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Age Hardening
Aluminum Treating
Analytical Gear Inspection Machines
Austempering Equipment
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Related Companies
When it comes to thermal processing equipment, AFC-Holcroft has one of the most diversified product lines in the heat treat equipment industry. We are fully equipped to design, manufacture, ship, install, and service all types of custom and standard heat treat systems. We've been making high quality thermal processing equpiment since 1916. Find out why some of the best-known names in manufacturing trust AFC-Holcroft equipment for their production. ISO 9001:2008 certified.
All Metals & Forge Group, LLC
All Metals & Forge produces rings, flanges, gear blanks, single and double hubs, trunnions, bevel gear blanks, couplings, seamless rolled rings, rims, center hubs, sleeves, gear blanks, discs (pancake forgings), pinion shafts, step-downs, spindles, rack forgings in gear quality carbon and alloy steels with through-hardening, carburizing and bearing quality grades with forged-in steps to save on machining. Shafts are available up to 45-feet-long and 50,000 pounds and the company can produce part weights from under 100 pounds to more than 30 tons for the gear industry.
Applied Process
Applied Process is a world leader in austempering technology.
Barber-Colman, Div of Bourn & Koch
Bourn & Koch designs and builds new machines for hobbing, grinding, turning and shaping. We also provide parts and service for legacy machine tool products, including Barber-Colman, Fellows and many others.
Bourn & Koch Inc.
Established in 1974, Bourn & Koch Inc. is a manufacturer of industrial machine tools for a wide variety of industries. Bourn & Koch Inc. expanded in the new machine market by purchasing Barber-Colman Machine Tool Division in 1985, by purchasing Fellows and Roto-Technology in 2002, and by purchasing DeVlieg Bullard in 2004.
Broach Masters / Universal Gear Co.
Manufacturer of Broaches, Disc Shapers, Disc Shaper Cutters, Shank Shapers, Shank Shaper Cutters, Gear Shaper Cutters, Spline Broaches, Master Gears, Spline Gages, Spline Gauges, Fine Pitch, Serration. Made in USA.
Capital Tool Industries
CTI is a long established company producing quality Gear Cutting Tools. We specialize in the manufacture of Gear Hobs, Worm Gear Hobs, Involute Gear Cutters, Gear Shaper Cutters, Gear Shaving Cutters & all types of Milling Cutters.
Supplier of polymers suitable for gearing to the injection molding industry.
Comtorgage Corporation
Comtorgage Corporation manufactures a variety of hand-held, indicating gages (analog or digital) designed and built to measure various characteristics of machined, molded, forged, and pressed parts. Comtorgages are intended for use on the shop floor, or in the lab, wherever there is a requirement for frequent, and accurate monitoring of specific dimensions, with or without data collection.
DTR Corp. (formerly Dragon Precision Tools)
DTR offers a complete line of coarse pitch to fine pitch hobs including involute, worm, chain sprocket, timing pulley, serration, parallel spline or special tooth shape, shaper cutters and milling cutters for auto, aerospace, wind, mining, construction and other industrial gear cutting applications.
ECM Technologies started manufacturing heat-treatment furnaces in 1928. Since that time, ECM personnel have always been completely committed to extending their knowledge in the field of temperature control, high pressures, vacuum and the behavior of materials. This expertise, on an industrial scale, has always been enriched by our close partnership with furnace users, engineers, heat treat engineers and developers. Today, our knowledge base is at the core of all our customers' production lines. It is this concern for caring and listening, combined with our passion for our profession, which has forged ECM Technology and ECM USAs recognized spirit of innovation.
ESGI Tools Pvt. Ltd.
We introduce ourselves as the leading manufacturer & Exporters of gear cutting tools, including hobs, shaper cutters, shaving cutters, rack milling cutters, Coniflex bevel gear cutters, shaving cutters and master gears.
Fellows Machine Tools
We long have been known for manufacturing new hobbing horizontal hobbing machines under our Bourn & Koch name. We also build new Fellows Gear Shapers, Motch Vertical Turning machines, Springfield Vertical OD/ID Grinding machines, and Blanchard Rotary Grinding Machines.
Gears extend across all industries. Forkardt, for many years, has provided workholding solutions to the gear industry. Applications we have designed workholding for in the gear industry are hard turning, grinding, and creation of pin plate for holding bevel gears
Frenco GmbH
FRENCO GmbH was founded in 1978 and has since then been engaged in the special field of gear and spline metrology. Most of todays gears and splines are precision items, for whose production both know-how and special tools with very tight tolerances are required. In order to inspect the manufactured workpieces, companies need even more accurate measuring and inspection equipment. FRENCO has committed itself to this challenge.
Gear Resource Technologies Inc.
Gear Resource Technologies, Inc. (GRT) has focused directly upon precision tooling needs of gear manufacturers, since 1997. We provide a highly-responsive engineering, analytical, and manufacturing resource, for the many specific tooling needs of the industry.
Gleason Corporation
Gleason Corporations mission is to be The Total Gear Solutions Provider to its global customer base. Gleason is a world leader in the development, manufacture and sale of gear production machinery and related equipment. The Companys products are used by customers in automotive, truck, aircraft, agriculture, mining, windpower, construction, power tool and marine industries and by a diverse set of customers serving various industrial equipment markets. Gleason has manufacturing operations in Rochester, New York; Rockford, Illinois; Dayton, Ohio; Munich and Ludwigsburg, Germany; Studen, Switzerland; Bangalore; India, and Suzhou, China and has sales and service offices throughout North and South America, Europe and in the Asia-Pacific region.
Gleason Cutting Tools Corporation
Wherever superior gear performance is needed -- from hand-held power tools to super tankers, from automobiles to aircraft -- Gleason Cutting Tools Corporation gear tools are at work, helping raise the standard of bevel and cylindrical gear manufacturing to levels unimaginable just a few years ago.
Hainbuch America
For over 60 years HAINBUCH has been constantly developing new gear clamping solutions focusing on the essentials: the wants and needs of the customer. Set-up times and cost savings, flexibility, productivity, energy efficiency and security all that you expect from gear clamping solutions. At HAINBUCH America people don´t just work together, we are one big family. Passion, family spirit and the drive for the right innovation at the right time, that´s the mix that makes HAINBUCH America.
Inductoheat Inc.
Inductoheat is the largest global manufacturer of induction heating equipment. We are part of the Inductotherm Group of some 40 companies worldwide. We design & build heat treating equipment & power supplies for heating a wide range of parts including gears & sprockets.
Ipsen, Inc.
Ipsen, Inc. designs and manufactures thermal processing systems (vacuum heat treat furnaces and atmosphere heat treat furnaces) for a wide variety of markets, including Aerospace, Medical, Energy, Chemical and Automotive. With thousands of installed systems worldwide, whether it's innovative titanium knee implants, making cars more efficient, developing new jet engines or going to the moon, Ipsen delivers quality.
Kapp Technologies
For over 50 years, KAPP GmbH has been one of the world's premier manufacturers of machine tools for the precision finishing of gears.
KISSsoft USA LLC
The KISSsoft calculation program has been developed to focus on the needs of mechanical engineers and power transmission profes
Klingelnberg AG
Klingelnberg is a world leader in the development, manufacture and sale of gear production machinery and related equipment.
Liebherr America
Liebherr Gear Technology Co. is your North American access point to a broad range of technically advanced gear manufacturing technologies and processes.
Machine Tool Builders
MTB recontrols existing CNC machines and rebuilds manual change gear machines, such as gear shapers, hobbers, and grinders into precision machines by converting mechanical components to motorized servos with multiple axes and spindles using CNC controls. Specializing in Fellows, Fromag-Rapida, Hoglund, Kapp, Liebherr, Lorenz, Module, Pfauter, and Red Ring brands.
McInnes Rolled Rings
McInnes Rolled Rings manufactures seamless rolled ring forgings from 4" - 144" OD. Offering quick quotes and fast, reliable deliveries. ISO9001 & AS9100 Certified.
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America
Our family of gear cutting machines shares a name and a whole lot more. Mitsubishi gear hobbers, shapers, shavers and grinders also share Mitsubishi machine construction and Mitsubishi software and have common controls. That is why only Mitsubishi gear machines--the most complete family of gear machines--can deliver the fastest CNC learning curves and the highest quality gears.
Norton | Saint-Gobain
Norton, a brand of Saint-Gobain, is a leading manufacturer of a wide array of abrasive products. For applications ranging from rapid stock removal to precision finishing in all industries, products are offered in BEST, BETTER and GOOD performance/price tiers to meet the needs of all end-user applications.
Pentagear Products
Pentagear, a builder of special machines and automated systems for over 50 years, offers the ND430 Next Dimension® Gear Measurement System. The Next Dimension® has been designed with the latest in motion control technology.
Precision Gage Co., Inc.
Precision Gage Co., Inc. is the manufacturer and supplier of the VARI-ROLL and GearMaster Dual Flank Composite Gear Tester.
Presrite Corporation
Presrite manufactures net and near-net forgings for a wide range of industries in countries around the world. Its parts are used in the transmissions, engines and undercarriages of track-type tractors, excavators, wheel loaders and other off-highway vehicles. Presrite institutes an internal program designed to increase performance and quality levels while better controlling costs. Called ?6 SIGMA,? the program involves setting goals, collecting data, and then measuring and analyzing the results.
R.E. Smith & Co.
Over 60 years experience in the gear industry. Over 20 years consulting experience in all types of industries. Over 140 different clients with applications from tiny camera gears to large hydro-electric plant drive gears. We have published numerous articles and technical papers in the area of gear metrology, noise, and transmission error (single flank composite) testing.
Samputensili S.p.A.
SU America is a unit of Samputensili S.p.A. of Bologna, Italy and a part of the multi-national Maccaferri Industrial Group.
Sandvik Coromant
Sandvik Coromant is the world's leading producer of tools for turning, milling and drilling. We are represented in 130 countries worldwide. Our head office is in Sandviken, Sweden and we have 8 000 employees. We have customers throughout the metalworking field including the world's major automotive and aerospace industries, the die and mould industry and general engineering industries. In more than 25 well-equipped Productivity Centers customers learn about tooling solutions for increased productivity. We offer various programs to help you and us recognize what's best in your production - and pinpoint areas that need improvements. Our central stocking points in Europe, the United States and the Far East supply our customers directly, within 24 hours. We invest at least twice as much in research and development every year than the average company in our business.
Seco Tools Inc.
Our business mission is to develop, manufacture and globally market metal cutting solutions that satisfy our customer requirements for quality, service and cost-efficiency. Our product portfolio consists of solutions for milling, turning, holemaking and holding systems. We also offer a range of complementary services within the Seco Tools Business Solutions concept.
Solar Atmospheres
Solar Atmospheres specializes in vacuum heat treating, vacuum nitriding, vacuum brazing as well as vacuum carburizing services. With processing expertise and personalized service, Solar will process your small or large parts efficiently with our unique range of 40 vacuum furnaces. Sizes range from lab furnaces to the world's largest commercial vacuum furnace.
Star Cutter Co.
Headquartered in Farmington Hills, MI, StarCut Sales, Inc. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Star Cutter Company and is a partner in the Star SU LLC enterprise for marketing, sales, and service. Through Star SU and StarCut Sales, Inc.'s international organization Star Cutter Company markets and services its products in North America, South America, Europe and the Far East.
Star SU LLC
Star SU LLC provides the latest in gear and rotor manufacturing technology by offering a wide variety of gear cutting machinery, tools and services.
Star SU LLC
SU America is a unit of Samputensili S.p.A. of Bologna, Italy and a part of the multinational Maccaferri Industrial Group of companies. Samputensili produces machines, tools and services for the gear manufacturing industry. Manufacturing facilities are located in Italy, France, Brazil, Korea, Japan and the United States.
Steelmans Broaches Pvt. Ltd.
Manufacturers and Exporters of Push and Pull style Spline, Serration, Keyway, Surface, Standard Broaches and Broach Sets. We also manufacture Gear Hobs, Gear Cutters, Serration Cutters,Gear Shaper Cutter, Shaving Cutters , Milling Cutters....
Tianjin No.1 Machine Tool Works
In China, Tianjin No.1 Machine Tool Works (TMTW), with a history of 54 years, is one of the large scale manufacturers for gear cutting machines.
Located in Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering (ZRIME) has undergone 50 years of development. The company was restructured from a former research institute under the Ministry of Mechanical Industry into a large-scale science & technology enterprise administered by the central government of China
2L Inc.
300 Below, Inc.
3M Abrasives
A. Finkl & Sons Co.
A.G. Davis - AA Gage
A.L. Tooling cc
Aarna Lube Private Ltd.
Abbott Furnace Company
Abtex Corp.
Accu-Cut Diamond Tool Co.
Accu-Temp Heat Treating
Accura Technics/EDAC Machinery
Accurate Specialties Inc.
Acedes Gear Tools
Acme Manufacturing Co.
Acme Wire Products
Addison & Co. Ltd.
ADF Systems Ltd.
Advanced Heat Treat Corp.
Advanced Nitriding Solutions
Aerospace Lubricants, Inc.
AGMA - American Gear Manufacturers Association
Aichelin Heat Treatment Systems, Inc.
Ajax Rolled Ring and Machine
Ajax Tocco Magnethermic Corp.
Ajax Tool Supply
AKGears, LLC
Aksan Steel Forging
ALD Thermal Treatment, Inc.
Allen Adams Shaper Services, Inc.
Alliance Broach & Tool
Allied Machine & Engineering Corp.
Almco Finishing & Cleaning Systems
American Bearing Manufacturers Association
American Broach & Machine Co.
American Chemical Technologies, Inc.
American Friction Welding
American Gear Tools
American Metal Treating Co.
American Refining Group, Inc.
American Stress Technologies, Inc.
American Wind Energy Association
Ampere Metal Finishing
AMT - The Association For Manufacturing Technology
ANCA, Inc.
Andec Mfg. Ltd.
Anderson Cook Inc.
Anihas Castings
Anthony Best Dynamics Ltd
Apex Auctions Inc.
Apex Broaching Systems
Apollo Broach, Inc.
Applied Thermal Technologies
Arbortech Corporation
ArcVac ForgeCast Ltd.
Ash Gear & Supply
ASM International
ATS - Advanced Technology Services
Autoparts Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Avion Manufacturing
Balaji Thermotech India Private Limited
Banyan Global Technologies LLC
Bates Technologies Inc.
BeaverMatic, Inc.
Becker GearMeisters, Inc.
Bega Special Tools
Bennett Heat Treating & Brazing Co., Inc.
Beyta Gear Service
BFK Solutions LLC
Bhandari Precision Forgings Pvt. Ltd.
Bharat Forge Ltd.
Big C Dino-Lite Scopes
Bill's Machine Repair
Blaser Swisslube Inc.
Bluewater Thermal Solutions
Bodycote Thermal Processing - Highland Heights
Bodycote Thermal Processing - Melrose Park
Bohle Machine Tools, Inc.
Bohler High Performance Metals Pvt. Ltd.
Bohler-Uddeholm Corporation
Boltex Manufacturing
BOS Services Company
Breton USA
Brighton Laboratories
Broaching Machine Specialties
Broaching Technologies, LLC
Brooker Bros. Forging Co.
Bruce Cox Engineering Corporation
Bryant Grinder
Burlington Engineering, Inc
C & B Machinery
C.E. Sweeney & Associates
Canada Broach
Canton Drop Forge
Capital Equipment LLC
Carbide Tool Services, Inc.
Carborundum Universal Ltd.
Carl Zeiss Industrial Metrology LLC
Cascade TEK
Castrol Industrial North America Inc.
CBI Industrial Asset Management bv
Ceramtec North America
Certified Comparator Products (CCP)
Certified Steel Treating
CGW - Camel Grinding Wheels
Chamfermatic Inc.
Chevin Tools Inc.
Cimcool Fluid Technology
Cincinnati Industrial Auctioneers
Cleaning Technologies Group/Ransohoff
Cleveland Deburring Machine Co.
Clifford-Jacobs Forging
CNC Design Pty Ltd
Cold Forming Technology
Colonial Tool Group
Comco Inc.
Community PC
Concast Metal Products
Continental Diamond Tool Corporation
Contour Hardening, Inc.
Coord3 Metrology LLC
Cornell Forge
Corporate Assets Inc.
Cortec Corporation
Cosen Saws USA
Creative Automation, Inc.
Crest Ultrasonics Corp.
Crucible Industries LLC
Cryogenic Edge, The
Cryogenic Institute of New England, Inc.
Cryoplus Inc.
CST-Cincinnati Steel Treating
CTI Car Training Institute
D.C. Morrison Company
DAM GmbH
Danobat Machine Tool Co. Inc.
Datapaq Inc.
Dathan Tool & Gauge Co. Ltd.
Daubert Cromwell
Davron Technologies
Dayton Forging and Heat Treating
DECO Products Company LLLP
Delta Inspection
Des-Case Corporation
Desch Canada Ltd.
Diamond Abrasive Products
Dianamic Abrasive Products Inc.
DiaTech Tools India Pvt. Ltd.
Diehl Engineering Company, Inc. PS
Dixitech CNC
DMG Mori
Donner+Pfister AG
Dontyne Systems
Dr. Kaiser Diamantwerkzeuge
Drake Manufacturing Services Co. Inc.
Dreamtec Consulting LLC
Drewco Workholding
Drive Systems Technology, Inc.
DSM Engineering Plastics
DT Technologies US
Duffy Company, The
Dyer Company
Dynamic Systems
Earle M. Jorgensen Co.
East Coast Induction
EES Gear GmbH
EFD Induction Inc.
Eicher Engineering Solutions
Eldec Induction USA, Inc.
ElectroHeat Induction
Electronics Inc.
Ellwood City Forge
Eltool Corp.
Eltro Services, Inc.
Emuge Corp.
Engineered Abrasives
Engineered Heat Treat, Inc.
Engineered Tools Corp.
Engis Corporation
Erasteel Inc.
ERS Engineering Corp.
Erwin Junker Machinery, Inc.
Estudio Piña
Etna Products, Inc.
Euclid Heat Treating
Euro-Tech Corporation
Excel Gear
Extremeion Hard Carbon
ExxonMobil Oil Corp.
Fässler by Daetwyler Industries
Fairfield Auctions
Fangyuan Ringlike Forging & Flange Co., Ltd.
FARO Technologies, Inc.
FastCAM Inc.
Federal Broach & Machine
Felsomat USA Inc.
Flame Metals Processing Corporation
Flame Treating & Engineering
Flame Treating Systems, Inc.
Flexbar Machine Corporation
Foerster Instruments Inc.
Forging Industry Association
Forging Solutions LLC
Fox Valley Forge
Friedrich Gloor Ltd.
Fuchs Lubricants Company
Fuji Machine America Corp.
Furnaces, Ovens & Baths, Inc.
Galaxy Sourcing Inc.
Galomb Inc.
Gear Consulting Group
Gear Consulting Services of Cincinnati LLC
Gear Machinery Exchange
Gearspect s.r.o.
General Broach Company
General Magnaplate
Georg Kesel GmbH & Co. KG
German Machine Tools of America
GH Induction Atmospheres
Gibbs Machinery Company
Gleason Metrology Systems
Gleason Works (India) Private Ltd.
Gleason Works Rochester
Gleason-Hurth Maschinen und Werkzeuge GmbH
GoIndustry DoveBid
Goldstein Gear Machinery LLC
Graff Diamond Products
Gray Machinery Company
Great Lakes Gear Technologies, Inc.
Greenerd Press & Machine Co. Inc.
Greg Allen Company
Grieve Corporation, The
Grindal Company
Guven Bronz Metal
GWJ Technology GmbH
Härterei Reese Bochum GmbH
Höfler - A Brand of Klingelnberg
Haas Multigrind LLC
Hamai Co. Ltd.
Hangsterfer's Laboratories
Hanik Corporation
Hannover Fairs USA
Hanro Tools Incorporation
Hans-Juergen Geiger Maschinen-Vertrieb GmbH
Hardinge Inc.
Havlik International Machinery Inc.
Heatbath/Park Metallurgical
Heller Machine Tools
Hermes Abrasives Ltd.
Hexagon Industriesoftware GmbH
Hexagon Metrology
HighTemp Furnaces Limited
Hilco Industrial
Hines Industries
HITEC Sensor Solution, Inc.
Hitec Sensor Solutions, Inc.
HiTech e Soft
Hobbing.com / Planeta Inc.
HobSource Inc.
Hoffmann Filter Corporation
Horsburgh & Scott Co.
Houghton International
Huff Carbide Tool
Hunter Chemical LLC
Hy-Pro Filtration
Hydra-Lock Corporation
IMEXSU Group
Impact Finishers
Index Corporation
Index Technologies Inc.
Induction Hardening Specialists
Induction Services, Inc.
Induction Tooling, Inc.
Inductotherm Corp.
Industrial Metal Finishing, Inc
Industrial Tools Corporation
Ingersoll Cutting Tools
Inland Broaching and Tool Company
Intech Corporation
International Tool Machines (ITM)
Interstate Tool Corp.
Involute Gear & Machine Company
Involute Simulation Softwares Inc.
Ion Vacuum (IVAC) Technologies Corp.
Ionbond USA
Ionic Technologies Inc.
Ionitech Ltd.
ITI GmbH
ITW Heartland
J. L. Becker Co.
J. Schneeberger Corp.
James Engineering
JRM International, Inc
K+S Services, Inc.
Kennametal Inc.
KGK International Corp.
Khemka Broach & Spline Gauge
Kinefac Corporation
Kinematics Manufacturing, Inc.
KISSsoft AG
Kitagawa - NorthTech Workholding
Klüber Lubrication North America L.P.
Klüber Lubrication North America LP
Kleiss Gears, Inc.
Klingelnberg America Inc.
Klingelnberg GmbH
Knuth Machine Tools USA, Inc.
Koepfer America, LLC
Koncar Termotehnika d.o.o.
Koro Sharpening Service
Koster Industries
Kowalski Heat Treating
Kwikmark Inc.
Lalson Tools Corporation
Lambda Technologies
Larson Forgings
Laser Tools Co.
Lefere Forge
Leistritz Corporation
Liebherr-Verzahntechnik GmbH
LMC Workholding
Longevity Coatings
Lubegard / International Lubricants Inc.
Lubrication Engineers
Lucifer Furnaces Inc.
Luren Precision Chicago Co., Ltd.
Luren Precision Co., Ltd.
Machine Tool Solutions, Inc.
Mackeil Ispat & Forging Ltd.
Magnetic Inspection Laboratory
Magnum Induction
Maguire Technologies
Maheen Enterprises
Mahr Federal Inc.
Marposs Corporation
Martin Tool & Forge
Masternet Ltd.
Maxplus Enterprise
Maxwell Tools Co. USA
Maxwell Tools Company
Mazak Corporation
McKees Rocks Forgings
Metal Improvement Company
Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF)
Metallized Carbon Corporation
Metallurgical High Vacuum Corp.
Metallurgical Processing, Inc.
Methods Machine Toos Inc.
MicroTek Finishing, LLC
Mid-South Metallurgical
Midwest Themal-Vac Inc.
Milburn Engineering, Inc.
Miller Broach
Mitsubishi Materials USA
Mitutoyo America Corporation
ML Lubrication Inc.
Modern Gearing
Mohawk Machinery Inc.
Mosey Manufacturing Co. Inc.
MPT Manufacturing Process Technologies
MSC Software Corp.
MTI Systems, Inc.
Mutschler Edge Technologies
Nachi America Inc.
Nagel Precision
National Bronze & Metals, Inc.
National Bronze Mfg. Co.
New England Gear
Newage Testing Instruments
Nisha Engineers (India)
Nitrex Inc. - Chicago Operations
Nitrex Inc. - Indiana Operations
Nitrex Inc. - Michigan Operations
Nitrex Inc. - West Coast Operations
Nitrex Metal Inc.
Nitrex Metal Technologies Inc.
Noria Corporation
Normac, Inc.
Northfield Precision Instrument Corp.
NTC America Corporation
Nye Lubricants
oelheld U.S., Inc.
Oerlikon Balzers USA
Ohio Broach & Machine Co.
Okuma America Corporation
Ono Sokki Technology, Inc.
Optical Gaging Products, Inc. (OGP)
ORT Italia
Osborn International
P.G. Engineers
Parag Casting Co.
Parker Industries Inc.
Particular Technology, Inc.
Patriot Forge
Paulo Products Company
PC Forge
PCK Buderus India
PDM Engineering Pvt. Ltd.
Peening Technologies
Pegard Productics Division HARO
Penna Flame Industries
Penticton Foundry Ltd.
Petronomics Mfg. Group, Inc.
Phase II
Philadelphia Carbide Co.
Phoenix Inc.
Pillar Induction
Pioneer Broach Co.
Polygon Solutions
PPL Group
Preciforge & Gears
Precision Devices, Inc.
Precision Finishing Inc.
Precision Heat Treating Co.
Precision Spindle & Accessories Inc.
Preco Inc.
Premier Furnace Specialists Inc.
Prime Technologies
Pro-Beam USA
Proceq USA, Inc.
Progressive Heat Treating Co.
Promess Inc.
Proto Manufacturing
PTG Holroyd
QC American
QSC Forge & Flange
Quality Reducer Service, Inc
Quality Solutions
Quality Vision Services (QVS)
QuesTek Innovations LLC
R & P Metrology GmbH
Röders GmbH
R.A. Heller
Radyne Corporation
Ralf Schaffer
RAM Optical Instrumentation, Inc.
Randall Publications LLC
Ravjeet Engineering Specialty Ltd.
Razorform Tools
Reade Advanced Materials
Red Rover
Redin Production Machine
Regal Products, Inc.
Reishauer AG
Reishauer Corporation
REM Surface Engineering
Reska Spline Products Co.
Rex-Cut Products, Inc.
Riten Industries, Inc.
Rockford Heat Treaters
Romax Technology
Rotek Incorporated
Roto-Flo / U.S. Gear Tools
Rubig US, Inc.
Russell Holbrook & Henderson
S.L. Munson & Company
Saacke North America, LLC
Samchully Machinery Co., Ltd.
Schmiedewerke Groeditz GmbH
Schnyder SA
Schunk Inc.
Schutte LLC
Scientific Forming Technologies Corp.
Scot Forge
Seco/Warwick Corp.
Seco/Warwick Europe S.A.
Sedlock Companies - Euskal Forgin
Sensor Developments Inc
Sensor Products Inc.
SerWeMa GmbH & Co. KG
SETCO Precision Spindles
Shape-Master Tool Company
Shell Lubricants
Shree Krishna Auto Indsutries
Sicmat S.p.A.
Sinto Surface Treatment
Slater Tools Inc.
Slone Gear International, Inc
Smart Manufacturing Technology Ltd.
Solar Manufacturing
Southwest Metal Products Ltd.
Special Cutting Tools
Specialty Heat Treating
Specialty Steel Treating Inc.
Spectrum Machine Inc.
Speedgrip Chuck
Spline Gage Solutions
Spring Technologies Inc.
Springfield Metallurgical Services, Inc.
Stace-Allen Chucks, Inc.
Stack Metallurgical Services, Inc.
Stella Keramik GmbH
Stenhoj Broaching Machines
Steuby Manufacturing Company, Inc.
Stone Tucker Instruments Inc.
Stotz Gaging Co.
Stresstech Oy
Studwell Engineering
SU (Shanghai) Machine & Tools Co., Ltd.
Summit Industrial Products
Sun Steel Treating Inc.
Sunbelt-Turret Steel. Inc.
Sunnen Products Company
Super Hobs & Broaches Pvt. Ltd.
Super Systems Inc.
Superior Industrial Sharpening & Grinding
Suresh Mehta Associates
Surface Combustion
Surface Finishing Equipment Co.
Surplex GmbH
SWD Inc.
Syn-Tech Ltd.
Tazz Broach & Machine, Inc.
TechnoMax Inc.
TECO Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH & Co.
Tecsia Lubricants USA
Tenaxol Technologies, Inc.
Test Equipment Distributors
Texas Refinery Corp.
The Herring Group Inc.
The Modal Shop
Thermo-Calc Software Inc.
Thors LLC
TM Induction Heating
Tokyo Technical Instruments USA Inc.
Toolink Engineering
TopGun Consulting LLc
Toshiba Machine Co.
Treat All Metals, Inc.
Tribo Surface Engineering LLC
TSA America, LLC
Ty Miles Inc.
Tyrolit Wickman
U.S. Equipment
U.S. Gear Tools
Ultramatic Equipment Co.
UMC - United Metals Co.
United Broach Company
United Calibration Corp.
United Cast Bar, Inc.
United Gear and Assembly, Inc.
United Grinding
United Tool Supply Ltd.
Universal Technical Systems
Usach Technologies Inc.
Used Machinery Sales LLC
V W Broaching Service, Inc.
VaporKote, Inc.
Vargus USA
Vermont Machine Tool
VFA Engineering Group
View Micro-Metrology
Viking Forge
Virgo Communications & Exhibitions Pvt Ltd.
Voelker Sensors, Inc.
Walker Forge
Walter USA, LLC
Waterloo Manufacturing Software
Watkins Mfg. Inc.
Web Gear Services Ltd.
Welland Forge
Welter Group
Wenzel America
West Michigan Spline, Inc.
Westminster Machine Tools Ltd.
Westport Gage
Wheelabrator Group
Willman Industries Inc.
Winterthur Wendt USA Inc.
Wolverine Broach Co., Inc.
Woodworth Heat Treating
WPC Treatment Co., Inc.
Yarde Metals
Yash International
Yuvraj Tools & Forgings
Zion Industries
ZOLLER Inc.
Related Power Transmission Categories
AC 1-Phase Motors
AC 3-Phase Motors
AC Adjustable Speed Drives
AC Induction-Wound Motors
AC Inverter Drives
AC Motor Controls
AC Motors
AC Motors-Synchronous
AC Motors-Universal
Acceleration Sensors
Adjustable Speed Drives
Aerospace Gearboxes
Aerospace Gears
Air Activated PTO (Power Take-Off)
Air Bearings
Air Cooled Brakes
Analog-Digital Converters
Angular Contact Ball Bearings
Anti Vibration Mounts
Anti-Backlash Nuts
Automatic Transmissions
Automotive Axles
Automotive Gears
Automotive Starter Ring Gears
Axial Airgap Motor
Backstop Clutches
Ball Bearings
Ball Screws
Base Plate Fastened Mounts
Bearing Inspection
Belt Drives
Belt-Chain Tensioners
Belting & Belt Drives
Bevel Gear Drives
Bevel Gear Manufacturing
Bevel Gears, Spiral and Hypoid
Bevel Gears, Straight
Blindmate Coupling
Broaching Services
Brushless Linear Motors
Brushless Rotary Motors
Bush Bearings
Bushing & Gromet Mounts
C-V Joints-Driveshafts
Cable Carriers
Cable Isolators
Caliper Brakes
Cam Followers
Cast Tooth Gears
Catches, Ball
Catches, Industrial
Catches, Lock
Catches, Magnetic
Centrifugal Brakes
Centrifugal Clutches
Ceramic Ball Bearings
Chain & Chain Drives
Chain Drives
Chain-Belt Tensioners
Channel Mounts
Circuit Breakers
Clutch & Brake Controls
Clutch Couplings
Clutch Return Springs
Coarse Pitch Gears
Combination Clutch-Brakes
Combination Drives
Composite Disk Couplings
Composite Shaft Couplings
Contract Broaching Services
Contract Keyseating
Control Switches
Conveyor Drives
Couplings & U-Joints
Curvic Couplings
Custom Gear Manufacturing
Custom-Built Gearboxes
CVT Drives
Cycloidal Differentials
Cycloidal Drives
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Damping Mountings
DC Adjustable Speed Drives
DC Brake Controls
DC Brush-Type Motors
DC Brushless Motors
DC Motors
Deburring Services
Design Engineering Software
Diaphragm Couplings
Differential Gear Drives
Disc Couplings
Drive Tensioners
Dual-Output Differentials
Earthquake Antivibration Mounts
Earthquake Spring Mounts
Eddy Current Brakes
Eddy Current Clutches
Education and Training
Elastomeric Couplings
Electric Linear Motors
Electrically Actuated Friction Brakes
Electrically Actuated Friction Clutches
Electromagnetic Brakes
Electromagnetic Clutches
Electromechanical Brakes
Electromechanical Clutches
Engineering Class Chain
Epicyclic Gear Drives
Epicyclic-Planetary Differentials
Expandable Pulley Belt Drives
Face Gears
Fatigue Consultation
Fine Pitch Gears
Fixed Pitch Linear Drives
Flat Belt Pulleys
Flat Belting
Flexible Beam Couplings
Flexible Metallic Couplings
Flexible Nonmetallic Couplings
Flexible Shafts
Flow Sensors
Fluid Couplings
Fluid Motors
Fluid Power
Force Transducers
Forged Gears
Fractional HP motors
Friction Brakes-AC
Friction Brakes-Cone
Friction Brakes-Disc
Friction Brakes-Drum
Friction Brakes-Fail-Safe
Friction Brakes-Torque Limiting
Friction Clutches-Cone
Friction Clutches-Disc
Friction Clutches-Drum
Full Voltage Starters-Controls
Gas Sensors
Gear Blanks
Gear Breakdown-Emergency Service
Gear Couplings
Gear Design Consulting
Gear Drives
Gear Failure & Fault Analysis
Gear Finishing Services
Gear Forging Services
Gear Greases
Gear Grinding Services
Gear Hobbing Services
Gear Honing & Burnishing Services
Gear Inspection Services
Gear Lapping Services
Gear Manufacturing Services
Gear Oils
Gear Rack Manufacturing Services
Gear Reducer Repairs
Gear Repair
Gear Shaping Services
Gear Shaving Services
Gear Testing Services
Gear-Shift Transmissions
Gearbox Housings
Geared Actuators
Geared Shafts
Gel Mounts
Greases, Oils and Lubricants
Grid Couplings
Ground Gears
Handles, Flush
Handles, Metric
Handles, Panel
Handles, Pull
Harmonic Drives
Hazardous Area Sensors
Helical Gear Drives
Helical Gears
Helical-Bevel Gearboxes
Helicopter Gearboxes
Herringbone Gear Drives
Herringbone Gears
Hinges, 180-Degree
Hinges, Friction
Hinges, Lift-Off
Hinges, Spring
Hollow Shaft Gearboxes
Humidity-Moisture Sensors
Hydraulic Accessories
Hydraulic Adjustable Speed Drives
Hydraulic Brakes
Hydraulic Motors
Hydraulic Pressure Switches
Hydraulic Pumps-Gear
Hydraulic Pumps-Piston
Hydraulic Pumps-Vane
Hydraulic Valves
Hydraulically Actuated Friction Clutches
Hydrodynamic Bearings
Hydrodynamic Brakes
Hydrodynamic Drives
Hydrostatic Drives
Hypoid Gear Drives
Hypoid Gears
Hypoid Gears-High Ratio
Hypoid Gears-Super Ratio
Hysteresis Brakes
Hysteresis Clutches
Indexing Drives
Industrial Hardware and Machine Parts
Injection Molded Plastic Gears
Inline Gearboxes
Internal Gears
Internal Splines
Journal Bearings
Keyless Locking Devices
Knobs, Control
Knobs, Lobed
Knobs, Machine
Knobs, Wing
Labyrinth Seals
Lead Screws
Leaf Chain
Leaf Spring Mounts
Leak Detection Equipment & Systems
Leveling Mounts
Leveling Wheels & Foot Mounts
Levers, Adjustable Tension
Levers, Clamping
Levers, Metric
Levers, Tension
Limit Switches
Linear Actuators
Linear Bearings
Linear Electric Actuators
Linear Encoders
Linear Hydraulic Actuators
Linear Motion Assemblies
Linear Motion Controls
Linear Motion Devices
Linear Motors
Linear Servo Motors
Liquid Sensors
Load Sensors
Lubricating Equipment
Machine and Handwheel Grips
Machinery Mounts
Magnetic Bearings
Magnetic Couplings
Magnetic Field Sensors
Magnetic Particle Brakes
Magnetic Particle Clutches
Magnetic Synchronous Clutches
Maintenance and Production Tools
Manual Shift Transmissions
Marine Gear Drives
Marine Gears
Mechanical Actuators, Linear
Mechanical Actuators, Rotary
Mechanical Adjustable Speed Drives
Mechanical Lockup Clutches
Mechanical PTO(Power Take-Off)
Mechanically Actuated Friction Clutches
Medium Pitch Gears
Metal Beam Couplings
Metal Bellows Couplings
Metal Belting
Metal Chain Sprockets
Miniature Ball Bearings
Miniature Gears
Mining Gears
Miter Gear Drives
Miter Gears
Motor Bases
Motor Enclosures
Motor Mountings
Motor Protection
Motor Rails
Motor-Controller Units
Mounted Ball Bearing Units
Mounted Plain Bearing Units
Mounted Roller Bearing Units
Multispeed Gearboxes
Nanopositioning Linear Stages
Needle Roller Bearings
Non-circular Gears
Non-lubricated Gear Drives
Non-lubricated Gears
Oil & Grease Seals
Oil Immersed Brakes
Oil Immersed Clutches
Oil Rings
Oil Shear Clutches
One-Way Clutches
Optical Encoders
Overhung Load Adaptors
Overload Release Clutches
Overrunning Clutches
Pads & Tapes
Pancake Motor
Personal Computers
Phase Converters
Piezoelectric Actuators, Linear
Piezoelectric Actuators, Rotary
Piezoelectric Rotary Motor
Pillow Blocks
Pinion Gears
Pinion Wire
Pintle Chain
PIV Drives
Plain Bearings
Planetary Gear Drives
Planetary Gearheads
Planetary Gears
Planetary Phase Shifter Differentials
Plastic Chain
Plastic Chain Sprockets
Plastic Gears-Cut
Plastic Gears-Injection Molded
Pneumatic Actuators, Linear
Pneumatic Actuators, Rotary
Pneumatically Actuated Friction Brakes
Pneumatically Actuated Friction Clutches
Polyurethane Belts
Polyurethane Timing Belts
Position Sensors
Positioning Drives
Powder Metal Gears
Power Switches
Power Take-Offs
Precision Spindles
Precision Spindles
Pressure Sensors
Pressure Switches
Programmable Controllers
Prototype Manufacturing
Pump Drives
Pump Gears
Punched Gears
Rack and Pinion Drives
Radial Lip Seals
Reduced Voltage Starters & Controls
Register Control Differentials
Register Control Systems
Relay Controllers
Retaining Rings
Right Angle Drives-Clutching
Right Angle Drives-Reversing
Right Angle Gearboxes
Rigid Couplings
Ring Gears-Bevel
Ring Gears-Internal
Ring Gears-Spur or Helical
Robotic Components
Robotics Gearboxes
Rod Ends
Roller Chain
Rotary Electric Actuators
Rotary Encoders
Rotary Hydraulic Actuators
Rotary Tables
Round Belt Pulleys
Round Belting
Rubber Mountings
Rubber-in-Shear Couplings
Scallop Handwheels with Grip
Screw Jacks
Seal Rings
Seismic Antivibration Mounts
Seismic Dampers
Seismic Mounts
Seismic Spring Mounts
Self-Actuating Clutches
Servo Actuators
Servo Controllers
Servo Couplings
Servo Gearheads
Servo Motors
Servo Motors-AC Servo
Servo Motors-Brushless DC
Servo Motors-DC Servo
Servo Motors-Linear
Servo Reducers-Cycloidal
Servo Reducers-Spiral Bevel
Servo Reducers-Worm
Shaft Collars
Shaft Mounted Speed Reducers
Shock Absorbers
Silent Chain
Single Position Jaw Clutch Units
Sintered Bearings
Skived Gears
Slewing Rings
Slip Clutches
Slip Rings
Speed Control Differentials
Speed Controls
Speed Increasers
Speed Reducers
Speed Sensors
Spherical Bearings
Spherical Roller Bearings
Spider Couplings
Spindle Bearings
Spiral Bevel Gear Drives
Spiral Bevel Gears
Spline Rolling Services
Splined Shafts
Split Flanges
Split Pillow Blocks
Split Roller Bearings
Spring Vibration Mounts
Spring-Set Brakes
Spring-Set Clutches
Spring-Wrap Brakes
Spring-Wrap Clutches
Spur Gear Drives
Spur Gears
Starter Ring Gears
Stationary Grip Handwheels
Steel Mesh & Cable Mounts
Steering Sectors
Step Motor Controllers
Step Motors
Stock Gear Manufacturing
Stock Gears
Straight Bevel Gears
Support Feet
Suspension Mounts
Switch Controllers
Synchronous Belt Pulleys
Synchronous Belting
Synthetic Lubricants
Taper Bushes
Tapered Roller Bearings
Temperature Sensors
Tension Brakes
Tension Clutches
Tension Control Differentials
Tension Controllers
Thin-Section Bearings
Three-Spoke Handwheels
Thrust Bearings
Tilt Sensors
Timing Belts
Timing Pulleys
Tooth Clutches
Torque & Horsepower Feedback Control
Torque Clutches
Torque Control Differentials
Torque Limiting Couplings
Torque Motors
Torque Sensors
Torque Transducers
Torsional Couplings
Traction Drives
Trade Shows
Transfer Cases
Universal Joints
V-Belt Pulleys
V-Ribbed Pulleys
Variable Pitch Linear Drives
Variable Speed Belting
Variable Speed Drives
Variable Speed Pulleys
Vibration Dampers
Vibration Isolators
Vibration Mounts
Vibration Pads
Vibration Sensors
Viscosity Sensors
Water Cooled Brakes
Water Cooled Clutches
Wind Turbine Gearboxes
Worm Drives
Worm Wheels
Wrapped Spring Couplings
X-Y Tables
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Since its inception in 1947, Arrow Gear Company has continued to build a solid reputation for quality, service and reliability. From the very beginning, Arrow has provided high precision spur, helical and bevel gears that meet the rapidly changing and the demanding requirements of many industries.
B & R Machine and Gear Corp.
B & R Machine and Gear Corporation is a family owned and operated gear manufacturer since 1974. We are a custom gear facility, manufacturing gears to customer supplied blueprint specifications and/or samples.
BRECOflex CO., L.L.C.
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C&U Bearings are used by some of the worlds leading manufacturers and service providers in a wide variety of applications. Every C&U Bearing is made to exacting standards to deliver the ultimate in the precision, performance, and quality.
Cabat Inc.
Cabat Inc is located in Racine Wisconsin and manufactures a varity of overload/torque limiting release clutches.
Circle Gear & Machine Co.
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DieQua Corp.
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Gleason K2 Plastics
Gleason-K2 Plastics is in the business of plastic gear design and injection molding precision plastic components with a focus on precision plastic gears. Our lights-out automation enables production of the most cost effective, custom molded gears (spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, planetary gears, internal gears), pulleys, bushings, rotary air motor rotors and vanes, along with plastic nozzle assemblies, at unmatched quality levels
Hangzhou Xingda Machinery Co. Ltd.
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R+W America
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Articles About
1 Industry News (May/June 1997)
Industry News for May/June 1997.
2 Product News (May/June 1997)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
3 Profile Grinding Gears From The Solid - Is It Practical (May/June 1997)
It isn't for everyone, but... Within the installed base of modern CNC gear profile grinding machines (approximately 542 machines worldwide), grinding from the solid isn't frequent, but a growing number of gear profile grinder users are applying it successfully using CBN-plated wheels.
4 A Conversation With Darle Dudley (May/June 1997)
For many years, when gear engineers have been confronted with tough problems either in the field or on the drawing board, one of the inevitable suggestions has been, "Ask Darle Dudley," or "Check the Dudley book." That's not surprising. With more than fifty years' experience in gear design and credits for five books (with translations in French, German, Spanish and Italian), numerous papers, lectures, and patents, and a worldwide reputation as a gear expert, Darle Dudley's position as one of the men to ask when dealing with knotty gear problems is unassailable.
5 ABCs Management (May/June 1997)
Recently I had the pleasure of having dinner with Frank Sinatra, Jr. He was here in Chicago for a benefit concert for Roosevelt University (my wife is co-chairperson of the benefit). Our conversation ranged over a wide variety of subjects, including a small gem of an HBO television movie, "Truman" with Gary Sinise in the title role.
6 Technical Calendar (May/June 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 1997.
7 CNC Gear Grinding Methods (May/June 1997)
Grinding in one form or another has been used for more than 50 years to correct distortions in gears caused by the high temperatures and quenching techniques associated with hardening. Grinding improves the lead, involute and spacing characteristics. This makes the gear capable of carrying the high loads and running at the high pitch line velocities required by today's most demanding applications. Gears that must meet or exceed the accuracy requirements specified by AGMA Quality 10-11 or DIN Class 6-7 must be ground or hard finished after hear treatment.
8 Ironclad Gears (July/August 1997)
This issue of Addendum is dedicated to gears that have served their country. There have been many, but among the most significant are surely those at work during the Civil War, when their application changed the nature of naval warfare forever. It's time to recall that role, namely, powering the revolving turret of the U.S.S. Monitor, one of the first "ironclad" vessels.
9 Detroit in 97 - the Biggest Gear Expo Ever (July/August 1997)
"A Decade of Performance" is the theme of the American Gear Manufacturers Association Gear Expo 97, to be held October 19-22 at Detroit's Cobo Hall. Products and services related to every aspect of the gear manufacturing process, from turning and grinding the blanks to coating and inspection of the gears,will be represented at the show.
10 Basic Honing & Advanced Free-Form Honing (July/August 1997)
Rotary gear honing is a crossed-axis, fine, hard finishing process that uses pressure and abrasive honing tools to remove material along the tooth flanks in order to improve the surface finish (.1-.3 um or 4-12u"Ra), to remove nicks and burrs and to change or correct the tooth geometry. Ultimately, the end results are quieter, stronger and longer lasting gears.
11 Product News (July/August 1997)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products market.
12 Involute Inspection Methods and Interpretation of Inspection Results (July/August 1997)
What is so unique about gear manufacturing and inspection? Machining is mostly associated with making either flat or cylindrical shapes. These shapes can be created by a machine's simple linear or circular movements, but an involute curve is neither a straight line nor a circle. In fact, each point of the involute curve has a different radius and center of curvature. Is it necessary to go beyond simple circular and linear machine movements in order to create an involute curve? One of the unique features of the involute is the fact that it can be generated by linking circular and linear movements. This uniqueness has become fertile soil for many inventions that have simplified gear manufacturing and inspection. As is the case with gear generating machines, the traditional involute inspection machines take advantage of some of the involute properties. Even today, when computers can synchronize axes for creating any curve, taking advantage of involute properties can be very helpful. I t can simplify synchronization of machine movements and reduce the number of variables to monitor.
13 Eliot K. Buckingham (July/August 1997)
His resume reads like that of many gear engineers of his generation: the stint in the army during World War II; the break for college in the late 40s; deliberately vague descriptions of projects for the Air Force in the New Mexico desert in the early 50s; the corporate engineering jobs later on in the decade.
