, PA 16214-1232 U.S.A.
E-mail: email@example.com
International students seeking admission to graduate study at Clarion University should follow directions specified for all students on the "Checklist for Completion of Graduate Application." In addition, the international student applicant must satisfy the following requirements:
Submit his or her application for admission at least four months prior to the term in which he or she wishes to begin study at Clarion.
Demonstrate English language proficiency. Acceptable evidence of proficiency is successful completion of Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) with a score of 550 (paper-based), 213 (computer-based), or 80 (internet based). Also a minimum International English Language Testing Service (IELTS) score of 7.0 is acceptable. Speech language pathology applicants are required to submit minimum TOEFL scores of 573 (paper-based), 230 (computer-based), or 89 (internet-based) with a breakdown of minimum scores of 18 in reading, 26 in speaking, 21 in listening, and 24 in writing. Biology and mass media arts and journalism (communication) applicants are required to submit minimum TOEFL scores of 600 (paper-based), 250 (computer-based) or 100 (Internet-based). A minimum IELTS test score of 7.5 is acceptable for biology, mass media arts and journalism (communication), and speech language pathology applicants. Satisfactory completion of a bachelor's degree from an accredited U.S. college or university is also acceptable evidence of English language proficiency. Other evidence may be approved by the Graduate Studies Office, such as affirmation of proficiency by a Clarion faculty member, other individual, or organization known to Clarion University.
Furnish evidence of financial support on the Financial Support Statement form. The applicant must provide an official statement from an authorized bank certifying that sufficient funds are available to the student to cover costs of university fees and general living expenses for one academic year of study in the United States. Immigration and Naturalization form I-20 will not be issued until the international applicant has submitted the required evidence of financial support.
Carry a full program of studies (at least nine semester hours) upon admission and matriculation. U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service regulations require students holding an "F" or "J" visa to carry a full program of study.
Be covered by adequate health insurance. Due to the high cost of health care in the United States, all international students are required to carry comprehensive medical insurance.
International Student Medical Insurance Coverage
Medical insurance is required of all international students enrolled at Clarion University. All international students are expected to engage in activities that require medical insurance. Students who do not show proof of health insurance coverage comparable to the group insurance plan contracted by Clarion University will automatically be enrolled in the university endorsed program, and be responsible for payment. Students will not be allowed to complete course registration until all medical insurance requirements are met. The current cost of the group insurance plan is approximately $1,000/year, full payment of which is required at the beginning of the academic year. Please understand that the medical insurance premium is not included in the statement of account issued by the university for tuition, fees, room and board. A separate payment of cash or money order is required. Details of payment will be explained at the time of application for insurance.
If an international student has coverage through his or her sponsor or through another agency in his or her home country which provides adequate coverage during the student's stay in the United States as a student, the international student may request to be exempt from subscribing to the group plan offered through Clarion University. Coverage must include:
*minimum medical expense benefit of $50,000.00
*minimum repatriation expense benefit of $7,500.00
*minimum medical evacuation benefit of $10,000.00
*Pre-existing conditions coverage
Students requesting exemption from the group plan are required to submit details of insurance coverage to the Office of International Programs upon arrival at Clarion University. Details must be written in English and include the following information: company name and address, phone and fax numbers, complete name of policy holder and identification number, if assigned; effective date of coverage and expiration date of coverage, and policy details of benefits (as described above).


