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|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2012)
Nootropics (/noʊ.əˈtrɒpɨks/ noh-ə-TROP-iks), also referred to as smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers, are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that purportedly improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, intelligence, motivation, attention, and concentration.[1][2] The word nootropic was coined in 1972 by the Romanian Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea,[3][4] derived from the Greek words νους nous, or "mind," and τρέπειν trepein meaning "to bend/turn". Nootropics are thought to work by altering the availability of the brain's supply of neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, enzymes, and hormones), by improving the brain's oxygen supply, or by stimulating nerve growth.
- 1 Nootropics vs. cognitive enhancers
- 2 Availability and prevalence
- 3 Hazards
- 4 Drugs
- 4.1 Racetams
- 4.2 Vitamins and supplements
- 4.3 Stimulants
- 4.4 Concentration and memory enhancement
- 4.5 Serotonergics
- 4.6 Dopaminergics
- 4.7 Sleep
- 4.8 Anti-depression, adaptogenic (anti-stress), and mood stabilization
- 4.9 Blood flow and metabolic function
- 4.10 Experimental histamine antagonists
- 4.11 Nerve growth stimulation and brain cell protection
- 4.12 Hormones
- 4.13 Unknown enhancement
- 4.14 Other nootropics
- 5 See also
- 6 References
- 7 External links
Nootropics vs. cognitive enhancers[edit]
|This section needs attention from an expert in Pharmacology. (February 2010)
Cognitive enhancers are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that enhance attentional control and memory.[5][6] Nootropics are cognitive enhancers that are neuroprotective or extremely nontoxic. Nootropics (such as Modafinil) are by definition cognitive enhancers, but a cognitive enhancer is not necessarily a nootropic.
Giurgea's nootropic criteria:
- Enhances learning and memory.
- Enhances learned behaviors under conditions which are known to disrupt them (e.g. hypoxia, sleep deprivation).
- Protects the brain from physical or chemical injury.
- Enhances the tonic cortical/subcortical control mechanisms
- Exhibits few side effects and extremely low toxicity, while lacking the pharmacology of typical psychotropic drugs (motor stimulation, sedation, etc.).
Since Giurgea's original criteria were first published, there has been little agreement as to what truly constitutes a nootropic compound. The most well defined criteria to date was established by Skondia in 1979. Skondia uses a metabolic approach, taking into account the pharmacological mode of action.
Skondia's nootropic criteria:
I. No direct vasoactivity
- A. No vasodilation
- B. No vasoconstriction
II. EEG activity: No change in basic rhythm
- A. Quantitative EEG: Increased power spectrum (beta 2 and alpha)
- B. Qualitative EEG: Decreased delta waves and cerebral suffering
III. Must pass blood-brain barrier
- A. Under normal conditions
- B. Under pathological conditions
IV. Must show metabolic activity in:
- A. Animal brain metabolism
- 1. Molecular
- 2. Physiopathological
- B. Human brain metabolism (clinical evaluation)
- 1. A-V differences
- a. Increased extraction quotients of O2
- b. Increased extraction quotients of glucose
- c. Reduced lactate pyruvate ratio
- 2. Regional cerebral metabolic rates (rCMR)
- a. Increased ICMR of O2
- b. Increased rCMR of glucose
- 3. Regional cerebral blood flow: Normalization
- 1. A-V differences
V. Minimal side effects
VI. Clinical trials must be conducted with several rating scales designed to objectify metabolic cerebral improvement.
Availability and prevalence[edit]
At present, there are several drugs on the market that improve memory, concentration, and planning, and reduce impulsive behavior. Many more are in different stages of development.[7] The most commonly used class of drug is stimulants.[8]
These drugs are used primarily to treat people with cognitive or motor function difficulties attributable to such disorders as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ADHD. However, more widespread use is being recommended by some researchers.[9] These drugs have a variety of human enhancement applications as well, and are marketed heavily on the Internet. Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support some of the claimed benefits, it is worth noting that not all of the claims from certain nootropics suppliers have been formally tested.
Academic doping[edit]
In academia a Nootropic called modafinil has been used to increase productivity, although its long-term effects have not been assessed in healthy individuals.[7] Stimulants such as methylphenidate, a cognitive enhancer (which is not considered as a Nootropic according to the criteria above), are being used on college campuses, and by an increasingly younger group.[7] One survey found that 7% of students had used stimulants for a cognitive edge, and on some campuses use in the past year is as high as 25%.[8][10] The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students attending academically competitive colleges and students who are members of a fraternity/sorority.[10]
Surveys suggest that 3-11% of American students and 0.7-4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetime.[11]
The main concern with pharmaceutical drugs is adverse effects, and these concerns apply to cognitive-enhancing drugs as well. Cognitive enhancers are often taken for the long-term when little data is available.[7]
Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea originally coined the word nootropics for brain-enhancing drugs with very few side-effects. Racetams are sometimes cited as an example of a nootropic with few side-effects and a wide therapeutic window.[12] In the United States, unapproved drugs or dietary supplements do not require safety or efficacy approval before being sold.[13]
The word nootropic was coined upon discovery of the effects of piracetam, developed in the 1960s.[14] Studies of the racetams have revealed that these structurally similar compounds often act via different mechanisms. Notable drugs include pramiracetam, oxiracetam, and aniracetam. Their mechanisms of action are not fully understood. Piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems.[15] Although aniracetam and nebracetam show affinity for muscarinic receptors, only nefiracetam shows it at the nanomolar range. Racetams have been called "pharmacologically safe" drugs.[12]
Vitamins and supplements[edit]
- B Vitamins—may influence cognitive function through an effect on methylation and homocysteine levels, as excess homocysteine has been associated with cognitive impairment and the B vitamins work to reduce homocysteine.[16] However, although epidemiological evidence shows an association, two studies did not find B vitamin supplementation improves cognitive function, and another that found an association was criticized.[17] In 2008 a systematic review of trials found "little evidence of a beneficial impact" from supplements on cognitive function later in life.[18] A randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 168 70 year olds with mild cognitive impairment showed that a mix of B vitamins slowed the rate of brain atrophy; the slowing was related to a decrease in homocysteine levels.[19]
- Choline— Higher concurrent choline intake was related to better cognitive performance.[20] It improves long-term memory in animal models.[21]
