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I know, I know. Two posts in one day. The previous one isn't a "real" post though, is it?
I finished all six "Goose Bumps" blocks for my "Scrappy Geese" quilt.
If you have no idea what I'm talking about, hop on over here.
I don't know how long my scraps will allow me to make monochromatic blocks, but I'm running with it for now.
The background fabric is also from my scrap pile. This may run out too. What I'll do then is a surprise (for both you and me).
This will be a true "Nothing but Scraps" quilt.
Thursday, February 19, 2009
Six Scrappy Goose Bumps
I know, I know. Two posts in one day. The previous one isn't a "real" post though, is it?
posted at 12:30 PM
Labels: block, block of the month, bom, geese in the forest, goose bumps, quilt, scrappy
21 comments:
- Michaela said...
This looks great! Love it
- February 19, 2009 at 12:55 PM
- Cami said...
Lovely! I really like the pink one and yellow one.
- February 19, 2009 at 12:59 PM
- Mushyhed said...
I LOVE all six blocks!
- February 19, 2009 at 2:43 PM
- AnnieOfBlueGables said...
Those are so cute! If I weren't so busy trying to meet a deadline on the one I am doing now, I would be tempted to sign up for the scrappy challenge. Is there a deadline to finish? If not, sign me up, and maybe later I will jump in and work hard.
- February 19, 2009 at 3:10 PM
- MichelleB said...
Oh, it is looking so lovely! I just love it.
- February 19, 2009 at 3:12 PM
- Aimee said...
So pretty!!
- February 19, 2009 at 3:16 PM
- Mary on Lake Pulaski said...
So...I really enjoyed my first month of Geese in the Forest. Now...I have to assess my scraps to see if I can join you and the Scrappy Q's also with a scrappy one...hummmm...
Love how yours are looking. So cute.
- February 19, 2009 at 3:25 PM
- amandajean said...
i really love these. i may just have to make some time to squeeze these babies in.
- February 19, 2009 at 4:10 PM
- nettie said...
i love these too! i need to do some geese, i've never made a flying geese quilt.
- February 19, 2009 at 4:12 PM
- Thimbleanna said...
They're beautiful Anina -- it looks like you guys are going to have lots of fun!
- February 19, 2009 at 4:27 PM
- jacquie said...
gorgeous...just the inspiration i needed to get started...it's almost march!
- February 19, 2009 at 7:13 PM
- janet said...
oh so tempting, I'll have to save for later though I think. Your colours look great on the white.
- February 19, 2009 at 8:57 PM
- Simply This and That said...
I am loving it! ;o) ooxx`jodi
- February 19, 2009 at 10:23 PM
- mtelizabeth said...
I love these! The colors are all so vibrant against the white. I think I'm going to incorporate some into my red and white quilt I have planned.
- February 19, 2009 at 10:49 PM
- nicolette said...
Love your 'scrappy' blocks!! Wonderful bright colours!
- February 20, 2009 at 12:06 AM
- The Calico Cat said...
I still haven't figured out what colors to use. (I looked again at the original - those are it...)
I was thinking taupes, but I love the white background & don't fancy that combo...
- February 20, 2009 at 4:10 AM
- Marcia said...
I love the idea of making this from scraps. I'll have to buy the back ground fabric... Yours is beautiful! Have you seen the post Crazy mom quilts did on scrap management?
- February 20, 2009 at 6:23 AM
- Terriaw said...
Wow, you are really making progress on using up your scraps! These blocks are fabulous!
- February 20, 2009 at 6:56 AM
- Melinda said...
I like the scrappy version when you first posted about it but now that you have started actually making it - I love it!
- February 20, 2009 at 3:22 PM
- I Love Baby Quilts! said...
So pretty! I love love love that birdie fabric, but I have yet to get any. I made a flying geese quilt for my neice. It is also on my blog under Lydia's Quilt.
- February 22, 2009 at 1:06 PM
- Kate said...
now THIS is awesome!
- February 22, 2009 at 3:21 PM


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Blueberry Ice Cream Recipe
The wild blueberries on our property spark recipe ideas. When my daughter and I made this ice cream at a Girl Guide meeting, it was well received. Even today, our 10 children, 19 grandkids and 4 great-grandchildren think it tastes great. —Alma Mosher, Mohannes, New Brunswick
- 4 cups fresh or frozen blueberries
- 2 cups sugar
- 2 tablespoons water
- 4 cups half-and-half cream
- In a large saucepan, combine the blueberries, sugar and water. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, until sugar is dissolved and berries are softened. Press mixture through a fine-mesh strainer into a bowl; discard pulp. Stir in cream. Cover and refrigerate overnight.
- Fill cylinder of ice cream freezer two-thirds full; freeze according to the manufacturer's directions. (Refrigerate any remaining mixture until ready to freeze.) Transfer ice cream to freezer containers, allowing headspace for expansion. Freeze 2-4 hours or until firm. Repeat with any remaining ice cream mixture. Yield: about 1-3/4 quarts.
Originally published as Blueberry Ice Cream in Country Woman May/June 2004, p29
Sweet White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a sweet white wine such as Moscato or a sweet Riesling.
Reviews for Blueberry Ice Cream
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Reviewed Jul. 31, 2011
Got out the ice cream freezer after over eight years...yikes!...to make this recipe. I don't know how different wild blueberries are from the blueberries I buy at the grocery store, but when I got done straining the cooked berry mixture, it looked to me like I was going to be discarding a lot of wonderful fruit (and vitamins, which are mostly in the skins). So I ran that through the food processor, and whisked it in to the strained mixture with the half and half before refrigerating. The result was a wonderfully deep purple, full-bodied mixture that my husband described as "delicious!" A perfect return to my ice cream-making that I'll be making again.
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text:
Results 1 to 20 of 73
01-08-06, 02:27 PM #1Indy Guest
Vehicle emergency light policies state to state...
Since the title sounded professional, here's the downslide. WTF is this?? Saw it on the way to northern Indiana. Michigan plates, light looked dang red to me (not amber).
He was driving like a dumbass - it was everything I could do to get the picture without doing so myself, but I just couldn't let the opportunity pass by (no pun intended).
I have never ever seen anything like this in Indiana and am pretty sure it's not permitted here. I know they use bubble lights up there, but isn't this a little different style than a cruiser uses? I thought their's were completely round. Not to mention, this doesn't look like a police car at all and I didn't see anything other markings on it to indicate what it was used for. My initial thought was some kind of mall security.
That brings me to my next question. If a light like that is permitted in one state, I would assume they have to remove it if it's not permitted in another state?
Looks to be a volunteer firefighter/ems. In my state all volunteers can have clear/blue lights and chiefs and assistants can have reds. The blues are mere courtesy lights whereas reds officially denote that vehicle as an "emergency vehicle" even though it is the responding persons pov.
I am not a fan of roof lights, especially ugly ones like that. I have a strobe blue/clear on my dash. Get's the job done.No life 'til leather gunna kick some ass tonight.
Yeah the driver of that vehicle is most likely a volunteer fire or ems. In the state of KS he is allowed to use it but that does not give him the ability to run as an emergency vehicle. All it allows him to do is move at a little quicker pace than normal.Being the best is not what always counts. What counts is always trying your best.
Remember who you are, and where you came from. That way you never get a big head.
May those that lost their lives in 9-11 RIP, for the things you did not many could do. You left so many behind so that you could save so few. For now we stand strong as one, and will not look back till the fight is done. (me)
The opinions given in my posts DO NOT reflect the opinions, views, policies, and/or procedures of my employing agency. They are MY PERSONAL OPINIONS only.
01-08-06, 03:56 PM #4Indy GuestOriginally Posted by chris2001
In Michigan, volunteer firefighters are permitted to run code with siren and red lights in a POV. (with permission from the fire chief and only when en-route to the station or the incident scene)
The tool that you saw should have removed the light when traveling out of state.I'm a PUBLIC SERVANT, so I'm not permitted to use my own judgement in any way.
I know that in Minnesota the use of motorcycles or vehicles utilizing flashing red lights for the purpose of escorting funeral processions, oversize buildings, heavy equipment, parades or similar
processions or assemblages on the highways. This law has only been on the books here for about a year
Last edited by BEK; 01-08-06 at 09:23 PM.
01-08-06, 04:54 PM #7Bearcat06 Guest
If that car came crusing down one of my streets, I would be pulling them over and having a converstation with whomever was operating it.
No one in MO can run reds but Police/Fire. Volly FFs and folks that work for on-call ambulanace services can only run blue lights.
01-08-06, 05:00 PM #8Originally Posted by Bearcat06
01-08-06, 05:56 PM #9Bearcat06 GuestOriginally Posted by Terminator
We (Missouri) are straight red/blue for LEOs, Fire Service and Ambulance service.
Blues only are for Vollys and anyone that works for an Ambulance service that gets called out. All rest are supposed to be Amber....but every now and then you will get a tow truck that runs red....or a service truck (like Light and Power folks) running red.....and if they aren't being stupid most of us don't jack with them because we have called them to a scene......
One a side note, one of my favorite things to do is pull over some thug wannabe and write them up for front facing blue/red light if they have colored neon lights on any part of the car and they are facing outwards. Not only will the get cited, I will make them turn them off....or cut the wires to them to kill the power.....
No one here is having any bloody lights except me. If I saw this I would have to call for backup to stop him cause I would be too busy laughing at the fool. why in gods name would you deface your own vehicle like this for work???Originally Posted by TXCharlie
In Virginia LEO have Blue/Red or all Blue. Firefighters/Rescue have Red or Red/White. Volunteers rescue/FF can have red lights on thier POVs but NO siren. The red light(on POV) is merely a courtesy light as no one is obligated to move over for them.
That being said, most people will yield for Vol. FF in a POV. Even in my patrol vehicle I've pulled over and let them go by. Why? They were'nt driving like idiots and they were going to the station to go to a fire. All of our FF/EMT are volunteer...so what if it was your house buring? Would you yield?