text: Items 73 to 96 of 229 total Previous 1 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 ... 10 Next View: 12 / 24 / 48 AWESOME By MudFish on 1/10/2014 MudFish would recommend this product to a friend This thing is awesome. Plug and play.... Love it. great By hausen on 1/9/2014 hausen would recommend this product to a friend Great product. And brs again amazing shipping and speed of me getting my order Best Value RODI By Adam on 1/8/2014 Adam would recommend this product to a friend I have had this unit for a year now and it was a great buy. I would HIGHLY recommend it to anyone who is in the market for a RODI unit. So Awesome By christopher on 1/1/2014 christopher would recommend this product to a friend Man I cant say enough about my 75gpd value plus system what work of art! and simple to hook up even I can do it! its not super fast but wasn't looking for speed anyways. I cant really figure out the TDS meter is says 004 going in and 000 coming out ! I would think my tap water would be a lot higher so don't really know if its working correctly. but that's a miner issue. very well made and durable not cheap junk like others and filter replacement is low cost. I do recommend getting the Mur-Lock fittings and a ball shut off every were you are sending water. makes everything easier. No leaks=Grand Slam Product one very Happy customer here. don't shop anywhere else but bulk reef supply!! Perfect system! By Corey on 12/28/2013 Corey would recommend this product to a friend I've purchased 2 of these systems in the past year, one for my parents reef tank and one for mine. Setup is very easy, pretty much plug-and-play. I've used the self piercing valve and also have one connected to a laundry room faucet, both ways work flawlessly. Awesome By Dale on 12/27/2013 Dale would recommend this product to a friend Great product. Extremely well constructed. Ready to go out of the box. May require adapter purchase if you have a female type sink. Otherwise extremely satisfied. Highly recommend!! Customer Service By christopher on 12/26/2013 christopher would recommend this product to a friend Just ordered today so cant review the product but can review the service! First thing the live chat is awesome explained that I was paying with two different card and I was directed to make a phone order and the phone was giving a weird busy signal and I asked on live chat if I could leave my number to call back and he said yes and I got a call back with in minutes! I told the guy how my setup was and he hooked me up! very friendly A plus cant wait to get my order and start making 0TDS water! new unit By Denton on 12/25/2013 Denton would recommend this product to a friend Just bought unit and getting set up with a mixing station Love it !!! By sedonaiceman on 12/22/2013 sedonaiceman would recommend this product to a friend Easy to set-up and use ! Need to suggest the proper male adaptor for kitchen sinks ! Love this product !!! looks great By carp on 12/20/2013 carp would recommend this product to a friend got this with black Fridays deals. great price, cant wait to get up and running Great product at a great price By David on 12/18/2013 David would recommend this product to a friend The easy setup and use of this unit is great. Very sturdy quality. You feel like you got more then your monies worth. I would recommend this unit to anyone wanting a RO/DI system and have. Fast shipping and nice packing round out this transaction. never had an ro system but this is great By Gavin on 12/13/2013 Gavin would recommend this product to a friend i got this for my first tank about 6 months ago. For christmas my mom and step dad got my this. It was on sale for 130. This ro sytem is very heavy duty and flows pretty fast. Stop reading and buy it now............................easy to set up This unit is awesome! By Nick club on 12/12/2013 Nick club would recommend this product to a friend Replaced my old 25 gpd unit with this 75 gpd one from BRS. Super easy to use. Great build quality! With all the extras this thing is a must have! Just what i wanted! By sam on 12/11/2013 sam would recommend this product to a friend Ive ordered from Bulk Reef before and the shipping is fast ! Got it out of shipping box and five minutes later making ro/di water! What i like about it its all ready to go you dont have to put filters in or di media. Quality product at a very good price! Thanks Excellent RODI unit By John on 12/10/2013 John would recommend this product to a friend I am very pleased with this unit and for the price. Has all the options I needed as well as the attachements and aso. Unit shipped well and was easy to install. I had 30 gallons of rodi water in about 8 hours. Thank you BRS for the great customer service! John Value Plus - no question it is! By MMM on 12/9/2013 MMM would recommend this product to a friend A) this was my first BRS order - shipped fast, packed well B) When they say value plus what they really mean is you are getting one heck of a value. How many RO/DI units priced at this level come equipped as well as this thing? Very few, in fact I didnt find one and have been looking for a while. C) 75 GPD my butt! I am sure its because I have great water pressure (just over 80 psi) but I can make about 20 gallons in about 2.5-3 hours. My old 75gpd took much longer - nearly double D) Sturdy mounting kit, length of line more than enough, TDS Meter, valves, shut off and flush kit all work great E) Wish I had bought this a long time ago - I got it on the black friday doorbuster sale but even at the regular price it is still an awesome deal. got the best deal By big sweaty d on 12/5/2013 big sweaty d would recommend this product to a friend well i just opened the ro di system i got on sale for 140. I hooked it up to my faucet then hooked it up to my float valve and tried to see if the waste line would stop flowing but it didnt i dont know if it is defaulty. The system is a good 12-15 pound and very heavy duty. I didnt change the hoses but if the auto shut off valve is broke i hope brs sends me one and i dont have send the whole system back Great Product and features... Couldn't be happier! By Rogeman on 12/4/2013 Rogeman would recommend this product to a friend Everything was packaged well, put together properly and is now producing 0 TDS RO/DI water, my fish thank you and my back thanks you as well, no more 5 gallon