text:
Robert Hof, Contributor
I cover the collision of advertising and the Internet.
For all the attention lavished on Siri, the often-clever voice-driven virtual assistant on Apple's iPhone, Google's mobile search app lately has impressed a lot more people. That's partly thanks to Google Now, its own virtual assistant that's part of that app, which some observers think is more useful than Siri.
But the success of Google's mobile search stems at least as much from a big improvement over the past year in Google's speech recognition efforts. That's the result of research by legendary Google Fellow Jeff Dean and others in applying a fast-emerging branch of artificial intelligence called deep learning to recognizing speech in all its ambiguity and in noisy environments. Replacing part of Google's speech recognition system last July with one based on deep learning cut error rates by 25% in one fell swoop.
As I wrote in a recent article on deep learning neural networks, the technology tries to emulate the way layers of neurons in the human neocortex recognize patterns and ultimately engage in what we call thinking. Improvements in mathematical formulas coupled with the rise of powerful networks of computers are helping machines get noticeably closer to humans in their ability to recognize speech and images.
Making the most of Google's vast network of computers has been Dean's specialty since he joined Google an almost inconceivable 14 years ago, when the company employed only 20 people. He helped create a programming tool called MapReduce that allowed software developers to process massive amounts of data across many computers, as well as BigTable, a distributed storage system that can handle millions of gigabytes of data (known in technical terms as "bazillions.") Although conceptual breakthroughs in neural networks have a huge role in deep learning's success, sheer computer power is what has made deep learning practical in a Big Data world.
Dean's extreme geekitude showed in a recent interview, when he gamely tried to help me understand how deep learning works, in much more detail than most of you will ever want to know. Nonetheless, I'll warn you that some of this edited interview still gets pretty deep, as it were. Even more than the work of Ray Kurzweil, who joined Google recently to improve the ability of computers to understand natural language, Dean's work is focused on more basic advances in how to use smart computer and network design to make AI more effective, not on the application to advertising.
Still, Google voice search seems certain to change the way most people find things, including products. So it won't hurt for marketers and users alike to understand a bit more about how this technology will transform marketing, which after all boils down to how to connect people with products and services they're looking for. Here's a deeply edited version of our conversation:
Q: What is deep learning?
A: It's a form of machine learning where the system automatically learns which features are important in deciding, for example, if an image contains a cat or not. Before, a human might sit down and write code to generate a feature that they think is important, like if I'm trying to detect cats in images, I might write a whisker detector. So I write some code that I think will characterize whether there are whiskers in this picture. Then I might write an ear detector or things like that. These things take a lot of time to develop.
Q: What's "deep" about deep learning?
A: "Deep" typically refers to the fact that you have many layers of neurons in neural networks. It's been very hard to train networks with many layers. In the last five years, people have come up with techniques that allow training of networks with more layers than, say, three. So in a sense it's trying to model how human neurons respond to stimuli.
We're trying to model not at the detailed molecular level, but abstractly we understand there are these lower-level neurons that construct very primitive features, and as you go higher up in the network, it's learning more and more complicated features.
Q: What has happened in the last five years to make deep learning a more widely used technique?
A: In the last few years, people have figured out how to do layer-by-layer pre-training [of the neural network]. So you can train much deeper networks than was possible before. The second thing is the use of unsupervised training, so you can actually feed it any image you have, even if you don't know what's in it. That really expands the set of data you can consider because now, it's any image you get your hands on, not just one where you have a true label of what that image is [such as an image you know is a cheetah].
The third thing is just more computational power. These techniques work best when you can give them lots of data and you can train a big enough model where it has enough representational capacity to learn a really broad set of features from all the data you're giving it. If you pass a lot of data through a teeny network, like 20 neurons, it'll do what it can, but it's not going to be very good. You really tens or hundreds of thousands of neurons in your model for a general image classification system before it can capture all the subtleties in all the different kinds of images.
Q: How does this approach fit into the pantheon of artificial intelligence techniques? Is it an alternative to other methods or an addition?
