text:
|Republic of Tajikistan
Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
Çumhuriji Toçikiston
|Anthem: Surudi Milli
Our beloved country
| Dushanbe
|Official languages
|Recognised regional languages
|Ethnic groups (2000)
|Dominant-party semi-presidential republic
|Emomali Rahmon
|Prime Minister
|Kokhir Rasulzoda
|Supreme Assembly
|Upper house
|National Assembly
|Lower house
|Assembly of Representatives
|Independence from the Soviet Union
|9 September 1991
|25 December 1991
|143,100 km2 (96th)
55,251 sq mi
|Water (%)
|2013 estimate
|8,000,000[4] (98th)
|2010 census
|7 564 500
|48.6/km2 (155th)
125.8/sq mi
|2011 estimate
|$17,555 million[5]
|Per capita
|GDP (nominal)
|2013 estimate
|$8,572 million[5]
|Per capita
|Gini (2004)
| 0.607[6]
medium · 13th
|Somoni (
|Time zone
|Drives on the
|Calling code
|ISO 3166 code
|Internet TLD
Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkɨstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous landlocked country in Central Asia. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country.
Most of Tajikistan's 8 million people belong to the Tajik ethnic group, who speak Tajik, a dialect of Modern Persian, although many people also speak Russian. 70% of Tajikistan's population are under the age of 30.
Once part of the Samanid Empire, the area that is today Tajikistan was conquered by Russian forces in the 19th century and became a republic of the Soviet Union in the 1920s. After independence in 1991, Tajikistan suffered a devastating civil war which lasted from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. Trade in commodities such as cotton, aluminium and uranium have contributed greatly to economic growth.
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Politics
- 4 Geography
- 5 Economy
- 6 Transportation
- 7 Demographics
- 8 Health
- 9 Education
- 10 Sport
- 11 Famous People
- 12 See also
- 13 References
- 14 Further reading
- 15 External links
Tajikistan means the "Land of the Tajiks". The suffix -stan (Persian: ـستان -stān) is Persian for "place of"[7] or "country"[8] and Tajik is, most likely, the name of a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe.[9] According to the Library of Congress's 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan, it is difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."[9]
Early History[edit]
Cultures in the region have been dated back to at least the 4th millennium BCE, including the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, the Andronovo cultures and the pro-urban site of Sarazm, a UNESCO World Heritage site.[10]
The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BC when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire.[9] Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire.[11] After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BC. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BC) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished.[12][13] Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.[14]
The Kushan Empire, a collection of Yuezhi tribes, took control of the region in the first century CE and ruled until the 4th century CE during which time Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism were all practiced in the region.[15] Later the Hephthalite Empire, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region and Arabs brought Islam in the early eighth century.[15] Central Asia continued in its role as a commercial crossroads, linking China, the steppes to the north, and the Islamic heartland.
The Samanid Empire supplanted the Arabs and enlarged the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara (both of which are today part of Uzbekistan) which became the cultural centers of Tajiks. The Kara-Khanid Khanate conquered Transoxania (which corresponds approximately with modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999–1211.[16][17] Their arrival in Transoxania signaled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia,[18] but gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.[19]
During Genghis Khan's invasion of Khwarezmia in the early 13th century the Mongol Empire took control over nearly all of Central Asia. In less than a century the Mongol Empire broke up and modern Tajikistan came under the rule of the Chagatai Khanate. Tamerlane created the Timurid dynasty and took control of the region in the 14th century.
Modern Tajikistan fell under the rule of the Khanate of Bukhara during the 16th century and with the empire's collapse in the 18th century it came under the rule of both the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. The Emirate of Bukhara remained intact until the 20th century but during the 19th Century, for the second time in world history, a European power (the Russian Empire) began to conquer parts of the region.
Russian Tajikistan[edit]
Russian Imperialism led to the Russian Empire's conquest of Central Asia during the late 19th century's Imperial Era. Between 1864 and 1885 Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of Russian Turkestan, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand. Tajikistan was eventually carved out of this territory.
Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of cotton and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).[20]
During the late 19th Century the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian the Russians viewed the movement as a threat.[21]
The threat of forced conscription during World War I led to protests in July 1916, which turned violent when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in Khujand.[20]
After the Russian Revolution of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as basmachi, waged a war against Bolshevik armies in a futile attempt to maintain independence. The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which mosques and villages were burned down and the population heavily suppressed. Soviet authorities started a campaign of secularization, practicing Muslims, Jews, and Christians were persecuted,[citation needed] and mosques, churches, and synagogues[dubious ] were closed.
Soviet Tajikistan[edit]
In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR.
Between 1927 to 1934 collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.[22] violence against peasants, expansion of irrigation infrastructure and forced resettlement occurred.[22] Some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement and there was also some small-scale industrial development.[22]
Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927-1934 and 1937-1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people, from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan.[23] Ethnic Russians were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary.[23] Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.[24]
Tajiks began to be conscripted into the Soviet Army in 1939 and during World War II around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against Germany, Finland and Japan. Between 60,000(4%)[25] and 120,000(8%)[26] of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II.[27]
Following the war and Stalin's reign attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan.[28] During 1957-58 Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other Soviet Republics.[28] In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,[29] the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,[30] and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.[31]
Bobojon Ghafurov, Tajikistan's First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan from 1946-1956 was the only Tajikistani politician of significance outside of the country during the Soviet Era.[28] He was followed in office by Tursun Uljabayev (1956–61), Jabbor Rasulov (1961-1982), and Rahmon Nabiyev (1982-1985, 1991-1992).
By the late 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the Soviet Union collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence.
The nation almost immediately fell into a civil war that involved various factions fighting one another; these factions were often distinguished by clan loyalties. Non-Muslims, especially Russians and Jews, fled during this time because of persecution, increased poverty and better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.[citation needed]
Emomalii Rahmon came to power in 1994, defeating former prime minister Abdumalik Abdullajanov in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.[32] The elections took place shortly after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in a state of complete devastation. The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside of the country.[33]
In 1997, a ceasefire was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem, Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result widely praised as a successful United Nations peace keeping intiative. (United Tajik Opposition). Elections were held in 1999, though they were criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. Elections in 2006 were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe criticized it, although observers from the Commonwealth of Independent States claimed the elections were legal and transparent.[citation needed]
Rahmon's government came under criticism from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. The OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that lead to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.[34]
Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik-Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.[35] It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,[36] and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe and operate at least one military hospital in the capital city.[citation needed]
In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the Rasht Valley in September,[37] and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,[38] followed by fighting outside Gharm that left 3 militants dead. To date the country's Interior Ministry asserts that the central government maintains full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.[39] However, fighting erupted again in July 2012.[40]
Almost immediately after independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war that saw various factions, allegedly backed by Russia and Iran[citation needed], fighting one another. All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had cooled down, and a central government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.
"Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country's ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in The New York Times just before the country's November 2006 presidential election.[41]
Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the Presidency and Parliament. It is, however, a Dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.
The parliamentary elections in 2005 aroused many accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process. The most recent elections, in February 2010, saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a comfortable majority. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."[42][43] The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.[42][43]
The presidential election held on November 6, 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition parties, including the 23,000-member Islamic Renaissance Party. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent", Rahmon.[41] Tajikistan gave Iran its support in Iran's membership bid to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, after a meeting between the Tajik President and the Iranian foreign minister.[44]
Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.[45]
Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range,[46] and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.
|Ismoil Somoni Peak (highest)
|7,495 m
|24,590 ft
|North-western edge of Gorno-Badakhshan (GBAO), south of the Kyrgyz border
|Ibn Sina Peak (Lenin Peak)
|7,134 m
|23,537 ft
|Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range, north-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak
|Peak Korzhenevskaya
|7,105 m
|23,310 ft
|North of Ismoil Somoni Peak, on the south bank of Muksu River
|Independence Peak (Revolution Peak)
|6,974 m
|22,881 ft
|Central Gorno-Badakhshan, south-east of Ismoil Somoni Peak
|Akademiya Nauk Range
|6,785 m
|22,260 ft
|North-western Gorno-Badakhshan, stretches in the north-south direction
|Karl Marx Peak
|6,726 m
|22,067 ft
|GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range
|Garmo Peak
|6,595 m
|21,637 ft
|Northwestern Gorno-Badakhshan.
|Mayakovskiy Peak
|6,096 m
|20,000 ft
|Extreme south-west of GBAO, near the border to Afghanistan.
|Concord Peak
|5,469 m
|17,943 ft
|Southern border in the northern ridge of the Karakoram Range
|Kyzylart Pass
|4,280 m
|14,042 ft
|Northern border in the Trans-Alay Range
The Amu Darya and Panj rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the major source of runoff for the Aral Sea. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres.
Administrative divisions[edit]
Tajikistan consists of 4 administrative divisions. These are the provinces (viloyat) of Sughd and Khatlon, the autonomous province of Gorno-Badakhshan (abbreviated as GBAO), and the Region of Republican Subordination (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in transliteration from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ in Tajik; formerly known as Karotegin Province). Each region is divided into several districts, (Tajik: Ноҳия, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into jamoats (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (qyshloqs). As of 2006, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.[47]
|Map No
|Area (km²)[47]
|Pop (2010) Census
|Region of Republican Subordination
About 2% of the country's area is covered by lakes, the best known of which are the following:
- Kayrakum (Qairoqqum) Reservoir (Sughd)
- Iskanderkul (Fann Mountains)
- Kulikalon (Kul-i Kalon) (Fann Mountains)
- Nurek Reservoir (Khatlon)
- Karakul (Tajik: Қарокул; eastern Pamir)
- Sarez (Pamir)
- Shadau Lake (Pamir)
- Zorkul (Pamir)
Tajikistan was the poorest republic of the Soviet Union and is the poorest country in Central Asia as well as in the former Soviet Union today. More than half of Tajikistan's GDP comes from migrant remittances.[48] The current economic situation remains fragile, largely owing to corruption, uneven economic reforms, and economic mismanagement. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In FY 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production.
In 2006, GDP per capita of Tajikistan was 85% of 1990s level,[49] while the population has increased from 5.3 million in 1991 to 7.3 million in 2009.
On August 21, 2001, the Red Cross announced that a famine was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.[50] Tajikistan is an active member of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO).
In 2007 the Anzab tunnel was completed, connecting the previously hard to access Northern part of the country to the capital Dushanbe has been labeled as part of the new Silk Road. It is part of a road under construction that will connect Tajikistan to Iran and the Persian Gulf through Afghanistan.
In 2004 a bridge between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was built, improving the country's access to South Asia. The bridge was built by the United States.[51]
The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.[52] Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land.[53] The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned Tajik Aluminum Company - the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.[54]
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the Nurek, the highest dam in the world.[55] Lately, Russia's RAO UES energy giant has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.[56][57] Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company SinoHydro, and the Rogun power plant that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion[58][59] CASA 1000 project will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million.[60]
Other energy resources include sizable coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.
Foreign remittance flows from Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in Russia, has become by far the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people and represents additional 36.2% of country's GDP directly reaching the poverty-stricken population.[61] According to some estimates about 20% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.[62] Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without substantial and protracted recourse to aid (of which it by now receives only negligible amounts), and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labor.[63] The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played an important role as one of the drivers of Tajikistan's robust economic growth during the past several years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped significantly reduce poverty.[64]
Drug trafficking is the major illegal source of income in Tajikistan[65] as it is an important transit country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some opium poppy is also raised locally for the domestic market.[66] However, with the increasing assistance from international organizations, such as UNODC, and cooperation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.[67]
Tajikistan holds third place in the world for heroin and raw opium confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).[68][69] Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the well-known personalities that fought on both sides of the civil war and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are now involved in the drug trade.[66] UNODC is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It also helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.[70]
Since the collapse of the USSR, there has been a significant and growing trend of Tajiks migrating abroad for jobs and seeking refuge. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totaled an estimated 2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009.
In 2013 Tajikistan, like many of the other Central Asian countries, was experiencing major development in its transportation sector.
Tajikistan had a total of 943 kilometers of railways, with 678 kilometers of "mainline" routes. The principal segments are in the southern region and connect the capital with the industrial areas of the Gissar and Vakhsh valleys and with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Russia.[71] Most international freight traffic is carried by train.[72] The recently constructed Qurghonteppa – Kulyab railway connected the Kulyab District with the central area of the country.[72]