OK now with THAT being said, I'd bust one if they were driving like a fool or had a siren.
I have a green light on my security vehicle. I am allowed to disobey the traffic laws on private property.
01-08-06, 06:22 PM #13Originally Posted by Red, White & Liberal
"I have a blue balloon"Originally Posted by TXCharlie
In Hawaii (Oahu) most of the cops use their POVs (Pers. Owned Veh.) and put a light bar on top. Not to say they don't have marked units, but it saves them money and puts a lot of cops mobile when they wouldn't have enough units for them.Tell them I'm coming, and Hell's coming with me.
01-08-06, 06:41 PM #15Originally Posted by Garda30055A
I am sorry you feel that way.
01-08-06, 06:47 PM #16Banned
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Originally Posted by Red, White & Liberal
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And I don't have any lights.
01-08-06, 06:50 PM #17Originally Posted by Ken K
Not on my jurisdiction you won't.
01-08-06, 06:50 PM #18Originally Posted by Red, White & Liberal
Oh, never mind. I forgot that you're a SECURITY GUARD.
Darn, sure wish I could disobey traffic laws on private property. Then I could tell my grandkids I'm a SECURITY GUARD.
.The Swamp Mafia -"Heaven doesn't want us,and Hell's afraid we'll take over!!".
01-08-06, 06:54 PM #19Originally Posted by Red, White & Liberal
Damn, I gotta change the direction of my lowly Law Enforcement career.The Swamp Mafia -"Heaven doesn't want us,and Hell's afraid we'll take over!!".
Over here you can smash your uninsured car into another uninsured car if its on private property. Traffic laws are for Public places only.
This gets interesting when security tell us the car park is private property and we cannot enter or give tickets, etc (they are wrong BTW) but then call us for a theft, traffic accident, illegally parked car, etc etc etc. Sorry pal, its private property.
Thats partly why i found the comment so stupid. That and the fact it was a self pat on the back where non was deserved.Originally Posted by TXCharlie
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text:
International Standard Serial Number
An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a periodical publication at a specific media type.[1] It is internationally accepted as a fundamental identifier for distinguishing between identical serial titles and facilitating checking and ordering procedures, collection management, legal deposit, interlibrary loans etc.[2]
When a periodical is published, with the same content, in two or more different media, a different ISSN is assigned to each media type – in particular the print and electronic media types, named print ISSN (p-ISSN) and electronic ISSN (e-ISSN or eISSN).
The ISSN system was first drafted as an ISO international standard in 1971 and published as ISO 3297 in 1975.[3] The ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for the standard. To assign a unique identifier to the serial as content (linking among the different media), ISSN-L must be used, as defined by ISO 3297:2007.
Code format[edit]
The format of the ISSN is an eight digit number, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers.[1] The last digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. The general form of the ISSN code can be expressed by a PCRE regular expression,
The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, the check digit is 5. To calculate the check digit, the following algorithm may be used:
- Calculate the sum of the first seven digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, counting from the right—that is, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 2, respectively:
- .
- The modulus 11 of this sum is then calculated: divide the sum by 11 and determine the remainder.
- .
- If there is no remainder the check digit is 0, otherwise the remainder value is subtracted from 11 to give the check digit:
- 5 is the check digit.
- An upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10 (so it is like a roman ten).
To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, counting from the right (if the check digit is X, then add 10 to the sum). The modulus 11 of the sum must be 0.
Also, there is an Online ISSN checker can check validity of ISSN base on above algorithm.[4]
Code assignment[edit]
ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an intergovernmental organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, the ISDS Register (International Serials Data System) otherwise known as the ISSN Register. As of 2011[update], the ISSN Register contained records for 1,623,566 items.[5]
Comparison with other identifiers[edit]
ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books. An ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a periodical, in addition to the ISSN code for the periodical as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an anonymous identifier associated with a periodical title, containing no information as to the publisher or its location. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a periodical each time it undergoes a major title change.
Since the ISSN applies to an entire periodical a new identifier, the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier, was built on top of it to allow references to specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable components (like the table of contents).
Media vs Content[edit]
Separate ISSN are needed for serials in different media (with the exception of reproduction microforms). Thus the print and electronic media versions of a serial need separate ISSN.[6] Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSN since two different media are involved. However, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats (ex. PDF and HTML) of the same online serial.
This "media-oriented identification" of serials make sense in the 1970s. In the 1990s, with the PCs, good screens, and the Web, what make sense is to consider only content, independent of media. "Content-oriented identification" of serial's contents, arrives with the indecs Content Model and its application the Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
ISSN not updated, but later, in 2007, ISSN-L was defined in the new ISSN standard (ISO 3297:2007) as an "ISSN designated by the ISSN Network to enable collocation or versions of a continuing resource linking among the different media".[7]
The ISSN Register is not freely available for interrogation on the web but is available by subscription. There are several routes to the identification and verification of ISSN codes for the general public.
- the print version of a periodical typically will include the ISSN code as part of the publication information
- most periodical websites contain ISSN code information
- derivative lists of publications will often contain ISSN codes; these can be found through on-line searches with the ISSN code itself or periodical title
- WorldCat permits searching their catalog by ISSN by entering "issn:"+ISSN code in the query field. One can also go directly to an ISSN's record by appending it to http://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/, e.g. http://www.worldcat.org/ISSN/1021-9749. This does not query the ISSN Register itself but rather shows whether any Worldcat library holds an item with the given ISSN.
Use in URNs[edit]
An ISSN can be encoded as a Uniform Resource Name (URN) by prefixing it with "urn:ISSN:".[8] For example Rail could be referred to as "urn:ISSN:1534-0481". URN namespaces are case-sensitive, and the ISSN namespace is all caps.[9] If the checksum digit is "X" then it is always encoded in uppercase in a URN.
The util URNs are content-oriented, but ISSN is media-oriented:
- ISSN is not unique when the concept is "a journal is a set of contents, generally copyrighted content": the same journal (same contents and same copyrights) have two or more ISSN codes. A URN needs to point to "unique content" (a "unique journal" as a "set of contents" reference).
Examples: Nature has an ISSN for print, 0028-0836, and another for the same content on the Web, 1476-4687; only the oldest (0028-0836) is used as a unique identifier. As the ISSN is not unique, NLM needs to create, prior to 2007, the JID.
- ISSN does not offer resolution mechanisms like a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) does, so the DOI is used as a URN for articles, with (for historical reasons) no need for an ISSN's existence.
A unique URN for serials simplifies the search, recovery and delivery of data for various services including, in particular, search systems and knowledge databases.[7] ISSN-L was created to fill this gap.
ISSN variants[edit]
Print ISSN[edit]
The "default" ISSN. ISSN for print media (paper) version of the periodical.
Electronic ISSN[edit]
ISSN for electronic media (online) version of the periodical.
Linking ISSN[edit]
A unique identifier for all versions of the periodical containing the same content across different media.
- ^ a b What is an ISSN?, ISSN International Center.
- ^ http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/issn.html
- ^ ISSN and ISO standards, ISSN International Center, 2008.
- ^ http://journal-index.org/ISSN-validator/
- ^ "Total number of records in the ISSN register" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
- ^ http://www.loc.gov/issn/e-serials.html
- ^ a b http://www.issn.org/understanding-the-issn/assignment-rules/the-issn-l-for-publications-on-multiple-media/
- ^ Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace—RFC 3044
- ^ Dublin Core: ResourceIdentifierGuidelines: 4.5 ISSN
External links[edit]
|Wikidata has a property, P236, for ISSN (see uses)
- List of 63800 ISSN numbers and titles
- ISSN International Centre
- "Cataloging Part" (PDF), ISSN Manual, ISSN International Centre.
- How U.S. publishers can obtain an ISSN, United States: Library of Congress.
- ISSN in Canada, Library and Archives Canada.
- Getting an ISSN in the UK, British Library.
- Getting an ISSN in France (in French), Bibliothèque nationale de France
- Getting an ISSN in Germany (in German), Deutsche Nationalbibliothek


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text:
Cheers: To all those who braved the heat and road work to take part in the 30th anniversary of the Mifflinburg 5K. The annual event, which is part of the Mifflinburg Fourth of July celebration, had nearly 800 runners this year, a record. Just goes to show how much tradition and family can override any sort of inconvenience due to road construction.
Cheers: To Knoebels Amusement Resort. The local favorite received national recognition when the Travel Channel named it the second best amusement park in the nation. The family-owned -- and admission-free -- park ranked ahead of the likes of Disney World's Magic Kingdom and HersheyPark.
Jeers: To Gov. Tom Corbett. It seems as if little progress was made in the past legislative session with the governor going 0-for-3 on his big-ticket items. While he did put a big pile of cash back into education, the governor came up short on liquor privatization, transportation and pension reform, his three main agenda items this year. With the transportation failure, the Central Susquehanna Valley Thruway may once again be history.
Cheers: To Gettysburg 150. Tens of thousands of historians, re-enactors and citizens descended upon the tiny Pennsylvania crossroads town to commemorate the 150th anniversary of one of the nation's most historic military battles. As President Abraham Lincoln eloquently noted months later in the Gettysburg Address, "The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here." A century and a half later, people still remember.
Cheers: To all whose nostalgia for playground kickball put together a celebrity matchup to raise money for Sunbury's annual fireworks display. Spearheaded (and that is not an oblique reference to a hairless or pointy noggin) by Max Media's Y-106.5 radio star Chad Evans, the known kickball associates included state and local elected officials, police officers and media personalities. Athletic ability aside, these are a bunch of good sports.


text:
1. Summary of Multics
1.1 Goals
1.2 Notable features
2. Inception
2.1 Beginnings
2.2 Initial construction
2.3 Use at MIT
2.4 Use at RADC
2.5 The GE-655
3. The 70s
4. The 80s
5. Termination
See the Site Timeline for a chart of Multics sites by date.