- ω-3 fatty acids have been linked to the maintenance of brain function. Omega-3's provide DHA, important in the function and growth of nervous tissue. It is especially important during brain development.[22] A study preformed in Norway[23] demonstrated a potential link between Omega-3 consumption during pregnancy and child intelligence test scores.[24] A cross-sectional population-based study of 1,613 subjects found an association between PUFA intake and decreased risk for impairment of cognitive function & cognitive speed.[25] Another study showed that boys with lower levels of Omega-3 had more behavior issues, including ADHD.[26]
- Isoflavones—may be related to cognitive function.[27] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed improvement in spatial working memory after administration of an isoflavone combination containing daidzein, genistein & glycitein.[28] In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of older, non-demented men & women, soy isoflavone supplementation improved performance on 6 of 11 cognitive tests, including visual-spatial memory and construction, verbal fluency and speeded dexterity; unexpectedly, the placebo group performed better on 2 tests of executive function.[29]
- Vitamin D—has positive effects on cardiovascular health and may have positive effects on cognitive function separately; the active form of Vitamin D seems to be involved in brain development and in adult brain function. In particular, metabolic pathways for Vitamin D in the hippocampus and cerebellum have been found. Epidemiological data show that higher Vitamin D levels (>20 ng/mL or 50nmol/L) are associated with better cognitive function, but do not seem to be associated with better memory performance.[30] Vitamin D has also been shown to be necessary in the production of dopamine [31]
- Vitamin C— has been shown to help reduce brain injury and also reduce the amount of Cortisol in the body. High levels of Cortisol have been linked to Alzheimer's Disease.[32][medical citation needed]
- Vitamin E—protects neurons from injury caused by Free Radicals.[33][medical citation needed]
- A 2007 survey of online databases for herbs used in traditional herbal medicine to treat cognitive decline – without any proof of safety or efficacy – found over 150 plant species, such as Ginkgo biloba and Epimedium which is commonly call 'Goat weed'.[34]
Stimulants are often seen as smart drugs, but may be more accurately termed productivity enhancers. These typically improve concentration and a few areas of cognitive performance, but only while the drug is still in the blood at therapeutic concentrations. Some scientists recommend widespread use of stimulants such as methylphenidate and amphetamines by the general population to increase brain power.[8][35]
- Amphetamines
- Amphetamine (Adderall, Dexedrine)—TA1 agonist and consequently a catecholamine releasing agent
- Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)—dextroamphetamine prodrug
- Adrenergics
- Dimethylamylamine—Non addictive stimulant. Once used in the treatment of ADHD and Burnout, but later discontinued.
- Atomoxetine—norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; uncompetitive NMDA antagonist; clinically used in the treatment of ADHD
- Reboxetine—Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; approved in Europe for clinical depression but may also be used off-label to treat ADHD
- Synephrine—endogenous trace amine found in significant concentrations in the Bitter orange;agonist at α1 adrenergic receptors
- Cholinergics
- Arecoline—nicotinic agonist and partial agonist at muscarinic receptors M1-4[36][37][38]
- Nicotine A meta-analysis of 41 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies concluded that nicotine or smoking had significant positive effects on fine motor, alerting attention-accuracy and response time (RT), orienting attention-RT, short-term episodic memory-accuracy, and working memory-RT.[39]
- Eugeroics ("Wakefulness Enhancers")—unproven primary mechanisms but proven efficacy as a Nootropic
- Adrafinil
- Armodafinil
- Modafinil
- Fluorafinil
- Fluorenol—Shown to be more effective than modafinil at producing wakefulness while being less addictive.
- Xanthines—reduces fatigue perception via adenosine receptor antagonism.
- Caffeine—shown to increase alertness, performance, and in some studies, memory.[40] Children and adults who consume low doses of caffeine showed increase alertness, yet a higher dose was needed to improve performance.[41]
- Paraxanthine
- Theobromine
- Theophylline.
Concentration and memory enhancement[edit]
The nootropics in this section are purported or shown to enhance concentration or the recollection and formation of memories.
Cholinergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine or the components of the nervous system that use acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a facilitator of memory formation. Increasing the availability of this neurotransmitter in the brain may improve these functions. Cholinergic nootropics include acetylcholine precursors and cofactors, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
- Precursors
- Choline—precursor of acetylcholine and phosphatidylcholine
- DMAE—precursor of acetylcholine;Template:Medial citation needed appears promising in treating ADHD, though results are inconclusive[42]
- Meclofenoxate—probable precursor of acetylcholine, approved for Dementia and Alzheimer's
- Alpha-GPC
- Cofactors
- Acetylcarnitine—amino acid that functions in acetylcholine production by donating the acetyl portion to the acetylcholine molecule
- Vitamin B5—cofactor in the conversion of choline into acetylcholine
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
- Galantamine—also allosterically modulates certain nicotinic receptors to facilitate acetylcholine release[43]
- Ipidacrine (Neiromidin) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used in memory disorders of different origins.
- Lycoris radiata (Red Spider Lily)—natural source for galantamine
- Huperzine A—also shown to act as an NMDA antagonist and appears to increase nerve growth factor levels in rats[44]
- Donepezil
- Rosemary
- Sage
- Celastrus paniculatus
- cannabis Due to its AChE-inhibiting properties, Cannabis appears to increase acetylcholine levels and therefore studies suggest it as a treatment for Alzheimer's.[45] Anxiolytic and analgesic found in cannabis. Neuroprotectant, possible Alzheimer's prevention and possible neurogenesis inducer.[46] CBD is a constituent with neuroprotective properties. Possible neurotoxic effects of a notable constituent, THC, have been documented[47]
- Reuptake inhibitors and enhancers
- Coluracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[48]
- Fasoracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake
- Piracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[49]
- Oxiracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[49]
- Pramiiracetam— Increases high affinity choline uptake[50]
- Sulbutiamine— Increases high affinity choline uptake[51]
- Ginsenosides
- Agonists
GABA blockers[edit]
The GABAA α5 receptor site has recently displayed memory improvements when inverse agonized.
- α5IA—α5 inverse agonist. A number of α5IA analogues exist that, like α5IA, selectively and partially agonize some GABA receptor subtypes while inverse agonizing others, which may provide a nootropic effect without the associated anxiogenic effects of GABA inverse agonism.Template:Medial citation needed
- Suritozole—α5 partial inverse agonist
- Pantogam has a direct effect on the GABA-B receptor-channel complex.[52]
Glutamate modulators[edit]
Ligands and modulators of the AMPA receptor, an ionotropic glutamate receptor, are being researched for a myriad of conditions, from Alzheimer's to ADHD. Although there are many AMPAkines being researched, those mentioned here show signs of entering the market in the near future. Other notable drugs with AMPA-modulating activity include aniracetam and tianeptine.