A: The key thing that it does that a lot of other methods don't is that it automatically builds higher-level features from very raw inputs. You don't necessarily have to figure out as a human what features are going to be most important. It's hard as a human, for example, to figure out what components would make a "psss" sound. And it's very hard to do that in all kinds of different noise conditions. Like if I'm in a subway stop and I go "psss," there's all kinds of background noise going on if am I holding the phone here or here.
With enough training data, you get enough people making that noise in a wide variety of conditions that the system will learn good detectors for all those different kinds of conditions it's been exposed to. If you have someone with a Southern accent or a non-English speaker, and if you have enough information in your training data, the system can learn to pick up on that without any programmers having to be involved in writing an accent changer or writing code to deal with that.
Q: How much of an improvement can deep learning provide ultimately? For instance, your deep learning network doubled the rate of images that could be identified in Google's experiment last year in which the system could recognize cat images, but overall the identification rate was pretty low. What's the significance of that?
A: One thing is that that's a very large number of categories. If you have a much smaller number of categories, the accuracy goes up a lot. So if you go to a thousand categories, you get to above 50% accuracy. I can give you a sense of how difficult this is. This [image database that Google used in its experiment] has 21,000 categories in it, and, for example, you have to distinguish a thorny skate [fish] from a little skate from a gray skate from a devil ray. That's a pretty hard task. So the accuracy is low, but I don't think human accuracy on that test would be anywhere near 100%.
Q: What advances has Google in particular made in this area?
A: We've really pushed on being able to scale these systems to train much larger models–more neurons, more connections–and also train on much larger data sets. The combination of those two things is important. If you train on much more data but you have a small model, that extra data is not all that useful because the model can't take advantage of it because it doesn't have enough extra neurons in it to deal with it.
We are willing to deal with models where different pieces of the model reside on different machines. We essentially can partition these models so this might be on one machine, this might be on another machine.
The second thing that we do is in addition to having a single copy of the model spread out over a lot of machines, we'll actually stamp out multiple copies of that, and they all sort of collaborate and process different input data and exchange their parameters every so often. That scale is pretty important because the more data you can expose your model to and the more neurons you have in it, the better off you'll be.
Q: How do you get these advances out into products?
A: Sometimes we build general pieces of functionality that teams can then apply to their own problems. So for example, for this image processing that we've been doing for general images, we have a group doing optical character recognition, which is a more specialized problem, but they were able to take some of this stuff and apply it to their particular problem. They had one or two people build a prototype that seemed to work.
Often a few people on the product team see the stuff we've done and they said we should try it on our problem, and they collaborate with us. All the speech work we've been doing is a collaboration between our group, which is working on general training infrastructure for these kinds of models, and the speech group, applying these kinds of models.
Q: How did the speech group apply your work to their products?
A: They replaced the acoustic model of speech, going from the raw audio waveform to the sequence of phonemes. They essentially divide speech into two parts, that part and the part that goes from a sequence of phonemes into what are actually the likely words that were uttered. So the part that got replaced was the acoustic model, the "Gaussian Mixture Model." That got replaced with a deep learning model.
Q: So that was a big change in how speech recognition is done?
A: GMMs had been what state-of-the-art speech recognition systems used for years and years. And it's only in the last three or four years that this neural net-based acoustic model has been able to get enough computational power and large data sets to train it where it's now significantly better than the Gaussian Mixture Model.
Q: How long had your team in research been working on what got into the new speech recognition?
A: We started working on it about nine months before it got released.
Q: When might the image research work its way into actual products?
A: I don't think we have anything concrete to announce at this point, but we're definitely looking at a bunch of different places within different products that we can use it. My sense is that it will eventually be deployed in lots of different places. It's not like it will be a new product, but integrated into a lot of other image-related products.
Q: Beyond specific products, why is all this important?
A: Traditionally computers have not been that good at interacting with people in ways that people feel natural interacting with. For example, speech recognition has only recently gotten significantly better. Doing general large-vocabulary speech recognition without these controlled scenarios–say "one" to do this, etc.–it really opens up possibilities for new kinds of user interfaces. The speech recognition is now good enough that I dictate emails on my phone rather than type them in. It's not perfect, but it's good enough that it changes how I interact with my phone. Doing queries by voice is very natural now because it's not frustrating. It usually does it right.