For a list of significant Multics dates, see the Multics Chronology.
A 1989 ACM talk by John Gintell on Multics history is available on YouTube and the slides are available as a PDF. new
1. Summary of Multics
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is a timesharing operating system begun in 1965 and used until 2000. The system was started as a joint project by MIT's Project MAC, Bell Telephone Laboratories, and General Electric Company's Large Computer Products Division. Professor Fernando J. Corbató of MIT led the project. Bell Labs withdrew from the development effort in 1969, and in 1970 GE sold its computer business to Honeywell, which offered Multics as a commercial product and sold dozens of systems.
Multics included
- a supervisor program that managed all hardware resources, using symmetric multiprocessing, multiprogramming, and paging
- an innovative segmented memory addressing system supported by hardware
- a tree structured file system
- device support for peripherals and terminals
- hundreds of command programs, including language compilers and tools
- hundreds of user-callable library routines
- operational and support tools
- user and system documentation
The design team's intention was that Multics would develop into a prototype information utility, as described in Martin Greenberger's 1964 Atlantic Monthly article, "The Computers of Tomorrow". As part of this vision, Multics was intended to provide interactive access to many remote terminal users simultaneously, in a manner similar to MIT's CTSS system. Multics combined ideas from other operating systems with new innovations. Security was a fundamental design requirement, in order to meet the utility goals. The team's ambition was that Multics would change the way people used and programmed computers.
Multics was introduced in a series of papers at the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference:
- "Introduction and Overview of the Multics System," F. J. Corbató and V. A. Vyssotsky
- "System Design of a Computer for Time-Sharing Applications," E. L. Glaser, J. F. Couleur, and G. A. Oliver
- "Structure of the Multics Supervisor," V. A. Vyssotsky, F. J. Corbató, and R. M. Graham
- "A General Purpose File System for Secondary Storage," R. C. Daley and P. G. Neumann
- "Communications and Input/Output Switching in a Multiplex Computing System." J. F. Ossanna, L. Mikus, and S. D. Dunten
- "Some Thoughts About the Social Implications of Accessible Computing," E. E. David, Jr. and R. M. Fano
Many books and papers describe aspects of Multics.
Multics ran on specialized expensive CPU hardware that provided a segmented, paged, ring-structured virtual memory. The supervisor implemented symmetric multiprocessing with shared physical and virtual memory. Standard Honeywell mainframe peripherals and memory were used. The operating system was programmed in PL/I.
Elliott Organick's book, The Multics System, an Examination of its Structure, describes the system as it was in about 1968. MIT started providing timesharing service on Multics to users in fall of 1969. GE sold the next system to the US Air Force, and the military use of Multics led to some of the system's security features. Honeywell sold more systems to government, and to auto makers, universities, and commercial data processing services.
In the 1980s, Multics became popular in France; Honeywell's partner Bull sold a total of 31 French Multics sites.
Honeywell decided not to create a new hardware generation for Multics in the mid-80s and stopped developing the operating system. In 1987, Honeywell Bull also chose not to build new Multics hardware, and all sites replaced their Multics systems with more modern hardware.
The last running Multics site, the Canadian National Defence site at Halifax, NS, shut down at the end of October 2000.
1.1. Goals
As described in the 1965 paper Introduction and Overview of the Multics System by Corbató and Vyssotsky, there were nine major goals for Multics:
- Convenient remote terminal use.
- Continuous operation analogous to power & telephone services.
- A wide range of system configurations, changeable without system or user program reorganization.
- A high reliability internal file system.
- Support for selective information sharing.
- Hierarchical structures of information for system administration and decentralization of user activities.
- Support for a wide range of applications.
- Support for multiple programming environments & human interfaces.
- The ability to evolve the system with changes in technology and in user aspirations.
1.2. Notable features
See Multics Features for more information.
1.2.1. Segmented memory
The Multics memory architecture divides memory into segments. User programs address segments directly; segments may be shared between different processes' address spaces. Each segment has addresses from 0 to 256K words (1 MB). The file system is integrated with the memory access system so that programs access files by making memory references.
1.2.2. Virtual memory
Multics uses paged memory in the manner pioneered by the Atlas system. Addresses generated by the CPU are translated by hardware from a virtual address to a real address. A hierarchical three-level scheme, using main storage, paging device, and disk, provides transparent access to the virtual memory.
1.2.3. High-level language implementation
Multics was written in the PL/I language, which was, in 1965, a new proposal by IBM. Only a small part of the operating system was implemented in assembly language. Writing an OS in a high-level language was a radical idea at the time.
1.2.4. Shared memory symmetric multiprocessor
The Multics hardware architecture supports multiple CPUs sharing the same physical memory. All processors are equivalent.
1.2.5. Multi-language support
In addition to PL/I, Multics supports BCPL, BASIC, APL, FORTRAN, LISP, SNOBOL, C, COBOL, ALGOL 68 and Pascal. Routines in these languages can call each other.
1.2.6. Relational database
Multics provided the first commercial relational database product, the Multics Relational Data Store (MRDS), in 1978.
1.2.7. Security
Multics was designed to be secure from the beginning. In the 1980s, the system was awarded the {B2 security rating by the US government NCSC, the first (and for years only) system to get a B2 rating.
1.2.8. On-line reconfiguration
As part of its computer utility orientation, Multics was designed to be able to run 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. CPUs, memory, I/O controllers, and disk drives can be added to and removed from a Multics site's configuration while the system is running.
1.2.9. Software Engineering
The development team spent a lot of effort finding ways to build Multics in a disciplined way. The Multics System Programmer's Manual (MSPM) was written before implementation started: it was 3000 or so pages and filled about 4 feet of shelf space in looseleaf binders. (Clingen and Corbató mention that we couldn't have built the system without the invention of the photocopier.) High level language, design and code review, structured programming, modularization and layering were all employed extensively to manage the complexity of the system, which was one of the largest software development efforts of its day.
2. Inception
2.0.1 Precursors
In the early 1960s, large-scale computing was dominated by mainframe computers that were controlled by batch processing supervisor programs. Users submitted jobs on punched cards and tape, and received printed output, punched cards, and tape after the job was run.
"Conversational" computing, in which a single user typed commands to a computer and saw output immediately, had been done on the RAND Johnniac starting in 1953, and was the standard way of using smaller computers and research machines such as MIT's Whirlwind.
Timesharing, in which a large machine switched its attention between multiple users, giving each the impression of conversational computing with a "virtual" computer, had been proposed by John McCarthy in 1959, and by other computer scientists about the same time.
Paging had already been demonstrated on the Atlas system in the early 60s (with 16 pages), and the Burroughs B5000 incorporated segmentation. (Ted Glaser had been part of the B5000 design team.) MIT Professor Jack Dennis of MIT contributed influential architectural ideas to the beginning of Multics, especially the idea of combining paging and segmentation.
2.1. Beginnings
The Compatible Timesharing System (CTSS) was one of the first timesharing systems. It was developed at the MIT Computation Center by a team led by Fernando J. Corbató. CTSS was first demonstrated in November 1961 on the IBM 709, swapping to tape. In its mature form, CTSS ran on a modified IBM 7094 with a second 32K-word bank of memory, using two IBM 2301 drums for swapping, and provided remote access to up to 30 users via an IBM 7750 communications controller connected to dialup modems. Story: "The IBM 7094 and CTSS".
The PLATO system at University of Illinois and the PDP-1 timesharing system at MIT were also demonstrated in 1961. The JOSS system, running on the RAND Johnniac, began operation in 1963.
2.1.2. MIT Project MAC
Chapter 6 of Ronda Hauben's Netizens describes CTSS and the beginnings of Project MAC at MIT. She describes the intense interest in computers among many MIT faculty at the beginning of the 1960s, and the November 1962 conversation between MIT Professor Robert M. Fano and J. C. R. Licklider, head of the Information Processing Techniques Office at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense, that led to the proposal for Project MAC.
The Project MAC contract between MIT and ARPA was signed on July 1, 1963. The major efforts were Professor Corbató's Multics development team and Professor Marvin Minsky's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. We often said that MAC stood for Multiple Access Computers on the 5th floor of 545 Tech Square, and Man and Computer in the AI Lab on the 9th floor. In 1963 Project MAC hosted a Summer Study, which brought many well-known computer scientists to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to use CTSS and to discuss the future of computing. During 1963 and 1964, Project MAC exploited and improved CTSS to the point where it could run as a service for the MIT computing community.
Funding for Project MAC was provided by the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office. According to the National Academy of Sciences report Academic Careers For Experimental Computer Scientists And Engineers, ARPA contributed $2 million per year to project MAC for eight years for Multics development (not sure if this includes other activities such as the AI Lab). During this time period, Bell Labs and GE/Honeywell also contributed resources.
A movie clip from 1964 of Professor Fano, Director of Project MAC, describing time-sharing and using CTSS on a Model 35 Teletype is available on YouTube.
2.1.3. Selection of vendor
The Multics specifications were developed and sent out to bid in 1963. When it came time to select a vendor for the computer that would support the new OS, the folklore is that IBM pitched the machine that would become the 360/65. They were not interested in the MAC team's ideas on paging and segmentation. Professor Joseph Weizenbaum, then a lecturer at MIT, introduced the MAC team to former colleagues of his from General Electric Phoenix, who were receptive and enthusiastic, and proposed what became the GE-645. DEC also responded to the bid. The GE proposal was chosen and the contract signed in August 1964.
The GE-645 was an enhanced version of the commercial GE-635, which in turn was a descendant of the GE M236 minicomputer that GE Syracuse had supplied to the US Air Force for the MISTRAM missle tracking system in the early 60s.