14 M & M Precision, Penn State & NIST Team Up For Gear Metrology Research (July/August 1997)
In 1993, M & M Precision Systems was awarded a three-year, partial grant from the Advanced Technology Program of the Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Working with Pennsylvania State University, M&M embarked on a technology development project to advance gear measurement capabilities to levels of accuracy never before achieved.
15 Kish Method for Dermination of Hunting Mesh (May/June 1997)
When designing a gear set, engineers usually want the teeth of the gear (Ng) and the pinion (Np) in a "hunting" mesh. Such a mesh or combination is defined as one in which the pinion and the gear do not have any common divisor by a prime number. If a mesh is "hunting," then the pinion must make Np x Ng revolutions before the same pinion tooth meshes with the same gear space. It is often easy to determine if a mesh is hunting by first determining if both the pinion and the gear teeth are divisible by 2,3,5,7,etc. (prime numbers). However, in this age of computerization, how does one program the computer to check for hunting teeth? A simple algorithm is shown below.
16 Eddy Current Examination of Gear Systems (May/June 1997)
Nondestructive examination (NDE) of ferrous and nonferrous materials has long proved an effective maintenance and anomaly characterization tool for many industries. Recent research has expanded its applicability to include the inspection of large, open gear drives. Difficulties inherent in other NDE methods make them time-consuming and labor-intensive. They also present the user with the environmental problem of the disposal of used oil. The eddy current method addresses these problems.
17 Technical Calendar (March/April 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1997.
18 New Approaches to Nitriding (March/April 1997)
The process of nitriding has been used to case harden gears for years, but the science and technology of the process have not remained stagnant. New approaches have been developed which are definitely of interest to the gear designer. These include both new materials and new processing techniques.
19 Spreading The Word (March/April 1997)
Long-time readers of these pages will know that I have always felt strongly about the subject of professional education. There's nothing more important for an individual's career development than keeping up with current technology. likewise, there's nothing more important that a company can do for itself and it employees than seeing to it they have the professional education they need. Giving people the educational tools they need to do their jobs is a necessary ingredient for success.
20 The Way of the Web (March/April 1997)
Okay. You've been convinced. You've gritted your teeth and decided to spend the money to launch a company Web site. Everybody from your teenage propeller-head to the girl in the mail room and the salesman in the flashy suit who gave you "such a deal" on Web site services has promised that your site will be the best thing that's happened to your business since the advent of CNC machines.
21 Meshing of a Spiral Bevel Gear Set With 3-D Finite Element Analysis (March/April 1997)
Recent advances in spiral bevel gear geometry and finite element technology make it practical to conduct a structural analysis and analytically roll the gear set through mesh. With the advent of user-specific programming linked to 3-D solid modelers and mesh generators, model generation has become greatly automated. Contact algorithms available in general purpose finite element codes eliminate the need for the use and alignment of gap elements. Once the gear set it placed in mesh, user subroutines attached to the FE code easily roll it through mesh. The method is described in detail. Preliminary result for a gear set segment showing the progression of the contact line load is given as the gears roll through mesh.
22 Industry News (March/April 1997)
Industry News for March/April 1997.
23 An American Success Story (March/April 1997)
Joe Garfien came to America in 1928 to play soccer. He also learned to cut gears and build a business. "When I came here [to America] I came in on a Friday, and I had to go work on Monday, so I found a job at Perfection Gear...and that's how I got started in gears."
24 Inreasing Hardness Through Cryogenics (March/April 1997)
The Instrumented Factory for Gears (INFAC) conducted a metallurgical experiment that examined the effects of carburizing process variables and types of cryogenic treatments in modifying the microstructure of the material. The initial experiment was designed so that, following the carburizing cycles, the same test coupons could be used in future experiment.
25 John Q. Gear Meets Martha Stewart (May/June 1997)
When you need totally useless information about gears, you can turn with confidence to the pages of Addendum, where we scour the globe for the obscure, the unusual and the ridiculous (the latter being or forte.)
26 New Book For Gear Purchaseres & Specifiers (May/June 1997)
This book is written for those among us, with or without a technical background, who have an occasional need to use, purchase or specify gears. The author assumes an audience that is not made up of experienced gear designers, but of people who do need to have a basic understanding of the criteria used by the designer. The subjects covered include not only the gears themselves, but their manufacturing methods, the systems that contain them and the terms used to describe them.
27 Dry Hobbing: Another Point of View (March/April 1997)
I would like to comment on David Arnesen's article, "Dry Hobbing Saves Automaker Money, Improves Gear Quality," in the Nov/Dec, 1996 issue.
28 Induction Heat Trating: Things Remembered, Things Forgotten (March/April 1997)
Many potential problems are not apparent when using new induction heat treating systems. The operator has been trained properly, and setup parameters are already developed. Everything is fresh in one's mind. But as the equipment ages, personnel changes or new parts are required to be processed on the old equipment ages, personnel changes or new parts are required to b processed on the old equipment, important information can get lost in the shuffle.
29 The Broaching of Gears (March/April 1997)
Broaching is a process in which a cutting tool passes over or through a part piece to produce a desired form. A broach removes part material with a series of teeth, each one removing a specified amount of stock.
30 Product News (March/April 1997)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
31 New Update of an Old Standard (July/August 1997)
Machinery's Handbook 25 by Erik Oberg, Franklin D. Jones, Holbrook L. Horton & Henry H. Ryffel, Reobert E. Green, ed., Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY, 1996 ISBA 0-8311-2424-5, $75.00 (Large Print Version, $95.00).
32 Structural Analysis of Teeth With Asymmetrical Profiles (July/August 1997)
This article illustrates a structural analysis of asymmetrical teeth. This study was carried out because of the impossibility of applying traditional calculations to procedures involved in the specific case. In particular, software for the automatic generation of meshes was devised because existing software does not produce results suitable for the new geometrical model required. Having carried out the structural calculations, a comparative study of the stress fields of symmetrical and asymmetrical teeth was carried out. The structural advantages of the latter type of teeth emerged.
33 Good - Bye, Dad (November/December 1997)
I sat down to write this editorial about my father, Harold Goldstein, as he approached his 80th birthday in October. I had meant it to be a celebration of his nearly 65 years in the machine tool business. Unfortunately, on August 26, as I was working on it, my father passed away after a long battle with emphysema. This editorial has now become a memorial as well as a celebration.
34 Viewpoint (November/December 1997)
Viewpoints submitted for November/December 1997.
35 Industry News (November/December 1997)
Here is what's happening around the industry for November/December 1997.
36 Capitalizing on Your Human Capital (November/December 1997)
A fundamental characteristic of the gear industry is that it is capital intensive. In the last decade, the gear manufacturing industry has been undergoing an intense drive toward improving and modernizing its capital equipment base. The Department of Commerce reports that annual sales of gear cutting equipment have increased nearly 60% since 1990. While this effort has paid off in increased competitiveness for the American gear industry, it is important to remember that there is another capital crucial to manufacturing success - "human capital."
37 Looking to The Future (September/October 1997)
Economic times are good right now in America and in the gear industry. We're in the seventh year of an up cycle. The tough shake-outs of the 1980s and early 90s are over. Orders are up. Backlogs are at comfortable levels. We're looking at what promises to be the biggest, most successful trade show in the industry's history coming up in Detroit in October. The most pressing question on the immediate horizon seems to be "How long can the good times go on?"
38 Technical Calendar (September/October 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1997.
39 Gear Crack Propagation Investigations (November/December 1997)
A common design goal for gears in helicopter or turboprop power transmission is reduced weight. To help meet this goal, some gear designs use thin rims. Rims that are too thin, however, may lead to bending fatigue problems and cracks. The most common methods of gear design and analysis are based on standards published by the American Gear Manufacturers Association. Included in the standards are rating formulas for gear tooth bending to prevent crack initiation (Ref. 1). These standards can include the effect of rim thickness on tooth bending fatigue (Ref 2.). The standards, however, do not indicate the crack propagation path or the remaining life once a crack has started. Fracture mechanics has developed into a useful discipline for predicting strength and life of cracked structures.
40 Technical Calendar (November/December 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 1997.
41 Technical Calendar (January/February 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 1998.
42 Production Increase When Hobbing with Carbide Hobs (January/February 1998)
We are all looking for ways to increase production without sacrificing quality. One of the most cost-effective ways is by improving the substrate material of your hob. Solid carbide hobs are widely used in many applications throughout the world. LMT-Fette was the first to demonstrate the use of solid carbide hobs in 1993 on modern high-speed carbide (HSC) hobbing machines. Since then the process of dry hobbing has been continuously improving through research and product testing. Dry hobbing is proving to be successful in the gear cutting industry as sales for dry hobbing machines have steadily been rising along with the dramatic increase in sales of solid carbide hobs.
43 Positive Trends, Hot Products, Minor Quibbles and Other Notes From Gear Expo 97 (January/February 1998)
Notes from Detroit...Overall, Gear Expo 97, the AGMA biennial trade show, was a success. While attendance may not have been what some people had hoped for, the quality of the attendees was high. Serious buyers came and brought their checkbooks.
44 Influence of Gear Design on Gearbox Radiated Noise (January/February 1998)
A major source of helicopter cabin noise (which has been measured at over 100 decibels sound pressure level) is the gearbox. Reduction of this noise is a NASA and U.S. Army goal. A requirement for the Army/NASA Advanced Rotorcraft Transmission project was a 10 dB noise reduction compared to current designs.
45 The Jewels In the (Gear) Crown (January/February 1998)
Over the years the Addendum Staff has brought you odd, little known and sometimes useless facts about almost every conceivable topic concerning gears. This month, as part of our never-ending campaign to upgrade the tone of the industry, we are venturing into the world of high fashion. Lose those pocket protectors, gear fans. Welcome to the land of gear haute couture. Appearing now, in select magazines, are ads that rival those of Bulgari, Cartier and Tiffany. These gear "gems" come courtesy of Winzeler Gear, Chicago, IL.
46 Industry News (January/February 1998)
Industry News for January/February 1998.
47 Special Machine Manufacturer Brings Gear Making In-House (September/October 1997)
When you have a multi-million-dollar transfer line sitting on the shop floor waiting for gears that might take up to two months to get, you have a costly bottleneck.
48 The Gear Lover's Guide to Detroit (September/October 1997)
When traveling about in search of gears and other adventures, wise explorers bring along as much important information as they can. In the interest of keeping our readers as well-informed as possible, we bring you the following collection of Important Facts About Motor City.
49 Gears In Sneakers (September/October 1997)
Move over, Michael Jordan. While the Addendum staff is as proud as any other Chicagoans of our unbeata-Bulls, we confess to a soft spot in our hearts for the hometown's other championship basketball team: The Chicago American Gears.
50 The First Lady of Gearing (September/October 1997)
In 1877, Irish immigrant William Gleason, owner of a machine tool business in Rochester, NY, suffered a terrible blow. Gleason's son Tom died. The loss was not merely a personal one. Tom had been his father's assistant, and the senior Gleason had no one to fill the gap and help him carry on his business.
51 Technical Calendar (July/August 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 1997.
52 The Total Customer Service Experience (July/August 1997)
What is a quality product? This is not an idle question. In the Darwinian business world in which we operate, knowing the answer to this question is key to our survival. A whole library of standards and benchmarks is available to help us gage how we're doing, but they don't really tell the whole story.
53 Hoechst Technical Polymers to Gather Plastic Gear Materials Data (July/August 1997)
Hoechst Technical Polymers has expanded its interests in plastic gears with the introduction of the new Plastic Gear Evaluation and Research machine P-Gear. The machine is the centerpiece of the company's continuing efforts to promote and develop the use of plastic gears in higher-powered applications.
54 Obtaining Meaningful Surface Roughness Measurements on Gear Teeth (July/August 1997)
Surface roughness measuring of gear teeth can be a very frustrating experience. Measuring results often do not correlate with any functional characteristic, and many users think that they need not bother measuring surface roughness, since the teeth are burnished in operation. They mistakenly believe that the roughness disappears in a short amount of time. This is a myth! The surface indeed is shiny, but it still has considerable roughness. In fact, tests indicate that burnishing only reduces the initial roughness by approximately 25%.
55 Who's Who and What's What At Gear Expo '97 (September/October 1997)
Below are listed the Gear Technology advertisers exhibiting at Gear Expo 97.
56 The Gear Standards Challenge (September/October 1997)
Who wants or needs technical details about gearing? Who cares about it? Three out of every four people who are reading this magazine make up at least 75% of those who have an interest in the subject. The members of AGMA, EUROTRANS, JGMA and JSIM have an interest. All the people attending the Gear Expo in Detroit have an interest. Clearly, however, the people with the most pressing interest in our industry are our customers, the end users of gear products. The unfortunate reality, though, is that in many cases, these customers don't even know that's what they want.
57 Structural Analysis of Asymmetrical Teeth: Reduction of Size and Weight (September/October 1997)
The present article contains a preliminary description of studies carried out by the authors with a view toward developing asymmetrical gear teeth. Then a comparison between numerous symmetrical and asymmetrical tooth stress fields under the same modular conditions follows. This leads to the formulation of a rule for similar modules governing variations of stress fields, depending on the pressure angle of the nonactive side. Finally a procedure allowing for calculations for percentage reductions of asymmetrical tooth modules with respect to corresponding symmetrical teeth, maximum ideal stress being equal, is proposed. Then the consequent reductions in size and weight of asymmetrical teeth are assessed.
58 Thermal Effects on CMMs (September/October 1997)
The trend toward moving coordinate measuring machines to the shop floor to become an integral part of the manufacturing operations brings real time process control within the reach of many companies. Putting measuring machines on the shop floor, however, subjects them to harsh environmental conditions. Like any measuring system, CMMs are sensitive to any ambient condition that deviates from the "perfect" conditions of the metrology lab.
59 Worm Gear Measurement (September/October 1997)
Several articles have appeared in this publication in recent years dealing with the principles and ways in which the inspection of gears can be carried out, but these have dealt chiefly with spur, helical and bevel gearing, whereas worm gearing, while sharing certain common features, also requires an emphasis in certain areas that cause it to stand apart. For example, while worm gears transmit motion between nonparallel shafts, as do bevel and hypoid gears, they usually incorporate much higher ratios and are used in applications for which bevel would not be considered, including drives for rotary and indexing tables in machine tools, where close tolerance of positioning and backlash elimination are critical, and in situations where accuracy of pitch and profile are necessary for uniform transmission at speed, such as elevators, turbine governor drives and speed increasers, where worm gears can operate at up to 24,000 rpm.
60 The Geometry of Helical Mesh (September/October 1997)
In 1961 I presented a paper, "Calculating Conjugate Helical Forms," at the semi-annual meeting of the American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA). Since that time, thousands of hobs, shaper cutters and other meshing parts have been designed on the basis of the equations presented in that paper. This article presents the math of that paper without the formality of its development and goes on to discuss its practical application.
61 Gleason Corporation Acquires The Pfauter Group (September/October 1997)
Gleason Corporation has announced that agreement has been reached on all terms to acquire for approximately $36 million in cash the Hermann Pfauter Group, including, among other operations, Hermann Pfauter GmbH & Co., a privately held leading producer of gear equipment based in Ludwigsburg, Germany; its 76% interest in Pfauter-Maad Cutting Tools, a leading cutting tool manufacturer basked in Loves Park, IL; and Pfauter-Maag management's 24% ownership interest in that company. The acquisition includes all assets and liabilities, including the assumption of approximately $56 million in bank debt.
62 Product News (September/October 1997)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
63 Down By The Old Mill Stream (March/April 1997)
Back in the days when our great, great, great, etc., grandaddies were designing gears, one of the most common materials in use was wood. For fairly obvious reasons, we don't see too many wooden gears around anymore. But there are a few.
64 Coated Gears Provide Slick Solution for Human-Powered Boat (January/February 1997)
Design Problem: Develop a gear drive for a pedal-powered water craft that will be easy to manufacture, use and maintain; that will be lightweight enough for the boat to be portable; and that will eliminate the environmental risk of lubricants leaking into the water.
65 EDM Specialty Gears (May/June 1996)
The capabilities and limitations of manufacturing gears by conventional means are well-known and thoroughly documented. In the search to enhance or otherwise improve the gear-making process, manufacturing methods have extended beyond chip-cutting - hobbing, broaching, shaping, shaving, grinding, etc. and their inherent limitations based on cutting selection and speed, feed rates, chip thickness per tooth, cutting pressure, cutter deflection, chatter, surface finish, material hardness, machine rigidity, tooling, setup and other items.
66 Generating Precision Spur Gears By Wire EDM (May/June 1996)
Over the past decade, the wire electrical discharge machine (EDM) has become an increasingly important tool for machining non-standard shapes. It has even been used to cut gears and gear cavities for plastic molds. While generally accepted as a quick and versatile method for cutting spur gears, the EDM gear has lacked the precision of a mechanically machined or ground gear. We suspected that many of the errors associated with these gears were caused by inexact setup procedures, poor tool path control and improper cutting parameters. We decided to test the potential for the wire EDM to make the most accurate gear possible.
67 Cutting Tools Now (May/June 1996)
The cutting tool is basic to gear manufacturing. Whether it's a hob, broach, shaper cutter or EDM wire, not much gets done without it. And the mission of the tool remains the same as always; removing material as quickly, accurately and cost-effectively as possible. Progress in the field tends to be evolutionary, coming gradually over time, but recently, a confluence of emerging technologies and new customer demands has caused significant changes in the machines, the materials and the coatings that make cutting tools.
68 Technical Calendar (May/June 1996)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 1996.
69 Industry News (May/June 1996)
Industry News for May/June 1996.
70 Other People's Footsteps (May/June 1996)
Earlier this year, a relative of mine, Sidney Mandell, tragically passed away. I had the good fortune to serve with Sidney on the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of the Machinery Dealers National Association (MDNA). Though he started before me, his MDNA career and mine overlapped for about 2 years. As I think back on the many things I learned form him, one of his favorite phrases keeps come to mind: "We walk in the footsteps of those who have gone before us."
71 Racing Circuits (May/June 1996)
Zero to 125 MPH in five seconds. Maximum speed of 211 MPH. Seven-second pit stops. Formula One racing is a high-adrenalin sport - one which demands peak performance from drivers and machines alike.
72 Gears Around the World (Wide Web) (July/August 1996)
More Gears in Cyberspace Dial in to the web site of Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry for an online version of the museum's Gears from the Century of Progress exhibit.
73 Design Implications for Shaper Cutters (July/August 1996)
A gear shaper cutter is actually a gear with relieved cutting edges and increased addendum for providing clearance in the root of the gear being cut. The maximum outside diameter of such a cutter is limited to the diameter at which the teeth become pointed. The minimum diameter occurs when the outside diameter of the cutter and the base circle are the same. Those theoretical extremes, coupled with the side clearance, which is normally 2 degrees for coarse pitch cutters an d1.5 degrees for cutters approximately 24-pitch and finer, will determine the theoretical face width of a cutter.
74 Plastic Gear Design Basics (July/August 1996)
Plastic gears are serious alternatives to traditional metal gears in a wide variety of applications. The use of plastic gears has expanded from low-power, precision motion transmission into more demanding power transmission applications. As designers push the limits of acceptable plastic gear applications, more is learned about the behavior of plastics in gearing and how to take advantage of their unique characteristics.
75 Noise Reduction in Plastic & Powder Metal Gear Sets (July/August 1996)
The data discussed in this article was taken from an upright vacuum cleaner. This was a prototype cleaner that was self-propelled by a geared transmission. It was the first time that the manufacturer had used a geared transmission in this application.
76 Product News (July/August 1996)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
77 Gear Technology User's Guide to IMTS '96 (July/August 1996)
IMTS: It can be the best of times or the worst of times. The best because nowhere will you find more equipment, products and services for your business than at McCormick Place, Chicago, in September; the worst because finding your way around the show and around the city can be a hassle.
78 Industry News (July/August 1996)
Election News, New Faces, Getting Together, And the winners are...
79 Cylkro Gears: An Alternative in Mechanical Power Transmission (May/June 1996)
Bevel gears have been the standard for several decades in situations where power transmission has to occur between shafts mounted at a given angle. Now a new approach has been developed that challenges the bevel gear's de facto monopoly in such applications. The concept is based on the principle of the crown gear; i.e., a cylindrical pinion mates with a face gear. Crown Gear B.V. in Enschede, Holland, is the developer of these specialty gear teeth, which are marketed under the trade name Cylkro.
80 Gear Terms You Didn't Know About (May/June 1996)
The word gear, in various forms, has been in use since around A.D. 1200, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. Last issue we brought you Shakespearean gears. Now we'd like to show you some of the uses Americans have given our favorite word (from the Random House Dictionary of American Slang).
81 The Next Generation of Gear Specialists (January/February 1996)
AGMA has an excellent Training School for Gear Manufacturing. It's a great product providing a great service to the gear industry. Thus far we've educated 117 employees from 71 companies; students range from new hires with no experience to company presidents. Essentially every class since December, 1992, has been sold out.
82 The Gears of Avon & Other Tragedies (March/April 1996)
As part of the Addendum Team's never-ending quest to improve the overall cultural tone of the gear industry, we bring you the following: April 23 is the 432nd birthday of William Shakespeare.
83 Rebuilding a Metrology Infrastructure (January/February 1996)
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) announced at Gear Expo '95 that a national service for the calibration of involute artifacts is now available at the Department of Energy's Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, TN.
84 Gear Expo 95 Best Ever (January/February 1996)
Gear Expo '95, held in Indianapolis, November 12-15, 1995, closed to rave reviews from both the attenders and the exhibitors. Traffic for the show was well up from 1993, with a total of about 4,000 visitors during the 3 1/2 day exhibition. One hundred thirty-two companies from all over the U.S. and as far away as India and The People's Republic of China displayed their wares.
85 The SERCOS Interface Standard (January/February 1996)
Today motion control systems are migrating from analog to digital technology at an ever increasing rate because digital technology at an ever-increasing rate because digital drives provide performance equal to or exceeding that of analog drives, plus information to run your machine more effectively and manage your quality program and your business. Most of this data is simply not available from analog drives.
86 Product News (January/February 1996)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products to the gear and gear products markets.
87 Industry News (March/April 1996)
People, Places, Etc.
88 Pulse Beat (March/April 1996)
Every now and then a magazine has to take its own pulse or lose sight of its key mission - providing its readers with information they want. We did it this last year through surveys, interviews with subscribers and focus groups. Our basic question was, how are we doing?
89 Heat Treating Challenges for the Future (March/April 1996)
The heat treating of gears presents a difficult challenge to both the heat treater and the gear manufacturer. The number and variety of variables involved in the manufacturing process itself and the subsequent heat treating cycle create a complex matrix of factors which need to be controlled in order to produce a quality product. A heat treater specializing in gears or a gear manufacturer doing his own heat treating must have a clear understanding of these issues in order to deliver a quality product and make a profit at the same time. The situation also presents a number of areas that could benefit greatly from continued research and development.
90 Technical Calendar (March/April 1996)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1996.
91 Product News (March/April 1996)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
92 The Effect of Metallurgy on the Performance of Carburized Gears (March/April 1996)
Gears are designed to be manufactured, processed and used without failure throughout the design life of the gear. One of INFAC's objectives (*see p.24) is to help manufacture of gears to optimize performance and life. One way to achieve this is to identify failure mechanisms and then devise strategies to overcome them by modifying the manufacturing parameters.
93 Minimizing Gear Distortion During Heat Treating (March/April 1996)
Graded hardening technology has proven over the years to yield very good results when used in the heat treating of carburized gears. It is especially advantageous for smaller companies, subject to higher competitive pressures. Unfortunately, despite the fact that graded hardening is a very well-known method, its use has been limited. We strongly recommend this technology to all of those who need to produce gears with high metallurgical quality.
94 Wear Protection for Gears (March/April 1996)
Several trends in mechanical engineering are leading to greater surface stress on components and thus to unacceptable wear. These trends include greater stresses due to increased power densities; the need to maintain high precision of components throughout their service life; and the environmental imperative to reduce use of lubricants and additives.
95 Gear Noise As a Result of Nicks, Burrs and Scale - What Can Be Done (July/August 1996)
There are many different causes of gear noise, all of them theoretically preventable. Unfortunately, the prevention methods can be costly, both in equipment and manpower. If the design of the gear and its application are appropriate, in theory all that is necessary is to have a tight control on the process of producing the finished gear. In reality, there are many variables that can cause a process, no matter how well-controlled, to deteriorate, and thus cause errors, some of which will cause a gear to produce unwanted noise when put to use.
96 geartechnology.com And Other Adventures (July/August 1996)
You've been reading about it, talking about it, maybe even trying it. Gear Technology has jumped aboard it feet first and begun a voyage on the World Wide Web. Beginning with this issue, an electronic version of the magazine will be online. For those of us who still find the fax machine amazing technology, this is a great leap.
97 Two columns for the price of one... (November/December 1996)
Just back from IMTS and once again, I'm struck by the enormous vitality and strength of the manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy. It has made a phoenix-like rise from the grave dug for it by pundits in the '80s and has come back more robust and competitive than ever.
98 Technical Calendar (November/December 1996)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 1996.
99 Chamfering and Deburring External Parallel Axis Gears (November/December 1996)
The chamfering and deburring operations on gear teeth have become more important as the automation of gear manufacturing lines in the automotive industry have steadily increased. Quieter gears require more accurate chamfers. This operation also translates into significant coast savings by avoiding costly rework operations. This article discusses the different types of chamfers on gear teeth and outlines manufacturing methods and guidelines to determine chamfer sizes and angles for the product and process engineer.
100 Standard Issues (November/December 1996)
Standards are unlike gears themselves: mundane, but complex, ubiquitous and absolutely vital. Standards are a lingua franca, providing a common language with reference points for evaluating product reliability and performance for manufacturers and users. The standards development process provides a scientific forum for discussion of product design, materials and applications, which can lead to product improvement. Standards can also be a powerful marketing tool for either penetrating new markets or protecting established ones.
101 New Gear Developments at IMTS (November/December 1996)
The International Manufacturing Technology Show provided one of the biggest ever marketplaces for buying and selling gear-making equipment, with 121601 attenders, making it the largest IMTS ever. The show took place September 4-11 at McCormick Place in Chicago, IL.
102 Dry Hobbing Saves Automaker Money, Improves Gear Quality (November/December 1996)
It takes confidence to be the first to invest in new manufacturing technology. But the payback can be significant. That has been the experience at the Ford Motor Company's Transmission & Chassis Division plant at Indianapolis, IN, which boasts the world's first production application of dry hobbing.
103 Calculating Gears (January/February 1997)
Interesting gear factoids discovered wasting time on the Net while pretending to be working...The first four-function mechanical calculator was built by the mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in 1694. While not commercially available for nearly 200 years, the design was the basis of many such calculators until well into this century.
104 Hard Coatings on Contaminated Surfaces - A Case Study (January/February 1997)
Physical Vapor Deposited (PVD) coatings such as TiN (Titanium nitride) have been a boon for cutting tool manufacturers. They reduce wear and, therefore, extend tool life, which in turn reduces production costs. But PVD coatings are expensive, and when they fail, they cost both time and money, and they causes of the failure are not always readily apparent.
105 New Software and Hardware (January/February 1997)
New Software/Hardware updates for the months of January/February 1997.
106 Internet Adventures, Part II powertransmission.com (January/February 1997)
In July of 1996 we introduced the gear community to the Internet in these pages through the Gear Industry Home Page (GIHP). This electronic buyers guide for gear machine tools, tooling, accessories and services has proven to be more popular than we could have envisioned. In our first month, we had over 3,000 hits, and in our third month, we have over 4,500. By our fourth month, we topped the 7,000 mark, and we are on our way to 11,000 hits in November. As our advertisers develop their own home sites in order to offer layers of information about their companies, their products and services, we expect this activity will increase even more.
107 Composite Electroless Nickel Coatings for the Gear Industry (January/February 1997)
Electroless Nickel (EN) plating, a process dating back to the 1940s, is one of the predominant metal finishing methods today. It is especially suitable for the gear industry, whose end uses span innumerable other industries, providing an endless assortment of requirements, environments, materials and specifications. EN plating has a broad array of functional features, which include:
108 Technical Calendar (January/February 1997)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 1997.
109 Improved Ion Bond Recoating for the Gear Manufacturing Industry (January/February 1997)
This article summarizes the development of an improved titanium nitride (TiN) recoating process, which has, when compared to conventional recoat methods, demonstrated tool life increases of up to three times in performance testing of hobs and shaper cutters. This new coating process, called Super TiN, surpasses the performance of standard TiN recoating for machining gear components. Super TiN incorporates stripping, surface preparation, smooth coating techniques and polishing before and after recoating. The combination of these improvements to the recoating process is the key to its performance.
110 Gear Software You Didn't Know About (January/February 1997)
Designing and manufacturing gears requires the skills of a mathematician, the knowledge of an engineer and the experience of a precision machinist. For good measure, you might even include the are of a magician, because the formulas and calculations involved in gear manufacturing are so obscure and the processes so little known that only members of an elite cadre of professionals can perform them.
111 Product News (November/December 1996)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
112 The Advantages of Ion Nitriding Gears (November/December 1996)
When it comes to setting the standard for gear making, the auto industry often sets the pace. Thus when automakers went to grinding after hardening to assure precision, so did the machine shops that specialize in gearing. But in custom manufacturing of gears in small piece counts, post-heat treat grinding can grind away profits too.
113 Tooth Modification and Spur Gear Tooth Strain (September/October 1996)
A major source of helicopter cabin noise (which has been measured at over 100 decibels sound pressure level) is the gear box. Reduction of this noise is a NASA and U.S. Army goal.
114 The Politics of Denial (September/October 1996)
A good many things bother me about election years - the annoying sound bites, the negative commercials, the endless political over-analysis. But what bothers me most about the coming election is this: So far (when I'm writing this, it's admittedly early in the campaign) there's little or no talk about what is one of the most critical national issues of the next thirty years - our growing government debt.
115 Industry News (September/October 1996)
The Latest Moves, Hotline, Also Known As..., Cybercompanies, etc.
116 Gear Wear Caused By Contaminated Oils (September/October 1996)
The diagnosis and prevention of gear tooth and bearing wear requires the discovery and understanding of the particular mechanism of wear, which in turn indicates the best method of prevention. Because a gearbox is a tribologically dependent mechanism, some understanding of gear and bearing tribology is essential for this process. Tribology is the general term for the study and practice of lubrication, friction and wear. If tribology is neglected or considered insignificant, poor reliability and short life will result.
117 Technical Calendar (July/August 1996)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 1996.
118 The Bridges of Cook County and Other Sagas (September/October 1996)
In spite of being the "Second City," Chicago has always cultivated a reputation for bigness. We're known for big talk, big shoulders, big basketball players - and big gears. While not necessarily the biggest in the world (more about that late), some Chicago gears are among the hardest working.
119 Technical Calendar (September/October 1996)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1996.
120 AGMA & MPIF Develop Standards, Information Sheet for Powder Metal Gears (September/October 1996)
AGMA and members of the Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) are three years into a joint project to develop specifications and an information sheet on rating powder metal gears. According to committee vice chairman Glen A. Moore of Burgess-Norton Mfg. Co., the first phase of the project, the publication of AGMA Standard "6009-AXX, Specifications for Powder Metallurgy Gears," should be completed in late 1996 or early 1997.
121 Gears On Film (November/December 1996)
In our unceasing attempt to further educate our readers - and find new and creative ways to waste time at work - the Addendum staff has spent many long hours (and many dollars on popcorn) to bring you our latest research on gears in film.
122 18 Things You Should Know About SPC for Gears (November/December 1996)
Statistical Precess Control (SPC) and statistical methods in general are useful techniques for identifying and solving complex gear manufacturing consistency and performance problems. Complex problems are those that exist in spite of our best efforts and the application of state-of-the-art engineering knowledge.
123 Powder Metal Gear Design and Inspection (September/October 1996)
Powder metallurgy (P/M) is a precision metal forming technology for the manufacture of parts to net or near-net shape, and it is particularly well-suited to the production of gears. Spur, bevel and helical gears all may be made by made by powder metallurgy processing.
124 Product News (September/October 1996)
Welcome to out Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
125 IMTS Traveling Companion (September/October 1996)
The gear lover's guide to "da show," plus native dishes, language lessons, amazing factoids and other bits about our kind of town.
126 Alternative Lubrication Methods for Large Open Gear Drives (September/October 1996)
The type of lubricant and the method of applying it to the tooth flanks of large open gears is very important from the point of view of lubrication technology and maintenance. When selecting the type of lubricant and the application method, it is important to check whether it is possible to feed the required lubricant quantity to the load-carrying tooth flanks, This is necessary to avoid deficient lubrication, damage to the gear and operational malfunctions. It is important to determine the type of lubricant, which may be fluid or grease-like. The consistency of the lubricant will have a direct impact on the ability of the lubrication system to feed adequately the lubricant to the gear. The interactions between the common types of lubricant and the lubrication application methods for open gear drives are shown in Fig. 1.
127 Automated Inspection Systems: The Whole Picture (January/February 1998)
No one (not even you and I) consistently makes parts with perfect form and dimensions, so we must be able to efficiently check size and shape at many stages in the manufacturing and assembly process to eliminate scrap and rework and improve processes and profits. Automated inspection systems, which are widely used in all kinds of manufacturing operations, provide great efficiencies in checking individual features, but may not be as effective when asked to evaluate an entire part. You need to know why this is true and what you can do to improve your part yields.
128 Beginning Gear Training (January/February 1998)
Gearing is a self-training course for teaching the basic fundamentals of gears and gearing to those totally unfamiliar with the subject.
129 Bigger and Better Than Ever (July/August 1999)
Gear Expo 99, AGMA's biennial showcase for the gear industry, has left the Rust Belt this year and landed in Music City U.S.A., Nashville, Tennessee. The event, with exhibitors from around the globe showing off the latest in gear manufacturing as well as metal working processes, will be held at the Nashville Convention Center, October 24-27, 1999. According to Kurt Medert, AGMA vice president and Gear Expo show manager, "In choosing Nashville, AGMA;s Trade Show Advisory Council found a city that is an excellent trade show site. It has the right mix of convention center, nearby hotels, and a clean downtown area with entertainment readily available for the exhibitors and visitors alike. Nashville is in the heart of southern industry, which we see as a focus of growth for the gear industry and its customers."
130 Development of Gear Technology and Theory of Gearing (July/August 1999)
I must admit that after thumbing through the pages of this relatively compact volume (113 pages, 8.5 x 11 format), I read its three chapters(theory of gearing, geometry and technology, and biographical history) from rear to front. It will become obvious later in this discussion why I encourage most gear engineers to adopt this same reading sequence!
131 A Brief History of Gears (July/August 1999)
No one is quite sure when gears were invented. It's universally agreed, however, that they've been transmitting motion in one form or another for quite a long time.
132 Revolutions (May/June 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
133 Tips for Increasing Power Density in Gear Trains (May/June 1999)
Gear designers today are continually challenged to provide more power in less space and improve gear performance. The following article looks at some of the most common ways to increase the power density or improve the performance of gear trains. The author also takes an in-depth look at the case of a steel worm mating with a plastic helical gear and explores ways to optimize this increasingly common configuration.
134 Celebrations & Expectations (May/June 1999)
When you're 15, you're filled with confidence and exuberance, and you have a future full of potential and room for growth. You're ready to take on the world. Gear Technology began publishing exactly 15 year ago, with the May/June 1984 issue, and the magazine has grown in many ways since then.
135 Kicking Tires (July/August 1999)
For the first time in probably 15 years, I've attended an auto show. Although I haven't been purposely avoiding them, over the past decade or so, the auto industry hasn't given me a compelling reason to go.
136 Myths and Miracles of Gear Coating (July/August 1999)
Three years ago, coated gears seemed to be the perfect solution for the Micro Marine Corporation. The early designs for the gear drive of their MicroCAT human-powered boat used a combination of thin-film dry gear coatings with lubrication and wear-resistance properties. These coatings simplified their design, provided corrosion resistance, made the gear drive environmentally safe and eliminated the need for gear drive lubrication and maintenance. It was a success story in the making.
137 Technical Calendar (July/August 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 1999.
138 If He Builds It, Will They Come (September/October 1999)
Richard Spens has been rebuilding antique machine tools for nearly a decade. He is drawn to the ornate architecture and fascinated by the open design that allows you to see inside a machine as it operates. "Working with machines has been a lifelong thing with me," said Spens, now a design engineer. "I started building steam engines when I was 10 years old." What he's working on now, however, is bigger than any steam engine or machine tool. In rural Livonia, Michigan, Spens is converting an old dairy barn into an accurate recreation of a turn-of-the-century, belt driven gear shop. It's an outgrowth of his interest in antique machine tools and, he feels, a way to stem the tide that is costing America so many manufacturing and skilled trade jobs.
139 Revolutions (July/August 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
140 Industry News (July/August 1999)
Industry News for July/August 1999.
141 The Gear Industry and Y2K (July/August 1999)
If you think Y2K will mean the end of the world, forget it. General Vladimir Dvorkin recently said, "I'd like to apologize beforehand if I fail to realize someone's hopes for the Apocalypse." Te general was, of course, discussing Russian nuclear missiles, making the point that they are not going to launch or detonate when the calendar rolls over to January 1, 2000. General Dvorkin's American counterparts are similarly optimistic. While all that is a relief, it raises the question: will Y2K be as kind to the rest of society? And more specifically, will it be as kind to the gear industry? According to AGMA's president, Joe Franklin, the answer is a resounding "yes." According to Franklin, the AGMA Board considers Y2K a non-issue within an industry that is well ahead of others in its preparedness for January 1, 2000. But is it really? Does the gear industry understand the problem any better than other sectors of society? It's a relief to know that the nuclear bombs are not likely to fall within the first moments of the year 2000, but how about the computers and machines that keep the worldwide economy together?
142 Vectors in Gear Design (July/August 1999)
Friction weighs heavily on loads that the supporting journals of gear trains must withstand. Not only does mesh friction, especially in worm gear drives, affect journal loading, but also the friction within the journal reflects back on the loads required of the mesh itself.
143 Cutting Tools Roundup (May/June 1999)
The cutting tool industry has undergone some serious changes in the last couple of years in both technology and the way the industry does business. The emerging technology today, as well as for the foreseeable future, is dry cutting, especially in high volume production settings. Wet cutting continues to be as popular as ever with lubrication advances making it more economical and environmentally friendly. There has also developed a process called "near dry cutting." this process offers many of the benefits of fluids while eliminating many of hte associated problems.
144 Technical Calendar (May/June 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 1999.
145 A New Approach to Heat Treating Parts Washing (March/April 1999)
New innovations in the management of hear treating parts washers and yielding powerful, unexpected benefits. Simply, cost effective shop floor practices are being combined in new ways to deliver big quality improvements and significant help to the bottom line. Employing these steps early in the process can dramatically cut waste hauling expenses and greatly reduce environmental liabilities while continuously producing cleaner parts.
146 Fatigue Aspects of Case Hardened Gears (March/April 1999)
The efficient and reliable transmission of mechanical power continues, as always, to be a central area of concern and study in mechanical engineering. The transmission of power involves the interaction of forces which are transmitted by specially developed components. These components must, in turn, withstand the complex and powerful stresses developed by the forces involved. Gear teeth transmit loads through a complex process of positive sliding, rolling and negative sliding of the contacting surfaces. This contact is responsible for both the development of bending stresses at the root of the gear teeth and the contact stresses a the contacting flanks.
147 Revolutions (March/April 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
148 Navigating Uncharted Waters in Cyberspace (March/April 1999)
I'd like to share with you a vision of the future. It takes place in cyberspace, and it's coming soon to a computer near you. Whether you like it or not, and whether you're ready or not, the Internet is changing the way business is conducted.
149 Metallurgical Aspects to be Considered in Gear and Shaft Design (March/April 1999)
In his Handbook of Gear Design (Ref.1), Dudley states (or understates): "The best gear people around the world are now coming to realize that metallurgical quality is just as important as geometric quality." Geometric accuracy without metallurgical integrity in any highly stressed gear or shaft would only result in wasted effort for all concerned - the gear designer, the manufacturer, and the customer - as the component's life cycle would be prematurely cut short. A carburized automotive gear or shaft with the wrong surface hardness, case depth or core hardness may not even complete its basic warranty period before failing totally at considerable expense and loss of prestige for the producer and the customer. The unexpected early failure of a large industrial gear or shaft in a coal mine or mill could result in lost production and income while the machine is down since replacement components may not be readily available. Fortunately, this scenario is not common. Most reputable gear and shaft manufacturers around the world would never neglect the metallurgical quality of their products.
150 Industry Report (March/April 1999)
Industry Report for March/April 1999.
151 Industry News (March/April 1999)
Industry News for March/April 1999.
152 Product News (March/April 1999)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
153 Product News (May/June 1999)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
154 Specifying Custom Gears (May/June 1999)
Gear design and specification are not one and the same. They are the first two steps in making a gear. The designer sits down and mathematically defines the gear tooth, working with the base pitch of the gear, the pressure angle he wants to employ, the number of teeth he wants, the lead, the tooth thickness, and the outside, form and root diameters. With these data, the designer can create a mathematical model of the gear. At this stage, he will also decide whether the gear will be made from existing cutting tools or whether new tools will be needed, what kind of materials he will use, and whether or not he will have the gear heat treated and finished.
155 Industry News (May/June 1999)
Industry News for May/June 1999.
156 Cool Gears (May/June 1999)
It's nice to have claim to fame. "We're probably the world's foremost authority on making gears out of ice," says Jeff Root of Virtual Engineering, Plymouth, MI.
157 Redliner Charts and Gear Inspection (March/April 1999)
Q&A is your interactive gear forum. Send us your gear design, manufacturing, inspection or other related questions, and we'll put them before our panel of experts.
158 Technical Calendar (March/April 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1999.
159 Powder Metallurgy Innovations (September/October 1999)
Powder metal. To gear makers today, the phrase conjures images of low power applications in non-critical systems. As powder metal technology advances, as the materials increase in density and strength, such opinions are changing. It is an ongoing, evolutionary process and one that will continue for some time. According to Donald G. White, the executive director of the Metal Powder Industries Federation, in his State-of-the-P/M Industry - 1999 report. "The P/M world is changing rapidly and P/M needs to be recognized as a world-class process - national, continental and even human barriers and prejudices must be eliminated - we must join forces as a world process - unified in approach and goals."
160 Industry News (September/October 1999)
Industry News for September/October 1999.
161 Gear Expo 99 Wrap-up (January/February 2000)
Many people seem to be counting this year's Gear Expo in Nashville as a resounding success. There were 180 American and international exhibitors occupying over 50,000 square feet of exhibit space in the Nashville Convention Center, with total attendance of 2,700. This figure is dramatically down from past shows but that doesn't seem to be an issue with the show organizers. According to Kurt Medert, vice president of AGMA;s Administrative Division, even though attendance was off from the 1997 show, the exhibitors were pleased with the quality of the people who did come to the show. "This was an excellent show for us," said Marty Woodhouse, vice president of sales for Star Cutter Company and chairman of AGMA's Gear Expo committee. "Our customer base was there and they came to buy. It was very active."
162 Gear Manufacturing Past, Present & Future (January/February 2000)
Roughly 100 years ago, Cornelius J. Brosnan of Springfield, Massachusetts, invented and received the first U.S. patent for a paper clip. At about the same time, his fellow inventors were coming up with such marvels as the zipper, the safety razor and the typewriter.
163 Gears On Ice (January/February 2000)
Saginaw, Michigan, may be home to the only gear operation in the world that requires the use of a Zamboni machine. It may also be the only place in the world where teeth on the Gears are optional.
164 Revolutions (November/December 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
165 Industry News (November/December 1999)
Industry News for November/December 1999.
166 Product News (November/December 1999)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
167 The Bigger Picture (January/February 2000)
I learned much of what I know about the machine tool business from my father, who learned it from his father before him. One of the lessons he taught was that no matter how important the details seem, it's equally important to look at the bigger picture.
168 Revolutions (January/February 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
169 Reverse Engineering of Pure Involute Cylindrical Gears Using Conventional Measurement Tools (January/February 2000)
Designing a gear set implies a considerable effort in the determination of the geometry that fulfills the requirements of load capacity, reliability, durability, size, etc. When the objective is to design a new set of gears, there are many alternatives for the design, and the designer has the freedom to choose among them. Reverse engineering implies an even bigger challenge to the designer, because the problem involves already manufactured gears whose geometry is generally unknown. In this case, the designer needs to know the exact geometry of the actual gears in order to have a reference for the design.
170 Shop Floor Safety - Things to Think About (January/February 2000)
It should be a point of pride that the gear industry is actually safer than most other metalworking industries.
171 Product News (January/February 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
172 Industry News (January/February 2000)
Industry News for January/February 2000.
173 Software Bits Our New Products Special Edition (January/February 2000)
Software Bits for January/February 2000.
174 Technical Calendar (January/February 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 2000.
175 Coordinate Measuring Machines and the Gear Industry (November/December 1999)
Gears are extremely complex shapes. Coordinate measuring machines, or CMMs, are designed to measure complex shapes. It seems to follow that CMMs world, therefore, be the ideal tool for measuring gears. But the answer is not so simple.
176 Technical Calendar (November/December 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 1999.
177 Don't Miss These Booths! (September/October 1999)
We've contacted many of the gear industry's leading suppliers to find out what they'll be showing at Gear Expo 99. Booth numbers are current as of July 31, 1999, but they are subject to change. A current list of exhibitors and booth information is available at the AGMA Web site at www.agma.org.
178 Design for Silence: New Concepts and Techniques for Industrial Gears (September/October 1999)
For a long time, relatively high noise levels have been generally accepted for industrial gear units in the 10-100 kW power range. However, due to changing environmental awareness - both in and around industrial sites - customers expectations have moved drastically towards low noise as a key differentiating factor.
179 Calculating SAP and TIF (September/October 1999)
Q&A is your interactive gear forum. send us your gear design, manufacturing, inspection or other related questions, and we'll put them before our panel of experts.
180 Guide to Gear Expo (September/October 1999)
Thousands of gear industry professionals will converge October 24-27 in Nashville, TN, for Gear Expo 99, the industry's biennial collection of the latest in gear manufacturing technology. With nearly 50,000 square feet of exhibit space sold more than two months in advance of the show, this year's Gear Expo will offer visitors more opportunity for supplier comparison than ever before. As of July 20, 166 suppliers of equipment, tooling, services and precision gear products were scheduled to participate, with as many as 20 additional booths yet to be sold, according to AGMA vice president and Gear Expo show manager Kurt Medert. The largest previous Gear Expo was held in 1997 in Detroit, with 43,100 square feet of exhibit space and 161 exhibitors.