The same is true of image recognition. Computers don't usually have a sense of if you have a picture of something what is in that image. And if we can do a good job of understanding what is in an image, that can bring along a lot of new things you can do in applications. If you're able to give computer models so they can do a good job of perception like speech processing and image processing, that will be a pretty dramatic shift in a lot of areas.
Q: Any other applications?
A: Translation is another example where these kinds of models can help. It's not hard to envision a mode where you look at something in an image and it shows you the English language equivalent as you're looking at it. Maybe it shows you the French equivalent too.
More on Forbes:
Can it understand Apu?
It is interesting to read about all of these "deep learning" tactics that have recently been highlighted in press, prolly because of Kurzweil's move to Google. But in all these scenarios, it seems as if there is an extremely small system that intends to learn a large amount, by trial and error. There is the data that is being inputted (data_input) and the computer that is being trained (comp_1). It then seems that there a lot of scientists studying how data_input is being recognized and utilized by comp_1.
Coming from a linguistics background, a lot of times it is hard to see the problem when you are immersed in it. For example, the scientists studying "deep learning" understand where and why comp_1 made a mistake. They are removed from the problem itself, and are merely observing. But poor comp_1 doesn't understand why it has made a mistake,it only adaptively learns that in the future, it will not make that mistake again, and perhaps slightly alter its behaviour regarding whatever data_input caused it to trip up.
This is all fine and dandy, but here is where I think the real breakthrough will come. We need a second computer, comp_2, to study how comp_1 understands data_input. We need a computer with "deep learning" enabled to observe a computer currently engaged in "deep learning". By doing this, the second computer, comp_2, is removed from the problem and therefore simply studying how deep learning takes place in comp_1. This allows comp_2 to "learn" deep learning, making it able to predict when and why comp_1 will incorrectly interpret data_input. By observing the mistakes of comp_1, the second computer is able to make informed decisions about the correct way data_input should have been intrepretted. It allows comp_2 to look at the big picture instead of focusing on one part of data_input.
Imagine it this way. There is large language tree that branches out from data_input. At the beginning, there is only one route but as comp_1 "deep learns", the tree begins to grow as comp_1 understands the complexities associated with data_input more and more. Soon, it becomes a huge tree and it becomes extremely difficult to discern one twig from another, even though the path to get there might be totally different! Even though the sound may be extremely similar to another sound, the meaning and therefore, path to arrive at that sound is inherently different. They come from different branches on the language tree. So as comp_1 learns and learns, its language tree becomes larger and larger, until it is incredibly complex.
Now if we can have comp_2 study and observe how comp_1′s language tree developed, that's a learning computer. Comp_2 will be able to look at the language tree as a whole, analyze why it formed as it did, observe the mistakes of comp_1, and even predict where and why comp_1 will make another mistake. In an ideal world, comp_1 and comp_2 work in tandem interpreting data_input, one computer showing the other why it made a mistake and vice versa.
Give comp_X the answer to a problem, call comp_X educated.
Teach comp_X how to solve the answer to a problem, call comp_X highly educated.
Educate comp_Y on how comp_X learns, teach a computer to fish for a lifetime.
It would be very expensive and require much processing power but hey it is Google. I've only developed simpler artificial neural networks but I think it's a good idea to try.
Nice interview. Finally for me a clear explanation how the modern buzz word "deep learning" differs from the neural networks of the past.


text:
For Real Estate Investors, Time to Scout New Locations
Housing's recovery may not equal rising REITs.
Beware of animals in your home or garage.
With the real estate recovery finally looking real, some investors are jumping into red-hot real estate investment trusts (REITs) to get more property into their portfolios. But there may be better places to locate if housing continues on its present path to recovery after five miserable years.
Optimism grew last week as U.S. home prices rose a fourth month in a row and sales volume increased, both gaining about 10 percent compared to a year earlier. Perhaps more important, the number of foreclosure-forced sales is down by more than 20 percent from last July.
[See Don't Miss Your 2012 Money Deadlines.]
How to make money on real estate? Real estate is all about location, they say. But buyers know price is also a factor, and REITs have risen so much the past few years that bargain hunters might want to find another way to get more out of the rebound.
"The stocks of home builders are the purest play if you want to participate in the recovery of the housing market," says Sorin Roibu, global security analyst who covers the housing sector at Turner Investments.