[Kazumasa Mine] At that time, John F. Couleur was responsible for General Electric's 600 product lines. Couleur co-operated with Edward L. Glaser of MIT on the design of the 645, adding paging, segmentation, associative memories or translation lookaside buffers (US Patent 3,412,382), and various functions MIT required, to the base GE-635. Nowadays, almost all computers supporting virtual memory have a TLB in their Memory Management Unit. Couleur's recollections are in The Core of the Black Canyon Computer Corporation, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing Vol. 17, No. 4: Winter 1995, pp. 56-60.
The fanily tree of GE and Honeywell large-scale computers is described in Jane King and Bill Shelly's article A Family History of Honeywell's Large-Scale Computer Systems, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing Vol. 19, No. 4, October/ December 1997. Dec 1997.
2.1.4. MIT, Bell Labs, GE
Bell Labs joined the Multics software development effort in November of 1964 and decided to obtain a GE-645. GE also agreed to contribute software development manpower as well as hardware system engineering. The three organizations worked out a structure for cooperation. The Trinity made major policy decisions. There was one person from each organization:
- Robert M. Fano (MIT)
- Edward E. David (BTL)
- John Weil, then Eugene White, then C. Walker Dix (GE).
The Triumvirate was in charge of actual management of the implementation. Membership changed over the years. The initial composition was
- Fernando J. Corbató (MIT)
- Ed Vance (GE)
- Vic Vyssotsky (BTL).
The final composition was
- Fernando J. Corbató (MIT)
- A. L. Dean (GE)
- Peter G. Neumann (BTL).
Jerome H. Saltzer and Edward L. Glaser were consultants to the triumvirate.
2.1.5. Papers at 1965 FJCC
Six papers describing Multics were presented at a special session at the 1965 Fall Joint Computer Conference. At the time, some people thought the system's goals were too ambitious, and that it couldn't be built, for example H. R. J. Grosch, in DATAMATION, November 1, 1971:
Inspect now the far end, the impossible end, of the feasibility spectrum. Here we find that hecatomb called SAGE, and the other (all the other) command and control projects. We find the great corporate MIS systems-the automated board room, the self-optimizing model, the realistic management game. And, pardon my chuckles, if we turn over a few flat stones we may even find MULTICS.
Other contemporary computer scientists argued against the idea of writing a system in a high level language, or with the use of virtual memory, on the grounds of inefficiency.
2.2. Initial construction
A GE-635 was delivered to Project MAC in August 1965 for use running the 645 simulator, called the "6.36". Intense software development efforts to design and build Multics began in 1965, led by Corby and Bob Daley at Project MAC. The development team used the Project MAC CTSS system for file editing, file storage, and cross-compilation. They submitted simulator runs from CTSS which were run under batch mode on the 635. Bell Labs contracted with Digitek, a software house with experience in compilers, in 1965 to produce a PL/I compiler for Multics. When it became clear that this project was going to fail, Doug McIlroy and Bob Morris of Bell Labs produced a compiler for EPL (Early PL/I), a subset of the full language. This compiler was written using Bob McClure's TMG language framework. It ran on CTSS and also under GECOS on the 635.
The GE-645 was delivered to Project MAC in January 1967. Once the 645 was in place, a revised simulator, still running under GECOS, was used to execute the first major development milestone, "Phase .5," which ran an initial version of the Multics file system. The "Phase 1" milestone demonstrated native boot of Multics on the GE-645 and single-process execution in December 1967, and multi-process execution was demonstrated a few months later. Multics was self hosting, able to compile itself on Multics using bootstrapped compilers, by the end of 1968. All Multics development, by Project MAC and GE users, moved from CTSS to Multics during 1969. Non-developer users began using Multics on a regular basis in July 1969, and MIT's Information Processing Center began providing Multics as a service in October 1969. EPL was replaced by a native compiler, Multics version 1 PL/I, in late 1969.
2.2.1. The MSPM
In 1965 and 1966, while waiting for the PL/I compiler to become available, the development team wrote the Multics System Programmer's Manual (MSPM). It was about 3000 pages; every section went through serious review and many sections were rewritten or deeply revised several times.
The MSPM contained functional requirements, high-level design, and implementation plans for Multics. When we actually started building and integrating the system, we discovered that some of the MSPM designs were far too complex. Simpler, more efficient facilities were built instead, sometimes as interim measures intended to evolve into the full design eventually, and sometimes as recognition that the original plan attempted too much. The MSPM was updated to reflect some of the early redesigns, but quickly got behind. We did try to keep a particular section up to date, the one that documented the system module interfaces, i.e. the code that was actually in the system.
2.2.2. Compilers
PL/I was chosen as the programming language in 1964. A detailed discussion of the history and features of Multics PL/I is on a separate page. The EPL compiler produced assembly language which was processed by the EPLBSA assembler.
2.2.3. Management
In 1968-69 Multics was late and under significant financial pressure and threat of cancellation. Maybe this helped esprit de corps (as opposed to surface morale). A review by a select ARPA committee in 1968 was one time we came close to cancellation; they recommended that we continue.
[Ed Fredkin] Professor Licklider, then the director of Project MAC, asked to see me. He told me, confidentially, that ARPA wanted to stop funding Multics. Licklider felt that there needed to be a graceful way for MIT to come to the conclusion, on its own, that the Multics project should be scrapped. I was sympathetic to Lick's position. He suggested to me that I serve on a committee which would study the state of the Multics project and which would obviously come to the conclusion that the best course of action was to terminate the project. I agreed.
So the committee was formed and it met at MIT's Project MAC. We decided to have the key Multics figures, Professors Corbató and Saltzer (and, to my recollection, others) explain both the state of Multics and the state of the implementation project. It seemed to me, from their behavior, that it was obvious to them that the project was likely to be terminated. As this process started there was no doubt in my mind that the committee would come to the conclusion that Lick expected. As I listened to the Multics story I was impressed by 2 things: the fantastic accomplishments of the Multics team, and the miserably poor telling of it. Corby, so much under the gun to get the next set of things done, spoke mainly about the things they were urgently working on that month (or that week)!
While I felt that the rest of the committee was leaning towards recommending termination, I began to realize that killing off Multics was a terrible idea. My reasoning was as follows: While the Multics project might have been overly ambitious, it was the sole embodiment a great number of very important ideas. The current efforts were taking advantage of lessons learned; knowledge and experience available nowhere else on the planet. If we killed off Multics, it was likely that these ideas would become lost art and would be discredited along with the whole Multics project; all to the possible detriment of many future projects. I decided that the committee had to come to the opposite conclusion to the one that Lick expected.
I was so certain that my new position was correct, that I planned and contrived to do the following: figure out exactly how it could be arranged so that the committee as a whole would decide in favor of continuing Multics. Was I manipulative? I don't remember the details but the answer is "Probably".
[THVV] (Who was on this committee besides Larry Roberts, Butler Lampson, Ed Fredkin, and Dave Evans?) See Multics -- the First Seven Years and A Managerial View of the Multics System Development.
2.3. Use at MIT
Starting in 1969, the MIT GE-645 system was used for sponsored research projects, student computing, and departmental administration. In addition, about half of the MIT system's capacity was used by the Multics project to develop the operating system, supporting users from Project MAC and General Electric.
See the MIT Site History for more description.
2.3.1. Bell labs withdraws (4/1969)
Bell Labs chose to withdraw from the Multics project in April 1969. Their goal in joining was to obtain a timesharing system for use by members of the technical staff at Bell Labs. When the planned time had passed, Multics was not ready to use, and it was clear that there was a lot more work to do. Bell was paying rent on its GE-645 and dedicating valuable people to the Multics effort, and continuing would prolong these costs with no trustworthy end date.
"Over time, hope was replaced by frustration as the group effort initially failed to produce an economically useful system. Bell Labs withdrew from the effort in 1969 but a small band of users at Bell Labs Computing Science Research Center in Murray Hill -- Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Doug McIlroy, and J. F. Ossanna -- continued to seek the Holy Grail." -- Lucent web page
"... the problem was the increasing obviousness of the failure of Multics to deliver promptly any sort of usable system, let alone the panacea envisioned earlier." -- Dennis Ritchie, "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System"
2.3.2. TOSS summer study (7/1969)
The Cambridge Project was an ARPA-funded political science computing project. (Given the nature of the research, the funds probably came from one of the security agencies, and were channeled through ARPA.) They worked on stuff like survey analysis and simulation, led by MIT Professor Ithiel de Sola Pool, J. C. R. Licklider and Douwe B. Yntema. Yntema had done a system on the MIT Lincoln Labs TX-2 called the Lincoln Reckoner, and in the summer of 1969 led a Cambridge Project team in the construction of an experiment called TOSS (terminal oriented social science? anyway it was intentionally a throwaway system). TOSS was sort of like Logo, with matrix operators. Its big feature was multiple levels of undo, back to the level of the login session. This feature was cheap on the Lincoln Reckoner, but absurdly expensive on Multics. This project provided some much-needed revenue to keep the 645 going until it could go public, and was a precursor to the Consistent System (see below).
The first academic course at MIT taught using Multics, in the summer of 1969, was 6.231 Programming Linguistics, taught by professors Art Evans and John M. Wozencraft. It used the PAL language.
2.3.3. MIT usage (10/69)
MIT's Multics was finally opened for paying customers in October 1969, several years later than planned. Responsibility for running the GE-645 was transferred from Project MAC to MIT's Information Processing Center. Pioneer users of the MIT system put up with a lot: crashes, poor response, constant change, arrogance from developers, and inexplicably missing features. The Multics developers and the MIT Information Processing Center management worked furiously to fix problems and make good on overdue promises, and to stave off abandonment of Multics by ARPA, GE, or large MIT users.
22.214.171.124 Cambridge Project
[John Klensin] The Cambridge Project was a major user and revenue source. It built an application called the Consistent System, the largest application ever built on Multics and the most comprehensive data analysis modeling and analysis system ever built. Consistent System developers and users pressed for better function, reliability, and performance and contributed important code and ideas to Multics. Applications built on the CS or its components became a major portion of the workload at several customer sites and contributed to the length of time a few of those systems stayed in operation. AFDSC comes particularly to mind here, although the Human Resources databases at EDS and some of the applications at Credit Lyonnais are probably also candidates.