Tajikistan has three major airlines (East Air, Somon Air and Tajik Air) and is also serviced by foreign air companies (mainly Russian). The country's main airport is Dushanbe International Airport which has regularly scheduled flights to such major cities as Almaty, Baku, Bishkek, Delhi, Dubai, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Kabul, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Sharjah, Tehran, and Ürümqi amongst others. There are also international flights, mainly to Russia, from Khujand Airport, Kulob Airport, and Qurghonteppa International Airport. Khorog Airport is a domestic airport and also the only airport in the sparsely populated eastern half of the country.
The total length of roads in the country is 27,800 kilometers. Automobiles account for more than 90% of the total volume of passenger transportation and more than 80% of domestic freight transportation.[72] As of 2014 many highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have recently been completed. Major projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe – Kulma (Chinese border), Kurgan-Tube – Nizhny Pyanj (Afghan border) highways and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of Anzob, Shakhristan, Shar-Shar[73] and Chormazak.[74] These were supported by international donor countries.[72][75]
Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.)[4] of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30.[48] Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration.[76] The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people who have lived in the mountainous district of Sughd Viloyat for many centuries, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks and all citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajiks.[4]
In 1989, ethnic Russians in Tajikistan made up 7.6% of the population, but they are now less than 0.5%, after the civil war spurred Russian emigration.[77] The ethnic German population of Tajikistan has also declined due to emigration and was 38,853 in 1979, but the German community has almost vanished since the callapse of the Soviet Union.[78]
The official and vernacular language of Tajikistan is Tajik although Russian is routinely used in business and communication. The Constitution mentioned it as the "language for inter-ethnic communication", but an amendment passed in 2009 removed all Russian's official roles.[79]
Despite its poverty, Tajikistan has a high rate of literacy due to the old Soviet system of free education, with an estimated 99.5% of the population having the ability to read and write.[4] The majority of the population follow Sunni Islam.
In 2009 nearly one million Tajik men and many women worked abroad (mainly in Russia).[80] More than 70% of the female population lives in traditional villages.[81]
The Tajik language is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. The main urban centers in today's Tajikistan include Dushanbe (the capital), Khujand, Kulob, Panjakent, Qurghonteppa, Khorugh and Istaravshan. There are also Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Russian minorities.
The Pamiri people of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in the southeast, bordering Afghanistan and China, though considered part of the Tajik ethnicity, nevertheless are distinct linguistically and culturally from most Tajiks. In contrast to the mostly Sunni Muslim residents of the rest of Tajikistan, the Pamiris overwhelmingly follow the Ismaili sect of Islam, and speak a number of Eastern Iranian languages, including Shughni, Rushani, Khufi and Wakhi. Isolated in the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains, they have preserved many ancient cultural traditions and folk arts that have been largely lost elsewhere in the country.
The Yaghnobi people live in mountainous areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is now about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the Yaghnobi language, which is the only direct modern descendant of the ancient Sogdian language.
Tajikistan artisans created the Dushanbe Tea House, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of Boulder, Colorado.[82]
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009.[83] Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%-95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims.[84][85] The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, a variety of Protestant denominations, Catholicism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.Bukharan Jews had lived in Tajikistan since the 2nd century BC, but today almost none are left.
Relationships between religious groups are generally amicable, although there is some concern among mainstream Muslim leaders[who?] that minority religious groups undermine national unity. There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The Islamic Renaissance Party (IRP), a major combatant in the 1992–1997 Civil War and then-proponent of the creation of an Islamic state in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in Hizb ut-Tahrir, a party which today aims for a nonviolent overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.[86] Numbers of large mosques appropriate for Friday prayers are limited and some[who?] feel this is discriminatory.
By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with the SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups who do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in large fines and closure of place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain.[87]
Despite repeated efforts by the Tajik government to improve and expand health care, the system remains extremely underdeveloped and poor, with severe shortages of medical supplies. The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). This group of people suffers most from poverty in Tajikistan. The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.[88] Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.[89]
Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 66.38 years in 2012.[90] The infant mortality rate is approximately 37 deaths per 1,000 children in 2012.[91] In the early 2000s, there were 203 physicians per 100,000 people.[89] Tajikistan is the only country in world where polio is on the rise. From zero cases in 2008 and 2009, 458 confirmed cases have been reported for 2010 (of 976 cases worldwide).[citation needed]
Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education but the government has plans to implement a 12 year system in 2016.[92] There is a relatively large number of tertiary education institutions including Khujand State University which has 76 departments in 15 faculties,[92] Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics, Khorugh State University, Agricultural University of Tajikistan, Tajik State National University, and several other institutions. Most, but not all, universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008 tertiary education enrollment was 17%, significantly below the sub-regional average of 37%.[93] Many Tajiks left the education system due to low demand in the labor market for people with extensive educational training or professional skills.[93]
Public spending on education was relatively constant between 2005-2012 and fluctuated from 3.5% to 4.1% of GDP[94] significantly below the OECD average of 6%.[93] The United Nations reported that the level of spending was "severely inadequate to meet the requirements of the country's high-needs education system."[93]
According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25 percent of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias,[95] although literacy is generally high in Tajikistan.[89] Estimates of out of school children range from 4.6% to 19.4% and vast majority are girls.[93]
Tajikistan's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as hill climbing, mountain biking, rock climbing, skiing, snowboarding, hiking, and mountain climbing. The facilities are limited, however. Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Fann and Pamir Mountains, including the 7,000 m peaks in the region, are seasonally organized by local and international alpine agencies.
Football is the most popular sport in Tajikistan. The Tajikistan national football team competes in FIFA and AFC competitions. The top clubs in Tajikistan compete in the Tajik League.
The Tajikistan Cricket Federation was formed in 2012 as the governing body for the sport of cricket in Tajikistan. It was granted affiliate membership of the Asian Cricket Council in the same year.
Rugby union in Tajikistan is a minor but growing sport.
Three Tajikistani athletes have won Olympic medals for their country since independence. They are: wrestler Yusup Abdusalomov (silver in Beijing 2008), judoka Rasul Boqiev (bronze in Beijing 2008) and boxer Mavzuna Chorieva (bronze in London 2012).
Famous People[edit]
- Yusup Abdusalomov Olympic medalist, wrestler
- Omar Jhaveripeni singer
- Shahrom Abubakr singer
- Abdumalik Bahori poet, writer
- Nargis Bandishoeva singer
- Sherali Dostiev boxer
- Mamadsho Ilolov scientist
- Abduhamid Juraev mathematician
- Makhmadjon Khabibulloev football coach
- Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi mathematician, astronomer, geographer
- Mohammad Shikha web and graphic designer
- Otakhon Latifi journalist, politician
- Yuri Lobanov Olympic medalist, sprint canoer
- Farruh Negmat-Zadeh artist
See also[edit]
- Tajikistan at Wikipedia books
- Index of Tajikistan-related articles
- Outline of Tajikistan
- 2006 Tajikistan earthquake
- Central Asian Union
- Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston
- Kingdom of Balhara
- List of cities in Tajikistan
- Mount Imeon
- Telecommunications in Tajikistan
- Yaghnob Valley
- Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the CIA World Factbook.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.
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- ^ a b c d e "Central Asia: Tajikistan". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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- ^ a b c A Country Study: Tajikistan, Ethnic Background, Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0013%29
- ^ UNESCO, pro-urban site of Sarazm, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141
- ^ See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
- ^ C. Michael Hogan, Silk Road, North China, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
- ^ Shiji, trans. Burton Watson
- ^ Wood 2002:66
- ^ a b A Country Study: Tajikistan, Early History, Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0014%29
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
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- ^ a b A Country Study: Tajikistan, Tajikistan under Russian Rule, Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0013%29
- ^ anti-Russian, tsarist officials in Turkestan found their kind of education even more threatening than traditional Islamic teaching,A Country Study: Tajikistan, Tajikistan under Russian Rule, Library of Congress Call Number DK851 .K34 1997, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+tj0013%29
- ^ a b c Collectivization, U.S. Library of Congress, http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/9.htm
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- ^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups, U.S. Library of Congress
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- ^ Statistical Yearbook of the USSR 1990, Goskomstat, Moscow, 1991, p. 115 (Russian).
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- ^ Mughal, Muhammad Aurang Zeb. 2013. "Pamir Alpine Desert and Tundra." Robert Warren Howarth (ed.), Biomes & Ecosystems, Vol. 3. Ipswich, MA: Salem Press, pp. 978-980.
- ^ a b Population of the Republic of Tajikistan as of 1 January 2008, State Statistical Committee, Dushanbe, 2008 (Russian)
- ^ a b Tajikistan: Building a Democracy (video), United Nations, March 2014,http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1ey-4PO7fE
- ^ "GDP per capita in current US dollars per person". EarthTrends. Retrieved 2006-11-01.[dead link]
- ^ "BBC's Guide to Central Asia". BBC News. 2005-06-20. Retrieved 2006-11-01.
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- ^ "Background Note: Tajikistan". US Department of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs. December 2007. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Over 392.5 thousand tons of cotton picked in Tajikistan". BS-AGRO. December 12, 2013.
- ^ "Алюминий по-таджикски (Tajikistani Aluminium)" (in Russian). "Эксперт Казахстан" (Ekspert Kazakhstan) #23. 2004-12-06. Retrieved 2008-03-08.[dead link]
- ^ "Highest Dams (World and U.S.)". ICOLD World Register of Dams. 1998. Retrieved 2008-03-08.[dead link]
- ^ "Первая очередь Сангтудинской ГЭС в Таджикистане будет запущена 18 января (First stage of the Sangtuda HPS launched on 18 January)" (in Russian). Vesti. 2007-12-25. Retrieved 2008-03-08.[dead link]
- ^ "Sangtuda-1 HPS launched on January 18, 2008". Today Energy. 2008-01-05. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Iran participates in power plant project in Tajikistan". IRNA. 2007-04-24. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Chinese To Build Tajik Hydroelectric Plant". Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty. 2007-01-18. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Pakistan can end power crisis thru CASA 1000". The Gazette of Central Asia (Satrapia). 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2012-06-08.
- ^ Dilip Ratha, Sanket Mohapatra, K. M. Vijayalakshmi, Zhimei Xu (2007-11-29). "Remittance Trends 2007. Migration and Development Brief 3" (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "UNDP: Human development indices - Table 3: Human and income poverty (Population living below national poverty line (2000-2007))" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ Alexei Kireyev (January 2006). "The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan. IMF Working Paper WP/06/2" (PDF). IMF. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ^ "Tajikistan Policy Note. Poverty Reduction and Enhancing the Development Impact of Remittances. Report No. 35771-TJ" (PDF). World Bank. June 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ^ MEET THE STANS -- episodes 3&4: Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, BBC, 2011, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RFVcQ7ZxC1o
- ^ a b Silk Road Studies, Country Factsheets, Eurasian Narcotics: Tajikistan 2004
- ^ Roger McDermott (2006-01-10). "Dushanbe looks towards Afghanistan to combat drug trafficking". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Archived from the original on November 21, 2006. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
- ^ "Central Asia: Tajikistan". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ Overview of the drug and crime situation in Central Asia. Factsand Figures, Coordination and Analysis Unit of the UNODC Regional Office for Central Asia
- ^ Fighting Drugs, Crime and Terrorism in the CIS Dushanbe, 4 October 2007[dead link]
- ^ Migrant Express Part 1: Good-bye Dushanbe , http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBSardpSH0E
- ^ a b c d Tajik Mission to the UN Geneva, http://www.tajikistanmission.ch/business-and-investment/infrastructure.html
- ^ Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China, The 2.3km Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on Aug. 30.,Siyavush Mekhtan, 2009-09-03, http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06
- ^ Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel, 12/02/2014 15:49, Payrav Chorshanbiyev, http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel
- ^ Trade, tunnels, transit and training in mountainous Tajikistan, May 7, 2013, http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/leighturner/2013/05/07/trade-tunnels-transit-and-training-in-mountainous-tajikistan/
- ^ Russians left behind in Central Asia, Robert Greenall, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
- ^ Tajikistan - Ethnic Groups. Source: U.S. Library of Congress.
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- ^ "Tajikistan Drops Russian As Official Language". RFE/RL - Rferl.org. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
- ^ Deployment of Tajik workers gets green light. Arab News. 21 May 2007.
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- ^ The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house[dead link]. Retrieved on 2 May 2009
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ "Background Note: Tajikistan". State.gov. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
- ^ "Hizb ut Tahrir". BBC News (BBC). 2003-08-27. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ TAJIKISTAN: Religious freedom survey, November 2003 -Forum 18 News Service, 20 November 2003
- ^ "Tajikistan - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and joint assessment". World Bank. Retrieved 2006-11-01.[dead link]
- ^ a b c "Human Development Report 2009 - Tajikistan". Hdrstats.undp.org. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ "Country Comparison: Life Expectancy at Birth". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ "Country Comparison: Infant Mortality Rate". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
- ^ a b Classbase, Tajikistan, http://www.classbase.com/Countries/Tajikistan/Education-System
- ^ a b c d e UNICEF, Tajikistan, http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Tajikistan.pdf
- ^ Tajikistan, Public spending on education, total (% of GDP) World Bank
- ^ "Tajikistan hosts education forum". News note. UNICEF. 2005-06-09. Retrieved 2013-09-12.
Further reading[edit]
- Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh
- Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia by Monica Whitlock
- Tajikistan: Disintegration or Reconciliation by Shirin Akiner
- Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence by Shirin Akiner, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare
- Tajikistan and the High Pamirs by Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser, Odyssey Books, Hong Kong 2008 (ISBN 978-9-622177-73-4)
- Majority Minoritized by Government: Muslims in Tajikistan (analysis) by Dr. Ruslan Kurbanov, OnIslam.net. May 19, 2012.
External links[edit]
|Find more about Tajikistan at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Source texts from Wikisource
|Textbooks from Wikibooks
|Travel guide from Wikivoyage
|Learning resources from Wikiversity
- Tajikistan at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Tajikistan entry at The World Factbook
- Tajikistan at DMOZ
- Tajikistan profile from the BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of Tajikistan
- Key Development Forecasts for Tajikistan from International Futures
- Tajikistan
- Central Asian countries
- Landlocked countries
- Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States
- Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- Member states of the United Nations
- Persian-speaking countries and territories
- Russian-speaking countries and territories
- States and territories established in 1991