REITs have been a top-performing asset group over the past three years, turning in the best performance of any fund group, with a 33 percent average annual gain, according to Morningstar data. Few expect them to remain at that lofty peak.
The shares of homebuilders have also been climbing sharply, and some would argue that just like REITs, they have already gotten pricey. As investments, however, they are very different beasts, and will perform differently.
"REITS and homebuilders are at different stages of the recovery cycle," says Roibu. "Homebuilders are at the first stage and REITs are onto the second stage."
The big difference for investors is that REITs are financial instruments set up to generate income, and pay out virtually all of their investment property profit as soon as it's earned. Investors reap the benefit immediately.
With company stock, that same income is theoretically invested in growth prospects, which can ultimately boost the share price and create capital gains. Investors are forever buying into the future earnings stream of equities, and waiting for an eventual payoff or dividend growth.
[See 8 Top-Rated Income Funds.]
That could be relatively soon for homebuilders, says Roibu, because companies have been cutting costs during the downturn and putting their cash to work buying up low-priced building sites in desirable locations.
There is that word again: location. It really does matter, Roibu says. The builders are investing in the sturdiest markets and the ones with the smallest foreclosure rates. "When they recover, the gains will go straight to the bottom line," Roibu says.
To be sure, the shares of homebuilders are not buried in a bargain basement. They began recovering later than REITs, but many have doubled in price from the recession lows.
Among Roibu's favorites, Lennar (ticker: LEN) has climbed from a 52-week low of just over $12 to above $30 now, but it has solid orders to fuel future growth. Toll Brothers (TOL), another pick, has more than doubled, but its target market of higher-end homes makes it attractive. Meritage Homes (MTH) is relatively small, as the ninth-largest builder. The company has targeted eco-friendly homes that are becoming more popular.
If those are not so exciting to bargain hunters, a recent report from Putnam's co-head of U.S. equities, Bob Ewing, said materials companies, which benefit from new housing construction, have been underpriced because of Europe's woes.
Jefferies put out "buy" reports on two of them recently, Texas Industries (TXI) and Vulcan Materials (VMC). Lumber giant Weyerhaeuser (WY) and has risen to the year's highs but has not gained as much as homebuilders. Some analysts have cited Home Depot (HD) and Lowe's (LOW) as well, although both have risen sharply the past year.
[See Gauging the 'Bill Gross Effect' for Stocks.]
REITs in stage two of cycle. Why did REITs perform so well over the past two years? The trusts invest primarily in commercial properties ranging from movie theaters to office complexes. The biggest category is apartment buildings.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
---- — Even though the Plattsburgh North Stars are coming off a bye week, head coach Scott Aguglia doesn't anticipate any rustiness in tonight's Empire Football League semifinal matchup with the Watertown Red and Black.
"We've had a hard week of practice," Aguglia said. "Our coaching staff has simulated game-like scenarios, so I'm hopeful there won't be any rust. We've treated this week of practice like any other."
Aguglia, who was recently announced as the league's Coach of the Year in his first season at the helm, utilized the time off for scouting. The two teams met during the last weekend of the regular season on Sept. 22. The North Stars (8-3, 8-2) held a 24-0 lead at halftime before coming out on top 31-14.
"I've had the opportunity to go down and watch (Watertown) play the last two weeks," Aguglia said. "We've analyzed film from our game three weeks ago and I have a pretty good idea as to what we need to do in order to be successful."
Aguglia credits the season turnaround with a 41-21 Week 7 win over the Vermont Ice Storm. Since then, the North Stars are on a five-game winning streak and have outscored their opponents 187-54.
"At this point of the season, the team morale is really good," Aguglia said. "Our offense started clicking and the defense came alive around Week 7. We're fortunate to be carrying some momentum moving forward."
The North Stars are led by quarterback Harry Rascoe, who finished the regular season 116-for-245, 1,941 yards, and 27 touchdowns through the air. The signal-caller proved to be a critical asset on the ground, accumulating 409 yards and five touchdowns.
Rascoe's primary targets include Andrew Price (30 receptions, 569 yards, nine touchdowns) and Jordon Keleher (22 receptions, 492 yards, seven touchdowns).