jugs!!! Don't forget to order your valves, Tees, elbows, floats, and extra line for your custom set-up. I was reading some earlier reviews, and there is some confusion out there; The duel in-line TDS meter is reading after the RO membrane(In) and then after the DI stage (Out). It does not measure tap water TDS. The best!!!!! By Travis on 12/4/2013 Travis would recommend this product to a friend This is the by far best quality ro system i have ever owned. Had this thing running in minutes after opening box. No leaks no problems at 90 psi it makes about 6 gal an hour very nice. Excellent product very easy install By robert on 12/1/2013 robert would recommend this product to a friend I just got the BRS 75 gallon ro/di plus system and could not be happier. Comes fully assembled very easy install. Makes perfect 0 TDS water. My water pressure is just above 40 psi and i didn't need to get a booster pump to get good flow. I've had great results with BRS. so far so goooood By warrior reefer on 11/26/2013 warrior reefer would recommend this product to a friend look really reliable, super easy to install and really good water quality , my corals star looking happier, but no matter is to early for a review , is easy to see the quality . highly recommended... Excellent By Monster on 11/20/2013 Monster would recommend this product to a friend Nice and easy to install... I had it mounted, up and running in less than an hour... Performs as advertised! Works great! By C on 11/19/2013 C would recommend this product to a friend Only disappointment is that the sink adapter that was sent to me was bent. I just went to Home Depot and got an adapter for the hose fitting and hooked that up to my sink. Great product By small_fry_keeper on 11/12/2013 small_fry_keeper would recommend this product to a friend Took me longer to get it out of the box than to get it going. Very very happy should have got one years ago my cat fish are super happy to have good water... Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: BRS 4 Stage Value PLUS RO/DI System - 75GPD *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review


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DNASTAR Legal Information
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Privacy Statement for DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature
DNASTAR is also committed to understanding and anticipating user needs and continuously improving its software to meet those needs. Some of DNASTAR's products may invite you to opt-in to DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature, which gathers information for that purpose. DNASTAR has developed this Privacy Statement for DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature.
Information We Gather from You
No personal information will be collected and participation status may be changed at any time. DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature is completely voluntary and users may opt out at any time.
By default, DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature is enabled in Lasergene version 11 and later. If a user decides to opt out, they may do so from the Lasergene preferences within DNASTAR Navigator. Alternatively, users or network administrators can create an opt-out preference file stored on the user's system to disable DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature. For instructions on opting out of the usage logging feature in earlier versions of Lasergene, please contact DNASTAR support.
Customers who choose to participate agree to share information regarding computer hardware, operating systems, and DNASTAR product usage including, the name and version of the DNASTAR application being used, the date and time the application was launched and quit, basic system information (version, architecture, available RAM), the DNASTAR subscriber number or other unique device identifier, and type of DNASTAR license in use (e.g., standalone, free trial, or network).
How We Use the Information We Gather
Information will be recorded to a log file stored on a user's machine when DNASTAR applications are launched and shut down. Once every day, the log will be transmitted to DNASTAR via an Internet connection.
If the computer is not connected to a network or the log is otherwise unable to be transmitted to DNASTAR, information will continue to be stored in the log file, and an attempt will be made to resend the information after the next seven-day interval.
Because no personally identifiable information is gathered as part of DNASTAR's Usage Logging Feature, the information will not be meaningful to anyone other than specific DNASTAR software or product teams. Further, DNASTAR strives to protect information that is gathered. For example, we store the information gathered on computer systems with limited access located in controlled facilities in the United States or any other country in which DNASTAR or its affiliates, subsidiaries, or agents maintain facilities. However, despite DNASTAR's efforts, no security controls are 100% effective and DNASTAR cannot ensure or warrant the security of gathered information.
DNASTAR uses the information to improve its software products and applications over time. DNASTAR may share gathered information with partners or other companies providing limited services on its behalf, but these partners and other companies are required to maintain the confidentiality of the information and are prohibited from using it for any other purpose.
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This website may contain third party information. Such information is, wherever reasonably possible, marked with the name of the source. Such third party information does not represent the views or opinions of DNASTAR and DNASTAR takes no responsibility whatsoever for such information.
This website also contains links to third party websites. DNASTAR is providing these links only as a convenience and the inclusion of any such links does not imply endorsement by DNASTAR of such third party websites. DNASTAR does not have any knowledge of or control over the information contained in such third party websites, and therefore, does not take any responsibility whatsoever for any information or content contained in such third-party websites, links contained on such third-party websites or changes to such third-party websites.