text:
By Christina Barron
The Washington Post
Monica Casters took a trip to the future a few weeks ago: Suddenly, the eighth-grader was 30 years old, married, with a child and working at a job that paid her $93,000 a year. This was no dream, but it wasn't real, either. She was visiting Junior Achievement Finance Park, an educational center in Fairfax, Va., where kids learn about managing money. Lessons about spending, saving and borrowing are becoming a regular part of classes, sometimes starting in elementary school.
Why do kids need to know about money?
"All kids see parents do with money is spend it," said Neale Godfrey, author of a book called "Money Doesn't Grow on Trees." But the amount of money you can spend isn't endless. "There really is such a thing as a budget," Godfrey said. (A budget is a plan that limits how much you spend on different things to fit the amount of money you have.)
Educators agree. School boards in Maryland and Virginia decided in the past three years that students must learn about money-related topics in school.
In Fairfax County Public Schools in Virgini, all eighth-graders take a half-day field trip to Finance Park after spending 20 hours in class talking about managing money.
On a recent visit, students from Carl Sandburg and Lanier middle schools were each given a card that told them how old they were, whether they were married or had children, and how much money they earned each year. Their task? Visit 18 pretend stores or offices and choose how much of their imaginary salary to spend at each place.
That meant some big decisions. A house with four bedrooms or a smaller one with a pool? A family car or a convertible? Movie channels or basic cable?
Students said that staying within their budget wasn't always easy.
"I went over my limit on clothes," admitted Monica, who attends Sandburg. "I've learned I can't have everything I want."
Kareem Homsi, a student at Lanier in Fairfax, ended up with more savings than his budget required by choosing a practical car.
"Maybe after that I can buy the convertible," Kareem said.
Buying a car involves a large amount of money, but spending habits start with much smaller purchases. Let's say there's a $30 Lego set that you want, but Mom says you have to buy it yourself. That may seem impossible when your allowance is $5 a week.
Godfrey says that the Lego set is a reachable goal even for kids who are tempted to spend money as soon as they get it. The key is setting up a system. Her system has four jars into which you put all the money you receive. (You can ask your parents to save empty jam jars.)
— Jar 1: Charity — food bank, cancer organization, etc.
— Jar 2: Quick cash — apps or ice cream.
— Jar 3: Medium-term savings — toy, gifts for friends and relatives, video game.
— Jar 4: Long-term savings — computer, college, car.
She suggests putting 10 percent of your money in the first jar, then splitting the rest evenly among the others. Under this system, you would divide your $5 allowance by putting 50 cents in the charity jar and $1.50 in jars 2, 3 and 4. Money for toys comes out of Jar 3, so if you put in $1.50 every week, the Lego set will be yours in 20 weeks. It's easy to keep track of if you create a monthly chart of the things you need to buy — a birthday gift for Dad, maybe — and the things you want to buy. And don't sneak money out of long-term savings!
Your long-term savings shouldn't just sit in a jar, Godfrey says. It belongs in a bank, where it can earn interest (the small amount of money the bank pays you for keeping it in a savings account). Ask your parents to open an account for you at their bank or see if your school has an in-school bank branch. For example, at Glen Haven Elementary School in Silver Spring, Md., any student with $5 can open an account.
"We've had deposits from two cents to $200," said Yvette Reynolds, a teacher who coordinates the Educational Systems Credit Union branch.
Reynolds said the accounts have helped students think beyond the latest toy or game they see advertised on television.
"Everything is buy, buy, buy," she said. Having the bank at school sends a different message. "They learn the importance of savings," Reynold said.
Learn more about money
Check out these Web sites, apps and books for financial facts and fun for you. (There's also a good book on this list for your parents.) Always ask a parent before going online.
Web sites
— Disney's Great Piggy Bank Adventure. Collect coins and work toward savings goals on this colorful Web site. Mini games have you trying to outsmart a wolf who wants to steal your coins. piggybank.disney.go.com/game.
— The Mint. Kid-friendly information on money, including ways to earn, spend, save and give it away. Take a quiz to find out "The Truth About Millionaires." (Hint: Most millionaires aren't professional athletes or actors.) www.themint.org/kids.
— PBS Kids: It's My Life. Get advice on earning, spending and saving money. Play the Mad Money budgeting game to see if you can afford the things you need and those you want. www.pbskids.org/itsmylife/money/managing/index.html.
— Green$treets: Unleash the Loot! This app lets kids earn pretend money by cleaning up toys and the garden. Decide how much to save and spend. For iPod Touch, iPhone and iPad. Available in the iTunes store. Free.
— Save! The Game. This app is a race to collect coins and put them in a piggy bank while avoiding the iWannas, creatures that will steal cash. For iPod Touch, iPhone and iPad. Available in the iTunes store. Free.
— "Money Doesn't Grow on Trees" by Neale S. Godfrey. $14.99. 176 pages. Parents can look for more tips on helping kids understand savings and budgeting.
— "National Geographic Kids Everything Money" by Kathy Furgang. Ages 7 to 12. $12.95. 64 pages. Learn about the history of money, what it looks like in different countries, how it's made and other fun facts in this colorful book.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LEGOs have withstood popularity's test of time from store shelves to basement boxes, inspiring creativity in the minds of children and even adults like Allegheny College alumnus Jason Ramsey, whose foot-high, foot-and-a-half-wide model of Allegheny College's historic Bentley Hall garners local attention via social media to this day.
Ramsey, assistant director of Administrative Information Services and class of 1998 Allegheny graduate, turned memory lane into a LEGO-brick road when, walking past his childhood LEGO collection for the umpteenth time, the red hue of several toy blocks reminded him of the administration and registrar building's particular shade of brick.
"I obviously love the college, having went there and worked there," said Ramsey, who took on the building's unique architectural quality as his muse around Christmas-time, 2010. "If you're looking for lasting historical buildings in northwestern Pennsylvania, Bentley is one of, if not the thing to look for."
His project has enjoyed a new round of appreciation and social-media traffic recently after he showed photos of it on Facebook.
Bentley Hall, designed by Allegheny's founder and first president Timothy Alden and built in the 1820s, has secured a place on the National Register of Historic Places.
As the college's first building, Bentley held classrooms, offices and even housing for early presidents. It's named after Dr. William Bentley, who donated his private library to Allegheny.
"It's got a lot of character," said Ramsey. "It seems to have doors and windows going every which way, but once I started building it, it all made sense."
The Christmas season seemed as good a time as any to Ramsey, who sought to manifest Bentley Hall's character as well as his positive memories attending and working for Allegheny College.
Recruiting his 5-year-old son Eli, age 3 at the time, Ramsey laid the groundwork online using the LEGO Digital Designer. Within two days, the father-and-son building team completed the model shell.
"I walked around the building a couple of times to find out what I was missing," said Ramsey, knowing specialty pieces would eventually be required to complete the project. "I built it brick by brick using the program to be methodical about it."
After several weeks of tracking down the remaining parts, Ramsey spent upwards of one month erecting his Bentley Hall tribute, which quickly became an Allegheny Magazine photo-op.
"It was really impressive, though if you know Jason you expect that kind of careful attention to detail," said Kathy Roos, director of campus communications.
"People who work in Bentley seem to be more impressed by it," said Ramsey, recalling how the then-Dean of Admissions Jennifer Winge requested LEGO Bentley be placed in the visitor's center, a request Ramsey declined.
"It's sitting on my desk at work; I get enough traffic in my office for it to be a nice conversation piece," Ramsey continued.
Although Ramsey claims his skills to be amateur compared to the country's renowned LEGO builders, he often plays with the idea of capturing another Allegheny structure through the toy brick medium.
"I'd be surprised if I didn't do more some day," said Ramsey. "A couple of buildings have caught me eye, but none are an obvious homerun like Bentley, so to speak."
"I think everyone who's seen Jason's LEGO Allegheny building thinks that it should be built into Jason's job description that he has to create one LEGO Allegheny building a year," said Roos. "Or maybe a month — that way we might be able to have an entire LEGO campus in time for the college's bicentennial in 2015."
Konstantine Fekos can be reached at 724-6370 or by email at email@example.com.