18.104.22.168 Operating System Development
The main usage of the new Multics system, beginning in 1969, was system programming for Multics itself. The development team was mostly comprised of MIT staff members working at Project MAC, and GE staff members working at the Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory (CISL). In addition to using the MIT system for online editing and compilation of system programs, the MIT system could be reconfigured into two systems, one of which was used for service, and the other for a "development run," in which a new version of the supervisor was tested.
The GE-645 remained on the ninth floor of Technology Square's Alpha building and provided service to the MIT campus via the MIT private telephone exchange. The Project MAC members of the Multics development team were mostly on the fifth floor of the Tech Square Alpha building. CISL programmers were located on the seventh floor of the building, and later moved to the new Beta building across the courtyard. Some GE personnel in Phoenix, where the hardware was built, accessed the MIT system via GE's private phone network.
CISL's language team under Axel Kvilekval and Bob Freiburghouse produced the version 1 PL/I compiler in 1968 and 1969, and Multics was recompiled and in many cases rewritten to take advantage of the much better code produced by the new compiler.
22.214.171.124 Other MIT Usage
Project MAC had quite a few other users of the early Multics. Many of these users used Multics for document creation and formatting and electronic mail as much as they did programming. One group at Project MAC was working on what became the ARPANet, and they designed the hardware and software that connected Multics to the ARPANet as host 0 on IMP #6 in September 1971. Other Project MAC groups that used Multics included a group doing early research in relational databases.
ARPA produced a film about computer networking in 1972, titled Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Corby is the first person speaking. Much of the film is is an interview with Prof. Licklider.
Other MIT research projects switched over from the overloaded CTSS to Multics, hoping to take advantage of the new machine's advanced features. Other computer science research projects outside MIT also secured accounts at the MIT Information Processing Center and did some usage of Multics.
2.4. Use at RADC (8/1970)
The second Multics site was at Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, Rome, New York. The computer was installed in late 1968 but was not used for Multics until 1970. Some research done at this site was classified intelligence studies. RADC also studied software engineering and software tools. They attached an associative processor, a Goodyear Staran, containing 1000 1-bit processors, to their Multics and did pattern recognition work. (The Staran daemon was assigned a load of 1.5.)
See the RADC site history.
[RFC 208] RADC was added to the ARPANet as host 18 as of 10/5/71.
2.5. The GE-655
The GE-645 was a very large computer, implemented in discrete component technology, that is, individual transistors, resistors, and so on soldered to circuit boards. Each CPU backplane was an enormous mass of wires, perhaps 7 feet by 3 feet, built by automated Gardner-Denver wire-wrap machines. Reliability of the large and complex machines was a continual problem, and GE systems were at a performance disadvantage compared to competitors like IBM who used integrated circuit technology.
In the late 60s, GE Engineering designed a machine known as the GE-655, which used integrated circuits instead, and was much smaller and faster. The GE-655 shared the basic asynchronous design of the GE-645.
3. The 70s
3.1. GE Sells Its Computer Division to Honeywell
GE sold its computer business to Honeywell in 1970. This was referred to as the "merger," and was announced to GE employees on 20 May 1970. (See Jean Bellec's story of Shangri-La.) Honeywell renamed the GE-655 to the Honeywell 6000 Series and released the Honeywell 6070 in 1973; the EIS version was known as the Honeywell 6080. GE CISL became Honeywell CISL, still located in Technology Square, Cambridge. It had about 40 employees during the 1970s.
3.2. Use of Multics at MIT
MIT's Information Processing Center operated a Multics timesharing service with over a thousand registered users through the 1970s. Honeywell was a major customer of this service, and IPC, MIT Project MAC, and Honeywell CISL used the MIT site as the primary development tool for Multics operating system development. Project MAC's participation in Multics development gradually declined in the 1970s: its Computer System Research group widened its focus and dedicated a declining number of staff to Multics improvement. Some professors and student thesis research made valuable contributions to Multics during the 70s, and Project MAC used the Multics machine to develop and deploy its contributions to the ARPANet and TCP/IP.
Computer science papers in the 1970s by Project MAC professors and Honeywell employees continued to publicize and document the ideas and lessons of Multics.
3.3. Honeywell Offers Multics as a Product
In the early 1970s, Honeywell decided to offer Multics as a product, targeting universities (like MIT), high-tech companies (like Ford and GM), and military customers (like the US Air Force, to whom Honeywell had sold a large number of computers as part of WWMCCS). This activity brought new team members into the Multics project: Honeywell marketing and Federal Systems marketing, and development organizations in Billerica MA, Phoenix AZ, and Paris, France.
3.3.1. Commercial announcement (1/1973)
There were several commercial announcements of Multics. The Honeywell 6180 was announced in January 1973 at the Boston Museum of Science. 6180 processors were about 1 MIPS each. A two-CPU system with 768KB of memory, 8MB of bulk store, 1.6GB of disk, 8 tape drives, and two DN355s, like MIT's system, had a purchase price of about $7 million. The 6180 was faster and smaller than the 645, cost less, and included hardware architecture improvements that improved Multics efficiency and security. The first customer 6180 was delivered to MIT, and Multics system software was debugged on it by CISL and MIT programmers.
The number of Multics installations grew from one, at the beginning of the 70s, to about 25. Each installation was a multi-million dollar sale. During the 70s, there were seven major releases of Multics, about one a year.
3.4. Software Changes in the 70s
3.4.1. New Storage System (28.0, 2/1976)
A major system development project at Honeywell CISL during the 1970s was the implementation of the New Storage System (NSS). The initial Multics file system design had evolved from the one-huge-disk world of CTSS. When multiple disk units were used they were just assigned increasing ranges of disk addresses, so a segment could have pages scattered over all disks on a system configuration. This provided good I/O parallelism but made crash recovery expensive. NSS redesigned the lower levels of the file system, introducing the concepts of logical and physical volumes and a mapping from a Multics directory branch to a VTOC entry for each file. The new system had much better recovery performance in exchange for a small space and performance cost.
3.4.2. Project Guardian
Project Guardian grew out of the ARPA support for Multics and the sale of Multics systems to the US Air Force. USAF wanted a system that could be used to handle more than one security classification of data at a time. They contracted with Honeywell and MITRE to figure out how to do this. Project Guardian led to the creation of the Access Isolation Mechanism, the forerunner of the B2 labeling and star property support in Multics. The DoD Orange Book was influenced by the experience in building secure systems gained in Project Guardian.
Multics released the first commercial relational database, the Multics Relational Data Store, implemented by Jim Weeldreyer and Oris Friesen of Honeywell Phoenix and released in June 1976. MRDS included a report writer called MRPG written by Jim Falksen. (See Paul McJones's page on MRDS on his System R website.)
3.4.4. ARPA network software
MIT Project MAC (later Laboratory for Computer Science) had an active network development group, created by J. C. R. Licklider. MAC researchers wrote many of the original network RFCs and contributed to the design of the protocols. The MIT 645 was connected to the ARPANet in September 1971. The MIT 6180 was connected to the ARPANet in 1974. There is a 1972 ARPA movie online titled Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing featuring Lick, Corby, Larry Roberts, and others. See Communications and Networking for the details of the ARPANet connection and its later evolution into TCP/IP.
Document editing and production using compose, plus Emacs, plus Speedtype, plus a simplified shell was packaged into a subsystem and marketed as a Multics advantage.
3.5. Multics installations (1970s)
Each Multics sale in the 70s was the result of intense effort by the sales team, often supported by Engineering. RFPs for large system procurements in the 70s often specified complex benchmarks, which required hard work by many Multicians. In addition, almost every sale made the development team aware of new requirements for Multics.
3.5.1. Air Force Data Services Center
The AFDSC site was first installed in 1973, and became the largest single customer site. Located in the Pentagon, in Washington DC, this site had multiple Multics systems, each with multiple CPUs. Project Guardian was driven by Air Force requirements and led to substantial change to Multics security features. AFDSC site history.
3.5.2. General Motors
General Motors Information Systems and Communications Activity installed a Multics in 1974. This site had multiple systems and used Multics for GM corporate data processing. See the GM site history.
3.5.3. Ford
Ford had Multics twice: the first time was in 1973-1975 as an evaluation system. Then it was uninstalled, and reinstalled at the end of the 70s. The Ford site grew to another very large installation, ending up with 19 CPUs. See the Ford site history.
3.5.4. Industrial Nucleonics
Industrial Nucleonics bought a single-processor Multics and a hundred Level 6 minicomputers in 1977. They used the Level 6 machines as industrial process controllers, using nuclear sensors to measure process variables such as the thickness of paper produced by a paper mill. The Multics machine was its software factory. The company was later renamed AccuRay, after its measurement technology product, and later still was bought by Asea Brown Boveri. ABB shut down its Multics in 1991 and bought Multics time from ACTC for a while.
3.5.5. University Sales
Several universities purchased Multics systems in the 70s. The University of Southwestern Louisiana chose Multics partly because a single system could be used for education and for administrative data processing. Their site was installed in 1975. USL site history. Story: The Louisiana State Trooper Story. Virginia Polytechnic University, Oakland University (near Detroit), and the University of Calgary also became Multics customrers.
The United States Geological Survey, part of the US Department of the Interior, installed three Multics systems, in Reston VA, Denver CO, and Menlo Park CA in 1977.
3.5.7. European Sites
Honeywell Bull had used Multics in the early 70s as a software factory for the Level 64. At the end of the 70s, several Multics systems were sold in Europe: ASEA (Sweden), Avon Universities (Bristol and Bath, England), INRA and the University of Grenoble (France).