Should any viewer of this website provide DNASTAR feedback, information or data, whether in the form of questions, comments, suggestions or otherwise, such information shall be deemed to be non-confidential. DNASTAR shall have no obligation of any kind with respect to such information, and shall be free to use any information, ideas, concepts, know-how or techniques contained in such information for any purpose whatsoever and to reproduce, use, disclose and distribute such information to third parties without limitation. (Note that personal contact information is covered by our privacy policy above).
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Trademark Information
This section contains the most current information on DNASTAR trademarks. The absence of a name or logo in this list does not constitute a waiver of any intellectual property rights that DNASTAR, Inc. has established in any of our product, feature, or service names or logos.
DNASTAR®, DNA*®, Lasergene®, Lasergene99, GeneMan™, MapDraw™, the Method Curtain™, Seq-Easy®, StarBlast®, EditSeq™ (©1988-2014), SeqMan™/SeqMan II™/SeqMan Pro™ (©1988-2014), Protean™ (©1992-2014), MegAlign™ (©1993-2014), PrimerSelect™ (©1993-2014), GeneQuest™ (©1998-2014), GenVision™ (©2000-2014), SeqMan NGen® (©2001-2014), SeqBuilder™ (©2004-2014), ArrayStar® and QSeq® (©2005-2014), Navigator™ (©2010-2014), Protean 3D™ (©2011-2014), SeqNinja™ (©2012-2014), MegAlign Pro™ (©2013-2014), NovaFold® (©2013-2014), and DNASTAR Cloud™ (©2013-2014) are registered trademarks or trademarks of DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Microsoft®, Windows® and Windows Vista® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corp. Intel® and Pentium® are registered trademarks of Intel Corporation. Macintosh®, Mac OS® and BootCamp® are registered trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Parallels Desktop® is a registered trademark of Parallels, Inc. Adobe® Illustrator® and Adobe® PostScript® are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. Linux® is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Ubuntu® is a registered trademark of the Ubuntu Project . CentOS compliments of the Community Enterprise Operating System.
Affymetrix®, NetAffx™, Expression Console™, and Affymetrix GeneChip-compatible™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Affymetrix, Inc. NimbleGen™ is a trademark of Roche NimbleGen, Inc. Illumina® and BeadStudio™ are trademarks or registered trademarks of Illumina, Inc. 454™ is a trademark of the Roche Diagnostics Corporation. Agilent® is a registered trademark of Agilent. PacBio and Pacific Biosciences are trademarks or registered trademarks of Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. GCG® is a registered trademark of Accelrys Inc. MacVector™ is a trademark of MacVector, Inc. Sequencher® is a registered trademark of Gene Codes Corporation. SOLiD™ is a trademark of Applied Biosystems. pGEM is a registered trademark of Promega Corporation. GenePix® is a registered trademark of MDS Analytical Technologies™.
The following products are registered trademarks, trademarks or copyrighted materials of Life Technologies™: Ion Torrent™, Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Panel, pENTR, Lumio, DEST, pcDNA, pDONR, BioEase, GeneBLAzer, BLOCK-iT, Gus, Xpress, Zeocin, pCR, CAT, HisMax. Life Technologies Corporation is the assignee of numerous patents related to aspects of GateWay® and TOPO® cloning technologies. Use of GateWay® and TOPO® vectors and reagents to perform in vitro or in vivo experiments that are simulated using DNASTAR's Lasergene software may require a license from Life Technologies Corporation. Contact Life Technologies Corporation at (760) 603-7200 in the United States or via their website to obtain more information regarding their requirements in this regard.
DNASTAR is authorized by Geneva Bioinformatics (GeneBio) S.A. to incorporate PROSITE® data into Lasergene. PROSITE® is a registered trademark of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and GeneBio has been granted exclusive rights by the SIB for the licensing of PROSITE. Access to PROSITE® via Lasergene requires a user license which can be obtained by contacting GeneBio at firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.
The A List is copyrighted material of Kyle Hammond © 1997-2001.
Apache Commons IO (© 2002-2011, The Apache Software Foundation; all rights reserved) and Guava (© 2009-2012, Google Inc. and contributing authors; all rights reserved) are licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0.
BioJava (©2000-2011, BioJava and contributing authors; all rights reserved) is licensed under the LGPL Version 2.1. Java Native Access (JNA, © 2006-2011, Timothy Wall, Wayne Meissner and contributing authors; all rights reserved) is licensed under the LGPL Version 2.1. The Chemistry Development Kit (CDK) (© 1997-2012, the CDK Development Team, all rights reserved) is licensed under the LGPL Version 2.1. Java OpenGL (JOGL, © 2003-2007, Sun Microsystems, Inc.; all rights reserved) is licensed under the BSD license. KSDSSP courtesy of the University of California-San Francisco under an open source software license. Yale Morph Server courtesy of Mark Gerstein and Yale University. The Protein Data Bank courtesy of the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB).