text:
Weatherford Democrat
— The Weatherford Art Association will hold its monthly meeting for January at 7 p.m. on Monday, Jan. 27, at the Firehouse Gallery, 119 Palo Pinto St.
Texas artist DeBob Jacob, of Maypearl, will be the guest artist. The public is invited to attend.
Jacob has been working and teaching painting and sculpture for more than 25 years. She is, in her own words, "proud to be a painter," adding, "I paint in celebration of, and in gratitude for, the many wonders I have seen."
Jacob has won numerous awards and honors, and participated in many shows throughout the southwestern United States. She has appeared in the top 200 of the Arts in the Park show for the past five years and she has been a recipient of the prestigious Bosque art grant. In the 2007 An Artist's Christmas, Jacob earned the Best Traditional Award.
Jacob earned an associate's degree in Art and continued her professional education at the Cowboy Artists of America Museum in Kerrville. American Women Artists now have a representative on the AWA board of directors after Jacob joined the board in June.


text:
Staff Writer
Cydney Baron
Funeral services for Sue Toalson, 80, Pryor, are Friday, Feb. 1, 2 p.m., at Stephens Memorial Chapel. Pastor Junior Mullin will officiate and burial will follow at Graham Memorial Chapel.
Toalson was born July 10, 1932, in Ramona to Lawrence J. and Mary L. (Miller) Street. She died Jan. 29, in Tulsa. She was 80.
She had lived in Pryor for about the last 46 years. She was married to George Toalson on May 21, 1948; he preceded her in death on Oct. 31, 2012. She was a member of the Pentecostal Church of God, Pryor. She liked to sew and she enjoyed going to car races with George and her family. She had served as Secretary/Treasurer for Pryor Little League for several years. Getting to spend time with her children and grandchildren meant everything to her.
She is survived by daughter Carol Bump of Locust Grove, son George Toalson and wife Pat of Claremore, daughter Mary Denton of Pryor, daughter Terry Toalson of Adair, daughter Barbara Collins and husband Mike of Peggs, son Steven Toalson and wife Lindsey of Claremore; 12 grandchildren; 17 great-grandchildren; five great-great grandchildren, and several nieces and nephews. In addition to her husband, she was preceded in death by her parents, three brothers and one sister.