181 Gear Grinding With Dish Wheels (September/October 1999)
The grinding of gears with dish wheels (Maad type grinding machines) is widely viewed as the most precise method of gear grinding because of the very short and simple kinematic links between the gear and the tool, and also because the cutting edges of the wheels represent planar surfaces. However, in this grinding method, depending on the parameters of the gears and one of the adjustments (such as the number of teeth encompassed by the grinding wheels), so-called overtravel at the tip or at the root of the teeth being ground generally occurs. When this happens, machining with only one wheel takes place. As a result, the profile error and the length of the generating path increases while productivity decreases.
182 Timing is Everything (September/October 1999)
Although the cultures and areas of expertise of Solomon and Sun Tzu are worlds apart, the two offer similar opinions on the importance of seizing the moment. Their ancient wisdom may have increasing relevance to modern manufacturers in a global economy, particularly those contemplating whether now is the time to invest in capital equipment.
183 Cast Iron: A Solid choice for Reducing Gear Noise (September/October 1999)
Material selection can play an important role in the constant battle to reduce gear noise. Specifying tighter dimensional tolerances or redesigning the gear are the most common approaches design engineers take to minimize noise, but either approach can add cost to the finished part and strain the relationship between the machine shop and the end user. A third, but often overlooked, alternative is to use a material that has high noise damping capabilities. One such material is cast iron.
184 Product News (September/October 1999)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
185 Hard Gear Finishing with a Geometrically Defined Cutting Edge (November/December 1999)
The market demand for gear manufacturers to transmit higher torques via smaller-sized gear units inevitably leads to the use of case-hardened gears with high manufacturing and surface quality. In order to generate high part quality, there is an increasing trend towards the elimination of the process-induced distortion that occurs during heat treatment by means of subsequent hard finishing.
186 The Success of Our Customers (November/December 1999)
No matter what business you're in, you need customers. More importantly, you need customers who can and want to pay for your goods or services. It's in our best interest to do everything we can to make sue our customers are successful with the products or services they buy from us, as I believe that our wages are paid not by our companies but by their customers.
187 Definition and Inspection of Profile and Lead of a Worm Wheel (November/December 1999)
Traditionally, profile and lead inspections have been indispensable portions of a standard inspection of an involute gear. This also holds true for the worm of a worm gear drive (Ref. 1). But the inspection of the profile and the lead is rarely performed on a worm wheel. One of the main reasons is our inability to make good definitions of these two elements (profile and lead) for the worm wheel. Several researchers have proposed methods for profile and lead inspections of a worm wheel using CNC machines or regular involute and lead inspections of a worm wheel using CNC machines or regular involute measuring machines. Hu and Pennell measured a worm wheel's profile in an "involute" section and the lead on the "pitch" cylinder (Ref. 2). This method is applicable to a convolute helicoid worm drive with a crossing angle of 90 degrees because the wheel profile in one of the offset axial planes is rectilinear. This straight profile generates an involute on the generated worm wheel. Unfortunately, because of the hob oversize, the crossing angle between the hob and the worm wheel always deviates from 90 degrees by the swivel angle. Thus, this method can be implemented only approximately by ignoring the swivel angle. Another shortcoming of this method is that there is only one profile and one lead on each flank. If the scanned points deviated from this curve, it produced unreal profile deviation. Octrue discussed profile inspection using a profile checking machine (Ref. 3).
188 One Fast Gear Boxx (November/December 1999)
You go, and if your name is Ryan Boxx, you go faster than everyone else. Boxx became the fastest 15-year-old in America this summer when he won his division of the National Hot Rod Association's Junior Drag Racing League National Championship.
189 Revolutions (September/October 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
190 Technical Calendar (September/October 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1999.
191 The Gallery of Fame: A Tribute to Gear Pioneers (March/April 1999)
The Gear Research Laboratory of the University of Illinois at Chicago is home to a unique tribute to gear pioneers from around the world, the Gallery of Fame. The gallery is the brainchild of the laboratory director, Professor Faydor L. Litvin. The Gallery was begun in 1994 an dis a photographic tribute to those gear company founders, inventors and researchers who devoted their careers to the study and development of gears.
192 Software Bits (January/February 1999)
Software Bits for January/February 1999.
193 Relationship Between Wear and Pitting Phenomena in Worm Gears (May/June 1998)
Worm gears display unique behavior of surfaces because of the presence of wear phenomena in addition to contact pressure phenomena.
194 Meeting The Challenge (May/June 1998)
Every once in a while something happens to fundamentally change the nature of your business. Despite the best of intentions and the most careful planning, there's no way we can anticipate every event. What do you do, for example, when your two biggest competitors merge, when the economy collapses in the region that imports your products or when key employees leave your company? Your reactions may make the difference between success and struggling to survive.
195 Hobs & Form Relived Cutters: Common Sharpening Problems (May/June 1998)
Fig. 1 shows the effects of positive and negative rake on finished gear teeth. Incorrect positive rake (A) increase the depth and decreases the pressure angle on the hob tooth. The resulting gear tooth is thick at the top and thin at the bottom. Incorrect negative rake (B) decreases the depth and increases the pressure angle. This results in a cutting drag and makes the gear tooth thin at the top and thick at the bottom.
196 Hard Gear Finishing With CBN-Basic Considerations (May/June 1998)
For over 50 years, grinding has been an accepted method of choice for improving the quality of gears and other parts by correcting heat treat distortions. Gears with quality levels better than AGMA 10-11 or DIN 6-7 are hard finished, usually by grinding. Other applications for grinding include, but are not limited to, internal/external and spur/helical gear and spline forms, radius forms, threads and serrations, compressor rotors, gerotors, ball screw tracks, worms, linear ball tracks, rotary pistons, vane pump rotators, vane slots, and pump spindles.
197 AGMA and ISO Accuracy Standards (May/June 1998)
The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to write all U.S. standards on gearing. However, in response to the growing interest in a global marketplace, AGMA became involved with the International Standards Organization (ISO) several years ago, first as an observer in the late 1970s and then as a participant, starting in the early 1980s. In 1993, AGMA became Secretariat (or administrator) for Technical Committee 60 of ISO, which administers ISO gear standards development.
198 Technical Calendar (May/June 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1998.
199 Dry Cutting of Bevel and Hypoid Gears (May/June 1998)
High-speed machining using carbide has been used for some decades for milling and turning operations. The intermittent character of the gear cutting process has delayed the use of carbide tools in gear manufacturing. Carbide was found at first to be too brittle for interrupted cutting actions. In the meantime, however, a number of different carbide grades were developed. The first successful studies in carbide hobbing of cylindrical gears were completed during the mid-80s, but still did not lead to a breakthrough in the use of carbide cutting tools for gear production. Since the carbide was quite expensive and the tool life was too short, a TiN-coated, high-speed steel hob was more economical than an uncoated carbide hob.
200 The Music of the Gears (July/August 1998)
It should be obvious by now that gears are more than just mechanical components. We have brought you movies with gears and Shakespeare with gears, jewelry made out of gears and so on. Now we, the humble staff at Addendum, are proud to present gears in the world of music.
201 Plastic: The Not-So-Alternative Technology (July/August 1998)
"We're taking over," says Art Milano. It's a bold statement from the engineering manager of Seitz Corporation, one of the largest manufacturers of injection molded plastic gears, but Milano has reason for his optimism. Plastic gears are big business-probably bigger than most gear industry "insiders" realize.
202 Alternative Gear Manufacturing (July/August 1998)
the gear industry is awash in manufacturing technologies that promise to eliminate waste by producing gears in near-net shape, cut production and labor costs and permit gear designers greater freedom in materials. These methods can be broken down into the following categories: alternative ways to cut, alternative ways to form and new, exotic alternatives. Some are new, some are old and some are simply amazing.
203 Politics of Manufacturing (July/August 1998)
In the approximately 15 years that I have been writing editorials for Gear Technology, I've purposely avoided certain topics. Sex, religion and my own used gear machinery business are among the subjects that have always been off limits. But with this issue, I'm going to break one of my long-standing taboos by talking politics.
204 Product Liability for Engineers (July/August 1998)
This textbook, written for college level engineering students, gives a basic grounding in the complexities of product liability law. It also provides useful information to those of us involved in the manufacturing of gears and gear systems in that the fundamental concepts apply to all types of manufacturers.
205 What the Internet Means To Your Gear Business (July/August 1998)
Let's face it. The Internet is still, to many of us, exciting, confusing, terrifying and frustrating by turns. The buzzwords change so fast that even the most high tech companies have a hard time keeping up. Cyberspace. Firewall, Java. E-commerce. The list goes on.
206 Industry News (July/August 1998)
Industry News for July/August 1998.
207 Product News (May/June 1998)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
208 Industry News (May/June 1998)
Industry News for May/June 1998.
209 Product News (March/April 1998)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
210 Technical Calendar (March/April 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 1998.
211 Programmable Separation of Runout From Profile and Lead Inspection Data for Gear Teeth With Arbitrary Modifications (March/April 1998)
A programmable algorithm is developed to separate out the effect of eccentricity (radial runout) from elemental gear inspection date, namely, profile and lead data. This algorithm can be coded in gear inspection software to detect the existence, the magnitude and the orientation of the eccentricity without making a separate runout check. A real example shows this algorithm produces good results.
212 Mr. Jackson's Amazing, Mysterious Machine (March/April 1998)
In our never-ending quest to bring our readers information about he unusual, the unique and-dare we say it?-the bizarre, the Addendum Staff has traveled for this issue to the wilds of Darkest Tennessee and the Museum of Appalachia. This museum of Appalachian fold art, crafts and history is located in Norris, TN, about 16 miles north of Knoxville. Among the 250,000 items collected by the museum's founder, John Rice Irwin, is a "thing," a "contraption," an "objet trouve"; to wit, Asa Jackson's mysterious machine.
213 Product News (January/February 1998)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
214 Gear Teeth With Byte (January/February 1998)
Computers are everywhere. It's gotten so that it's hard to find an employee who isn't using one in the course of his or her day - whether he be CEO or salesman, engineer or machinist. Everywhere you look, you find the familiar neutral-colored boxes and bright glowing screens. And despite the gear industry's traditional reluctance to embrace new technology, more and moe of what you find on those screens are gears.
215 Viewpoint (March/April 1998)
Jules Kish responds to comments about his article on finding a hunting ratio, and Dr. Sante Basili argues that shaving is still the best way to finish a rough-cut gear.
216 Choosing the Right Heat Treater (March/April 1998)
Heat treating is a critical operation in gear manufacturing. It can make or break the quality of your final product. Yet it is one that frequently gear manufacturers outsource to someone else. Then the crucial question becomes, how do you know you're getting the right heat treater? How can you guarantee your end product when you have turned over this important process to someone else?
217 Thoughts For Gear Technologists (May/June 1998)
Every now and then, it strikes us as wise to keep our thoughts to ourselves and let our betters speak for us. Therefore, we present to you a collection of observations on work; science and other items of interest to gear engineers.
218 New Guidelines For Wind Turbine Gearboxes (May/June 1998)
The wind turbine industry has been plagued with gearbox failures, which cause repair costs, legal expenses, lost energy production and environmental pollution.
219 Fahrenheit 451: Gear Up For Induction Hardening (March/April 1998)
So, you've been assigned the task to buy an induction heating system for heat treating: It's an intimidating, but by no means impossible, assignment. With the help of the information in this article, you could be able to develop common ground with your supplier and have the tools to work with him or her to get the right machine for your jobs.
220 New Guideless CNC Shaper for Helical Gears (March/April 1998)
Product announcements so often trumpet minor, incremental advances with works like "revolutionary" and "unique" that even the best thesaurus can fail to offer a fresh alternative to alert the reader when something really innovative and important is introduced. In the case of Mitsubishi's new CNC gear shaper, the ST25CNC, both terms apply.
221 Industry News (March/April 1998)
Industry News for March/April 1998.
222 Riding Out The Good Times (March/April 1998)
Happy days are here again, says the old song, and given the current economic numbers, one can scarcely argue. Productivity is up; unemployment is down; inflation is practically nonexistent; the budget deficit is shrinking fast.
223 Exhibitors Prepare for the Biggest IMTS Ever (July/August 1998)
IMTS Show Coverage for 1998.
224 Introduction to ISO 6336 What Gear Manufacturers Need to Know (July/August 1998)
ISO 6336 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears was published in 1997 after 50 years of effort by an international committee of experts whose work spanned three generations of gear technology development. It was a difficult compromise between the existing national standards to get a single standard published which will be the basis for future work. Many of the compromises added complication to the 1987 edition of DIN 3990, which was the basic document.
225 Creative Drive (January/February 1999)
Alexander Deeb Could Have Been A Gear Engineer. "I have always had a fascination with movement and moving parts," Deeb says. "As a boy at Christmas time, I was much more interested in how and why my new toys worked than in what they actually did. That curiosity has never left me."
226 Issues of Gear Design Using 3D Solid Modeling Systems (January/February 1999)
More and more gear shops are wrestling with the issue of whether or not solid modeling is right for their gear design work. The Q & A Page of The Gear Industry Home Page has had numerous questions asking how to model gears in solid modeling applications such as AutoCAD, Solidworks and Pr/Engineer. Given the problems people have been having, we are presenting the step-by-step process for modeling gears in Pr/Engineer, but first we thought it would be a good idea to explore the question of whether or not you should even try to design gears using Pro/Engineer or any other 3D solid modeling program.
227 Technical Calendar (November/December 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 1998.
228 Clouds in the Crystal Ball (November/December 1998)
The carnival that is IMTS has come and gone. The aisles have been swept, and all the banners have been taken down. The fanfare of what some call the greatest machine tool show on earth has faded away.
229 Changes In The Gear Industry (November/December 1998)
Industry News for November/December 1998.
230 Calculating Spur and Helical Gear Capacity with ISO 6336 (November/December 1998)
This is the third article in a series exploring the new ISO 6336 gear rating standard and its methods of calculation. The opinions expressed herein are htose of the author as an individual. They do not represent the opinions of any organization of which he is a member.
231 ISO 6336-5: Strength and Quality of Materials (January/February 1999)
This is the fourth and final article in a series exploring the new ISO 6336 gear rating standard and its methods of calculation. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author as an individual. They do not represent the opinions of any organization of which he is a member.
232 New Products (January/February 1999)
Product News for January/February 1999.
233 Selection of the Optimal Parameters of the Rack-Tool to Ensure the Maximum Gear Tooth Profile Accuracy (January/February 1999)
An analysis of possibilities for the selection of tool geometry parameters was made in order to reduce tooth profile errors during the grinding of gears by different methods. The selection of parameters was based on the analysis of he grid diagram of a gear and a rack. Some formulas and graphs are presented for the selection of the pressure angle, module and addendum of the rack-tool. The results from the grinding experimental gears confirm the theoretical analysis.
234 1999 and Counting (January/February 1999)
Have you ever watched the odometer on your car as you approach 100,000 miles? Something about human nature compels us to watch the odometer roll over. It may be just a fascination with numbers: Seeing all those nines line up is rare, and we don't want to miss it. but it may also have to do with the feeling of being on the verge of something that won't come again.
235 Industry News (January/February 1999)
Industry News for January/February 1999.
236 An Experimental Study on the Effect of Power Honing on Gear Surface Topography (January/February 1999)
Gear noise associated with tooth surface topography is a fundamental problem in many applications. Operations such as shaving, gear grinding and gear honing are usually used to finish the gear surface. Often, gears have to be treated by a combination of these operations, e.g. grinding and honing. This is because gear honing operations do not remove enough stock although they do create a surface lay favorable for quiet operation. See Fig. 1 for typical honing process characteristics. Gear grinding processes, on the other hand, do remove stock efficiently but create a noisy surface lay.
237 Revolutions (January/February 1999)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry. Revolutions welcomes your submissions.
238 Technical Calendar (January/February 1999)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 1999.
239 Gears on the Firing Line (November/December 1998)
Air compressors are a good example of industrial machinery with components that rotate at very high speeds, up to 80,000 rpm. They are subject to very high rotational forces and often variable loads. Strong, high-precision gears for the power transmission trains that drive the impellers are critical components of machinery operating under such conditions.
240 Product News (November/December 1998)
Product News for November/December 1998.
241 Industry In Motion (September/October 1998)
Industry News for September/October 1998.
242 Designing Reliability Into Industrial Gear Drives (September/October 1998)
The primary objective in designing reliable gear drives is to avoid failure. Avoiding failure is just as important for the manufacturer and designer as it is for the end user. Many aspects should be considered in order to maximize the potential reliability and performance of installed gearing.
243 Back in the Good Old Days (September/October 1998)
Come with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear...Ok, this is not the Cisco Kid, but we do have a little game for you. Guess the year the following advertisements and excerpt were printed - they all appeared in a dingle issue of Machinery Magazine.
244 Technical Calendar (July/August 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 1998.
245 Product News (July/August 1998)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
246 Effects of Planetary Gear Ratio on Mean Service Life (July/August 1998)
Planetary gear transmissions are compact, high-power speed reducers that use parallel load paths. The range of possible reduction ratios is bounded from below and above by limits on the relative size of the planet gears. For a single-plane transmission, the planet gear has no size of the sun and ring. Which ratio is best for a planetary reduction can be resolved by studying a series of optimal designs. In this series, each design is obtained by maximizing the service life for a planetary transmission with a fixed size, gear ratio, input speed, power and materials. The planetary gear reduction service life is modeled as a function of the two-parameter Weibull distributed service lives of the bearings and gears in the reduction. Planet bearing life strongly influences the optimal reduction lives, which point to an optimal planetary reduction ratio in the neighborhood of four to five.
247 Product News (September/October 1998)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
248 Technical Calendar (September/October 1998)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1998.
249 Poemetry In Mesh (November/December 1998)
As we at Addendum have long known, within every gear man (and women) lies the soul of a poet. To prove it, we present the following piece by David B. Dooner.
250 The Basics of Gear Metrology and Terminology Part II (November/December 1998)
In the last section, we discussed gear inspection; the types of errors found by single and double flank composite and analytical tests; involute geometry; the involute cam and the causes and symptoms of profile errors. In this section, we go into tooth alignment and line of contact issues including lead, helix angles, pitch, pitchline runout, testing and errors in pitch and alignment.
251 Looking Arond the Corner (September/October 1998)
Listen carefully these days and you'll hear a faint rumbling among the economic masses. It's probably nothing to worry about. It'll most likely go away. It's only the naysayers and skeptics who predict that the end is near. They've been doing to far almost all eight years of our current economic boom, and they've been wrong so far.
252 Comparing Standards (September/October 1998)
One of the best ways to learn the ISO 6336 gear rating system is to recalculate the capacity of a few existing designs and to compare the ISO 6336 calculated capacity to your experience with those designs and to other rating methods. For these articles, I'll assume that you have a copy of ISO 6336, you have chosen a design for which you have manufacturing drawings and an existing gear capacity calculation according to AGMA 2001 or another method. I'll also assume that you have converted dimensions, loads, etc. into the SI system of measurement.
253 Sponsors Predict Biggest IMTS Ever (September/October 1998)
In 1927 the first precursor of IMTS was held in Cleveland. Back then, lasers, robots and computer controls were just science fiction. At IMTS 98 they will fill nearly every last corner of the recently expended McCormick Place.
254 The Basics of Gear Metrology and Terminology Part I (September/October 1998)
It is very common for those working in the gear manufacturing industry to have only a limited understanding of the fundamental principals of involute helicoid gear metrology, the tendency being to leave the topic to specialists in the gear lab. It is well known that quiet, reliable gears can only be made using the information gleaned from proper gear metrology.
255 New Views A different way to spec and shop for parts (January/February 1996)
Information is the name of the game in the 90s. We need more of it; we need it faster; and we need it in infinitely manipulatable and user-friendly form. In many cases, getting it that way is still something of a Holy Grail, somewhere off on the distant horizon. But thanks to computer technology, bit by byte, we're getting there.
256 Avoiding Interference In Shaper-Cut Gears (January/February 1996)
In the process of developing gear trains, it occasionally occurs that the tip of one gear will drag in the fillet of the mating gear. The first reaction may be to assume that the outside diameter of the gear is too large. This article is intended to show that although the gear dimensions follow AGMA guidelines, if the gear is cut with a shaper, the cutting process may not provide sufficient relief in the fillet area and be the cause of the interference.
257 Management By Walking Around (November/December 1992)
Have you ever been confronted by a thorny business problem, only to discover - belatedly - that it has been creeping up on you for months, or even years?
258 Camshaft Gears (November/December 1992)
One of our readers in England has asked for our help in locating published technical data and information on the design, manufacture, and inspection of camshaft gears. Although millions of these gears have been made and are in constant use, we are not aware of any formal material having been published. We would be pleased to hear from anyone who had knowledge of such information.
259 1992 Marks Important Gear Design Milestone: Lewis Bending Strenth Equations Now 100 Years old (November/December 1992)
Columbus' first voyage to the Americas is not the only anniversary worthy of celebration this year. In 1892, on October 15, Wilfred Lewis gave an address to the Engineer's Club of Philadelphia, whose significance, while not as great as that of Columbus' voyage, had important results for the gearing community. In this address, Lewis first publicly outlined his formula for computing bending stress in gear teeth, a formula still in use today.
260 Investigation of the Strength of Gear Teeth (November/December 1992)
To mechanical engineers, the strength of gear teeth is a question of constant recurrence, and although the problem to be solved is quite elementary in character, probably no other question could be raised upon which such a diversity of opinion exists, and in support of which such an array of rules and authorities might be quoted. In 1879, Mr. John H. Cooper, the author of a well-known work on "Belting," made an examination of the subject and found there were then in existence about forty-eight well-established rules for horsepower and working strength, sanctioned by some twenty-four authorities, and differing from each other in extreme causes of 500%. Since then, a number of new rules have been added, but as no rules have been given which take account of the actual tooth forms in common use, and as no attempt has been made to include in any formula the working stress on the material so that the engineer may see at once upon what assumption a given result is based, I trust I may be pardoned for suggesting that a further investigation is necessary or desirable.
261 Calendar (November/December 1992)
Complete calendar for November/December 1992
262 Classification of Types of Gear Tooth Wear - Part I (November/December 1992)
The phenomena of deterioration of surfaces are generally very complex and depend on numerous conditions which include the operating conditions, the type of load applied, the relative speeds of surfaces in contact, the temperature, lubrication, surfaces hardness and roughness, and the compatibility and nature of materials.
263 The Sum of Our Fears (November/December 1992)
Last month I attended a meeting in Mexico City sponsored by CIATEQ, a quasi-governmental organization in Mexico, which has as one of its aims the encouragement of the growth of the gear industry in Mexico. The purpose of the meeting was to provide a catalyst among the attendees to form a Mexican equivalent of AGMA and to encourage an alliance with AGMA. Joe Franklin, the Executive Director of AGMA, Bill Boggess, the President, Vice-President Ray Haley, and I were among the few Americans at the meeting.
264 Tooth Contact Shift in Loaded Spiral Bevel Gears (November/December 1992)
An analytical method is presented to predict the shifts of the contact ellipses on spiral bevel gear teeth under load. The contact ellipse shift is the motion of the point to its location under load. The shifts are due to the elastic motions of the gear and pinion supporting shafts and bearings. The calculations include the elastic deflections of the gear shafts and the deflections of the four shaft bearings. The method assumes that the surface curvature of each tooth is constant near the unloaded pitch point. Results from these calculations will help designers reduce transmission weight without seriously reducing transmission performance.
265 Our Readers Discuss Gear Rattle, Gear Books, and Gear Tech (January/February 1993)
Investigation of Gear Rattle Phenomena The article by Messrs. Rust, Brandl and Thien was very interesting in its description of the problem and of some of the interactions which occur.
266 New Cutting Tool Developments in Gear Shaping Technology (January/February 1993)
The advent of CNC technology as applied to gear shaping machines has, in the last 10 years, led to an astonishing improvement in both productivity and quality. As is usual when developments such as this take place, the technology of the machine tool suddenly jumps ahead of that of the cutting tool, and the machine is then capable of producing faster than the cutting tool can withstand.
267 Line of Action: Concepts & Calculations (January/February 1993)
In the past gear manufacturers have had to rely on hob manufacturers' inspection of individual elements of a hob, such as lead, involute, spacing, and runout. These did not always guarantee correct gears, as contained elements may cause a hob to produce gears beyond tolerance limits.
268 A Hopeful New Year (January/February 1993)
It always strikes me as something of an irony that the brightest holidays of the year fall in the deepest part of the darkest season. They come when the days are the shortest, the clouds the thickest, the weather (at least in Chicago), the worst. And yet it is at precisely this time when we celebrate the happier human emotions of family, love, and charity and somewhat arbitrarily declare a "new" year.
269 Application Analysis (January/February 1993)
Questions: I have heard the terms "safety factor," "service factor," and "application factor" used in discussing gear design. what are these factors an dhow do they differ from one another? Why are they important?
270 Classification of Types of Gear Tooth Wear - Part II (January/February 1993)
The first part of this article included abrasive wear with two bodies, streaks and scoring, polishing, and hot and cold scuffing. This part will deal with three-body wear, scratches or grooves, and interference wear. Normal, moderate, and excessive wear will be defined, and a descriptive chart will be presented.
271 CNC Technology and the System-Independent Manufacture of Spiral Bevel Gears (September/October 1992)
CNC technology offers new opportunities for the manufacture of bevel gears. While traditionally the purchase of a specific machine at the same time determined a particular production system, CNC technology permits the processing of bevel gears using a wide variety of methods. The ideological dispute between "tapered tooth or parallel depth tooth" and "single indexing or continuous indexing" no longer leads to an irreversible fundamental decision. The systems have instead become penetrable, and with existing CNC machines, it is possible to select this or that system according to factual considerations at a later date.
272 Investigation of Gear Rattle Phenomena (September/October 1992)
The acceptance by discerning customers of passenger cars is dependent upon both the actual noise lever and the subjective noise character. The subjective noise character itself can contain, among other features, undesirable noise phenomena which become apparent at certain points in the vehicle operating range. One such critical phenomenon is gear rattle, which is mainly present under low speed, high load conditions. Due to changes in the angular velocity of the crankshaft, gear rattle under driving conditions occurs at the unloaded gears and splines.
273 Calendar (July/August 1992)
Complete calendar for July/August 1992
274 Gear Inspection and Measurement (July/August 1992)
The purpose of gear inspection is to: Assure required accuracy and quality, Lower overall cost of manufacture by controlling rejects and scrap, Control machines and machining practices and maintain produced accuracy as machines and tools wear, Determine hear treat distortions to make necessary corrections.
275 New Product Area Pavilions, SME Conferences Highlight IMTS 92 (July/August 1992)
IMTS 92 - The International Manufacturing Technology Show - opens in Chicago September 9 and runs through September 17 at Chicago's McCormick Place. IMTS is the Western Hemisphere's larges trade show. Over 800 companies from all over the globe will be showing products in exhibits covering some 931,000 sq. ft. of space.
276 Grinding of Spur and Helical Gears (July/August 1992)
Grinding is a technique of finish-machining, utilizing an abrasive wheel. The rotating abrasive wheel, which id generally of special shape or form, when made to bear against a cylindrical shaped workpiece, under a set of specific geometrical relationships, will produce a precision spur or helical gear. In most instances the workpiece will already have gear teeth cut on it by a primary process, such as hobbing or shaping. There are essentially two techniques for grinding gears: form and generation. The basic principles of these techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, are presented in this section.
277 Operation Trade Show (July/August 1992)
Organizing a successful trade show exhibit is not unlike running Operation Desert Storm. The logistics can be a nightmare; the expense, horrendous; the details, mind-boggling. About the only thing you won't have to cope with is having someone fire SCUD missiles at you.
278 Comparing Surface Failure Modes in Bearings and Gears: Appearances vs. Mechanisms (July/August 1992)
In the 1960's and early 1970's, considerable work was done to identify the various modes of damage that ended the lives of rolling element bearings. A simple summary of all the damage modes that could lead to failure is given in Table 1. In bearing applications that have insufficient or improper lubricant, or have contaminants (water, solid particles) or poor sealing, failure, such as excessive wear or vibration or corrosion, may occur, rather than contact fatigue. Usually other components in the overall system besides bearings also suffer. Over the years, builders of transmissions, axles, and gear boxes that comprise such systems have understood the need to improve the operating environment within such units, so that some system life improvements have taken place.
279 A Flood of Lessons (July/August 1992)
About the time we were midst of planning the editorial content for this issue of Gear Technology, we, like everyone else in the metro area, found ourselves diverted by the Great Chicago Flood. For a week, it seemed to be all we thought about. Then the tunnels dried out, the stores reopened, and we all went back to work.
280 Cutting Low-Pich-Angle Bevel Gears; Worm Gears & The Oil Entry Gap (July/August 1992)
Question: Do machines exist that are capable of cutting bevel gear teeth on a gear of the following specifications: 14 teeth, 1" circular pitch, 14.5 degrees pressure angle, 4 degrees pitch cone angle, 27.5" cone distance, and an 2.5" face width?
281 Calendar (September/October 1992)
Complete calendar for September/October 1992
282 Base Pitch Tables (September/October 1992)
There is one dimension common to both members of a pair of properly mating spur gears - the base pitch (BP). This base pitch is equal to the circular pitch of the gear on the base circle (see Fig. 1). For a helical gear, the base pitch can be described in either the transverse or normal plane, and is called the transverse base pitch (TBP) or normal base pitch (NBP), respectively. For parallel axis helical gears, both the TBP and NBP must be the same on both mating gears. For skew axis helical gears, only the NBP must be common.
283 Reader Dialogue: Functional Measurement of Gears; More Good Gear Books (September/October 1992)
From time to time, the editors of "Shop Floor" receive correspondence from readers relating to particular articles they have written for past issues. As one of the purposes of this column is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas, we reproduce here two of these letters and their replies. The subject of the first is the functional measurement of gears. (See Gear Technology, Sept/Oct, 1991, p. 17) Robert E. Smith writes the reply.
284 The Seeds of Great Enterprises (September/October 1992)
"Opportunity is the start of great enterprises." said the Greet statesman Demosthenes, and what was true 2300 years ago is no less true now. Plenty of opportunities which can grow into great - and successful - enterprises are waiting for us right now if we only have the foresight to take advantage of them.
285 The Bottom Line on Trade Shows (September/October 1992)
The whole point of a trade show is to get leads that will turn into sales. No matter how attractive your booth was, no matter how smoothly the setup and the show ran, no matter how many visitors you had at your booth, if your presence at a show didn't net you any sales, then your considerable investment of time, money, and effort has been wasted.
286 GT Advertisers Among the Hundreds at IMTS '92 (September/October 1992)
8 Gear Technology advertisers will have booths at IMTS 92, the largest trade show in the Western Hemisphere. The show opens in Chicago on Sept. 9 and runs through the 17th. More than 800 companies from around the world will cover some 931,000 sq. ft. of exhibit space to show the latest manufacturing technology - everything from forming and fabrication products to environmental and plant safety equipment.
287 High Technology Hobs (January/February 1993)
Today's high technology hobs are visible different from their predecessors. Gear hobs have taken on a different appearance and function with present day technology and tool and material development. This article shows the newer products being offered today and the reasons for investigating their potential for use in today's modern gear hobbers, where cost reduction and higher productivity are wanted.
288 Hiring & Firing the Older Employee (January/February 1993)
Given the current economic and legal climate, matters of hiring and firing are cause for considerable concern among managers. In addition to all the other factors to be considered, employers must be wary of exactly how these procedures should be carried out, so that the company is not left open to lawsuits based on charges of discrimination of one kind or another. The reasons given for a particular employment decision may be as crucial to determining liability as the decision itself.
289 AGMA Promises Bigger, Better Show in Detroit (July/August 1993)
AGMA's Gear Expo '93 is expected to be at least 10% larger in terms of floor space than the '91 show, according to Joe Franklin, AGMA's executive director. "As of June 1, we have 80 exhibitors registered", he says.
290 Gear Expo '93 Promises To Be The Biggest All-Gearing Trade Show Yet (July/August 1993)
Gear Expo '93, "The World of Gearing," is scheduled for October 10-13 at Cobo Conference & Exhibition Center, Detroit, MI. Hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on all four days of the show.
291 The European Rack Shift Coefficient 'X' for Americans (July/August 1993)
The use of dimensionless factors to describe gear tooth geometry seems to have a strong appeal to gear engineers. The stress factors I and J, for instance, are well established in AGMA literature. The use of the rack shift coefficient "x" to describe nonstandard gear proportions is common in Europe, but is not as commonly used in the United States. When it is encountered in the European literature or in the operating manuals for imported machine tools, it can be a source of confusion to the American engineer.
292 Gear Tip Chamfer and Gear Noise; Surface Measurement of Spiral Bevel Gear Teeth (July/August 1993)
Could the tip chamfer that manufacturing people usually use on the tips of gear teeth be the cause of vibration in the gear set? The set in question is spur, of 2.25 DP, with 20 degrees pressure angle. The pinion has 14 teeth and the mating gear, 63 teeth. The pinion turns at 535 rpm maximum. Could a chamfer a little over 1/64" cause a vibration problem?
293 Money Business: Exporting - Part III (July/August 1993)
The object of any business transaction, be it foreign or domestic, is making a profit. That's why you go through all the effort of making and selling your product in the first place. Getting paid in a timely manner is crucial to making profit, but when your customer is in another country, this "timely and convenient" payment can become complicated; hence, your need for a banker with expertise in international markets.
294 Calendar (July/August 1993)
Complete calendar for July/August 1993
295 CNC Bevel Gear Generators and Flared Cup Gear Grinding (July/August 1993)
New freedom of motion available with CNC generators make possible improving tooth contact on bevel and hypoid gears. Mechanical machines by their nature are inflexible and require a special mechanism for every desired motion. These mechanisms are generally exotic and expensive. As a result, it was not until the introduction of CNC generators that engineers started exploring motion possibilities and their effect on tooth contact.
296 Gear Expo '93 - A Wise Investment (July/August 1993)
Gear Expo '93 - another trade show, another plea to send people and/or equipment out of town, away from the office or plant. Another bid to spend time, money, and effort. Oh, please! Hasn't anybody heard that these are the "lean and mean" '90s?
297 Maximum Life Spiral Bevel Reduction Design (September/October 1993)
Optimization is applied to the design of a spiral bevel gear reduction for maximum life at a given size. A modified feasible directions search algorithm permits a wide variety of inequality constraints and exact design requirements to be met with low sensitivity to initial values. Gear tooth bending strength and minimum contact ration under load are included in the active constraints. The optimal design of the spiral bevel gear reduction includes the selection of bearing and shaft proportions in addition to gear mesh parameters. System life is maximized subject to a fixed back-cone distance of the spiral bevel gear set for a specified speed ratio, shaft angle, input torque and power. Significant parameters in the design are the spiral angle, the pressure angle, the numbers of teeth on the pinion and gear and the location and size of the four support bearings. Interpolated polynomials expand the discrete bearing properties and proportions into continuous variables for gradient optimization. After finding the continuous optimum, a designer can analyze near-optimal designs for comparison and selection. Design examples show the influence of the bearing lives on the gear parameters in the optimal configurations. For a fixed back-cone distance, optimal designs with larger shaft angles have larger service lives.
298 Explore the World of Gearing from A to Z (September/October 1993)
Forty of Gear Technology's pre-show and show issue advertisers will be exhibiting a wide range of goods and services at AGMA's Gear Expo '93. The exhibition will be held October 10-13 at Cobo Conference & Exhibition Center in Detroit, MI. Below is an alphabetical listing of these advertisers and a preview of what can be seen at their booths.
299 Hob Basics Part I (September/October 1993)
The Hobbing Process The hobbing process involves a hob which is threaded with a lead and is rotated in conjunction with the gear blank at a ratio dependent upon the number of teeth to be cut. A single thread hob cutting a 40-tooth gear will make 40 revolutions for each revolution of the gear. The cutting action in hobbing is continuous, and the teeth are formed in one passage of the hob through the blank. See Fig. 1 for a drawing of a typical hob with some common nomenclature.
300 Calendar (September/October 1993)
Complete calendar for September/October 1993
301 Contact Analysis of Gears Using a Combined Finite Element and Surface Integral Method (July/August 1993)
The complete and accurate solution t the contact problem of three-dimensional gears has been, for the past several decades, one of the more sought after, albeit elusive goals in the engineering community. Even the arrival on the scene in the mid-seventies of finite element techniques failed to produce the solution to any but the most simple gear contact problems.
302 Lubricants and Lubrication of Plastic Gears (September/October 1993)
Surface measurement of any metal gear tooth contact surface will indicate some degree of peaks and valleys. When gears are placed in mesh, irregular contact surfaces are brought together in the typical combination of rolling and sliding motion. The surface peaks, or asperities, of one tooth randomly contact the asperities of the mating tooth. Under the right conditions, the asperities form momentary welds that are broken off as the gear tooth action continues. Increased friction and higher temperatures, plus wear debris introduced into the system are the result of this action.
303 Coarse Pitch Gears (May/June 1993)
This article discusses briefly some common manufacturing problems relating to coarse pitch gears and their suggested solutions. Most of the discussion will be limited to a low-quality production environment using universal machine tools.
304 The Limits of the Computer Revoltion (May/June 1993)
In this issue of Gear Technology, we are focusing on using computers to their greatest advantage in gear design and manufacturing. In a sense, that's old news. It's a cliche to suggest that computers make our work life easier and more productive. No company that wishes to remain competitive in today's global manufacturing environment can afford to be without computers in all their manifestations. We need them in the office; we need them next to our desks in place of drafting boards; we need them on the shop floor.
305 Introduction to Worm Gearing (March/April 1993)
Worm gears are among the oldest types of gearing, but that does not mean they are obsolete, antiquated technology. The main reasons for the bad experiences some engineers have with worm gearing are misapplication and misuse. No form of gearing works for every application. Strengths and weaknesses versus the application must be weighed to decide which form of gearing to use. For proper application and operation of worm gears, certain areas that may differ from other types of gearing need to be addressed.
306 Controlling Carburizing for Top Quality Gears (March/April 1993)
A carburized alloy steel gear has the greatest load-carrying capacity, but only if it is heat treated properly. For high quality carburizing, the case depth, case microstructure, and case hardness must be controlled carefully.
307 Frozen Gears (March/April 1993)
Durability is the most important criterion used to define the quality of a gear. The freezing of metals has been acknowledged for almost thirty years as an effective method for increasing durability, or "wear life," and decreasing residual stress in tool steels. The recent field of deep cryogenics (below -300 degrees F) has brought us high temperature superconductors, the superconducting super collider, cryo-biology, and magnotehydrodynamic drive systems. It has also brought many additional durability benefits to metals.
308 Gear Material Quality: How To Judge It...Pitting: How To Prevent It (March/April 1993)
How do we know when the gear material we buy is metallurgically correct? How can we judge material quality when all gear material looks alike?
309 Environmentally Safe Fluids for Industrial Cutting, Lubrication, & Cleaning (January/February 1993)
Not long ago, many manufacturing managers thought sensitivity to environmental protection standards meant additional expenses, decreased productivity, and a plethora of headaches and hassles.
310 Getting Started in Exporting (March/April 1993)
Exporting. It's one of the hot strategies for helping boost businesses of all kinds, gear manufacturing among them. With domestic markets tight and new markets opening up overseas, exporting seems like a reasonable tactic. But while the pressure is on to sell overseas, there is equal, justifiable concern about whether the move is a good one. Horror stories abound about foreign restrictions, bureaucratic snafus, carloads of paperwork, and the complications and nuances of doing business in other languages and with other cultures.
311 Improving Gear Manufacturing Quality With Surface Texture Measurement (March/April 1993)
The working surfaces of gear teeth are often the result of several machining operations. The surface texture imparted by the manufacturing process affects many of the gear's functional characteristics. To ensure proper operation of the final assembly, a gear's surface texture characteristics, such as waviness and roughness, can be evaluated with modern metrology instruments.
312 Little Things Mean A Lot (March/April 1993)
"God is in the details," says the philosopher. What he meant was that on the scale of the universe, it's not just the galaxies, the planets, the mountain ranges, or the major rivers that are important. So are the subatomic particles and the genes. It's the little things that make all the difference.
313 Computerized Recycling of Used Gear Shaver Cutters (May/June 1993)
Most gear cutting shops have shelves full of expensive tooling used in the past for cutting gears which are no longer in production. It is anticipated that these cutters will be used again in the future. While this may take place if the cutters are "standard," and the gears to be cut are "standard," most of the design work done today involves high pressure angle gears for strength, or designs for high contact ratio to reduce noise. The re-use of a cutter under these conditions requires a tedious mathematical analysis, which is no problem if a computer with the right software is available. This article describes a computerized graphical display which provides a quick analysis of the potential for the re-use of shaving cutters stored in a computer file.
314 Initial Design of Gears Using an Artificial Neural Net (May/June 1993)
Many CAD (Computer Aided Design) systems have been developed and implemented to produce a superior quality design and to increase the design productivity in the gear industry. In general, it is true that a major portion of design tasks can be performed by CAD systems currently available. However, they can only address the computational aspects of gear design that typically require decision-making as well. In most industrial gear design practices, the initial design is the critical task that significantly effects the final results. However, the decisions about estimating or changing gear size parameters must be made by a gear design expert.
315 Practical Optimization of Helical Gears Using Computer Software (May/June 1993)
The aim of this article is to show a practical procedure for designing optimum helical gears. The optimization procedure is adapted to technical limitations, and it is focused on real-world cases. To emphasize the applicability of the procedure presented here, the most common optimization techniques are described. Afterwards, a description of some of the functions to be optimized is given, limiting parameters and restrictions are defined, and, finally, a graphic method is described.
316 Using Hobs for Skiving; A Pre-Finish and Finishing Solution (May/June 1993)
Our company manufactures a range of hardened and ground gears. We are looking into using skiving as part of our finishing process on gears in the 4-12 module range made form 17 CrNiMO6 material and hardened to between 58 and 62 Rc. Can you tell us more about this process?
317 Dual Frequency Induction Gear Hardening (March/April 1993)
In the typical gear production facility, machining of gear teeth is followed by hear treatment to harden them. The hardening process often distorts the gear teeth, resulting in reduced and generally variable quality. Heat treating gears can involve many different types of operations, which all have the common purpose of producing a microstructure with certain optimum properties. Dual frequency induction hardening grew from the need to reduce cost while improving the accuracy (minimizing the distortion) of two selective hardening processes: single tooth induction and selective carburizing.
318 Delivering The Goods (May/June 1993)
One of the key questions to be answered when exporting is how you are going to get your product to your customer. All the time, effort, and money you've spent to make a sale in the first place can be wasted if the shipment is late, damaged, or lost, or if delivery becomes an expensive bureaucratic nightmare for either you or the buyer.
319 Investing in Ourselves is the Key to Revitalizing American Manufacturing (July/August 1992)
Popular wisdom has it that manufacturing in the United States is no longer a viable entity. We are told that quality is poor, skilled labor is difficult to obtain, if not impossible, demand is low, and the government is helping to discourage business. So what should we do, give up?
320 Effects of Temperature on Gage Repeatability & Reproducibility (May/June 1992)
Temperature Induced Dimensional Changes Temperature causes various materials to change size at different rate, known as their Coefficients of Expansion (COE). The effects of this phenomenon on precision dimensional measurements are continuous and costly to industry. Precautions can be taken to allow parts and gages to temperature stabilize before conducting gage R & R studies, but the fact remains that on the shop floor temperatures vary all the time. The slow pace at which industry has accepted this reality probably has to do with the subtlety of these tiny size variations and our inability to sense gradual, but significant temperature changes.
321 Surface Pitting Fatigue Life of Noninvolute Low-Contact-Ratio Gears (May/June 1991)
Spur gear endurance tests were conducted to investigate the surface pitting fatigue life of noninvolute gears with low numbers of teeth and low contact ratios for the use in advanced application. The results were compared with those for a standard involute design with a low number of teeth. The gear pitch diameter was 8.89 cm (3.50 in.) with 12 teeth on both gear designs. Test conditions were an oil inlet temperature of 320 K (116 degrees F), a maximum Hertz stress of 1.49 GPa (216 ksi), and a speed of 10,000 rpm. The following results were obtained: The noninvolute gear had a surface pitting fatigue life approximately 1.6 times that of the standard involute gear of a similar design. The surface pitting fatigue life of the 3.43-pitch AISI 8620 noninvolute gear was approximately equal to the surface pitting fatigue life of an 8-pitch, 28-tooth AISI 9310 gear at the same load, but at a considerably higher maximum Hertz stress.
322 Pacific Rim Gives Stiff Competition To U.S, Gear Producers (July/August 1991)
This past fall, I had the opportunity to travel to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore to witness first-hand the status of the power transmission and machine tool industries in these areas. Points of interest included equipment, material handling, computerization, wage and tax structures, inventory controls, and workforce attitude.
323 Carbide Hobs (May/June 1991)
The following article is a collection of data intended to give the reader a general overview of information related to a relatively new subject within the gear cutting industry. Although carbide hobbing itself is not necessarily new, some of the methods and types of application are. While the subject content of this article may be quite broad, it should not be considered all-inclusive. The actual results obtained and the speeds, feeds, and tool life used in carbide hobbing applications can vary significantly.
324 Misalignment No Beauty in Gearsets (May/June 1991)
When we have problems with gearset failure, a common diagnosis is misalignment. What exactly is that and how do we prevent it? The second most common "killer" of good gear sets is misalignment (dirt, or abrasive wear, is first). Gear teeth simply won't carry the load if they don't touch, and the portion that does touch has to carry an overload to make up for the missing contact area.
325 A United Europe Will Be A Long Time coming (May/June 1991)
Pride. Awe. Relief. Admiration. These were some of the emotions with which I, like most Americans, greeted the end of the Persian Gulf War. I was proud of our country for saying it would do a job and then doing it with a minimum of loss and a maximum of effectiveness; I was awed by the terrifying efficiency of our weapons and relieved that our casualties were so light; and I was filled with admiration at the skill with which one of the most complex logistical military operations of the century was carried out.
326 Calendar (May/June 1991)
Complete calendar for May/June 1991
327 The Lubrication of Gears - Part III (July/August 1991)
This is the final part of a three-part series on the basics of gear lubrication. It covers selection of lubricant types and viscosities, the application of lubricants, and a case history
328 Pineapples, Corncobs & Other Hobbing Matters (July/August 1991)
Two questions on hobbing cover the various types of hobs and their unusual names, as well as the importance of hob swivel angle.
329 Full-Load Testing of Large Gearboxes Using Closed-Loop Power Circulation (September/October 1991)
This method of testing large gearboxes or, indeed, any power transmission element, had numerous advantages and offers the possibility of large savings in time, energy, and plant, if the overall situation is conducive to its use. This usually requires that several such units need to be tested, and that they can be conveniently connected to each to each other in such a way as to form a closed-loop drive train. No power sink is required, and the drive input system has only to make up power losses. The level of circulating power is controlled by the torque, which is applied statically during rotation, and the drive speed. Principles, advantage, and limitations are described, together with recent experiences in the only known large-scale usage of this technique in Australia.