Josh Nephew ranks second on the team (behind Rascoe) in total rushing yards at 313 yards on 49 attempts and four touchdowns.
Watertown (9-3, 8-3) enters this weekend's contest fresh off a 22-8 defeat of the Ice Storm, a game which the Red and Black defense forced five interceptions, four coming in the second half.
Aguglia emphasized the importance of containing the Red and Black backfield within the hash marks.
"For the most part, the game plan is similar," Aguglia said. "We need to contain their versatile quarterback (Brian Williams) in the pocket. Our defense needs to prevent off-tackle isolation runs and hopefully we can control possession."
The North Stars have one EFL championship in the organization's 22-year history. It occurred in 2010 versus Watertown.
Tonight's playoff game will be held at the Plattsburgh High School Athletic Complex. Kickoff is scheduled for 7:30 p.m. and tickets are available at the gate.


text:
I have decided to start posting my workout and diet journal on O/R as a way to stay accountable. Anyone is free to join me, so no need to wait until the New Year to start a resolution.
30 minutes cardio on the treadmill (jogging to sprints up and down)
Medicine Ball workout
Push ups (different varieties)
Breakfast: Oatmeal, black coffee
Lunch: Roasted Chicken breast sandwich on whole wheat, 1/2 cup potato salad
Dinner: Steamed veggies, mashed potatoes, and meat loaf
120 oz water through out the day


text:
Updated Wednesday, September 26th, 2012
You May Like
Browse Similar Recipes
- By Category: Puddings and Custards
- By Prep Methods: Baking, Cook
- By Course: Desserts
Total Time: 25
Yield: 8 servings
America went mad for breakfast cereals in the late 1800s, when the Kellogg brothers founded the Battle Creek Sanitarium and the Sanitas Food Company, advocating a diet rich in whole grains. Rival cereal maker C. W. Post, a former patient at Battle Creek, created Grape-Nuts in 1897. The pudding came soon after. We found a recipe for Grape-Nut pudding in a 1901 church cookbook published by the Dudley Street Baptist Church in Boston, but the dish appears to have gained wider national popularity by the 1920s. It seems that New Englanders have a particular fondness for this creamy custard with its cereal "crust" on the bottom, and many of our region's great diners still feature it on their menus.
Heat oven to 350° and butter a 2-quart baking dish. Put milk and Grape-Nuts in a medium saucepan over medium-high heat and bring to a simmer. Remove from heat, stir, and let cool 15 minutes. In a medium-size bowl, beat eggs with sugar, vanilla, and salt. Add the cooled milk and Grape-Nuts to egg mixture and stir well. Pour into the prepared baking dish. Sprinkle nutmeg over the top. Set the baking dish into a deep roasting pan.
Place in the oven and pour water into the roasting pan, enough to reach halfway up the side of the dish. Bake until almost set in the center, 50 to 60 minutes. There should be a very slight jiggle when you shake the pan and a knife inserted into the center should come out clean. Let the pudding set atop the stove for at least 20 minutes before serving. Serve plain or with whipped cream.
In this issue: Summer Off the Beaten Path
Comments maybe edited for length and clarity.
©2013, Yankee Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Yankee Publishing Inc., | P.O. Box 520, Dublin, NH 03444 | (603) 563-8111


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Southern Nazarene University
Center for Applied Studies in English (ASEC)
GOAL: To prepare students who have not yet attained English competency with sufficient English skills for success in an English-speaking, university setting.
To be eligible for participation in this program, the student must submit the following documents:
Completed SNU Application https://my.snu.edu/prospects/
Translated transcripts for all prior work (high school and/or college)
Completed Financial Certification Form
Completed Housing Form
Signed Statement of Understanding
Check out the ASEC website at www.liveamerican.us Or contact Rachel Graves for more information email@example.com.
ASEC students live with an American college student on the SNU campus.
In the vocabulary classes, students study the word definitions as well as prefixes, suffixes, and word roots associated with those words. Then students also learn the connotations, collocations, parts of speech, and pronunciation. They practice using the words through visual, aural/oral, and haptic activities. Students play games, work on pair or group activities as well as do practice exercises and discuss with the new vocabulary.