text:
Play of the Day: Where Will Snowden Find Asylum?
- By Ross Gianfortune
- July 19, 2013
- Leave a comment
According to a report, alleged Sept. 11 planner Khalid Sheikh Mohammed has been spending his years in detention at Guantánamo Bay by designing a vacuum cleaner. The Late Show's David Letterman joked about this fact, including giving the cleaner a new slogan: "It has declared jihad on dirt."
In other news, The Tonight Show's Jay Leno mentioned recent comments by Joe Biden about his shot at the presidency and the news that more Americans are not able to fit in ambulances and emergency helicopters. Conan O'Brien spent some monologue time on a recent mixup involving Rep. Michele Bachmann.
National Security Agency leaker Edward Snowden's time stuck at Moscow's Sheremetyevo International Airport continues. The latest news is that he has been nominated for a Nobel Prize, which prompted Letterman to compare him to those bringing back an American treat. Sen. Lindsey Graham thinks the United States should boycott the Sochi Olympic games if Snowden is granted asylum in Russia. Unfortunately, he made an inelegant comparison, which had Stephen Colbert questioning Graham's argument.
Fast forward to 3:45 to see Letterman explain Snowden's current asylum options.
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Skipper reflects on his toughest period
Spinner unfazed by making batsmen look foolish
Legendary bat an icon of 1970s cricket in Australia
Part three of exclusive Johnson interview
Live streaming has ended for the 2013/14 season. Login to your Cricket Australia account to manage your password.
Never miss a ball with our free online radio.
Australia take on Pakistan for one T20I, three ODIs and two Test matches in the UAE.
The Commonwealth Bank Southern Stars will take on Pakistan in four T20s and four ODIs to begin the international season in Australia.
Australia take on South Africa this summer in the KFC T20 INTL Series with matches in Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney.
Mitchell Johnson holds the record for the most wickets (37) in an Ashes series by a left-arm quick.
Brad Haddin has scored the most runs by an Australian wicketkeeper in a Test series.
Meg Lanning holds the record for the fastest 50 and century by an Australian female, scoring 50 runs off 23 balls and 100 off 45.
There's no better way to spend a day than with new friends learning how to play cricket. Join up today!
You don't have to bat or bowl to be in the middle of the action, become an umpire and join in on the fun!
Be in to win with all of Cricket Australia's current competitions
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Come join the Australian fans as they show their support away from home.
Right Hand bat
Left Arm Orthodox
Having burst onto the international scene as a 23-year-old with a century on Test debut, the man known as 'Pup' has matured into the top dog of Australian cricket.
Clarke's batting has reached record-breaking levels since taking over as captain, and the summer of 2013-14 saw him lead his side back to the summit of Test cricket.
Imaginative and attacking captaincy has been an impressive feature of Clarke's reign as skipper, and his leadership qualities were there for all to see during Australia's Ashes whitewash and series victory in South Africa.
That famous win against the Proteas also included arguably Clarke's greatest performance as a batsman. The skipper finished unbeaten on 161 at Newlands after bravely surviving a brutal spell from Morne Morkel, with scans later revealing he had played most of the innings with a fractured shoulder.
Having been harshly targeted by some fans when victories were hard to come by, Clarke has successfully turned the tide of public opinion in his favour.
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'He's an amazing batsman': Clarke
02 Aug 14
Aussies slip in latest ICC rankings
01 Aug 14
Scorchers sign Klinger for BBL|04
Clarke's Academy to bridge the gap
31 Jul 14
Australia captain Michael Clarke announces the opening of the Michael Clarke Cricket Academy and its first five-day camp to be held in Sydney in September.
Clarke enjoying latest challenge
27 Jul 14
No Homework-gate regrets for Clarke
25 Jul 14
Follow Clarke's lead, urges KP
08 Jul 14
MClarke23 @kurtfearnley a huge congrats mate. You should be very proud.
MClarke23 @MichaelB2015 very kind mate, thanks for the support
MClarke23 A special thanks to the great man @karlstefanovic for his help today MC-ing the launch of my Cricket Academy.
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PAWNEE, Okla. —
You might not recall the name Chester Gould, but almost everyone knows his creation — Dick Tracy.
Tracy probably is the most-famous cop in comic-strip history. It all begin with Gould and a box of Crayons in Pawnee.
Saturday, Pawnee celebrated the birth of the Dick Tracy comic strip, which first appeared in the Detroit Mirror in October 1931. The strip's popularity grew. Eventually, it was syndicated nationwide and in approximately 25 foreign papers.
Dick Tracy also has appeared in cartoons and the movies.
Saturday Pawnee Mayor Brad Sewell donned Tracy's famous yellow fedora and a yellow trench coat, similar to the one Warren Beatty wore in 1990 Dick Tracy movie. Beatty produced, directed and starred in that film.
"A lot of the characters (Chester Gould) created are based on the people he knew growing up," Sewell said. "You read the Dick Tracy comic books and you see a lot of the spirit of the town. It means a lot to the town. Dick Tracy Day is dedicated to keeping that spirit alive."
Chayton Vogele blended in with the memorabilia. He has worn Dick Tracy garb at the annual celebration since he was 9 or 10 years old. In his youth, he won the events Tracy lookalike contest.
"I've seen the movies, and that's what got me interested. I love the way he talked. I loved how tough he was. His personality is just awesome," Vogele said.
The villians in Tracy comic strips are just as noteworthy. Pruneface, B.B. Eyes, Mumbles and Flattop Jones are a handful of bad guys that Tracy battled over and over.
Flattop is Vogele's favorite Tracy's nemesis.
"I think he is pretty interesting, especially how he looks. I'd really like to know how his head got so flat. I figure somebody got him with a hammer possibly," he said.


