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By Cam Huffman
Sports Editor
The last three football seasons concluded with a similar feeling for Summers County High School — extreme disappointment. None of them ended the way the Bobcat players and coaches had hoped.
But as similar as those feelings were, the source was much different. In 2010, the pain came from a winless season. In 2011, the hurt was the result of missing out on what could have been a trip to the playoffs. This year's Bobcat players and fans experienced the empty feeling from falling short in the opening round of the Class AA playoffs.
The timeline is a perfect illustration of the progression of the Summers County program the last three seasons and the job that head coach Josh Houchins has done in transforming the Bobcats from an automatic "W" on their opponents' schedules into a team that gives opposing coaches nightmares in the week leading up to a matchup with Summers County.
"He's done a tremendous job, and he's been smart enough to surround himself with great coaches," said Summers County athletic director Wayne Ryan of Houchins, who captured this year's Register-Herald Coach of the Year Award, edging out some other strong candidates in Oak Hill's Eddie Souk, Nicholas County's Gene Morris, Midland Trail's Joe Dean and Greenbrier West's Lewis McClung. "He had a group of boys who were with him when he was a middle school coach, and they believed in what he was trying to do.."
The award, voted on by the five members of The Register-Herald sports staff — assistant sports editor Gary Fauber, sports editor Cam Huffman, sports writer Josh Rollins, sports writer Dan Stillwell and sports clerk Rusty Udy, as well as a fan vote on The Register-Herald (Official) Facebook page — recognized Houchins, who also won the online fan vote, for a 7-3 regular season and the program's first playoff berth since 1995.
The three-year progress wasn't the only reason Houchins was recognized. The coach — who has also had to battle through some personal adversity after his 6-year-old son Lane was diagnosed with leukemia last year — steered the Bobcats through a possible collapse to recover and make the playoffs.
After a 3-0 start that included wins over PikeView (44-20), James Monroe (26-14) and Grafton (42-14), Summers County dropped three in a row — to Wyoming East (33-20), Greenbrier West (42-6), and Covington, Va. (31-28) to fall back to .500 and erase all of the early-season momentum.
A 48-20 win on the road at Independence may have been the turning point, and the Bobcats followed that with a 48-12 victory at Meadow Bridge.
Heading into an off week with two regular season games remaining, Summers County was 5-3 and in good position for a playoff spot if it could win out against Richwood and Valley.
But Houchins' club had been in that position before — last year, in fact.
The 2011 Bobcats were also 5-3 heading into an off week, and Richwood and Valley were the final two left on the schedule at that point, as well.
But Summers County couldn't complete the deal, losing both of those games to finish 5-5.
As it was in many areas, 2012 was different.
This time Summers County responded to the challenge, beating Richwood 42-20 and then finishing the regular season off with a 28-20 win over Valley, leaving no doubt as to its playoff future.
"You don't usually get a second chance, but those players and coaches did," said Ryan. "The experience from the year before made them understand what they had to do, and when they got a chance, they made the most of it."
A No. 11 seed, Summers County made the trip to Mineral County to face No. 6 Frankfort High School expecting to win.
It didn't happen, as the Falcons cruised to a 38-7 victory, but Houchins is confident it was an experience upon which his team can build.
"I don't think there's any doubt that success leads to interest," said Ryan. "When you win, more people come to games and more people want to be on the team. Interest is what helps build a program."
— E-mail: email@example.com and follow on Twitter @CamHuffmanRH.


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Accepted Offer
Positive Experience
Easy Interview
I applied online and the process took 3 months - interviewed at Baxter.
Interview Details – I submitted my resume online to Baxter for a position I'd heard about. They contacted me and invited me to come to an on-campus interview. I went to an info session where I learned more about Baxter, then the next day was my interview.
I was interviewing for an R&D Science Intern position, and was interviewed by a PhD chemist. We had really good conversation and I asked her questions about working for Baxter as well as getting a chemistry doctorate. We ended up talking for about an hour, and she asked a few questions HR wanted her to ask as well.
Three days after the interview, I received a call from HR offering me the position and I accepted.
Interview Question – I think she asked how I solved a difficult issue at my previous job. Answer Question
Negotiation Details – Salary was non-negotiable
Accepted Offer
Positive Experience
Easy Interview
I applied through college or university and the process took a day - interviewed at Baxter in April 2012.
Interview Details – Discussed my background in previous internships and research in university
Interview Question – No difficult questions. Interviewers just tried to get a good idea of my background and if I was fit for their particular project Answer Question
A global diversified healthcare company and industry leader Baxter International Inc., through its subsidiaries, develops, manufactures and markets products that save and sustain the lives of people with hemophilia… — Full Overview
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subset: commoncrawl


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Ahronian Productions – Professional DJ, Singer & MC for weddings, parties and corporate functions has won another award! Wedfolio has given a "Top Reviewed" award. According to Wedfolio, less than 1.6% of the over 62,000 vendors have won this "Top Reviewed" national award! Call Brian at 508-429-SONG.
Copyright ©2014 Planck LLC d/b/a Patch Media. All rights reserved | Patch Network


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+Earn Points
Sold by Overstock.com
Be Prepared For Any Occasion With Formal And Casual Flatware
When you shop at Sears, you can find flatware in sets or individual pieces. Their collection of flatware makes great housewarming and wedding gifts. Sears carries sets from designer brands to provide you with more elegant utensils for your kitchen and dining room. You can find casual pieces for everyday use and formal flatware for special occasions.
BON CHEF offers elegantly designed pieces at Sears. Their formal flatware is best reserved for special events where you want a nice table setting. Sears carries BON CHEF's silver-plated flatware that you can buy separately in different designs. They offer butter knives, forks and spoons along with specialized utensils, like oyster forks and iced tea spoons.
Sears provides you with Oneida flatware sets that are appropriate for everyday use. Their utensils are machine washable and contain unique designs to brighten up your dining experience. They have 20 to 70-piece sets of flatware and matching serving sets. Oneida's flatware makes a great gift for new couples or a friend who has just moved into a new place.
If you are looking for durable flatware, you can check out Sears' collection from Reed & Barton. Their stainless steel utensils have glossy finishes and are machine washable. They also offer memorabilia flatware, like their infant feeding spoons, which you can give as gifts for various occasions. To store your collection of flatware, you can buy one of Reed & Barton's wooden cases. These luxurious containers will keep your utensils looking nice and provide a convenient place for storage.
If completely matching kitchen and dining utensils are important to you, Sears has just what you need. After picking out a flatware set that suits your style, check out our collection of the best cutlery sets to find kitchen cutlery that matches your dining room decor. From classic wood handles to sleek and stylish stainless steel, you'll find the right cutlery set to complement your dining room flatware.
At Sears, you can find flatware and serving sets to enhance your meal time. Visit Sears to see their wide selection from various brands to complete your kitchen sets or shop for friends and relatives.


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Addleshaw Goddard
Click here to access full coverage of Addleshaw Goddard in The Lawyer UK 200 2013. Featuring the UK's leading law firms ranked by turnover, as well as extensive benchmarking data, the report is a comprehensive market intelligence resource for the UK legal sector.
News from Addleshaw Goddard
Addleshaw Goddard advises on £860m worth of north-west deals in three weeks
Addleshaw Goddard advises Brighton University on expansion
Addleshaw Goddard advises The Hut Group on investment by KKR-led consortium
Stewart Womersley joins Addleshaw Goddard's London corporate team
Addleshaw Goddard advises ClearStar on $35m initial public offering
News from The Lawyer
Brodies, Eversheds, Norton Rose Fulbright lose out as Clydesdale cuts panel
Bakers, Fieldfisher and Three Crowns among firms to win spots on BP's niche panel
Hogan Lovells and Addleshaws advise on £620m sale of Co-op Pharmacy
Leeds Big Six lawyer numbers slump as city's legal market reinvents itself
Fieldfisher loses out, Ashurst, Simmons and Addleshaws ushered in as BP unveils UK panel
Briefings from Addleshaw Goddard
InVest — July 2014: round-up of developments affecting banks, wealth managers, brokers and funds
Addleshaw Goddard has released the July 2014 issue of its InVest publication.
InSure — July 2014: FCA review into insurance price-comparison websites; Insurance Bill introduced; and more
Addleshaw Goddard has published the July 2014 issue of its InSure publication.
Analysis from The Lawyer
Another Mancunian merger for Slater & Gordon?
Could Slater & Gordon achieve its stated aim of becoming a top consumer brand by acquiring Pannone?
Number crunching: Addleshaw Goddard
The past five years have not been easy for Addleshaw Goddard. The firm's revenue fell 7 per cent from £173.1m to £161.9m between 2008/09 and 2010/11 and despite finances looking up in 2011/12, when Addleshaws reported a 30 per cent increase in net profit, it has shown no notable compound growth in turnover since 2007/08.
Browse This Firm's
OverviewMilton Gate
60 Chiswell Street
Turnover (£m): 166.50
No. of Lawyers: 592