- CX-717—pending FDA approval for memory-impairing illnesses and ADHD
- IDRA-21—believed to improve memory by significantly enhancing long-term potentiation but used only in animals; incredibly potent
- LY-503,430—under development for Parkinson's but showing increase in BDNF, specifically in areas of memory and higher cognitive skills
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a secondary messenger that may improve certain aspects of memory if increased. Common research tools for this purpose include PDE4 inhibitors, which prevents cAMP catabolism, and forskolin, a stimulator of adenylate cyclase.
- Forskolin—stimulates adenylate cyclase[53]
- Propentofylline—nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with some neuroenhancement
- Rolipram—PDE4 inhibitor, shows alertness enhancement, long term memory improvement and neuroprotection
- Mesembrine—PDE4-inhibitor with possible serotonergic activity
α2A receptors are concentrated heavily in the prefrontal cortex and the locus coeruleus, with the potential to improve attention abilities via modulating post-synaptic α2A receptors in the prefrontal cortex.[54]
- Guanfacine is an α2A receptor agonist, FDA approved the treatment of ADHD.[55][56] Guanfacine has been found to strengthen working memory, reduce distractibility, improve response inhibition, increase regional cerebral blood flow, reduce locomotor hyperactivity, and improve attentional control in animal models, as well as enhance memory function in humans.[57] Another study found no effect on healthy male adult's executive functions and working memory, and small decrements on 2 tasks relating to the sedative effect of guanfacine.[58]
- PRL-8-53 is a potent hypermnesic drug that significantly increases long term memory with a currently unknown mechanism of action involving cholinergic and dopaminergic activation.[59][60]
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter with various effects on mood and possible effects on neurogenesis. Serotonergics are substances that affect the neurotransmitter serotonin or the components of the nervous system that use serotonin. Serotonergic nootropics include serotonin precursors and cofactors, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
- Precursors
- 5-HTP—precursor (intermediate between tryptophan and serotonin)
- Tryptophan—essential amino acid precursor; multiple neurotoxic metabolites[61]
- Cofactors
- Pyridoxal-phosphate (or PLP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, P5P, active form of Vitamin B6)—plays role in conversion of 5-HTP into serotonin (via the enzyme aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase).[62][63]
- Reuptake inhibitors
- SSRIs—class of antidepressants that increase active serotonin levels by inhibiting reuptake, also shown to promote Neurogenesis in the hippocampus
- Sceletium tortuosum—active constituent mesembrine shown to act as an SSRI[64] and PDE4 inhibitor. (Half-life unknown)
- Hypericum perforatum—inhibits reuptake of serotonin (as well as Norepinephrine, Dopamine, GABA and Glutamate) via activation of TRPC6
- MAO-A inhibitors
- Resveratrol[65]
- Curcumin[66]
- Piperine[67]
- Harmal[68] One of the major constituents of harmal, harmaline, has demonstrated acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
- Rhodiola rosea[69]
- 5-HT2A receptor agonists
- 2C-x—it has been reported that some these compounds causes nootropic, stimulant, or anti-anxiety effects at low doses. 2C-D, 2C-I, and 2C-C are examples. However, at hallucinogenic doses, these chemical compounds may be unpredictable. Research on these chemicals is sparse; they require further investigation.
- Other
- Tianeptine—atypical antidepressant with anxiolytic properties; a hypothesized mechanism of action revolves around modulation of NMDA and AMPA receptors, based on tianeptine's effect of promoting stress-associated impaired neuroplasticity;[70][71] it increases the extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens[72] and modulates the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors,[73] but this effect is modest and almost certainly indirect.[70]
- Metabolic precursors—raise levels[medical citation needed]
- L-Phenylalanine—purported cognitive improvement[citation needed]
- L-Tyrosine (or N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosine, more bioavailable form)—purported cognitive improvement
- L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine)—precursor to catecholamines (dopamine); neurotoxic effects documented[74][75][76]
- Biopterin—a vitamin (coenzyme) that is synthesized in the pineal gland[77] & crucial to the biosynthesis of dopamine
- Pyridoxal-phosphate (or PLP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate, P5P, active form of Vitamin B6)—cofactor for aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, the enzyme that decarboxylases L-DOPA, producing dopamine.
- Reuptake inhibitors—stabilize/improve levels[medical citation needed]
- Amineptine—mild stimulant
- Methylphenidate—stimulant approved for ADHD; potent NDRI and σ1 receptor agonist[78]
- Bupropion—atypical antidepressant; weak NDRI[79] and nicotinic antagonist[80]
- MAO-B inhibitors—prevent some catabolism of dopamine and β-PEA
- Selegiline—irreversible; amphetamine metabolites[81]
- Rasagiline—irreversible
- Rhodiola rosea—Adaptogenic herb; reversible[69]
- Dopamine agonists
- Ropinirole—agonist at D2, D3, and D4 receptors
- Pramipexole—agonist at D2, D3, and D4 receptors
- Amisulpride —atypical antipsychotic with higher affinity for the presynaptic Dopamine D2 receptor than postsynaptic, facilitating dopaminergic transmission in lower doses.[82]
- Others
- Mucuna pruriens (Velvet Bean)—natural source of L-DOPA
- Modafinil—purported dopaminergic activity that exhibits the criteria of a Nootropic
- Citicoline (INN) (aka: cytidine diphosphate-choline (CDP-Choline) & cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine)—studies suggest CDP-choline supplements partially prevent the loss of dopamine D2 receptors in aged mice,[83] and that CDP-choline supplementation ameliorates memory impairment caused by environmental conditions (in rats).[84] Preliminary research has found that citicoline may have potential in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.[85][86]
Sleep is known to be important in memory consolidation, mood, anxiety, appetite, and numerous other physiological processes. Drugs that improve sleep may therefore have an indirect nootropic effect.
