text:
Northern Cyprus
|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti
|Anthem: İstiklal Marşı
Independence March
and largest city
|North Nicosia
|Official languages
|Turkish Cypriot
|Derviş Eroğlu
|Prime Minister
|Özkan Yorgancıoğlu
|Assembly of the Republic
|Independence from Cyprus
|15 November 1983
|by Turkey only
|3,355 km2 (174th if ranked)
1,295 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2014 estimate
|2011 census
|294,906 (disputed)
|86/km2 (116th)
223/sq mi
|GDP (nominal)
|2008 estimate
|$3.9 billion[1]
|Per capita
|Turkish lira () (
|Time zone
|Summer (DST)
|Drives on the
|Calling code
|+90 392
|Internet TLD
|.nc.tr or .ct.tr;
wide use of .cc
Northern Cyprus (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs), officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC; Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti), is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community as part of the Republic of Cyprus.[2]
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the north east, westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the area), and southward to the village of Louroujina. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both states.
The 1974 coup d'état, an attempt to annex the island to Greece, was followed by the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. This resulted in the eviction of much of the north's Greek Cypriot population, the flight of Turkish Cypriots from the south, and the partitioning of the island, leading to a unilateral declaration of independence by the North in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.[3][4]
Attempts to reach a solution to the Cyprus dispute have been unsuccessful. Recognising the need for a resolution, in May 2008 the two sides began another round of negotiations after committing themselves to working towards "a bicommunal, bizonal federation with political equality, as defined by relevant Security Council resolutions."[5] The Turkish Army maintains a large force in Northern Cyprus with its presence supported and approved by the TRNC government, which the Republic of Cyprus regards as an illegal occupation force, with its presence denounced in several United Nations Security Council resolutions.[6]
- 1 History
- 2 Government and politics
- 3 Geography and climate
- 4 Economy
- 5 Demographics
- 6 Culture
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Further reading
- 10 External links
Ottoman Rule[edit]
The conquest of 1571 of the island by the Ottoman Turks was a liberation for the bulk of the Greek Orthodox population. Indeed, in some areas, such as Lefkara, there had been local risings against the Venetians in support of the Ottoman forces. Serfdom was abolished and the peasant families were given the freehold of the land they had previously worked on. [7]
The Orthodox Church was also freed from centuries of control by the Latin hierarchy and its previous tradition of independence reasserted under a revived archbishopric. On the other hand, the Catholic Church of the Crusader and Venetian rulers were expelled.[7] Its building were confiscated and converted into mosques, or were sold to the Orthodox Church. Catholics on the island were given the choice of conversion (either to Islam or Orthodoxy) or exile.[7] Following the defeat of the Venetians in 1571, Lala Mustafa Pasha, the Turkish Commander of the land forces in Cyprus, chose, before departing for Istanbul, 12,000 foot soldiers to remain on the island for the formation of the defensive garrison of Famagusta, Nicosia and Kyrenia.[7] In addition, he distributed 4,000 cavalry men among the localities of Limassol, Kyrenia, and elsewhere. The military forces were complemented by an additional 20,000 decommissioned soldiers and 2,000 cavalry remaining as colonists.
These people as a whole formed the original nucleus of the fledgling Turkish-Cypriot community whose members were of Turkish origin, and by the firman (decree) of Sultan Selim II they were given fiefs for the provision of their homes, and sustenance. Steps were also taken to assist all soldiers with dependents on the mainland to bring their wives and children to Cyprus. [7]
Nevertheless, in the opinion of Sinan Pasha, the Beylerbeyi (Governor-General) who replaced Lala Mustafa Pasha, the island was still heavily in need not only of more residents in general but also of skilled craftsmen. Consequently, after he informed Sultan Selim II of the island's condition, a firman (decree) was issued to the Kadis (chief judges) from various regions of Anatolia calling for a population transfer. [7]
In order to assure the effective development of the island, those individuals sent to Cyprus were, as part of the relocation program, screened as to their moral integrity, two witnesses being required to testify to their character. [7]In addition, efforts were made to obtain craftsmen representing a wide range of skills known to be of short supply on the island. Special attention was given primarily to relocating farmers. These were supplemented by some shoemakers, tailors, weavers, makers of linen skull-caps, spinners, cooks, farriers, tanners, masons, jewelers, copper-smiths, and miners. By 1777-1788 the Muslim population constituted the majority on the island, with 40,000 Muslim "Turks" and 37,000 Christian "Greeks".[8] In 1788-1792 Turks were estimated at 45,000 compared to 40,000 Greeks.[8] The use of resettlement as a general method for development of the Turkish population of Cyprus continued intermittently until the middle of the eighteen century. At the time of the British arrival in Cyprus in 1878 under the Cyprus Defence Alliance between Great Britain and the Ottoman Empire, approximately 95,000 Turkish Cypriots were residing on the island.[7]
British Period[edit]
By 1878, during the Congress of Berlin, under the terms of the Anglo-Ottoman Cyprus Convention, the Ottoman Turks had agreed to assign Cyprus to Britain to occupy and rule, though not to possess as sovereign territory.[9] According to the first British census of Cyprus, in 1881, 95% of the island's Muslims spoke Turkish as their mother tongue.[10] As of the 1920s, the percentage of Greek-speaking Muslims had dropped from 5%, in 1881, to just under 2% of the total Muslim population.[11] During the opening years of the twentieth century Ottomanism became an ever more popular identity held by the Cypriot Muslim intelligentsia, especially in the wake of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908.
Increasing numbers of Young Turks who had turned against Sultan Abdul Hamid II sought refuge in Cyprus. A rising class of disgruntled intellectuals in the island's main urban centres gradually began to warm to the ideas of positivism, freedom and modernization.[12] Spurred on by the rising calls for "enosis", the union with Greece, emanating from Greek Cypriot nationalists, an initially hesitant "Turkism" was also starting to appear in certain newspaper articles and to be heard in the political debates of the local intelligentsia of Cyprus.[13] In line with the changes introduced in the Ottoman Empire after 1908, the curricula of Cyprus's Muslim schools, such as the "Idadi", were also altered to incorporate more secular teachings with increasingly Turkish nationalist undertones. Many of these graduates in due course ended up as teachers in the growing number of urban and rural schools that had begun to proliferate across the island by the 1920s.[14]
In 1914 the Ottoman Empire joined the First World War against the Allied Forces and Britain annexed the island. Cyprus's Muslim inhabitants were officially asked to choose between adopting either British nationality or retaining their Ottoman subject status; about 4,000–8,500 Muslims decided to leave the island and move to Turkey.[15][16] Following its defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire were faced with the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) whereby the Greek incursion into Anatolia aimed at claiming what Greece believed to be historically Greek territory.[17] For the Ottoman Turks of Cyprus, already fearing the aims of enosis-seeking Greek Cypriots, reports of atrocities committed in Anatolia, and the Greek Occupation of Smyrna, produced further fears for their own future. Greek forces were routed in 1922 under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk who, in 1923, proclaimed the new Republic of Turkey and renounced irredentist claims to former Ottoman territories beyond the Anatolian heartland. Muslims in Cyprus were thus excluded from the nation-building project, though many still heeded Atatürk's call to join in the establishment of the new nation-state, and opted for Turkish citizenship. Between 1881 and 1927 approximately 30,000 Turkish Cypriots emigrated to Turkey.[18][19]
The 1920s was to prove a critical decade in terms of stricter ethno-religious compartments; hence, Muslim Cypriots who remained on the island gradually embraced the ideology of Turkish nationalism due to the impact of the Kemalist Revolution.[20] At its core were the Kemalist values of secularism, modernization and westernization; reforms such as the introduction of the new Turkish alphabet, adoption of western dress and secularization, were adopted voluntarily by Muslim Turkish Cypriots, who had been prepared for such changes not just by the Tanzimat but also by several decades of British rule.[21] Many of those Cypriots who until then had still identified themselves primarily as Muslims began now to see themselves principally as Turks in Cyprus.[22]
By 1950, a Cypriot Enosis referendum in which 95.7% of Greek Cypriot voters supported a fight aimed at enosis, the union of Cyprus with Greece[23] were led by an armed organisation, in 1955, called EOKA by Georgios Grivas which aimed at bringing down British rule and uniting the island of Cyprus with Greece. Turkish Cypriots had always reacted immediately against the objective of enosis; thus, the 1950s saw many Turkish Cypriots who were forced to flee from their homes.[24] In 1958, Turkish Cypriots set up their own armed group called Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT) and by early 1958, the first wave of armed conflict between the two communities began; a few hundred Turkish Cypriots left their villages and quarters in the mixed towns and never returned.[25]
A united Cyprus gained independence from British rule in August 1960, after both Greek and Turkish Cypriots agreed to respectively abandon plans for enosis (union with Greece) and taksim (Turkish for 'partition'). The agreement involved Cyprus being governed under a constitution which apportioned Cabinet posts, parliamentary seats and civil service jobs on an agreed ratio between the two communities. Within three years, tensions between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in administrative affairs began to show.