330 Basic Gear Generation Designing the Teeth (September/October 1991)
The finished gear engineer, the man who is prepared for all emergencies, must first of all know the basic design principles. Next he must be well versed in all sorts of calculations which come under the heading of "involute trigonometry."
331 Calendar (September/October 1991)
Complete calendar for September/October 1991
332 Gear Fundamentals Reverse Engineering (July/August 1991)
Whether gear engineers have to replace an old gear which is worn out, find out what a gear's geometry is after heat treatment distortion, or just find out parameters of gears made by a competitor, sometimes they are challenged with a need to determine the geometry of unknown gears. Depending on the degree of accuracy required, a variety of techniques are available for determining the accuracy of an unknown gear. If a high degree of precision is important, a gear inspection device has to be used to verify the results. Frequently, several trial-and-error attempts are made before the results reach the degree of precision required.
333 Calendar (July/August 1991)
Complete Calendar for July/August 1991
334 Explore "The World of Gearing" in Detroit (July/August 1991)
AGMA's Gear Expo '91, "The World of Gearing," opens October 20 and runs through October 23 at the Cobo Conference & Exhibition Center in "The Heart of the Manufacturing Industry," Detroit, MI. Gear Expo '91 is "the largest trade show ever specifically organized for the gear industry," according to Rich Norment, AGMA's Executive Director.
335 American Gear Industry Faces Major Challenges (May/June 1991)
Five years of effort by AGMA came to fruition in January with the publishing of a report from the Department of Commerce. This "National Security Assessment of the U.S. Gear Industry" indicates that if serious measures are not taken, the gear industry's future is in jeopardy. It also sets the tone for confronting major challenges now looming large in our industry.
336 The Lubrication of Gears - Part II (May/June 1991)
What follows is Part 2 of a three-part article covering the principles of gear lubrication. Part 2 gives an equation for calculating the lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication regime. An equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing, is also given.
337 Review of Gear Standards - Part II (January/February 1991)
In Part I differences in pitting ratings between AGMA 218, the draft ISO standard 6336, and BS 436:1986 were examined. In this part bending strength ratings are compared. All the standards base the bending strength on the Lewis equation; the ratings differ in the use and number of modification factors. A comprehensive design survey is carried out to examine practical differences between the rating methods presented in the standards, and the results are shown in graphical form.
338 Calendar (March/April 1991)
Complete calendar for March/April 1991.
339 What Is Runout, And Why Should I Worry About It (January/February 1991)
Runout is a troublemaker! Good shop practice for the manufacture or inspection of gears requires the control of runout. Runout is a characteristic of gear quality that results in an effective center distance variation. As long as the runout doesn't cause loss of backlash, it won't hurt the function of the gear, which is to transmit smooth motion under load from one shaft to another. However, runout does result in accumulated pitch variation, and this causes non-uniform motion, which does affect the function of the gears. Runout is a radial phenomenon, while accumulated pitch variation is a tangential characteristic that causes transmission error. Gears function tangentially. It is also possible to have a gear with accumulated pitch variation, but little or no runout.
340 The Marketing Menagerie: What's Right For You (January/February 1991)
You get calls and letters every day from people wanting you to use their ad agency, their direct mail program, their p.r. or marketing firm to promote your business. It seems everyone wants you to spend your money to communicate to your prospects and customers. But what's the best method for you?
341 AGMA Responds to Gear Standards Article (January/February 1991)
The authors of last issue's article comparing AGMA, ISO and BS methods for Pitting Resistance Ratings are commended. Trying to compare various methods of rating gears is like hitting a moving target in a thick forest. The use of different symbols, presentations, terminology, and definitions in these standards makes it very difficult. But the greatest problem lies with the authors' use of older versions of these documents. ISO drafts and AGMA standards have evolved at the same time their work was accomplished and edited.
342 Influence of CBN Grinding on Quality and Endurance of Drive Train Components (January/February 1991)
The merits of CBN physical characteristics over conventional aluminum oxide abrasives in grinding performance are reviewed. Improved surface integrity and consistency in drive train products can be achieved by the high removal rate of the CBN grinding process. The influence of CBN wheel surface conditioning procedure on grinding performance is also discussed.
343 The Lubrication of Gears - Part 1 (March/April 1991)
This is a three-part article explaining the principles of gear lubrication. It reviews current knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Part 1 classifies gear tooth failures into five modes and explains the factors that a gear designer and operator must consider to avoid gear failures. It defines the nomenclature and gives a list of references for those interested in further research. It also contains an in-depth discussion of the gear tooth failure modes that are influenced by lubrication and gives methods for preventing gear tooth failures.
344 Synthesis of Spiral Bevel Gears (March/April 1991)
There are different types of spiral bevel gears, based on the methods of generation of gear-tooth surfaces. A few notable ones are the Gleason's gearing, the Klingelnberg's Palloid System, and the Klingelnberg's and Oerlikon's Cyclo Palliod System. The design of each type of spiral bevel gear depends on the method of generation used. It is based on specified and detailed directions which have been worked out by the mentioned companies. However, there are some general aspects, such as the concepts of pitch cones, generating gear, and conditions of force transmissions that are common for all types of spiral bevel gears.
345 Bevel Gear Manufacturing Troubleshooting (March/April 1991)
The quality of gearing is a function of many factors ranging from design, manufacturing processes, machine capability, gear steel material, the machine operator, and the quality control methods employed. This article discusses many of the bevel gear manufacturing problems encountered by gear manufacturers and some of the troubleshooting techniques used.
346 When a Customer Files Bankruptcy: Write-Off is Not Your Only Remedy (May/June 1991)
Bankruptcy filings have not noticeably declined despite the economic recovery of the Reagan years. Businesses continue to receive notices that their customers have filed bankruptcy. Many of them are writing off significant losses each year as a result. despite the frequent use of bankruptcy by debtors, many business owners and managers have little or no idea of the pot-bankruptcy remedies available to them.
347 Hard Finishing By Conventional Generating and Form Grinding (March/April 1991)
The quality of a gear and its performance is determined by the following five parameters, which should be specified for each gear: Pitch diameter, involute form, lead accuracy, spacing accuracy, and true axis of rotation. The first four parameters can be measured or charted and have to be within tolerance with respect to the fifth. Pitch diameter, involute, lead, and spacing of a gear can have master gear quality when measured or charted on a testing machine, but the gear might perform badly if the true axis of rotation after installation is no longer the same one used when testing the gear.
348 Our Experts Discuss... (March/April 1991)
Question: I have just become involved with the inspection of gears in a production operation and wonder why the procedure specifies that four involute checks must be made on each side of the tooth of the gear being produced, where one tooth is checked and charted in each quadrant of the gear. Why is this done? These particular gears are checked in the pre-shaved, finish-shaved, and the after-heat-treat condition, so a lot of profile checking must be done.
349 Brave New World (March/April 1991)
Observations while traveling through Hungary last November...this is a very ancient country; people have lived and worked here along the Danube River since early times, and change is just another piece of the landscape. Still, the collapse of the old Communist economy is one of the more remarkable phenomena in a land that has seen and lived under different versions of the "new world order" since the first barbarian invasions. The difference is that this time, the people themselves are working the change, and the results are exciting in their variety and effect.
350 Are You Ready to Choose An Advertising Agency (March/April 1991)
Countless research studies confirm this fact: Companies that advertise aggressively during a recession will flourish after the economic tide turns. Regardless of company size, effective advertising generally requires the services of an agency, and under current economic conditions, you may need one now more than ever. The question is, how do you go about getting the right one for your company.
351 Taming The Autocratic Boss (September/October 1991)
Dictatorships can be stifling. In an autocratic organization, employees seldom participate in decisions that affect them. By establishing a collaborative environment, you allow everyone to play a role in making your organization a success.
352 A Word In Edgewise (September/October 1991)
Dear Editor: Re: Your editorial and "Viewpoint" by Joe Arvin. Both you and Mr. Arvin make some valid points. Your editorial appears to be a response to Mr. Arvin's "Viewpoint." This is a response to both
353 Applying Process Control to Gear Manufacturing (March/April 1992)
A common goal of gear manufacturers is to produce gearing that is competitively priced, that meets all quality requirements with the minimum amount of cost in a timely manner, and that satisfies customers' expectations. In order to optimize this goal, the gear manufacturer must thoroughly understand each manufacturing process specified, the performance capability of that process, and the effect of that particular process as it relates to the quality of the manufactured gear. If the wrong series of processes has been selected or a specific selected process is not capable of producing a quality part, manufacturing costs are greatly increased.
354 Calendar (March/April 1992)
Complete calendar for March/April 1992
355 Investment Tax Credits - A Good Idea Whose Time Has Come (March/April 1992)
Of timing is crucial in the successful implementation of good ideas, then now is the time to reinstate a good idea that fell into disfavor in the mid-1980s. Now is the time to include the investment tax credit as part of whatever inevitable tax structure tinkering is going to take place during this election year.
356 Gear Hardness Technology (March/April 1992)
In a very general sense, increasing the hardness of a steel gear increases the strength of the gear. However, for each process there is a limit to its effectiveness. This article contains background information on each of the processes covered. In each section what is desired and what is achievable is discussed. Typical processes are presented along with comments on variables which affect the result. By reviewing the capabilities and processes, it is possible to determine the limits to each process.
357 Product Liability Defense (January/February 1992)
It's every gear manufacturer's nightmare. Your company had been named as a defendant in a product liability suit - one involving serious injuries and death. You're facing endless court appearances, monumental legal fees, and, possibly, seven figure settlements our of your coffers. The very existence of your business could be on the line. The question is, how do you prevent this nightmare from becoming a painful reality.
358 The Right and Wrong of Modern Hob Sharpening (January/February 1992)
Precision gears play a vital role in today's economy. Through their application, automobile transmissions are more compact and efficient, ships sail faster, and diesel locomotives haul more freight. Today great emphasis is being placed upon the reduction of noise in all gear applications and, to be quiet, gears must be accurate.
359 A Hidden Treasure (March/April 1992)
At the next meeting of your association's marketing committee, notice what happens. The rate of taking notes increases dramatically when the market analysis and international trade trends reports begin. Even with the handouts to match the overhead projections of numbers, the audience's pace is furious. This is vital, apparently hard-to-come-by information, and no one wants to miss out. Almost all of the information comes from one source, yet the data offered is only one small dip from an enormous treasure chest - the U.S. Government.
360 Our Experts Discuss Hobbing Ridges, Crooked Gear Teeth, and Crown Shaving (March/April 1992)
Question: When cutting worm gears with multiple lead stock hobs we find the surface is "ridged". What can be done to eliminate this appearance or is to unavoidable?
361 The Top Ten Books for Gear Engineers (May/June 1992)
When I was new to gear engineering, I found the array of gear literature scare, and the information scattered and conflicting. After investigating the materials available, I set the goal of creating an annotated listing of the references. There are many valuable resources, but for this article I have selected ten of the best. These references, in my opinion, are the most useful, and cover the scope while minimizing redundancy.
362 Cost-Cutting ABCs (May/June 1992)
Cost cutting. It's the aerobics of the 90s for businesses large and small. More than just the latest buzzword or 90-second flash-in-the-panacea, it's a survival technique. Companies that aren't trimming the fat now may not be around in five years to regret that they didn't.
363 Working Smarter, Not Just Harder (May/June 1992)
It's a buyer's market these days on solutions for our country's economic problems. Everybody with access to a t.v. camera or a publisher is telling us what we need to do. Usually their solution involves either buying their book or tape or electing them to office.
364 Doing It Right & Faster... The Computer's Impact on Gear Design & Manufacture (May/June 1992)
The availability of technical software has grown rapidly in the last few years because of the proliferation of personal computers. It is rare to find an organization doing technical work that does not have some type of computer. For gear designers and manufacturers, proper use of the computer can mean the difference between meeting the competition or falling behind in today's business world. The right answers the first time are essential if cost-effective design and fabrication are to be realized. The computer is capable of optimizing a design by methods that are too laborious to undertake using hard calculations. As speeds continue to climb and more power per pound is required from gear systems, it no longer is possible to design "on the safe side" by using larger service factors. At high rotational speeds a larger gear set may well have less capacity because of dynamic effects. The gear engineer of today must consider the entire gear box or even the entire rotating system as his or her domain.
365 Calendar (May/June 1992)
Complete calendar for May/June 1992
366 Gear Blanking (May/June 1992)
The term "blanking" refers to the initial metal cutting operations in the process planning sequence which produce the contour of a part starting from rough material. The scope of blanking is: To remove the excess material To machine the part to print specifications, except for those surfaces with subsequent finishing operations. To leave adequate machining stock for finishing operations. To prepare good quality surfaces for location and clamping of the part throughout the process.
367 Design Guidelines for High-Capacity Bevel Gear Systems (January/February 1992)
The design of any gearing system is a difficult, multifaceted process. When the system includes bevel gearing, the process is further complicated by the complex nature of the bevel gears themselves. In most cases, the design is based on an evaluation of the ratio required for the gear set, the overall envelope geometry, and the calculation of bending and contact stresses for the gear set to determine its load capacity. There are, however, a great many other parameters which must be addressed if the resultant gear system is to be truly optimum. A considerable body of data related to the optimal design of bevel gears has been developed by the aerospace gear design community in general and by the helicopter community in particular. This article provides a summary of just a few design guidelines based on these data in an effort to provide some guidance in the design of bevel gearing so that maximum capacity may be obtained. The following factors, which may not normally be considered in the usual design practice, are presented and discussed in outline form: Integrated gear/shaft/bearing systems Effects of rim thickness on gear tooth stresses Resonant response
368 The Nina, The Pinta, And The American Gear Industry (January/February 1992)
Next year will be the 500th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' famous "discovery" of America. Poor Columbus has fallen on hard times of late, what with revisionist historians smacking their lips over his more notable failures and reminding us that American natives have a vastly different point of view on this Great American Success Story. But before we relegate the Great Navigator to the scrap heap of trashed-over heros, let's take one last look at some of the positive lessons to be learned from the Columbus experience - ones that could be instructive to our current situation in the American gear industry.
369 Calendar (November/December 1991)
Complete calendar for November/December 1991
370 Optimum Shot Peening Specification - I (November/December 1991)
Shot peening is widely recognized as a prove, cost-effective process to enhance the fatigue characteristics of metal parts and eliminate the problems of stress corrosion cracking. Additional benefits accrue in the areas of forming and texturizing. Though shot peening is widely used today, the means of specifying process parameters and controlling documents for process control are not widely understood. Questions regarding shot size, intensity, and blueprint specification to assure a high quality and repeatable shot peening process are continually asked by many design and materials engineers. This article should answer many of the questions frequently asked by engineering professionals and to further assist companies interested in establishing a general shot peening specification.
371 Single Flank Measuring; Estimating Horsepower Capacity (September/October 1991)
Question: What is functional measurement and what is the best method for getting truthful answers?
372 Come See Us In Detroit (September/October 1991)
October is the time. Detroit is the place. AGMA Gear Expo '91 is the event. Cobo Center in downtown Detroit is where you will want to be in October if you have any interest in gear products, manufacturing, or research.
373 SPC Acceptance of Hobbing & Shaping Machines (September/October 1991)
Today, as part of filling a typical gear hobbing or shaping machine order, engineers are required to perform an SPC acceptance test. This SPC test, while it is contractually necessary for machine acceptance, is not a machine acceptance test. It is a process capability test. It is an acceptance of the machine, cutting tool, workholding fixture, and workpiece as integrated on the cutting machine, using a gear measuring machine, with its work arbor and evaluation software, to measure the acceptance elements of the workpiece.
374 Gear Expo '91 Opens in Detroit (September/October 1991)
AGMA's Gear Expo '91, "The World of Gearing," opens Oct. 20-23 at Cobo Conference & Exhibition Center, Detroit, MI. Gear Expo '91 will provide 35,000 square feet of exhibits by 91 companies from around the world.
375 Recent Developments in Gear Metrology (November/December 1991)
Metrology is a vital component of gear manufacturing. Recent changes in this area, due in large part to the advent of computers, are highlighted in this article by comparison with more traditional methods.
376 Viewpoint (November/December 1991)
Dear Editor: In Mr. Yefim Kotlyar's article "Reverse Engineering" in the July/August issue, I found an error in the formula used to calculate the ACL = Actual lead from the ASL = Assumed lead.
377 A Clockwork Gear (January/February 1992)
Question: Could you explain what is meant by "horological gearing"? I never heard of this before, although I understand it has something to do with watches. Could you also explain the meaning of a "going gear train"?
378 Optimum Shot Peening Specification - II (January/February 1992)
Following is the second part of an article begun in our last issue. The first part covered basic shot peening theory, shot peening controls, and considerations that should go into developing a shot peening specification. Part II covers optional peening methods and the relationship of shot peening specifications to the drawings.
379 Calendar (January/February 1992)
Complete calendar for January/February 1992
380 Gear Inspection Chart Evaluation; Specifying Unusual Worm Gear Sets (November/December 1991)
Question: When evaluating charts from a gear inspection machine, it is sometimes found that the full length of the profile traces vary, and that sometimes they are less than the length of active profile (above start of active profile-SAP) by up to 20%. This condition could be caused by a concentricity error between tooth grinding and shaping, or by unequal stock removal when grinding. (See Fig. 1.) Is it possible that some of the variation is coming from the inspection machine? How can variation from the inspection machine be reduced?
381 A Rational Procedure for Designing Minimum-Weight Gears (November/December 1991)
A simple, closed-form procedure is presented for designing minimum-weight spur and helical gearsets. The procedure includes methods for optimizing addendum modification for maximum pitting and wear resistance, bending strength, or scuffing resistance.
382 To Market, To Market (November/December 1991)
A few months ago at the AGMA management seminar, I was surprised by the feverish note taking that went on at a presentation on marketing. The sight reminded me that while many of us in the gear industry are good engineers, designers, and mangers, we are often not as familiar - or comfortable - with less concrete concepts, such as marketing.
383 Rules of Engagement Exporting - Part IV (September/October 1993)
Putting one's best foot forward is important for successful business communication. And successful business people know the "rule" of the game, what it say and do in business situations, to make the best impression. However, these rules change from country to country, and what is appropriate behavior here may appear rude to someone from Latin America, Europe or Asia To help you become more familiar with some of the different rules of engagement in other countries, Gear Technology spoke with three businessmen who have had extensive contact in various part of the world.
384 It's Still the Economy, Stupid! (September/October 1993)
Two items of interest have crossed my desk in the last couple of weeks. One of them is a copy of a speech by Harry E. Figge, Jr., Chairman and CEO of Figge, International Inc., and the other is an article by Peter Brimelow in the July 19, 1993, issue of Forbes. The two items are directly related to one another, the Brimelow article being a response to the points raised in Figge's speech and in much grater detail in his book, Bankruptcy 1995: The Coming Collapse of America and How to Stop It. Both the speech and the response are well worth our attention.
385 Gears in Congress & Other Odd Places (July/August 1995)
Gear Technology's bimonthly aberration - gear trivia, humor, weirdness and oddments for the edification and amusement of our readers. Contributions are welcome.
386 Corporate News (July/August 1995)
New Names and Faces
387 EHL Film Thickness, Additives and Gear Surface Fatigue (May/June 1995)
Aircraft transmissions for helicopters, turboprops and geared turbofan aircraft require high reliability and provide several thousand hours of operation between overhauls. In addition, They should be lightweight and have very high efficiency to minimize operating costs for the aircraft.
388 Eco-Friendly Cutting Fluids (May/June 1995)
Okay, so you want to make some high quality gears for your customers, and you want to make a profit for your company, but you don't want to make a mess of the environment. What can you do?
389 Gear Oil Classification and Selection (May/June 1995)
Today gear drive operations have several options when selecting the proper lubricant for their gearboxes. As in the past, the primary lubricant used for gearbox lubrication is mineral oil. But with the advances in technology, synthetic hydrocarbons (PAOs) and polyglycols show very specific advantages in certain applications. With gear drives becoming more and more precise, it is now also to the benefit of the gear operator to verify that he or she has the proper additive package and viscosity in the lubricant selected. Fig. 1 shoes that a gear oil is a combination of a base oil and specific additives. The base oils can be either mineral oil, a synthetic or even in some cases a combination of the two.
390 Product News (May/June 1995)
Welcome to our new Product News page. Here we will feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
391 George Wyss & Dennis Richmond of Reishauer Corporation (July/August 1995)
For this interview, we spoke with George Wyss, president, and Dennis Richmond, vice president of Reishauer Corporation about gear grinding and its place in gear manufacturing today.
392 INFAC Reports on Recent Hobbing and Heat Treating Experiments (July/August 1995)
Chicago- Results of recent studies on residual stress in gear hobbing, hobbing without lubricants and heat treating were reported by representatives of INFAC (Instrumented Factory for Gears) at an industry briefing in March of this year.
393 The Shape of Things to Come (July/August 1995)
An engineer's responsibility for verifying a new design or product concept as manufacturable early in the development cycle is a tough challenge. What appears to work on a blueprint or in a three-dimensional CAD file on a computer screen many not work on the factory floor; and the downstream impact on the manufacturing process of an undetected design flaw can be enormous. Costs can run into the millions.
394 New Concepts in CNC Gear Shaping (July/August 1995)
In today's economy, when purchasing a new state-of-the-art gear shaper means a significant capital investment, common sense alone dictates that you develop strategies to get the most for your money. One of the best ways to do this is to take advantage of the sophistication of the machine to make it more than just a single-purpose tool.
395 Technical Calendar (July/August 1995)
Complete technical calendar for July/August 1995.
396 Hotter, Faster, Harder Cutting (July/August 1995)
What Is Whisker-Reinforced Ceramic? Whisker-reinforced ceramic as applied to cutting tool inserts comprises a matrix of aluminum oxide into which approximately 50% by volume of high-purity silicon carbide "whiskers" are randomly dispersed. The "whiskers" are, in fact, single crystals having dimensions of approximately 0.6 microns in diameter x 10-80 microns in length. These "whiskers" have a tensile strength on the order of 1,000,000 psi (690 MPa). The composite material that is the best known and most widely applied using this technology is designated WG-300 and manufactured by the Greenleaf Corporation of Saegertown, PA.
397 Gear Grinding Comes of Age (July/August 1995)
In the quest for ever more exacting and compact commercial gears, precision abrasives are playing a key production role - a role that can shorten cycle time, reduce machining costs and meet growing market demand for such requirements as light weights, high loads, high speed and quiet operation. Used in conjunction with high-quality grinding machines, abrasives can deliver a level of accuracy unmatched by other manufacturing techniques, cost-effectively meeting AGMA gear quality levels in the 12 to 15 range. Thanks to advances in grinding and abrasive technology, machining has become one of the most viable means to grind fast, strong and quiet gears.
398 Transitions (July/August 1995)
Beginning with this issue, one of the last bits of the "old" Gear Technology is gone. From now on we'll be running the new picture of me you see on this page. It was time, my art and editorial staff explained to me, to move ahead with the rest of the updated art and editorial in the magazine. (I emphatically deny that the real motivation for the new picture was putting a stop to the ever-increasing number of jabs from certain friends about my "Dorian Gray" look.)
399 Industry News (May/June 1995)
Who's Who...What's What...Movers...Shakers...Name Changers...and Other Items of Interest
400 Bradley Lawton of Star Cutter (May/June 1995)
Continuing our series of interviews with industry leaders, Gear Technology spoke recently with Bradley Lawton, executive vice president of Star Cutter Co., about the role and direction of cutting tools in the gear industry today.
401 What to Look For Before You Leap (March/April 1995)
Question: We are interested in purchasing our first gear hobbing machine. What questions should we ask the manufacturer, and what do we need to know in order to correctly specify the CNC hardware and software system requirements?
402 Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Ausrolled Surfaces in Gear Steels (March/April 1995)
Ausforming, the plastic deformation of heat treatment steels in their metastable, austentic condition, was shown several decades ago to lead to quenched and tempered steels that were harder, tougher and more durable under fatigue-type loading than conventionally heat-treated steels. To circumvent the large forces required to ausform entire components such as gears, cams and bearings, the ausforming process imparts added mechanical strength and durability only to those contact surfaces that are critically loaded. The ausrolling process, as utilized for finishing the loaded surfaces of machine elements, imparts high quality surface texture and geometry control. The near-net-shape geometry and surface topography of the machine elements must be controlled to be compatible with the network dimensional finish and the rolling die design requirements (Ref. 1).
403 How to Carburize a Finished Gear (March/April 1995)
Precise heat treatment plays an essential role in the production of quality carburized gears. Seemingly minor changes in the heat treating process can have significant effects on the quality, expense and production time of a gear, as we will demonstrate using a case study from one of our customer's gears.
404 Dennis Gimpert of Koepfer America (March/April 1995)
This is the second in our series of interviews with the leaders in the gear industry. This interview is with Dennis Gimpert, president of Koepfer America, South Elgin, IL.
405 Heat Treating Equipment Selection (March/April 1995)
For heat treatment of tool and alloy steels, the end-user has a wide range of basic types of heat treating equipment to choose from. This article reviews them and details the criteria that must be considered in selecting equipment for a specific application. In making this choice, the most important criterion must be the quality of the tool or part after processing.
406 Gear Heat Treating in the 90s: Beyond Black Magic (March/April 1995)
Heat Treating - The evil twin of the gear processing family. Heat treating and post-heat treating corrective processes can run up to 50% or more of the total gear manufacturing cost, so it's easy to see why, in these days when "lean and mean" production is the rage, and every part of the manufacturing process is under intense scrutiny, some of the harshest light falls on heat treating.
407 Addendum III - The Return (May/June 1995)
Gear Technology's bimonthly aberration - gear trivia, humor, weirdness and oddments for the edification and amusement of our readers. Contributions are welcome.
408 Ten Myths About Gear Lubrication (May/June 1995)
Myth No. 1: Oil Is Oil. Using the wrong oil is a common cause of gear failure. Gears require lubricants blended specifically for the application. For example, slow-speed spur gears, high-speed helical gears, hypoid gears and worm gears all require different lubricants. Application parameters, such as operating speeds, transmitted loads, temperature extremes and contamination risks, must be considered when choosing an oil. Using the right oil can improve efficiency and extend gear life.
409 Technical Calendar (May/June 1995)
Complete technical calendar for May/June 1995.
410 Motherhood, Apple Pie and the Bottom Line (May/June 1995)
Business ethics are like apple pie and motherhood. Few people are willing to come out agin'em. But in reablity, apple pie is full of fat and refined sugar, motherhood is not what it was when June Cleaver ran the kitchen, and business ethics? Well, it's always been easier to talk about them than to actually practice them, and things certainly haven't improved in the last few years.
411 Business Ethics Touchstone or Oxymoron (May/June 1995)
"Values" is one of he buzzwords we hear everywhere today. Family values. Traditional values. Alternative values. Along with a balanced budget, less government and more fiber in our diets, "values" - and their practical counterparts, "ethics" - are being promoted as one of the simple, obvious solutions to what ails us as a country and as individuals.
412 Long-Life, Low-cost, Near-Net-Shape forged Gears (May/June 1995)
Near-net gear forging today is producing longer life gears at significantly lower costs than traditional manufacturing techniques. Advances in forging equipment, controls and die-making capability have been combined to produce commercially viable near-net-shape gears in diameters up to 17" with minimum stock allowances. These forged gears require only minimal finishing to meet part tolerance specifications.
413 Developing a Total Productive Maintenance System (May/June 1995)
There's a reason they call it catastrophic gear failure: For example, if the line goes down at a large aluminum rolling mill because a gear set goes bad, the cost can run up to a whopping $200,000 a week. Even in smaller operations, the numbers alone (not to mention all the other problems) can be a plant manager's worst nightmare.
414 CNC Software Savvy (May/June 1995)
Question: When we purchase our first CNC gear hobbing machine, what questions should we ask about the software? What do we need to know to correctly specify the system requirements?
415 A Basic Guide to Deburring and Chamfering Gears (July/August 1995)
In today's industrial marketplace, deburring and chamfering are no longer just a matter of cosmetics. The faster speeds at which transmissions run today demand that gear teeth mesh as smoothly and accurately as possible to prevent premature failure. The demand for quieter gears also requires tighter tolerances. New heat treating practices and other secondary gear operations have placed their own set of demands on manufacturers. Companies that can deburr or chamfer to these newer, more stringent specifications - and still keep costs in line - find themselves with a leg up on their competition.
416 Dry Gear Hobbing (July/August 1995)
Question: We are contemplating purchasing a hobbing machine with dry hobbing capabilities. What do we need to know about the special system requirements for this technology?
417 QS - 9000 Rules (November/December 1995)
Ready or not, QS-9000 is here. If you are a first-tier supplier to one of the Big Three automotive companies, you've already heard that compliance with this new quality standard is now an entry-level requirement for doing business with Ford, General Motors and Chrysler. If you're a second-or third-tier supplier, you can expect the ripple effect of this new standard to hit your company one way or another.
418 David Goodfellow of American Pfauter, L.P. (November/December 1995)
Gear Technology speaks with David Goodfellow, president of American Pfauter, L.P., and Pfauter-Maag Cutting tools, L.P., to get his impressions about the state of the gear industry and its prospects for the future.
419 Technical Calendar (November/December 1995)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 1995.
420 Product News (November/December 1995)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
421 Determining Spline Misalignment Capabilities (November/December 1995)
Introducing backlash into spline couplings has been common practice in order to provide for component eccentric and angular misalignment. The method presented here is believed to be exact for splines with even numbers of teeth and approximate for those with odd numbers of teeth. This method is based on the reduction of the maximum effective tooth thickness to achieve the necessary clearance. Other methods, such as tooth crowning, are also effective.
422 The Goof-Off Guide to Indy (November/December 1995)
Trade shows can be exhausting. You work hard all day, meeting people, wheeling and dealing, walking the aisles. After a long day of working the show, sometimes you just need to relax for awhile. With Gear Expo '95 fast approaching. Gear Technology has gone ahead and done some of the legwork for you. We've come up with some placed to go and things to do that have absolutely nothing to do with gears.
423 The Industry Now - Who, What & When (November/December 1995)
New Faces, Corporate Doin's, In Memoriam
424 Questions To Keep You Up At Night (November/December 1995)
Sometimes in the pressure to meet deadlines and handle the Crisis of the Day, we lose sight of the forest for the trees. As a partial cure for this syndrome, I recently reviewed the six interviews with gear industry leaders that have appeared in our pages during the last year, trying to get a grasp of a larger picture. It struck me with renewed force how six men, each with a lifetime of experience in this business, see the gear industry forest the same way.
425 Plan Ahead (January/February 1996)
Indianapolis is a nice city. No. It's a great city for a convention. The facilities and the city are modern, clean and bright. The Convention Center is easy to get to by either car or plane, and its central location in the heart of town and the enclosed skyway system between it and major hotels put visitors close to amenities like restaurants, shopping and entertainment. The people are friendly and go out of their way to make visitors feel welcome.
426 The Next Step in Bevel Gear Metrology (January/February 1996)
In recent years, gear inspection requirements have changed considerably, but inspection methods have barely kept pace. The gap is especially noticeable in bevel gears, whose geometry has always made testing them a complicated, expensive and time-consuming process. Present roll test methods for determining flank form and quality of gear sets are hardly applicable to bevel gears at all, and the time, expense and sophistication required for coordinate measurement has limited its use to gear development, with only sampling occurring during production.
427 Measurement Error Induced by Measuring over Pins Instead of Balls (January/February 1996)
The purpose of this article is to clarify some terms and methods used in measuring the size of gears. There is also an explanation given of the error induced and how to correct for it in certain cases when the measurement is made using pins instead of balls.
428 Watch This Space (January/February 1996)
The Internet. Big deal. Now that you've dialed up weird politics.com, http://www.Elvis sightings and alt.naughty bits, what's online that's useful? Anything that would make your job easier, answer important questions, solve tough design problems? Information about, say, gearing? Is there anything out there in cyberspace worth the expense and hassle of going after?
429 Effect of Web & Flange Thickness on Nonmetallic Gear Performance (November/December 1995)
Gears are manufactured with thin rims for several reasons. Steel gears are manufactured with thin rims and webs where low weight is important. Nonmetallic gears, manufactured by injection molding, are designed with thin rims as part of the general design rule to maintain uniform thickness to ensure even post-mold cooling. When a thin-rimmed gear fails, the fracture is thought the root of the gear, as shown in Fig. 1a, rather than the usual fillet failure shown in Fig. 1b.
430 No Time Like The Present (January/February 1996)
There's nothing like a new year - with the possible exception of birthdays ending in zero - to remind one of the passage of time. Keeping track of time has always been part of the brief of the gear engineer. One of the earliest gear assemblies is the remains of the Antikythera machine, a calendar/calculator dating from the first century B.C. Until the industrial revolution, clock makers and gear designers were usually the same people.
431 The Sines of the Fathers (November/December 1995)
Your Addendum team has come across a number of Good Ole Boys in its time; now we bring you something of even more interest - a Good Ole Gear Book. Mr. Robert Price, of Automation - Gears - Machinery, a gear consulting firm in Delanson, NY, shared with us a real find.
432 Technical Calendar (September/October 1995)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 1995.
433 The Case of This Issue's Column (September/October 1995)
221B Baker Street We've always said that gears show up in all the best places, even, it turns out, among the papers of that most famous of detectives, Sherlock Holmes. "The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb" is, according to Dr. Watson, a case "so strange in its inception and so dramatic in its details," that it merits a mention even in our exalted pages.
434 Gear Inspection For The Long Haul (September/October 1995)
Question: We just received permission to purchase our first CNC gear inspection system. With capital approvals so hard to come by, especially for inspection equipment, I want to be sure to purchase a system I can count of for years to come. My past experience with purchasing CNC equipment has shown me that serviceability of the computer and the CNC controller portion of the system can be a problem in just a few years because of the obsolescence factor. What information do I need to look for when selecting a supplier to reduce the risk of obsolescence, as well as to reduce the long-term servicing costs in the computer and controls portion of the system?
435 Drivetrain Research An Idea Whose Time is Overdue (July/August 1995)
The popular perception today is that technological advancement is an engine running almost out of control. New products and processes are developing faster than we can keep up with them, as anyone who has had a new computer system crash into obsolescence practically before it's out of the box can tell you. But that's not the case everywhere. Transmission technology, for example.
436 Gear Grinding 1995 (July/August 1995)
Gear grinding is one of the most expensive and least understood aspects of gear manufacturing. But with pressures for reduced noise, higher quality and greater efficiency, gear grinding appears to be on the rise.
437 Product News (July/August 1995)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we will feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
438 How to Avoid Errors When Measuring Step Gears (July/August 1995)
There are problems in dimensional measurement that should be simple to solve with standard measuring procedures, but aren't. In such cases, using accepted practices may result in errors of hundreds of microns without any warning that something is wrong.
439 Gear Expo 95: Bigger and Better (September/October 1995)
Gear Expo '95, scheduled for November 12-15 at the Indiana Convention center in Indianapolis, IN, will attract more exhibitors from a wider array of industries than any previous show, according to the show's sponsor, the American Gear Manufacturers Association.
440 Product News (September/October 1995)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
441 Peter Kozma of Liebherr-America, Inc. (September/October 1995)
Peter Kozma, executive vice president of Liebherr-America, Inc., talks with us about Liebherr and its partners in the Sigma Pool.
442 Doing the Right Thing (September/October 1995)
Knowing the right thing to do isn't hard. Most often, it's very obvious. Actually doing it is something else again. For example, we all know that we probably eat too much refined sugar and fat, but when the double chocolate cheesecake come by, it's easy to convince ourselves that one piece won't hurt.
443 Gleason Acquires Assets of Hurth (September/October 1995)
Rochester, NY - Gleason Corporation has acquired the assets of Hurth Maschinen and Werkzeuge GmbH, the designer and builder of cylindrical (parallel-axis) gear-making machinery and tooling based in Munich, Germany. The addition of Hurth gear shaving machines and tooling and gear honing machines will further broaden Gleason's expanding product line for manufacturers of cylindrical gears.
444 A Huge Success (September/October 1995)
Sivyer Steel Corporation, Bettendorf, IA, an ISO-9002-certified casting specialist, is familiar with tackling tough jobs. The company has built an international reputation as a supplier of high-integrity castings, especially those which require engineering and/or full machining. Its not unusual for Sivyer's customers, especially those in the mining, recycling, power generation, valve and nuclear fields, to ask the foundry to produce a one-of-a-kind casting - often something revolutionary - but AnClyde Engineered Products' request was a special challenge, even for Sivyer.
445 The Beginner's Guide to Powder Metal Gears (September/October 1995)
Increasingly gear designers and product engineers are capitalizing on the economic advantages of powder metallurgy (P/M) for new and existing gear applications. Powder metal gears are found in automobiles, outdoor power equipment transmissions and office machinery applications as well as power hand tools, appliances and medial components.
446 Comparison of Surface Durability & Dynamic Performance of Powder Metal & Steel Gears (September/October 1995)
Surface-hardened, sintered powder metal gears are increasingly used in power transmissions to reduce the cost of gear production. One important problem is how to design with surface durability, given the porous nature of sintered gears. Many articles have been written about mechanical characteristics, such as tensile and bending strength, of sintered materials, and it is well-known that the pores existing on and below their surfaces affect their characteristics (Refs. 1-3). Power transmission gears are frequently employed under conditions of high speed and high load, and tooth surfaces are in contact with each other under a sliding-rolling contact condition. Therefore it is necessary to consider not only their mechanical, but also their tribological characteristics when designing sintered gears for surface durability.
447 Finding Tomorrow's Leaders Today (March/April 1995)
The passage last year of both NAFTA and GATT has gone a long way toward leveling the playing field for American manufacturers and other hoping to compete in the global economy. Add to this news the fact that the domestic economy keeps growing, and it seems as though good times are ahead for the gear industry.
448 ADI - A Designer Gear Material (March/April 1995)
If someone were to tell you that he had a gear material that was stronger per pound than aluminum, as wear-resistant as steel, easier to machine than free-machining steel and capable of producing gears domestically for 20% less than those now cut from foreign made forgings, would you consider that material to be "high tech"? Probably. Well, throw out all the pre-conceived notions that you may have had about "high tech" materials. The high-performance material they didn't teach you about in school is austempered ductile iron (ADI).
449 Designing Hardened & Ground Spur Gears to Operate With Minimum Noise (May/June 1994)
When designing hardened and ground spur gears to operate with minimum noise, what are the parameters to be considered? should tip and/or root relief be applied to both wheel and pinion or only to one member? When pinions are enlarged and he wheel reduced, should tip relief be applied? What are the effects on strength, wear and noise? For given ratios with enlarged pinions and reduced wheels, how can the gear set sized be checked or adjusted to ensure that the best combination has been achieved?
450 Gear Metrology Standards and ISO 9000 (May/June 1994)
I noted with interest the beginning of Gear Technology's three-part series on ISO 9000 certification. I also recently attended Brown & Sharpe's/Leitz gear metrology seminar. Both events caused me to smile and reflect.
451 Computerized Hob Inspection & Applications of Inspection Results - Part I (May/June 1994)
Can a gear profile generated by the hobbing method be an ideal involute? In strictly theoretical terms - no, but in practicality - yes. A gear profile generated by the hobbing method is an approximation of the involute curve. Let's review a classic example of an approximation.
452 The Tech Prep Approach to Worker Training (May/June 1994)
"More than half our young people leave school without the knowledge or foundation required to find and hold a job." according to a 1991 report from the U.S. Dept. of Labor. A huge gap exists between the needs of employers (especially in manufacturing) and the training received by most high school students.
453 The Fundamentals of Gear Press Quenching (March/April 1994)
Most steel gear applications require appreciable loads to be applied that will result in high bending and compressive stresses. For the material (steel) to meet these performance criteria, the gear must be heat treated. Associated with this thermal processing is distortion. To control the distortion and achieve repeatable dimensional tolerances, the gear will be constrained during the quenching cycle of the heat treatment process. This type of fixture quenching is the function of gear quench pressing equipment.
454 Investigation of Surface Layer and Wear Behavior of Nitrided Gear Drives (March/April 1994)
In this article we will characterize the nitride layers that are generated by different nitriding processes and compare their respective wear characteristics.
455 Calendar (May/June 1994)
Complete calendar for May/June 1994.
456 Getting With The Program (May/June 1994)
Getting and keeping a work force capable of meeting the demands of the 21st century is one of the key challenges most U.S. manufacturers face today. That's not even news anymore. I - and others - have been talking about it in editorials and speeches for ten years now. It's also not news that the job is a tough one and that industry-wide response often has not been particularly effective.
457 Computerized Hob Inspection & Applications of Inspection Results Part II (July/August 1994)
Flute Index Flute index or spacing is defined as the variation from the desired angle between adjacent or nonadjacent tooth faces measured in a plane of rotation. AGMA defines and provides tolerance for adjacent and nonadjacent flute spacing errors. In addition, DIN and ISO standards provide tolerances for individual flute variation (Fig. 1).
458 Making the Most of Your Trade Show Visit: Avoid These 18 Common Mistakes (July/August 1994)
Going to IMTS? Beware. It's easy to make any number of common mistakes that can turn your productive buying trip into an expensive bomb.
459 Calendar (July/August 1994)
Complete calendar for July/August 1994.
460 Choosing An ISO 9000 Consultant: Why, When & How (May/June 1994)
On of the key questions confronting any company considering ISO 9000 certification is, how much is this going to cost? The up-front fees are only the beginning. Dissect the ISO 9000 certification procedure with an eye for hidden costs, and two segments of the process will leap out - the cost of consultants and the cost of making in-house improvements for the sake of passing certification. Most of these costs can be controlled by careful selection f the right consultant in the first place.
461 Minimizing Backlash in Spur Gears (May/June 1994)
simplified equations for backlash and roll test center distance are derived. Unknown errors in measured tooth thickness are investigate. Master gear design is outlined, and an alternative to the master gear method is described. Defects in the test radius method are enumerated. Procedures for calculating backlash and for preventing significant errors in measurement are presented.
462 Carbide Rehobbing A New Technology That Works! (May/June 1994)
Many people in the gear industry have heard of skiving, a process wherein solid carbide or inserted carbide blade hobs with 15 - 60 degrees of negative rake are used to recut gears to 62 Rc. The topic of this article is the use of neutral (zero) rake solid carbide hobs to remove heat treat distortion, achieving accuracies of AGMA 8 to AGMA 14, DIN 10-5 and improving surface finish on gears from 8 DP - 96 DP (.3 module - .26 m.).
463 Photography of Gear Failures (March/April 1994)
Photography is an essential part of gear failure analysis. It not only provides a fast, convenient way to accurately document the appearance of gear failure, but also is an effective diagnostic tool because the magnification obtained through photographic enlargement and slide projection often discloses evidence that may have been missed if the gears were not photographed.
464 What is ISO 9000 and Why Should I Care (March/April 1994)
What follows is the first of three articles we will be running on ISO 9000 and what it means for the gear industry. This first article will cover what ISO 9000 is, what some of its benefits - and problems - are, and whether your company should be a candidate for this certification process. In our next issue, we will consider the important question of how, when, and if to hire an ISO 9000 consultant. The final article in this series will discuss ways to save money while streamlining the certification process in your company.
465 Calendar (January/February 1994)
Complete calendar for January/February 1994
466 Cutting Down On Labor Costs (January/February 1994)
What can be done about the rising cost of labor? Mr. Robert Reich, U.S. Secretary of Labor, has already indicated the administration's intention of pushing the minimum wage from $4.25 to $4.50 per hour and indexing it for inflation. That means that every jiggle in the inflation chart will push the minimum wage higher.
467 Gear Technology The Next Phase (November/December 1993)
This issue of Gear Technology marks another milestone in the life of our magazine. After publishing 51 issues - nearly 200 articles containing close to 2,500 pages - we're ready to try something new.
468 CBN Gear Grinding - A Way to Higher Load Capacity (November/December 1993)
Because of the better thermal conductivity of CBN abrasives compared to that of conventional aluminum oxide wheels, CBN grinding process, which induces residual compressive stresses into the component, and possibly improves the subsequent stress behavior. This thesis is the subject of much discussion. In particular, recent Japanese publications claim great advantages for the process with regard to an increased component load capacity, but do not provide further details regarding the technology, test procedures or components investigated. This situation needs clarification, and for the this reason the effect of the CBN grinding material on the wear behavior and tooth face load capacity of continuously generated ground gears was further investigated.
469 Calendar (November/December 1993)
Complete calendar for November/December 1993
470 Hob Basics Part II (November/December 1993)
This is Part II of a two-part series on the basics of gear hobbing. Part I discussed selection of the correct type of hobbing operation, the design features of hobs and hob accuracy. This part will cover sharpening errors and finish hob design considerations.
471 Grinding Bevel Gears on Cylindrical Gear Grinding Machines (January/February 1994)
Power train designs which employ gears with cone angles of approximately 2 degrees to 5 degrees have become quite common. It is difficult, if not impossible, to grind these gears on conventional bevel gear grinding machines. Cylindrical gear grinding machines are better suited for this task. This article will provide an overview of this option and briefly introduce four grinding variation possibilities.
472 Generation of Helical Gears with New Surface Topology by Application of CNC Machines (January/February 1994)
Analysis of helical involute gears by tooth contact analysis shows that such gears are very sensitive to angular misalignment leading to edge contact and the potential for high vibration. A new topology of tooth surfaces of helical gears that enables a favorable bearing contact and a reduced level of vibration is described. Methods for grinding helical gears with the new topology are proposed. A TCA program simulating the meshing and contact of helical gears with the new topology has been developed. Numerical examples that illustrate the proposed ideas are discussed.
473 Calendar (March/April 1994)
Complete calendar for March/April 1994.
474 ISO 9000: Global Market Salvation Or A Pig In A Poke (March/April 1994)
ISO 9000 is the latest hot topic in marketing and manufacturing circles. Everyone seems to be talking about it, but few seem to understand it completely. depending on whom one talks to, it's either the greatest thing to hit industry since the assembly line, another cash cow for slick consultants, a conspiracy on the part of Europeans to dominate global markets, or the next necessary step to compete in the global economy of the twenty-first century. It may be all of the above.
475 Random Thoughts for the New Year... (January/February 1994)
Another year has passed and, because of the short term ups and downs of the economy, it's still hard to judge whether we are in an appreciably different place than we were a year ago. The economy doesn't seem to be worse than it was, but it also doesn't seem to be a whole lot better.
476 Innovative CNC Gear Shaping (January/February 1994)
The Shaping Process - A Quick Review of the Working Principle. In the shaping process, cutter and workpiece represent a drive with parallel axes rotating in mesh (generating motion) according to the number of teeth in both cutter and workpiece (Fig. 1), while the cutter reciprocates for the metal removal action (cutting motion).