- Melatonin—antioxidant.[87][88] Exogenous melatonin protects against substantia nigra cell loss in ovariectomized rats.[89] May normalize circadian rhythms in humans[90]
- Agomelatine— MT1 receptor agonist and 5-HT2C neutral antagonist[91]
Anti-depression, adaptogenic (anti-stress), and mood stabilization[edit]
Stress (specifically elevated levels of circulating corticosteroids) has been associated with the cognitive deficits seen in human aging.[92] Many studies show that stress and fatigue negatively impact cognitive functioning in young adults.[93][94] Some level of stress in the learning environment may aid the ability to focus and retain information. However, stress levels, especially high, sustained or traumatic stressors, hinder declarative memory, spatial reasoning, learning, attention and working memory. Fatigue is also a stressor that impedes attention, processing, retrieval, working memory and short term memory.[93] The effects of stress on cognitive performance seem to be controlled by the sympatho-adrenal system and the hypothalamic-hypophysial-adrenal axis.[94]
Depression and depressed mood negatively affect cognitive performance and memory.[95] Depression was found to increase false memory, especially with negative words or subjects.[95]
It is reasoned that counteracting and preventing depression and stress management may be an effective nootropic strategy.[93][94] Proper nutrition, adequate sleep, and mechanisms for coping with stress, such as meditation, have been shown to improve learning and cognitive functioning both in the short and long term.[93][94]
The term adaptogen applies to most herbal anti-stress claims.[citation needed]
The substances below may not have been mentioned earlier on the page:
- Beta blockers—evidence from controlled trials spanning 25 years supports the claim that beta-blockers are effective for reducing anxiety, likely through peripheral blockade of beta-receptors; most data comes from studies of generalized anxiety and acute stress.[96]
- Theanine—relaxation; found in green tea; increases nicotinic acetylcholine and reduces nicotinic dopamine[citation needed]
- Lemon Balm—displays adaptogen properties; in rats it has been shown to possess GABA transaminase inhibitor activity[97] and in homogenates of human cerebral cortical cell membranes possesses activity at acetylcholine receptors.[98] In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 18 healthy volunteers, 600 mg of 'Melissa officinalis' extract attenuated volunteers' response to a laboratory-induced stress test 1 hour after administration; 300 mg significantly improved speed of mathematical processing 1 hour after administration.[99]
- Passion Flower—possible MAOI and neurotransmitter reuptake activity[citation needed]
- Rhodiola Rosea—adaptogen; possible MAOI activity[100]
- St John's Wort—herbal supplement approved (in Europe) to treat mild depression. Method of action is unproven but exhibits effects similar to both MAOIs and SSRIs.[citation needed] There is evidence that it may decrease the effectiveness of methylphenidate treatment.[101]
- Ginseng (including Siberian ginseng)—adaptogenic effects shown[citation needed]
- Sutherlandia frutescens—possible anti-inflammatory, reducing pain from those illnesses[citation needed]
- Kava—anxiolytic herb[citation needed]
- Grape seed extract—has shown some efficacy in reducing bodily stress[citation needed]
- Adafenoxate—possible anxiolytic effect[citation needed]
- Phenibut GABA receptor agonist excerting anxiolytic effects
- Picamilon GABA prodrug which excerts anxiolytic effects by releasing GABA and niacin in the CNS.
- Valerian—possible anxiolytic effect through agonism at GABA-A receptors[citation needed]
- Butea frondosa—possible anxiolytic effect[102]
- Gotu Kola—adaptogen and anxiolytic[citation needed]
- Fo-ti—adaptogen; possible MAOI activity[citation needed]
- Panax ginseng—Multiple randomized, placebo-controlled studies in healthy volunteers have been performed, results include increases in accuracy of memory, speed in performing attention tasks and improvement in performing difficult mental arithmetic tasks, as well as reduction in fatigue and improvement in mood.[103]
- Many Chinese herbs such as Polygala tenuifolia, Acorus gramineus and Huperzia serrata.[104]
- Bacopa monnieri[105]
- Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum, sweet holy basil)[106]
- IAP(5-APDI) Lifts mood and promotes a peaceful mindset. Anti-anxiety.
- 2-methyl-2-butanol Anti-anxiety that lifts mood and increases sociability. Although it doesn't have the side effects or toxic metabolites that ethanol has, frequent use may cause dependence.[citation needed]
Blood flow and metabolic function[edit]
Brain function is dependent on many basic processes such as the usage of ATP, removal of waste, and intake of new materials. Improving blood flow or altering these processes can benefit brain function. The list below contains only vasodilators that have shown at least probable mental enhancement.
- Mildronate may improve the ability of learning and memory, as the drug changes the expression of hippocampal proteins related to synaptic plasticity
- Blessed Thistle—increases blood circulation, improving memory[citation needed]
- Coenzyme q-10—antioxidant; increases oxygen usage by mitochondria
- Creatine—protects ATP during transport
- Lipoic acid—improves oxygen usage and antioxidant recycling, possibly improving memory
- Pyritinol—Drug similar to B vitamin Pyridoxine
- Picamilon—GABA activity and blood flow improver
- Ginkgo biloba—vasodilator. Acts as an NRI.[107] A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in young healthy females showed an improvement in short-term memory performance 1 hour after administration of a 600 mg dose.[108] An analysis of 29 placebo-controlled RCTs showed that "there is consistent evidence that chronic administration improves selective attention, some executive processes and long-term memory for verbal and non-verbal material."[109] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 20 young healthy volunteers showed a dose-dependent improvement in speed-of-attention following administration of 240 mg and 360 mg of Ginkgo extract, effects were measured 2.5h after administration and persisted at least until 6h; various other time- and dose-specific changes (some positive, some negative) in other areas were observed.[110]
- Vinpocetine— is reported to have cerebral blood-flow enhancing[111] and neuroprotective effects,[112] and is used as a drug in Eastern Europe for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders and age-related memory impairment.[113] Also shown to inhibit voltage-sensitive Na+ channels—however, through a similar mechanism to reserpine, Vinpocetine may temporarily deplete the monoamines serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine by inhibiting VMAT, thus preventing them from reaching the synapse.[114] Vinpocetine may therefore induce or exacerbate depressive symptoms as an adverse effect. However, this effect tends to be reversible upon cessation of Vinpocetine administration, with full remission typically occurring within 3–4 weeks. Vinpocetine has been identified as a potent anti-inflammatory agent that might have a potential role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.[115][116]
- Vincamine—increases blood circulation (vasodilator) and metabolism in the brain; related to vinpocetine; used in sustained release.
- Nicergoline—an ergot derivative used to treat senile dementia and other disorders with vascular origins; it has been found to increase mental agility and enhance clarity and perception; it decreases vascular resistance and increases arterial blood flow in the brain, improving the utilization of oxygen and glucose by brain cells; it has been used for more than three decades for the treatment of cognitive, affective, and behavioral disorders of older people.[117]
Experimental histamine antagonists[edit]
The H3-receptor decreases neurotransmitter release: histamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin. Thus, H3-receptor-antagonists increases cognition, vigilance, and wakefulness.