In particular, disputes over separate municipalities and taxation created a deadlock in government. In 1963 President Makarios proposed unilateral changes to the constitution, via 13 amendments. Turkey and the Turkish Cypriots rejected the proposed amendments, claiming that this was an attempt to settle constitutional disputes in favour of the Greek Cypriots[26] and as a means of demoting Turkish status from co-founders of the state to one of minority status removing their constitutional safeguards in the process. Turkish Cypriots filed a lawsuit against the 13 amendments in the Supreme Constitutional Court of Cyprus (SCCC). Makarios announced that he would not comply with whatever the decision of the SCCC would be,[27] and defended his amendments as being necessary "to resolve constitutional deadlocks" as opposed to the stance of the SCCC.[28] On 25 April 1963, the SCCC decided that Makarios' 13 amendments were illegal. The Cyprus Supreme Court's ruling found that Makarios had violated the constitution by failing to fully implement its measures and that Turkish Cypriots had not been allowed to return to their positions in government without first accepting the proposed constitutional amendments.[29] On 21 May, the president of the SCCC resigned due to the Makarios' stance. On 15 July, Makarios ignored the decision of the SCCC.[30] After the resignation of the president of the SCCC, the SCCC ceased to exist. The Supreme Court of Cyprus (SCC) was formed by merging the SCCC and the High Court of Cyprus and undertook the jurisdiction and powers of the SCCC and HCC.[31] On 30 November, Makarios legalized the 13 proposals.
In 1963, the Greek Cypriot wing of the government created the Akritas plan which outlined a policy that would remove Turkish Cypriots from the government and ultimately lead to union with Greece. The plan stated that if the Turkish Cypriots objected then they should be "violently subjugated before foreign powers could intervene".[32] On 21 December 1963, a Turkish Cypriot crowd clashed with the plainclothes special constables of Yorgadjis. Almost immediately, intercommunal violence broke out with a major Greek Cypriot paramilitary attack upon Turkish Cypriots in Nicosia and Larnaca. Though the TMT — a Turkish resistance group created in 1959 to promote a policy of taksim (division or partition of Cyprus), in opposition to the Greek Cypriot nationalist group EOKA and its advocacy of enosis (union of Cyprus with Greece) — committed a number of acts of retaliation, historian of the Cyprus conflict Keith Kyle noted that "there is no doubt that the main victims of the numerous incidents that took place during the next few months were Turks."[26] Seven hundred Turkish hostages, including women and children, were taken from the northern suburbs of Nicosia. Nikos Sampson, a nationalist and future coup leader, led a group of Greek Cypriot irregulars into the mixed suburb of Omorphita and attacked the Turkish Cypriot population.[33] By 1964, 193 Turkish Cypriots and 133 Greek Cypriots had been killed, with a further 209 Turks and 41 Greeks missing and presumed dead.
Turkish Cypriot members of the government had by now withdrawn, creating an essentially Greek Cypriot administration in control of all institutions of the state. After the partnership government collapsed, the Greek Cypriot led administration was recognized as the legitimate government of the Republic of Cyprus at the stage of the debates in New York in February 1964.[34] In September 1964, then–United Nations Secretary General, U Thant reported UNFICYP carried out a detailed survey of all damage to properties throughout the island during the disturbances; it shows that in 109 villages, most of them Turkish-Cypriot or mixed villages, 527 houses have been destroyed while 2,000 others have suffered damage from looting.[35] Widespread looting of Turkish Cypriot villages prompted 20,000 refugees to retreat into armed enclaves, where they remained for the next 11 years,[36] relying on food and medical supplies from Turkey to survive. Turkish Cypriots formed paramilitary groups to defend the enclaves, leading to a gradual division of the island's communities into two hostile camps. The violence had also seen thousands of Turkish Cypriots attempt to escape the violence by emigrating to Britain, Australia and Turkey.[37] On 28 December 1967, the Turkish Cypriot Provisional Administration was founded.[38]
On 15 July 1974, the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 and the Cypriot National Guard backed a Greek Cypriot military coup d'état in Cyprus. Pro-Enosis Nikos Sampson replaced President Makarios as the new dictator.[39] The Greek Cypriot coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".[40][41] Turkey claimed that under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee, the coup was sufficient reason for military action to protect the Turkish Cypriot populace, and thus Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July. Turkish forces proceeded to take over the northern four-elevenths of the island (about 37% of Cyprus's total area). The coup caused a civil war filled with ethnic violence, after which it collapsed and Makarios returned to power.[citation needed]. During the Turkish invasion of the island, the Turkish conquerors led to many atrocities. Result of the invasion were missing persons, refugees and the division of island.
On 2 August 1975, in the negotiations in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was signed between community leaders Rauf Denktaş and Glafcos Clerides under the auspices of United Nations.[42][43] On the basis of the Agreement, 196,000 Greek Cypriots living in the north were exchanged for 42,000 Turkish Cypriots living in the south[44] (the number of settlers was disputed[45]). The Orthodox Greek Cypriots in Rizokarpaso, Agios Andronikos and Agia Triada chose to stay in their villages,[46] as did also Catholic Maronites in Asomatos, Karpasia and Kormakitis. Approximately 1,500 Greek Cypriots and 500 Turkish Cypriots remain missing.[47]
In 1975, the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (Kıbrıs Türk Federe Devleti) was declared as a first step towards a future federated Cypriot state, but was rejected by the Republic of Cyprus and the United Nations.
After eight years of failed negotiations with the leadership of the Greek Cypriot community,[citation needed] the north unilaterally declared its independence on 15 November 1983 under the name of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.[48] This was rejected by the UN and the Republic of Cyprus. In 2010, the International Court of Justice ruled, in an opinion regarding Kosovo, that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence".[49]
In recent years, the politics of reunification has dominated the island's affairs. The European Union decided in 2000 to accept Cyprus as a member, even if it was divided. This was due to their view of Rauf Denktaş, the pro-independence Turkish Cypriot President, as the main stumbling block, but also due to Greece threatening to block eastern EU expansion. It was hoped that Cyprus's planned accession into the European Union would act as a catalyst towards a settlement. In the time leading up to Cyprus becoming a member, a new government was elected in Turkey and Rauf Denktaş lost political power in Cyprus. In 2004, a United Nations–brokered peace settlement was presented in a referendum to both sides.[50] The proposed settlement was opposed by both the president of Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos, and Turkish Cypriot president Rauf Denktaş; in the referendum, while 65% of Turkish Cypriots accepted the proposal, 76% of Greek Cypriots rejected it.[citation needed] As a result, Cyprus entered the European Union divided, with the effects of membership suspended for Northern Cyprus.[50]
Denktaş resigned in the wake of the vote, ushering in the pro-solutionist Mehmet Ali Talat as his successor. However, the pro-solutionist side and Mehmet Ali Talat lost momentum due to the ongoing embargo[citation needed] and isolation, despite promises[clarification needed] from the European Union that these would be eased. As a result, the Turkish Cypriot electorate became frustrated. This led ultimately to the pro-independence side winning the general elections in 2009 and its candidate, former Prime Minister Derviş Eroğlu, winning the presidential elections in 2010. Although Eroğlu and his National Unity Party favours the independence of Northern Cyprus rather than reunification with the Republic of Cyprus, he is negotiating with the Greek Cypriot side towards a settlement for reunification.[citation needed]
In 2011, Turkish Cypriots protested against economic reforms made by the Northern Cyprus and Turkish governments.
Government and politics[edit]
The politics of Northern Cyprus takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Prime Minister head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Assembly of the Republic. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
The president is elected for a five-year term. The current president is Derviş Eroğlu and the current Prime Minister is Özkan Yorgancıoğlu. The legislature is the Assembly of the Republic, which has 50 members elected by proportional representation from five electoral districts. In the elections of July 2013, the left-leaning pro-unification Republican Turkish Party won an overall majority.
Due to Northern Cyprus' isolation and heavy reliance on Turkish support, Turkey has a high level of influence over the country's politics. This has led to some experts characterising it as an effective puppet state of Turkey.[51][52][53] Few political decisions in Northern Cyprus are taken without the approval of the Turkish National Security council in Ankara.[4]
International status and foreign relations[edit]
No nation other than Turkey[54] has officially recognised Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state. The United Nations recognises it as territory of the Republic of Cyprus under Turkish occupation.[55] Pakistan and Bangladesh had initially declared their recognition of Northern Cyprus as a sovereign state shortly after its declaration of independence,[citation needed] however they withdrew their recognition as a result of the UN having deemed the North Cypriot declaration illegal. The United Nations considers the declaration of independence by Northern Cyprus as legally invalid, as enunciated in several of its resolutions.[55][56]
In the wake of the April 2004 referendum on the United Nations Annan Plan, and in view of the support of the Turkish Cypriot community for the plan, the European Union made pledges towards ending the isolation of Northern Cyprus. These included measures for trade and 259 million euro in aid.[citation needed] A pledge by the EU to lift the embargo on Northern Cyprus in the wake of the Annan Plan referendums has been blocked by the Greek Cypriot government.[50]
In 2004, the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation upgraded the delegation of the Turkish Cypriot Muslim community from "observer community" (1979) to that of a constituent state with the designation "Turkish Cypriot State", making Northern Cyprus an observer member of the organization.[57] A number of high profile formal meetings have also taken place between former President Mehmet Ali Talat and various foreign leaders and politicians including the former US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, the then British foreign minister, Jack Straw and former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf, and between President Dervis Eroglu and Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In 2004, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe gave observer status to the representatives of Turkish Cypriot community.[58] Since then, Northern Cyprus's representatives have actively participated in all PACE activities without voting rights.