3.5.8. Other Sites
The Puerto Rican Highway Authority bought a Multics in 1977, which was still running through the 1990s. Bell Canada installed two systems. Honeywell Corporate Network Operations installed a system in Minneapolis. The Data Comunications Corporation installed a system in Memphis TN. Nippon Electric Company had a GE-645 site in the early 70s. Little is known about this system.
3.6. The Palyn Report (1978)
Internal dissension within Honeywell about LISD's large system future operating system choices led to the commissioning of this report by consulting firm Palyn Associates by HIS corporate in 1978. UCLA Professor Jerry Popek and George Rossman were principal authors. Forest Baskett, Mike Stonebraker, and John Hennessey also contributed. The report recommended capping CP-6, GCOS-3, and GCOS-4 and concentrating on Multics. LISD whitewashed and committeed the project to death and did nothing. Story: The Palyn Report.
4. The 80s
4.1. Multics Installations in the 80s
The first half of the 80s had many new Multics sites installed, mostly due to vigorous sales in Europe. This happened despite an uncertain corporate future, aging hardware, and lack of a clear future roadmap.
4.1.1 French University System
In the 1980s, Multics became popular in France; Honeywell Bull sold a total of 31 Multics sites, many to French universities, research institutions, and government agencies.
4.1.2 US Government Sites
The US National Security Agency installed an internal Multics system in the early 80s. Little is known about this site, which we were instructed to call "Site N." NSA later installed a better-known Multics site, called DOCKMASTER, which was used by NSAto communicate with vendors of computer security projects. The US Naval War College developed the Naval War Games System on Multics, first installing a development system and then two production systems. The McDonnell Douglas corporation installed and used a Multics system in Long Beach, CA in the development of the C-17 transport aircraft for the US Air Force.
4.1.3 Canadian Government Sites
The Canadian Department of National Defence installed two systems in the 1980s. The DND Halifax site was the last Multics site to shut down, in 2000.
4.1.4 Other Europe Universities
Several European universities installed Multics in the 80s. These were the University of Mainz (Germany), Loughborough University of Technology (Loughborough, England), University of Birmingham (Birmingham, England), Brunel University (Uxbridge, Middlesex, England), and the University of Cardiff (Cardiff, Wales).
4.1.5 Other Europe
In 1980, Renault installed a 2-CPU system in Boulogne-Billancourt, France. Standard Telephones and Cables (New Southgate, London, England) installed a small system in 1982. In the Netherlands, the Ministerie van Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid, known as SOZAWE installed a small system in Den Haag in 1983. The French petroleum company ELF installed a system in Pau, the Centre de Recherche ELF, in 1983. The UK Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough, Hampshire, England) installed a 4-CPU system in 1984.
4.1.6 Other
Toshiba installed two systems in Japan in the 1980s. Little is known about these systems. Arizona State University in Phoenix installed a small Multics in 1981. St John's University (Jamaica NY) also installed a system in 1981. Hoffman-LaRoche (Nutley, NJ) had a 4-CPU system installed in 1982. Southern Company Services, Inc. (Atlanta GA) installed a system in 1982 to build a nuclear fuel inventory system.
4.2 Software Changes in the 80s
4.2.1 Data Management (1985)
In 1985, Multics release 11 introduced a true atomic transaction manager, the Data Management (DM) facility, sometimes called FAMIS, and MRDS was changed to use it.
4.2.2 B2 Rating (1985)
Multics received the B2 Orange Book rating from the NCSC in August 1985, the culmination of a long effort.
4.3 Multics cancellation (1985)
Multics development was canceled by Honeywell in July 1985. (This was Honeywell's sixth attempt to cancel the system. The decision was made in November 1984 by Gene Manno, and announced the following July.) In 1985, Multics was the only profitable product in the Office Marketing Systems Division. Story: Honeywell Management.
4.3.1 Closure of CISL
Honeywell's Cambridge Information Systems Laboratory was closed in June 1986. Some CISL personnel transferred to Honeywell Billerica to work on the Opus project.
4.3.2 HLSUA Task Force
A HLSUA Task Force was formed in April 1986 to look at migration from Multics to the DPS 6 Plus, following a presentation by Gene Manno at HLSUA. Members were Vince Scarafino (Ford), James Stephens (GM), Bob Kansa (EDS), Paul Amaranth (Oakland University), Norm Powroz (Canadian DND), and Norm Barnecut (University of Calgary). By 1987, Honeywell had backed away from supporting key elements of Multics function on the DPS 6 Plus.
5. Termination and Rescue Attempts
In the mid-80s, Multics customers tried to pressure Honeywell to produce a faster and more modern Multics machine. The 8/70M was a generation behind competitors' hardware and Honeywell had no announced plans to produce new Multics processors. Many of the existing customers defected when they found that the operating system was not supported by the company.
5.1. Honeywell Flower (1985)
[WOS] Flower was never produced, but was intended to be a 3-4x faster machine implemented in gate arrays as a "test case" for Honeywell Corporate's Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) program (which was being done under contract to the DoD). The design got quite far along, and parts of it were even running in simulation, when the project was all canned in March 1985. It was to include significant architectural enhancements, most notably 8 more pointer registers and two new indirect types: self-relative and base-of-self-relative, as well as a bunch of minor ones.
Unlike the ADP, Flower wasn't based on a GCOS processor, it didn't have the other components to inherit from GCOS, and a significant amount of work would have been required to interface it to memory and I/O systems. There was a GCOS system planned (I do not believe it ever escaped the factory, either) which was where they were looking for the other components, but that whole area never really had a good answer before the end of the effort. It would have worked with the DPS8-M hardware, but not at its full speed advantage.
[THVV] In 1984, Flower was intended to be a 3 MIP processor, almost 5 times the power of the Honeywell Level 68. Using HT5000 bi-polar gate arrays, it would have fit on three 15"x15" boards. GCOS-only instructions, indirection modes (e.g., tally modifiers), processor modes, and data types (e.g. 6-bit BCD and 4-bit decimal) were omitted from the design.
Tom Rykken led the Flower project in Minneapolis. He provided us with his recollections of the Flower project.
5.2. Multics Company Merlin (1985)
[WOS] After Multics was canceled by Honeywell in July 1985, Olin Sibert attempted to form the "Multics Company" and purchase the technology from Honeywell. This was based around resurrecting the Flower design (afterward called Merlin) and building new Multics-specific I/O hardware (called Excalibur). This effort lasted around 6 months, then petered out when Honeywell realized that, while it might be good for customers, it could never be good for Honeywell.
The Merlin processor was simply the Flower recast in slower but more commercial technology, with assorted minor adjustments. I do not believe any parts were ever simulated, but there was a fair amount of design done, all by the engineers who'd had nothing to do since Flower's demise.
5.3. The Michael Tague project (1987)
[WOS, JWG] Another former Multician, Michael Tague (who managed the Opus software development), tried to resurrect Multics yet again in 1987, with the same engineers but with yet newer commercial technology (probably on a 386 base). There was some discussion with Sequent about this project. The business plan emphasized the security of Multics on commodity hardware, assuming that there was a growing security market. Tague had much more enthusiastic support from the (changed) Honeywell management, but ultimately they screwed him, too, and nothing ever came of it. The technical work done included figuring out how to support Unix binaries. Honeywell Bull management wouldn't support it because they preferred to control the Multics source code and decided to contract maintenance and support to ACTC as a "safer" proposition. I do not know how far the project got in terms of hardware design.
5.4. Opus (1986)
[WOS, John Ata] As a sop to customers after canning Multics in 1985, Honeywell promised to provide everything Multics had, plus more, plus total compatibility with the Level 6/DPS6 operating system, through a system code-named "Opus," officially named VS3 (short for HVS R3 or Honeywell Virtual System Release Three, to spell it all out). It was to run on the DPS6-plus hardware known internally as the MRX and HRX, and be all things to all people. The hardware was a dud (though it did run the native DPS6 software just fine), and the goal was, shall we say, ambitious. The effort was canceled by Honeywell Bull in 1987, in favor of another project going on in France.
An interesting postscript to this story, though, is that HFSI (formerly Honeywell Federal Systems, Inc., later a quasi independent corporate subsidiary of Bull, later known as Wang Federal and DigitalNet, and now known as BAE Systems) built a highly secure system on the same DPS6-plus hardware. This is sort of a "second generation SCOMP" (which itself was the first system ever evaluated at A1), and it's called the XTS200.
XTS200 received (May 1992?) a B3 rating from NCSC. The evaluated system runs only on that big, expensive, slow DPS6plus hardware, though they have already ported it to 80486 machines in the lab, yielding about 7-10x the performance at one-twentieth the hardware cost. It has a largely satisfactory emulation of System V (release 3) Unix as its interface, and near as I can tell will be the very first reasonable high-security system (in terms of compatibility, performance, and cost) ever delivered--once it's fully on the 486, that is.
[John Ata] The XTS-300 (STOP 4.1) has also been awarded a B3 rating after the successful completion of its RAMP cycle on May 30 of this year. As far as I'm aware, it was the first time that a product on one hardware platform was RAMPED from a similar product on another hardware platform.
5.5. Multics on Cyber 180 study (1985)
[WOS] There was a brief exploration (by the Multics Development Center) in early 1985 of porting Multics to the relatively new CDC mainframe hardware. It didn't get beyond the study stage.
5.6. Multics on Sequent (or other Intel 386/486) (1985-1987)
[WOS] Both as part of my "Multics Company" and Tague's project, there was some work devoted to porting Multics to the Intel architecture, specifically to the big Sequent multiprocessors. Again, nothing much came of it; this was late 1985 and early 1987.
5.7. Multics on DPS90
[WOS] Honeywell Bull (or whatever it was called by then) explored the possibility of running Multics in emulation on the DPS90 mainframe. This was, I think, a vain attempt to sell some large customer a DPS90 or two--it actually would have worked fairly well, since the instruction sets are so similar, but it was too big a project for the sales organization to pull off.