- Ciproxifan—produces wakefulness and attentiveness in animal studies, and produced cognitive enhancing effects without prominent stimulant effects at relatively low levels of receptor occupancy, and pronounced wakefulness at higher doses.[118]
- A-349,821—It has nootropic effects in animal studies.[119]
- ABT-239 – strong H3 receptor inverse agonist that is more active than ciproxifan, but its investigation into human use was dropped after it was discovered to cause QT prolongation in subjects
- Betahistine
- Modafinil
Nerve growth stimulation and brain cell protection[edit]
Nerves are necessary to the foundation of brain communication and their degeneracy, underperformance, or lacking can have disastrous results on brain functions. Antioxidants may prevent oxidative stress and cell death, therefore exerting a neuroprotective effect.
- Idebenone—antioxidant[citation needed]
- Glutathione—chief antioxidant[citation needed]
- Sesamol—antioxidant [120]
- Acetylcarnitine (Acetyl-L-Carnitine Arginate or Hydrochloride)[citation needed]
- Inositol—implicated in memory function, deficit linked to some psychiatric illnesses—has been shown particularly efficacious in OCD patients
- Anticonvulsants—inhibit seizure related brain malfunction if a person has seizures[citation needed]
- Phosphatidylserine—possible membrane stabilizer[citation needed]
- Lion's Mane Mushroom—Stimulated myelination in an in vitro experiment[121] and stimulated nerve growth factor in an in vitro experiment with human astrocytoma cells.[122] Also improved cognitive ability, in a double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial.[123]
- SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine)—crucial for cellular regeneration (fuels DNA methylation[124]), also involved with the biosynthesis of dopamine & serotonin[125]
- Acetylcysteine (L-cysteine)—precursor to antioxidant glutathione[126]
- Uncaria tomentosa (Cat's Claw)—in an in vitro experiment with rats, it inhibited formation of brain beta amyloid deposits,[127] which have been associated with Alzheimer's disease.
- (Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol)—Cannabidiol (nonpsychoactive) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (psychotropic) antioxidant.[128]
These are hormones that have activity not necessarily attributable to another specific chemical interaction, but have shown effectiveness. Only specific nootropic effects are stated.
- Vasopressin—memory hormone that improves both memory encoding and recall. Desmopressin (1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin, DDAVP) was given to 17 children with attention & learning disorders daily for 10 days in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study; memory & learning were improved compared with placebo; the same study failed to find similar benefits after administration of a single dose.[129]
- Pregnenolone—increases neurogenesis[medical citation needed]
- Orexin or Hypocretin—significant wakefulness promoter
- DHEA—precursor to estrogen and testosterone
Unknown enhancement[edit]
Other agents purported to have nootropic effects but do not (yet) have attributable mechanisms or clinically significant effects (but may upon refinement of administration) are listed below.
Nootropics with proven or purported benefits:
- Polygala tenuifolia (Yuan Zhi)— A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the extract of dried roots of Polygala tenuifolia in healthy adults produced memory-enhancing effects.[130] A similar trial with elderly humans also found significant cognitive improvement.[131]
- Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) — Shown to possess adaptogenic properties and enhance memory and concentration.[132] Folk use in Ayurvedic medicine purports "enhancement of curiosity"; Brahmi rasayana has been shown to improve learning and memory in mice[133]
- Clitoria ternatea (Shankhpushpi) — In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, it has been used for centuries as a memory enhancer, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, tranquilizing and sedative agent.
- Fipexide—drug for Dementia
- Piperic acid—allegedly a mild serotonergic, nootropic, antistress, anxiolytic, and allegedly has mild to moderate memory enhancing effects.
- Gerovital H3—famous alleged anti-aging mixture, most effects disproven but some mind enhancement shown
- Sulbutiamine—fat soluble vitamin B1 derivative—caused mice to perform better on operant conditioning tests[134] and object recognition tests[135]
- Royal Jelly—Increases brain cell growth and diversity, only demonstrated in-vitro, improbable in-vivo (it has been reported to stimulate the growth of glial cells[136] and neural stem cells in the brain.[137])
- Curcumin—significant in-vitro activity, but in-vivo activity limited by low bioavailability unless accompanied by ingestion of piperine
Other nootropics[edit]
Other substances sometimes classified as nootropics include jujube, mexidol, hydergine,[12] noopept, selank, semax, S-18986 and bifemelane.
See also[edit]
- Cognitive science
- Eidetic memory
- Human enhancement
- Long-term potentiation
- Memory and aging
- Psychedelics in problem-solving experiment
- Psychoanaleptic
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- ^ Mondal, Shankar; Mirdha, Bijay R.; Mahapatra, Sushil C. (October–December 2009). "The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.)". Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology 53 (4): 291–306. PMID 20509321.
- ^ Fehske, CJ.; Leuner, K.; Müller, WE. (Jul 2009). "Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) influences monoaminergic neurotransmission via inhibition of NE uptake, but not MAO activity after chronic treatment". Pharmacological Research 60 (1): 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2009.02.012. ISSN 1043-6618. PMID 19427589.
- ^ Hindmarch I (1986). "[Activity of Ginkgo biloba extract on short-term memory].". Presse Med (in French) 15 (31): 1592–94. PMID 2947108.
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- ^ Kennedy DO, Scholey AB, Wesnes KA (2000). "The dose-dependent cognitive effects of acute administration of Ginkgo biloba to healthy young volunteers". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 151 (4): 416–23. doi:10.1007/s002130000501. PMID 11026748.
- ^ Szilágyi G, Nagy Z, Balkay L, et al. (2005). "Effects of vinpocetine on the redistribution of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in chronic ischemic stroke patients: a PET study". Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 229–230: 275–84. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.053. PMID 15760651.
- ^ Dézsi L, Kis-Varga I, Nagy J, Komlódi Z, Kárpáti E (2002). "[Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine in vivo and in vitro. Apovincaminic acid derivatives as potential therapeutic tools in ischemic stroke]". Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica (in Hungarian) 72 (2): 84–91. PMID 12498034.
- ^ "Vinpocetine. Monograph". Alternative Medicine Review 7 (3): 240–3. 2002. PMID 12126465.
- ^ Trejo, F.; Nekrassov, V.; Sitges, M. (Aug 2001). "Characterization of vinpocetine effects on DA and DOPAC release in striatal isolated nerve endings". Brain Res 909 (1–2): 59–67. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02621-X. PMID 11478921.
- ^ Jeon, Kye-Im; Xu, Xiangbin; Aizawa, Toru; Lim, Jae Hyang; Jono, Hirofumi; Kwon, Dong-Seok; Abe, Jun-Ichi; Berk, Bradford C.; Li, Jian-Dong; Yan, Chen (May 6, 2010). "Vinpocetine inhibits NF-κB–dependent inflammation via an IKK-dependent but PDE-independent mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (National Academy of Sciences) 107 (21): 9795–800. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9795J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914414107. PMC 2906898. PMID 20448200. Retrieved March 24, 2014.