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Merrimack Town Councilors got their first full look at the budget Town Manager Eileen Cabanel has proposed for 2013-14 and if it were to pass as it stands now, residents who live in a $300,000 home would see a $30 increase in their tax bill from this year.
It is highly unlikely, however, that nothing will change from now until the deliberative session in March, Council Chairman Tom Mahon said, especially not knowing what awaits the municipalities of New Hampshire when state budgets come down late next spring.
"It's still a fluid process and a fluid document at this point, we have been surprised before," Mahon said.
The increase, in the proposed tax rate of $5.25, is actually not an increase from the 2012-13 approved budget, it is static. It's an 11-cent increase from 2012-13 because the Merrimack Premium Outlets and a PSNH substation property in town were both valued higher than the town originally projected which shaved money off the overall tax rate.
Despite the 11-cent difference between the new budget and this year's actual tax rate, Cabanel told the Council that what she's proposing, after a lot of time spent looking for places to cut, meets the goal set at the beginning of the process.
"That was our goal to achieve the $5.25 tax rate again, and that's what this budget does," Cabanel said.
Cabanel's total budget proposal calls for $28.7 million in spending – which includes $20.6 million in the general fund $926,000 in capital reserve deposits, $98,000 in other capital expenditures and $700,000 in road resurfacing expenses. With $8.5 million less in expenses than what was approved in 2012-13, to make up for much lower revenue projections this year, Cabanel said the amount to be raised by taxes, after several parts are factored in, is $15.2 million.
Divide that by the town's value of $2.9 billion and you come to the $5.25 tax rate, she said.
From the outset this has been a difficult budget to build, Cabanel said, because there are four significant challenges the town is facing that it has little control over: health insurance increases, retirement increases, workers comp increases and property liability increases.
All told, those four items left Cabanel, Finance Director Paul Micali and the department heads looking to cut more than $869,000 from the budget in order to help bring forward a budget that wouldn't increase the tax rate over last year.
"Our original challenge was to make up $869,000," Cabanel said.
They did that by making heavy cuts in several departments, notably the highway department, which cut $100,000 from the paving budget; $50,000 from sand and salt and $60,000 with an equipment operator position that won't be filled following a retirement.
After cutting $370,718 initially and taken into account anticipated revenues, which weren't as high as first anticipated, Cabanel said they still had work to do.
"None of these choices were real easy choice we were just faced with having to cut another $175,000," Cabanel said.
Cabanel said she, Micali, and Human Resources Coordinator Sharon Marunicz shut themselves in a room with the department heads and "knocked heads" until they came up with further reductions that included $32,000 from Community Development in delaying the GIS software upgrade for a year and another $56,000 from that department by filling a full-time position being vacated by retirement with a half-time employee. They also reduced the legal budget by $20,000 and computer expenses by $15,000.
"I appreciate them coming to our aid again," Cabanel said of the department heads.
By far, the biggest players in the need for cuts are the huge increases in retirement and insurance, Cabanel said. General fund operating expenses increased by $367,000 and that relates mostly to health insurance and retirement, she said.
With lower spending levels planned in with capital projects – by about half – the town is able to make up $1.2 million dollars in the total general fund, despite the operating increases, Cabanel said.
The Town Councilors were very receptive to the draft budget, and commended Cabanel and the department heads for pulling together a tight budget in difficult times.
Dan Dwyer, who said he hates to see any sort of increase in a tax bill, said he appreciated the work done thus far on the budget.
"I have to say that's a great job, where we knew we were almost $1 million over last year. For her to make those cuts and suggestions that she's done, we're looking at a$300,000 operating expense more from last year and I will say the word we're only potentially having a $30 bill to the people at home." There are still several months until voters will make a final decision on the budget, the first public hearing is less than a month away on Jan. 3


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August 1, 2014
November 21, 2005
Scientists and engineers may soon be working on their research quicker and more productively.
Microsoft is giving about $250,000 to UVa's computer science department for research. They are already well known for their business software, but now they are attempting to break into the science and engineering market.
UVa is providing feedback and working to use large data bases and more efficient simulations for scientific research.
"As we do more of the computational studies, the ability to find the data we need is going to be increasingly important...better drugs, safer aircraft, safer automobiles," said Marty Humprey a professor in the UVa Computer Science Department.
The five super computers are now more affordable for the consumer-- costing about $5,000 whereas seven years ago--you were looking at $1 million each.


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The former lead singer of the Pussycat Dolls has had enough with boyfriend Lewis Hamilton. Here's why.
It had been a while since we thought about Paulina Gretzky, but she gave us a very pleasant reminder of her existence via Twitter.
She took home two awards and is showing no sign of slowing down. Here's what Beyonce will be doing next.
After the success of her first two albums, Adele says she's ready to take some time off. We don't blame her.
Simpson gave birth to daughter Maxwell Drew Johnson and appeared on the hit TV series Fashion Star. What else is the new mom up to?
Has Rihanna forgiven Chris Brown for his brutal attack, or is their collaboration strictly business?
If you haven't heard Azealia Banks' song "212" yet, well, you're missing out.
We thought maybe two crazy people had found their soul mates, but apparently not.
It's not just her beestung lips that make Lana Del Rey sexy -- her hit song's not that bad either.
Kristin Chenoweth caught us off guard in the incredibly sexy dress she wore to the American Country Awards.
It's happened to the best of us: getting burned by a totally irresistible girl. And now's your time to vent.
Amy Winehouse would have turned 28 today, so we're remembering her life.
And making a name for herself outside her parents' legacy.
David and Victoria Beckham have welcomed a new addition to their family, with the arrival of Harper.
Just days ago, two men were arrested near Joss Stone's home on suspicion of conspiracy to kidnap and kill the singer.
Cheryl Cole was canned from X Factor USA, which means you'll only be able to get a taste of her unmatched sex appeal in the UK.
Jessie J's about to take America by storm, so you should probably start paying attention. Oh, and did we mention she's bisexual?
Kelly Clarkson is American Idol's most successful winner. And now she's back on the show.
After topless sex scenes in her hit show Shameless, it's easy to momentarily forget Emmy Rossum's multifaceted talents.
This teen star's all grown up and is making the switch from music to film.
Her engagement's over, but her career seems like it's only just begun.
She's bringing originality to hip-hop, but does rapper Nicki Minaj's album live up to all the hype?
Not since Leona Lewis has a former contestant on The X Factor caused such a musical storm across Britain.
Former Pussycat Doll Melody Thornton might have a kick-ass solo career, but more people want to know who she's dating.
She's the third-top-selling female artist of all time with over 175 million singles sold, but does Mariah Carey have what it takes to join Idol?
Now that she's leaving American Idol to focus on film again, we're expecting to see a lot more from J.Lo.


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Sleeveless Twill Dress with Beaded Neckline Style T7813245M1
This item is available online only. *
Classic and elegant are just two words to describe this sensational Mother of the Bride ensemble!
Available in Plus sizes as Style T7813245L1.
A fabric design element that features multiple layers.
customers bought with this dress
Sleeveless Twill Dress with Beaded Neckline Style T7813245M1 1 1
Nice; but tight I normally wear either a 10 or 12. I ordered a 12 and it was too small. Order 1 size up. The picture doesn't do any justice to the beads. July 1, 2014
1-1 of 1
*Color & Style representation may vary by monitor. Not responsible for typographical or pictorial errors. Product availability varies by store and online. Some in-store purchases require special order and markdown styles cannot be special ordered. Contact your local store for details.