477 The Gear Hobbing Process (January/February 1994)
Gear hobbing is a generating process. The term generating refers to the fact that the gear tooth form cut is not the conjugate form of the cutting tool, the hob. During hobbing both the hob and the workpiece rotate in a continuous rotational relationship. During this rotation, the hob is typically fed axially with all the teeth being gradually formed as the tool traverses the work face (see Fig. 1a).
478 Cutting Worm Gears with Standard Gear Hobs (January/February 1994)
We make a lot of single-start worm and worm gear sets, and it always seems as though we're buying another special hob. We also do a lot of spur gear cutting, and the spur gear hobs and the worm gear hobs look alike, so we wonder why we cannot use the standard hobs for cutting worm gears too. Can we do this?
479 AGMA Exec Speaks Out on ISO 9000 (July/August 1994)
With all the heated debate and hoopla surrounding ISO 9000 certification, everyone seems to have an opinion about whether to sign up. Executives in the gear industry are flooded with information and ideas that often seem at odds. Gear Technology asked AGMA executive director Joe T. Franklin, Jr. to give an industry perspective on the pros and cons of ISO 9000 certification.
480 IMTS - Big Trade Show for the City of Big Shoulders (July/August 1994)
The biggest industrial trade show in the world this year - and the manufacturing machinery industry's most important marketplace - will be at McCormick Place in Chicago September 7 - 15.
481 CNC Basics (January/February 1995)
NC and CNC machines are at the heart of manufacturing today. They are the state-of-the-art equipment everybody has (or is soon going to get) that promise to lower costs, increase production and turn manufacturers into competitive powerhouses. Like many other high tech devices (such as microwaves and VCRs), lots of people have and use them - even successfully - without really knowing much about how they operate. But upgrading to CNC costs a lot of money, so it's crucial to separate the hype from the reality.
482 How Many Mice Does It Take to Design a Gear (January/February 1995)
Gear design has long been a "black art." The gear shop's modern alchemists often have to solve problems with a combination of knowledge, experience and luck. In many cases, trial and error are the only effective way to design gears. While years of experience have produced standard gearsets that work well for most situations, today's requirements for quieter, more accurate and more durable gears often force manufacturers to look for alternative designs.
483 Information Control (January/February 1995)
It used to be that a shop with hustle and plenty of big, fast machines could thrive using a manual system. But no more. Today's economic environment requires more and more in the way of topnotch service and quick turnaround - which frequently means a completely integrated shop floor control system.
484 CNC Gear Manufacturing - Where Are We Now (January/February 1995)
These days it's hard to get through breakfast without reading or hearing another story about how the computer is changing the way we live, sleep, eat, breathe, make things and do business. The message is that everything is computerized now, or, if it isn't, it will be by next Tuesday at the latest, Well, maybe.
485 Quality Gear Inspection - Part II (November/December 1994)
This section will deal with the use of gear inspection for diagnostic purposes rather than quality determination. The proper evaluation of various characteristics in the data can be useful for the solution of quality problems. It is important to sort out whether the problem is coming from the machine, tooling and/or cutters, blanks, etc. An article by Robert Moderow in the May/June 1985 issue of Gear Technology is very useful for this purpose.
486 Watch This Space (January/February 1995)
Good References In the 7th Edition of McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 10 pages are devoted to the subjects of Gears, Gear Cutting and Gear Trains.
487 The ELIMS Project (January/February 1995)
Arrow Gear Company of Downers Grove, IL, has implemented a computer system that fully integrates exchange between all of its computer applications. The ELIMS (Electronic Linkage of Information Management Systems) project has increased manufacturing productivity and reduced lead times.
488 Multi-Metal Composite Gear-Shaft Technology (January/February 1995)
A research program, conducted in conjunction with a U.S. Army contract, has resulted in the development of manufacturing technology to produce a multi-metal composite gear/shaft representing a substantial weight savings compared to a solid steel component. Inertia welding is used to join a steel outer ring to a light-weight titanium alloy web and/or shaft through the use of a suitable interlayer material such as aluminum.
489 FYI...New Books for Gear Engineers (March/April 1995)
Review of several new books for gear engineers.
490 Industry News (March/April 1995)
Acquisitions, Contracts, and ISO 9000 Certification
491 The Second Edition... (March/April 1995)
Gearing for Munchkins Gene Kasten, president of Repair Parts, Inc., of Rockford, IL, is the proud owner of a miniature Barber-Colman hobber, the only one of its kind in the world. The machine, a replica of the old B-C "A" machine, was built between 1933 and 1941 by W. W. Dickover, who devoted 2, 640 hours of his spare time to the project.
492 The Paperless Factory (January/February 1995)
You're already a veteran of the computer revolution. Only you and your controller know how much money you've spent and only your spouse knows how many sleepless nights you've had in the last ten years trying to carve out a place in the brave new world of computerized gear manufacturing. PC's, CNCs, CAD, CAM, DNC, SPC, CMM: You've got a whole bowl of alphabet soup out there on the shop floor. Overall these machines have lived up to their promises. Production time is down, quality is up. You have fewer scrapped parts and better, more efficient machine usage.
493 Jim Gleason of The Gleason Works (January/February 1995)
What follows is the first of a series of interviews Gear Technology is conducting with leaders in the gear industry. We will be asking them for their insights on where the industry is, where it's been and where they see it going in the future. Our first interview is with Jim Gleason, president and chairman of Gleason Corporation, Rochester, NY.
494 Changes Changes (January/February 1995)
Welcome to the new Gear Technology. With this issue we begin bringing you a new look - a new cover, new graphics, a new, broader and more inclusive editorial focus. Our goal is to be an even better resource for the entire gear industry.
495 New Innovations in Hobbing - Part II (November/December 1994)
The first part of this article, which ran in the September/October 1994 issue, explained the fundamentals of gear hobbing and some of the latest techniques, including methods of hob performance analysis and new tool configurations, being used to solve specific application problems. In this issue, the author continues his exploration of hobbing by describing the effects of progress on requirements in accuracy, as well as the latest in materials, coating and dry hobbing.
496 Calendar (November/December 1994)
Complete calendar for November/December 1994.
497 New Innovations in Hobbing - Part I (September/October 1994)
Prior to the introduction of titanium nitride to the cutting tool industry in the early 1980s, there was very little progress in the general application of hobbing in the gear cutting industry. The productivity gains realized with this new type of coating initiated a very active time of advancement in the gear manufacturing process.
498 Our Experts Discuss Electronic Gearboxes, Plus Backlash and What to Do about it (September/October 1994)
Question: In the January/February issue of your magazine, we came across the term "electronic gearbox." We have seen this term used elsewhere as well. We understand that this EGB eliminates the change gear in the transmission line, but not how exactly this is done. Could you explain in more detail?
499 Calendar (September/October 1994)
Complete calendar for September/October 1994.
500 The Frugal Certification Process (July/August 1994)
Much about ISO 9000 is the subject of noisy debate. But on one thing almost everyone, true believers and critics alike, agrees: Getting ISO 9000 certification can be expensive. Companies can expect to spend at least $35,000 for basic certification and six-month checkup fees over a three-year period. These figures do not include hidden costs like time and money spent on internal improvements required to meet ISO 9000 certification. But the really big-ticket items in the process are employee time and the cost of bringing in outside consultants. Many ISO 9000 consultants charge upwards of $1,800 a day.
501 Effect of Extended Tooth Contact on the Modeling of Spur Gear Transmissions (July/August 1994)
In some gear dynamic models, the effect of tooth flexibility is ignored when the model determines which pairs of teeth are in contact. Deflection of loaded teeth is not introduced until the equations of motion are solved. This means the zone of tooth contact and average tooth meshing stiffness are underestimated, and the individual tooth load is overstated, especially for heavily loaded gears. This article compares the static transmission error and dynamic load of heavily loaded, low-contact-ratio spur gears when the effect of tooth flexibility has been considered and when it has been ignored. Neglecting the effect yields an underestimate of resonance speeds and an overestimate of the dynamic load.
502 Every Reason In the World to Go (July/August 1994)
IMTS 94, the Association for Manufacturing Technology's biennial machine tool extravaganza opens September 7 at McCormick Place in Chicago. As always, the size of this show is astonishing. Over 100,000 visitors, enough to populate a medium-size town, will converge on Chicago's lakefront to visit more than 1,200 exhibits spread over the entire McCormick Place complex.
503 Viewpoint - Our Readers Respond (September/October 1994)
I support Clem Miller (Viewpoint May/June) in his skepticism of ISO 9000. The metrology of gears is important, but in the present state of the art, manufacture is more accurate than design.
504 A Comparison of ISO 4156-ANSI B92.2M - 1980 With Older Imperial Standards (September/October 1994)
The purpose of this article is to discuss ISO 4156/ANSI B92.2M-1980 and to compare it with other, older standards still in use. In our experience designing and manufacturing spline gauges and other spline measuring or holding devices for splined component manufacturers throughout the world, we are constantly surprised that so many standards have been produced covering what is quite a small subject. Many of the standards are international standards; others are company standards, which are usually based on international standards. Almost all have similarities; that is, they all deal with splines that have involute flanks of 30 degrees, 37.5 degrees or 45 degrees pressure angle and are for the most part flank-fitting or occasionally major-diameter-fitting.
505 Marketplace by the Lake (November/December 1994)
McCormick Place, Chicago. A manufacturer's dream. Acres and acres of machine tools up and running - cutting chips, filling molds, moving material, bending, shaping, smoothing, measuring. Computers, robots and lasers everywhere - George Lucas goes to engineering school. Sounds, light and, most important, over 100,000 people, moving around, taking notes, asking questions and, above all, buying. This was IMTS '94. A heady, if tiring, experience.
506 Computers and Automation Lead IMTS Innovations (November/December 1994)
Robots, computers and other signs of high technology abounded at IMTS 94, supporting the claim by many that this was one of the best shows ever. Many of the machines on display had so many robotic attachments and computer gizmos that they looked more like they belonged in some science fiction movie than on the floor of a machine shop.
507 Gear Hobbing Without Coolant (November/December 1994)
For environmental and economic reasons, the use of coolant in machining processes is increasingly being questioned. Rising coolant prices and disposal costs, as well as strains on workers and the environment, have fueled the debate. The use of coolant has given rise to a highly technical system for handling coolant in the machine (cooling, filtering) and protecting the environment (filter, oil-mist collector). In this area the latest cutting materials - used with or without coolant - have great potential for making the metal-removal process more economical. The natural progression to completely dry machining has decisive advantages for hobbing.
508 A Failure to Communicate (November/December 1994)
The two reports referred to in this article, "The people wise Organization" and "House Divided: Views on Change from Top Management - and Their Employees," crossed our desks some weeks ago. They stimulated a fair amount of discussion here, and we hope they do the same in your offices. We welcome your responses. How do you view the corporate/competitive environment of the next few years? How do you see yourself and your company fitting in? Can these ideas work in the gear industry? Let us now what you think.
509 Gear Technology: The Next Ten Years (September/October 1994)
A little more than ten years ago this month, the first Gear Technology came off the presses. It was a fledgling effort in every respect. The gear industry had never a magazine of its very own before. Those of us involved in its production were like first-time parents; we were proud and excited, but unsure of what we'd let ourselves in for. None of us knew if this baby could really fly.
510 Quality Gear Inspection - Part I (September/October 1994)
Quality gear inspection means doing the "right" inspections "right." A lot of time and money can be spent doing the wrong types of inspections related to function and doing them incorrectly. As we will discover later, such things as runout can creep into the manufacturing and inspection process and completely ruin any piece of data that is taken. this is one of the most important problems to control for quality inspection.
511 Low Vibration Design on A Helical Gear Pair (January/February 2000)
Helical gear pairs with narrow face width can be theoretically classified into three categories over the contact ration domain whose abscissa is the transverse contact ration and whose ordinate is the overlap contact ratio. There is a direct relation between vibration magnitude and shaft parallelism deviation. To clarify the effect of the tooth deviation types on the vibration behavior of helical gear pairs, performance diagrams on vibration are introduced. the acceleration levels of gear pairs are shown by contour lines on the contact ratio domain. Finally, the performance of gears with bias-in and bias-out modifications is discussed considering the effect of the shaft parallelism deviation with use of the developed simulator on a helical gear unit. It becomes clear that there is an asymmetrical feature on the relation between the vibration magnitude of a gear pair and the direction of each deviation.
512 Marking Time With Wood (March/April 2000)
Clocks with wooden gears? In these days of gears made from plastic, steel and exotic materials; it is a little unusual to hear about a practical application for wooden gears. But that is exactly what David Scholl, the owner of Changing Times, a Harlingen, TX, clockmaker is offering us.
513 Coordinating Efforts (May 2013)
Like many Americans, I've been trained with the idea that those who see a problem should be the ones responsible for helping to solve it. If you see that something is broken, and you know how to fix it, don't wait for your dad, your boss or the government to tell you what to do. Just fix it.
514 Feedback - My Gear Is Bigger than Your Gear (May 2013)
Readers respond regarding the article from March/April 2013.
What's new on the Gear Technology website this month? Videos from DMG Mori-Seiki, the latest e-mail newsletter and updates on upcoming events, including the Kapp-Niles Rocky Mountain Gear School.
516 How Gear Hobbing Works (March/April 2013)
Hobbing is one of the most fundamental processes in gear manufacturing. Its productivity and versatility make hobbing the gear manufacturing method of choice for a majority of spur and helical gears.
517 Industry News (March/April 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the March/April 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
518 Calendar (March/April 2013)
The complete technical calendar from the March/April 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
519 Liebherr LFG Grinding Machine (May 2013)
This machine concept facilitates highly productive profile grinding for large workpieces. The range for external and internal gears comprises models for manufacturing workpieces up to 2,000 millimeters for industrial gear units, wind power, and marine propulsion applications
520 Product News (May 2013)
The complete Product News section from the May 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
521 If You Rebuild It, They Will Buy It (May 2013)
Its been said that the best ideas are often someone else's. But with rebuilt, retrofitted, re-controlled or remanufactured machine tools, buyer beware and hold onto your wallet. Sourcing re-work vendors and their services can require just as much homework, if not necessarily dollars, as with just-off-the-showroom-floor machines.
522 Gear Research Institute (May 2013)
The essence of designing gears is often by necessity risk-averse, given that many of them are used in applications where loss of life is a distinct possibility. The Gear Research Institute (GRI) at The Pennsylvania State University conducts risk reduction testing with the same goal in mind - whether it be gears in fighter jets, Ferris wheels, tanks, or countless other gear-reliant vehicles and machinery.
523 Job Shop Lean - Assembly (May 2013)
The Tiger Team from Hoerbiger looks for ways to cut waste and improve throughput in the company's assembly cell.
524 Delivering Big Gears Fast (May 2013)
When a customer needed gears delivered in three weeks, heres how Brevini Wind got it done.
525 Heavy-Duty Demands - Modern Coating Technology Examined (May 2013)
The hob is a perfect example of how a little manufacturing ingenuity can make a reliable, highly productive cutting tool. It's an engineering specimen that creates higher cutting speeds, better wear resistance and increases rigidity. The cutting tool alone, however, can't take all the credit for its resourcefulness. Advanced coating technology from companies like Sulzer, Oerlikon Balzers, Ionbond, Seco Tools and Cemecon helps improve cutting tools by reducing overall costs, increasing tool life and maintaining the highest levels of productivity. The following is a quick recap of new technologies and the latest information in the coating market.
526 Reinventing Cutting Tool Production at Gleason (May 2013)
Investment in advanced new manufacturing technologies is helping to reinvent production processes for bevel gear cutters and coarse-pitch hobs at Gleason - delivering significant benefits downstream to customers seeking shorter deliveries, longer tool life and better results.
527 Optimization of a Process Chain for Gear Shaft Manufacturing (March/April 2013)
The research presented here is part of an ongoing (six years to date) project of the Cluster of Excellence (CoE). CoE is a faculty-wide group of researchers from RWTH Aachen University in Aachen (North Rhine-Westphalia). This presentation is a result of the groups examination of "integrative production technology for high-wage countries," in which a shaft for a dual-clutch gearbox is developed.
528 How to Conduct a Heat Treat Audit (March/April 2013)
Audits of the heat treating department are a vital part of any good quality program - either as part of a self-assessment or ISO program for a captive shop or - of equal importance - as part of an evaluation of the capabilities of a commercial heat treat supplier. In either case, the audit process needs to be formal in nature and follow specific guidelines.
529 DFM Crucial for Gear Industry Success (March/April 2013)
"Design for manufacturability" (DFM) is a well-established practice, essential to realizing the successful transformation of concepts into mass-produced gears and motion control devices. And yet, all too often issues that could have been avoided are identified very late in the process that impact production costs and schedules. This suggests that key DFM principles are often underutilized in practice and are not applied consistently - or to the degree necessary - to avoid these negative results.
530 Product News (March/April 2013)
The complete Product News section from the March/April 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
531 Turn Off the Noise (March/April 2013)
Trying to figure out whats going on in this crazy economy of ours seems a bit like reading tea leavesone part pseudoscience and three parts wild conjecture. Of course some pundits are telling us that this bull market has legs, while others insist that were due for a major correction. Some pump us up with positive news, while others remind us about scary stuff like the budget deficit, the European financial crisis and unemployment.
532 GT Extras (March/April 2013)
A sampling of newsletter articles and videos related to gear manufacturing from March/April 2013.
533 Calendar (January/February 2013)
The complete Calendar listings from the January/February 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
534 The Involute Curve (January/February 2013)
Although gears can be manufactured using a wide variety of profiles, the involute curve is the most commonly used. Here are some of the basics.
535 Lean Shipping - Job Shop Lean (March/April 2013)
The shipping department is the closest to the customer, and its main objective is to maximize shipped orders every month. Our lean guru shows how to eliminate waste in the shipping department.
536 Heat Treat 2013 (March/April 2013)
An overview of the latest technology and trends in heat treating.
537 Producing Large-Sized, Skew Bevel Gear Pinion Using Multi-Axis Control and Multi-Tasking Machine Tool (March/April 2013)
This paper proposes a method for the manufacture of a replacement pinion for an existing, large-sized skew bevel gear using multi-axis control and multitasking machine tool.
538 Recent Inventions and Innovations in Induction Hardening of Gears and Gear-Like Components (March/April 2013)
This paper examines the expanding capabilities of induction hardening of gears through methods like spin hardening or tooth-by-tooth techniques.
539 Workholding Options (March/April 2013)
Question: We manufacture some gears that require an axial face as a datum, as well as locating on the bore for centering. Other gears use only the bore for both axial and radial locating. What type of workholding is appropriate for each type of part? Is there workholding that will work for both types?
540 The OSU Gear and Power Transmission Research Laboratory: Where Innovation Thrives (March/April 2013)
When, in 1980, OSU professor Donald R. Houser created the Gear and Power Transmission Research Laboratory - then known as the Gear Dynamics and Gear and Power Transmission Laboratory (GearLab) - he did so with the seed money provided by just three companies. Thirty-three years out, the lab has continued to grow, impress andmost importantly - succeed; it now boasts a roster of some 50 sponsoring companies and government agencies.
541 Talking Truth to Power: Plastic Gears Taking Back Seat to No One (March/April 2013)
Automotive industry embraces proven yet evolving technology of plastic gears.
542 My Gear Is Bigger than Your Gear (March/April 2013)
Industry battles it out for World's Largest Gear title.
543 Operating Pressure Angle (May 2013)
What is the difference between pressure angle and operating pressure angle?
544 Gear Design Optimization for Low Contact Temperature of a High Speed, Non Lubricated Spur Gear Pair (May 2013)
A gear design optimization approach applied to reduce tooth contact temperature and noise excitation of a high-speed spur gear pair running without lubricant. Optimum gear design search was done using the Run Many Cases software program. Thirty-one of over 480,000 possible gear designs were considered, based on low contact temperature and low transmission error. The best gear design was selected considering its manufacturability.
545 Where Did All the Displaced Manufacturing Workers Go (August 2013)
Following is a report from The Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation (MAPI). Founded in 1933, the alliance contributes to the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing by providing economic research, professional development, and an independent, expert source of manufacturing information.
546 Product News (August 2013)
The complete Product News Section from the August 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
547 Gear Expo - Mecca Meccanica (August 2013)
It's an ideal time for a pilgrimage to AGMAs Fall Technical Meeting and Gear Expo, which take place in Indianapolis.
548 GT Extras (August 2013)
Video from Felsomat, Back to Basics, E-Newsletter and Ask the Expert are featured this issue.
549 Calendar (June/July 2013)
The complete Calendar of events from the June/July 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
550 Need a Snack - Try 3D Printing Technology (June/July 2013)
3-D printing offers a new way to create food, even gear-shaped snacks are now available via this new technology.
551 Leading the Way in Lead Crown Correction and Inspection (August 2013)
Forest City Gear applies advanced gear shaping and inspection technologies to help solve difficult lead crown correction challenges half a world away. But these solutions can also benefit customers much closer to home, the company says. Here's how
552 Wanted, Custom-Made Machine Tools (August 2013)
The machine tool industry is as competitive as ever. New machine technologies, materials, coatings and software upgrades are changing the way gears are being manufactured. Companies like Gleason, Liebherr, Kapp/Niles and DMG/Mori Seiki spend plenty of time and resources on R&D to develop the best products for the gear market. More importantly, these companies engage with (and listen to) customer requests.
553 Engineering Questions - SME has the Answers with Knowledge Edge (August 2013)
The Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) has been gathering, validating and sharing manufacturing knowledge for more than 80 years. Traditionally, SME resources were purchased by individuals for their own personal use or by colleges and universities as textbooks. Recently, these same colleges and universities were looking for digital resources to provide to their instructors and students. Companies were requesting SME content digitally for their employees as well.
554 Design of a Flexible and Lean Machining Cell, Part II (August 2013)
Job shops may be ill-advised to undertake a complete reorganization into FLEAN (Flexible and Lean) cells. A FLEAN cell would (i) be flex-ible enough to produce any and all orders for parts that belong in a specific part family and (ii) utilize lean to the maximum extent possible to eliminate waste.
555 Heat Treat Suppliers Focused on Gears (August 2013)
Heat treat suppliers look to the gear industry and the upcoming combined Gear Expo/Heat Treat 2013 for new business.
556 Showstoppers - Gear Expo 2013 (August 2013)
Our special advertising section featuring Gear Expo exhibitors.
557 Crash Course on New Technology (August 2013)
It's nice to see old friends. It's also advantageous to make new ones. Gear Expo has always been a family reunion of sorts, but it's first and foremost an opportunity to show off the latest and greatest technologies that are impacting the gear industry today. With this in mind, Gear Technology recently spoke with those responsible for putting the Fall Technical Meeting (FTM) and Gear Expo 2013 together in Indianapolis.
558 Gear Expo 2013 - An Oscar-Worthy Indy Production (August 2013)
We are well into an odd-number year, so it must be just about time for another Gear Expo. Indeed, the big show -- Gear Expo 2013 -- kicks off in Indianapolis at 9:00 a.m. Tuesday, September 17, wrapping up Thursday the 19th at 4:00 p.m. And whether you are exhibiting or attending, the bottom line is you are going -- a good thing for you, your company and the tightly knit U.S. gear industry.
559 Liebherr Touts Technology at Latest Gear Seminar (June/July 2013)
For two days in Saline, Michigan, Liebherr's clients, customers and friends came together to discuss the latest gear products and technology. Peter Wiedemann, president of Liebherr Gear Technology Inc., along with Dr.-Ing. Alois Mundt, managing director, Dr.-Ing. Oliver Winkel, head of application technology, and Dr.-Ing. Andreas Mehr, technology development shaping and grinding, hosted a variety of informative presentations.
560 Industry News (June/July 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the June/July 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
561 GT Extras (June/July 2013)
Video from Hexagon Metrology, Back-to-Basics archive, e-mail newsletter updates and what's happening on LinkedIn
562 Boom or Bust - Are You in the Right Markets (June/July 2013)
Over the past few months we've talked with a lot of gear manufacturers. Many of them tell us business is strong, while others are struggling with reduced demand. The difference between them isn't so much in the quality of their manufacturing operations, but rather trends in the end markets they serve.
563 Hardness Testing (May 2013)
This back-to-basics article describes the main methods used for hardness testing of gears: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers and Knoop.
564 Industry News (May 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the May 2013 issue of Gear Technology
565 Light Weight Assembled Gears - A Green Design Solution (May 2013)
It is widely recognized that the reduction of CO2 requires consistent light-weight design of the entire vehicle. Likewise, the trend towards electric cars requires light-weight design to compensate for the additional weight of battery systems. The need for weight reduction is also present regarding vehicle transmissions. Besides the design of the gearbox housing, rotating masses such as gear wheels and shafts have a significant impact on fuel consumption. The current technology shows little potential of gear weight reduction due to the trade-off between mass optimization and the manufacturing process. Gears are usually forged followed or not by teeth cutting operation.
566 Hybrid Gear Preliminary Results: Application of Composites to Dynamic Mechanical Components (May 2013)
Composite spur gears were designed, fabricated and tested at NASA Glenn Research Center. The composite web was bonded only to the inner and outer hexagonal features that were machined from an initially all-metallic aerospace quality spur gear. The hybrid gear was tested against an all-steel gear and against a mating hybrid gear. Initial results indicate that this type of hybrid design may have a dramatic effect on drive system weight without sacrificing strength.
567 Product News (June/July 2013)
The complete Product News section from the June/July 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
568 Design of a Flexible and Lean Machining Cell, Part I (June/July 2013)
Although a cell is dedicated to produce a single part family, it must have the requisite equipment capabilities, routing flexibility, cross-trained employees and, to the extent possible, minimal external process dependencies. Cells are often implemented in job shops since they provide the operational benefits of flowline production.
569 Tooth Root Optimization of Powder Metal Gears - Reducing Stress from Bending and Transient Loads (June/July 2013)
This paper will provide examples of stress levels from conventional root design using a hob and stress levels using an optimized root design that is now possible with PM manufacturing. The paper will also investigate how PM can reduce stresses in the root from transient loads generated by abusive driving.
570 How to Design and Install Bevel Gears for Optimum Performance - Lessons Learned (June/July 2013)
Bevel gears must be assembled in a specific way to ensure smooth running and optimum load distribution between gears. While it is certainly true that the "setting" or "laying out" of a pair of bevel gears is more complicated than laying out a pair of spur gears, it is also true that following the correct procedure can make the task much easier. You cannot install bevel gears in the same manner as spur and helical gears and expect them to behave and perform as well; to optimize the performance of any two bevel gears, the gears must be positioned together so that they run smoothly without binding and/or excessive backlash.
571 New Methods for the Calculation of the Load Capacity of Bevel and Hypoid Gears (June/July 2013)
Flank breakage is common in a number of cylindrical and bevel gear applications. This paper introduces a relevant, physically based calculation method to evaluate flank breakage risk vs. pitting risk. Verification of this new method through testing is demonstrably shown.
572 Worn Gear Contact Analysis (June/July 2013)
How does one perform a contact analysis for worn gears? Our expert responds.
573 Bearings Education - A Lot to Learn (June/July 2013)
Bearings ain't beanbag. They are complicated. They are big-business. They are often counterfeited. They are used in virtually anything that moves. But it is the "complicated" part that challenges OEMs, job shops and other operations, and, most of all, their employees. Add to that the countless other entities around the world that are intimately involved with bearings and you can arrive at a semblance of an idea of just how important these precious orbs can be to a successful operation.
574 Off-Highway Gears (June/July 2013)
Market needs push in 2013, but will it get one? The construction/off-highway industries have been here before. New equipment, technologies and innovations during an economic standstill that some have been dealing with since 2007.
575 Industry News (January/February 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
576 Large Pinions for Open Gears - The Increase of Single Mesh Load (January/February 2013)
This paper introduces mandatory improvements in design, manufacturing and inspection - from material elaboration to final machining - with special focus on today's large and powerful gearing.
577 Product News (October 2012)
The complete Product News section from the October 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
578 Gear Grinding Gets Integrated at IMTS 2012 (October 2012)
The latest machines, tooling and technology for gear grinding were featured at IMTS 2012.
579 A Quick-Start Approach for Implementing Lean in Job Shops (October 2012)
In the August issue, we examined the lean tools that will and will not work in high-mix, low-volume manufacturing facilities. Now, we will examine how to implement the tools that will work in the job shop with an approach that expands the capabilities of value stream mapping.
580 My Glass is Half Full (October 2012)
Publisher Michael Goldstein is confident that the manufacturing economy will continue to grow throughout next year, no matter who wins the 2012 presidential election.
581 Keeping Time Hawaiian Style (September 2012)
Clayton Boyer specializes in kinetic sculpture -- especially wooden gear clocks -- and he'd like to share his plans with you.
582 GT Extras (October 2012)
Our up-front column highlighting what's online this issue.
583 Center Distance Variations for Internal Gears (October 2012)
While external involute gears are very tolerant of center distance variations, what are the center distance constraints for internal gears?
584 Differential Gears (October 2012)
What are the manufacturing methods used to make bevel gears used in automotive differentials?
585 Calendar (October 2012)
The complete Technical Calendar from the October 2012 issue of Gear Technology
586 What We Learned @IMTS (October 2012)
They only let the Addendum team on the show floor for one day (they said it was something to do with their liability insurance...), but here's what our intrepid team of gear fanatics noticed at IMTS 2012.
587 AMB 2012 Focuses on Technology Integration and Education (October 2012)
A large number of technologies aimed primarily at higher productivity were presented by exhibitors at the AMB, International Exhibition for Metal Working at the Stuttgart Trade Fair Centre in September. Following the successful 2010 show, AMB 2012 boasted further developments in energy and resource efficiency, higher productivity, life cycle performance, quality assurance and user-friendliness.
588 Industry News (October 2012)
The complete Industry News section from the October 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
589 Pitting Resistance of Worm Gears: Advanced Model for Contact Pattern of Any Size, Position, Flank Type (October 2012)
An experimental and theoretical analysis of worm gear sets with contact patterns of differing sizes, position and flank type for new approaches to calculation of pitting resistance.
590 Repair of High-Value, High-Demand Spiral Bevel Gears by Superfinishing (October 2012)
Following is a report on the R&D findings regarding remediation of high-value, high-demand spiral bevel gears for the UH60 helicopter tail rotor drivetrain. As spiral bevel gears for the UH60 helicopter are in generally High-Demand due to the needs of new aircraft production and the overhaul and repair of aircraft returning from service, acquisition of new spiral bevel gears in support of R&D activities is very challenging. To compensate, an assessment was done of a then-emerging superfinishing method—i.e., the micromachining process (MPP)—as a potential repair technique for spiral bevel gears, as well as a way to enhance their performance and durability. The results are described in this paper.
591 Calendar (September 2012)
The complete Technical Calendar from the September 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
592 Industry News (September 2012)
The complete Industry News section from the September 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
593 America Needs a Different Kind of Candidate (September 2012)
The two candidates in the upcoming presidential election offer two distinctly different approaches to solving Americas economic problems -- neither of which is likely to be successful
594 Sicmat Utilizes NUM CNC Systems (September 2012)
A high-performance, 11-axis CNC system from NUM has enabled machine tool manufacturer Sicmat to create a gear honing machine that sets a new industry standard for post-hardening fine finishing.
595 GT extras (September 2012)
The latest videos, newsletter articles and other online materials you can't find anywhere else
596 Technology Mash-Up (August 2012)
The mind melds with gears for cycle project.
597 Industry News (August 2012)
The complete Industry News section from the August 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
598 Calendar (August 2012)
The complete Technical Calendar from the August 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
599 Product News (September 2012)
The complete Product News section from the September 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
600 IMTS 2012 Product Preview (September 2012)
Previews of manufacturing technology related to gears that will be on display at IMTS 2012.
601 How Bearing Design Improves Gearbox Performance (September 2012)
Gearbox performance, reliability, total cost of ownership (energy cost), overall impact on the environment, and anticipation of additional future regulations are top-of-mind issues in the industry. Optimization of the bearing set can significantly improve gearbox performance.
602 How to Minimize Power Losses in Transmissions, Axles and Steering Systems (September 2012)
By increasing the number of gears and the transmission-ratio spread, the engine will run with better fuel efficiency and without loss of driving dynamics. Transmission efficiency itself can be improved by: using fuelefficient transmission oil; optimizing the lubrication systems and pumps; improving shifting strategies and optimizing gearings; and optimizing bearings and seals/gaskets.
603 Refurbishing a Ball Mill ; Bevel Gear Backlash (September 2012)
Our experts comment on reverse engineering herringbone gears and contact pattern optimization.
604 IMTS 2012 Events, Conferences and Some Just Plain Fun (September 2012)
IMTS exists primarily as a buy-and-sell North American venue for practically every conceivable technology used in manufacturing, and in that regard it has no equal. There youll find on display the latest and greatest technology, from hardware to software and everything in between. But anyone who has attended past shows is aware that IMTS is much more than that. Following is a rundown of "extracurricular" activities youll find waiting for your edification and enjoyment.
605 IMTS 2012 Booth Listings (September 2012)
Complete listing of booths with relevant gear manufacturing technologies.
606 Showstoppers (September 2012)
Special advertising section for IMTS 2012
607 GT Extras (November/December 2012)
This issue's look at the web features videos posted at geartechnology.com, featuring Forest City Gear and Star SU.
608 The Results Are In (November/December 2012)
The past several months have been filled with uncertainty. Everyone wanted to wait and see who would be our next president and how the political landscape might change. Now the elections are over, and the polls are all closed, so we should all be getting back to business, right? Publisher Michael Goldstein shares insight from our state-of-the-gear-industry survey.
609 Looking Back, Looking Forward (January/February 2013)
Publisher Michael Goldstein explores Gear Technology's history and its future as he introduces the back issue archive online and our new features and columns for 2013.
610 CMM Gear Inspection (January/February 2013)
Mitutoyo offers capable, affordable and flexible gear inspection option via coordinate measuring machines and gear inspection software.
611 GT Extras (January/February 2013)
Gear Technology's complete back issue archive is now available online. Read more about the archive in this issue's GT Extras. Also highlighted are a new video from Koepfer and the Gear Technology e-mail newsletter.
612 Heat Treating Buyers Guide 1998 (March/April 1998)
Gear Technology's directory of heat treating suppliers for the gear industry.
613 Buyers Guide 1997 (November/December 1997)
Our comprehensive directory of gear industry suppliers, including a breakdown by product or service category, as well as an alphabetical list of gear industry suppliers.
614 Gear Shaving Basics - Part I (November/December 1997)
Gear shaving is a free-cutting gear finishing operation which removes small amounts of metal from the working surfaces of gear teeth. Its purpose is to correct errors in index, helix angle, tooth profile and eccentricity. The process also improves tooth surface finish and eliminates by means of crowned tooth forms the danger of tooth end load concentrations in service.
615 Progress in Gear Milling (January/February 2013)
Sandvik presents the latest in gear milling technologies.
616 Product News (January/February 2013)
The complete Product News section from the January/February 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
617 Balancing: Smoke and Mirrors No Longer (January/February 2013)
By virtue of collected anecdotal accounts, equations and problem solving, balancing is discussed as more math and common sense, and less smoke and mirrors.
618 Gear Material Selection and Construction for Large Gears (January/February 2013)
A road map is presented listing critical considerations and optimal use of materials and methods in the construction of large gears.
619 Measurement of Involute Master (January/February 2013)
Our experts tackle the topic of measuring involute masters, including both master gears and gear inspection artifacts.
620 Do No Destructive Testing (January/February 2013)
An overview of nondestructive testing and its importance in the manufacture of big gears.
621 Job Shop Lean (January/February 2013)
This is the first article in an eight-part "reality" series on implementing continuous improvement at Hoerbiger Corporation. Throughout 2013, Dr. Shahrukh Irani will report on his progress applying the job shop lean strategies he developed during his time at Ohio State University.
622 The Gear Gods Help Those That Help Themselves (January/February 2013)
"Gear Train" is a new Gear Technology section focusing on training and education in the gear industry. For the first installment, we've focused on AGMA's online and video training programs.
623 Buyers Guide 1993 (November/December 1993)
Gear Technology's first annual buyers guide
624 The 332 Report - Competitive Position of the U.S. Gear Industry (September/October 1990)
In March 1989, the U.S. Trade Representative requested the U.S. International Trade Commission to conduct an investigation and prepare a report on the competitive position of the U.S. gear industry in U.S. and global markets.
625 If Only We Had a Crystal Ball... (November/December 2012)
Before we get into projections and prognostications about the future, lets take a minute to review 2012. For many in the gear industry, the year was better than expected. Some manufacturers had a very successful year leading up to an even more successful manufacturing trade show (IMTS 2012). Others were searching for more business, hoping that the general state of the economy wouldnt make things worse. In some cases, it did.
626 2012 State of the Gear Industry (November/December 2012)
Gear Technologys annual state-of-the-gear-industry survey polls gear manufacturers about the latest trends and opinions relating to the overall health of the gear industry. As in years past, the survey was conducted anonymously, with invitations sent by e-mail to gear manufacturing companies around the world.
627 Manufacturing and Pursuit of the American Dream: Reality or Fool's Quest (November/December 2012)
It wasnt so very long ago that a high school-educated, able-bodied person with a will to work typically had little trouble finding a decent job in manufacturing. Whether at an area job shop, an OEM plant or auto plantwork was to be had. Work that paid well enough to marry, buy a home, feed, raise and educate a familywith even enough left over for a modest retirement pension.
628 Product News (November/December 2012)
The complete Product News section from the November/December 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
629 Romax Technology Launches Gearbox and Driveline Design Software Package (November/December 2012)
Romax Technology, the gearbox, bearing and driveline engineering specialist, has launched a new design software package that will increase speed, quality, creativity and innovation when designing gearboxes and drivelines. Called Concept, the new product delivers on the Romax vision of streamlining the end-to-end, planning-to-manufacture process with open, easy to use software solutions. It has been developed in close collaboration with engineers in the largest ground vehicle, wind energy and industrial equipment companies around the globe.
630 ITAMCO Offers Industrial Bluetooth Transmitter (November/December 2012)
Indiana Technology and Manufacturing Companies (ITAMCO) has released iBluethe first handheld bluetooth transmitter that gathers crucial production data and sends it to bluetooth-enabled smartphones, tablets and computers.
631 Gear Industry Buyers Guide 2012 (November/December 2012)
The 2012 Gear Technology Buyers Guide was compiled to provide you with a handy resource containing the contact information for significant suppliers of machinery, tooling, supplies and services used in gear manufacturing.
632 Gleason Machine Setup (November/December 2012)
A reader asks about the proper setup procedures for cutting a ring and pinion set on a Gleason 116.
633 Calendar (November/December 2012)
The complete Technical Calendar from the November/December 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
634 Gears without Standards - But Tons of Fun! (November/December 2012)
If you enjoy working with your handswithout doubt a large segment of Gear Technologys audienceyou must go to robives.com. There you will find one of the most clean-but-serious fun websites on the Internet. It is where you will learnor re-learn, in some caseshow to create things from paper. Origami, youre thinking? Nahmere childs play.
635 AGMA FTM: Where Great Minds and Manufacturing Mesh (November/December 2012)
Another year, another AGMA Fall Technical Conference. But this is no ho-hum event. Not when every year, the conference attracts some of the greatest mechanical engineering minds on the planet, along with representatives of the worlds greatest manufacturing entities. And who knowsperhaps one day there will be an extraterrestrial contingentthe science is that good. And all of it readily applicable to real-world manufacturing.
636 Industry News (November/December 2012)
The complete Industry News section from the November/December 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
637 Morphology of Micropitting (November/December 2012)
Understanding the morphology of micropitting is critical in determining the root cause of failure. Examples of micropitting in gears and rolling-element bearings are presented to illustrate morphological variations that can occur in practice.
638 Predicted Scuffing Risk to Spur and Helical Gears in Commercial Vehicle Transmissions (November/December 2012)
AGMA925A03 scuffing risk predictions for a series of spur and helical gear sets of transmissions used in commercial vehicles ranging from SAE Class 3 through Class 8.
639 Turbine Gearbox Inspection - Steady Work in a Shaky Wind Market (August 2013)
Having outlasted the worldwide Great Recession, the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) forecasts a constant growth in wind energy, i.e.: "increase in worldwide capacity to 460,000 MW by 2015."
640 Girth Gear Inspection - Pre- and Post-Manufacture (August 2013)
What are the ins-and-outs of quality inspection of girth gears, from both a manufacturer and buyer perspective? Our experts respond.
641 GT Extras (March/April 2014)
GT Videos featuring R&P Metrology, the latest from our Twitter and LinkedIn feeds and an introduction to gearboxfailure.com
642 The Next Transformation (March/April 2014)
Every so often manufacturing is jolted out of its inertia by a transformative technology one that fundamentally changes not only the way products are made, but also the economics of the business.
643 Orwell Inc. Promises All Things Optimistic with the BBMS (June 2014)
The Addendum team thought it fitting to celebrate George Orwell's 1984 with the 30th Anniversary of Gear Technology. We do not condone the extreme tactics discussed in this fictional press release unless instructed by the proper authorities.
644 Industry News (June 2014)
The complete Industry News section from the June 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
645 AGMA Recognizes Member Achievements at Annual Meeting (June 2014)
The AGMA/ABMA Annual Meeting took place April 10-12 in St. Petersburg, Florida. Between committee meetings, networking opportunities and social events, many individuals in the gear industry were presented awards.
The complete Technical Calendar from the June 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
647 Brad Foote and 3M Collaborate on Testing of Ground Parts (March/April 2014)
Cubitron II wheels are put to the test in this case study.
648 In Search of a Competitive Advantage (March/April 2014)
The grinding/abrasives market is rapidly changing, thanks to new technology, more flexibility and an attempt to lower customer costs. Productivity is at an all-time high in this market, and its only going to improve with further R&D. By the time IMTS 2014 rolls around this September, the gear market will have lots of new toys and gadgets to offer potential customers. If you havent upgraded any grinding/abrasives equipment in the last five years, now might be a good time to consider the investment.
649 Technological Potential and Performance of Gears Ground by Dressable CBN Tools (March/April 2014)
Dressable vitrified bond CBN grinding tools combine the advantages of other common tool systems in generating gear grinding. Yet despite those technological advantages, there is only a small market distribution of these grinding tools due to high tool costs. Furthermore, scant literature exists regarding generating gear grinding with dressable CBN. This is especially true regarding the influence of the grinding tool system on manufacturing-related component properties. The research objective of this report is to determine the advantages of dressable CBN tools in generating gear grinding.
650 Practical Considerations for the Use of Double-Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing - Part II (March/April 2014)
Part I of this paper, which appeared in the January/February issue of Gear Technology, described the theory behind double-flank composite inspection. It detailed the apparatus used, the various measurements that can be achieved using it, the calculations involved and their interpretation. The concluding Part II presents a discussion of the practical application of double-flank composite inspection -- especially for large-volume operations. It also addresses statistical techniques that can be used in conjunction with double-flank composite inspection, as well as an in-depth analysis of gage R&R for this technique.
651 Press Quenching and Effects of Prior Thermal History on Distortion during Heat Treatment (March/April 2014)
Precision components (industrial bearing races and automotive gears) can distort during heat treatment due to effects of free or unconstrained oil quenching. However, press quenching can be used to minimize these effects. This quenching method achieves the relatively stringent geometrical requirements stipulated by industrial manufacturing specifications. As performed on a wide variety of steel alloys, this specialized quenching technique is presented here, along with a case study showing the effects of prior thermal history on the distortion that is generated during press quenching.
652 New ECM Furnace Improves Manufacture Efficiency of PM Components (March/April 2014)
The heat treatment processing of powder metal (PM) materials like Astaloy requires four steps -- de-waxing, HT sintering, carburizing and surface hardening -- which are usually achieved in dedicated, atmospheric furnaces for sintering and heat treat, respectively, leading to intermediate handling operations and repeated heating and cooling cycles. This paper presents the concept of the multi-purpose batch vacuum furnace, one that is able to realize all of these steps in one unique cycle. The multiple benefits brought by this technology are summarized here, the main goal being to use this technology to manufacture high-load transmission gears in PM materials.
653 PPD Wear Protection Treatment for Large Parts Opens New Horizons (March/April 2014)
Environmentally friendly, highly efficient and lasting a product's lifetime. With characteristics like this, Pulsed-Plasma Diffusion (PPD) technology from Oerlikon Balzers has established itself as an industry standard for the treatment of large automotive press tooling. Now the technology specialists are targeting new applications with this advanced process, offering an alternative to traditional hard-chrome processes.
654 Hardening Technology Focuses on Dimensional Accuracy (March/April 2014)
New technology from Eldec/EMAG helps control the induction hardening process.
655 Measuring Backlash in Bevel and Hypoid Gears (June 2014)
In this installment of Ask the Expert, Dr. Stadtfeld describes the best methods for measuring backlash in bevel gears.
656 Product News (June 2014)
The complete Product News section from the June 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
657 Industry News (January/February 2014)
The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
658 Calendar (January/February 2014)
The complete technical Calendar from the January/February 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
659 The XL Gears Project (January/February 2014)
Much of the existing guidelines for making large, high-performance gears for wind turbine gearboxes exhibit a need for improvement. Consider: the large grinding stock used to compensate for heat treatment distortion can significantly reduce manufacturing productivity; and, materials and manufacturing processes are two other promising avenues to improvement. The work presented here investigates quenchable alloy steels that, combined with specifically developed Case-hardening and heat treatment processes, exhibits reduced distortion and, in turn, requires a smaller grinding stock.
660 Power Skiving of Cylindrical Gears on Different Machine Platforms (January/February 2014)
It has long been known that the skiving process for machining internal gears is multiple times faster than shaping, and more flexible than broaching, due to skiving's continuous chip removal capability. However, skiving has always presented a challenge to machines and tools. With the relatively low dynamic stiffness in the gear trains of mechanical machines, as well as the fast wear of uncoated cutters, skiving of cylindrical gears never achieved acceptance in shaping or hobbing, until recently.
661 Planet Carrier Design (January/February 2014)
With all the advantages of building float into a planetary gear system, what advantages are there to using a carrier in the first place, rather than simply having your planets float in the system?
662 Practical Considerations for the Use of Double-Flank Testing for the Manufacturing Control of Gearing - Part I (January/February 2014)
Part I of this paper describes the theory behind double-flank composite inspection, detailing the apparatus used, the various measurements that can be achieved using it, the calculations involved and their interpretation. Part II, which will appear in the next issue, includes a discussion of the practical application of double-flank composite inspection, especially for large-volume operations. Part II covers statistical techniques that can be used in conjunction with double-flank composite inspection, as well as an in-depth analysis of gage R&R for this technique.