- ^ Medina, AE (2010). "Vinpocetine as a potent antiinflammatory agent". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (22): 9921–2. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.9921M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005138107. PMC 2890434. PMID 20495091.
- ^ Fioravanti M, Flicker L (2001). "Efficacy of nicergoline in dementia and other age associated forms of cognitive impairment". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4): CD003159. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003159. PMID 11687175.
- ^ Le S, Gruner JA, Mathiasen JR, Marino MJ, Schaffhauser H (June 2008). "Correlation between ex vivo receptor occupancy and wake-promoting activity of selective H3 receptor antagonists". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 325 (3): 902–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.135343. PMID 18305012.
- ^ Esbenshade, TA; Fox, GB; Krueger, KM; Baranowski, JL; Miller, TR; Kang, CH; Denny, LI; Witte, DG et al. (2004). "Pharmacological and behavioral properties of A-349821, a selective and potent human histamine H3 receptor antagonist". Biochemical pharmacology 68 (5): 933–45. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.05.048. PMID 15294456.
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- ^ Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T (March 2009). "Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial". Phytotherapy Research 23 (3): 367–72. doi:10.1002/ptr.2634. PMID 18844328.
- ^ The Way SAMe Works
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- ^ "glutathione". "In short words: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is precursor of glutathione (GSH)."
- ^ "Medications for dementia: New drugs, mechanisms are coming for Alzheimer's disease". The Journal of Family Practice 1 (6). June 2002. "PTI-00703 is a beta-amyloid inhibitor derived from the cat's claw, a woody vine found in the Peruvian rain forest. It is being tested in patients with mild-to-moderate AD [Alzheimer's disease].", which cites:
- "OSHU Researchers Investigate Substance Derived From Amazon Rainforest Plant as Possible treatment For Alzheimer's Disease". Oregon Health & Science University. March 2, 2000. "Researchers at OHSU are interested in a particular extract, derived from the bark of the vine, called PTI-00703. It has been shown to stop the formation of, and break up beta-amyloid deposits in both a test tube and animal models."
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- ^ Singh, H.K. and Dhawan, B.N. (September 1, 1997). "Neuropsychopharmacological effects of the Ayurvedic nootropic Bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi)". Indian Journal of Pharmacology 29 (5): 359–65.
- ^ Joshi H, Parle M (March 2006). "Brahmi rasayana improves learning and memory in mice". Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 3 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1093/ecam/nek014. PMC 1375237. PMID 16550227.
- ^ Micheau J, Durkin TP, Destrade C, Rolland Y, Jaffard R (1985). "Chronic administration of sulbutiamine improves long term memory formation in mice: possible cholinergic mediation". Pharmacol Biochem Behav 23 (2): 195–8. doi:10.1016/0091-3057(85)90555-6. PMID 4059305.
- ^ Bizot JC, Herpin A, Pothion S, Pirot S, Trovero F, Ollat H (2005). "Chronic treatment with sulbutiamine improves memory in an object recognition task and reduces some amnesic effects of dizocilpine in a spatial delayed-non-match-to-sample task". Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29 (6): 928–35. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.035. PMID 15951087.
- ^ Hashimoto, M.; Kanda, M.; Ikeno, K.; Hayashi, Y.; Nakamura, T.; Ogawa, Y.; Fukumitsu, H.; Nomoto, H. et al. (April 2005). "Oral administration of royal jelly facilitates mRNA expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and neurofilament H in the hippocampus of the adult mouse brain". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 69 (4): 800–805. doi:10.1271/bbb.69.800. PMID 15849420.
- ^ Hattori, N.; Nomoto, H.; Fukumitsu, H.; Mishima, S.; Furukawa, S. (October 2007). "Royal jelly and its unique fatty acid, 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, promote neurogenesis by neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro". Biomedical research (Tokyo, Japan) 28 (5): 261–266. PMID 18000339.
External links[edit]
- "A Pandora's box full of smart drugs" by Ann Robinson (The Guardian: February 23, 2010)
- Greely H, Sahakian B, Harris J, et al. (December 2008). "Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy". Nature 456 (7223): 702–5. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..702G. doi:10.1038/456702a. PMID 19060880.
- "Brain Gain: The underground world of "neuroenhancing" drugs" by Margaret Talbot (The New Yorker: April 27, 2009)
- Business Week Online – "I Can't Remember" September 1, 2003 at Business Week
- List of Nootropic drugs at Erowid
- Caffeine and L-Theanine Synergistic Properties


text:
All teams ranked No. 1 remained atop their respective polls as Walton, Whitewater, Veterans, Walker, Wesleyan and Blessed Trinity all looked good in action last week. Veterans recovered from a pair...
Thu., October 4, 2012 11:59am
Class AAA No. 3 St. Pius X opened Area 5-AAA play by defeating No. 9 East Hall and Buford. Over the weekend, the Golden Lions hosted a play date and beat Starr's Mill, Class AA No. 2 Westminster and...
Tue., September 18, 2012 12:09pm
All volunteers receive training, free parking and a catered meal provided by Carole Parks Catering.Get More Info »

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Dalton Dingus, a 9 year-old Magoffin County Kentucky boy who recently broke the world record for the most Christmas cards, has died.
Dalton passed away Saturday, January 12, 2013 at the Bluegrass Hospice Center in Hazard, Kentucky.
Funeral services for Dalton Dingus will be conducted Wednesday, January 16.
He received more that 700,000 cards, including 40,000 to 50,000 on Christmas eve, shattering the former record of only 35,000.
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text:
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish
Last Updated: 10/17/08
Officer Artrip removing darted black
bear (cinnamon colored) from tree
Richard Artrip
Carlsbad District Supervisor
GMU's 30, 31, 32, 33
B.S. in wildlife management, minor in Sociology from ENMU
17 years
Expanding youth hunting opportunities
Jumping right into fall hunt patrols, planning roadblocks and
artificial wildlife operations.
Working outdoors on a variety of projects.
How long have you been a game warden?
I must be starting to look old, because no one used to ask me
that question.
phone 575-457-2630 or email firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
That's all
by MichaÅ - 11th April 2014
Pros: Super fun and 6 sunnyday!
Cons: none
This is my opinion as you can see in the film. We had a great fun. http://youtu.be/aW9v0qJiBJA ... Full review
by MichaÅ - 11th April 2014
Pros: Super fun and 6 sunnyday!