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Marmot Men's Zion Jacket
Get a FREE pair of Moosejaw + Marmot Wonder Shades when you order any item from Marmot. Just use code MARMOT40 in your cart and we'll magically take care of the free shades thing. The deal is NOT good at Moosejaw Rewards. Sorry about that part.
Products on Sale are Discontinued Styles or Colors.
FEATURES of the Marmot Men's Zion Jacket
- Polartec Neo Shell Waterproof/Breathable Stretch Softshell Fabric
- Marmot M1 Softshell
- 100% Seam Taped
- Attached Storm Hood with Laminated Brim
- Water-Resistant CF Zipper
- Chest Pocket with Water-Resistant Zipper
- Pack Pockets with Water-resistant Zippers
- Sleeve Pocket with Water-Resistant Zipper
- Asymmetric Cuffs with Velcro Adjustment
- Internal Zip Pocket
- Elastic Draw Cord Hem
- Angel-Wing Movement
custy reviews
for the Marmot Men's Zion Jacket
Average Custy Rating:
(based on 2 reviews)
|Love it
|Big Ups
Bad Ass Mo Fo
Sort of Experienced
Over 45
Viewing All
I love the way this jacket looks and feels the quality of the fabric and the zippers is just top notch. It is soft for sure but not super stretchy it breathes well and is 100% waterproof. Adaptability is great I wore it with a layer on a morning when it was 37 then took the layer off and wore it comfortably while hiking when it hit the mid 60'sPros Looks Great and Adjusts well (hood and waist)Amazing Build QualitySoft to the touch "real soft shell" Super Waterproof/Windproof (beads up and rolls off)Breathable LightweightCons Not as warm as I wanted but then again its only a micro fleece liner so layer up and its amazingI bought a large because other reviewers said it fit when they were 6 foot ish and athletic build (athletic build on the internet apparently means fatty) I'm calling mooseshit because at 6' 180lbs this jacket is pretty roomy in large I would have gotten medium and still had room for layers underneath
It is an extremely versatile jacket great for any outside excursion. I have used it both as my softshell and outershell for snowboarding, hiking, and climbing. I've used the jacket for about 40 days on the slopes and have found it to be very waterproof, which is odd considering how breathable the jacket is. While it may not be warm enough for standing or belaying, the jacket keeps you cool and protected from the elements while you are moving. I also like the style and the fit of the jackets. The two side pockets are extremely deep which is great for stashing gear and food (you can fit an entire wine bottle in each pocket).However, I do have a few qualms about the fit. I found the hood difficult to fit over a climbing helmet, though it does fit, it lifts the jacket up a bit. Also the angel wing fit is a bit off. When you lift your arms the jacket lifts up a bit as well. But these are very small problems in an otherwise perfect jacket.
$268.99 - $384.95 $384.95
Ships FREE When will I get it?


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Number of animals being transported: 4
Breeds, weight, age: Australian Shepherds - 1 @ 50# and 3 @ 5# each; 1 @ 11 years of age and 3 @ 7 weeks of age
Health Condition: All in good health
Heart worm Status: Adult is negative
Vaccinations: UTD - age appropriate for puppies
Health Certificate: Absolutely
Spay/Neutered: Adult is neutered
Special needs: TLC - pups are all hearing and vision impaired
Name of Sending Rescue/Parties: Lila Arnold on behalf of Amazing Aussies
Name of Receiving Rescue/Parties: Tonya Bush on behalf of Amazing Aussies
Contact information (publicly viewable on forum): Joan Nickum - firstname.lastname@example.com - 913-909-6496
Are you a 501c3: Yes
Additional Info/situation:
Since the pups are so young, we are trying to make this as fast a trip as possible to minimize their exposure to disease. They were surrendered by a breeder and need to get to their rescue ASAP.
Mark Reyner has graciously offered to complete this flight for us. Thanks, Mark!! YOU ROCK!!


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Atlanta Falcons cornerback Brent Grimes will not report for off-season workouts today. The Falcoholic reacts.
We're probably years away from the Atlanta Falcons playing football in a new NFL stadium, and not just because it takes time to make that happen. The most major hurdle for the Falcons is that the...
Atlanta Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan is bulking up this off-season. The Falcoholic sees this as a good thing.
The Atlanta Falcons are rumored to be in the running for HBO's popular Hard Knocks show. The Falcoholic's Dave Choate explains why he doesn't love the idea.
The Atlanta Falcons have a pre-season schedule. The Falcoholic runs it down.
Backup Atlanta Falcons safety James Sanders is visiting with the Arizona Cardinals. He's probably moving on.
The Atlanta Falcons committed to Sam Baker and Peria Jerry this week. The Falcoholic predicts fans will be unhappy.
An open competition at middle linebacker? It's in the cards for the Atlanta Falcons.
The Falcoholic isn't the only site that likes mighty mite running back Jacquizz Rodgers. The Atlanta Falcons appear poised to use him more in 2012.
Todd McClure will remain an Atlanta Falcon. The veteran center re-upped with the team Tuesday, March 27, 2012.
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Quote:I agree the cord is way way too short. Matter of fact, do you know how can we extend it? If I plug in a traditional telephone extension (female/female), what kind of cable do I need, is it a reversed or the same as the DEC type cable that is straight through for the handcontroller?Al
Quote:Al, I just ordered this one from ScopeStuff. In the description, there is a bit about problems using standard telephone connectors.
Quote:- and for completely new users - particularly those new to the sky and using smaller scopes with this same hc - it will be a more friendly and understandable interface without scary and confusing jargon up front. I think a sizeable number of new users would not know what ngc means - and those who do would figure out it is under Deep Sky. Same for M.Frank
Quote:Yes - but since it remembers what you last did - if you do DeepSky you would scroll to NGC and then enter the NGC Number. Later, when you press DeepSky it is already pointing at NGC - so at that point it has only added one button press.
Quote:If it works like the list button on the old HC (which I think it does), then it makes no difference to me since the most frequently accessed catalog by all us is named stars accessible only through the list button. No big deal.


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Narrow your search
If you're looking for a simple stick vacuum with exceptional performance, save some money and get the $180 Hoover LiNX. The $500 Dyson DC59 is a great high-end option if you want a variety of brush attachments and other special features.
While it'll cost you a hefty $380, the Beats Studio Wireless is an excellent wireless Bluetooth headphone.
The new app from video editing company Muvee helps you make your GoPro action videos look great on the go.
Typical price: $0.00
They may not be a bargain at $300, but the new Beats Studio headphones are lighter and better-built, and sound significantly better than the original Beats Studio model.
Apple's new pro music app for Mac adds tight iPad integration for mixing, recording, and playing.
Pricing not available
Loosening its rules against commercial drone use, the agency considers allowing several studios to fly unmanned aircrafts.
FX Photo Studio stands out for the sheer number of effects that are available, but it can be a struggle to get the app to do what you want.
Pricing not available
If you spotted Studio Diip's Fish on Wheels in February and lamented the fact that you couldn't go out and buy one, now's your chance to make it happen.
If you saw Studio Diip's Fish on Wheels in February and were sad that you couldn't go out and buy one, now's your chance to make it happen.
This desktop staple has long been available for iPad, but now iPhone users can turn clips into polished movies with ease.


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Optimization Toolbox
Optimization techniques are used to find a set of design parameters that give the best possible result. There are two key components in an optimization problem:
The objective function calculates the desired quantity to be minimized or maximized. Constraints can be added that limit the possible values for the design parameters.
Mathematical Modeling with Optimization, Part 1
Transform a problem description into a mathematical program that can be solved using optimization, using a steam and electric power plant example.
Mathematical Modeling with Optimization, Part 2
Solve a linear program using Optimization Toolbox™ solvers, using a steam and electric power plant example.
You can access Optimization Toolbox functions and solver options programmatically, or with the Optimization app.
The Optimization app simplifies common optimization tasks. It enables you to:
Introduction to Optimization Graphical User Interface
Set up and run optimization problems and visualize intermediate and final results.
Optimization Toolbox contains different solvers for different types of objectives and constraints. The Optimization Decision Table helps you choose the best solver for your problem.
Solver options enable you to tune or modify the optimization process and visualize solver progress. Setting options can be done programmatically or with the Optimization app.
Setting Options for Optimizations
Set options with optimoptions in Optimization Toolbox TM to tune solvers and monitor optimization progress.


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The beautiful lines and surface finishes of the Denizen office series truly stand out in this striking console table. With raised walls to prevent office accessories from slipping off and five nooks for storing everything you need, the Denizen Console Table makes a refined impact on any office, be it in the home or in the workplace.
Denizen Casegoods represent the defining line of premium-quality office furniture. Because they are crafted with a cozy, warm style, Denizen furniture by Coalesse fits in at home or in a traditional office environment.
The designers have said "we are thinking less about categorizing office furniture and residential furniture, and thinking more about the experiences of working and living in spaces, and the artifacts you need to support both narratives simultaneously. There's really a move to allow furniture to be furniture again, as opposed to equipment. In a sense, the office is being dismantled."
Together they hold numerous design and utility patents and their work has been published in Abitare, Azure, Contract, Fast Company, I.D. Magazine, Interior Design and Metropolis. Otto holds a BFA in Industrial Design from Rhode Island School of Design. Jess holds a BFA in Industrial Design from The California College of the Arts.
For additonal information, please see our shipping and delivery policies page.