663 Gear Engineer by Day, Baritone by Night (January/February 2014)
When theyre not solving the latest mechanical engineering puzzle, the seven members of the group sINGer are busy engineering their voices to create the perfect sound. Yes, you read that correctly. Mechanical engineers do have hobbies outside of gears.
The latest video from Koepfer America, Sandvik's Gear Up event and IMTS product previews
Publisher Michael Goldstein describes what it means to him that Gear Technology is celebrating its 30th anniversary.
666 Inspiring the World Beyond the Theory of Gearing (June 2014)
Celebrating Dr. Faydor Litvin: Remarkable Scientist, Dedicated Mentor, Continuing Inspiration
667 Gear Ratio Epicyclic Drives Analysis (June 2014)
It has been documented that epicyclic gear stages provide high load capacity and compactness to gear drives. This paper will focus on analysis and design of epicyclic gear arrangements that provide extremely high gear ratios. Indeed, a special, two-stage planetary arrangement may utilize a gear ratio of over one hundred thousand to one. This paper presents an analysis of such uncommon gear drive arrangements and defines their major parameters, limitations, and gear ratio maximization approaches. It also demonstrates numerical examples, existing designs, and potential applications.
668 Calculation of Tooth Root Load Carrying Capacity of Beveloid Gears (June 2014)
In this paper, two developed methods of tooth root load carrying capacity calculations for beveloid gears with parallel axes are presented, in part utilizing WZL software GearGenerator and ZaKo3D. One method calculates the tooth root load-carrying capacity in an FE-based approach. For the other, analytic formulas are employed to calculate the tooth root load-carrying capacity of beveloid gears. To conclude, both methods are applied to a test gear. The methods are compared both to each other and to other tests on beveloid gears with parallel axes in test bench trials.
669 The Past, Present and Future of Gear Manufacturing (June 2014)
The gear industry is full of storytellers. It's a niche market that boasts a remarkable cast of characters that have been sharing their stories with us for 30 years. In that time, the editors and staff of Gear Technology magazine have had the privilege to report the ins and outs of this highly-specialized industry. From technical articles to case studies and features, the main focus of this magazine has been to "provide a forum of discovery and innovation for you, the gear manufacturing industry." Our Publisher, Michael Goldstein, said as much in our inaugural issue of May/June 1984.
670 30 Years of Calculation (June 2014)
Examining the history of software in mechanical engineering
671 AGMA Losing One of the Good Guys (March/April 2014)
Charlie Fischer, VP Technical Division, retiring end of April
672 Product News (March/April 2014)
The complete product news section from the March/April 2014 issue, featuring quick-change spline rolling racks from U.S. Gear Tools.
673 No Compromising on Quality at Allison Transmission (July 2014)
Gleason 350GMS helps put higher quality, more reliable gears into its next-generation TC10 automatic transmission.
674 Gear Industry Heat Treat Resource Guide (July 2014)
Heat treating is one of the most critical operations in the manufacture of quality gears. Everything can be done to perfection, but if the heat treating isnt right, all of your hard work and efforts are wasted. We know how important it is for gear manufacturers to find the right heat treating service provider. Thats why weve compiled this Heat Treat Resource Guide -- the only directory of heat treat service providers thats specific to the gear industry. The companies listed here are all interested in working with gear manufacturers, and many of them have specialties and capabilities that are uniquely suited to the types of products you manufacture.
675 Product News (July 2014)
The complete Product News section from the July 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
676 No Excuse is Good Enough (July 2014)
Might some of you may be tempted to skip IMTS this year? Business is just so-so. You cant afford to be away from the shop. It will be a waste of time because you dont have the budget for new machine tools or new technology anyway. Youve cut back on travel expenses. Its your wifes birthday...
677 In Aviation, Pants Are Optional (May 2014)
The long and colorful history of aviation is comprised of many chapters and giants. The chapter we're reviewing in this installment of Addendum is the invention and development of the retractable landing gear.
See the latest video from Slone Gear International, plus read about the gear industry's unsung heroes in the latest blog post.
679 Portable Gear Inspection (July 2014)
Compact, custom and portable solutions are gaining more attention in manufacturing today as companies seek out the tools that offer the greatest productivity gains on the shop floor. Gear inspection seems to be following suit.
680 Deciding When to Go Plastic (July 2014)
Can my metal gear(s) be replaced with plastic gears?
The complete technical calendar from the July 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
682 One Small Step Towards Mars (July 2014)
In the June issue of our sister publication -- Power Transmission Engineering -- the Power Play feature (Destination Mars! -- pg. 64) was devoted to NASAs Mars-oriented LDSD (Low Density Supersonic Decelerator) project...
683 Industry News (July 2014)
The complete Industry News section from the July 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
684 Innovative Induction Hardening Process with Pre-heating for Improved Fatigue Performance of Gear Component (July 2014)
Contact fatigue and bending fatigue are two main failure modes of steel gears, while surface pitting and spalling are two common contact fatigue failures -- caused by alternating subsurface shear stresses from the contact load between two gear mates. And when a gear is in service under cyclic load, concentrated bending stresses exist at the root fillet -- the main driver of bending fatigue failures. Induction hardening is becoming an increasingly popular response to these problems, due to its process consistency, reduced energy consumption, clean environment and improved product quality -- but not without issues of its own (irregular residual stresses and bending fatigue). Thus a new approach is proposed here that flexibly controls the magnitude of residual stress in the regions of root fillet and tooth flank by pre-heating prior to induction hardening. Using an external spur gear made of AISI 4340 as an example, this new concept/process is demonstrated using finite element modeling and DANTE commercial software.
685 The Influence of Tool Tolerances on the Gear Quality of a Gear Manufactured by an Indexable Insert Hob (July 2014)
Recently, a new type of hob with carbide inserts has been introduced, providing higher cutting speeds, longer tool life and higher feed rates when compared to re-grindable, high-speed steel hobs. But with this kind of hob, new challenges occur due to positional errors of the cutting edges when mounted on the tool. These errors lead to manufacturing errors on the gear teeth which must be controlled. In this paper, the tooth quality of a gear manufactured by hobs with different quality classes is analyzed using a simulation model in combination with Monte Carlo methods.
686 Loaded Behavior of Gears Made of Fiber-Reinforced PA6 (July 2014)
This paper presents an original method for computing the loaded mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced polymer gears. Although thermoplastic gears are unsuitable for application transmitting high torque, adding fibers can significantly increase their performance. The particular case of polyamide 6 + 30% glass fibers is studied in this paper.
687 Industry News (May 2014)
The complete Industry News section from the May 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
The complete Technical Calendar from the May 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
689 Coming Home, but to What (May 2014)
Many vets have the skills, but no place to apply them.
690 The Technology Shift (May 2014)
Decades ago, technology shifted from HSS to indexable inserts in turning and milling. This movement wasn't immediately realized in gear hobbing because coated PM-HSS hobs and complex gear profiles remained highly effective and productive methods. Only fairly recently have gear manufacturers started to take a serious look at indexable technology to cut gear teeth.
691 Moving Parts (May 2014)
Machine tools boost speed and throughput with automation technology.
692 Born to Blog (March/April 2014)
Blogging is BIG and getting bigger all the time. There doesnt exist, for example, a news, industry, or entertainment entity that does not have at least one resident blogger. And now, since January -- we have ours.
693 Calendar (March/April 2014)
The complete technical calendar from the March/April 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
694 Industry News (March/April 2014)
The complete Industry News section from the March/April 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
695 Load Distribution Analysis of Spline Joints (May 2014)
A finite elements-based contact model is developed to predict load distribution along the spline joint interfaces; effects of spline misalignment are investigated along with intentional lead crowning of the contacting surfaces. The effects of manufacturing tooth indexing error on spline load distributions are demonstrated by using the proposed model.
696 Application and Improvement of Face Load Factor Determination Based on AGMA 927 (May 2014)
The face load factor is one of the most important items for a gear strength calculation. Current standards propose formulae for face load factor, but they are not always appropriate. AGMA 927 proposes a simpler and quicker algorithm that doesn't require a contact analysis calculation. This paper explains how this algorithm can be applied for gear rating procedures.
697 Product News (May 2014)
The complete Product News Section from the May 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
698 Machine Marks on Gear Flanks (May 2014)
What causes shaving cutter marks on gear flanks and can they be prevented?
699 Is the Manufacturing Comeback Just an Illusion (May 2014)
A great deal of attention has been paid to the decline of manufacturing in America, and I've been accused of being a town crier since the 1980s, when I began to see our nation lose its edge to foreign competition. My concerns have proven well-founded.
700 Goodbye, David (May 2014)
I've lost a long-time and dear friend. Sadly, David Iveson of Westminster Machine Tools Ltd. in the U.K. passed away on April 9.
701 Metallurgical Investigation of Tiger Stripes on a Carburized High Speed Pinion (May 2014)
Tiger stripes on a high-speed pinion made of a carburized SAE 9310 steel were investigated. The morphology of the damage was typical of electric discharge damage. The cause of the stripes and potential damage to the gear tooth were analyzed and are presented in this report.
702 Topological Gearing Modifications: Optimization of Complex Systems Capable of Oscillation (May 2014)
Vibration and noise from wind turbines can be significantly influenced - and therefore reduced - by selecting suitable gearing modifications. New options provided by manufacturers of machine tools and grinding machines, and especially state-of-the-art machines and controls, provide combined gearing modifications - or topological gearing corrections - that can now be reliably machined. Theoretical investigations of topological modifications are discussed here with the actual machining and their possible use.
703 Gear SAMPle - Interview with Antonio Maccaferri (January/February 2014)
In this Gear Profile article, we interview Antonio Maccaferri, president of SAMP S.p.A.
704 The Sales Pitch (January/February 2014)
Kaukauna, Wisconsin may hold the secrets to solving the problem of our skilled labor shortage.
705 New-Formula Acetylene Cool for Heat Treatment (September 2013)
Acetylene with DMF solvent enables benefits of low-pressure vacuum carburizing.
706 Light-Weight Design for Planetary Gear Transmissions (September 2013)
There is a great need for future powertrains in automotive and industrial applications to improve upon their efficiency and power density while reducing their dynamic vibration and noise initiation. It is accepted that planetary gear transmissions have several advantages in comparison to conventional transmissions, such as a high power density due to the power division using several planet gears. This paper presents planetary gear transmissions, optimized in terms of efficiency, weight and volume.
707 Lubrication Specification and Methodology (September 2013)
A reader asks about how to specify a method of lubrication for a speed reducer with a three-stage helical gear with a low peripheral speed.
708 How to Inspect a Gearbox (September 2013)
Although a comprehensive on-site gearbox inspection is desirable in many situations, there may be constraints that limit the extent of the inspection such as cost, time, accessibility and qualified personnel. This article describes the equipment and techniques necessary to perform an on-site gearbox inspection.
709 New Technology Roll Call (September 2013)
Interviews with exhibitors at ASM's Heat Treat 2013 exposition, which is co-located with Gear Expo.
710 Heat Treat 2013 Map and Listings (September 2013)
Your guide to the booths at ASM's Heat Treat 2013 show.
711 Industry News (September 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the September 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
712 Calendar (September 2013)
The complete Technical Calendar from the September 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
713 The Art of Versatility - Grinding at Gear Expo and EMO (October 2013)
Whether you spent time at Gear Expo in Indianapolis or EMO in Hannover, there was certainly new technology attracting attention. Machine tools are faster, more efficient and can integrate numerous functions in a single setup. Grinding technology is turning science upside down and inside out with high-speed removal rates and increased throughput.
714 Untraditional Gear Machining (October 2013)
Look beyond the obvious, and you may well find a better way to machine a part, and serve your customer better. Thats the lesson illustrated in a gear machining application at Allied Specialty Precision Inc. (ASPI), located in Mishawaka, Indiana.
715 Product News (October 2013)
The complete Product News section from the October 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
716 The Devil Is in the Details (October 2013)
A response to the September 2013 Voices piece on how gear standards are written, from one who's been there.
717 A Mechanically Marvelous Sea Saga (September 2013)
In the summer of 1974, long before Argo, there was AZORIAN -- the code name for a CIA gambit to recover cargo entombed in a sunken Soviet submarine -- the K-129 -- from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. The challenge: exhume -- intact -- a 2,000-ton submarine and its suspicious cargo from 17,000 feet of water.
718 Opportunity Knocked (October 2013)
For anyone involved in gear manufacturing, Gear Expo is an absolute treasure. In 2013, it was bigger and more varied than it's been in a decade. With 226 exhibitors covering every conceivable gear-related technology, Gear Expo offered visitors unparalleled opportunities to interview potential new suppliers.
719 Showstoppers (September 2013)
Our special advertising section featuring exhibitors from Gear Expo and ASM Heat Treat 2013
720 Gear Expo 2013 Map and Listings (September 2013)
Your guide to the exhibitors of Gear Expo 2013.
721 Calendar (August 2013)
The complete Calendar of events from the August 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
722 Magnetic Gearing Attracting More Followers (August 2013)
"Going green" and energy efficiency are goals that all industries -- especially in Europe and the United States -- are working on, in such sectors as electric motors, lubrication, gears and on and on. Drumroll here please for magnetic gearing
723 EMO 2013 - Intelligence in Production (August 2013)
Preview of some of the exhibits relevant to gear manufacturing at the upcoming EMO 2013.
724 Industry News (August 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the August 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
725 An Experimental Investigation of Aerospace-Quality Gears Operating in Loss-of-Lubrication Condition (August 2013)
This work establishes a baseline for aerospace spur gear behavior under oil-off conditions. The collected test results document a different oil-off time, dictated by material used.
726 Automotive Transmission Design Using Full Potential of Powder Metal (August 2013)
For metal replacement with powder metal (PM) of an automotive transmission, PM gear design differs from its wrought counterpart. Indeed, complete reverse-engineering and re-design is required so to better understand and document the performance parameters of solid-steel vs. PM gears. Presented here is a re-design (re-building a 6-speed manual transmission for an Opel Insignia 4-cylinder, turbocharged 2-liter engine delivering 220 hp/320 N-m) showing that substituting a different microgeometry of the PM gear teeth -- coupled with lower Youngs modulus -- theoretically enhances performance when compared to the solid-steel design.
727 GT Extras (September 2013)
Take a look at the latest videos, along with our expanded coverage of Gear Expo 2013, on the Gear Technology website.
728 Going to Gear Expo (September 2013)
Like many of you in the gear industry, weve been working extremely hard over the past few months getting ready for Gear Expo 2013, which takes place September 17-19 in Indianapolis.
729 Siemens Has Georgia Schools on its Mind (September 2013)
Siemens is helping the state of Georgia's STEM initiative by helping develop educational programs for the public schools.
730 Exhibitors Confidential (September 2013)
Gear Expo 2013 product preview features a look at many of the key booths you won't want to miss.
731 Product News (September 2013)
The complete Product News section from the September 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
732 New Standards for Large Ring Gears for Mills, Kilns (September 2013)
Methods of examining large ring gear teeth to detect surface breaking discontinuities have often been time-consuming and limited in terms of data collected. Methods such as visual and magnetic particle inspection can miss critical discontinuities. However, a new ASTM international standard provides a more effective method for gear examination using eddy current array, a technology that has been widely used but, until now, not standardized.
733 Letters to the Editor (September 2013)
Readers respond to our "Job Shop Lean" column and the "My Gear is Bigger than Your Gear" article.
734 How Gear Standards are Written (September 2013)
The new chairman of the AGMA Technical Division Executive Committee explains what's involved in the process of developing technical standards at the AGMA.
735 The Latest Gear Generation - Interview with Jan Klingelnberg (October 2013)
This is the first of a new series of Gear Technology profiles of individuals you should know in the gear industry.
736 The Halls of Ivy Tech Are Humming with Precision Tooling (October 2013)
If you've been following this space with any regularity, you know that grassroots efforts among industry and academia are springing up around the country to help win the hearts, minds and talents of young people in nudging them towards a career in manufacturing. Add another partnership to the list.
737 Design and Optimization of Planetary Gears Considering All Relevant Influences (November/December 2013)
Light-weight construction and consideration of available resources result in gearbox designs with high load capacity and power density. At the same time, expectations for gear reliability are high. Additionally, there is a diversity of planetary gears for different applications.
738 Understanding Oil Analysis: How it Can Improve Reliability of Wind Turbine Gearboxes (November/December 2013)
Historically, wind turbine gearbox failures have plagued the industry. Yet an effective oil analysis program will increase the reliability and availability of your machinery, while minimizing maintenance costs associated with oil change-outs, labor, repairs and downtime. Practical action steps are presented here to improve reliability.
739 High Temperature Gear Materials (November/December 2013)
What gear material is suitable for high-temperature (350 550 degree C), high-vacuum, clean-environment use?
740 Lean Resources (November/December 2013)
The final installment of our Job Shop Lean series includes a wide variety of educational resources to help you continue your own lean journey.
741 VIPS - Very Important Products and Services (November/December 2013)
Very important gear industry suppliers are featured here.
742 Buyers Guide 2013 A to Z (November/December 2013)
The complete contact information of every supplier in the Buyers Guide
743 Industry News (November/December 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the November/December 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
744 Calendar (November/December 2013)
The complete Calendar of Events from the November/December 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
745 Super-Sized Quality Control (January/February 2014)
It's not easy being big. Maybe that's not exactly how the phrase goes, but it's applicable, particularly when discussing the quality requirements of large gears. The size alone promises unique engineering challenges. BONUS Online Exclusive: Big or Small - Inspection is Key to Success.
746 Learn to Work, Work to Earn (January/February 2014)
Apprenticeship programs are back in the USA - sort of.
747 Product News (January/February 2014)
The complete Product News section from the January/February 2014 issue of Gear Technology.
748 Pearls of Wisdom (January/February 2014)
Gear Technology magazine begins the celebration of our 30-year anniversary.
749 The Natural (November/December 2013)
Gears in nature: The Issus develops working gears in response to selective pressure.
750 GT Extras (January/February 2014)
Video from C&B Machinery; Introducing the Gear Technology Blog, featuring technical editor Charles D. Schultz; plus an online-exclusive article on big gear inspection.
751 Buyers Guide 2013 Categories (November/December 2013)
The 2013 Gear Technology Buyers Guide was compiled to provide you with a handy resource containing the contact information for significant suppliers of machinery, tooling, supplies and services used in gear manufacturing.
752 Riding the Rails (November/December 2013)
Are trains still a growth industry prospect for manufacturers?
753 Purchasing Gear Lubricants - Be Careful When Playing the Numbers Game (October 2013)
When it comes to purchasing gear lubricants, many people on both the sales and purchasing side decide to play the numbers game. The person with the most numbers, or the biggest numbers, or the lowest numbers, must have the best product - right? Wrong; gear oil selection is not a game, and numbers alone cannot determine the right product for an application.
754 Industry News (October 2013)
The complete Industry News section from the October 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
755 Minimal Tooth Number of Flexspline in Harmonic Gear Drive with External Wave Generator (October 2013)
Wave generators are located inside of flexsplines in most harmonic gear drive devices. Because the teeth on the wheel rim of the flexspline are distributed radially, there is a bigger stress concentration on the tooth root of the flexspline meshing with a circular spline, where a fatigue fracture is more likely to occur under the alternating force exerted by the wave generator. The authors' solution to this problem is to place the wave generator outside of the flexspline, which is a scheme named harmonic gear drive (HGD) with external wave generator (EWG).
756 Gear Standards and ISO GPS (October 2013)
In todays globalized manufacturing, all industrial products having dimensional constraints must undergo conformity specifications assessments on a regular basis. Consequently, (standardization) associated with GD&T (geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing) should be un-ambiguous and based on common, accepted rules. Of course gears - and their mechanical assemblies - are special items, widely present in industrial applications where energy conversion and power transmission are involved.
757 Computer-Aided Finite Capacity Scheduling of a FLEAN Machining Cell (October 2013)
A look at some of the software options available to help with lean scheduling in a job shop
758 Worm Gears - Ask the Expert (October 2013)
How does one determine the center of a worm and a worm wheel? Also, what are the differences between the common worm tooth forms?
759 Calendar (October 2013)
The complete Calendar from the October 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
760 The Ever-Evolving Apple Parer (October 2013)
Mike Viney's curiosity about the evolving designs of apple parers began after reading the article, "There's a Fascination in Apple Parers" by Marion Levy, which appeared in the second edition of Linda Campbell's 300 Years of Kitchen Collectibles.
761 2013 State of the Gear Industry (November/December 2013)
Gear Technologys annual State-of- the-Gear-Industry survey polls gear manufacturers about the latest trends and opinions relating to the overall health of the gear industry. As in years past, the survey was conducted anonymously, with invitations sent by e-mail to gear manufacturing companies around the world.
762 Magnetic Gears, Sleeping Giant or Toothless Tiger (November/December 2013)
When is a gear not a gear? Pardon my Zen, but that is a bit like asking, "What is the sound of one hand clapping?" Or theres the old bromide, "If it walks like a duck, talks like a duck," etc. Just work with me here
763 US Gear Industry Doing Well, but Challenges Await (November/December 2013)
If you are like most navigators of the printed page, the first thing you read in this final 2013 issue of Gear Technology was our State of the Gear Industry Survey. And who would blame you? Its not Sabermetrics, but once youve read it youll have a pretty clear snapshot of last year and a peek into the next. But if you also like to get a little closer to the bone about things, what follows are the collected opinions of five well-regarded people in the gear industry speaking to a number of issues with relevance.
764 Product News (November/December 2013)
The complete Product News section from the November/December 2013 issue of Gear Technology.
765 GT Extras (November/December 2013)
GT Videos and upcoming trade shows featured on the site, links to our 2014 Media Kits and current discussions on LinkedIn and Facebook.
766 Measured Optimism (November/December 2013)
Gear manufacturers are generally an optimistic bunch, as revealed by our 2013 State-of-the-Gear-Industry Survey, which appears in this issue.
767 Case Study Involving Surface Durability and Improved Surface Finish (August 2012)
Gear tooth wear and micropitting are very difficult phenomena to predict analytically. The failure mode of micropitting is closely correlated to the lambda ratio. Micropitting can be the limiting design parameter for long-term durability. Also, the failure mode of micropitting can progress to wear or macropitting, and then go on to manifest more severe failure modes, such as bending. The results of a gearbox test and manufacturing process development program will be presented to evaluate super-finishing and its impact on micropitting.
768 High-Performance Sintered-Steel Gears for Transmissions and Machinery: A Critical Review (August 2012)
Except for higher-end gear applications found in automotive and aerospace transmissions, for example, high-performance, sintered-steel gears match wrought-steel gears in strength and geometrical quality. The enhanced P/M performance is due largely to advances in powder metallurgy over last two decades, such as selective surface densification, new materials and lubricants for high density and warm-die pressing. This paper is a review of the results of a decade of research and development of high- performance, sintered-steel gear prototypes.
769 Calculating Dynamic Loads, Sizing Worm Gears and Figuring Geometry Factors (May/June 2001)
Q&A is an interactive gear forum. Send us you gear design, manufacturing, inspection or other related questions, and we will pass them to our panel of experts.
770 Gearbox Field Performance From a Revuilder's Perspective (May/June 2001)
The major focus of the American Gear Manufacturers Association standards activity has been the accurate determination of a gearbox's ability to transmit a specified amount of power for a given amount of time. The need for a "level playing field" in the critical arena was one of the reasons the association was formed in the first place. Over the past 85 years, AGMA committees have spent countless hours "discussing" the best ways to calculate the rating of a gear set, often arguing vigorously over factors that varied the resulting answers by fractions of a percentage point. While all that "science" was being debated in test labs and conference rooms all over the country, out industry's customers were conducting their own experiments through the daily operation of gear-driven equipment of all types.
771 Product News (May/June 2001)
Complete Product News for May/June 2001.
772 Taking On Nature: Three Gear Companies And Their End-Products (May/June 2001)
Many gear companies make parts, build assemblies...and stop there. But, some don't stop; they go a step further and create end-products. Three gear companies have taken that step, and taken on nature with their creations.
773 Technical Calendar (May/June 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 2001.
774 Design Formulas for Evaluating Contact Stress in Generalized Gear Pairs (May/June 2001)
A very important parameter when designing a gear pair is the maximum surface contact stress that exists between two gear teeth in mesh, as it affects surface fatigue (namely, pitting and wear) along with gear mesh losses. A lot of attention has been targeted to the determination of the maximum contact stress between gear teeth in mesh, resulting in many "different" formulas. Moreover, each of those formulas is applicable to a particular class of gears (e.g., hypoid, worm, spiroid, spiral bevel, or cylindrical - spur and helical). More recently, FEM (the finite element method) has been introduced to evaluate the contact stress between gear teeth. Presented below is a single methodology for evaluating the maximum contact stress that exists between gear teeth in mesh. The approach is independent of the gear tooth geometry (involute or cycloid) and valid for any gear type (i.e., hypoid, worm, spiroid, bevel and cylindrical).
775 aMAZEing Gear Design (July/August 2001)
776 Gear Expo and Fall Technical Meeting - Together Again! (July/August 2001)
AGMA is looking to boost attendance at Gear Expo 2001 and the 2001 Fall Technical Meeting by "cross-pollinating" the two events.
777 Stock Distribution Optimization in Fixed Setting Hypoid Pinions (July/August 2001)
Face-milled hypoid pinions produced by the three-cut, Fixed Setting system - where roughing is done on one machine and finishing for the concave-OB and convex-IB tooth flanks is done on separate machines with different setups - are still in widespread use today.
778 Industry News (July/August 2001)
Complete Industry News for July/August 2001.
779 Measuring Base Helix Error on a Sine Bar (July/August 2001)
Base helix error - the resultant of lead and profile errors is the measured deviation from the theoretical line of contact (Fig. 1). It can be measured in the same way that lead error on a spur gear is measured, namely, by setting a height gage to height H based on the radial distance r to a specified line of contact (Fig. 2), rotating the gear so as to bring a tooth into contact with the indicator on the height gage, and then moving the height gage along two or more normals to the plane of action. The theoretical line of contact on helical gear must be parallel to the surface plate, which is attained by mounting the gear on a sine bar (Fig. 3).
780 Material Properties and Performance Considerations for High-Speed Steel Gear-Cutting Tools (July/August 2001)
Users of gear-cutting tools probably do not often consciously consider the raw material from which those hogs, broaches or shavers are made. However, a rudimentary awareness of the various grades and their properties may allow tool users to improve the performance or life of their tools, or to address tool failures. The high-speed steel from which the tool is made certainly is not the only factor affecting tool performance, but as the raw material, the steel may be the first place to start.
781 Product News (July/August 2001)
Complete Product News for July/August 2001.
782 Revolutions (July/August 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
783 Revolutions (May/June 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
784 Core Competency (May/June 2001)
Rodgers and Hammerstein produced some of America's most memorable and lasting songs in musical theater. Lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II once said of composer Richard Rodgers, "I hand him a lyric and get out of his way," Hammerstein knew what Rodgers was good at, and vice versa, and each trusted his partner. Their partnership was so successful that you can scarcely think of one man without the other.
785 The Submerged Insuction Hardening of Gears (March/April 2001)
The tooth-by-tooth, submerged induction hardening process for gear tooth surface hardening has been successfully performed at David Brown for more than 30 years. That experience - backed up by in-depth research and development - has given David Brown engineers a much greater understanding of, and confidence in, the results obtainable from the process. Also, field experience and refinement of gear design and manufacturing procedures to accommodate the induction hardening process now ensure that gears so treated are of guaranteed quality.
786 Revolutions (March/April 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
787 The Calculation of Optimum Surface Carbon Content for Carburized Case Hardened Gears (March/April 2001)
For high-quality carburized, case hardened gears, close case carbon control is essential. While tight carbon control is possible, vies on what optimum carbon level to target can be wider than the tolerance.
788 Gears With Ears (March/April 2001)
When you're manufacturing fun, very often you need gears. The Addendum team recently went on a behind-the-scenes gear-finding mission with Jerold S. Kaplan, Principal Engineer, Show/Ride Mechanical Engineering at Walt Disney Imagineering in Lake Buena Vista, FL. We found that at least part of Disney's magic comes from good, old-fashioned mechanical engineering.
789 Water Powered Machinery (January/February 2001)
In one of my many visits to northern New York state, which included the St. Lawrence River (Thousand Islands Region) and the Adirondack Mountains, I visited Croghan, a village on the Beaver River, which is fed by the Stillwater Resevoir in the Adirondack Mountains. At the base of a dam within the village, I found the remnants of a water turbine and a bevel gear drive system. Having worked for The Gleason Works for many years, I was intrigued by the remains of the bevel gears, which appeared to have had wooden teeth at one time.
790 The Basics of Spiral Bevel Gears (January/February 2001)
This article also appears as Chapter 1 in the Gleason Corporation publication "Advanced Bevel Gear Technology." Gearing Principles in Cylindrical and Straight Bevel Gears The purpose of gears is to transmit motion and torque from one shaft to another. That transmission normally has to occur with a constant ratio, the lowest possible disturbances and the highest possible efficiency. Tooth profile, length and shape are derived from those requirements.
791 Technical Calendar (March/April 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 2001.
792 Austempered Gears and Shafts: Tough Solutions (March/April 2001)
Aurstempered irons and steels offer the design engineer alternatives to conventional material/process combinations. Depending on the material and the application, austempering may provide the producers of gear and shafts with the following benefits: ease of manufacturing, increased bending and/or contact fatigue strength, better wear resistance or enhanced dampening characteristics resulting in lower noise. Austempered materials have been used to improve the performance of gears and shafts in many applications in a wide range of industries.
793 Industry News (May/June 2001)
Complete Industry News for May/June 2001.
794 Load Distribution in Planetary Gears (May/June 2001)
Two-shaft planetary gear drives are power-branching transmissions, which lead the power from input to output shaft on several parallel ways. A part of the power is transferred loss-free as clutch power. That results in high efficiency and high power density. Those advantages can be used optimally only if an even distribution of load on the individual branches of power is ensured. Static over-constraint, manufacturing deviations and the internal dynamics of those transmission gears obstruct the load balance. With the help of complex simulation programs, it is possible today to predict the dynamic behavior of such gears. The results of those investigations consolidate the approximation equations for the calculation of the load factors...
795 Gear Fashion (May/June 2001)
Combining involute curves and body curves, merging factory and fashion, Winzeler Gear has transformed one of its products into gear haute couture. Winzeler Gear has created a plastic gear dress.
796 Dry Hobbing Proess Technology Road Map (March/April 2001)
Recent trends in gear cutting technology have left process engineers searching for direction about which combination of cutting tool material, coating, and process technology will afford the best quality at the lowest total cost. Applying the new technologies can have associated risks that may override the potential cost savings. The many interrelated variables to be considered and evaluated tend to cloud the issue and make hobbing process development more difficult.
797 Industry News (March/April 2001)
Complete Industry News for March/April 2001.
798 Out of the Cave: Returning the Personal Touch to Business (March/April 2001)
Ever since the first cavemen bartered clamshells and spears, business has been about people interacting. In simpler times, commerce was conducted according to the look in someone's eye or the feel of his handshake. Today we have computers, fax machines, modems, e-mail and cell phones - all powerful tools that have increased our productivity. Those devices have shrunk our world, but, in some ways, they've also distanced us from each other by reducing personal interaction. In the name of efficiency, profitability and progress, we've found ways to place orders, sell products and exchange information without ever coming into contact with another human being.
799 Eyes on Detroit (July/August 2001)
If you think of Gear Expo as only a machine tool show, you're not seeing all of its potential. You may be tempted to skip it this year, especially if you're struggling to fill your current capacity. I've heard too many stories of canceled orders, falling profits and slashed budgets to believe that great numbers of you will be attending Gear Expo with buying new machines as your No. 1 priority.
800 Great Expotations (July/August 2001)
Even with some segments of the gear industry facing economic uncertainty, Gear Expo exhibitors and potential visitors are looking forward to this year's show. Instead of focusing on buying and selling, many of those involved with the 2001 show have chosen to focus on the show's value as a marketplace for knowledge.
801 Dry Machining for Gear Shaping (November/December 2001)
Economic production is one of the main concerns of any manufacturing facility. In recent years, cost increases and tougher statutory requirements have increasingly made cutting fluids a problematic manufacturing and cost factor in metalworking. Depending on the cutting fluid, production process and supply unit, cutting-fluid costs may account for up to 16% of workpiece cost. In some cases, they exceed tool cost by many times (Ref. 1). The response by manufacturers is to demand techniques for dry machining (Ref. 2).
802 Systematic Investigations on the Influence of Viscosity Index Improvers on EHL Film Thickness (November/December 2001)
Mineral-oil-base lubricants show a significant decrease of kinematic viscosity with rising temperature, as exemplified in Figure 1 by lubricants for vehicle gears. An important attribute of lubricants is their viscosity index (VI), according to DIN/ISO 2909 (Ref. 4). Viscosity index is a calculated coefficient, which characterizes the change of viscosity of lubricants as a function of temperature. A high viscosity index represents a low variation of viscosity due to temperature and vice versa. A low viscosity-temperature-dependence is required for lubricants that are operated at significantly varying temperature conditions, such as vehicle engine and gear lubricants in summer and winter time. This way, the oils remain flowing and pumpable at low temperatures on the one hand; and on the other hand, sufficiently thick lubricant films can be formed at higher temperatures for a safe separation of the surfaces.
803 Revolutions (November/December 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
804 Product News (November/December 2001)
Complete Product News for November/December 2001.
805 ...and visions of wormwheels danced in their heads (November/December 2001)
Does anyone know where we can find a gear-shaped fruitcake? It's the holiday season again, and the Addendum staff has many friends. We'd like to get each of them the perfect holiday gift, something the demonstrates thought, caring and good will. Of course, we're looking for gifts with meaning, and for us, that can only mean gears.
806 Industry News (November/December 2001)
Compete Industry News for November/December 2001.
807 Properties of Tooth Surfaces due to Gear Honing with Electroplated Tools (November/December 2001)
In recent years, the demands for load capacity and fatigue life of gears constantly increased while weight and volume had to be reduced. To achieve those aims, most of today's gear wheels are heat treated so tooth surfaces will have high wear resistance. As a consequence of heat treatment, distortion unavoidably occurs. With the high geometrical accuracy and quality required for gears, a hard machining process is needed that generates favorable properties on the tooth surfaces and the near-surface material with high reliability.
808 Who Makes the Nails (November/December 2001)
I've been thinking a lot about the importance of manufacturing over the last couple of years, especially as I've watched more and more of it leave our country. We work in an industry that is both economically and strategically vital, but I'm concerned that most Americans do not realize the importance of manufacturing, or what will happen if it continues to dissipate.
809 Net-Shape Forged Gears - The State of the Art (January/February 2002)
Traditionally, high-quality gears are cut to shape from forged blanks. Great accuracy can be obtained through shaving and grinding of tooth forms, enhancing the power capacity, life and quietness of geared power transmissions. In the 1950s, a process was developed for forging gears with teeth that requires little or no metal to be removed to achieve final geometry. The initial process development was undertaken in Germany for the manufacture of bevel gears for automobile differentials and was stimulated by the lack of available gear cutting equipment at that time. Later attention has turned to the forging of spur and helical gears, which are more difficult to form due to the radial disposition of their teeth compared with bevel gears. The main driver of these developments, in common with most component manufacturing, is cost. Forming gears rather than cutting them results in increased yield from raw material and also can increase productivity. Forging gears is therefore of greater advantage for large batch quantities, such as required by the automotive industry.
810 Industry News (January/February 2002)
Complete Industry News for January/February 2002.
811 Technical Calendar (January/February 2002)
Completer Technical Calendar for January/February 2002.
812 Addemdum (January/February 2002)
Find the gear-related words listed on the right in the puzzle below. The words may be horizontal, vertical or diagonal and may be written forward or backward.
813 Profile Shift in External Parallel Axis Cylindrical Involute Gears (November/December 2001)
Early in the practice of involute gearing, virtually all gears were made with the teeth in a standard relationship to the reference pitch circle. This has the advantages that any two gears of the same pitch, helix angle and pressure angle can operate together, and that geometry calculations are relatively simple. It was soon realized, though, that there are greater advantages to be gained by modifying the relationship of the teeth to the reference pitch circle. The modifications are called profile shift.
814 Technical Calendar (November/December 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 2001.
815 Technical Calendar (September/October 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 2001.
816 Hidden Runout (September/October 2001)
Q&A is an interactive gear forum. Send us your gear design, manufacturing, inspection or other related questions, and we will pass them to our panel of experts.
817 Industry News (September/October 2001)
Complete Industry News for September/October 2001.
818 Product News (September/October 2001)
Complete Product News for September/October 2001.
819 Gear Expo Trivia Challenge (September/October 2001)
You've attended Gear Expo so many times that you think you're an expert on it. Test your expertise with this quiz.
820 Gear Education at Gear Expo (September/October 2001)
Gear Expo provides an opportunity to learn from the industry's experts by walking the aisles and talking to exhibitors. Visitors to Gear Expo 2001 also can take advantage of some formal training and educational opportunities sponsored by AGMA and SME.
821 Technical Calendar (July/August 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 2001.
822 Puzzling Together A Gear Pioneer (September/October 2001)
The Dictionary of American Biography describes him as "one of the founders of the gear-cutting industry in the United State." He built the first hobbing machine for cutting spur gears. He founded the companies that are now Boston Gear and Philadelphia Gear Corp.
823 Revolutions (September/October 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
824 What "Ease-Off" shows about Bevel and Hypoid Gears (September/October 2001)
The configuration of flank corrections on bevel gears is subject to relatively narrow restrictions. As far as the gear set is concerned, the requirement is for the greatest possible contact zone to minimize flank compression. However, sufficient reserves in tooth depth and longitudinal direction for tooth contact displacement should be present. From the machine - and particularly from the tool - point of view, there are restrictions as to the type and magnitude of crowning that can be realized. Crowning is a circular correction. Different kinds of crowning are distinguished by their direction. Length crowning, for example, is a circular (or 2nd order) material removal, starting at a reference point and extending in tooth length or face width.
825 Letter to the Editor (September/October 2001)
Current Letter to the Editor for September/October 2001.
826 Gone Fishin' - Back After Gear Expo (September/October 2001)
It's summertime in the gear industry. Out my window, I see blue skies, green grass and trees swaying in the wind. In the background, I hear crickets chirping.
827 Museums, Casinos and Motown: The Detroit Outside Cobo Center (September/October 2001)
Besides Gear Expo 2001, Detroit is home to a museum with an 1896 Durya Motor Wagon, America's first production car; home to a casino in a building that use to be Internal Revenue Service offices; and home to the studio where Diana Ross and the Supremes recorded "Stop in the Name of Love."
828 The "Unofficial Guide" to Gear Expo 2001 (September/October 2001)
We've contacted many of the companies that will be exhibiting at Gear Expo 2001 to compile the following directory of exhibits. Use this directory to help plan your visit to the show, or to stay up-to-date on the industry's suppliers and technology.
829 Face Gears: An Interesting Alternative for Special Applications - Calculation, Production and Use (September/October 2001)
Crown gearings are not a new type of gear system. On the contrary, they have been in use since very early times for various tasks. Their earliest form is that of the driving sprocket, found in ancient Roman watermills or Dutch windmills. The first principles of gear geometry and simple methods of production (shaper cutting) were developed in the 1940s. In the 1950s, however, crown gears' importance declined. Their tasks were, for example, taken over by bevel gears, which were easier to manufacture and could transmit greater power. Current subject literature accordingly contains very little information on crown gears, directed mainly to pointing out their limitations (Ref. 1).
830 Detroit Trivia Challenge (September/October 2001)
You've been to Detroit several times for Gear Expo, so you think you know Motown pretty well. Prove it. Gear Technology has a quiz to test your knowledge of the Motor City.
831 2001: A (Cyber) Space Odyssey (January/February 2001)
In 1968, Stanley Kubrick released the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, based on the story by Arthur C. Clarke. Back then, 2001 was a long way off. It was the future, a time of unknown marvels, amazing discoveries and technological achievements. Now we're in 2001. But while Clarke's and Kubrick's visions of 2001 took place in outer space, what captures my imagination this year is cyberspace.
832 Robotic Automated Deburring of Aerospace Gears (January/February 2001)
This report presents some interim results from an ongoing project being performed by INFAC, the Instrumented Factory for Gears. The purposes of this initial phase of the project were to demonstrate the feasibility of robotic automated deburring of aerospace gears, and to develop a research agenda for future work in that area.
833 A Bard of Science (July/August 2000)
Oliver E Saari was an engineer with two great professional loves in his life - writing and gear design, and he was devoted to each in their turn. The same original thinking that informed his fiction, giving life to tales of space exploration, the evolution of man, and many other topics, let him to become one of the great pioneers in gear design.
834 Veteran Machinists & Millenium Outlook (July/August 2000)
The Millenium Outlook article in the January/February 2000 issue of Gear Technology explored the prevailing attitudes of the gear industry as it stands on the brink of the new millenium through the thoughts and words of some of the industry's leaders. The article also placed the gear industry within the framework of 20th Century history. Joe Arvin, President of Arrow Gear, was interviewed for this article and requested an opportunity to elaborate on his published comments.
835 Technical Calendar (May/June 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 2000.
836 Management on the High Seas (May/June 2000)
Most Navy brass would say that Commander D. Michael Abrashoff ran a loose ship. But his style of empowering his crew by delegating authority is changing the way the Navy thinks about management. His speech at the recent annual meeting of the American Gear Manufacturers Association offered a simple, common-sense approach that can be applied not only to running a ship, but also to gear manufacturing or any other industry.
837 Industry News (May/June 2000)
Current Industry News for May/June 2000.
838 A Modular Approach to Computing Spiral Bevel Gears and Curvic Couplings (May/June 2000)
In general, bevel gears and curvic couplings are completely different elements. Bevel gears rotate on nonintersecting axis with a ratio based on the number of teeth. Curvic couplings work like a clutch (Fig. 1).
839 Gear Measurement Traceability and Uncertainty (July/August 2000)
Until recently, there was a void in the quality control of gear manufacturing in this country (Ref. 1). Gear measurements were not traceable to the international standard of length through the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The U.S. military requirement for traceability was clearly specified in the military standard MIL-STD-45662A (Ref. 2). This standard has now been replaced by commercial sector standards including ISO 9001:1994 (Ref. 3), ISO/IEC Guide 25 (Ref, 4), and the U.S. equivalent of ISO/IEC Guide 25 - ANSI/NCSL Z540-2-1997 (Ref. 5). The draft replacement to ISO/IEC Guide 25 - ISO 17025 states that measurements must either be traceable to SI units or reference to a natural constant. The implications of traceability to the U.S. gear industry are significant. In order to meet the standards, gear manufacturers must either have calibrated artifacts or establish their own traceability to SI units.
840 Industry News (July/August 2000)
Complete Industry News for July/August 2000.
841 Analytical Gear Inspection: The Shape of Things to Come (July/August 2000)
It used to be that gear manufacturers wanting to perform analytical gear inspection required at least three machines to do so: The lead measuring instrument, the tooth space comparator and the involute checking instrument. In the beginning, these machines were mechanically driven. Over the years, the manufacturers of analytical gear inspection equipment have combined these functions - and a host of others.
842 The IMTS 2000 Primer (July/August 2000)
Founded in 1927 as the Machine Tool Show and held every two years, the International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS) has grown into the largest manufacturing trade show in both North and South America. The statistics for the 1998 show offer a glimpse of the magnitude. Over 1,440 exhibitors showed off 60 million pounds of machinery and went through 5 million pounds of display materials during the week long show. The show organizers themselves sent out 2,632,560 promotional pieces. Twenty-three foreign machine tool associations participated. It took 4,600 trucks to get everything to McCormick Place for the show. There were 450 journalists covering the event, which was attended by 121,764 people. There was $1,034.618,000 worth of business transacted on the show floor of IMTS 1998.
843 Technical Calendar (July/August 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 2000.
844 Revolutions (July/August 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
845 Precision Finish Hobbing (July/August 2000)
Nowadays, finish hobbing (which means that there is no post-hobbing gear finishing operation) is capable of producing higher quality gears and is growing in popularity.
846 Don't Panic (July/August 2000)
I'm a big believer in the value of IMTS as a marketplace where gear manufacturers can go and look at the latest machine tools and processes; compare hobbing machines, gear grinders and inspection equipment; see turning, milling or grinding machines in action; and ask questions of the various vendors all in one place. This year's IMTS promised to be the biggest ever, and I have no doubt that it will be a valuable experience to those who go there looking for ways to improve the way they manufacture products.
847 The Design and Testing of a Low Noise Marine Gear (May/June 2000)
This article offers an overview of the practical design of a naval gear for combined diesel or gas turbine propulsion (CODOG type). The vibration performance of the gear is tested in a back-to-back test. The gear presented is a low noise design for the Royal Dutch Navy's LCF Frigate. The design aspects for low noise operation were incorporated into the overall gear system design. Therefore, special attention was paid to all the parameters that could influence the noise and vibration performance of the gearbox. These design aspects, such as tooth corrections, tooth loading, gear layout, balance, lubrication and resilient mounting, will be discussed.
848 Revolutions (May/June 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
849 Technical Calendar (March/April 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 2000.
850 The Effect of Material Defects on Gear Perfomance - A Case Study (March/April 2000)
The quality of the material used for highly loaded critical gears is of primary importance in the achievement of their full potential. Unfortunately, the role which material defects play is not clearly understood by many gear designers. The mechanism by which failures occur due to material defects is often circuitous and not readily apparent. In general, however, failures associated with material defects show characteristics that point to the source of the underlying problem, the mechanism by which the failure initiated, and the manner in which it progressed to failure of the component.
851 Revolutions (March/April 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
852 Product News (March/April 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
853 Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Gears to Increase Wear Resistance and Reduce Distortion (March/April 2000)
Quality gear manufacturing depends on controlled tolerances and geometry. As a result, ferritic nitrocarburizing has become the heat treat process of choice for many gear manufacturers. The primary reasons for this are: 1. The process is performed at low temperatures, i.e. less than critical. 2. the quench methods increase fatigue strength by up to 125% without distorting. Ferritic nitrocarburizing is used in place of carburizing with conventional and induction hardening. 3. It establishes gradient base hardnesses, i.e. eliminates eggshell on TiN, TiAIN, CrC, etc. In addition, the process can also be applied to hobs, broaches, drills, and other cutting tools.
854 Reducing Production Costs in Cylindrical Gear Hobbing and Shaping (March/April 2000)
Increased productivity in roughing operations for gear cutting depends mainly on lower production costs in the hobbing process. In addition, certain gears can be manufactured by shaping, which also needs to be taken into account in the search for a more cost-effective form of production.
855 Industry News (March/April 2000)
Complete Industry News for March/April 2000.
856 Microsecond Heat Treatment of Gears (March/April 2000)
The performance of metal surfaces can be dramatically enhanced by the thermal process of rapid surface melting and re-solidification (RMRS). When the surface of a metal part (for instance, a gear) is melted and re-solidified in less than one thousandth of a second, the resulting changes in the material can lead to: Increased wear and corrosion resistance, Improved surface finish and appearance, Enhanced surface uniformity and purity, and Sealing of surface cracks and pores.