Clustal Omega (© 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.).
LIBSVM (© 2000-2012, Chih-Chung Chang and Chih-Jen Lin; all rights reserved), ANTLR (© 2010, Terence Parr; all rights reserved), and Prefuse (© 2004-2011, Regents of the University of California; all rights reserved) are licensed under the BSD license.
Property List Library (© 2011, Yørn de Jong; all rights reserved) and JTS Topology Suite (© 2002-2011, Vivid Solutions Inc.; all rights reserved) are licensed under the LGPL Version 2.1. Monte Media Library (© 2012, Werner Randelshofer; all rights reserved) is licensed under the LGPL Version 3.
MAFFT: multiple sequence alignment program is copyrighted ©2006 Kazutaka Katoh.
Mauve is licensed under the GNU General Purpose License.
Mesa 3D Graphics Library (© 1999-2007, Brian Paul; all rights reserved) is licensed under the MIT license.
Darling AE, Mau B, and Perna NT (2010). "progressiveMauve: Multiple Genome Alignment with Gene Gain, Loss, and Rearrangement." PLoS One. 5(6):e11147.
TM-align (© 2005-2012, Yang Zhang and Jeffrey Skolnick; all rights reserved) and EDTSurf (© 2009-2012, Dong Xu and Yang Zhang; all rights reserved) are licensed under an open-source license.
The license management portion of this Licensed Technology is based on SentinelLM®, (© 1989-2012, SafeNet, Inc.; all rights reserved). Sentinel® is a registered trademark of SafeNet, Inc. KeyServer®, KeyAccess®, and KeyVerify® are registered trademarks of Sassafras Software Inc. VMware® is a registered trademark of VMware, Inc. Some DNASTAR applications use the Eclipse platform, supplied by the Eclipse Foundation under an Eclipse Public License (EPL).
All other copyrights, trademarks, and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. DNASTAR, Inc. does not encourage the infringement of any patents owned by any other party.
Disclaimer & Liability:
DNASTAR software is for research use only. It is not intended for diagnostic use.
DNASTAR, Inc. makes no warranties, expressed or implied, including without limitation the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, regarding the software. DNASTAR does not warrant, guaranty, or make any representation regarding the use or the results of the use of the software in terms of correctness, accuracy, reliability, up-to-date status, or otherwise. The entire risk as to the results and performance of the software is assumed by you. The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted by some states. The above exclusion may not apply to you.
In no event will DNASTAR, Inc. and their directors, officers, employees, or agents (collectively DNASTAR) be liable to the licensee of ArrayStar for any consequential, incidental or indirect damages (including damages for loss of business profits, business interruption, loss of business information and the like) arising out of the use of, or the inability to use the software even if DNASTAR, Inc. has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Because some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of liability for consequential or incidental damages, the above limitations may not apply to you.
DNASTAR, Inc. reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes to it from time to time without obligation of DNASTAR, Inc. to notify any person or organization of such revision or changes. The screen and other illustrations in this publication are meant to be representative of those that appear on your monitor or printer.


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A special prosecutor in the Trayvon Martin case said Monday that the case won't be taken to a grand jury.
State Attorney Angela Corey released the following statement in the shooting death investigation.
"The decision should not be considered a factor in the final determination of the case. The Grand Jury, set to convene on April 10, 2012, was previously scheduled by the former prosecutor. Ms. Corey was appointed as the Special Prosecutor on March 22, 2012, by Governor Rick Scott. From the moment she was assigned, Ms. Corey noted she may not need a Grand Jury. At this time, the investigation continues and there will be no further comment from this office. You will be notified of any new developments via email."
George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, shot and killed 17-year-old Trayvon Martin on Feb. 26 in a Sanford gated community. Zimmerman claims Martin physically attacked him after Zimmerman questioned why he was in the neighborhood. The two clashed in circumstances that remain unclear, which led to Zimmerman shooting the unarmed Martin, killing him. Though he was taken into police custody that night, he was never formally arrested and has not been charged with any crime.
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text: I confess I also wondered about implantation bleeding. But honestly from what I have read implant bleeding is usually very difficult to notice. I had it for sure one cycle I was doing meds and IUI and it was literally a drop or two of blood. Much more likely it's a crazy cycle.