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In the midst of the major budget battle in Washington that threatens to shut down the federal government, Democratic congressional candidate Kathleen C. Hochul has offered her own plan while challenging her competitors to do the same.
"I support a compromise that reduces spending by $30 billion to $40 billion," Hochul said. "The House and Senate are in the middle of a dangerous standoff, and the only way to avoid a massive government shutdown that could disrupt essential services, like veterans' benefits, new Social Security claims, student loans, and critical job training services, is by coming to a compromise on the budget."
For the past several days, she has called on Republican Jane L. Corwin and Tea Party candidate Jack Davis to follow her lead and declare their own positions -- to no avail.
Until today.
That's when Davis chimed in with his views -- sort of. Here is his statement:
"Washington politicians are bickering like children. It's another example of how both parties have failed us. They are doing nothing to put Americans back to work, which is essential to balancing the budget and securing Social Security for seniors.
"Right now, about 56 percent of Americans over the age of 16 are gainfully employed. If that percentage rises to 64 percent, then the budget deficit disappears entirely. If the Washington politicians took the budget deficit seriously, they'd be focusing on increasing the number of jobs for Americans instead of shipping our jobs overseas.
"Both parties continue to push trade deals like NAFTA that have destroyed our economy and our children's future. Both parties continue to spend valuable tax dollars around the globe instead of putting Americans first.
"We need to bring our troops home from places like Germany and Italy that have not seen hostilities in more than a half a century. We need to end our endless wars in the Middle East. We need to stop giving money to every country on earth. We need to create American jobs and put tariffs on China's unfair imports.
"The money saved from doing these things would solve the problems that Washington politicians use to threaten a shut down."
--Robert J. McCarthy


text:
Poet Filip Marinovich, who headlines tonight's Just Buffalo BIG NIGHT event along with Buffalo-based poet Nava Fader, is an exuberant, outsized voice in the transatlantic, poet-as-witness and occasional visionary tradition.
The 37 year-old New York City-based poet with family roots in Belgrade--formerly the capital city of Yugoslavia, now Serbia-- is the author of two much-praised collections of effusive, witty, linguistically-agile and politically engaged work, "Zero Readership" (Ugly Duckling Presse, 2008)--which dealt directly with his travels to Belgrade and through the Balkans for three summersafter the wars of the 90's--and "And If You Don't Go Crazy I'll Meet You Here Tomorrow" (Ugly Ducking Presse, 2011), which documented global and personal crises and loves spanning the decade from 2000 to 2010, including a weeklong meditation retreat in upstate New York, in Marinovich's cosmically maximalist style.
More recently, he has garnered considerable attention as one of the principal poetic voices associated with the Occupy Wall Street movement, serving in the high-visibility role as librarian for The People's Library in the encampment at Zuccotti Park in the autumn of 2011.
Marinovich describes his forthcoming book "Wolfman Librarian" (some of which he will read from tonight) as "an epic mythography of lovers in New York City after the financial crash and during the rise of Occupy Wall Street Revolution, as well as inquiring into what [Walter] Benjamin means by 'Jetztzeit' or 'Nowtime'."
"How do the dead feel about their names being used to wage permanent war?" he elaborates. "The voices of the dead need to be heard and included in any true Democracy, along with the voices of the living, most of the time I can't tell the difference, that's how fast time feels."
In a recent interview posted on the Poetry Society of America website, Marinovich discussed the inextricably of his politics from his poetics in terms that give the reader a sense of his world-view and his influences:
It is impossible to write a-politically. If you don't directly address politics in your work, this is a conservative ideology. If you do directly undress politics in your work, you at least have a chance of being awake while you are meditating on what your politics are and what politics is. What is politics I would like to know. It is the life of the polis, the Multiverse, all the voices, being channelled through you, and you responding to them, in dialog with them, one with them, and contradicting them.
We can either choose to examine politics in our poetry, or politics will define us on its own terms, often prison terms, stolen presidential terms, or term limits dissolved with money. "I must create my own system or be enslaved by another man's."—William Blake.
As for the physical process of writing, he is noting less than beatific in his approach:
When I write politics which is all I am ever really writing I go out into the street and listen and bring my pocket pad. And three pens. I go somewhere dangerous that needs to be documented before it disappears or becomes assimilated into state narratives and I open myself to visions. The key thing is to breathe to remember. I need to breathe from the belly to blow a long line and engender a thorough thought process through which I can discover things, poetry being discovery, not recapitulation of what I already know, although I know I only know I know nothing, really I know nothing. How one comes to know is always a question.
A poet writes history, ISTORIN, to use Charles Olson's translation from Herodotus: "Istorin in him appears to mean 'finding out for oneself,' instead of depending on hearsay." A poet writes the findings out in a simultaneously packed and empty spontaneously improvised field of action. Urgency comes from finding out what's going on in a Benjaminian "moment of danger," which threatens to disappear the moment mouth is opened or pen is set to paper. Hence the need for spontaneity. If you don't get what's happening down in the poem, the state will force-feed you the toxic simulacrab of what's happening in its sweet soft shell. There is not one of us without food poisoning. There is not one of us without medicine: awareness, conversation, action.
Joining Marinovich and Nava Fader, whose chapbooks include "Stonesoup,", "The Plath Poems," "The Rilke Poems," and the full-length collection "All the Jawing Jackdaw" (BlazeVox Books, 2009), are the Buffalo-based rock and post-psychedelia band The Cellars. As is the popular tradition at BIG NIGHT events, BlazeVox Books publisher and Culinary Institute of America trained chef Geoffrey Gatza will supply an ample spread of his gourmet food creations. The festivities begin at 8 p.m. at the Western New York Book Arts Center, 468 Washington St. (near Mohawk St.). Admission is $5, $4 for students, Just Buffalo members, and members of Just Buffalo's affiliate organizations.
--R.D. Pohl


text: Captivating corner residence with direct ocean views located in distinctive One Bal Harbour. This cutting edge ultra-contemporary unit with private elevator features custom Italian kitchen with Swarovski crystal glass tile inserts reflecting off the white glass floor, Ecosystem fireplace, state-of-the-art Kreon imported lighting & built-ins throughout. Full service luxury building offers opulent world class hotel amenities & beach access with pool service, 24hr concierge/security, restaurant, spa & more.


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Get ideas and inspiration, find easy to use patterns
and tutorials for your next sewing project.
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Academic Progress & Intervention Efforts
Early Intervention Program
Student progress may be monitored through the Early Intervention Program, a program that seeks to identify students who are experiencing academic, labor, or other difficulties. Curtis Sandberg, the Director of Academic Services, coordinates the Early Intervention Program. In cases where Berea College becomes aware of student difficulty, the adviser and/or Early Intervention Program coordinator may initiate contact with the student. The program coordinator works closely with College faculty, academic advisers, labor supervisors, Residential Life professionals, and many others on campus to ensure that students receive the full benefit of campus resources and remain on track to personal and academic success.
Declaration of Primary Major
During the regular term in which a student is expected to complete fifteen (15) course credits, s/he will submit to the Office of Academic Services (OAS) an Intent to Declare a Primary Major form. The intent form and the student's transcript will be sent by OAS to the Department Chairperson or Program Director for consideration of admission into the major. (See Academic Programs and Courses in the Catalog for admission to the major requirements and recommendations, if any.)
Students admitted to the major will complete a Curriculum Plan for the remaining terms of enrollment and submit it to OAS. This Curriculum Plan provides a guide for the most efficient use of a student's time in meeting the College's graduation requirements within the guideline of the Eight Term Rule (see "Enrollment Regulations" in this section of the Catalog). Students for whom admission to a major is pending will be notified that they have not yet satisfied requirements for admission to the major and, consequently, must reapply the following term by submitting a new Intent to Declare a Primary Major form. These students and advisers may choose to develop a Curriculum Plan that can be retained by the student and the adviser and later submitted to OAS if admitted to the major.
If the student needs more than eight (8) regular terms (or the equivalent for transfer students) to complete the selected major, s/he must complete a Request for Extension of Terms form, which must be submitted to OAS along with a letter explaining why the program cannot be completed within eight (8) regular terms. Failure to follow an approved Curriculum Plan will not be considered a valid reason for an extension of terms beyond the normal eight.
Students who fail to complete the Declaration of Major process by the end of the term in which they accumulate fifteen (15) course credits, or who do not meet the minimum requirements for admission to the major, have one (1) regular term to meet the minimum requirements. Failure to complete the process by the end of the next regular term may result in suspension from the College for two regular terms.
See "Academic Difficulty" in the Catalog for penalties associated with failing to declare a primary major within the time allowed by the College to do so.
Questions about the Declaration of Major process should be directed to Chris Thomas, Student Enrollment Status Manager. If you want to change your major or minor, please stop by the Self-Serve Room (101 Lincoln Hall) and pick up a Change of Adviser/Major/Minor form to complete and return for processing.
Credit Requirements
Berea College students must accumulate the following number of courses each year to remain in good standing and continue to make Progress Toward Graduation (PTG). For purposes of the PTG requirement, basic, non-credit courses are counted.
Academic Year
Cumulative Total
Graduation Requirements
|Minimum number of course credits needed to graduate:
|32 (34 for Nursing)
|Minimum number of course credits outside the discipline:
Application for Degree
Students who expect to be candidates for graduation must file an application for degree in the Student Service Center prior to registering for classes in the term in which they expect to graduate. Once the application for degree has been filed, it is the student's responsibility to inform the Student Service Center of changes in plans or programs. Students who file the application for degree are expected to attend commencement exercises. Failure to do so, without approval from the Provost's Committee, will result in a processing fee in order to receive the diploma.
All requirements for the degree except regular course work must be completed 30 days prior to the commencement at which the student will be graduated. Diplomas will not be issued to students with past due financial accounts.
Convocation Requirement
Convocation events constitute a significant part of the General Education program at Berea. These events bring to the campus notable speakers, scholars, performers, and authorities on a variety of subjects. Because convocations are a valuable part of their learning, students are expected to attend such events regularly. Students automatically will be enrolled in a .25 credit convocation course (CNV 100) during each regular term of enrollment, with the exception of the final term of enrollment, for a maximum of eight such terms. Enrollment in this course is optional during the final term at Berea (or is prohibited if the student already had enrolled in this course eight terms).
For each term of enrollment in CNV 100, a grade of CA (calculated in the GPA as an A) is earned for attending at least seven convocations. The grade of CF (calculated in the GPA as an F) is earned for attending fewer than seven convocations.
Further information about convocations can be found on the Convocations Web site. Check back to that site often for the latest listing of convocation events for the academic year.
Degree Audit
Students and advisers are encouraged to use the Degree Audit Web tool to regularly evaluate progress toward graduation.
Once a student has submitted an application for graduation, the Student Service Center will perform an official audit of the student's coursework. This is done after the student has registered for the final term as a means of determining if all degree requirements will be satisfied for graduation. If problems are discovered, the student will be notified in time to adjust the final term schedule.
Baccalaureate and commencement ceremonies are held each year in May to honor the Berea College graduating class. Additionally, the College holds a recognition service in December for mid-year graduates. Dates of these ceremonies can be found in the Academic Calendar.