Cons: none
This is my opinion as you can see in the film. We had a great fun. http://youtu.be/aW9v0qJiBJA ... Full review
by Liz Hitchcock - 23rd January 2014
Pros: In France, good runs (limited), good snow park (if enough snow)
Cons: ROCKS rocks rocks rocks
Cost of ski pass (for SEVEN decent lifts) 30 euros. NO effort made to clear pistes of rocks. Signs put up at every piste - beware of rocks. Very poor and la... Full review
by christophe vella - 4th January 2014
Pros: Accés direct au sommet.Large choix de pistes
Cons: Un départ d'un des 3 fronts de neige se fait à télèsiege 4 places seulement à 1750.
Station surprenante par sa sympathie. Le domaine skiable semble modeste mais au contraire il satisfait tous les niveaux. La station recoin 1650 propose be... Full review
by dominique cariot - 1st October 2013
Pros: Convivialité
Cons: Peu d'annimations nocturnes
... Full review
by kevweth - 21st January 2012
Pros: amazing for beginners,quiet during week,short transfer
Cons: not much nightlife,not that much amenities
got there on saturday,busy sat/sun then very quiet which was good.slopes amazing for beginners and intermediates.weather amazing ,about 1metre of snow on la... Full review
by skiifit - 1st December 2010
Pros: Lush scenery, wide pistes, safe, quiet, good insructors
Cons: not much for pros, only few black runs
Brilliant, am going again this year... good snow mostly good accessibilty perfect for anyone upto advanced level fantastic ski skool for beginners or just... Full review
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text:
YORK — Twin brothers were arrested on assault and battery charges and warrants have been issued for a third suspect in connection with a York fight involving brass knuckles.
The trio is accused of confronting a group of men who were helping a woman retrieve her belongings from a home on Garden Brook Trail in York, according to a York County Sheriff's Office report.
The 22-year-old victim said he was waiting in the driveway Tuesday evening when Robert Dover, 19, told him to leave and then struck him with a brass knuckle. A passenger got out and tried to stop Dover, but twins Jarrett Knight and Garret Knight began punching the second victim in the face and stomach, the report states.
Dover is also accused of hitting the rear windshield and trunk of the car causing $400 in damage. The brass knuckles became stuck in the trunk of the Honda and were recovered and placed in evidence.
The report does not indicate if Dover or any others were injured during the incident.
The woman returned the car and the group left to call police.
Deputies were unable to locate the assault suspects Tuesday night. Jarrett Knight and Garret Knight, both 19, of Rock Hill turned themselves in on Thursday morning, and are charged with third degree assault and battery. Warrants have been issued for Dover charging him with second degree assault and malicious injury to personal property.


text:
Kyle Wright, 20, of Bellmawr, knew Ryan Coyle better than most.
They first met in middle school, enjoyed the same sports and were occasional teammates.
Coyle was very quiet, Wright said, but boy was he funny, and when both enrolled at Gloucester Catholic High School, their friendship truly deepened.
After graduation, when Wright went off to attend Coastal Carolina University, Coyle was the last person to leave his send-off party.
"[Coyle] was shy, but he opened up when he knew people," Wright said. "Everyone loved him; he was hilarious."
Because Coyle was so well-liked by those around him, Wright said, he was stunned to hear how his friend died: the victim of a sucker punch allegedly delivered by 21-year-old Westville resident Matthew Shields.
Shields is still awaiting trial on aggravated manslaughter charges, so the official details of the fatal encounter have yet to be made public. Wright said Shields and Coyle "knew of each other only because of another kid they hung out with.
"I'm sure Ryan didn't have his number or hang out alone with him or anything," Wright said.
At the same time, however, Wright added that he's in no hurry to discover the whole story. He's not sure he has the stomach for it yet.
"I honestly personally don't want to know the details of it," Wright said. "As much as I was very angry, I feel for that kid [Shields]. Me and my buddies have gotten into stupid fights before. "
Near misses
The fact that Wright and his friends had escaped such situations and lived to laugh about it amplified the tragedy of Coyle's death, Wright said.
They "used to tailgate all the time at Phillies games" and had even gone to see Jimmy Buffett the year before. In fact, Wright's mother, Francine, was even in attendance at the concert the evening Coyle was allegedly beaten.
Saddened by the loss of his friend, Wright wanted to endow a scholarship in Coyle's name at his alma mater. But because he was far away at college in Myrtle Beach, SC, it fell to younger sister, Kaitlyn, 17, and Francine, to get things in motion.
"We've gotten so many messages and people asking what we can do to keep Ryan's spirit alive," said Kaitlyn Wright. "Me and my mom were trying to do what [Kyle] can't locally."
They came up with the idea of selling $15 T-shirts and using the money to seed a trust that would get the scholarship rolling. On the front, surrounding a winged baseball, are the words "In Loving Memory of Ryan W. Coyle." On the back, in maroon writing, is a quote developed by Francine:
Your gift of life was taken too soon…
Your gift of love & laughter will live
Forever in our hearts
The Wright family posted the design to a Facebook page, and say they've received an overwhelming response. Whenever anyone puts his or her name, shirt size and quantity, "it automatically sends it to my Excel sheet," said Kyle.
"Once they all come in, I'm going to have a couple dates and times for people to pick them up," he said.
Kaitlyn said they expect to sell through an initial order for 300 shirts.
"We'll see where it goes from there," she said. "Everyone's willing to help.
"It's hard obviously, very hard," she said. "We pray for [the Coyles] every day."
If you'd like to support the scholarship efforts of the Wright family, click here to go to the Facebook page, "T-shirts in Memory of Ryan Coyle." There you can share a remembrance of the late Bellmawr man and place your order.


text:
The CVM Teaching Academy is intended to be a working group of faculty
and administrators who come together to promote the teaching missions of
the College of Veterinary Medicine, and to support one another.
Membership is open to all faculty who have an interest in teaching and
learning, and who are willing to be meaningfully engaged in the
activities of the Academy. Residents, graduate students, CVM staff, and
friends of the college (notably instructors from elsewhere on campus and
from partner institutions) are also welcome to participate in academy


text:
Jacquelyn Smith, Forbes Staff
If it has to do with leadership, jobs, or careers, I'm on it.
Men and women don't always see eye to eye, except for this: What brand do they mutually desire most? Southwest Airlines Southwest Airlines. That's according to a recent study conducted exclusively for Forbes.
According to the second-annual study just released by Buyology, a strategic neuromarketing firm, and uSamp, a provider of technology and survey respondents used to obtain consumer and business insights, women and men have the strongest affinity for the low-cost airline among all major brands.