[Vince Scarafino] There was a considerable amount of preliminary work done on this. It was a sound proposal and would have provided a reasonable environment for porting Multics applications. The proposed approach would have only recreated the ring 4 Multics environment, though. Bull wanted its customers to pay, up front, for the project. None of the customers wanted to spend the money for what looked like a stay of execution (no pun intended).
[Charles Bouchier] During the period that NEC was building the DPS90/9000 series, I was Director of Scientific/Engineering Marketing for Major Accounts out of Phoenix and we also wanted to port Multics to the DPS90s for continued revenues with some of the larger companies that were clambering for more power with the Multics OS. The bottom line was that NEC wanted $1,000,000 to do the board and firmware reworks and HIS -> HB was not willing to pony up... which became an obvious mistake as from that point on there was nowhere else to go with Multics in a competitive market.
5.8. Honeywell and Bull (1965-1991)
GE bought Bull and created Compagnie Bull-General Electric in 1964. Bull engineers helped design the initial Multics. The French government was a major investor in Bull; it supported the 1975 merger of Bull with CII to create CII Honeywell Bull. See the history of Bull website for much more on this subject. CII Honeywell Bull was nationalized by the French government in 1982. Honeywell Information systems merged with Bull to create Bull HN Information Systems in 1987; NEC was a minority partner. Bull bought out the shares of Honeywell and NEC in 1991.
5.9. Maintenance to Calgary (1988-2000)
In April 1988, Bull transferred maintenance of Multics to the University of Calgary, which set up a separate corporation called ACTC Technologies Inc. to do this. (ACTC was later renamed Perigon Systems Inc.) ACTC had its own Multics system, and at one time said it "intends to be the last Multics machine running."
[David Schroth] Perigon Solutions was acquired by CGI Group Inc. subsidiary CGI Information Systems and Management Consultants Inc. in September 1998. CGI continued to operate a dual 8/70M in Calgary. Formal support was no longer offered to the Multics community. CGI shut down its Multics on July 7, 2000.
5.10. DOCKMASTER Shutdown (1998)
The US National Security Agency's DOCKMASTER machine was shut down in March, 1998, after repeated extensions. The hardware from this site, except for the hard drives, was transferred to the National Cryptologic Museum, which in turn loaned it permanently to the Computer Museum History Center in Mountain View, California.
5.11. The Last Site (2000)
[Jim Corey] The last Multics system running, the Canadian Department of National Defence Multics site in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, shut down October 30, 2000 at 17:08Z. This system was modified to be Y2K compliant and was the main production system until Sept/00.
5.12. Release of Source (2007)
Bull HN has made the entire source of Multics available "for any purpose and without fee" at MIT as of November 2007.


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Meeting to be held on salt contamination
DANNEMORA — An informational meeting to update Chazy Lake residents on the well-water salt-contamination issue there will be held at 6 p.m. Monday, Dec. 2, in the Dannemora Town Hall, 1168 Cook St.
The meeting is open to the public but would be of interest especially to all residents of Chazy Lake who live within the proposed Water District boundaries.
CHAMPLAIN — Northeastern Clinton Central School will meet at 6 p.m. Tuesday, Dec. 3, in the Middle/Senior High library.
Items on the agenda include the search for a superintendent, the Superintendent's Report, policies, the principal's monthly reports and possible appointment of personnel.
The meeting is open to the public.
WILMINGTON — The Lake Placid Central School Board will meet at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Dec. 3, at the Wilmington Community Center.
The agenda includes an executive session regarding special education and the superintendent's evaluation, and during public session, a non-teaching staff medical leave of absence, non-teaching staff salary correction and winter sports volunteer.
The public is invited.
FORT COVINGTON — The Fort Covington Adult Center is encouraging residents to sponsor a bulbs on its memory tree in honor of loved ones this holiday season.
Each memory bulb is $1. A tree-lighting ceremony is set for Friday, Dec. 13, at the Adult Center. A hayride with Christmas carolers begins at 4 p.m., and the ceremony will be held at 6 p.m. Free refreshments, including chili with crackers and hot chocolate, will be available.
Call the Adult Center at 358-4895 to purchase a bulb or for more information.
Schuyler Falls seeks to fill Planning Board seat
MORRISONVILLE — The Town of Schuyler Falls is looking for applicants to fill a vacancy on the Town Planning Board.
Those interested can inquire at the Town Hall, 997 Mason St. in Morrisonville or call 563-1129.


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This has to be a first. Metallica's James Hetfield is sitting in the oak-paneled library-cum-lounge of the band's Paris hotel, the très posh Saint James's Club, and he's wearing a tie. There are extenuating circumstances, however. The blond, leonine singer-guitarist came down from his room in standard gear – black T-shirt, black jeans, black boots – all psyched up to order his first beer of the evening, when the maitre d' informed him with frosty politeness that club rules require gentlemen to wear ties. Hetfield, who sings a lot about death and destruction but likes a good gag as much as the next guy, agreed to put one on – over his T-shirt. Without another word, the maitre d' presented him with an ugly pink number with a big dark stain on it, pulled from a drawer behind the bar. So Hetfield has his tie and his beer, and he's talking about the recording sessions for Metallica's latest album when an elderly, balding American businessman in an expensively tailored suit comes up to the table and brusquely interrupts the conversation. "I would just like to say that you don't have to go to this extreme to look ridiculous,'' he says, looking at Hetfield with icy disdain. "I know you don't normally associate with people that do this. But you're just like a child.''
Hetfield keeps a civil tongue until Daddy Warbucks walks away. "Put a tie on, don't put a tie on,'' he says, his eyes narrowing into hard, angry slits. "Fuck you. I'll come down here naked next time."
"One of the first things people say to me now is 'Hey, you guys real rich?' '' Hetfield continues with a snort. "Who gives a shit? We're staying in this hotel, and I hate it. Can't come down to the bar and talk to your friends, have a drink. This old stuffy fuck coming up and telling me I look like a dick. Having money, being part of all this, freaks me out. I like being where most people can't find me, doing things by myself or just being with good friends in the wilderness, camping or drinking or whatever. I get a lot of time to think about what this shit is really about and what makes you happy.
"There's a lot of things people have totally forgotten about, they're so caught up in this,'' Hetfield says, gesturing around the room. "Looking good, being seen in the right places, playing the fucking game. I get real sick of that shit. That has nothing to do with real life, with being alive.''
If he wanted to, Hetfield could afford to run up bar bills at the Saint James's Club until doomsday, and dance on the tables to boot. Metallica – the band's fifth album and its first since 1988's double-platinum . . . And Justice for All – not only entered the Billboard album chart at Number One, it stayed there for an entire month while the leadoff single, "Enter Sandman,'' quickly bullied its way into the Top Thirty. Metallica also kicked big booty around the world, instantly topping charts in England, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Norway.
Yet after years of being on the outside looking in, hailed as young gods of the Eighties thrash underground and declaimed as the antichrists of AOR rock, the four members of Metallica – Hetfield, drummer Lars Ulrich, lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Jason Newsted, now all in their late twenties – have discovered to their chagrin that having a Number One record is not all it's cracked up to be. As Ulrich puts it, "It's just numbers on a fucking piece of paper.''
Ulrich remembers all too clearly the day this past August when he found out that Metallica had gone straight to Number One. He was in a hotel room in Budapest, where the band was playing as part of a European Monsters of Rock Tour with AC/DC, when the fax from Metallica's New York management office came in. He read it – and nothing happened. No fireworks, no champagne showers, no bimbos whispering sweet congratulations in his ear. Nada.
"You think one day some fucker's gonna tell you, 'You have a Number One record in America,' and the whole world will ejaculate,'' Ulrich says with a sardonic laugh. "I stood there in my hotel room, and there was this fax that said, 'You're Number One.' And it was, like, 'Well, okay.' It was just another fucking fax from the office.
"It's just really difficult to get excited about it,'' Ulrich continues. "We've never been really career-conscious. We never tried to be Number One. But now we're Number One and it's, like, okay.''
"I never pictured in my mind what having a Number One album meant,'' admits Newsted, "because I never thought it was possible to have a Number One record with the kind of music we played.''
That, of course, is the beauty of it. Metallica, the scourge of the mainstream, begins its second decade at the top. It was not that long ago that the band was a genre unto itself – the lone messiah of speed metal, worshiped by a small but vocal congregation of disenfranchised hard-rock disciples unimpressed by punk and disgusted with the candy-pants sound of early-Eighties commercial heavy metal. It was only in 1988 that the members of Metallica graduated from street brats to chart terrors, blowing open the temple doors of the Top Ten with . . . And Justice for All's hurricane mosaic of bludgeoning guitar riffs, fiendishly complex time changes and Hetfield's hell-comes-to-your-house exhortations.
That it was Metallica, an album of shorter songs and heightened studio intensity, that turned the Number One trick is no great surprise. "This album is a little easier to listen to for people who'd never heard Metallica before,'' Hetfield concedes. It is, however, anything but a retreat from extremes. With Metallica, the band stripped back its songwriting to a brutish minimum, used a commercial producer, Bob Rock, to make its heaviest-sounding record ever and dared to get downright romantic in the ballad passages.
"I know we're Number One completely on our own terms,'' Ulrich says proudly, taking an afternoon tea break in the Saint James's Club's sun-dappled back garden (no ties required). "This whole thing was done our way. There is an inner satisfaction about that, to give a major 'Fuck you' to the business itself and the way you're supposed to play the game and the way we dealt with all that shit up through the mid-Eighties.
"I know there were a lot of bands who went, 'Oh, yeah, Metallica, they sell a lot of records, but they can't play or write songs,' '' Ulrich adds. "I was just reading an interview with [the Cult's] Ian Astbury where he said going to a Metallica concert was one big wanking session with all these guys jerking each other off – and where's the femininity? Well, excuse me!