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Prep15 m
Cook40 m
Ready In55 m
"This is a reduced-fat and very low sugar pumpkin pie that my diabetic husband loves. It has a nice texture and isn't too sweet. Those who prefer a sweeter-tasting pie may want to increase the amount of sugar substitute blend that's used. Remember the brown sugar blend does have sugar, so diabetics will need to watch how much is added."
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Adjust Servings
Original recipe yields 1 9-inch pie
- Preheat oven to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Fit the pie crust into a 9-inch pie dish.
- In a bowl, whisk the egg substitute, sucralose sweetener, sweetener with brown sugar, and pumpkin pie spice until well combined. Whisk in the pumpkin puree and evaporated milk until smooth. Pour the filling into the pie shell.
- Bake in the preheated oven until the pie filling is set in the center, about 40 minutes.
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Review (1)Rate This Recipe
This recipe turned out really well for me. I used liquid egg whites, but I did use regular sugar, as I didn't have any substitute on hand. I used about 1/3 cup white sugar and 1/2 cup brown sugar. I made my own spice blend of cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, mace, and I forgot the cloves, but it still turned out great! Warning: when I mixed it up, I thought it was too runny. In fact it made too much mix and I had to dump some of it out so it would fit in the pie pan. I may try cutting back on the evaporated milk (maybe using 1/2 the can) next time. It baked well, though: I did the first 30 minutes uncovered, then draped a piece of foil over it. I think I ended up cooking it another 30 minutes before I took it out. It still wasn't quite set, but it set while it rested. My pie crust was a standard recipe that I use for all of my pies (I got it from The Pioneer Woman's blog, her Pam's Pie Tutorial).
Similar Recipes
Pumpkin Pie III
Simple Pumpkin Pie
Sugarless Pumpkin Pie
Pumpkin Chiffon Pie IV
Spiced Pumpkin Pie
Easy Crustless Pumpkin Pie
Amount Per Serving (8 total)
- Calories
- 188 cal
- 9%
- Fat
- 8.3 g
- 13%
- Carbs
- 23.8 g
- 8%
- Protein
- 7.2 g
- 14%
- Cholesterol
- 2 mg
- < 1%
- Sodium
- 324 mg
- 13%
Based on a 2,000 calorie diet
previous recipe:
Simple Pumpkin Pie
next recipe:
Pumpkin Pie with Truvia(R) Natural Sweetener


text:
State Budget Alert
Please contact your representative and senator and urge them
The state is facing a budget gap of approximately $1.3 billion. The state must find $1.3 billion of new revenues over expected revenues to provide the same level of services in FY09 as the state provided in FY08.
Governor's FY09 Budget Proposal
The governor in House 2 – his FY09 budget proposal – increases revenue in three ways to help meet the budget deficit. These include: enhanced tax collections; closing corporate tax loopholes and licensing three resort style casinos.
Speaker Sal DiMasi's Plan
While no legislation has been filed, House Speaker Sal DiMasi announced his proposal for closing the budget gap.
If the corporate tax rate were left at 9.5 percent, it would generate close to $500 million a year in new revenue.
While the House has not fyet iled legislation to address the speaker's proposals, most will be considered before the House takes up its FY09 budget in late April.
The Massachusetts Teachers Association |
Quick Links | Advocating | News | Your Career | Teaching & Learning | For Members | Interact | Leaders | Members


text:
We have a 45# brittany, Max, who needs to get to Evanston, WY from Laramie, WY on Friday 9/25 so that a pilot can move him from Evanston, WY to SLC, UT. Is there anyone that can transport between now and Friday? Max comes with a crate, is friendly to people and pets and his only problem is that if left alone, he howls and cries. As long as there are people with him, he's fine.
Please call Patti at 310.994.1062 or shoot an email to email@example.com if anyone can help out. Thanks so much!!!


text:
Money doesn't grow on trees
Meaning: It's not easy to get money. We have to work hard to make money. We can't just walk around and pick it like fruit from the trees.Note: grow (verb) = germinate and develop
Quick Quiz:
A parent might tell a child "money doesn't grow on trees" when the child


text: The DellaVecchia, Reilly, Smith & Boyd Funeral Home is family owned & operated which is conveniently located in historic downtown West Chester, Pennsylvania. Our goal is to reach out to families of all faiths and ethnic backgrounds in the communities we serve. You can be assured, that everything will be taken care of with the highest regard of respect, dignity and by your wishes. At your time of need, our family will guide you through the necessary decisions with attention to every detail. We will go above and beyond your expectations to ensure that your loved one's funeral is meaningful, personal and comforting.


text:
Hatchett Final Day of School
Today is the final day of school for students. We have come to the end of another school year. Tomorrow, the summer break will begin.
Please stay safe over the summer. We hope to see you again soon.
First day of school for 2013-2014 is Monday, August 26, 2013.
Thu, 06/06/2013 - 7:30am - 2:45pm
Event Category:
Elementary School Event


text:
- 30-50 ft. depending on bullet and bands
- Small-ish
- Sights
- Long Reload Time
- Sometimes The Bullets Break During Impact With A Hard Surface
Lets get to building it!
PDF Downloads
As a Pro member, you will gain access to download any Instructable in the PDF format. You also have the ability to customize your PDF download.


text:
A double-meaning song by ZZTop.
She want a pearl necklace.
von aereilly 30. Juli 2003
The drips of semen all over the female partners neck and chest.
"I like to leave them with a shiny pearl necklace, and have them on their way"
von KingdomCum 23. Januar 2003
When a male, chunders (ejaculates) onto a girl's neck region, making a pearl necklace.
The other day I was boning this girl then I just chundered all over her neck, it was a great pearl necklace!
von Cunni-master 7. Juni 2010
A nice gift consisting of pearls strung out to make a necklace
I wanted to splash out on my girlfriend for her birthday so I gave her a pearl necklace
von Jimmy_Jazz 9. Oktober 2006
An elegant form of jewelry constructed of exquisite pearl beads and attached together to form a beautiful necklace for wear.
Ive been saving up for a month and im going to give jenny the biggest pearl necklace shes ever seen!
von Giustino 3. Juli 2006
after tittie screwing a girl the man shoots his manhood on the woman's neck...creating a shiny, wet, cheap pearl like necklace.
"Hey Bev...let me get a little closer so I can give you a beautiful pearl necklace"
von beaver1 8. April 2003
A technical term used to refer to ejaculated semen on or around a womans face.
"I gave my girlfriend a pearl necklace." Then I fell asleep.
von Brother Numb 20. Mai 2004


text:
Startups: post your jobs now. It's free. [
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text:
GRESHAM, Ore. – A Gresham man convicted of beating his girlfriend to death with the legs of a coffee table will serve about eight years in prison, according to KGW news partner The Oregonian.
John Coleman Hardaway was initially charged with aggravated murder after Barbara Smalley suffered a fatal brain injury in a domestic dispute, police said.
On May 20, Gresham police received the report of a disturbance in the 17700 block of E. Burnside Street and arrived to find Smalley, 58, in the apartment with serious head injuries, according to Officer John Rasmussen. Smalley was taken to Legacy Emanuel Hospital, where she later died.
The newspaper reports prosecutors probably would not have been allowed to tell jurors about a 1997 first-degree manslaughter conviction that Hardaway served 14 years for, and because Hardaway was "highly intoxicated" at the time he killed his girlfriend, it would have been difficult to gain a conviction for aggravated murder.