The European Union considers the area not under effective control of the Republic of Cyprus as EU territory under Turkish military occupation and thus indefinitely exempt from EU legislation until a settlement has been found. The status of Northern Cyprus has become a recurrent issue especially during the recent talks for Turkey's membership of the EU where the division of the island is seen as a major stumbling block in Turkey's road to membership.[59][60]
The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan in Azerbaijan has issued a resolution recognizing the independence of Northern Cyprus. As a result of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, however, Azerbaijan itself has not recognised North Cyprus.[61]
Naturalised citizens of Northern Cyprus or foreigners carrying a passport stamped by Northern Cyprus authorities may be refused entry by the Republic of Cyprus or Greece,[62] although after the accession of the Republic of Cyprus to the EU such restrictions have been eased following confidence-building measures between Athens and Ankara[citation needed] and the partial opening of the UN controlled line by Northern Cyprus authorities.[citation needed] The Republic of Cyprus also allows passage across the Green Line from the south of Nicosia, as well as a few other selected crossing points, since Northern Cyprus does not leave entry stamps in the passport for such visits. There are seven border crossings between Northern Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus.[63] Since May 2004 some tourists have taken to flying to the Republic of Cyprus directly then crossing the green line to holiday in Northern Cyprus.[64]
On 18 February 2008, the Northern Cyprus government sent a message to the Republic of Kosovo congratulating it on its unilateral declaration of independence. A government spokesman clarified that this statement did not constitute, or signal an imminent move toward, formal diplomatic recognition of Kosovo.[65] In contrast, the Republic of Cyprus has rejected Kosovo's declaration of independence and, given the ICJ ruling that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not illegal, stated that Kosovo and Northern Cyprus were not analogous situations.[66] Some analysts have argued that the independence of Kosovo could provide support for the recognition of Northern Cyprus.[67]
On 21.09.2011, Turkey and Northern Cyprus signed the EEZ border agreement in New York.[68][69]
In October 2011, Libya signed cooperation treaties with TRNC government.[70]
In October 2012, Northern Cyprus became an observer member of the Economic Cooperation Organisation under the name "Turkish Cypriot State".
The Security Forces Command consists of a 9,000 strong force primarily made up of conscripted Turkish Cypriot males between the ages of 18 and 40.[citation needed] There is also an additional reserve force which consists of about 10,000 first-line and 16,000 second-line troops conscripted up to the age of 50. The Security Forces Command is lightly armed and heavily dependent on its mainland Turkish allies, from which it draws much of its officer corps.[citation needed] It is led by a Brigadier General drawn from the Turkish Army. It acts essentially as a gendarmerie charged with protection of the border of Northern Cyprus from Greek Cypriot incursions and maintaining internal security within Northern Cyprus.[71]
In addition, the mainland Turkish Armed Forces maintains the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force which consists of around 30–40,000 troops drawn from the 9th Turkish Army Corps and comprising two divisions, the 28th and 39th. It is equipped with a substantial number of US-made M48 Patton main battle tanks and artillery weapons. The Turkish Air Force, Turkish Navy and Turkish Coast Guard also have a presence in Northern Cyprus. Although formally part of Turkish 4th Army, headquartered in İzmir, the sensitivities of the Cyprus situation means that the commander of the Cyprus Turkish Peace Force also reports directly to the Turkish General Staff in Ankara. The Cyprus Turkish Peace Force is deployed principally along the Green Line and in locations where hostile amphibious landings might take place.[71]
The presence of the mainland Turkish military in Cyprus is highly controversial, having been denounced as an illegal occupation force by the Republic of Cyprus and the international community. Several United Nations Security Council resolutions have called on the Turkish forces to withdraw.[6]
Administrative divisions[edit]
Northern Cyprus is divided into five districts.
|District Map of Northern Cyprus
|Lefkoşa (Nicosia)
|Gazimağusa (Famagusta)
|Girne (Kyrenia)
|Güzelyurt (Morphou)
|İskele (Trikomo)
Human rights[edit]
In January 2011, The Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights."[72]
Freedom House has classified the perceived level of democratic and political freedom in Northern Cyprus as "free" since 2000 in its Freedom in the World report.[73][74] The United States Department of State reported in 2001 that human rights were generally respected, although problems existed in terms of police activities and the restriction of movement.[75] A 2009 report reported that religious freedom was generally respected, although isolated incidents of discrimination have existed.[76] The US Department of State report in 2002 stated that freedom of speech and press was generally respected in Northern Cyprus,[77] and the World Press Freedom Index 2010 ranked Northern Cyprus 61st in terms of freedom of the media.[78]
In 2001, the US Department of State said that Greek Cypriot and Maronite minorities are not treated as well as they should be.[75] However, another US Department of State report in 2002 reported that the government of Northern Cyprus was easing restrictions on minorities and it respected the rights of travelling abroad and emigrating,[77] although they still cannot vote in elections.[79] In April 1998, the United Kingdom-based National Coalition of Anti-Deportation Campaigns asserted that the Turkish army had carried out a forced migration policy where Kurds were forced to move to Northern Cyprus from the Republic of Turkey, and The Immigration and Nationality Directorate of the United Kingdom in 1999 said that Kurds were not being discriminated against and enjoyed equal political and religious rights to others.[75]
Geography and climate[edit]
The winter in Northern Cyprus is cool and rainy, particularly between December and February, with 60% of annual rainfall.[80] These rains produce winter torrents that fill most of the rivers, which typically dry up as the year progresses. Snow has been known to fall on the Kyrenia Range, but seldom elsewhere in spite of low night temperatures. The short spring is characterized by unstable weather, occasional heavy storms and the "meltem", or westerly wind. Summer is hot and dry enough to turn low-lying lands on the island brown. Parts of the island experience the "Poyraz", a north-westerly wind, or the sirocco, a wind from Africa, which is dry and dusty. Summer is followed by a short, turbulent autumn.
Climate conditions on the island vary by geographical factors. The Mesaoria Plain, cut off from the summer breezes and from much of the humidity of the sea, may reach temperature peaks of 40 to 45 °C (104 to 113 °F). Humidity rises at the Karpaz Peninsula. Humidity and water temperature, 16 to 28 °C (61 to 82 °F), combine to stabilize coastal weather, which does not experience inland extremes. The Southern Range blocks air currents that bring rain and atmospheric humidity from the south-west, diminishing both on its eastern side.
Flora & Fauna[edit]
About 1500 of the 1900 species contained in the Cyprus flora occur in North Cyprus.[7] The Mediterranean climate, which receives more than 300 days of sun a year, is a major factor contributing to the richness of the natural environment.[7] The vegetation includes 19 endemic plant species which are unique to North Cyprus.[7] There are also 32 species of wild orchids.[7] Just one orchid species Orchid kotschyiha been identified as endemic to North Cyprus.[7] The best known of North Cyprus's endemics species is the Medoş Tulip also known as (Tulipacypria) which grows in the villages of Tepebasi Girne District and Avtepe İskele District where festivals a held in the flower's honor every year in March.[7] All of the most precious of the flora and fauna, orchid species, ancient olives and the endemic have are protected status.