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|Leaf color:
past peak
|Flower color:
past peak
|Grass color:
past peak
Where to go: We have many beautiful overlooks from on top of our old mining hills, accessible from our trails. Access is by walking from our office area or bring up your OHV and ride the trails.
What you'll see: You will be able to see the Great Northeastern MN Forest for miles in any direction. Overlooks also include the City of Gilbert and an existing mining operation.
Also of interest: Come with your ATV, ORV or OHM and ride the trails to see the great fall colors. Wildlife is also abundant within the recreation area. This includes Deer, Beaver, Rabbits, Grouse and many other species of birds.Last updated: October 28, 2013
Can�t decide between a one-day or year-round park permit? The DNR has a special offer that can help. Start by purchasing a one-day permit for $5 and visit as many state parks as possible. After visiting the state parks, trade in the one-day permit by the end of that day and get $5 off the purchase of a year-round permit. Year-round permits, which cost $25, provide unlimited access to all 76 Minnesota state parks and recreation areas for a full year from the month of purchase.
Learn more »


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BRGZ10046 In Stock
Wow the crowd with this Classic Deco Style Princess Cut Right Hand Ring! The elegant nature of this princess cut ring will go perfect for any occasion and the deco style is something every woman shouldn't be without! This right hand ring comes in sizes 6-9.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable. To return jewelry to EvesAddiction.com, please follow the steps at the following link.