text:
'Lucille-E' | Calfskin Handbag with Top Handles by HUGO
Model Lucille-E 50262133 Black
Two top handles
Adjustable, removable strap
One main compartment with zip closure
Three internal open pockets
DescriptionThis fashion forward handbag by HUGO is crafted from fine 100% calfskin. This versatile bag features two top handles and a spacious interior with three open pockets. This style is completed by an adjustable, removable strap that allows you to carry the handbag as a backpack.
Material & care
Material information: 100% Calfskin, Lining: 68 % Cotton, 32% Polyester


text:
Registrar's Office
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Old Main 139
Belknap and Catlin
P.O. Box 2000
Superior, WI 54880
ph. 715-394-8228
Registrar's Office
News and Events Details
September 15th is the last day to add courses with faculty approval. This cannot be done in the Student Center. A Drop/Add Form must be submitted to the Registrar's Office with proper approval/signatures. If you have questions regarding this please contact the Registrar's Office at (715)394-8228.
|Last Day to Drop for Summer '14 Session 4 With "W" Grade
|Summer College 2014 (Full Session and DLC) Ends
|Summer '14 Session 4 (4 Weeks) Ends
|Summer College 2014 (Session 4) Ends
|Grades Due at Noon for Summer '14 (Full Session and Session 4)
|Holiday Break
|Fall Semester 2014 Begins
|Last Day to Add Fall 2014 Courses Via EHive WITHOUT Faculty Consent
|Fall 2014 Advisement
|E-Hive Registration Begins for Fall Semester 2014


text: One of our several stops today was Beliefnet, perhaps the largest website devoted to topics of religion and spirituality, where we experimented with some video shooting for one of their features. That's a "stay tuned" for now, but we enjoyed working with their crew, and while there we stopped by the office of Steve Waldman, the co-founder and CEO, who has known Krista for some time. His book, Founding Faith, will be out in March.


text:
Soundfreaq SFQ-03 (Black)
Bluetooth docking station
Don't let compromise come between you and great mobile audio. With the Soundfreaq Sound Stack Bluetooth dock, you get a 2.2-channel sound system, with powerful DubSub woofers, to bring out the best from your portable. With UQ3 DSP capabilities, the Sound Stack is able to fill your room with crystal clear sound. Plus, Bluetooth lets you stream audio from any device, Apple to Android, and a rear USB port allows for easy charging.
Dock only. Compatible with iPad, iPod, iPhone, and most Android smart phones.


text:
I Remember Nothing
And Other Reflections
Paperback, 137 pages, Random House Inc, List Price: $14 | purchase
Purchase Featured Books
- I Remember Nothing
- And Other Reflections
Other editions available for purchase:
Book Summary
In a hilarious collection of personal essays, the best-selling author of I Feel Bad About My Neck discusses her career in journalism, divorce, a long-anticipated inheritance with unanticipated results, the evolution of her relationship with her email inbox and more.
Awards and Recognition
16 weeks on NPR Paperback Nonfiction Bestseller List
NPR stories about I Remember Nothing
New In Paperback
Exploring The Atlantic Ocean, The 'Multiverse,' A Rapper's Life And 'Having It All'
Four years after publishing I Feel Bad About My Neck, Nora Ephron, now 70, is more concerned than ever about aging. In her new book, I Remember Nothing, she rues cleavage that "looks like a peach pit" and taking "so many pills in the morning you don't have room for breakfast." In the title essay, Ephron flags life events of which she has
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text:
must buy 3 to qualify*See Details See Details Close
Buy 3 Sale Items and Get 20% Off
*Offer valid 7/24/2014 thru 7/28/2014. Offer applies to sale marked items only but excludes any sale marked Handbags and Wallets. Also excludes all full price items. Discount taken at checkout when 3 sale items are purchased. Cannot be redeemed for cash or applied to taxes or previous purchases. Cannot be combined with any other offer or coupon. Some restrictions may apply. Terms of offer are subject to change at any time. Product styles and colors are subject to availability.
Crafted from Modern Cotton Slub, this racer back scoop neck tank is available in DKNY's signature bold colors. Our shadow stripe detail is the subtle accent needed to make this tank stand out! Perfect for layering or on its own!


text:
Summit County Friends of Animals is an animal welfare agency based in Park City, Utah. Last year we re-homed over 800 shelter dogs and cats from our adoption center based in a local shopping mall. We are currently under construction on a new 15,000 sq. ft. facility that will enable us to house and rescue more animals. We are close to the Heber City airport as well as Salt Lake City. We are happy to help with dogs or cats that need homes, please give me a call if you would like more information at 435-640-9095 or visit our website at http://www.friendsofanimals.net
Cathy King


text:
July 29, 2014
June 2, 2006
Business executives got a peek at the future of the local economy today.
The Thomas Jefferson Partnership for Economic Development held a special investor luncheon at the Double Tree hotel. The Commonwealth's secretary of commerce and trade spoke along with the general manager of Lexis Nexis. Looking forward, the view for Charlottesville's economy looks bright.
"Our greatest opportunities are growth in the area of information technology, homeland security of course, NGIC national ground intelligence center's announcement of bringing added jobs into this area," said Bob De Mauri Executive Director of the Thomas Jefferson Partnership.
Economic leaders also say more jobs will be created in the healthcare field.