During the reading hour, students read texts written with the vocabulary studied previously from the word list. These texts are academic texts which will help students to prepare for dealing with readings in their classes after they finish their intensive English classes. The students not only practice reading but they learn to participate in group and pair work and to participate in class discussions about the readings, which are activities they will be required to do after English classes. The main texts for the lower and intermediate classes are called Inside Reading, published by Oxford University Press. The upper level classes use Inside Reading as well as authentic texts and excerpts from university class work. In addition, research shows that rhythm can enhance students' reading comprehension as well as their speaking comprehensibility to Americans, and so pronunciation practice is a regular part of reading and discussion activities. Furthermore, students read orally during class in order to practice their word stress, intonation, or enunciation.
Each student has an American college student as a mentor who will practice English speaking and introduce ASEC students to other SNU students.
In the composition hour, students learn to write the types of compositions they will be called upon to produce in future classes. Each level focuses on three or four particular types of texts and the specific discourse features those texts commonly have. Students are taught these features and how to manipulate them as they produce a text. An example of features taught are: how to express opinion without using the words I believe or I think by using modals such as "should" instead; they might learn how to rotate nouns with pronouns and synonyms to increase interest and cohesion. For each level, new skills are taught and added to those learned at previous levels so that by the end of the coursework, students have a host of techniques for each type of text they will have to produce in the future. As students discuss their texts and read them aloud, they get to practice working collaboratively. Such discussions help students better understand the ambiguities in their own writing and also cause students to use their English in critical thinking.
Following the composition class, students work on adding grammar to the text they wrote in composition class. New grammar is used according to what type of text has been written and what grammar is common to that type of text. Editing techniques are also taught during the grammar hour to focus on the specific problems in grammar accuracy that each student is having in their writing process. Students develop a common-mistakes list with the help of the teacher and, then learn how to eliminate these mistakes from future compositions. Next, students learn techniques to help them find
All ASEC students have an American host family to help them see real American culture.
During listening class, students use materials at their own level or at any other level they prefer. They have their daily work checked without being graded so that if they want to try new, harder material, their grades will not suffer. Also, this allows them to work with the listening teacher to identify what skills they need to work on and what they have accomplished. This class is not just for practicing listening. They may practice dialog listening, listening to lectures as well as work on their listening as it relates to pronunciation. Even though students work on pronunciation in their reading classes, many of them want extra practice and the listening class provides time, material, and one-to-one teacher time if students choose to practice pronunciation rather than listening.
The last hour of the day is an intensive reading hour. Research shows that students who are good readers become more proficient writers. By allowing students to read novels and other types of genres, students learn to enjoy reading in a second language. Students get to choose the topic to read, and this often helps them to comprehend much better and retain more main ideas and important vocabulary. This fun reading also gives students opportunities to see the vocabulary they have studied in their vocabulary classes used in non-academic contexts so that they will begin to use new vocabulary in social situations outside of class.
One hour outside of class is required each week in which students must speak with Americans. Students might report on time spent with their American mentor or host family. Some write about interchanges they have with their American roommate. Others attend a weekly conversation café where they have opportunities to speak with Americans in a non-collegiate atmosphere. Others visits American friends' homes or go shopping or to a movie for part of their fulfillment of the five hours with Americans. Furthermore, regular field trips offer students chances to meet Americans and learn about the cultural characteristics of the USA and Oklahoma in particular.
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Br. Basil ordained as deacon on the the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception
(from Catholic Sentinel "Monk Ordained to the Diaconate" full text)
ST. BENEDICT — Benedictine Brother Basil Lawrence was ordained to the transitional diaconate last month by Archbishop John Vlazny.
As early as age 14, Br. Basil sensed a vocation to the priesthood. He was accepted as a seminarian for the Diocese of Las Vegas upon graduation from high school and entered St. Francis Seminary in San Diego in the fall of 2002. When the seminary closed in 2003, Brother Basil transferred to Mount Angel Seminary.
After a year at Mount Angel, he began to discern a call to monastic life. In the spring of 2006 he withdrew affiliation with the Diocese of Las Vegas and became an affiliate of Mount Angel Abbey. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in philosophy in the spring of 2006 and made his profession in 2008.