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Tucson Was Obama's Best While 'Blood Libel' Was Palin's Worst
If yesterday was a preview of the 2012 campaign, GOPers should run for the hills.
Last evening, Barack Obama gave the best speech of this presidency. President Obama's rhetoric is reminiscent of John F. Kennedy's. So it is fitting that President Obama's best effort came the week before we celebrate the 50th anniversary of President Kennedy's celebrated inaugural address.
[See 5 Lessons From JFK and Eisenhower]
The president at his best is a calming influence in troubled times. Last night, he reassured an anxious nation that things would be fine if we practiced civility and humility. His speech reminded me of his performance during his third debate with John McCain in October 2008. The nation was teetering at the brink of a financial collapse and the Republican presidential nominee's testy responses made voters even more anxious than they already were. Barack Obama was soothing that night and made voters feel that if we all took a deep breath and relaxed, things would be all right.
[Photo Gallery: Gabrielle Giffords Shooting in Arizona.]
While Barack Obama was at his best, Sarah Palin was at her worst. If yesterday was a preview of the 2012 presidential campaign, Republicans should run for the hills. The president's job is to give voice to the hopes and fears of Americans and he did that very well. Fifty years ago, President Kennedy captured the dreams of a new generation at his inaugural. Yesterday, all the former half-term governor of Alaska accomplished gave voice to was her own paranoia. And Americans already have enough of their own paranoia to deal with. [See editorial cartoons about Sarah Palin.]
President Obama is at his best when he speaks of principles like civility and humility. He is at his worst when he talks about his own handiwork like healthcare reform and economic stimulus.
But what Barack Obama does best; he does very well.


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John R. Coss
ANDES — Committal services with Military Honors for John R. Coss, 81, a lifelong Andes resident who died Dec 15, 2012, will be 11 a.m. Tuesday, May 28, in the Andes Rural Cemetery.
A U.S. Army veteran (1951 to 1954), John served in Korea.
Arrangements are with Robert A. Peet, Hall & Peet Funeral Home, Delhi.


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On Monday, Patch sought for the readers' choice on the ultimate place to be on St. Patrick's Day in Long Beach.
While we came up with an initial list, thanks to our readers we now have a few more places in the running for the Patch title for the readers' choice when it comes to St. Patrick's Day.
Voting is open until 9 a.m. Friday. Ties will be broken by whichever business has the most positive comments in the section below. We will announce the winner at noon Friday.
So be sure to vote for your favorite place to enjoy some corn beef and cabbage. And don't forget to tell us in the comments below why.


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Narrow your search
Watch ads, earn credit, then exchange that credit for movies, TV shows, or even a Pandora subscription.
Available in two very different styles, these wireless 'phones were built with exercise in mind.
Samsung's next smartphone could let you navigate with your eyes, Twitter kills TweetDeck apps, and HitBliss users pay for movies by watching commercials.


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Alright I am going to start cutting now that I have been gaining for quite a while. I was wondering what cardio you guys all do. I am kind of tired of swimming and running, so I was wondering what everyone else does just so that I can mix it up a little bit. Thanks!
i do a variety of stuff.....
swimming, walk/jog intervals, walking on the treadie, elliptical training, rowing.....whatever's clever.
A little learning is a dangerous thing...
Live Dangerously! Learn a Little!
Dude, did Doogie Howser just steal my fucking car?
Just remember dont cut your carbs AND add cardio at the same time..first cut your carbs, then when you stop loosing weight, add cardio. start with three 30 minutes sessions a week, and gradually increase untill no more than 6 x 45 min per week.
I do my cardio on a stationary bike. 30 minutes in the morning on an empty stomach, 5 times a week.
Sex suspended from wires is fun and aerobically demanding!
...actually HIIT is a great way to go. You don't cannibalize muscle tissue the way you would by long runs or swims and the workout usually takes less time to complete.
this is what i do, but its preseason training for college soccer.
2 or 3 days a weak-5K run on streets, times will vary, my best is just under 23 around the hills of WV
5 days a week-5 sets of 30 yard sprints 5 times-like 5 30 yard sprints w/o rest, and do it 5 times, ends up being a total of 750 yards
-then after that, i do 3 120 yard sprints, then im done w/ running til tomorrow
BF%-Low, 8-10
Chest Lifts: BB Bench-210 x 1
BB Incline-150 x 4
DB Incline-60 x 10
Sparring or boxing for a good 20 minutes in the morning is good. Jump rump is also good.
"I'm little, I am 5'6-5'7, i weigh 130, but I dont wanna get too big, just pretty good size. I just wanna have good porportions. Maybe get to like 160-150, that about it, i want to be cut more than big, but I dont wanna be skinny.
Yeah Jump Rope is awesome. Basketball and cycling are two of my favorites
Height: 5'7"
Weight: Not Big Enough
Take things as they are. Punch when you have to punch. Kick when you have to kick. Bruce Lee
I just started HIIT myself, gonna see how it helps out.
Beachbody coaching lets you turn your hobby into a career - Beachbody


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Real Avid ZipWire Rifle Cleaning Brush and Jag .22 Caliber Brass Combo Pack
Product #: 797779 Real Avid #: AVZW22-A UPC #: 813119011078
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The Real Avid ZipJag and ZipBrush Combo Pack will help you clean your firearm faster, more efficiently, and with better results. These Real Avid cleaning tools feature the only jag that's specifically designed for a flex-rod system. The multiple grooves of the jag in the cleaning kit force patches directly against the bore instead of bunching them up unevenly, maximizing the coverage of your solvent. The Real Avid Zip Jag/Brush Cleaning Tool Combo Kit also includes a ZipBrush, a sturdy cleaning brush with tough bronze-phosphor bristles that power right through fouling and build up with no problems. Real Avid has packaged two high-quality cleaning tools in one package with the Real Avid Jag and Brush Gun Cleaning Tool Combo Set.
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IMP Awards > 2010 Movie Poster Gallery > South of the Border Poster
South of the Border (2010)
TRAILERS | IMDB | AMAZON | added: Jul 6th, 2010
WANT TO BUY THE POSTER? Try these links:
Internet Movie Poster Awards - Featuring one of the largest collections of movie poster images on the web.
Site Design by Face3media