text:
|Earth's oceans
World Ocean
An ocean (from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός, transc. Okeanós, the World Ocean of classical antiquity1) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.2 On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which occupies two-thirds of planet's surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans.34 The word sea is often used interchangeably with "ocean" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.5
Earth is the only planet that is known to have an ocean (or any large amounts of open liquid water). Saline water covers approximately 72% of the planet's surface (~3.6×108 km2) and is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas, with the ocean covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface.6 The ocean contains 97% of the Earth's water, and oceanographers have stated that only 5% of the World Ocean has been explored.6 The total volume is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometers (310 million cu mi)7 with an average depth of 3,682 meters (12,080 ft).8
Because it is the principle component of Earth's hydrosphere, the world ocean is integral to all known life, forms part of the carbon cycle, and influences climate and weather patterns. It is the habitat of 230,000 known species, although much of the oceans depths remain unexplored, and over two million marine species are estimated to exist.9 The origin of Earth's oceans remains unknown; oceans are believed to have formed in the Hadean period and may have been the impetus for the emergence of life.
Extraterrestrial oceans may be composed of water or other elements and compounds. The only confirmed large stable bodies of extraterrestrial surface liquids are the lakes of Titan, although there is evidence for the existence of oceans elsewhere in the Solar System. Early in their geologic histories, Mars and Venus are theorized to have had large water oceans. The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, and a runaway greenhouse effect may have boiled away the global ocean of Venus. Compounds such as salts and ammonia dissolved in water lower its freezing point, so that water might exist in large quantities in extraterrestrial environments as brine or convecting ice. Unconfirmed oceans are speculated beneath the surface of many dwarf planets and natural satellites; notably, the ocean of Europa is believed to have over twice the water volume of Earth. The Solar System's gas giant planets are also believed to possess liquid atmospheric layers of yet to be confirmed compositions. Oceans may also exist on exoplanets and exomoons, including surface oceans of liquid water within a circumstellar habitable zone. Ocean planets are a hypothetical type of planet with a surface completely covered with liquid.1011
- 1 Earth's global ocean
- 2 Extraterrestrial oceans
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 Further reading
- 6 External links
Earth's global ocean
Global divisions
Though generally described as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water sometimes referred to as the World Ocean or global ocean.1213 This concept of a continuous body of water with relatively free interchange among its parts is of fundamental importance to oceanography.14
The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the continents, various archipelagos, and other criteria. See the table below for more information; note that the table is in descending order in terms of size.1115
|Pacific Ocean
|Separates Asia and Oceania from the Americas15
|Atlantic Ocean
|Separates the Americas from Eurasia and Africa
|Indian Ocean
|Washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia151617
|Southern Ocean
|Sometimes considered an extension of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans,1118 which encircles Antarctica
|Arctic Ocean
|Sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic, which covers much of the Arctic and washes upon northern North America and Eurasia
The Pacific and Atlantic may be further subdivided by the equator into northern and southern portions. A smaller region of the ocean can be called other names, such as sea, gulf, bay, and strait.
Physical properties
The total mass of the hydrosphere is about 1,400,000,000,000,000,000 metric tons (1.5×1018 short tons) or 1.4×1021 kg, which is about 0.023 percent of the Earth's total mass. Less than 3 percent is freshwater; the rest is saltwater, mostly in the ocean. The area of the World Ocean is 361 million square kilometers (139 million square miles),19 and its volume is approximately 1.3 billion cubic kilometers (310 million cu mi).7 This can be thought of as a cube of water with an edge length of 1,111 kilometers (690 mi). Its average depth is 3,790 meters (12,430 ft), and its maximum depth is 10,923 meters (6.787 mi).19 Nearly half of the world's marine waters are over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep.13 The vast expanses of deep ocean (anything below 200 meters (660 ft)) cover about 66% of the Earth's surface.20 This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as the Caspian Sea.
The bluish color of water is a composite of several contributing agents. Prominent contributors include dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll.21
Sailors and other mariners have reported that the ocean often emits a visible glow, or luminescence, which extends for miles at night. In 2005, scientists announced that for the first time, they had obtained photographic evidence of this glow.22 It is most likely caused by bioluminescence.232425
Zones with depth
Oceanographers divide the ocean into different zones by physical and biological conditions. The pelagic zone includes all open ocean regions, and can be divided into further regions categorized by depth and light abundance. The photic zone includes the oceans from the surface to a depth of 200 m; it is the region where photosynthesis can occur and is, therefore, the most biodiverse. Since plants require photosynthesis, life found deeper than the photic zone must either rely on material sinking from above (see marine snow) or find another energy source. Hydrothermal vents are the primary source of energy in what is known as the aphotic zone (depths exceeding 200 m). The pelagic part of the photic zone is known as the epipelagic.
The pelagic part of the aphotic zone can be further divided into vertical regions according to temperature. The mesopelagic is the uppermost region. Its lowermost boundary is at a thermocline of 12 °C (54 °F), which, in the tropics generally lies at 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft). Next is the bathypelagic lying between 10 and 4 °C (50 and 39 °F), typically between 700–1,000 meters (2,300–3,300 ft) and 2,000–4,000 meters (6,600–13,100 ft) Lying along the top of the abyssal plain is the abyssopelagic, whose lower boundary lies at about 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The last zone includes the deep oceanic trench, and is known as the hadalpelagic. This lies between 6,000–11,000 meters (20,000–36,000 ft) and is the deepest oceanic zone.
The benthic zones are aphotic and correspond to the three deepest zones of the deep-sea. The bathyal zone covers the continental slope down to about 4,000 meters (13,000 ft). The abyssal zone covers the abyssal plains between 4,000 and 6,000 m. Lastly, the hadal zone corresponds to the hadalpelagic zone, which is found in oceanic trenches.
The pelagic zone can be further subdivided into two subregions: the neritic zone and the oceanic zone. The neritic zone encompasses the water mass directly above the continental shelves whereas the oceanic zone includes all the completely open water.
In contrast, the littoral zone covers the region between low and high tide and represents the transitional area between marine and terrestrial conditions. It is also known as the intertidal zone because it is the area where tide level affects the conditions of the region.
The ocean can be divided into three density zones: the surface zone, the pycnocline, and the deep zone. The surface zone, also called the mixed layer, refers to the uppermost density zone of the ocean. Temperature and salinity are relatively constant with depth in this zone due to currents and wave action. The surface zone contains ocean water that is in contact with the atmosphere and within the photic zone. The surface zone has the ocean's least dense water and represents approximately 2% of the total volume of ocean water. The surface zone usually ranges between depths of 500 feet to 3,300 feet below ocean surface, but this can vary a great deal. In some cases, the surface zone can be entirely non-existent. The surface zone is typically thicker in the tropics than in regions of higher latitude. The transition to colder, denser water is more abrupt in the tropics than in regions of higher latitudes. The pycnocline refers to a zone wherein density substantially increases with depth due primarily to decreases in temperature. The pycnocline effectively separates the lower-density surface zone above from the higher-density deep zone below. The pycnocline represents approximately 18% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone refers to the lowermost density zone of the ocean. The deep zone usually begins at depths below 3,300 feet in mid-latitudes. The deep zone undergoes negligible changes in water density with depth. The deep zone represents approximately 80% of the total volume of ocean water. The deep zone contains relatively colder and stable water.
If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in temperature with depth, it contains a thermocline. The tropical thermocline is typically deeper than the thermocline at higher latitudes. Polar waters, which receive relatively little solar energy, are not stratified by temperature and generally lack a thermocline since surface water at polar latitudes are nearly as cold as water at greater depths. Below the thermocline, water is very cold, ranging from −1 °C to 3 °C. Since this deep and cold layer contains the bulk of ocean water, the average temperature of the world ocean is 3.9 °C If a zone undergoes dramatic changes in salinity with depth, it contains a halocline. If a zone undergoes a strong, vertical chemistry gradient with depth, it contains a chemocline.
The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, and the combination produces a pronounced pycnocline.
Ocean travel by boat dates back to prehistoric times, but only in modern times has extensive underwater travel become possible.
The deepest point in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, located in the Pacific Ocean near the Northern Mariana Islands. Its maximum depth has been estimated to be 10,971 meters (35,994 ft) (plus or minus 11 meters; see the Mariana Trench article for discussion of the various estimates of the maximum depth.) The British naval vessel, Challenger II surveyed the trench in 1951 and named the deepest part of the trench, the "Challenger Deep". In 1960, the Trieste successfully reached the bottom of the trench, manned by a crew of two men.
Much of the ocean bottom remains unexplored and unmapped. A global image of many underwater features larger than 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) was created in 1995 based on gravitational distortions of the nearby sea surface.citation needed
Ocean currents greatly affect the Earth's climate by transferring heat from the tropics to the polar regions. Transferring warm or cold air and precipitation to coastal regions, where winds may carry them inland. Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation. It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation. Changes in the thermohaline circulation are thought to have significant impacts on the Earth's radiation budget. In so far as the thermohaline circulation governs the rate at which deep waters reach the surface, it may also significantly influence atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.
For a discussion of the possibilities of changes to the thermohaline circulation under global warming, see shutdown of thermohaline circulation.
It is often stated that the thermohaline circulation is the primary reason that the climate of Western Europe is so temperate. An alternate hypothesis claims that this is largely incorrect, and that Europe is warm mostly because it lies downwind of an ocean basin, and because atmospheric waves bring warm air north from the subtropics.2627
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current encircles that continent, influencing the area's climate and connecting currents in several oceans.
One of the most dramatic forms of weather occurs over the oceans: tropical cyclones (also called "typhoons" and "hurricanes" depending upon where the system forms).