The ancient sycamore fig in front of the Lala Mustafa Pasha Mosque formally the (Cathedral of St. Nicholas) has witnessed a host of historical and social developments in the course of its long life.[7] The tree, which is reported to have been planted when construction of the cathedral began in 1298, has lived through the Lusignan, Venetian, Ottoman and British periods and still flourishes to this day.[7]
This protected Sycamore Fig (Ficussycomorus), which is approximately 710 years old, is reckoned to be the oldest living tree on the island.[7]
The Karpaz National Park area consists of donkeys which roam in the wild and an estimated to number at 250.[7] Generally they are black, but are sometimes ginger in color and are of a breed unique to North Cyprus.[7]
By virtue of its geographical location, Northern Cyprus is also a stop off point for migrating birds.[7] In North Cyprus, more than 370 species of bird can be spotted at various times of the year, particularly during spring and autumn.[7] There are also more than 50 species of butterflys.[7]
Two species of marine turtles choose the beaches of Northern Cyprus to lay their eggs.[7] These are the Loggerhead and the Green Turtle.[7] Every year more than 200 of both species of marine turtles visit the beaches of Northern Cyprus.[7]
The economy of Northern Cyprus is dominated by the services sector (69% of GDP in 2007) which includes the public sector, trade, tourism and education. The revenues gained by the education sector in 2011 was USD 400 million.[81] Industry (light manufacturing) contributes 22% of GDP and agriculture 9%.[82]
Economic development is adversely affected by the continuing Cyprus problem. The Republic of Cyprus, as the internationally recognised authority, has declared airports and ports in the area not under its effective control closed. All UN and EU member states respect the closure of those ports and airports.[83] Because of its disputed status and the embargo placed upon it, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkish economic support.[84] Despite some economic development, the country is still dependent on monetary transfers from the Turkish government. Under a July 2006 agreement, Ankara is to provide Northern Cyprus with an economic aid in the amount of $1.3 billion over three years (2006–2008).[82] This is a continuation of ongoing policy under which Turkish government allocates around $400 million annually from its budget to help raise the living standards of the Turkish Cypriots.[85]
Northern Cyprus uses the Turkish Lira as its currency which links its economy to that of Turkey's. Since the Republic of Cyprus joined the Euro zone and the movement of peoples between the north and south has become more free, the Euro is also in wide circulation.[citation needed] Exports and imports have to go via Turkey unless they are produced locally from materials sourced in Cyprus (or imported via one of the island's recognised ports) and may thus be exported via one of the recognised ports.[citation needed]
Despite the constraints imposed by the lack of international recognition, the nominal GDP growth rates of the economy in 2001–2005 were 5.4%, 6.9%, 11.4%, 15.4% and 10.6%, respectively.[86][87] The real GDP growth rate in 2007 is estimated at 2%.[82] This growth has been buoyed by the relative stability of the Turkish Lira and a boom in the education and construction sectors.
Between 2002 and 2007, Gross National Product per capita more than tripled (in current US dollars):[1]
- US$14,047 (2007, provisional)
Studies by the World Bank show that the per capita GDP in Northern Cyprus grew to 76% of the per capita GDP in the Republic of Cyprus in PPP-adjusted terms in 2004 (US$22,300 for the Republic of Cyprus and US$16,900 for Northern Cyprus).[86][87] Official estimates for the GDP per capita in current US dollars are US$8,095 in 2004 and US$11,837 in 2006.[1]
In 2011, North Cyprus sold electricity to the Republic of Cyprus following an explosion in the southern part of the island which affected a large power station.[88]
The Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project, due to be completed in early 2014, is aimed at delivering water for drinking and irrigation from southern Turkey via a pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea.[89]
International telephone calls are routed via a Turkish dialling code (+90 392) as Northern Cyprus has neither its own country code nor official ITU prefix. Similarly with the internet Northern Cyprus has no top level domain of its own and is under the Turkish second-level domain .nc.tr. Items of mail must be addressed 'via Mersin 10, TURKEY' as the Universal Postal Union does not recognise Northern Cyprus as a separate entity. Amateur radio operators sometimes use callsigns beginning with "1B", but these have no standing for awards or other operating credit.
Direct flights to Northern Cyprus and the trade traffic through the Northern Cypriot ports are restricted as part of the embargo on Northern Cypriot ports.[90] The airports of Geçitkale and Ercan are only recognised as legal ports of entry by Turkey and Azerbaijan.[91] Direct charter flights between Poland and North Cyprus started on 20 June 2011.[92] The seaports in Famagusta and Kyrenia have been declared closed to all shipping by the Republic of Cyprus since 1974.[93] By agreement between Northern Cyprus and Syria, there is a ship tour between Famagusta and Latakia, Syria. Since the opening of the Green Line Turkish Cypriot residents are allowed to trade through Greek Cypriot ports.[94]
Tourism is the basic priority sector for the economic development of Northern Cyprus.[7] In 2005 the tourism industry contributed $145.6 million (3.3 per cent) to the GDP of North Cyprus and created 8.004 jobs..[7] The North Cyprus tourism industry hosted 589.549 tourists, with a bed capacity of 12.222, and with an annual occupancy of 40.7% in 2005.[7]
Moreover, 395.4 million US dollars was added to the value of the tourism sector in 2005 (Statistical Yearbook of Tourism, 2005).[7] Net tourism revenue has had the greatest share in the invisible account and is especially used in compensating trade deficit.[7] Although there are two airports in Northern Cyprus, the Ercan Airport and Geçitkale Airport, neither have been recognized due to the ongoing disputes involving the political status and recognition of Northern Cyprus. All international flights are done via Turkey by public and private airline companies.
Casinos also contribute significantly to the tourism industry in Northern Cyprus with huge investments on casinos been made by domestic investors and investors from Turkey.[7] Occupancy rates during official holidays and weekends are generally higher due to the influx of tourists from both Turkey and since April 23, 2003 from the south of the island.[7]
The Government of Northern Cyprus estimates that the 1983 population of Northern Cyprus was 155,521.[95] Estimates by the government of the Republic of Cyprus from 2001 place the population at 200,000, of which 80–89,000 are Turkish Cypriots and 109,000–117,000 Turkish settlers.[96] An island-wide census in 1960 indicated the number of Turkish Cypriots as 102,000 and Greek Cypriots as 450,000.[97] Estimates state that 36,000 Turkish Cypriots (about one-third of the total) emigrated in the period 1975–1995, with the consequence that within Northern Cyprus the native Turkish Cypriots have been outnumbered by settlers from Turkey.[96]
Northern Cyprus's first official census was performed in 1996. The population recorded was 200,587.[98] The second census, carried out in 2006, revealed the population of Northern Cyprus to be 265,100,[99] of which majority is composed of indigenous Turkish Cypriots, with the rest including a large number of settlers from Turkey. Of the 178,000 Turkish Cypriot citizens, 82% are native Cypriots (145,000). Of the 45,000 people born to non- Cypriot parentage, nearly 40% (17,000) were born in Cyprus. The figure for non-citizens, including students, guest workers and temporary residents stood at 78,000 people.[99][100]
In 2010, the International Crisis Group estimated that the total population of Northern Cyprus was 300,000, perhaps half of which were either born in Turkey or are children of such settlers.[101] One source claims that the population in the north has reached 500,000,[102] split between 50% Turkish Cypriots and 50% Turkish settlers or Cypriot-born children of such settlers.[103]
The third official census of Northern Cyprus was carried out in 2011, made under the auspices of UN observers. It returned a total population of 294,906.[104] These results were disputed by some political parties, labour unions and local newspapers. The government was accused of deliberately under-counting the population, after apparently giving an estimate of 700,000 before the census, in order to demand financial help from Turkey.[105][106][107] Northern Cyprus is almost entirely Turkish-speaking. English, however, is widely spoken as a second language.[citation needed]
There are 644 Greek Cypriots living in Rizokarpaso (Dipkarpaz) and 364 Maronites in Kormakitis.[108] Between 180,000 to 200,000 Greek Cypriots were forcibly evicted from their homes in the North by the invading force of the Turkish army.[109][110][111] Rizokarpaso is the home of the biggest Greek-speaking population in the north. The Greek-Cypriot inhabitants are still supplied by the UN, and Greek-Cypriot products are consequently available in some shops.[citation needed]
Largest cities or towns of Northern Cyprus
TRNC 2011 Population and Housing Census
North Nicosia
|North Nicosia
The majority of Turkish Cypriots (99%) are Sunni Muslims.[112] However, the secularizing force of Kemalism embraced by the Turkish Cypriot community has generally influenced a fairly moderate attitude toward their religion.[113] Religious practices are kept to a minimum and are considered a matter of individual choice; hence, Turkish Cypriots are not conservative and many do not practice their religion.[114] As they are overwhelmingly secular, alcohol is frequently consumed within the community and most Turkish Cypriot women do not cover their heads.[112] However, religion still plays a role within the community; for example, Turkish Cypriots celebrate Islamic holidays and attend primary rituals, such as marriage and death ceremonies, but do not participate actively in worship services or follow the more conservative practices related to clothing, daily prayer, or attending the services of the mosque.[115] Turkish Cypriot males are generally circumcised at a young age in accordance with religious beliefs, although this practice appears more related to custom and tradition than to powerful religious motivation.[116] In the 300 years of Ottoman rule in Cyprus, the Turks built mostly religious buildings on the island. Hala Sultan Tekke, near the salt lake in Larnaka,[117][118] and the Mevlevi Tekke in Nicosia are considered to be the most important two tekkes.[119]
The education system in Northern Cyprus consists of pre-school education, primary education, secondary education and higher education. Five years of primary education is mandatory.