Brother Basil's duties have included being secretary to the abbot, public relations liaison, abbey vocations team member, schola member and barber.
While on the vocations team, he helped abbey discerners, co-produced an abbey DVD, and served as representative on the archdiocesan vocations committee. In addition, he was the religious seminarian representative to the seminary pastoral council and gave abbey tours and talks to visiting youth groups on the side. He is currently the assistant vocation director and assistant guest master for the retreat house.
Through it all, Brother Basil has still found time to continue his priestly studies and formation. He completed clinical pastoral education last summer in Mesa, Ariz., and will receive his Masters of Divinity and Sacred Theology degrees this spring. He will be ordained a priest in the summer of 2013.


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|ADSL Continues to Deliver
During the early nineties connection to the internet was made possible through phone connection and a modem. The information that was made available to us has created a wonderful illusion and the process of getting it became unnoticeable. We were so overwhelmed by the data that we never noticed the very slow means how we got it. Until the blessing of Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) came into play, then we realized how slow the internet was. From then on, it became the battle for speed, how to get there and how to get the information that we require. The advent of mobile broadband has simply changed everything over the past few years. The wired became unwired and mobility became a factor when we chose how to connect to the internet. And as we move to next generation of computing, we begin to look at current technologies that continue to deliver like DSL, and how it would evolve to further lead us on both wired and unwired communication.
Wired to Wireless
According to research by Point Topic about the Worldwide Broadband Market in 2010, DSL accounts for about 64.76% of the overall population as their means when they accessed the internet, followed respectively by 20.2% of cable, 13.3% of fiber and 1.35% wireless. However, numerous industry experts believe that the tide is slowly turning for the copper based ADSL to some different means like wireless or to other different modes like fiber. Just like the recent report by Australian Bureau of Statistics, figures of internet activity report for the six months of 2011 showed consumers using some form of wireless service for their broadband, excluding mobile handsets, and that it surpassed the number using copper line ADSL for the first time in years. ABS found that growth in the ADSL market was almost flat, with the number of Australians using ADSL connections for their broadband reaching 4.49 million subscribers as of June up just 0.8% in six months. The number of mobile wireless internet connections increased 13% over the same period to reach 4.78m subscribers. And this is just an example of the current trend on what is happening with broadband internet across the globe.
Copper to Fiber
According to the report the global DSL equipment spending dropped sharply during the first quarter of this year, and they are quick to add that the trend is evidence that service providers throughout the world are making their switch from copper in favor of fiber. The DSL, PON and Ethernet FTTH equipment market reversed its small fourth quarter gain with a 2% decline in 1Q11, dipping to $1.96 billion worldwide. The overall market's decline was led by a double-digit sequential drop in DSL infrastructure spending in all regions. Despite the sequential declines, the DSL equipment market is up 36% year-over-year (1Q11 vs. 1Q10). The worldwide PON market jumped 20% in 1Q11 over 4Q10, surpassing the $1.0 billion threshold for the first time ever. It was mentioned in the report that one of the markets that incurred a significant drop in spending is China, a key emerging market. But the reports also said the equipment vendor is continuing its thrust towards the copper base, and they are slowly expanding the fiber variant.
Other Modes Available
Despite recent findings regarding the slump in DSL, the transition to a newer technology would not be a monogamous one. It will not simply move from one form to the other. In fact the reason why it has flat-lined and others such as fiber have gone up is because of the availability of other modes being made available to the public. Here are some of them that are being looked upon as the new generation to replace DSL;
Cable Broadband - Cable is the other popular broadband technology. The reason why it has slowly crept into the market is that it is being bundled with cable TV and phone lines. And the best part of it is that it is above average when it comes to speed. But one significant melding of technologies between cable and DSL networks is that now both have traditional metal wires as well as fiber optics.
Fiber Optics & FTTH - Fiber is the most seen technology to replace DSL in many places. The most basic argument is that seen fiber would be the most common replacement from copper wires, thus making the data transmission over long distances much more cost effective. This is typically known as Fiber to the Home (FTTH). It makes the separate cords of television, phone and internet all on one single cord that is a super efficient optical cable.