857 A Practical Guide for Molding Better Plastic Geared Transmissions (May/June 2000)
Plastic gears and transmissions require a different design approach than metal transmissions. Different tools are available to the plastic transmission designer for optimizing his geared product, and different requirements exist for inspection and testing. This paper will present some of the new technology available to the plastic gear user, including design, mold construction, inspection, and testing of plastic gears and transmissions.
858 Product News (May/June 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
859 Geoffrey Parrish, Carburizing: Microstructures and Properties, 2nd ed., ASM, 1999, 247 pages. (May/June 2000)
Geoffrey Parrish has updated and expanded his previous book: The Influence of Microstructure on the Properties of Case-Carburized Components. It now contains at least twice the material. References and bibliography include 449 citations.
860 The Little Steam Engine That Did. (May/June 2000)
When the steam engine became available for industrial use at the end of the eighteenth century, it was mainly used for driving plunger-pumps, such as those used in English coal mines. The stream engine's piston drove a lever, that reciprocating motion of which drove the pump plunger. Called the "Beam Machine," this mechanism needed a lot of space, had many parts, and was difficult to install because the engine and the pump had to be properly aligned.
861 Goldsein's Paradox (March/April 2000)
I just got off the phone with an associate of mine at a large gear manufacturing company.I was congratulating him on being awarded a new contract when he told me that they had just experienced a substantial downsizing.
862 Gear Heat Treating by Induction (March/April 2000)
The induction hardening and tempering of gears and critical components is traditionally a hot subject in heat treating. In recent years, gear manufacturers have increased their knowledge in this technology for quality gears.
863 Ferrography: A Noninvasive Method to Inspect Your Gears (July/August 2000)
Would you like to be able to see the condition of the gears in your transmissions without having to open the box and physically examine them? There is a way, and not too many people know about it. It's called Wear Particle Analysis, or ferrography, and it is just starting to get noticed.
864 Inspection Focus News & Technology (July/August 2000)
This section is dedicated to what's new and what's happening in the world of gear inspection and metrology. Here you will find news about products, companies and organizations, services and events affecting the gear inspection and metrology industry.
865 Design Against Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (November/December 2000)
In a modern truck, the gear teeth are among the most stressed parts. Failure of a tooth will damage the transmission severely. Throughout the years, gear design experience has been gained and collected into standards such as DIN (Ref. 1) or AGMA (Ref. 2). Traditionally two types of failures are considered in gear design: tooth root bending fatigue, and contact fatigue. The demands for lighter and more silent transmissions have given birth to new failure types. One novel failure type, Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (TIFF), has previously been described by MackAldener and Olsson (Refs. 3 & 4) and is further explored in this paper.
866 A Pause That Refreshes (November/December 2000)
When you to to IMTS, you expect to see hoopla. The mass of machines and bodies gathered in one place should create an unmistakable level of energy and enthusiasm. IMTS 2000 seemed uncharacteristically quiet...
867 Parallel Axis Gear Grinding: Theory & Application (November/December 2000)
The goal of gear drive design is to transit power and motion with constant angular velocity. Current trends in gear drive design require greater load carrying capacity and increased service life in smaller, quieter, more efficient gearboxes. Generally, these goals are met by specifying more accurate gears. This, combined with the availability of user-friendly CNC gear grinding equipment, has increased the use of ground gears.
868 Old World Expertise (November/December 2000)
Dear Editor, I am writing this in response to some articles appearing in your journal, but I want to take the opportunity, also, to express my thanks for all the good work your publication is doing. I always look forward to your next issue being in my mail slot. I know I will find timely technical articles relevant to our manufacturing situation here at Amarillo Gear Co., as well as thought provoking commentary on events and trends affecting our business. The Publisher's Page is always worth the reading.
869 Product News (November/December 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
870 Revolutions (November/December 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
871 Technical Calendar (November/December 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 2000.
872 Special Gears Help Hatch a Summer Movie (January/February 2001)
Chicken Run - the summer that used stop-motion clay figures - is about a group of chickens laying a plan to escape from their farm before they're turned into chicken pies. Distributed by Steven Spielberg's Dream Works, Chicken Run is also about a group of specially-made worms and wheels.
873 Technical Calendar (January/February 2001)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 2001.
874 Industry News (January/February 2001)
Complete Industry News for January/February 2001.
875 Software Bits (January/February 2001)
Welcome to our Software Bits page. Here we feature new software products for gear design, manufacturing and testing.
876 Revolutions (January/February 2001)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
877 Suitability of High Density Powder Metal Gears for Gear Applications (January/February 2001)
The implementation of powder metal (PM)components in automotive applications increases continuously, in particular for more highly loaded gear components like synchromesh mechanisms. Porosity and frequently inadequate material properties of PM materials currently rule out PM for automobile gears that are subject to high loads. By increasing the density of the sintered gears, the mechanical properties are improved. New and optimized materials designed to allow the production of high-density PM gears by single sintering may change the situation in the future.
878 Product News (January/February 2001)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
879 Failures of Bevel-Helical Gear Units on Traveling Bridge Cranes (November/December 2000)
Bridge cranes are among the most useful machines in many branches of modern industry. Using standard hooks or other specialized clamping devices, they can lift, transport, discharge, and stack a variety of loads.
880 The Name Game (November/December 2000)
The addendum team has just returned from IMTS 2000, and we were surprised to see several new names among the gear industry suppliers at the show.
881 Gear Oil Micropitting Evaluation (September/October 2000)
During the last decade, industrial gear manufacturers, particularly in Europe, began to require documentation of micropitting performance before approving a gear oil for use in their equipment. The development of micropitting resistant lubricants has been limited both by a lack of understanding of the mechanism by which certain lubricant chemistry promotes micropitting and by a lack of readily available testing for evaluation of the micropitting resistance of lubricants. This paper reports results of two types of testing: (1) the use of a roller disk machine to conduct small scale laboratory studies of the effects of individual additives and combinations of additives on micropitting and (2) a helical gear test used to study micropitting performance of formulated gear oils.
882 Industry News (September/October 2000)
Current Industry News for September/October 2000.
883 Gear Rhymes (September/October 2000)
We'd like to thank our friends down at Sanderson Brothers Pty. Ltd., Thomastown, Australia, for bringing the work of Capt. S. Bramley-Moore to our attention. So, without further ado, we offer you the following poem to help you keep your gear formulae straight.
884 The Math of Noncircular Gearing (July/August 2000)
Noncircular gearing is not new. There are well-documented articles covering standard and high order elliptical gears, sinusoidal gears, logarithmic spiral gears, and circular gears mounted eccentrically. What these designs have in common is a pitch curve defined by a mathematical function. This article will cover noncircular gearing with free-form pitch curves, which, of course, includes all the aforementioned functions. This article also goes into the generation of teeth on the pitch curve, which is not usually covered in the technical literature. Needless to say, all this is possible only with the help of a computer.
885 Product News (July/August 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
886 Determining Lead Error on a Crowned Pinion (July/August 2000)
Q&A is your interactive gear forum.
887 Evaluation of Carburized & Ground Face Gears (September/October 2000)
Designers are constantly searching for ways to reduce rotocraft drive system weight. Reduced weight can increase the payload, performance, or power density of current and future systems. One example of helicopter transmission weight reduction was initiated as part of the United States Army Advanced Rotocraft Transmission program. This example used a split-torque, face-gear configuration concept (Ref. 1). compared to a conventional design with spiral-bevel gears, the split-torque, face-gear design showed substantial weight savings benefits. Also, the use of face gears allows a wide-range of possible configurations with technical and economic benefits (Ref. 2).
888 Triuph of Planning (September/October 2000)
Normandy overwhelmed me when I first went there several years ago. I was sobered by the sea of white crosses in the cemeteries, I was inspired by the memorials and their tales of courageous soldiers battling impossible odds, and I was horrified by the visions of carnage that came to me as I stood on the scarred beaches of one of the most significant conflicts in human history.
889 Product News (September/October 2000)
Welcome to our Product News page. Here we feature new products of interest to the gear and gear products markets.
890 Revolutions (September/October 2000)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
891 Gear Up for Performance: An Introduction to Synthetic Lubricants for Fractional Horespower Applications (September/October 2000)
Editor's Note: The following article details the advantages of synthetic lubricants in certain applications. However, the user should be aware of certain design issues arising from the extract chemistry of the synthetic. For example, some synthetics may have low solvency for additives. Others may not be compatible with mineral oils or nonmetallic components such as seals and paints. Some synthetics may absorb water and may not have the same corrosion resistance as mineral oils. Finally, the user should consider biodegradability or toxicity before switching to any new lubricant. Many of these concerns are present in petroleum-based lubricants as well, so consult a lubrication specialist before specifying a lubricant.
892 IMTS 2000: The World of Manufacturing (September/October 2000)
For eight days every other year, the sponsor of the International Manufacturing Technology Show (IMTS), the Association for Manufacturing Technology (AMT), strives to turn Chicago's McCormick Place into a "productivity marketplace," the largest and most completer display and demonstration of manufacturing technology ever seen in the Americas. If the growth of the show is any indicator, that effort has been very successful indeed. With over 1.4 million square feet of exhibit space taking up all five levels and all three exhibit halls of McCormick Place, each level would rank as one of the nation's 200 largest trade shows. That wasn't always the size or scope of the show. Its inception, while impressive for the time, was humble by today's standards.
893 Technical Calendar (September/October 2000)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 2000.
894 Guide To The Booths (September/October 2000)
Complete Guide to the Booths at IMTS.
895 Consideration of Moving Tooth Load in Gear Crack Propagation Predictions (January/February 2002)
Effective gear designs balance strength, durability, reliability, size, weight, and cost. Even effective designs, however, can have the possibility of gear cracks due to fatigue. In addition, truly robust designs consider not only crack initiation, but also crack propagation trajectories. As an example, crack trajectories that propagate through the gear tooth are the preferred mode of failure compared to propagation through the gear rim. Rim failure will lead to catastrophic events and should be avoided. Analysis tools that predict crack propagation paths can be a valuable aid to the designer to prevent such catastrophic failures.
896 Cyber-Seminars: A Virtual Success (January/February 2002)
You hardly have to leave your office anymore, because the whole world is being piped right to your desktop. I know, because I recently attended my first seminar by Internet.
897 A Bicycle with Real Gears (May/June 2003)
The Addendum team was in Chicago in early March, for the National Manufacturing Week show, when it saw something unusual: a bicycle with gears. Real gears, Spiral bevel gears, in fact.
898 Large Scores and Radial Cracks on Case-Hardened Worms (May/June 2003)
In the last couple of years, many research projects dealt with the determination of load limits of cylindrical worm gears. These projects primarily focused on the load capacity of the worm wheel, whereas the worm was neglected. This contribution presents investigations regarding damages such as large scores and cracks on the flanks of case-hardened worms.
899 Performance of Skiving Hobs in Finishing Induction Hardened and Carburized Gears (May/June 2003)
In order to increase the load carrying capacity of hardened gears, the distortion of gear teeth caused by quenching must be removed by precision cutting (skiving) and/or grinding. In the case of large gears with large modules, skiving by a carbide hob is more economical than grinding when the highest accuracy is not required.
900 Revolutions (May/June 2003)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
901 Industry News (May/June 2003)
Complete Industry News for May/June 2003.
902 Product News (May/June 2003)
Complete Product News for May/June 2003.
903 Holding Our Breath (May/June 2003)
As we sign off on this issue, the was has just begun in Iraq. The world seems to be holding its breath, and waiting.
904 The Two-Sided-Ground Bevel Cutting Tool (May/June 2003)
In the past, the blades of universal face hobbing cutters had to be resharpened on three faces. Those three faces formed the active part of the blade. In face hobbing, the effective cutting direction changes dramatically with respect to the shank of the blade. Depending on the individual ratio, it was found that optimal conditions for the chip removal action (side rake, side relief and hook angle) could just be established by adjusting all major parameters independently. This, in turn, results automatically in the need for the grinding or resharpening of the front face and the two relief surfaces in order to control side rake, hook angle and the relief and the relief angles of the cutting and clearance side.
905 Prominent Gear Engineer Darle Dudley: 1917 - 2003 (July/August 2003)
Darle Dudley, an internationally known gear engineer, of San Diego, CA, died April 11 of hear problems and a serious infection. He was 86 years old.
906 Product News (July/August 2003)
Complete Product News for July/August 2003.
907 Industry News (July/August 2003)
Complete Industry News for July/August 2003.
908 Expo Exhibitors Look for Economic Upswing (July/August 2003)
Companies in the gear industry are looking for signs of an economic upswing as they prepare for Gear Expo 2003, and several are seeing such a sign.
909 To Climb A Mountain, A Railroad Needs Gears (July/August 2003)
Recently, the Addendum team has taken a keen interest in a Swiss mountain. being the Addendum team, we haven't been interested in this rocky, fissured mountain for it natural majesty.
910 Technical Calendar (July/August 2003)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 2003.
911 Technical Calendar (May/June 2003)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 2003.
912 Characterizaton of Retained Austenite in Case Carburized Gears and Its Influence on Fatigue Performance (May/June 2003)
Carburized helical gears with high retained austenite were tested for surface contact fatigue. The retained austenite before test was 60% and was associated with low hardness near the case's surface. However, the tested gears showed good pitting resistance, with fatigue strength greater than 1,380 MPa.
913 Design Robustness and it Effect on Transmission Error and Other Design Parameters (March/April 2003)
Transmission errors, axial shuttling forces and friction result in bearing forces that serve as the major excitations of gear noise. This paper will use these factors as well as gear stresses and tribological factors to assist in obtaining optimal gear designs.
914 Wear Resistance of Plasma and Pulse Plasma Nitrided Gears (March/April 2003)
In this study, wear behavior of plasma and pulse plasma nitrided gears, made from 42CrMo4 steel, was evaluated under a lubricated sliding and pitting regime.
915 Gear Museum Road Trip (March/April 2003)
What's the perfect vacation destination for a gear aficionado? Aspen? Too trendy. Miami? Too humid. For a true machinery enthusiast, the perfect vacation is a gear museum road trip.
916 Revolutions (January/February 2003)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
917 Industry News (January/February 2003)
Complete Industry News for January/February 2003.
918 A Packed House (January/February 2003)
"Ahem. Could everybody please scootch over? We need to make as much room as possible, because we're expecting a full house."
919 Chinese Butterflies (March/April 2003)
Have you ever heard the story about the butterfly that flaps its wings in China and causes a hurricane in another part of the world? I've heard many variations of that story, but each illustrates the idea that even the tiniest change can produce enormous effects in the future.
920 Fundamentals of Gears and Gear Manufacturing (March/April 2003)
Video Review for March/April 2003.
921 Revolutions (March/April 2003)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
922 Heat Treat Process and Material Selection for High Performance Gears (March/April 2003)
The selection of the heat treat process and the congruent material required for high performance gears can become very involved.
923 Product News (March/April 2003)
Complete Product News for March/April 2003.
924 Industry News (March/April 2003)
Complete Industry News for March/April 2003.
925 Technical Calendar (March/April 2003)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 2003.
926 Determination and Optimization of the Contact Pattern of Worm Gears (March/April 2003)
The load capacity of worm gears is mainly influenced by the size and the position of the contact pattern.
927 On a Possible Way of Size and Weight Reduction of a Car Transmission (July/August 2003)
Almost any external tooth form that is uniformly spaced around a center can be hobbed. Hobbing is recognized as an economical means of producing spur and helical gears with involute tooth profiles.
928 Arrow Gear: Spiral Bevel Specialist (July/August 2003)
James J. Cervinka and Frank E. Pielsticker must've known the future when they named their new business Arrow Gear Co. in 1947. They started out to manufacture gears for hand tools and machine tools, but their business has taken off since then.
929 Remembering James Cervinka (August 2012)
The gear industry lost one of its iconic figures in July when James Cervinka passed away at the age of 92. Jim was CEO and one of the founders of Arrow Gear. For 65 years, he was a gear man, and I cant help but feeling that his absence shrinks the gear industry by far more than the loss of just one man.
930 Adapting Lean for High-Mix, Low-Volume Manufacturing Facilities (August 2012)
Why traditional lean manufacturing approaches need to be adapted for job shop environments.
931 Stress of Planet Gears with Thin Rims (March/April 1994)
This article discusses the relationships among the fillet stress on a thin rim planet gear, the radial clearance between the gear rim and the gear shaft, the tooth load, the rim thickness, the radius of curvature of the center line of the rim, the face width and the module.
932 Gear Manufacturers Face Challenges in Growing Wind Energy Industry (September/October 2003)
East of San Francisco Bay, near the town of Rio Vista, 81 white towers stand 255 feet tall on rolling hills of dry grass harvesting a year-round crop: wind.
933 Opportunity and Obligation (September/October 2003)
I was recently honored by the European Association of Machine Tool Merchants (EAMTM) at the organization's annual meeting this past June in Mallorea, Spain. The organization inducted me as a Fellow, EAMTM's highest honor, bestowed on members who have made significant contributions as volunteers serving the organization, which was originally founded in 1940. I felt especially honored, as I am only the 19th person and the second non-European to have been given this award.
934 Gear Expo Showstoppers (September/October 2003)
A guide to companies to see at Gear Expo.
935 New Technology for Stronger Plastic Gears (August 2012)
Gleason-K2 Plastics eliminates weld lines with no machining.
936 Product News (August 2012)
The complete Product News section from the August 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
937 Profile Shift (August 2012)
Three experts tackle the question of profile shift in this issue's edition of "Ask the Expert."
938 Powder Metal Magic (August 2012)
Capstan Atlantic, located in Wrentham, Massachusetts, produces powder metal gears, sprockets and complex structural components. The company has provided unique powder metal products in a variety of industries including automotive, business machines, appliances, lawn and garden equipment and recreational vehicles.
939 IMTS Showstoppers (August 2012)
A special advertising section featuring gear industry exhibitors at IMTS 2012.
940 IMTS 2012 Product Preview (August 2012)
Booth previews from exhibitors showing products and services for the gear industry.
941 IMTS - North America's Show of Shows (August 2012)
We talked with a number of major companies in the midst of their planning and strategizing for IMTS 2012, with the thought of determining just how much things have in fact changed for exhibitors regarding the trade show experience.
942 IMTS 2012 Booth Listings (August 2012)
Gear Technology's handy list of which booths to visit at IMTS 2012.
943 Solid Model Generation of Involute Cylindrical Gears (September/October 2003)
This paper presents approximate and accurate methods to generate solid models of involute cylindrical gears using Autodesk Inventor 3-D CAD software.
944 Industry News (September/October 2003)
Complete Industry News for September/October 2003.
945 Revolutions (July/August 2003)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
946 The Ten Commandments of Gear Failure Analysis (September/October 2003)
I. Inspect failed components as soon as possible. If an early on-site inspection is not possible, someone at the site must preserve the evidence based on your instructions.
947 Shades of Gray (July/August 2003)
In America and most parts of the world, people are looking for answers about what's going to happen next in the manufacturing economy. We're all looking for evidence that better times are ahead, or at least that the worst is over. We crave a clear indicator, something that shows us in black and white that the situation is going to get better.
948 Design of High Contact Ratio Spur Gears Cut With Standard Tools (July/August 2003)
In high precision and heavily loaded spur gears, the effect of gear error is negligible, so the periodic variation of tooth stiffness is the principal cause of noise and vibration. High contact ration spur gears can be used to exclude or reduce the variation of tooth stiffness.
949 Columbus Gear Expo - In the Heart of Manufacturing World (July/August 2003)
Complete guide ti Columbus Gear Expo July/August 2003.
950 Vegetable-Based Oil as a Gear Lubricant (July/August 2003)
Universal tractor transmission oil (UTTO) is multifunctional tractor oil formulated for use in transmissions, final drives, differentials, wet brakes, and hydraulic systems of farm tractors employing a common oil reservoir. In the present work, the gear protection properties of two formulated vegetable-based UTTO oils, one synthetic ester-based UTTO oil, one synthetic ester gear oil, and one mineral based UTTO oil are investigated.
951 After Show Hours in Columbus (September/October 2003)
Whatever your pleasure, Columbus is sure to have something to occupy those rare free hours you spend outside of Gear Expo.
952 Horsburgh & Scott: Heavy Duty Gear Expert (September/October 2003)
Big gears, They drive the machinery that rolls steel, grinds limestone, pulverizes coal, pumps mud, mixes rubber, raises bridges and does many other heavy-duty industrial jobs. For 117 years, big gears have also driven the business of Horsburgh & Scott of Cleveland, OH.
953 Contour Hardening: Heat Treating Company, Indy Car Sponsor (September/October 2003)
Major sponsorship of an Indy car was working out well for racing fans Mike Chaplin and John Storm. On May 25, a warm, clear day, the co-founders of Contour Hardening watched from their racetrack suite as their car, a bullet on wheels, tore into sixth place at the Indy 500.
954 The Unofficial Guide to Gear Expo (September/October 2003)
The Unofficial Guide to Gear Expo.
955 Technical Calendar (September/October 2003)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 2003.
956 Revolutions (September/October 2003)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
957 Direct Gear Design: Bending Stress Minimization (September/October 2003)
Bending stress evaluation in modern gear design is generally based on the more-than-one-hundred-year-old Lewis equation.
958 Local 3-D Flank Form Optimizations for Bevel Gears (September/October 2003)
Optimizing the running behavior of bevel and hypoid gears means improving both noise behavior and load carrying capacity. Since load deflections change the relative position of pinion and ring gear, the position of the contact pattern will depend on the torque. Different contact positions require local 3-D flank form optimizations for improving a gear set.
959 Gear Damage Detection Using Oil Debris Analysis (January/February 2003)
The purpose of this paper was to verify, when using an oil debris sensor, that accumulated mass predicts gear pitting damage and to identify a method to set threshold limits for damaged gears.
960 Spiral Bevel Gear Development: Elminiating Trial and Erroe with Computer Technology (January/February 2003)
Computer technology has touched all areas of our lives, impacting how we obtain airline tickets, purchase merchandise and receive medical advice. This transformation has had a vast influence on manufacturing as well, providing process improvements that lead to higher quality and lower costs. However, in the case of the gear industry, the critical process of tooth contact pattern development for spiral bevel gears remains relatively unchanged.
961 Program for Involute Equation to Develop Spur Gears on Pro-E Software (May/June 2002)
In effect, this article continues a previous Gear Technology article, "Modeling Gears In Pro/Engineer," published in the January/February 1999 issue. The previous article discussed drawing involute gear teeth using a program built into the Pro/E software.
962 Industry News (May/June 2002)
Complete Industry News for May/June 2002.
963 Industial Evolution (May/June 2002)
The gear industry, like any other, is constantly changing. Companies vie for customers, resources, employees and time. They come, go and shuffle for position. Usually, the changes are small, affecting only a few companies. But sometimes, many changes happen at once, and when those changes are large, it can seem as though an earthquake has struck and transformed the landscape of the industry.
964 Increaed Load Capacity of Worm Gears by Optimizing the Worm Wheel Bronze (May/June 2002)
The lifetime of worm gears is usually delimited by the bronze-cast worm wheels. The following presents some optimized cast bronzes, which lead to a doubling of wear resistance.
965 From Russia, With Teeth (May/June 2002)
In a little-known incident, Soviet machinists at Mil Helicopter worked in 1988 and 1989 on a special project to be used against Americans.
966 Carbide Hobbing Case Study (May/June 2002)
Bodine Electric Co. of Chicago, IL., has a 97-year history of fine-and medium-pitch gear manufacturing. Like anywhere else, traditions, old systems, and structures can be beneficial, but they can also become paradigms and obstacles to further improvements. We were producing a high quality product, but our goal was to become more cost effective. Carbide hobbing is seen as a technological innovation capable of enabling a dramatic, rather than an incremental, enhancement to productivity and cost savings.
967 Optimizing Plastic Gear Geometry: An Inroduction to Gear Optimization (May/June 2002)
There are numerous engineering evaluations required to design gear sets for optimum performance with regard to torque capacity, noise, size and cost. How much cost savings and added gear performance is available through optimization? Cost savings of 10% to 30% and 100% added capacity are not unusual. The contrast is more pronounced if the original design was prone to failure and not fit for function.
968 Product News (May/June 2002)
Complete Product News for May/June 2002.
969 2002 FAQs and Pavilion Info (July/August 2002)
Information for IMTS 2002.
970 Minimization of In-Process Corrosion of Aerospace Gears (July/August 2002)
Carbon steels have primarily been used to manufacture aerospace gears due to the steels' mechanical characteristics. An alloyed low carbon steel is easily case-hardened to obtain a hard wear surface while maintaining the ductile core characteristics. The microstructure achieved will accept the heavy loading, shocks, and elevated temperatures that gears typically experience in applications. The carbon steel machinability allows for general machining practices to be employed when producing aerospace gears versus the more advanced metal removal processes required by stainless and nickel-based alloys.
971 Gear Surface Durability Development to Enhance Transmission Power Density (July/August 2002)
Gear pitting is one of the primary failure modes of automotive transmission gear sets. Over the past years, many alternatives have been intended to improve their gear surface durability. However, due to the nature of new process development, it takes a length of time and joint efforts between the development team and suppliers to investigate and verify each new approach.
972 A Gear with a Sweet Tooth (July/August 2002)
Gear manufacturers typically use plastic, steel or other metals to make their gears, but Andrew Shotts made his first gears out of sugar and chocolate.
973 Revolutions (May/June 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
974 Technical Calendar (May/June 2002)
Complete Technical Calendar for May/June 2002.
975 Revolutions (March/April 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
976 Product News (March/April 2002)
Complete Product News for March/April 2002.
977 Product News (January/February 2002)
Complete Product News for January/February 2002.
978 Revolutions (January/February 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
979 Returning the Personal Touch to Business (January/February 2002)
Current Letter To The Editor for January/February 2002.
980 Failure Mechanisms in Plastic Gears (January/February 2002)
Plastics as gear materials represent an interesting development for gearing because they offer high strength-to-weight ratios, ease of manufacture and excellent tribological properties (Refs. 1-7). In particular, there is a sound prospect that plastic gears can be applied for power transmission of up to 10 kW (Ref. 6).
981 Technology Tidbits (January/February 2002)
New Technique for Forging Crowned Helical Gears Createch Co. Ltd., a forging die manufacturer from Shizuoka, Japan, has developed a net-shape cold-forging process for forming helical gears and splines with crowned teeth.
982 The Gear Analysis Handbook by James L. Taylor Vibration Consultants Inc. (January/February 2002)
The author has written this book primarily from the viewpoint of analyzing vibrations on heavy industrial and mill gearing that may have been in service for a prolonged time. The purpose is to diagnose problems, especially the source or cause of failure. However, the principles and analysis techniques can be used for all types and sizes of gears, as well as for gear noise analysis.
983 Undercover Gears (March/April 2002)
Top Secret Code Name: Ginger Mission: Design, prototype and test a transmission for a new device. The transmission must be compact and efficient. It should have almost no backlash, and it must be able to operate in both forward and reverse. Most importantly, the transmission must be quiet. In fact, it shouldn't sound like a transmission at all. It should blend in with the environment and sound like music or the wind. This mission, should you choose to accept it, is top secret. Not even your employees can know what you're working on...
984 Technical Calendar (March/April 2002)
Complete Technical Calendar for March/April 2002.
985 3-D Finite Element Analysis of Long-Fiber Reinforced Composite Spur Gears (March/April 2002)
This article describes a method and a computer program that were developed for 3-D finite element analysis of long-fiber reinforced composite spur gears, in which long fibers are arranged along tooth profiles. For such a structure, the gear is composed of two regions; namely the long fiber reinforced and the chopped-fiber reinforced regions.
986 Industry News (March/April 2002)
Complete Industry News for March/April 2002.
987 Case Depth and Load Capacity of Case-Carburized Gears (March/April 2002)
Compared to non-heat-treated components, case-carburized gears are characterized by a modified strength profile in the case-hardened layer. The design of case-carburized gears is based on defined allowable stress numbers. These allowable stress numbers are valid only for a defined "optimum" case depth. Adequate heat treatment and optimum case depth guarantee maximum strength of tooth flank and tooth root.
988 Gear Industry Barometers (March/April 2002)
A good sailor can predict when the weather is about to change. He uses simple tools to measure variables like air pressure, temperature and wind speed. Although those indicators can't perfectly forecast the weather, the sailor can get a good idea of what's going to happen by applying his experience, judgment and even his gut feelings.
989 Cleaner, More Energy Efficient: Trends in the Heat Treat Industry (March/April 2002)
an advancing technology and higher energy costs appear to be leading heat-treating companies in the gear industry toward cleaner, more energy-efficient processes. These processes may offer some relief to heat treaters through cooler factories and some relief to their companies through reduced energy usage.
990 Atmospher vs. Vacuum Carburizing (March/April 2002)
In recent years, improvements in the reliability of the vacuum carburizing process have allowed its benefits to be realized in high-volume, critical component manufacturing operations. The result: parts with enhanced hardness and mechanical properties.
991 The E-volution Of Gear Technology (July/August 2002)
Technology creates excitement. Just consider the natural buzz around IMTS, where manufacturers will go to explore ways they can increase productivity, improve quality, decrease costs or provide better service.
992 Performance Analysis of Hypoid Gears by Tooth Flank Form Measurement (July/August 2002)
The traditional way of controlling the quality of hypoid gears' tooth flank form is to check the tooth flank contact patterns. But it is not easy to exactly judge the tooth flank form quality by the contact pattern. In recent years, it has become possible to accurately measure the tooth flank form of hypoid gears by the point-to-point measuring method and the scanning measuring method. But the uses of measured data of the tooth flank form for hypoid gears have not yet been well developed in comparison with cylindrical involute gears. In this paper, the tooth flank form measurement of generated face-milled gears, face-hobbed gears and formulate/generated gears are reported. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of scanning and point-to-point measuring of 3-D tooth flank forms of hypoid gears and introduce some examples of uses of measured data for high-quality production and performance prediction.
993 Technical Calendar (November/December 2002)
Complete Technical Calendar for November/December 2002.
994 Engineered Gear Steels: A Review (November/December 2002)
The selection of the proper steel for a given gear application is dependent on many factors. This paper discusses the many aspects related to material, design, manufacture, and application variables. The results of several studies on the optimization of alloy design for gas- and plasma- carburization processing and reviewed.
995 Revolutions (November/December 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
996 Product News (November/December 2002)
Complete Product News for November/December 2002.
997 The Barkhausen Noise Inspection Method for Detecting Grinding Damage in Gears (November/December 2002)
When hardened steel components are ground, there is always the possibility of damage to the steel in the form of residual stress or microstructural changes. Methods for detecting this sort of damage have always had one or more drawbacks, such as cost, time, complexity, subjectivity, or the use of hazardous chemicals.
998 Predicting the Heat-Treat Response of a Carburized Helical Gear (November/December 2002)
Using the DANTE software, a finite element simulation was developed and executed to study the response of a carburized 5120 steel helical gear to quenching in molten salt. The computer simulation included heat-up, carburization, transfer and immersion in a molten salt bath, quenching, and air cooling. The results of the simulation included carbon distribution of phases, dimensional change, hardness, and residual stress throughout the process. The predicted results were compared against measured results for hardness, dimensions and residual stress. The excellent agreement between predictions and measured values for this carburized 5120 steel gear provides a basis for assessing the various process parameters and their respective importance in the characteristics of not only these heat-treated parts, but of other compositions and shapes.
999 Cutting Hardened Gears (November/December 2002)
The need for improved power transmissions that use gears and gearboxes with smaller overall dimensions and with lower noise generation has left manufacturing engineers searching for different methods of gear processing. This search has led to the requirement of hardened gears.
1000 Industry News (November/December 2002)
Complete Industry News for November/December 2002.
1001 Experimental Characterization of Bending Fatigue Strength in Gear Teeth (January/February 2003)
The effort described in this paper addresses a desire in the gear industry to increase power densities and reduce costs of geared transmissions. To achieve these objectives, new materials and manufacturing processes, utilized in the fabrication of gears, and being evaluated. In this effort, the first priority is to compare the performance of gears fabricated using current materials and processes. However, once that priority is satisfied, it rapidly transforms to requiring accurate design data to utilize these novel materials and processes. This paper describes the effort to address one aspect of this design data requirement.
1002 The Alignment of High Speed Gears (January/February 2003)
This paper reviews the necessity for detailed specification, design and manufacture to achieve required performance in service. The precise definition of duty rating and a thorough understanding of the environmental conditions, whether it is in a marine or industrial application, is required to predict reliable performance of a gearbox through its service life. A case study relating to complex marine gears and other general practice is presented to review the techniques used by Allen Gears to design and develop a gearbox that integrates with the requirements of the whole machinery installation. Allen Gears has considerable experience in the design of a variety of industrial and marine gears(Ref. 1,2).
1003 Product News (January/February 2003)
Complete Product News for January/February 2003.
1004 Technical Calendar (January/February 2003)
Complete Technical Calendar for January/February 2003.
1005 The Gear Industry on Your Desktop (November/December 2002)
With this issue, we're proud to present our latest milestone. The Gear Technology Buyers Guide 2003 on CD-ROM - a comprehensive snapshot of nearly 400 of the industry's suppliers - is the best directory of the gear industry available.
1006 A Man and His Mania for Antique Machines (January/February 2003)
Richard Spens has a hobby that leads him onto the Internet, through magazines, to auctions and into farmers' back yards.
1007 Gear Crossword (November/December 2002)
Addendum crossword for November/December 2002.
1008 Meausring Profile and Base Pitch Error with a Micrometer (September/October 2002)
In this article, equations for finding profile and base pitch errors with a micrometer are derived. Limitations of micrometers with disc anvils are described. The design of a micrometer with suitable anvils is outlined.
1009 Gears of Rockwell Hardness (September/October 2002)
Nobody's sure what went on in Bolsa Chica, CA, when gear-shaped stones were used there 8,700 years ago, but a popular belief is that at least some activity revolved around manufacturing.
1010 Carburizing of Big Modulea sn Large Diameter Gears (September/October 2002)
Carburized gears have higher strengths and longer lives compared with induction-hardened or quench-tempered gears. But in big module gears, carburizing heat-treatment becomes time-consuming and expensive and sometimes cannot achieve good hardness due to the big mass-effect. Also, it is not easy to reduce distortion of gears during heat treatment.
1011 Revolutions (July/August 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
1012 Product News (July/August 2002)
Complete Product News for July/August 2002.
1013 Technical Calendar (July/August 2002)
Complete Technical Calendar for July/August 2002.
1014 Industry News (July/August 2002)
Complete Industry News for July/August 2002.
1015 New Technology at IMTS (September/October 2002)
The following products were selected because they hold the most interest for gear industry professionals.
1016 Gear Industry News (September/October 2002)
Completer Industry News for September/October 2002.
1017 Direct Gear Design for Spur and Helical Involute Gears (September/October 2002)
Modern gear design is generally based on standard tools. This makes gear design quite simple (almost like selecting fasteners), economical, and available for everyone, reducing tooling expenses and inventory. At the same time, it is well known that universal standard tools provide gears with less than optimum performance and - in some cases - do not allow for finding acceptable gear solutions. Application specifies, including low noise and vibration, high density of power transmission (lighter weight, smaller size) and others, require gears with nonstandard parameters. That's why, for example, aviation gear transmissions use tool profiles with custom proportions, such as pressure angle, addendum, and whole depth. The following considerations make application of nonstandard gears suitable and cost-efficient:
1018 Relief Valve (September/October 2002)
Some of the pressure on American manufacturers seems to be letting up. This is welcome relief, considering the squeeze they have been under for the past few years.
1019 More IMTS Stuff (September/October 2002)
Student Summit Introduces Next Generation to Manufacturing The IMTS 2002 Show offers an opportunity for students, ranging from grade school to college, to take part in the exhibition.
1020 Technical Calendar (September/October 2002)
Complete Technical Calendar for September/October 2002.
1021 Product News (September/October 2002)
Complete Product News for September/October 2002.
1022 Revolutions (September/October 2002)
Welcome to Revolutions, the column that brings you the latest, most up-to-date and easy-to-read information about the people and technology of the gear industry.
1023 The Winds of Change (January/February 1991)
Nashville - One of the highlights of this year's SME Advanced Gear Processing and Manufacturing Clinic was a tour of the new GM Saturn automobile manufacturing plant outside the city. There in the Tennessee hills is a hopeful vision of the future of the American automobile industry. It may well be the future of American large-scale manufacturing in general.
1024 The Effects of Surface Hardening on the Total Gear Manufacturing System (January/February 1991)
Carburized and hardened gears have optimum load-carrying capability. There are many alternative ways to produce a hard case on the gear surface. Also, selective direct hardening has some advantages in its ability to be used in the production line, and it is claimed that performance results equivalent to a carburized gear can be obtained. This article examines the alternative ways of carburizing, nitriding, and selective direct hardening, considering equipment, comparative costs, and other factors. The objective must be to obtain the desired quality at the lowest cost.
1025 Shorter Cycle Times for Carburizing: Dana Develops Atmosphere, Microwave-Based Process (March/April 2006)
Dana Corp. is developing a process that carburizes a straight bevel gear to a carbon content of 0.8% in 60 fewer minutes than atmosphere carburizing did with an identical straight bevel.
1026 Product News (March/April 2006)
The complete product news section from March/April 2006
1027 Letters: Readers Respond (March/April 2006)
The following letters were written in response to the Publisher's Page editorial, "Is Gear Expo Worth It?" which appeared in the November/December 2005 issue.
1028 The Premise and the Promise (March/April 2006)
Gear Technology was founded 22 years ago on a very simple principle: to provide the best possible educational articles and information for the gear industry.
1029 Technical Calendar (January/February 2006)
1030 Wicked Gears (January/February 2006)
It's not often that thespians and engineers find common ground, but the hit musical Wicked could provide conversational tidbits for right- and left-brainers alike.
1031 Blue Skies for Aerospace Parts Manufacturing (March/April 2006)
Aerospace manufacturing has seen quite a turnaround in the past few years. The world's manufacturers of airplanes, helicopters, missiles, space vehicles and satellites are all extremely busy right now--and that's keeping quite a few gear manufacturers busy as well.
1032 Medical Device Manufacturing Keeps Gear Industry Healthy (March/April 2006)
When Forest City Gear started manufacturing gears for medical components in the 1980s, it was a minuscule part of the company's business. Today, the medical device industry represents 18-20%.
1033 Industry News (March/April 2006)
The complete Industry News section from March/April 2006
1034 Events (March/April 2006)
The complete events section from March/April 2006, including a feature on the Koepfer Gear School and our technical calendar.
1035 What's the Right Tolerance (March/April 2006)
Charles Schultz of Brad Foote Gear Works discusses some of the finer points of engineering tolerances--and muscle cars.
1036 Detailed Computer Model of Gearbox Reduces Design Time (March/April 2006)
LMS International helped a Fiat subsidiary develop a new, dynamic vibro-acoustic prediction method to reduce design time and engineering costs through accurate prediction of gear noise in the design phase.
1037 Wind Energy: An Established Industry with Emerging Opportunities (March/April 2006)
"An industrial business with a very important growth potential for the next decade." That's the wind energy as described by Ivan Brems of gear manufacturer Hansen Transmissions International.
1038 Proposal for Tip Relief Modification to Reduce Noise and Sensitivity to Meshing Conditions in Spur Gears (March/April 2006)
In this article, a new tip relief profile modification for spur gears is presented. The topography proposed here is a classical linear profile modification with a parabolic fillet.
1039 Industry News (January/February 2006)
1040 Investigation of the Noise and Vibration of Planetary Gear Drives (January/February 2006)
With the aim of reducing the operating noise and vibration of planetary gear sets used in automatic transmissions, a meshing phase difference was applied to the planet gears that mesh with the sun and ring gears.
1041 Ohio is Forging Strong Links in Wind Turbine Supply Chain (January/February 2008)
Ohio's Lt. Governor Lee Fisher talks about Ohio companies at the forefront of wind turbine industry manufacturing.
1042 Letters to the Editor (January/February 2008)
Matt McBride of Riverside Spline & Gear responds to last issue's Voices piece by Fred Young, and Tom Schmitt of Schmitt Design responds to last issue's publisher's page.
1043 Iowa's 21st Century Renewable Energy Expedition (January/February 2008)
Iowa Governor Chet Culver weighs in on the importance of the wind turbine industry for manufacturing growth.
1044 Industry News (January/February 2008)
The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2008 issue.
1045 Application of Gears with Asymmetric Teeth in Turboprop Engine Gearbox (January/February 2008)
This paper describes the research and development of the first production gearbox with asymmetric tooth profiles for the TV7-117S turboprop engine. The paper also presents numerical design data related to development of this gearbox.
1046 Events (January/February 2008)
The complete Events and Technical Calendar section
1047 How Gears Provide the "Gallop" in Carousel Horses (January/February 2008)
As far back as the 12th century, men in Turkey and Arabia played a game referred to as "carosello" or "garosello" by Spanish and Italian crusaders.
1048 Is Gear Expo Worth It (January/February 2006)
Readers respond to last issue's Publisher's Page, in which Michael Goldstein asked, "Is Gear Expo Worth It?"
1049 Kinematical Simulation of Face Hobbing Indexing and Tooth Surface Generation of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears (January/February 2006)
In addition to the face milling system, the face hobbing process has been developed and widely employed by the gear industry. However, the mechanism of the face hobbing process is not well known.
1050 Assembling Spiral Gears: Double Taper Can Be Double Trouble (January/February 2006)
Bevel gear systems are particularly sensitive to improper assembly. Slight errors in gear positioning can turn a well-designed, quality manufactured gear set into a noisy, prone-to-failure weak link in your application.
1051 Gear Manufacturing in the Far East (January/February 2006)
This article gives readers a glimpse of some companies that manufacture gears in the Far East. We've talked with more than a dozen companies in India, Taiwan and Korea...
1052 Gear Manufacturers Find Advantage in Indian and Asian Partners (January/February 2006)
We interviewed several gear industry companies with overseas operations or significant partners.
1053 Finish Hobbing Crowned Helical Gears without Twist (January/February 2006)
New tool from LMT-Fette provides combination of operations.
1054 Product News (January/February 2006)
1055 What's on Your iPod (March/April 2006)
Songs with gear-related lyrics, courtesy of the Addendum team.
1056 A Wellspring of Opinion (May/June 2006)
For more than 22 years, I've been dropping rocks down the well of the gear industry's public opinion. Most every issue, I drop another rock. Sometimes I think I hear a faint splash, but most times I just wait.
1057 Industry News (July/August 2006)
The complete Industry News section from July/August 2006.
1058 A Movie for Gearheads and Other Mechanical People (July/August 2006)
Addendum's take on "The World's Fastest Indian," starring Anthony Hopkins.
1059 Events (July/August 2006)
The complete Events section from July/August 2006, including a profile on the UTS gear course.
1060 AMT Expects Increase in Attendees Over 2004 (July/August 2006)
Lines at McCormick Place's Starbucks concession stand will probably be a little longer at IMTS 2006, but the show's organizers won't be complaining.
1061 The Lubrication of DLC Coated Gears with Environmentally Adapted Ester-Based Oil (July/August 2006)
A main limiting factor in extending the use of hard coatings to machine component application is the lack of knowledge about how these inert coatings perform under lubricated conditions using today's lubricants.
1062 How to Achieve a Successful Molded Gear Transmission (July/August 2006)
Molded plastic gears have very little in common with machined gears other than the fact that both use the involute for conjugate action.
1063 Come to Chicago (September/October 2006)
Publisher Michael Goldstein urges gear manufacturers to come to IMTS 2006.
1064 Product News (September/October 2006)
The complete Product News section from September/October 2006.
1065 Events (September/October 2006)
The complete Events section from September/October 2006, including a profile of gear seminars offered by WZL.
1066 Industry News (September/October 2006)
The complete Industry News section from September/October 2006.
1067 Determining the Shaper Cut Helical Gear Fillet Profile (September/October 2006)
This article describes a root fillet form calculating method for a helical gear generated with a shaper cutter.
1068 Gear Shaving - Process Simulation Helps to Comprehend an Incomprehensible Process (September/October 2006)
Due to its economical efficiency, the gear shaving process is a widely used process for soft finishing of gears. A simulation technique allows optimization of the process.
1069 IMTS 2006 - Just the Facts (September/October 2006)
Booth previews in the Gear Pavilion and beyond.
1070 The Effects of Pre-Rough Machine Processing on Dimensional Distortion During Carburizing (September/October 2006)
A study was conducted to isolate the influence of pre-rough machine processing on final dimensional distortion.
1071 Generating Interchangeable 20-Degree Spur Gear Sets with Circular Fillets to Increase Load Carrying Capacity (July/August 2006)
This article presents a new spur gear 20-degree design that works interchangeably with the standard 20-degree system and achieves increased tooth bending strength and hence load carrying capacity.
1072 Trends in Automobile Transmissions (July/August 2006)
With all the work in transmission development these days, the demand for automobile transmission gears should remain strong for several years, but suppliers will have to be as flexible as possible to keep up with the changes.
1073 Marine Gears: Special Aspects for High Performance (May/June 2006)
A gearbox that absorbs 30 percent of external forces, transmits power from two engines operating at different speeds, and uses gears that meet several design and specification standards at the same time...
1074 Influence of Surface Roughness on Gear Pitting Behavior (May/June 2006)
In earlier studies, surface roughness has been shown to have a significant influence on gear pitting life. This paper discusses how high surface roughness introduces a wear mechanism that delays the formation of pits. Accompanied by a full-page technical review.
1075 Constant Innovation Keeps Suppliers to Race Car Manufacturers Earning Trophies (May/June 2006)
When the fans start screaming at the Daytona 500, they're cheering for Jeff Gordon. Only the die-hard racing fan can appreciate the gearing and engineering that goes into each race car.
1076 Product News (May/June 2006)
The complete product news from May/June 2006
1077 Gleason's Genesis 130SV Gear Shaving Machine (May/June 2006)
The 130SV shaving machine from Gleason is the newest of the company's Genesis family of gear production equipment.
1078 New Checker Scan-Measures Stick Blades with Ruby-Tipped Probes (May/June 2006)
This month, German automakers will receive the first three units of Klingelnberg's new automated blade checker designed for the shop floor.
1079 Tool Life and Productivity Improvement Through Cutting Parameter Setting and Tool Design in Dry High-Speed Bevel Gear Tooth Cutting (May/June 2006)
This article presents some of the findings of cutting investigations at WZL in which the correlation of cutting parameters, cutting materials, tool geometry and tool life have been determined.
1080 Industry News (May/June 2006)
The complete Industry News section from May/June 2006
1081 Product News (July/August 2006)
The complete Product News section from the July/August 2006 issue.