Higher Education Planning Evaluation Accreditation and Coordination Council (YÖDAK) of Northern Cyprus is a member of International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education (INQAAHE).[120]
There are 63,000 university students from 110 countries in nine universities in Northern Cyprus (13,000 Turkish Cypriots; 35,000 from Turkey; 15,000 international students):[121][122] Near East University (NEU),[123][124] Girne American University, Middle East Technical University-TRNC, European University of Lefke, Cyprus International University, Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU), Istanbul Technical University-TRNC, University of Mediterranean Karpasia, and University of Kyrenia, all established since 1974. EMU is an internationally recognised institution of higher learning with more than 1000 faculty members from 35 countries. There are 15,000 students in EMU representing 68 nationalities. The 8 universities have been approved by the Higher Education Council of Turkey. Eastern Mediterranean University and Near East University [123][124] are full individual members of the European University Association.[125] EMU is a full member of Community of Mediterranean Universities, Federation Universities of Islamic World, International Association of Universities and International Council of Graphic Design Associations.[126] Girne American University, in the northern coastal city of Kyrenia, opened a campus in Canterbury, United Kingdom in 2009,[127] and was accredited by the British Accreditation Council in 2010.[128]
Northern Cyprus regularly participates in international Robocup competition, and took 14th place out of 20 in 2013.[129][130] The country has supercomputers with which it participates in CERN experiments that led to the discovery of the Higgs boson.[131]
Anahtar (Key), released in 2011, was the first full-length film entirely produced in Northern Cyprus.[132] Some other co-productions have also taken place. A co-production of Northern Cyprus, Turkey, Britain and the Netherlands, Kod Adı Venüs[133] (Code Name Venus) was shown in the Cannes Film Festival in 2012.[134] The film director and screenwriter Derviş Zaim achieved fame with his 2003 film Mud (Çamur) which won the UNESCO award at the Venice Film Festival.
The documentary film Kayıp Otobüs (The Missing Bus), directed by Turkish Cypriot journalist Fevzi Tașpınar, was aired on the TRT TV as well as participating in the Boston Film Festival in 2011. The film tells the story of eleven Turkish Cypriot workers who left their homes in a bus in 1964 that never came back. Their remains were found in a well in Cyprus in October 2006.[135][136]
Poetry is the most widely published form of literature in Northern Cyprus. Turkish Cypriot poetry is based on both the effects of Turkish literature and the culture of the island of Cyprus. Mehmet Yaşın, Hakkı Yücel, Nice Denizoğlu, Neşe Yaşın, Ayşen Dağlı and Canan Sümer are among the most prominent Turkish Cypriot poets. Earlier poets include Nazif Süleyman Ebeoğlu, Urkiye Mine Balman, Engin Gönül, Necla Salih Suphi and Pembe Marmara.[137]
Rüya Taner is a classical Turkish Cypriot pianist. She has given many piano recitals and also participated as soloist in several philharmonic orchestra concerts. Other notable singers from Northern Cyprus include Ziynet Sali.
Northern Cyprus is well known for several dishes; among them are kebabs made of skewered lamb Şiş Kebap or ground with herbs and spices and made into a Kofte or Şeftali Kebap. Other dishes are based on meat wrapped in flat bread like Lahmacun. Vegetarians can find stuffed vegetables based dishes Yalancı Dolma or many other dishes made with a bean or pulse such as Börülce which consists of Swiss chard cooked with black-eyed peas. There are also plant based foods such as Molohiya or root based stews like Kolokas.[138]
Theater in Northern Cyprus is mostly carried out by the Turkish Cypriot State Theater, municipal theaters and a number of private theatrical companies. Cyprus Theater Festival, organised by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality is a large organization with institutions from Turkey participating. There are no halls built specifically for theater in Northern Cyprus, so plays take place in conference halls.[139][140]
As of 2008, sports in Northern Cyprus were carried out by 29 sports federations in Northern Cyprus with a total registered membership of 13,838. With 6,054 registered practitioners, taekwondo-karate-aikido-kurash is the most popular sport, followed by association football (2,240 registered), shooting (1,150 registered) and hunting (1,017 registered).[141] Northern Cyprus' national football team currently ranks 109th in the Elo Ratings.[142] Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is not a member of many of international sporting bodies (e.g. the IOC, FIFA, etc.). Some Northern Cyprus sports clubs participate in Turkey's sport leagues. Examples include the Fast Break Sport Club in Turkey's Men's Basketball Regional League; the Beşparmak Sport Club in Turkey's Handball Premier League; and the Lefka European University in Turkey's Table-tennis Super League.
See also[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
For a detailed survey of the archaeology, art, and historical architecture of the region see Allan Langdale, 'In a Contested Realm: an Illustrated Guide to the Archaeology and Historical Architecture of Northern Cyprus' Grimsay Press, 2012.
- North Cyprus – a Pocket-Guide. Rustem Bookshop, Nicosia. 2006. ISBN 9944-968-03-X.
External links[edit]
|This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. (February 2014)
|Find more about Northern Cyprus at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Travel guide from Wikivoyage
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Official
- Republican Assembly (Parliament) of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- Presidency, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
- Embassy of the TRNC in Ankara
- TRNC Central Bank
- Other links
- Embargoed!, a non-profit association campaigning against the total economic embargo imposed on the population of Northern Cyprus.
- ATCA News, Association of Turkish Cypriots Abroad
- Northern Cyprus Home Page
- Northern Cyprus Guide and Daily news
- "Islamic Conference's Parliaments to Call TRNC 'Cyprus Turkish State'" JTW
- International Expert Panel for a European Solution in Cyprus
- UK All Party Parliamentary Group for Cyprus
- Timeline of Cyprus issue by BBC
- Assembly of Turkish American Associations
- Turkish Cypriots of Australia – Historical Book
- EU task-force on Turkish Cypriot community


text:
An innovative new 'tech hub', including photographic studios, photographic archive, digital editing suite and a business 'incubator,' will be placed at the heart of the new Education and Enterprise Ca
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
In most courses there will be students who miss the exam and appeals to instructors to make up the exam or in some other way to complete the course. To help instructors deal with the missed exam, we are presenting this overview of the options available and some of the relevant factors to consider when selecting an appropriate course of action. Also included is a list of scenarios that commonly occur, key considerations and implications of possible outcomes.
Sometimes there will be advance notice, such as planned surgery that cannot be put off any longer or a family member's serious illness reaching a critical stage, other times there will be no notice, such as when a student gets sick or is injured in a car accident the night before the exam. The way to make up the missed exam may vary from student to student and instructor to instructor, and will depend on a number of factors. For example, in the case of illness, when will the student be well enough to write? Has the student had ongoing problems throughout the term, or is the student dealing with an isolated situation? What proportion of the final grade does exam contribute? Has all of the work of the course, except the final exam, been completed? Is the student passing or failing on the basis of work completed?
Considering the relevant factors, one or more of the options below may be an appropriate course of action.
If the student has not written the final exam and the instructor has not received a request from the student for alternate arrangements, the mark assigned should reflect the grades earned on the work completed in the course. In most cases this would be a failing grade, but there are cases in which a student can pass the course without passing (or writing) the final exam.
ED is the transcript notation used when an instructor has given the student permission to write a deferred examination. Permission may be granted to postpone an examination for up to one year (based on demonstrated extenuating circumstances), and should be given to the student in writing. It is the instructor's responsibility to notify the student of the alternate exam date and location and to administer the exam. Please check the Registrar's website for more information.
AG, preceded by a numeric grade, or AG preceded by CR, is the transcript notation used when both the instructor and the Associate Dean (Studies) has approved a student's request for aegrotat standing. Students who, because of documented illness or other extenuating circumstances beyond their control, are unable to complete all the work of the course, particularly the final examination, must appeal in writing to the instructor and to the Office of the Associate Dean (Studies) for aegrotat standing. Normally at least 60 per cent of the work in the course must be completed. If this request is granted, the instructors involved will be asked to provide an estimated final grade or, if that is not possible, to advise whether the student may be granted credit for the course without a grade.
CR is the transcript notation used when the Associate Dean (Studies) has approved a student's request for credit standing. Students who completed all of the work of the course, including the final examination, but due to documented illness or other extenuating circumstances beyond their control, earned a substantially lower passing grade than might have been expected, may appeal in writing to the instructor and to the Office of the Associate Dean (Studies) for credit standing. The Associate Dean (Studies) will consult with the instructor before reaching a decision on the appeal. If the appeal is granted, the notation CR will be entered as the final grade in the course.