"The brands at the top of the Most Desired report have the strongest ties with the consumers we measured, and therefore, they have the ability to be more effective and efficient than their competitors," says Gary Singer, Buyology's chief executive and founding partner.
The study looked at men's and women's relationships with many of the nation's biggest brands. By examining the strength and types of those relationships on both a conscious and nonconscious level, using the tools of neuromarketing, Buyology found that men and women are generally drawn to different kinds of brands, and for different reasons. However, this year they agreed on a few winners.
In Pictures: The Brands American Men And Women Desire Most
The Dallas-based airline Southwest earns the coveted top spot largely because of what they represent: accessible, affordable memories. The airline gives experiences that money cannot buy, and its clever campaign featuring real life employees plays on the emotions of feeling taking advantage of by the bigger airlines, Singer says. "While its competitors have cut services and charged for previously free services, Southwest has continued to provide its customers with awe and delight, [at an affordable cost]."
It's even more important in tough economic times to understand what is driving consumer behavior on a deeper level, Singer says. "When brands understand how consumers feel, they can adjust their marketing accordingly. Southwest is a great example. They understood that consumers felt taken advantage of by most airlines, they capitalized on this, and they've built stronger relationships with consumers as a result."
Google Google ranks No. 2 among women for inspiring senses of "awe" and "exploration." Among men, however, Google is No. 7 and evokes feelings of "awe" and "superiority." The final brand to appear on the top 10 list for both genders: Dove. It ranked No. 4 among men and women.
"At first glance, it might be surprising to see that Dove is a top brand for men, but consider this: Dove is one of the few personal care brands that many men had in their homes growing up," Singer says. "Dove is one of the strongest heritage brands in skincare. And instead of becoming outdated, they've successfully leveraged their heritage status into their new Dove for Men product line. Dove owns moisturizing. A benefit that is compelling to men and women alike. And they understand that the best way to get both genders to relate to their brand is elegant simplicity in their products, packaging and messaging."
Interesting!! Southwest flying high
This could be ideal for someone who nobody wants to cover. It's an opportunity to get coverage subsidized by your fellow American. Learn more about it at "Penny Medical" online
As people finally start to open up their wallets after the recession, it is interesting to see that travel and exploration are driving their purchasing passions.
Great article, Jacquelyn. We're just happy to have been nominated!
Learning about latency response and neuromarketing is giving me a headache…
…get it… headache? (I'll be here all week).
Neuro-insight has exploded in the last year because it's about getting to the deeper reasons behind why we choose the brands we do… cool to see it applied to a new take on brand reports.
This study is very interesting. I would love to see the potential applications to a myriad of other fields – such as the way people make connections with politicians, the preferences we have within the social graph and how men and women intuit different ideas related to brand recognition. Hope to see more!
Great point Sean. We actually have done a study on voters deeper non-conscious feelings on the presidential candidates…
check it out at our website..
Very interesting, the differences in the way men and women perceive the same brand!
Interesting articles, I never thought about an airline being a desired brand but it makes sense.


text:
Burton set to tackle Talladega
- Last Updated on 08:38 AM 10/16/13
- BY From Staff, Team Reports
Jeb Burton of Halifax is facing another first this weekend when the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series heads to Talladega Superspeedway for the Fred's 250.
This week will be Burton's first time at racing on the high-speed 2.66-mile superspeedway, where often luck is more important than talent.
"I'm looking forward to racing at Talladega for the plain reason that it's Dega," Burton said.
"As excited as I am to get back on a racetrack and compete, this weekend will really be all about luck. We'll either have it on our side or we won't. We ran good in this truck at Daytona, so we'll give it another shot this weekend and hope for the best. A lot of things are riding on this wild card race."
This weekend's race at Talladega Superspeedway will bring the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series competitors back to the track after a two-week break.
In his debut at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, Burton faced multiple challenges at the one-day event, starting with a rough first practice session where he made contact with the wall.
In his backup truck, Burton used the final practice session to get comfortable and qualified fourth for the Smith's 350.
The team struggled with handling issues, and despite multiple pit stops and adjustments, the issues remained throughout the race. Burton managed to cross the finish line in 12th place and remain in fourth place in the NCWTS driver point standings.
The No. 4 Turner Scott Motorsports team will unload chassis TSM-004 this week at Talladega Superspeedway. Used in his NCWTS debut at Daytona International Speedway, TSM-004 brought Burton a top-five finish in February.
Along with competing on the track, Burton is competing for another honor. The polls have opened for the voting for the 2013 NCWTS Most Popular Driver Award.
Fans can vote once a day from now until November 15 at www.nascar.com/ncwtsmpd. #TeamBurton.
The Fred's 250 at Talladega Superspeedway can be seen live on Saturday, with pre-race coverage beginning at 3:30 p.m. EDT on FOX Sports 1.
The race can also be heard live on MRN Radio as well as SiriusXM Satellite Radio, channel 90.


text:
CIP Safety standard to include safe motion applications
ODVA's CIP Safety Specification will include services for safe motion applications that will allow users to deploy networked motion systems using Ethernet/IP and SERCOS III.
The next edition of The CIP Safety Specification by ODVA will include services for safe motion applications. With the addition of these services to CIP Safety, users will be able to deploy networked motion control systems using EtherNet/IP and Sercos III in applications requiring safe motion functions such as safe torque off and safety limited positions.
As it relates to safe motion, the recent enhancements to CIP Safety relied on IEC 61800-5-2 (Adjustable Speed Electrical Power Drive System – Part 5-2: Safety Requirements – Functional) as a framework. Initiated by ODVA and Sercos International as part of the machinery initiative, the enhancements were further developed by ODVA's technical working group for functional safety, the Special Interest Group (SIG) for CIP Safety. The interest group is a collaboration of multiple vendors with expertise in functional safety and safe motion, including Bosch Rexroth, Rockwell Automation, and Schneider Electric, among others – involving technical expertise from Sercos International. The resulting CIP Safety services for safe motion include support for drives on EtherNet/IP and Sercos III. The safe motion enhancements to CIP Safety are part of ODVA's semi-annual update of its family of specifications which, for the second publication cycle of 2013, include over 20 enhancements.
- Edited by CFE Media. See more Control Engineering machine safety stories.
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In a year when manufacturing continued to lead the economic rebound, it makes sense that plant manager bonuses rebounded. Plant Engineering's annual Salary Survey shows both wages and bonuses rose in 2012 after a retreat the year before.
Average salary across all job titles for plant floor management rose 3.5% to $95,446, and bonus compensation jumped to $15,162, a 4.2% increase from the 2010 level and double the 2011 total, which showed a sharp drop in bonus.