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* * * GIVEAWAY * * * 3 beautiful handmade prize packs up for grabs with prizes of Jewellery made
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The public now has more reasons to keep personal and harmful information off the Internet. Recent news reports that insurance companies will go on the Facebook and Twitter accounts of their clients who file accident and personal injury claims against them. They go on the social media sites to find evidence that could be used against the claimant in court.
In August, a federal judge dismissed charges against a fugitive Miami doctor indicted in one of the nation's largest cases against Internet pharmacies. Internet pharmacies are a slew of pharmacies that consumers could just refill or put in their medication online due to savings and convenience. These prescription drugs such as birth control pills, pain medications, and diet pills were distributed without physician's examination or prescription. Additionally, they are likely to get fake drugs that are contaminated, have expired, or with no active ingredients or the wrong amount of active ingredients or even toxic substances such as arsenic and rat poison. Research shows that only a few dozen of Internet pharmacies are legitimate and following the rules.
Even though this Miami doctor may have been convicted if they could fully prosecute him under the court of law, the prosecutor urged the court to dismiss the case because the evidence against thus doctor results for the case contained more than 400,000 documents and two terabytes of information. This information was too expensive for the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to maintain. Even though the prosecutor had all this evidence against him, they could not show it in court merely because the evidence took up too much room and thus, had to let a criminal go free.
These days, it is crucial for lawyers to know and understand how social media works and how to utilize it to their advantage. Something posted online has the same rules as before in terms of lawsuits, except the liability of the defendants could be broader because information on the Internet does not have a jurisdictional limit. Otherwise, their opponents will use social media against them. As in the case of the Internet pharmacies, future Big Pharma and other defendants' counsels will learn from this case and advice the defendants to their Internet networks updated so that they can overload the networks of the various governmental enforcement agencies with electronic data during the discovery stage, even before the case goes to trial. In order to win a case against the pharmaceutical companies and the insurance companies, the plaintiffs' lawyers must also be willing to invest the money and the resources to keep their networks updated.
The Rhode Island attorneys at d'Oliveira & Associates has an information sheet that they give to each of their clients so that they know the dangers and pitfalls of using social media. They explain clearly to each of their clients that they should not make any statements on the social media networks about their case. Furthermore, they strongly recommend that the client close or deactivate their accounts until their case is completed. The Law Offices of d'Oliveira and Associates are at the top of their competitors when it comes to utilizing social media and the Internet to improve their strategies both during trial preparation and during the actual trial.
d'Oliveira & Associates 2540 PAWTUCKET AVE. EAST PROVIDENCE, R.I. 02914 (401) 431-1990


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LAKEWOOD RANCH -- Lakewood Ranch is putting plans in motion to become a more self-sustaining community, and officials want to start that transition by addressing watering issues.
During a workshop meeting at Lakewood Ranch Town Hall Tuesday, Lakewood Ranch Inter-District Authority Board supervisors listened to a staff presentation on a strategic vision to improve water distribution and consumption in Lakewood Ranch.
The two-year irrigation initiative includes educating residents on proper water consumption, upgrading infrastructure and installing water meters, adding staff with utility management experience, and transferring ownership of all infrastructure to the IDA or creating a special utility district.
"The key is making sure we are self-sustaining," said Eva Rey, executive director of the IDA.
Lakewood Ranch supervisors agreed irrigation has to be addressed by one authority rather than each community development district dealing with the issues separately.
"We've got to agree to address this as a global system and this is about funding that directly puts an onus on our system," said Tom Green,
chairman of the IDA.
Rey also said during the presentation that Lakewood Ranch would be able to apply for a variance through the Southwest Florida Water Management District for installing smart technology upgrades, which would allow the community to irrigate more than twice a week. Currently, Lakewood Ranch is limited to a once-per-week schedule by Braden River Utilities, a subsidiary of Schroeder-Manatee Ranch, the developer of Lakewood Ranch.
The irrigation plan will use information provided in an irrigation study conducted by Azad Shah of LPA Group, who was contracted by the Inter-District Authority in 2009. In March, Shah determined some communities in Lakewood Ranch require anywhere between 5-10 hours of irrigation per week, though BRU allows 2 to 4.5 hours per week. Shah also said the districts would need roughly $3.5 million worth of improvements to the irrigation system. Under the initiative, users, not the districts, would pay for the water system. The four community districts added between $90,000 to $100,000 to their 2013 fiscal year budgets this past October to absorb a 50 percent water usage rate increase by BRU.
In other news Tuesday, District 1 supervisors agreed to vote on applicants to fill the district seat vacated by Gary Berns this week. During the public district meeting Thursday at Town Hall, supervisors will choose between Gilbert Pearce or Bob Swiatek, two board members on the Summerfield-Riverwalk Village Homeowner Association.
Nick Williams, East Manatee reporter can be reached at 941-748-0411 ext. 7049. Twitter:@_1NickWilliams


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Apollonio Copertino Rosso 2007, D.O.C., Puglia, Italy: Seductive nose of fleshy blackberries and plums. Juicy, supple, full-bodied and smooth on the palate. Finishes with fruity-fleshy sweet blackberries. Pair with a juicy steak. Drink: 2012-2015. 23226 14% D 750 mL $16.95 Score: 87/100. March 2, 2013 Perfect Pasta and Tomato Sauce Wine Full Review
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|Home > Craft Templates & Stencils > Mask/Templates (Non HOTP's) > Small Butterfly Mask Set (MW4005854)
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Create extraordinary effects with these masks! Get creative with paints, Smooch spritz, walnut inks and more when you play with these clever butterfly masks. The gorgeous designs from Maya Road are perfect for creating unique and beautiful backgrounds and accents on papers, cards, gift bags, boxes and much more. Spray over the solid version of a butterfly with one color, remove it, and place the cut-out version on the design and spray another color over it. Beautiful! You'll love the results on your scrapbooking and card making projects, tags, ATCs, and more! You'll get 10 masks, 2⅞"-3⅛" wide.
Part number: MW4005854
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Updated Dec 19, 2012 - 12:38 pm
Report: Westerman transfer to ASU is official
News broke last week that former Hamilton High School standout Christian Westerman was planning on leaving Auburn to transfer to Arizona State.
According to ASUDevils.com, the transfer became official Wednesday.
Christian Westerman transfer from Auburn to Arizona State is official per ASU program source. Former No. 3 tackle recruit nationally.— ASUDevils.com (@ASUDevilscom) December 19, 2012
Westerman was rated the third-best offensive tackle prospect in the nation in 2011 by Rivals.com, and chose Auburn over offers from Alabama, Florida, Florida State, Georgia, Nebraska, Notre Dame, Ohio State, Oregon, Texas and both Arizona and Arizona State.
The 6-foot-4, 298-pound Westerman played in three games this past season for Auburn, starting one. He was bothered by an ankle injury for a good portion of the 2012 season.
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- Todd Graham, ASU Football Head Coach - Thursday July 31Head coach Todd Graham talks about the upcoming season of ASU football.
- Dr. Michael Crow, ASU president - Wednesday July 23ASU president Dr. Michael Crow is this week�s guest on the Fork Report.
- Adam Archuleta, former ASU & NFL defensive back - Wednesday July 16Former ASU & NFL DB Adam Archuleta is the guest on this week�s ASU Fork Report.
- Darren Woodson, former Sun Devil & NFL defensive back - Wednesday July 9Former Sun Devil DB Darren Woodson shares his thoughts on ASU football.
- Herb Sendek- ASU men's bball coach - Wednesday June 25ASU men's basketball coach Herb Sendek talks Sun Devil basketball and the NBA Draft.
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