The ocean has a significant effect on the biosphere. Oceanic evaporation, as a phase of the water cycle, is the source of most rainfall, and ocean temperatures determine climate and wind patterns that affect life on land. Life within the ocean evolved 3 billion years prior to life on land. Both the depth and the distance from shore strongly influence the biodiversity of the plants and animals present in each region.28
Lifeforms native to the ocean include:
- Fish;
- Radiata, such as jellyfish (Cnidaria);
- Cetacea, such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises;
- Cephalopods, such as octopus and squid;
- Crustaceans, such as lobsters, clams, shrimp, and krill;
- Marine worms;
- Plankton; and
- Echinoderms, such as brittle stars, starfish, sea cucumbers, and sand dollars.
In addition, many land animals have adapted to living a major part of their life on the oceans. For instance, seabirds are birds that have adapted to a life mainly on the oceans. They feed on marine animals and spend most of their lifetime on water, many only going on land for breeding. Other birds that have adapted oceans as their living space are penguins, seagulls and pelicans. Seven species of turtles, the sea turtles, also spend most of their time in the oceans.
|Concentration of Seawater, by Mass (in parts per million), for whole Ocean
|% Dissolved Gas, by Volume, in Seawater at Ocean Surface
|Carbon dioxide (CO2)
|64 to 107
|Nitrogen (N2)
|10 to 18
|Oxygen (O2)
|0 to 13
Ocean Surface
|Oceanic Waters in Polar regions
|Oceanic Waters in Temperate regions
|Oceanic Waters in Tropical regions
|Precipitation vs. evaporation
|Sea Surface Temperature in Winter
|5 to 20 °C
|20 to 25 °C
|Average Salinity
|28‰ to 32‰
|35‰ to 37‰
|Annual Variation of Air Temperature
|≤ 40ªC
|Annual Variation of Water Temperature
|< 5ªC
Mixing Time
Residence Time=The amount of the element in the ocean ÷ The rate at which that element is added to (or removed from) the ocean
The mean oceanic mixing time (residence time) is thought to be approximately 1,600 years. If a given element in the ocean stays in the ocean, on average, longer than the oceanic mixing time, then that element is assumed to be homogeneously spread throughout the ocean. As a result, since the major salts have a residence time that is longer than 1,600 years, the ratio of major salts is thought to be unchanging across the ocean. This constant ratio is often referred to as Forchhammer's principle or the principle of constant proportions.
|Residence Time (in years)
|Iron (Fe)
|Aluminum (Al)
|Manganese (Mn)
|Water (H2O)
|Silicon (Si)
|Carbonate (CO32-)
|Calcium (Ca2+)
|Sulfate (SO42-)
|Potassium (K+)
|Magnesium (Mg2+)
|Sodium (Na+)
|Chloride (Cl-)
A zone of rapid salinity increase with depth is called a halocline. The temperature of maximum density of seawater decreases as its salt content increases. Freezing temperature of water decreases with salinity, and boiling temperature of water increases with salinity. Typical seawater freezes at around −1.9 °C at atmospheric pressure. If precipitation exceeds evaporation, as is the case in polar and temperate regions, salinity will be lower. If evaporation exceeds precipitation, as is the case in tropical regions, salinity will be higher. Thus, oceanic waters in polar regions have lower salinity content than oceanic waters in temperate and tropical regions.42
Salinity can be calculated using the chlorinity, which is a measure of the total mass of halogen ions (includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) in seawater. By international agreement, the following formula is used to determine salinity:
Salinity (in ‰)=1.80655 x Chlorinity (in ‰)
The average chlorinity is about 19.2‰, and, thus, the average salinity is around 34.7‰ 42
Absorption of light
|Color: Wavelength (nm)
|Depth wherein 99 percent of wavelength is absorbed (in meters)
|Percent absorbed in 1 meter of water
|Ultraviolet (UV): 310
|Violet (V): 400
|Blue (B): 475
|Green (G): 525
|Yellow (Y): 575
|Orange (O): 600
|Red (R): 725
|Infrared (IR): 800
Economic value
The oceans are essential to transportation. This is because most of the world's goods move by ship between the world's seaports. Oceans are also the major supply source for the fishing industry. Some of the more major ones are shrimp, fish, crabs, and lobster.6
The motions of the ocean surface, known as undulations or waves, are the partial and alternate rising and falling of the ocean surface.
Extraterrestrial oceans
While Earth is the only known planet with large stable bodies of liquid water on its surface and the only one in our Solar System, other celestial bodies are believed to possess large oceans.
The gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, are thought to lack surfaces and instead have a stratum of liquid hydrogen, however their planetary geology is not well understood. The possibility of Uranus and Neptune possessing hot, highly compressed, supercritical water under their thick atmospheres has been hypothesised. While their composition is still not fully understood, a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz et al. ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune,45 though some studies have suggested that exotic oceans of liquid diamond are possible.46
The Mars ocean hypothesis suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic. The possibility continues to be studied along with reasons for their apparent disappearance. Astronomers believe that Venus had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history. If they existed, all later vanished via resurfacing.
Natural satellites
A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is believed to be present on Titan, Europa and, with less certainty, Callisto, Ganymede4748 and Triton.4950 A magma ocean is thought to be present on Io. Geysers have been found on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly originating from about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) deep ocean beneath an ice shell.43 Other icy moons may also have internal oceans, or have once had internal oceans that have now frozen.51
Large bodies of liquid hydrocarbons are thought to be present on the surface of Titan, though they are not large enough to be described as oceans and are sometimes referred to as lakes or seas. The Cassini–Huygens space mission initially discovered only what appeared to be dry lakebeds and empty river channels, suggesting that Titan had lost what surface liquids it might have had. Cassini's more recent fly-by of Titan offers radar images that strongly suggest hydrocarbon lakes exist near the colder polar regions. Titan is thought to have a subterranean water ocean under the ice and hydrocarbon mix that forms its outer crust.
Dwarf planets and trans-Neptunian objects
Ceres appears to be differentiated into a rocky core and icy mantle and may harbour a liquid-water ocean under its surface.5253
Not enough is known of the larger Trans-Neptunian objects to determine whether they are differentiated bodies capable of possessing oceans, although models of radioactive decay suggest that Pluto,54 Eris, Sedna, and Orcus have oceans beneath solid icy crusts at the core-boundary approximately 100 to 180 km thick.51
Some planets and natural satellites beyond the Solar System are likely to possess oceans, including possible water ocean planets similar to Earth in the habitable zone or "liquid-water belt". The detection of oceans, even through the spectroscopy method, however is likely to prove extremely difficult and inconclusive.
Theoretical models have been used to predict with high probability that GJ 1214 b, detected by transit, is composed of exotic form of ice VII, making up 75% of its mass,55 making it an ocean planet.
Other possible candidates are merely speculated based on their mass and position in the habitable zone include planet though little is actually known of their composition. Some scientists speculate Kepler-22b may be an "ocean-like" planet.56 Models have been proposed for Gliese 581 d that could include surface oceans. Gliese 436 b is speculated to have an ocean of "hot ice".57 Extrasolar moons orbiting planets, particularly gas giants within their parent star's habitable zone may theoretically possess surface oceans.
Terrestrial planets will acquire water during their accretion, some of which will be buried in the magma ocean but most of it will go into a steam atmosphere, and when the atmosphere cools it will collapse on to the surface forming an ocean. There will also be outgassing of water from the mantle as the magma solidifies – this will happen even for planets with a low percentage of their mass composed of water, so "super-Earth exoplanets may be expected to commonly produce water oceans within tens to hundreds of millions of years of their last major accretionary impact."58
Non-water surface liquids
Oceans, seas, lakes, etc., can be composed of liquids other than water: e.g. the hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. The possibility of seas of nitrogen on Triton was also considered but ruled out.59 Underneath the thick atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.60 The gaseous outer layers of Jupiter and Saturn transition smoothly into oceans of liquid hydrogen.6162 There is evidence that the icy surfaces of the moons Ganymede, Callisto, Europa, Titan and Enceladus are shells floating on oceans of very dense liquid water or water–ammonia.6364656667 Earth is often called the ocean planet because it is 70% covered in water.6869 The atmosphere of Venus is 96.5% carbon dioxide and at the surface the pressure makes the CO2 a supercritical fluid. Extrasolar terrestrial planets that are extremely close to their parent star will be tidally locked and so one half of the planet will be a magma ocean.70 It is also possible that terrestrial planets had magma oceans at some point during their formation as a result of giant impacts.71 Where there are suitable temperatures and pressures, volatile chemicals which might exist as liquids in abundant quantities on planets include ammonia, argon, carbon disulfide, ethane, hydrazine, hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, neon, nitrogen, nitric oxide, phosphine, silane, sulfuric acid, and water.72 Hot Neptunes close to their star could lose their atmospheres via hydrodynamic escape, leaving behind their cores with various liquids on the surface.73
See also
- Blue carbon
- Biosalinity
- Brackish water
- Effects of global warming on oceans
- European Atlas of the Seas
- Four Seas
- International Maritime Organization
- List of bodies of water by salinity
- List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
- List of Oceans with alternative names
- List of seas
- Marine debris
- Marine pollution
- Ocean acidification
- Ocean current
- Ocean governance
- Oceanography
- Oceans (2009 film)
- Ogyges
- Pelagic zone
- Physical oceanography
- Polar seas
- Saline water
- Salinity
- Sea
- Sea ice
- Sea in culture
- Sea level and sea level rise
- Sea salt
- Sea state
- Seawater
- Sea water gel
- Seven Seas
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
- Water
- Water distribution on Earth
- Wind waves
- World Ocean Atlas
- World Ocean Day
On other bodies:
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- ^ Schaefer, Laura; Fegley, Bruce, Jr. (2009). "Chemistry of Silicate Atmospheres of Evaporating Super-Earths". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 703 (2): L113–L117. arXiv:0906.1204. Bibcode:2009ApJ...703L.113S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/703/2/L113.
- ^ Solomatov, V. S. (2000). "Fluid Dynamics of a Terrestrial Magma Ocean" (PDF).
- ^ Tables 3 and 4 in Bains, William (2004). "Many Chemistries Could Be Used to Build Living Systems" (PDF). Astrobiology 4 (2).
- ^ Leitner, J.J.; Lammer, H.; Odert, P.; Leitzinger, M.; Firneis, M.G.; Hanslmeier, A. (2009). "Atmospheric Loss of Sub-Neptune's and Implications for Liquid Phases of Different Solvents on Their Surfaces" (PDF). European Planetary Science CongressEPSC Abstracts 4. EPSC2009-542.
Further reading
- Matthias Tomczak and J. Stuart Godfrey. 2003. Regional Oceanography: an Introduction. (see the site)
- Pope, F. 2009. From eternal darkness springs cast of angels and jellied jewels. in The Times. November 23. 2009 p. 16–17.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ocean.
|Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Oceans
|Look up ocean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Oceans at DMOZ
- Smithsonian Ocean Portal
- NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Ocean
- Ocean :: Science Daily
- Ocean-bearing Planets: Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places
- Titan Likely To Have Huge Underground Ocean | Mind Blowing Science
- Origins of the oceans and continents". UN Atlas of the Oceans.