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Search results for 'magic the gathering #3'
Silent Hill: Past Life TPB$17.99Jebediah "Hellrider" Foster is a violent outlaw in the Dakota Territory in 1867. When he falls for a godly widow who longs to move from the Wild West to a family home in Silent Hill, Foster follows—but peace is not what awaits. By Tom Waltz (writer of Silent Hill: Sinner's Reward and the Silent Hill video game to be released in 2011), with artwork by Menton J. Matthews III (Zombies Vs. Robots Aventure). Learn More
Monocyte HC$49.99Two warring immortal races rule a scarred world where time has no meaning. Death (Azrael) sits impotent, quietly planning his restoration. He summons Monocyte, a forgotten immortal necromancer who long ago chose sleep in his failed quest to die. With a fatal pact sealed, Monoctye strikes out as Azrael's vicious proxy. Learn More
The Lovecraft Library, Vol. 1: Horror Out of Arkham$16.99One of H.P. Lovecraft's most famous creations, the city of Arkham, Massachusetts, plays a prominent role in many of the influential author's tales of the macabre. This collection of eight classic tales of horror all feature the Lovecraft County locale, including "Herbert West—Reanimator," "The Unnamable," "The Colour Out of Space," "The Dunwich Horror," "The Shadow Over Innsmouth," "The Dreams of the Witch House," The Thing on the Doorstep," and "The Shadow Out of Time." Features lavish full-color illustrations by painter Menton3 and an introduction by Arkham House editor and noted author Robert Weinberg. This is one book that true horror fans can't do without! Learn More
Mark Twain's Tales of Mystery HC$16.99Sherlock Holmes in America? Mark Twain a character in his own stories? Can it be true? True indeed, dear reader, as Mark Twain makes his mark on the mystery genre with this collection of short stories by the grand master himself. Including "A Double Barreled Detective Story," "Tom Sawyer, Detective," "A Murder, a Mystery, and a Marriage," and "The Stolen White Elephant," delight as Twain breaks convention and bends cherished characters to tell stories that are wholly his own. Illustrations provided by Menton3 (The Lovecraft Library, Classics Multilated, Monocyte). Learn More


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National Basketball Association (N.B.A.)
Ronald Martinez/Getty Images
News about National Basketball Association (N.B.A.), including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Jun. 12, 2014
Los Angeles Judge Michael Levanas agrees to hold trial to determine whether Donald Sterling is medically capable of serving as trustee of the Sterling family trust, which controls the Los Angeles Clippers; decision will probably have consequences for the team and NBA. MORE
May. 30, 2014
Former Microsoft chief executive Steve Ballmer agrees to pay $2 billion for Los Angeles Clippers; Rochelle Sterling, Donald Sterling's wife and co-owner of team, signs deal, which would be largest price ever for a National Basketball Association franchise; sale ends troubling situation for league. MORE
May. 21, 2014
Juliet Macur Sports of The Times column criticizes England's Premier League for its decision not to penalize league's chief executive Richard Scudamore for sexist comments in his emails; argues that failure is in stark contrast to NBA's swift response to racist comments from Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling. MORE
May. 10, 2014
NBA posts its constitution, which had long remained confidential, on its website as it seeks to force Donald Sterling into selling the Los Angeles Clippers; document shows that Sterling's future will hinge on Article 13, which outlines circumstances under which ownership can be terminated; remains unclear how rules will affect Sterling's wife Rochelle, who co-owns team through trust and has pledged to keep control. MORE
May. 10, 2014
NBA names prominent business executive Richard Parsons to lead the Los Angeles Clippers on an interim basis as league moves to strip Donald Sterling of his ownership stake; Parsons was the former chairman of Citigroup and the former chief executive of Time Warner. MORE
May. 7, 2014
Recent history offers a variety of examples in which professional sports leagues have taken over franchises; information could be useful to NBA Commissioner Adam Silver as he prepares to hire an executive to run the Los Angeles Clippers while he begins the process of stripping owner Donald Sterling of his franchise. MORE
Apr. 30, 2014
Harvey Araton On Pro Basketball column notes that it is up to the NBA's 29 owners to force Donald Sterling to sell the Los Angeles Clippers now that he has received a lifetime ban and $2.5 million fine from NBA Commissioner Adam Silver; hopes that owners can muster will for the three-quarter vote required by the league's Board of Governors to end Sterling's misanthropic ownership of the team. MORE
Apr. 30, 2014
National Basketball Association hands lifetime ban to longtime Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling; ban, an extraordinary step in professional sports, is intended to rid the league of Sterling after he was recorded making racist comments; Commissioner Adam Silver says NBA will try to force Sterling to sell the team. MORE
Apr. 30, 2014
NBA Commissioner Adam Silver's authority to ban and fine Los Angeles Clippers owner David Sterling is largely unquestioned, but his ability to force sale of team remains murkier; list of causes in league's constitution that would prompt termination of ownership do not specifically include making racist or incendiary remarks. MORE
Apr. 29, 2014
Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling, who finds himself at center of debate over racist remarks, is part of the old guard of NBA owners, men who bought teams before the league became a global phenomenon; new guard of owners could help determine Sterling's fate as they await findings from investigation into the remarks led by NBA commissioner Adam Silver. MORE
Apr. 29, 2014
Editorial notes that Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling had a long history of bigotry before he became embroiled in scandal over anti-black statements; criticizes National Basketball Assn for sheltering and tolerating Sterling for so long, and calls on it to make clear that there is no place for owners with racist sentiments. MORE
Apr. 28, 2014
Los Angeles Clippers stage silent protest before game against Golden State Warriors, reacting to recordings of racist remarks attributed to Clippers' owner Donald Sterling; Sterling was barred from attending game as NBA investigates remarks, which have ignited controversy throughout league and across country. MORE
Apr. 28, 2014
Harvey Araton On Pro Basketball column argues that racist comments allegedly made by Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling give the players union a chance to expand its role in how the NBA conducts its affairs. MORE
Apr. 27, 2014
NBA promises swift investigation into remarks attributed to Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling after release of audio recording in which person identified as Sterling admonishes female friend to avoid being seen in public with black people; reaction against Sterling around the league, whose players are predominantly African-American, has been immediate and forceful. MORE
Mar. 25, 2014
Brooklyn Nets owner Mikhail D Prokhorov speaks in Moscow about transferring team to a Russian-based company and his desire to turn the Nets into the legal equivalent of a Russian team; NBA denies his claim that it had given him approval to shift Nets' ownership to any other company than its current American-based owners. MORE
Jan. 26, 2014
David Stern is stepping down as NBA commissioner after 30 years on the job, and 48 over all with the league; Adam Silver will succeed him. MORE
Dec. 11, 2013
NBA issued 21 fines and suspensions worth over $602,000 in November, matching total from first full calendar month of previous three seasons combined; sum does not include fines for the 343 technical fouls and 21 flagrant fouls called in games, which bring automatic fines of $2,000 each; disciplinary binge reflects what appears to be growing impulse in the NBA and the other leagues to make fines a fact of life. MORE
Jul. 11, 2013
NBA announces that Stu Jackson will step down as executive vice president for basketball operations at the National Basketball Assn and Rod Thorn will return as president for basketball operations. MORE
Feb. 15, 2013
NBA is unveiling redesigned, fully sortable search engine on its Web site that contains just about every statistic in league history. MORE
Oct. 26, 2012
David Stern will step down as NBA commissioner on Feb 1, 2014, after 30 years in the position; will continue to advise his hand-picked successor Adam Silver. MORE
Jun. 12, 2012
Kelly Hardwick, a security director for the National Basketball Association, files a lawsuit against Geno Auriemma, the coach of the United States Olympic women's basketball team, claiming that he grabbed and tried to forcibly kiss her at a hotel during a basketball tournament in Russia in 2009; suit also claims that Auriemma demanded that the NBA remove Hardwick as top security official for the United States women's team at the London Olympics as retaliation for Hardwick's rejection of his advances. MORE
May. 10, 2012
National Football League and National Basketball Association have transition programs for former athletes, whose finances often derail after retirement due to a mix of immaturity, dubious investments, overspending and poor financial planning; Major League Baseball is working on a similar program. MORE
Apr. 18, 2012
Presentation to the NBA's board of governors suggest that the league might become the first of the four established leagues in the United States to allow its players to wear advertising. MORE
Dec. 16, 2011
Suit brought against NBA by former security official Warren Glover says he repeatedly warned his superiors that women in his office were being sexually harassed or discriminated against; contends his concerns were ignored, and that he was ultimately fired for his actions on the women's behalf. MORE
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N.B.A. Eligibility Rule Is Good for the Game
A former N.B.A. player, now a league executive, asserts that two years of pre-N.B.A. experience would be better for the players and better for basketball, pro and college.
July 13, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Basketball , National Basketball Assn
Sterling Spars With Wife's Lawyer at Trial That Will Determine Clippers Sale
Donald Sterling, the Clippers' owner, testified at a trial that will determine whether he was legally removed from a trust by his wife, who then sold the team.
July 9, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Sterling, Rochelle , Fields, Bertram , Ballmer, Steven A , National Basketball Assn , O'Donnell, Pierce , Basketball , Los Angeles Clippers , Sterling, Donald
N.B.A. Salary Cap Maximizes Free Agents' Difficulty
As Carmelo Anthony, LeBron James and others decide where they want to play next year, the options are not as open as an ex-leader of the players union thinks they should be.
July 8, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Anthony, Carmelo , Grantham, Charles , Basketball , Free Agents (Sports) , National Basketball Assn , National Basketball Players Assn , Wages and Salaries , James, LeBron
Sterling Case Will Examine Role of a Doctor Who Evaluated Him
A neurologist involved in assessing Donald Sterling's competency socialized with Sterling and his wife, Rochelle, hours later.