"So this is a big 'Fuck you,' not especially to Ian Astbury, but to all the people who felt that way for years and years and who came up and smiled to our faces, but as soon as they walked away, they were laughing at us – 'These guys, what's this thrash shit?' ''
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Results 591 to 595 of 677
Thread: What names have we missed?
June 6th, 2013 09:22 AM #591Senior Member
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June 6th, 2013 10:55 AM #593Member
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I think that you might have misspelt "Vincenzo" in your database. I saw "Vincenzio" and "Vicenzo", the latter which I have not ever seen used.
Vincenzo is a very traditional name used in Italy. Root is sam as Vincent. Nicknames that I have seen used for Vincenzo are:
Vi (VEE); Vinny; Cenzi (CHIN zee); and Enzo
BTW, according to my husband who wears this name, "Renzo" is the traditional nn for Lorenzo. "Enzo" is the traditional nn for Vincenzo. A Lorenzo with the nn " Enzo" would be very weird.
June 6th, 2013 12:00 PM #595Member
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More Italian boy names
I just created a list of Italian boy names that could easily be used in Italy now, and a few of them were not linking to the name entries. I also saw a Nameberry Italian Name list and noticed that a few were missing from it: (let me know if you need pronunciations on any)
Davide (very popular in Italy)
Piergiorgio (Pier + another name is very common)
Nicola (Nicola is actually a unisex name in Italy more commonly used for boys with the nn Nico)
Xaviero (I have heard of someone using this name on a young child. Not sure how long it has been used there)
Rocco (considered almost too cool to use right now in Italy bc there is a very famous porn star named Rocco)
June 6th, 2013 12:01 PM #597
Last edited by tfzolghadr; June 6th, 2013 at 12:12 PM.Emiliana Pari Debuts July 2014Soren Pasha, Caspian Bardia, Raphael
Camellia, Valentina
June 6th, 2013 02:54 PM #599Member
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Tiziana is a name that I have heard of a couple of time in Italy. I think it is a really pretty name! One Tiziana said that her name was not that uncommon, but it was an old fashioned name (unlike Giulia, Sofia and Martina- which are the most popular now there).
It apparently is from an old roman name Titianus or from the Tizia family.


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Is a website really essential? Yep. Customers need to find you and that necessitates having a digital place of business. Your website is your main cyber storefront, the hub where you direct all your other marketing messages. Websites are now essential.
Why can't I just piggyback off of other sites like Yelp or Google Business, etc.? Unfortunately this is the equivalent of renting office space with only a handshake contract. If any of these companies decides to change their policies, you have no real say – especially if it is a free service. You also signal to the marketplace that you are not a "real" business.
But isn't creating a website expensive and time consuming? Fortunately you do not need to spend a fortune (or weeks of your summer) to get an effective website. Just recently I created a simple, essential website (for my upcoming book launch) for only $275 and a few hours of work with Crys Williams, owner of Big Bright Bulb. Crys has really found a way to walk anyone through the website creation process with a supportive hand and a big smile. It was quick and easy and had all the important elements required:
An essential, successful website only needs five pages:
So, get started and get found with a basic website.
Any tips for essential, successful websites? Share in the Comments section below.
A major advantage to padding this stat is the likelihood of getting loans, raising capital,
I completely agree that websites are valuable to small businesses even with all of the social networks, business directories like Yelp, Yellow Pages, and Google+. A website becomes the place that small businesses can tell their story and provide up-to-date information about their business.
It is incredibly important that businesses utilize a website service that is simple enough for them and their staff to update their websites with ease.


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Enjoy great new features and enhanced Nokia Lumia experiences when you update your Nokia Lumia phone using the Zune PC software. In addition, you need a computer with an internet connection and a compatible USB cable.
Read more about the latest benefits for you
Nokia Lumia 800 and 900.
To find out more about the latest update for you, go to Support main page, and select your phone.
How can I update my Nokia Lumia phone with Windows Phone 7.8?
Software updates from Nokia and Microsoft are free of charge and safe to install, and your settings, apps, photos, and text messages will remain safe and sound.
Your phone notifies you when an update is available for you.
Step 1.
To update your phone, you need the Zune software (Windows) or Windows Phone app (Mac) on your computer.
Zune software
Windows Phone app
Step 2.
Connect your phone to your computer with a compatible USB cable.
Step 3.
Start the Zune software or Windows Phone app and follow the instructions shown.


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Concept Art by Donglu Yu
- by Michael Dachstein
- Dec 18th, 2012
- Digital art
Amazing set of conceptual artworks by Chinese artist Donglu Yu. Enjoy!
United Kingdom-based logo designer and hand letterer Ian Barnard creates typography lettering by hand. Taking quotes of famous personalities, words of wisdom and more, he creates beautiful art that will put a smile to your …
Collection of inspiring photo manipulations by Samuel Pettersson. Visit Samuel Pettersson
Creative statue by Japanese artist Yoshitoshi Kanemaki. Visit Yoshitoshi Kanemaki
Illustrations for magazine & self initiated project by Hsiao-Ron Cheng. Visit Hsiao-Ron Cheng
Creative portrait drawings by Stefan Zsaitsits. Visit Stefan Zsaitsits
Amazing set of conceptual artworks by Chinese artist Donglu Yu. Enjoy!


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Start Spreading The News...
Many a sports fan dreams of visiting Yankee stadium in their lifetime. The field has such rich history in the sport. It's one of the original ballparks still standing – at least for now, before its scheduled tear down and rebuild at the end of the 2008 season.
Considering this fact, it is even more rare when an individual is given the opportunity to check out the stadium on a personal tour. To walk in the dugout, sit on the players' bench, and see the stadium completely empty – it's an experience few have had the opportunity to enjoy. It's nearly a chance of a lifetime.
Well – if you're Ryan Evert and the Rolling Lab crew, you might know what this feels like.
With the help of Oakley's sports marketing manager for baseball, Garry Gant, Ryan was able to develop a relationship with members of the Yankees staff, as well as the Bronx police staff. Essentially, these relationships resulted in the Lab being granted permission to park in front of Yankee stadium in an area where NO vehicles are allowed to park. How did the Lab get access to this spot for parking? Oh don't worry, they had a full police escort bring them to their location.
As if that weren't enough, Ryan and his Lab crew as well his mom and brother were given the chance to take a private tour of the stadium as well as attend a game.
While the Lab was not open for tours on location, the Oakley message was displayed loud and clear simply through the Lab's presence alone.
Thanks go out to Rich Manteleone, Assistant Pitching Coach, of the NY Yankees for playing a major part in making this all come together, as well as the Yankees organization in general. Additional thanks also go to Sgt. Toby Antmonk and Officers John Gimo, Mark and Manta of the Bronx police department.
Last but not least, big thanks go once again to Garry Gant with Oakley!


text: Hello! I am a graphic designer and letterpress printer. I work from my studio in Asheville, North Carolina designing beautiful and one-of-a-kind letterpressed paper products. Letterpress is an antique form of printmaking that combines hand-mixed colors and varied textures for a charming, unique effect. By offering creative solutions and a standard of excellence, I love collaborating with clients to produce lovely designs and printed materials. Please take a look around & contact me with any questions.


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So stinkin" cute!
Cute, cute, Cute!!!
This collection is going on the top of my must have list. I am loving the Die Cuts and Papers.
This collection is going on the top of my must have list. I love the Die Cuts and Papers.
Love the die cut cards, die cuts, and flair
Really loving all the papers in Liz's collection!
Video - CHA Winter '13 - Dear Lizzy
by Jamie Sorenson
posted 01/11/13 at 08:42 PM
Galleries: Scrapbooking, Stamping, Cardmaking, Altered Projects, Home Decor, Packaging
Leave a comment by January 20th at 11:59 pm CST for your chance to win some of the new product featured in this video! One entry per person. Thanks for watching and thanks to JBS Mercantile for sponsoring!
Copyright © 1999-2014 It's Like This LLC. Two Peas in a Bucket is a trademark of It's Like This LLC. All Rights Reserved.


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Posted: 01/24/13 EST | Updated: 02/01/13 EST
Republicans have a new strategy for 2016: Change the rules of presidential elections in order to swing the Electoral College in the GOP's favor.
On Wednesday, Virginia's Republican-controlled legislature became one of the first to advance a bill that would allocate electoral votes by congressional district. Last week, Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus endorsed pushing through similar proposals in other states with Republican legislative majorities.
The strategy would have states alter the way they translate individual votes into electors -- thereby giving Republican candidates an advantage. Had the 2012 election been apportioned in every state according to these new Republican plans, Romney would have led Obama by at least 11 electoral votes. Here's how:
In the 2012 election, President Barack Obama defeated Mitt Romney by 126 electoral votes.
Within the 26 states that Obama took, Romney won a plurality of votes in 99 congressional districts.
Obama, on the other hand, won only 32 congressional districts in red states.
Each state has two more electoral votes than congressional districts. The most common Republican proposal -- under consideration in Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Michigan -- follows the same rules already in effect in Maine and Nebraska, which allocate the two additional votes to the winner of the statewide popular vote.
This is what the 2012 electoral map would have looked like had each state apportioned its electors using these rules.
The legislation introduced in Virginia, however, goes even further and proposes to allocate the two remaining votes not to the candidate who wins the state-wide popular vote, but to the candidate who wins the majority of congressional districts. This would give Republicans an even bigger advantage in that state.
Will the Virginia GOP's Electoral Vote Rigging Pass?
(Update) GOP war on voting: Rigging elections to thwart the popular vote
Pennsylvania House Republicans Introduce Bill To Rig The 2016 Presidential ...
Michigan GOP Considering Republican Plan To Rig The Presidential Election
The GOP's Boldest Election-Rigging Move Yet
RNC Chair: Rig The Next President Election For Republicans
GOP eyes electoral change Dems charge is election rigging
Electoral College fixes could backfire, state's top GOP frets