Satellite Broadband – It is surprising to see it as a part of the alternative, but it is beginning to compete in terms of price and delivery of service. However speed is not at par with counterparts because it is about 2,048 kbit/s download and 128 kbit/s upload. The absolute high latency is understandable because of the signal coming from the satellite and no, there is no solution to this. And although its time is not a plus point of having a satellite service, it is the only broadband that can reach the farthest of all places.
DSL Delivers
Speculations of replacing DSL with new technologies are the buzz among technology analysts. However, just when everything seems to be definite, Huawei announces speed as its new forte. Just recently it announced a breakthrough in DSL technology; it announced a prototype that clocked a record of about 700Mbps called SuperMIMO technology. It enables operators to build high bandwidth, cost effective and future proof broadband access networks. The technology is the first of its kind in the world since the current rate of DSL is about 100Mbps.
In fact, You Yiyong President of Huawei's Access Network Product Line, said, "DSL technologies for broadband access are showing great market potential. As a leader in the development of DSL technologies, our newest DSL prototype demonstrates our commitment to providing customer-centric and groundbreaking solutions and services for operators to enhance their competitiveness and profitability." He highlighted that the SuperMIMO technology uses four twisted pairs to achieve a downstream rate of 700Mbps at a distance of 400 meters. He highlighted that the innovative technology methodically addresses crosstalk among multiple twisted pairs and dramatically increases DSL bandwidth by 75%, from an average of 100Mbps per twisted pair to approximately 175Mbps.
Leveraging SuperMIMO, Huawei's 700Mbps DSL prototype accommodates high-speed FTTB/FTTC access and bandwidth-hungry private line applications, such as base station access. Although the SuperMIMO is still in its prototype stage and will further be developed, Huawei is not the only company who sees the further development of DSL as the future of connections. In fact in a recent New York Times article, Hong Kong Broadband, a company based in Hong Kong, boasted of an internet connection that can deliver 1000Mbps to their FTTH service and is about $26.00 per month.
Numerous speculations arose when wireless came in; it was even seen as the future of broadband connection. However, one cannot simply dismiss the fact that speed will still be a factor in delivering the service. And when it is about speed, DSL rates cannot be brushed aside. If Huawei can deliver on its current promise, then DSL has evolved and is able to break the barrier in terms of speed. Because the future of broadband is not simply about being mobile or accessible, it is more often than not the expedited delivery, and this has been the main reason why DSL has been here with us for more than 15 years. And with Huawei, it will soon turn a new leaf.


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Centre for Micro and Nano Systems Home Page
The Centre for Micro and Nano Systems Engineering is located within the Engineering Department at Lancaster University and consists of 10 academic and research staff involved in a range of research, training and consultancy projects. The team partner a number of international collaborators in major projects including the NEMIAC project, and contribute to the the management teams of both the EPSRC IeMRC and the enablingMNT Group. The group works extensively with a range of companies and external research institutions and is closely linked to the Physics and Biological Sciences and Chemistry departments.
News, Seminars and job advertisments from the Centre for Microsystems Engineering. There is also a collection of links and information about Lancaster University, other resources in Micro and Nanotechnology.
The Centre for Microsystems Engineering is involved in various research projects spanning the whole spectrum of Micro and Nanotechnology research. Projects vary from MEMS and Biological applications to nanomagnetism and simulations.
Micro and Nanotechnology (MNT) could well be the next industrial revolution with disruptive changes in the way we setup, run and market our businesses. Novel and knowledge-based manufacturing has the potential to complement, if not replace, conventional manufacturing industries with their highly material-intensive processes. Development of a knowledge-based industry requires a highly educated workforce with key competences in the technical, management and societal dimensions of Micro and Nanotechnologies. Although the spending on MNT will double in next 2-3 years, there is still a profound skill shortage in the MNT area. This means that not only will you have a top class degree, you will be highly sought after by employers in the UK and abroad.
Microsystems group staff use a range of facilities found in the Engineering Department. This page has a list, and specifications, of each item of equipment.
We have an ongoing collaboration with SMEs and large companies in the are of Micro and Nanotechnology. We have various
levels of funding to assist businesses. This means that we could be working with you at no cost to your business.
Please contact us to check your eligibility.