July 7, 2014, Monday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Ballmer, Steven A , Sterling, Donald , National Basketball Assn , Basketball , Los Angeles Clippers , Sterling, Rochelle
As N.B.A. Free Agency Opens, Anthony Is the Star
Carmelo Anthony began his tour of N.B.A. teams that are interested in his services. First stop: the Chicago Bulls.
July 2, 2014, Wednesday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: New York Knicks , Chicago (Ill) , Irving, Kyrie , National Basketball Assn , Anthony, Carmelo , Thibodeau, Tom , Basketball , Free Agents (Sports) , Chicago Bulls
Sterling Case to Focus on Trust Terms
The $2 billion sale of the Los Angeles Clippers will hinge on whether Rochelle Sterling, the estranged wife of the team's former owner, Donald Sterling, had the right to unilaterally negotiate the sale under the terms of the family trust.
July 1, 2014, Tuesday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Sterling, Rochelle , National Basketball Assn , Sterling, Donald , Basketball , Ballmer, Steven A , Los Angeles Clippers
Turn One-and-Done Into None-and-Done
History shows that teenagers have had great success in the N.B.A., and the league should welcome prodigies and celebrate their achievements.
June 29, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: National Basketball Assn , Basketball , Draft and Recruitment (Sports) , Tellem, Arn
Speak Your Own Truth, on Your Own Terms
Billie Jean King and Jason Collins share a bond as gay athletes who hope to pave a path for those who follow.
June 29, 2014, Sunday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Collins, Jason , Homosexuality and Bisexuality , National Basketball Assn , Women's Tennis Assn , King, Billie Jean , Basketball , Tennis , Athletics and Sports , Love (Emotion)
Cavaliers Pick Wiggins at No. 1, Bringing N.B.A. Draft Speculation Full Circle
In the end, the top three selections were essentially what observers expected all along, with Andrew Wiggins, Jabari Parker and Joel Embiid picked by the Cavaliers, Bucks and 76ers.
June 27, 2014, Friday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: Cleveland Cavaliers , Philadelphia 76ers , Milwaukee Bucks , Parker, Jabari , National Basketball Assn , Embiid, Joel , James, LeBron , Basketball , Draft and Recruitment (Sports) , Wiggins, Andrew
For Gene Melchiorre, a Regretful Turn Brought a Unique N.B.A. Distinction
Melchiorre, known as Squeaky, is the only No. 1 pick to never play in the N.B.A.; he was barred for life after the point-shaving scandal of 1951.
June 27, 2014, Friday
MORE ON THE N.B.A. AND: National Basketball Assn , Draft and Recruitment (Sports) , Melchiorre, Gene , Bribery and Kickbacks , Basketball
Behind an N.B.A. Finals Rematch
A three-peat for LeBron James and the Miami Heat or a shot at redemption for Tim Duncan and the San Antonio Spurs? The sports columnist Harvey Araton on the finals encore.
Popular Demand
June arrives with a different Final Four, as the Miami Heat take on the San Antonio Spurs in the N.B.A. Finals — a rematch of 2013.
Mapping Basketball Nation
Find the most popular N.B.A. team in every ZIP code, based on Facebook data.
Which Team Do You Cheer For? An N.B.A. Fan Map
Highlights from a map of N.B.A. fandom based on Facebook "likes."
The Basis for Sterling's Punishment
The Times sports reporter Harvey Araton asked the N.B.A. commissioner, Adam Silver, whether the Clippers' owner, Donald Sterling, was punished for a single incident or multiple acts.
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July 29, 2014
Don Coram is the Republican candidate for State Representative from District 58, running against Tammy Theis and Jeff P. Downs.
Know more about Coram by clicking the link to his website below.
KKCO firmly believes in freedom of speech for all and we are happy to provide this forum for the community to share opinions and facts. We ask that commenters keep it clean, keep it truthful, stay on topic and be responsible. Comments left here do not necessarily represent the viewpoint of KKCO 11News.powered by Disqus


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Alcoholics Anonymous, 8 p.m., Central Christian Church, 10 W. Van Trees St.
Lighthouse Evangelistic Services, 9:15 a.m., Harvest Community Fellowship, 200 W. Main St
Lighthouse Addiction/Recovery Worship Services, noon and 7 p.m., Victory Tabernacle, 1419 W. Walnut St.
The Compassionate Friends meets the second Sunday of every month at Daviess Community Hospital, 3 p.m. For more information, call 582-3920.
Tops IN 1417, Monroe City, 2 p.m., room No. 11, The Blue Jeans Community Center.
Weight Loss Group, Washington, 5 p.m., Carnegie Public Library, 300 W. Main St.
GED class, 5:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m., Central Christian Church, N.W. First and VanTrees streets.
Divorce Care, meet, 7 p.m., The Barn, Odon.
12-Step Christian Recovery Class, 7 p.m. at The Storehouse, 111 W. Main St., 444-9775.
New Creation Addiction Support Group, meet, 7 p.m., back of Alfordsville United Methodist Church.
Lighthouse Recovery Center for Women, 311 E. Main St.
Lighthouse Recovery Center for Men, 1276E 250N.
Narcotics Anonymous, noon, Christ United Methodist Church, 104 N. Meridian St.
Montgomery Area Planning Commission, meet, 6:30 p.m., town hall.
Daviess County Amateur Radio Club, meet, 6:30 p.m., American Red Cross Bldg., 307 S.E.21st St.
Charity Lodge No. 30, meet, 7:30 p.m., corner of Viola Street and SR 57N.
Pike County school board, meet, 7 p.m.
Friendly Slimmers Weight Club, 4 p.m., Carnegie Public Library, 300 W. Main St.
Adult Basic Education and GED prep, Head Start, 2103 Cosby Road, 12:30 p.m. to 3 p.m. For more information, call 888-4119.
Celebrate Recovery, Christian 12-step recovery group, 7 p.m., The Barn, 108 W. Main St., Odon.
Alcoholics Anonymous, 8 p.m., Big Book study, Central Christian Church, 10 W. VanTrees St.
Women's recovery meeting, 7 p.m., Ladies' Lighthouse Recovery Center, 311 E. Main St., 444-9775.
Men's recovery meeting, 7 p.m., Men's Lighthouse Recovery Center, 1276E 250N.
Narcotics Anonymous, 7 p.m. to 8 p.m., Christ United Methodist Church, 104 N. Meridian St.
12 steps, faith-based, Harvest Community Fellowship, 200 W. Main St., Lighthouse Recovery, 7 p.m.
Daviess County Board of Health, meet, 7 p.m. Commissioners' Room, courthouse.
Washington City Council and Board of Public Works and Safety, meet, 6:30 p.m., Council Chambers, 200 Harned Ave.


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Wakeboard, Wake Skate, Wake Surf and more...
ActiveWake is your online Wakeboard Shop offering free shipping on every wakeboard and no sales tax. Wakeboarding has never been better with huge tech advancements coming from the top brands like Liquid Force, Hyperlite, Ronix, Byerly and Slingshot.We have a huge selection of wakeboard gear that is available with fast-shipping and excellent customer service.
Slingshot Windsor Wakeboard 2014
The Slingshot Windsor is a new shape and design for the 2014 wakeboard line-up. This Intermediate-Expert style board is designed for freeriders, rail park shredders, and progressive wakeboarders who want a ton of pop and lots of speed. Learn More
Slingshot Response Wakeboard 2014
The Slingshot Response is a classic and timeless shape that has received some updates for the 2014 season. The boards outline and continuous rocker pattern make the Response one of the most popular boards in the lineup year after year. Learn More
Slingshot Super Grom Kids Wakeboard 2014
Finally a true flex board for all the groms and gromettes out there! The Super Grom is a fully loaded board built to help the future pros of the world progress behind the boat and at the cable park. Learn More
Slingshot 2013 Response Wakeboard
Regular Price: $369.00
Special Price: $210.00
The 2013 Slingshot Response was the most popular deck and the model of choice for team rider Jeff McKee in 2013. The 2013 Response features (FRT) Future Response Technology for more takeoff and softer landings... who doesn't like both of those things? Learn More
Slingshot Lyman Wakeboard 2014
When Keith Lyman isn't busy serving in our countries armed forces he's hanging out at the local cable park in North Carolina where he's stationed. Learn More
Slingshot Pearl Wakeboard 2014
The 2014 Slingshot Pearl Wakeboard was designed for girls that shred! The Pearl features future response technology that makes it perfect for both wake riding and rail riding. Learn More
Slingshot Oli Wakeboard 2014
What happens when you take one of the most versatile riders in the sport and give him free reign to design his own pro model wakeboard? You get the 2014 Slingshot Oli. Learn More
Slingshot Reflex Wakeboard 2014
The 2014 Slingshot Reflex is the original wake park shape with some new features for this year. The Reflex features a subtle 3-stage rocker, wide outline, and a softer flex pattern for better presses. Learn More
Slingshot Terrain Wakeboard 2015
The terrain is the best cable park board in the WORLD!! Learn More
Slingshot 2013 Whip Wakeboard
Regular Price: $499.00
Special Price: $339.00
The 2013 Slingshot Whip Wakeboard features channels, rails, and fins that are all influenced by aerospace technology. You could say that the 2013 Whip has some out-of-this world features. Learn More


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Eight weeks ago, the race for the 59th District seat in the Colorado House of Representatives – one of the most competitive in the state – was financially neck and neck, with a difference of less than $160.
But according to their Wednesday filings, when it comes to fundraising, Democratic challenger Mike McLachlan has been trouncing incumbent Rep. J. Paul Brown, R-Ignacio, for the last two months.
Since announcing his campaign in February, McLachlan, a Durango-based lawyer, has raised $65,790 in 445 individual donations – $42,578 of it since June 4 – and spent $16,435. He has $50,355 cash on hand.
By comparison, since June 4, Brown has raised $16,365 in 255 individual donations, leaving him with $39,731 cash on hand.
"It's hard to ask people for money, just because I'm so conservative. But I know it has to be done, so we're working on it," Brown said.
In a news release, McLachlan said, "We have been able to raise this amount of money because the people of the 59th district want someone who will concentrate on fixing the economy. Not someone who is a voice in the legislature for special interests."
Local Republicans said the McLachlan campaign's lucre by no means augured victory, citing 2010, when Brown defeated Democrat Brian O'Donnell, who spent $120,607 to Brown's $56,560.
But according to filings with the Colorado secretary of state, it appears that in 2010, three groups spent an additional $56,572.49 on that election, meaning Brown's victory likely cost closer to $115,000.
Rich Coolidge, spokesman for Colorado's secretary of state, warned that "it's difficult to say where the money is coming from." He pointed to documents that show that Our Colorado Values, a mysterious, now-defunct, Washington, D.C.-based independent expenditure committee – i.e. "superPAC" – spent almost $11,000 on the 2010 race.
It's not clear which candidate the money went to support.
The Colorado Leadership Fund LLC – a multimillion dollar Republican 527 based in Virginia – spent $37,866 on Brown's behalf. Its listed agent, Timothy Gilmore, did not respond to requests for comment.
Care Membership Organization LLC, a Denver-based 527 that promotes the interests of the Cooperative Electric Association, spent $7,798 on ads for Brown. Its treasurer, Kent Singer, also executive director of the Colorado Rural Electric Association, said the 527 planned to finance ads on Brown's behalf again in 2012, though "when and how much are decisions we'll make closer to the election."
In a phone interview, Brown said he'd been wholly unaware of third parties' previous expenditures on his behalf, and sounded flabbergasted that it seems to have surpassed $50,000.
In Colorado, third parties' independent expenditures are difficult to track but are an area the GOP has claimed a decisive local edge. In 2010, the only independent expenditure made on O'Donnell's behalf was a "miscellaneous" payment of $7,210 to Overnight Prints by Planned Parenthood Votes Colorado, a California-based super PAC. So far, no independent political entities have spent money on McLachlan's behalf. The Doctors Company Colorado PAC has spent $200 on Brown's.
In terms of direct donations, the Aug. 1 filings show that Brown also beats McLachlan with mining and energy interests, which gave Brown $1,300 (bringing the total to $7,750 since 2010) in six individual donations since June, and with ranchers, who gave $2,196 in 18 individual donations ($17,000 since 2010).
McLachlan's most benevolent patrons continue to be lawyers ($4,300 in 30 individual donations this quarter) and retirees ($7,945, in 95 individual donations).
Local bigwigs are picking sides. This quarter, Chris Isensee – who has lavished at least $13,000 on Democrats since 2005 – gave McLachlan $400, the maximum contribution. And McLachlan got $250 from Don Mapel, the local Coca-Cola magnate who has given more than $11,000 to political causes since 2005. The chief beneficiary of Mapel's political largesse has so far been GOP congressman Scott Tipton.
When it comes to Brown, a self-styled "pro-business" candidate, the blue-chip GOP donors have not yet materialized. This includes Bayfield's Susan and Robert Dulin, who between them have given more than $44,000 to conservative candidates and causes since 2005.
One exception is Al Harper, owner of the Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, who has spent more than $8,000 on political causes since 2005.
In July, he gave Brown $400.
"But I almost gave the same amount of money to Mike McLachlan," he said.


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BEGIN:VCALENDAR VERSION:1.0 BEGIN:VEVENT DTSTART:20130214T193000 DTEND:20130214T203000 LOCATION;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:Rose State College (6420 SE 15th St., Midwest City, OK) DESCRIPTION;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:
Barefoot in the Park
By Neil Simon
February 14-17, 2013
7:30pm evenings and 2pm Sunday
Rose State College, Midwest City
HB Atkinson Theatre
Call 405-736-0364 for reservations or info
Paul and Corie Bratter are newlyweds in every sense of the word. He's a straight-as-an-arrow lawyer and she's a free spirit always looking for the latest kick. Their new apartment is her most recent find-too expensive with bad plumbing and in need of a paint job. After a six day honeymoon, they get a surprise visit from Corie's loopy mother and decide to play matchmaker during a dinner with their neighbor-in-the-attic Velasco, where everything that can go wrong, does. Paul just doesn't understand Corie, as she sees it. He's too staid, too boring and she just wants him to be a little more spontaneous, running "barefoot in the park" would be a start...SUMMARY;ENCODING=QUOTED-PRINTABLE:Barefoot in the Park PRIORITY:3END:VEVENT END:VCALENDAR


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The Mets play the Washington Nationals today at 1:10 on SNY and there's quite a Buffalo tinge in their lineup as Chris Schwinden, the Bisons' most valuable pitcher, gets his second major-league start and Valentino Pascucci will get the call at first base.
Pascucci is scheduled to bat seventh in what will be his first MLB start since Oct. 3, 2004 with the Montreal Expos. He is 1 for 2 so far with the Mets in pinch-hitting roles after being called up from the Bisons, his first trip to the bigs since '04.
Pascucci earned Buffalo's MVP honors this season by batting .264 with team-highs of 21 homers and 91 RBIs.
Also from the Mets: Bisons infielder Josh Satin was named the organization's minor-league player of the year. Huge jump for him from organizational guy to prospect.
---Mike Harrington
taggedBisons/Mets | Television


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Steven J. Zipperstein
Steven J. Zipperstein, a professor of Jewish history and culture at Stanford University, is the author of, most recently, Rosenfeld's Lives: Fame, Oblivion, and the Furies of Writing.
The Quality of Hillel Halkin's Longing
A review of Halkin's 'Melisande! What are Dreams?'
By Steven J. Zipperstein|May 8, 2013|Comments:
Watch Hillary Clinton vs. Jon Stewart on GazaBy Yair Rosenberg — The former Secretary of State places blame for conflict squarely on Hamas
Did the Rebbe Identify Himself as the Messiah—and What Do His Hasidim Believe Today?By David Berger — Twenty years after his death, the legacy of the Lubavitcher leader—'the Prince of our generation'—is still a matter of heated debate
'Yesterday, a Part of My Love for France Left Me'By Aurélie A. — An eyewitness account of how the synagogue of Rue de la Roquette was attacked by a mob, and fought back
What's Wrong With Being Reasonable About the Middle East?
By Lee Smith — Nicholas Kristof's totally reasonable, utterly delusional recipe for peace
The Satmar Rebbe and the Destruction of Hungarian Jewry: Part 1
By Menachem Keren-Kratz — The terrible cost of Rabbi Yoel Teitelbaum's life and actions during the Holocaust, and his later extremism
After the Holocaust, the Dutch Tried To Collect Past Due Taxes From Survivors
By Vox Tablet — How one shy, whistle-blowing intern in an Amsterdam archive uncovered a travesty that insulted a decimated community
Why 'The Bachelorette' Is a Religious Experience, While 'The Bachelor' Is Mere Idolatry
By Elizabeth Wurtzel — As a new bride-to-be, I can't look away from tonight's episode of the reality TV series starring Andi Dorfman
Between the Settlers and the Unsettlers, the One-State Solution Is on Our Doorstep
By David P. Goldman — Why Israel will soon be the only state able to govern Judea and Samaria, and the only military force capable of securing its borders
Hundreds of French Immigrants Arrive in Israel
By Stephanie Butnick — As tensions rise in Paris, young families make aliyah en masse
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After the Holocaust, the Dutch Tried To Collect Past Due Taxes From Survivors
How one shy, whistle-blowing intern in an Amsterdam archive uncovered a travesty that insulted a decimated community
Centuries Ago, Jews Were Farmers Like Everybody Else. Why Did They Leave the Fields?
Two economists argue that literacy, not laws forbidding land ownership, created a small, widely dispersed and highly skilled minority
Rethinking the Controversial Figure Who Helped Establish the State of Israel
Known for right-wing politics, Vladimir Jabotinsky left an equally critical literary legacy. Hillel Halkin looks at it all.
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