1082 New Transmissions Drive Automotive Gear Industry (July/August 2006)
News from the major automakers and transmission suppliers.
1083 Drake's Newest Thread Grinder Utilizes Robot Load-Unload System (July/August 2006)
The GS:TE-LM thread grinder from Drake Manufacturing is fitted with a robot load/unload system that provides maximum throughput for high-volume production of ground threads.
1084 Who Pays Your Salary (July/August 2006)
I just finished conducting annual reviews with our employees. They, we--all of us--get our paychecks from our customers.
1085 Events (May/June 2006)
The complete Events section from May/June 2006, including profiles of the University of Wisconsin gear seminars and the MPIF international conference on powder metallurgy.
1086 Products of Padua (May/June 2006)
Some things take time, but a magazine ad more than 600 years in the making?
1087 Evaluation of a Low-Noise, Formate Spiral Bevel Gear Set (January/February 2008)
Studies to evaluate low-noise Formate spiral bevel gears were performed. Experimental tests were conducted on a helicopter transmission test stand...
1088 The New Power Generation--With All Eyes on Washington, U.S. Wind Industry Seeks Expansion (January/February 2008)
Long before oil, climate change and energy demand were making headlines in Washington, Minnesota State Auditor Rebecca Otto and her husband installed a wind energy system on their property in Minnesota.
1089 High Speed Gears for Extreme Applications in Industrial and Marine Fields (September/October 2007)
Above all, a gear is not just a mechanical transmission, but is developed to a system fulfilling multiple demands, such as clutch integration, selectable output speeds, and controls of highest electronic standards. This paper shows the basics for high-speed gear design and a selection of numerous applications in detailed design and operational needs.
1090 Chicago's Movable Bridges (September/October 2007)
Chicago has been known as many things over the yearsHog Butcher to the World, The City That Works, The Windy City and The City of Big Shoulders among them. Although perhaps lesser known, add City of Bridges to the list.
1091 Tooth-Bending Effects in Plastic Spur Gears (September/October 2007)
This paper describes the investigation of a steel-and-plastic gear transmission and presents a new hypothesis on the governing mechanism in the wear of plastic gears.
1092 The New Freedoms: Bevel Blades (September/October 2007)
Today, because of reduced cost of coatings and quicker turnaround times, the idea of all-around coating on three-face-sharpened blades is again economically viable, allowing manufacturers greater freedoms in cutting blade parameters, including three-face-sharpened and even four-face-sharpened blades.
1093 Solutions Center Educates Gear Expo Attendees (September/October 2007)
In 2005, Gear Expo debuted its first Solutions Center, a forum that features short exhibitor presentations on gear-related topics. This year, AGMA says the Solutions Center will return with a slightly different format.
1094 Gear Expo 2007 Showstoppers (September/October 2007)
[special advertising section]
1095 Machine Tool Leaders Descend Upon Hannover (September/October 2007)
EMO 2007, September 17-22 at the Hannover Fairgrounds in Hannover, Germany.
1096 Gear Crossword (September/October 2007)
Try your luck at our gear-related crossword puzzle.
1097 Dontyne Debuts GATES Software for its Gear Production Suite (November/December 2007)
Dontyne Systems, a U.K. company founded by Michael Fish and David Palmer, recently unveiled a new software program for its Gear Production Suite.
1098 Design of Oil-Lubricated Machine Components for Life and Reliability (November/December 2007)
This article summarizes the use of laboratory fatigue data for bearings and gears coupled with probabilistic life prediction and EHD theories to predict the life and reliability of a commercial turboprop gearbox.
1099 Reinvesting in New Equipment Pays Dividends (November/December 2007)
Recently, I was approached by a colleague who is a manufacturer outside the gear industry...
1100 Responding to Market and Customer Needs (November/December 2007)
For many in the gear and gear products business, these may seem like the best of times...
1101 Musings on Turning 65 (November/December 2007)
Recently, I reached a milestone. In October, I turned 65. I've been thinking a lot about it lately...
1102 Letters to the Editor (November/December 2007)
Letters from readers in response to past issues...
1103 Gear Expo 2007--You'll Be There, Correct? (September/October 2007)
"Eighty percent of success is showing up" -- Woody Allen
1104 The Unofficial Guide to Gear Expo (September/October 2007)
Map of the show and booth listings.
1105 Sprockets Don't Mesh ; Inspired (August 2007)
Letters to the Editor, August 2007.
1106 Gear Expo 2007 Show Preview (August 2007)
The organizers of Gear Expo 2007 promise to combine the most popular features of shows past with some innovations for this years attendees. By the time the show closes on October 10, the association hopes its targeted 175 exhibitors walk away with new insights leading to profitability and renewed contacts.
1107 The War: Coming September 2007 (August 2007)
Publisher Michael Goldstein had a chance to preview Ken Burns' documentary series about WWII, and he shares some of his thoughts.
1108 A Further Study on High-Contact-Ratio Spur Gears in Mesh with Double-Scope Tooth Profile Modification (November/December 2008)
This paper will demonstrate that, unlike commonly used low-contact-ratio spur gears, high-contact-ratio spur gears can provide higher power-to-weight ratio, and can also achieve smoother running with lower transmission error (TE) variations.
1109 State of the Gear Industry 2009 (November/December 2009)
In October, Gear Technology conducted an anonymous survey of gear manufacturers. Invitations were sent by e-mail to thousands of individuals around the world. More than 300 individuals responded to the online survey, answering questions about their manufacturing operations and current challenges facing their businesses.
1110 A Model of the Pumping Action Between the Teeth of High-Speed Spur and Helical Gears (May/June 2004)
For a high-speed gearbox, an important part of power losses is due to the mesh. A global estimation is not possible and an analytical approach is necessary with evaluations of three different origins of power losses: friction in mesh contact, gear windage and pumping effect between teeth.
1111 2007 Fall Technical Meeting Schedule of Events (August 2007)
Listing of papers to be presented and activities for the 2007 AGMA Fall Technical Meeting.
1112 New Vacuum Processes Achieve Mechanical Property Improvement in Gearbox Components (August 2007)
This paper introduces new process developments in low-pressure carburizing and carbonitriding using either high-pressure gas quenching or interrupted gas quenching.
1113 Do I Have to Go to Gear Expo (September/October 2007)
Maybe you don't have time. If not, send someone else.
1114 Uncovering Core Competencies (September/October 2007)
How can a company grow its business or plan for growth when its niche area only accesses the smaller part of the pie?
1115 Wind Energy, Old School Style (August 2007)
The Fabyan Windmill in Geneva, IL
1116 Captive vs. Commercial Heat Treaters? A Split Decision (August 2007)
Heat treating is a vital step in the gear making processthats a given. But how that step is taken can happen in a number of ways.
1117 Bevel Gears: Optimal High Speed Cutting (August 2007)
This article presents a summary of all factors that contribute to efficient and economical high-speed cutting of bevel and hypoid gears.
1118 True Bending Stress in Spur Gears (August 2007)
In this paper, an accurate FEM analysis has been done of the true stress at tooth root of spur gears in the function of the gear geometry. The obtained results confirm the importance of these differences.
1119 Optimal Choice of the Shaft Angle for Involute Gear Hobbing (November/December 2007)
With reference to the machining of an involute spur or helical gear by the hobbing process, this paper suggests a new criterion for selecting the position of the hob axis relative to the gear axis.
1120 State of the Gear Industry 2007 (November/December 2007)
Results of research on trends in employment, outsourcing, machine tool investment and other gear industry business practices.
1121 AGMA Delegates Meet Chinese Counterparts (January/February 2007)
The AGMA pavilion was a hot spot at October's PTC-Asia show in Shanghai, as evidenced by the intense quoting reported by exhibitors.
1122 Product News (January/February 2007)
The complete product news from January/February 2007, including items from SMT, Monnier+Zahner, Mahr Federal, ExxonMobil, KissSoft, Geartech, Midwest Motion, Adcole and Makino.
1123 Face Gears: Geometry and Strength (January/February 2007)
There are three distinct gear types in angle drives. The most commonly used are bevel and worm drives. Face gear drives are the third alternative.
1124 Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance (January/February 2007)
This article summarizes results of research programs on RCF strength of wrought steels and PM steels.
1125 On-Site or Online, AGMA Teaches Gear Basics and Beyond (January/February 2007)
Despite the many things being done to promote manufacturing nationwide, there still remains an acute need for gear-specific training, remedial or otherwise.
1126 Where Manufacturing and Education Mesh (January/February 2007)
But associations and grassroots organizations lack public awareness.
1127 Beachfront Gear Manufacturing (January/February 2007)
Lots of us became interested in gears while taking drafting classes in high school.
1128 Keep Those Letters Coming (January/February 2006)
In the past, we have often asked readers to let us know what they were thinking. But this past issue, we must have struck a nerve.
1129 Well-Paying Manufacturing Jobs Are Blowing in the Wind--And State Governments are Racing to Harness Them (January/February 2008)
Lamentations continue—legitimately so—over the second-citizen status of manufacturing in the United States. The need undoubtedly continues for renewed support by government and educators for making things here once again...
1130 Winds of Change (January/February 2008)
It seems that nothing can hold back the power of the wind—unless, of course, it's the availability of rugged, reliable, specially designed gearboxes. How Gleason is Keeping up with Demand.
1131 The Future is Now for U.S. Wind Turbine Industry--But Who's Positioned to Meet It? (January/February 2008)
The United States' long-held dream of energy independence—as in cheap, clean, free of overseas extortion and renewable energy—could very well be realized in part by the country-wide development of wind turbines...
1132 Product News (January/February 2008)
The complete product news from the January/February 2008 issue.
1133 American Wera Profilator Introduces Scudding Process (January/February 2008)
Rolled out at EMO 2007, the Scudding process is a continuous cutting operation that uses a tool design similar to a helical shaper cutter. It can be used for a wide range of gear applications...
1134 The Graying of the Gear Industry (January/February 2008)
The gear industry is getting old--fast. What are you doing about it?
1135 Labor Pains in the American Gear Industry--Any Relief in Sight (January/February 2007)
Lack of skilled workers mirrors U.S. manufacturing's decline.
1136 Design Unit Evaluating New Software from SMT (January/February 2007)
MASTA 4.5.1 models complete transmissions and includes 3-D stress analysis.
1137 Plastic Gear Standards: A Balancing Act (March/April 2007)
Creating standards for plastic gears calls for a deft touch. The challenge is to set uniform guidelines, yet avoid limiting the creative solutions plastic offers gear designers.
1138 Plastic Gears--A Growing Industry Still Seeking Respect (March/April 2007)
Forty years ago, the plastics industry was practically in its embryonic phase...
1139 Moving Into High Gear (March/April 2007)
In February (2007), we launched a new magazine, Power Transmission Engineering (PTE). While most of you have probably already seen it...
1140 2007 Holiday Buyers Guide (November/December 2007)
We love gears. We love talking about gears, writing about gears and examining gears. If youre reading this cover to cover, its a safe bet you feel the same way. We also love collecting information for Gear Technologys holiday buyer's guide. Call us sentimental.
1141 Gear Expo 2007 Recap (November/December 2007)
The general impressionwhether encouraged by AGMA or developed anecdotallyis that Gear Expo 2007 was a reasonablethough certainly relativesuccess
1142 GT Extras (October 2013)
This month's online features include ITAMCO's app for MTConnect and Google Glass.
1143 Transmission Error and Noise Emission of Spur Gears (March/April 2007)
Transmission error (TE) is recognized as one of the most important causes of gear acoustic emissions...
1144 Effects on Rolling Contact Fatigue Performance--Part II (March/April 2007)
This is part II of a two-part paper that presents the results of extensive test programs on the RCF strength of PM steels.
1145 Help Wanted: Gear Company Seeks Perfect Machinist (January/February 2007)
Sales are up and it's time to hire some additional gear manufacturing personnel. Let's see--what qualities are wee looking for in the ideal candidates?
1146 Challenges and Opportunities in the Gear Industry (January/February 2007)
We asked Fred Young, president of Forest City Gear Co., to answer some of the gear industry's burning questions.
1147 What Do You Think (January/February 2007)
Publisher Michael Goldstein wants to know what you think about the 2007 redesign of Gear Technology magazine
1148 Bowling for Gears (March/April 2007)
Here's what Dennis was thinking...
1149 Asymmetric Teeth: Bending Stress Calculation (March/April 2007)
This article includes a brief summary of the characteristics of involute asymmetric teeth and the problems connected with the related bending tests.
1150 Forest City Puts Teeth in Competitive Strategy with Sunnen's Bore Honing Machine (March/April 2007)
Forest City Gear president Fred Young has a straightforward strategy for acquiring and retaining business...
1151 Geezer World Party On! (September/October 2006)
It's unlikely that AARP will find itself in a revenue-generating crisis, but if it occurs, Fred Young of Forest City Gear in Roscoe, IL, is the man with the plan.
1152 Coming Soon! The New Gear Technology - Bigger! Better! More Often! (November/December 2006)
Psst! Hey buddy, can you keep a secret? Don't tell anyone, but the folks at Gear Technology are planning all kinds of changes...
1153 Events (March/April 2008)
The complete Events section from the March/April 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1154 In Memoriam: Donald R. McVittie (March/April 2008)
It is with regret we report that Donald R. McVittie passed away January 20, 2008.
1155 Tapping Into Technology at Hannover 2008 (March/April 2008)
Its safe to say Hannover Fair 2008 is big, and were not just talking square feet or the number of exhibitors/attendees.
1156 Operational Condition and Superfinishing Effect on High-Speed Helical Gearing System Performance (March/April 2008)
An experimental effort has been conducted on an aerospace-quality helical gear train to investigate the thermal behavior of the gear system. Test results from the parametric studies and the superfinishing process are presented.
1157 Methodology for Translating Single-Tooth Bending Fatigue Data to be Comparable to Running Gear Data (March/April 2008)
A method to extrapolate running gear bending strength data from STF results for comparing bending performance of different materials and processes.
1158 Pitting and Bending Fatigue Evaluations of a New Case-Carburized Gear Steel (March/April 2008)
This study quantified the performance of a new alloy and has provided guidance for the design and development of next-generation gear steels.
1159 Industry News (March/April 2008)
The complete Industry News section from the March/April 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1160 For the Love of Gears! (March/April 2008)
Digital sculptor extraordinaire Tom Longtin has always had an interest in gears.
1161 Communication Breakdown--Overcoming Cultural and Language Barriers in the Global Gear Market (May 2008)
If you've read any business publications lately, chances are you've seen an article or two covering language and cultural barriers in the global marketplace.
1162 Pitting Load Capacity of Helical Gears (May 2008)
Influences of Load Distribution and Tooth Flank Modifications as Considered in a New, DIN/ISO-Compatible Calculation Method
1163 Before You Go--A China Gear Market Update (May 2008)
It would not be an exaggeration to say that China is often the most-covered country in the news today.
1164 Product News (May 2008)
The complete Product News section from the May 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1165 Just a Bad Dream (May 2008)
There's a monster under the bed of the nation's economy. It has the same power over many adults as a child's nightmare.
1166 The Global Gear Industry--What Does the Future Hold (May 2008)
Understanding the differences of how the gear industry works in individual territories around the world is vital to any company that wishes to succeed on a global basis.
1167 Space Station Solar Power Compromised by Balky SARJ Unit (March/April 2008)
Undue vibrations, power spikes and grit give NASA pause.
1168 Software Bits 2008 (March/April 2008)
Synopsis on the latest developments at several gear design software developers.
1169 Development of Conical Involute Gears (Beveloids) for Vehicle Transmissions (November/December 2005)
Conical involute gears (beveloids) are used in transmissions with intersecting or skewed axes and for backlash-free transmissions with parallel axes.
1170 Laminated Gearing (November/December 2005)
Laminated spur gears with one-tooth pinions can be an alternative to spur gears.
1171 A Lean Strategy for Job Shops (November/December 2005)
POLCA: An alternative to Kanban for high-variety or custom-engineered products.
1172 Getting Lean in the Gear Industry (November/December 2005)
A look at three gear industry companies at varying stages in the journey.
1173 The Fatigue Endurance Limit: A Myth (November/December 2005)
Review of "Gigacycle Fatigue in Mechanical Practice," by Claude Bathias and Paul C. Paris
1174 Latest Generation of Quieter Plastic Gears Can Take the Heat (November/December 2005)
Ten years ago, most mainstream gear manufacturers didn't even consider plastics as an option, especially in higher power applications.
1175 Utilization of Powder Metal and Shot Peening Residual Stress to Maximize Cost and Performance Benefit of Highly Loaded Gearing (November/December 2005)
This article focuses on bending fatigue strength improvements of P/M gearing from recent improvements in P/M technology, combined with shot peening.
1176 Industry News (November/December 2005)
The complete Industry News from the November/December 2005 issue of Gear Technology.
1177 The U.S. Needs More Engineers (March/April 2008)
State Schools Lack Funding. Who Loses? We all do.
1178 Productivity on Demand (March/April 2008)
Adaptation key to success for gear software developers.
1179 Product News (March/April 2008)
The complete Product News section from the March/April 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1180 A Different Truth (March/April 2008)
Vietnam is the war Americans dont like to talk about. Even today, many of us struggle to understand the what and the why of that war.
1181 Events (November/December 2005)
The complete Events section from November/December 2005, including post-show coverage of Gear Expo 2005, AGMA's Fall Technical Meeting, and our regular technical calendar.
1182 Sounds Like a Job for Toolman (November/December 2005)
While the rest of the exhibitors were selling machinery, the Addendum team scoured the floor of Gear Expo in a quest to find quirky things at the show.
1183 Manufacturing Net-Shaped, Cold-Formed Gears (May 2008)
A net-shaped metal forming process has been developed for manufacturing quality, durable, high-yield and cost-efficient gears for high-volume production.
1184 Calibration of Two-Flank Roll Testers (May 2008)
The presence of significant errors in the two-flank roll test (a work gear rolled in tight mesh against a master gear) is well-known, but generally overlooked.
1185 Journey to the Land of Manufacturing Milk and Honey--What Are You Waiting For? (July 2008)
How lean manufacturing principles can help transform your gear manufacturing business.
1186 A Method for Obtaining Optimum Gear Tooth Microtopographies for Noise and Stress Minimization Over a Broad Operating Torque Range (July 2008)
A graphical procedure for selecting optimum combinations of profile and lead modifications.
1187 Machine Tool Evolution: Innovation andIngenuity Key to Long-Term Success (July 2008)
How machine tools R&D helps drive gear manufacturing productivity.
1188 Product News (July 2008)
The complete product news section from the July 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1189 Entrepreneurialism and Survival in the Global Market (July 2008)
Joe Arvin of Arrow Gear gives his insight on what it takes to succeed in today's gear industry.
1190 Software Suite Serves Full Range of Gear Analysis (July 2008)
New software from AGMA helps gear designers calculate geometry and ratings for all types of bevel gears.
1191 The Kinematics of Conical Involute Gear Hobbing (July 2008)
Conical involute gears, also known as beveloid gears, are generalized involute gears that have the two flanks of the same tooth characterized by different base cylinder radii and different base helix angles.
1192 Vacuum Carburizing Takes Center Stage at Michigan Symposium (July 2008)
ALD-Holcroft Vacuum Technologies Co. will host a two-day technical symposium at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan September 23 24, 2008.
1193 Product News (August 2008)
The complete Product News section from the August 2008 issue of Gear Technology
1194 Gearbox Speed Reducer Helps Fan Technology for "Greener" Jet Fuel Efficiency (August 2008)
Todays ever-evolving global economic engine is, in many ways, a wonderful phenomenon; you knowa rising-tide-lifting-all-boats, trickle-down-theory-of-economics dynamic at work.
1195 Volunteering is a Win-Win (August 2008)
Step forward now to help yourself and your industry.
1196 Gear Garden Germinates from County's Industrial History (July 2008)
A new breed of blossoms sprouted this spring in York, PA cultivated from gears, sprockets, railroad spikes and other recycled metal items.
The complete Events section, including technical calendar, from the July 2008 issue of Gear Technology
1198 Industry News (July 2008)
The complete Industry News section from the July 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
If you're thinking about investing in machine tools, now is the right time...
1200 Gears in Vogue (June 2008)
As much as we live, breathe, and sleep gears, there aren't too many of us who actually wear gears.
1201 Your Two Cents (June 2008)
As publisher of Gear Technology, I spend a lot of time thinking about ways to improve the content of our magazine...now it's your turn.
1202 HMC Lassos World's Largest Gear Grinder (June 2008)
Hofler Rapid 6000 Makes North American Debut at Highway Machine Company.
1203 Micro-Machined Memories (May 2008)
Dollhouses may be toys for children, but an old-time working miniature machine shop is the ultimate toy for a self-proclaimed hobby machinist like Greg Bierck.
1204 Industry News (May 2008)
The complete Industry News section from the May 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1205 Update on the National Center for Gear Metrology (May 2008)
The status on traceability of gear artifacts in the United States.
2008 World Congress on Powder Metallurgy, plus the technical calendar. Complete Events section from May 2008 Gear Technology.
1207 Product News (June 2008)
The complete Product News section from the June 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1208 Injection Molded Innovation (June 2008)
Alternative business strategies from some alternative gear manufacturers.
1209 To Err is Human. But Making a Habit of it Will Cost You (June 2008)
Everyone makes mistakes. Nobody's perfect. We've all heard those or similar words, and if you happen to be in charge of your company's quality efforts, you've probably heard them more than most people.
1210 Industry News (June 2008)
The complete industry news section from the June 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
The complete Events section from the June 2008 issue of Gear Technology.
1212 Study of the Correlation Between Theoretical and Actual Gear Fatigue Test Data on a Polyamide (June 2008)
In the past two years DSM has been conducting fatigue tests on actual molded gears in order to provide design data.
1213 The Powder Metal Method (June 2008)
Despite economic uncertainty, the future looks promising for PM Gears.
1214 Material Integrity in Molded Plastic Gears and its Dependence on Molding Practices (June 2008)
The quality of molded plastic gears is typically judged by dimensional feature measurements only. This practice overlooks potential deficiencies in the molding process.
1215 Product News (November/December 2005)
The complete Product News from the November/December 2005 issue of Gear Technology
1216 Is Gear Expo Worth It (November/December 2005)
If you read the press clippings (even our own), and listen to the comments of many of the major exhibitors, you'll hear that Gear Expo 2005 was a resounding success.
1217 Spring is in the Air (March/April 2005)
Winter in the gear industry seems to have come to an end.
1218 Products (March/April 2005)
The complete Product News section from March/April 2005
1219 Running Gear (January/February 2005)
The Addendum team has seen the future of running, and it's geared.
1220 Events (January/February 2005)
The complete Events section from January/February 2005, including coverage of a vacuum carburizing conference.
1221 Tooth Flank Corrections of Wide Face Width Helical Gears that Account for Shaft Deflections (January/February 2005)
This paper discusses the influence of tip relief, root relief, load modification, end relief and their combinations on gear stresses and transmission errors due to shaft deflections.
1222 Industry News (January/February 2005)
The complete Industry News from January/February 2005.
1223 Environmentally Friendly Cutting Fluids (March/April 2005)
Environmentally friendly cutting fluids aren't just good for the environment. They can also be good for performance.
1224 Advances in Quenching - A Discussion of Present and Future Technologies (March/April 2005)
Heat treating and quenching are arguably the most critical operations in the manufacture of gears. This article examines causes of distortion in heat treating and quenching.
1225 Industry News (March/April 2005)
The complete Industry News section from March/April 2005
1226 Gear Tattoos (March/April 2005)
Imagine a shop supervisor with a three-gear drivetrain tattooed on his bicep or a saleswoman with a tiny spur gear silhouetted just above her ankle.
1227 Events (March/April 2005)
The complete Events section from March/April 2005, including coverage of Hannover Fair and SAE World Congress.
1228 Gear Data Exchange Format (March/April 2005)
VDI has created a data exchange format that allows for the electronic exchange of all geometric parameters for cylindrical gears.
1229 Hot Stuff - Heat Treating News (March/April 2005)
The latest heat treating news from March/April 2005
1230 The Heat Goes On - Gear Up for Induction Hardening (March/April 2005)
This article covers preventive maintenance and modification to machinery to induction harden different types of gear.
1231 New Approach to Computerized Design of Spur and Helical Gears (January/February 2005)
Applying "Dynamic Block Contours" allows the designer to predict gear quality at the earliest stage of the design process.
1232 Good Basic Design or Sophisticated Flank Optimizations - Each at the Right Time (January/February 2005)
More strength, less noise. Those are two major demands on gears, including bevel and hypoid gears.
1233 Optimization of the Gear Profile Grinding Process Utilizing an Analogy Process (November/December 2006)
In order to grind gears burn-free and as productively as possible, a better understanding of the process is required.
1234 Gear Design: Multipoint Properties are Key to Selecting Thermoplastic Materials (November/December 2006)
The palette of thermoplastic materials for gears has grown rapidly, as have the applications themselves. Designers need to be aware of key properties and attributes in selecting the right material.
1235 Characteristics of Master Gears (November/December 2006)
The two-flank roll test measures kickout (tooth-to-tooth composite error) and tooth thickness. In this article, it will be shown that measured values vary with the number of teeth on the master gear.
1236 It's All About the Science at Gear Research Institute (November/December 2006)
Interview with Dr. Suren Rao, managing director of the Gear Research Institute.
1237 Product News (November/December 2006)
The complete Product News from November/December 2006.
1238 State of the Gear Industry 2006 (November/December 2006)
In October, Gear Technology conducted an anonymous survey of gear manufacturers. More than 300 answered questions about their manufacturing operations and current challenges.
1239 Events (November/December 2006)
The complete Events section from November/December 2006, including coverage of Gear China.
1240 Industry News (November/December 2006)
The complete Industry News section from November/December 2006.
1241 A Planetary System that Increases Power Density (January/February 2005)
Turnkey Design Services is manufacturing a planetary gear system to increase power density.
1242 Product News (January/February 2005)
The complete Product News section from January/February 2005
1243 Robust Transmission Design Through Automated Optimization of Virtual Prototypes (January/February 2005)
Romax Technology is automating the design iteration process to allow companies to be faster to market with the highest quality, most robust gear products.
1244 Holroyd Launches New Gear Grinder (January/February 2005)
New machine promises DIN 2 accuracy and unique features at low cost.
1245 Galleria Gears (November/December 2006)
For those of us in the gear industry, the concept of gear design is all about involutes, ratios and diameters. Alexander Kirberg has a different vision.
1246 The Perfect Complement (January/February 2005)
Publisher Michael Goldstein announces the launch of sister publication Gear Product News.
1247 Queitly Moving Mountains (May/June 2005)
Publisher Michael Goldstein pays tribute to Marty Woodhouse
1248 Product News (May/June 2005)
The complete Product News section from May/June 2005.
1249 Product News (September/October 2005)
The complete Product News section from the September/October 2005 issue of Gear Technology.
1250 The Unofficial Guide to Gear Expo 2005 (September/October 2005)
Booth Listings for Gear Expo 2005 in Detroit.
1251 Corus New Gear Steels Reduce Alloys Without Sacrificing Achievable Hardness (September/October 2005)
Corus Engineering Steels' formula for its new gear steels: Maintain achievable hardness while using fewer alloys, thereby cutting steel costs for gear manufacturers.
1252 Making It in America: U.S. Manufacturing Is Alive, Well and Prospering (September/October 2005)
Most firms in the gear industry we've talked to over the past year are making more gears than ever, generating more sales, and filling up their schedule books into next year and beyond.
1253 Industry News (July/August 2005)
The complete Industry News section from July/August 2005.
1254 The Gear Mix (July/August 2005)
A word puzzle from the Addendum team.
1255 Determining Power Losses in the Helical Gear Mesh (September/October 2005)
This article reviews mathematical models for individual components associated with power losses, such as windage, churning, sliding and rolling friction losses.
1256 Gear Finishing with a Nylon Lap (September/October 2005)
The objective of this research is to develop a new lapping process that can efficiently make tooth flanks of hardened steel gears smooth as a mirror.
1257 Industry News (September/October 2005)
The complete Industry News section from the September/October 2005 issue of Gear Technology.
1258 Crossword (September/October 2005)
A gear lover's crossword puzzle, courtesy of the Addendum team.
1259 Events (September/October 2005)
The complete Events section from the September/October 2005 issue of Gear Technology, including a profile of the UTS plastic gear course.
1260 Measuring Pitch Diameter (September/October 2005)
Wait a minute, we don't measure pitch diameter. We're sometimes asked to measure it by customers, though, especially ones with older drawings.
1261 What to Know About Bevel Gear Grinding (September/October 2005)
Guidelines are insurance against mistakes in the often detailed work of gear manufacturing. Gear engineers, after all, can't know all the steps for all the processes used in their factories.
1262 A Split Happened on the Way to Reliable, Higher-Volume Gear Grinding (September/October 2005)
Bevel gear manufacturers live in one of two camps: the face hobbing/lapping camp, and the face milling/grinding camp.
1263 Events (July/August 2005)
The complete Events section from July/August 2005, including coverage of EMO 2005.
1264 Advances from Aachen - WZL and GRC Contribute to Gear Manufacturing (July/August 2005)
Aachen has long been the center of European gear research.
1265 Industry News (May/June 2005)
The complete Industry News section from May/June 2005.
1266 Gears Are Amazing (May/June 2005)
Or, should we say, aMAZEing ??
1267 Events (May/June 2005)
The complete Events section from May/June 2005.
1268 The Influence of Additive Chemistry on Micropitting (May/June 2005)
This article discusses the potential effects observed for different antiwear and EP chemistry on the micropitting of cylindrical gears.
1269 A Novel Concept for High Accuracy Gear Calibration (May/June 2005)
The German National Metrology Institute has developed a novel calibration concept that allows for highly accurate calibration of product-like artifacts.
1270 New Approaches in Roll Testing Technology of Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Sets (May/June 2005)
This paper presents a new approach in roll testing technology of spiral bevel and hypoid gear sets on a CNC roll tester applying analytical tools, such as vibration noise and single-flank testing technology.
1271 Face to Face in the Gear Industry (July/August 2005)
Observations on the Olympics, Tony Blair and Gear Expo.
1272 Product News (July/August 2005)
The complete Product News from July/August 2005.
1273 A Study on Reducing Gear Tooth Profile Error by Finish Roll Forming (July/August 2005)
The authors have developed a rack-type rolling process in which a rack tool is used to roll gear teeth. The results and analysis show that the proposed method reduces errors.
1274 Systematic Investigations on the Influence of Case Depth on the Pitting and Bending Strength of Case Carburized Gears (July/August 2005)
The gear designer needs to know how to determine an appropriate case depth for a gear application in order to guarantee the required load capacity.
1275 Superfinishing Gears - The State of the Art, Part II (July/August 2005)
In a previous article, the authors identified two misconceptions surrounding gear superfinishing. Here, they tackle three more.
1276 Opportunities for Gear Grinders - Insights from the Machinery Front (July/August 2005)
Tom Lang of Kapp Technologies shares his views on the trends affecting ground gears.
1277 Gear Expo 2005 (July/August 2005)
Preview of Gear Expo, with information on AGMA's fall technical meeting and the city of Detroit.
1278 The Outlook for Gear Manufacturing - A European Perspective (July/August 2005)
Hagen Hofmann of Hoefler presents his views on global trade, competition and the future of the gear industry.
1279 CFD Technology for Rotorcraft Gearbox Windage Aerodynamics Simulation (August 2009)
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adapted, validated and applied to spinning gear systems with emphasis on predicting windage losses. Several spur gears and a disc are studied. The CFD simulations return good agreement with measured windage power loss.
1280 The Effect of Start-Up Load Conditions on Gearbox Performance and Life Failure Analysis, With Supporting Case Study (June 2009)
If a gear system is run continuously for long periods of timeor if the starting loads are very low and within the normal operating spectrumthe effect of the start-up conditions may often be insignificant in the determination of the life of the gear system. Conversely, if the starting load is significantly higher than any of the normal operating conditions, and the gear system is started and stopped frequently, the start-up load may, depending on its magnitude and frequency, actually be the overriding, limiting design condition.
1281 Anchors Aweigh (March/April 2004)
Fred Young, president of Forest City Gear in Roscoe, Illinois, discovered a new market on a flyfishing trip on the White River in Arkansas.
1282 Events (September/October 2009)
Advance coverage of EMO Milan 2009, plus our technical calendar.
1283 Product News (March/April 2004)
The complete Product News section from the March/April 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1284 Industry News (March/April 2004)
The complete Industry News section from the March/April 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1285 Tale of Two Gear Industries (March/April 2009)
The good news and the bad news about the gear industry and its role in the overall economy.
1286 Comparison of Rating Trends in AGMA Versus ISO (May/June 2004)
As the international business community grows closer together, the need for understanding differences between national and international gear rating standards becomes increasingly important for U.S. gear manufacturers competing in the world market.
1287 Calculation of Slow Speed Wear of Lubricated Gears (November/December 1985)
On gear drives running with pitch line velocities below 0.5 m/s so called slow speed wear is often observed. To solve some problems, extensive laboratory test work was started 10 years ago. A total of circ. 300,000 h running time on FZG back-to-back test rigs have been run in this speed range.
1288 Editorial (November/December 1985)
Three things have happened in the last few weeks, that lead me to believe the worst is over - not that great times are ahead, but that things will get better.
1289 Gear Shaping Machines CNC Developement (November/December 1985)
Up until approximately 1968-69, pinion cutter-type gear shaping machines had changed very little since their conception in the early 1900's.
1290 Industry Forum (November/December 1985)
One of the current research activities here at California State University at Fullerton is systematization of existing knowledge of design of planetary gear trains.
1291 Windpower 2009 Relocates in Light of Record Growth (January/February 2009)
Its not too often a trade show so far surpasses organizers expectations for size that it must be relocated. This was just the dilemma the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) faced with the Windpower 2009 Conference and Exhibition, which was originally scheduled to take place in Minneapolis, but will now be held at McCormick Place, Chicago.
1292 Finding Gear Teeth Ratios (November/December 1985)
When designing gears, the engineer is often faced with the problem of selecting the number of teeth in each gear, so that the gear train will provide a given speed ratio
1293 Remedies for Cutting Edge Failure of Carbide Hob due to Chip Crush (November/December 2004)
Some results of evaluation by this method in the automotive industry.
1294 Non-Standard Cylindrical Gears (November/December 2004)
Curved face width (CFW) spur gears are not popular in the gear industry. But these non-metallic gears have advantages over standard spur gears: higher contact ratio, higher tooth stiffness, and lower contact and bending stresses.
1295 Clogged Supply Chain Has Gear Manufacturers in Hurry Up and Wait Mode (November/December 2008)
Never have so few served so many. That, in essence, describes gear makers and the role they play in our world. Think of italthough the gear cutting industry represents much less than one percent of the global workforcethe gears it produces are what make things run in practically every industry and profession imaginable. From bulldozers to Rolexes, gears are an integral part of the mix.
1296 Gear Milling on Non-Gear Dedicated Machinery (July 2009)
Imagine the flexibility of having one machine capable of milling, turning, tapping and gear cutting with deburring included for hard and soft material. No, youre not in gear fantasy land. The technology to manufacture gears on non gear-dedicated, mult-axis machines has existed for a few years in Europe, but has not yet ventured into mainstream manufacturing. Deckel Maho Pfronten, a member of the Gildemeister Group, took the sales plunge this year, making the technology available on most of its 2009 machines.
1297 Why Do You Read Gear Technology (September/October 2009)
A year ago, we sent out a small e-mail survey with one simple question: Why do you read Gear Technology? At that time, we were extremely gratified, even somewhat overwhelmed, by the enthusiastic and appreciative response of our readers, and I wrote about the survey and the results in my editorial in the September/October 2008 issue. When we sent out the survey this year with the same question, youd think we would have been prepared for the results. We werent. If anything, our readers are even more appreciative than they were a year ago.
1298 Bending Fatigue Tests of Helicopter Case Carburized Gears: Influence on Material, Design and Manufacturing Parameters (November/December 2009)
A single tooth bending (STB) test procedure has been developed to optimally map gear design parameters. Also, a test program on case-carburized, aerospace standard gears has been conceived and performed in order to appreciate the influence of various technological parameters on fatigue resistance and to draw the curve shape up to the gigacycle region.
1299 Green Heat Treating - No Sweat (November/December 2009)
Bob McCulley of Comprehensive Heat Treat Specialists describes how even the most energy intensive industrial processes can be made "green."
1300 Philly Gear: A Long Life, A New Direction (January/February 2004)
Large marine gearboxes. More than a year in production, each weighing 125,000 pounds, the gearboxes were for U.S. Navy amphibious ships, for combining the power of 10,000 hp diesel engines to drive propeller shafts. They were also the last major gear products shipped from Philadelphia Gear Corp.s King of Prussia factory.
1301 Revolutions (January/February 2004)
"Magnetic Filtration" and "Better Blanking from Bar-Stock"
1302 Industry News (January/February 2004)
The complete Industry News section from the January/February 2004 issue.
1303 IMTS 2004: Recovery in the Gear Pavilion (November/December 2004)
Tom Lang liked what he saw in the Gear Generation Pavilion at IMTS 2004. Standing in his booth, Kapp Technologies vice president/general manager talked with many attendees during the show and afterward said: We had an increase of both quality and quantity of visitors.
1304 Sigma Pool Encourages Collaboration at 2009 U.S. Gear Seminar (July 2009)
In the past, the coffee breaks and dinner events at Sigma Pools gear seminars have often triggered future process development and product improvements. This was still the case during the 2009 installment where customers and suppliers talked shop inside and outside the banquet hall on the new market and technology challenges currently facing the gear industry.
1305 Gear Expo 2009 Product Preview (September/October 2009)
Sure, Gear Expo undoubtedly has a ton to offer attendees in education, research and networking alone, but what really draws the crowd in are the physical products and technology on display from exhibitors. Otherwise it would just be another technical meeting or social receptionand AGMA could save a few bucks on space to say the least.
1306 An Investigation of the Influence of Shaft Misalignment on Bending Stresses of Helical Gears with Lead Crown (November/December 2008)
In this study, the combined influence of shaft misalignments and gear lead crown on load distribution and tooth bending stresses is investigated. Upon conclusion, the experimental results are correlated with predictions of a gear load distribution model, and recommendations are provided for optimal lead crown in a given misalignment condition.
1307 Events (November/December 2008)
The complete Events section from the November/December 2008 issue of Gear Technology
1308 IMTS 2004 Showstoppers (advertising) (September/October 2004)
Special advertising section featuring gear industry exhibitors.
1309 Product News (May 2009)
The complete Product News section from the May 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1310 Hob Tool Life Technology Update (March/April 2009)
The method of cutting teeth on a cylindrical gear by the hobbing process has been in existence since the late 1800s. Advances have been made over the years in both the machines and the cutting tools used in the process. This paper will examine hob tool life and the many variables that affect it. The paper will cover the state-of-the-art cutting tool materials and coatings, hob tool design characteristics, process speeds and feeds, hob shifting strategies, wear characteristics, etc. The paper will also discuss the use of a common denominator method for evaluating hob tool life in terms of meters (or inches) per hob tooth as an alternative to tool life expressed in parts per sharpening.
1311 Technological Fundamentals of CBN Bevel Gear Finish Grinding (November/December 1985)
The bevel gear grinding process, with conventional wheels, has been limited to applications where the highest level of quality is required.
1312 General Equations for Gear Cutting Tool Calculations (November/December 1985)
The proper design or selection of gear cutting tools requires thorough and detailed attention from the tool designer. In addition to experience, intuition and practical knowledge, a good understanding of profile calculations is very important.
1313 The Design and Manufacture of Plastic Gears Part II (July/August 1985)
Advancements in machining and assembly techniques of thermoplastic gearing along with new design data has lead to increased useage of polymeric materials. information on state of the art methods in fabrication of plastic gearing is presented and the importance of a proper backlash allowance at installation is discussed. Under controlled conditions, cast nylon gears show 8-14 dBA. lower noise level than three other gear materials tested.
1314 Material Selection and Heat Treatment (July/August 1985)
Before the optimum mechanical' properties can be selected, the working stress must be determined, based on recommended allowable stresses.
1315 Cutting Edge Grinders Are Great - But How's Your Workholding (March/April 2009)
Capacity is key today, and the best way to ensure that you are squeezing every dime out of that new machine is to complement it with innovative workholding.
1316 Winds of Change in Profile Grinding (May/June 2004)
Recent breakthroughs in profile grinding software are helping Anderson Precision Gears and others meet wind powers insatiable appetite for faster production of large, high-quality gears.
1317 Industry Forum (July/August 1985)
In response to Ed Uberts letter, we have come a long way in gearing since WWII. The Europeans do use long addendum pinions in many cases. This modification does improve load capacity, sliding conditions and the working life of a gearset. When modifying a pinion tooth it is necessary to modify the gear tooth or adjust the center distance accordingly but we will leave that to the designers.
1318 Technical Calendar (November/December 2004)
Calendar of events from the November/December 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1319 An International Wind Turbine Gearbox Standard (July 2009)
Industrial gear standards have been used to support reliability through the specification of requirements for design, manufacturing and verification. The consensus development of an international wind turbine gearbox standard is an example where gear products can be used in reliable mechanical systems today. This has been achieved through progressive changes in gear technology, gear design methods and the continual development and refinement of gearbox standards.
1320 Gear Expo 2009 Special Events (September/October 2009)
Details about the Solutions Center, SME and AGMA special events at the show.
1321 Longitudinal Tooth Contact Pattern Shift (May 2012)
After a period of operation, high-speed turbo gears may exhibit a change in longitudinal tooth contact pattern, reducing full face width contact and thereby increasing risk of tooth distress due to the decreased loaded area of the teeth. But this can be trickythe phenomenon may or may not occur. Or, in some units the shift is more severe than others, with documented cases in which shifting occurred after as little as 16,000 hours of operation. In other cases, there is no evidence of any change for units in operation for more than 170,000 hours. This condition exists primarily in helical gears. All recorded observations here have been with case-carburized and ground gear sets. This presentation describes phenomena observed in a limited sampling of the countless high-speed gear units in field operation. While the authors found no existing literature describing this behavior, further investigation suggests a possible cause. Left unchecked and without corrective action, this occurrence may result in tooth breakage.
1322 Application of the First International Calculation Method for Micropitting (May 2012)
The first edition of the international calculation method for micropittingISO TR 151441:2010was just published last December. It is the first and only official, international calculation method established for dealing with micropitting. Years ago, AGMA published a method for the calculation of oil film thickness containing some comments about micropitting, and the German FVA published a calculation method based on intensive research results. The FVA and the AGMA methods are close to the ISO TR, but the calculation of micropitting safety factors is new.
1323 What Now - What Next for India (May 2009)
Global slowdown raises questions for Indian gear market.
1324 Industry News (May 2012)
The complete Industry News section from the May 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
1325 Siemens Plant Management 101 (May 2012)
Once upon a time there was a computer. This computer served as a conduit to waste a great deal of time through social networking and online video games. Still, there was always potential to turn these rather sedentary activities into something more positive and useful to mankind. Siemens may have stumbled upon such a concept.
1326 Technical Calendar (May 2012)
The complete Technical Calendar from the May 2012 issue of Gear Technology.
1327 Editorial (July/August 1985)
Despite increased overseas competition, there doesn't seem to be an urge among Americans to attend technical conferences.
1328 Dynamic Analysis of Straight and Involute Tooth Form (July/August 1985)
The effect of load speed on straight and involute tooth forms is studied using several finite-element models.
1329 Calculation of Spur Gear Tooth Flexibility by the Complex Potential Method (September/October 1985)
Calculation of gear tooth flexibility is of interest for at least two reasons: (a) It controls, at least in part, the vibratory properties of a transmission system hence, fatigue resistance and noise: (b) it controls load sharing in multiple tooth contact.
1330 Material Selection and Heat Treatment Part II Metalurgical Characteristics (September/October 1985)
The approximate tensile strength of any steel is measured by its hardness, Table 1. Since hardness is determined by both chemical composition and heat treatment, these are the two important metallurgical considerations in selecting gear steels.
1331 Industry Forum (September/October 1985)
Your May/June issue contains a letter from Edward Ubert of Rockwell International with some serious questions about specifying and measuring tooth thickness.
1332 Hob Length Effects (September/October 1985)
Hobbing is probably the most popular gear manufacturing process. Its inherent accuracy and productivity makes it a logical choice for a wide range of sizes.
1333 Single Flank Data Analysis and Interpretation (September/October 1985)
Much of the information in this article has been extracted from an AGMA Technical Paper, "What Single Flank Testing Can Do For You", presented in 1984 by the author
1334 Notes From the Editors Desk (September/October 1985)
While on holiday in England during July, my thoughts for this page were on the proposed changes to our tax law, and how they would adversely affect America's industry. But with the President undergoing cancer surgery, Congress deadlocked on deficit reduction and the budget on the back burner, nothing new was being said or done regarding a new tax law
1335 New Techniques for Aligning and Maintaining Large Ring Gears (September/October 1985)
This paper presents two new techniques for aligning and maintaining large ring gears. One technique uses lubricant temperature analysis, and the other uses stop action photography.
1336 Industry News (June 2009)
The complete industry news section from the June 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1337 Guide to Gear Expo 2009 (September/October 2009)
Gear Expo floor map and alphabetical listing of exhibitors.
1338 Grinding Gears for Racing Transmissions (September/October 2009)
When you push 850 horsepower and 9,000 rpm through a racing transmission, you better hope it stands up. Transmission cases and gears strewn all over the racetrack do nothing to enhance your standing, nor that of your transmission supplier.
1339 Longitudinal Load Distribution Factor of Helical Gears (July/August 1985)
The contact lines of a pair of helical gears move diagonally on the engaged tooth faces and their lengths consequently vary with the rotation of the gears.
1340 Globalization Brings AGMA, ISO Standards Closer (May/June 2004)
The gear marketplace is a global marketplace. Bill Bradley says it easily, with no special emphasis. The vice president of AGMAs technical division sees the statement as an obvious fact.
1341 Loopy Logo or Symbolically Superior (June 2009)
Have you seen the newly created logo symbolozing the scope of President Obama's $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act?
1342 Influence of Relative Displacements Between Pinion and Gear on Tooth Root Stresses of Spiral Bevel Gears (July/August 1985)
The manufacturing quality of spiral bevel gears has achieved a very high standard. Nevertheless, the understanding of the real stress conditions and the influences. of certain parameters is not satisfactory.
1343 Renaissance Man (January/February 2004)
I lost a good friend in Octoberone that many of you might know. Carlo Costi of Sogimex S.A.S. in Caponago (Milano), Italy, came out of the EMO show in Milan on October 28, caught a taxi and called his wife, Mariella, to tell her that he wasnt feeling well. He diedin the taxion the phonetalking to his wife. He was 60 years old.
1344 Product News (November/December 2009)
The complete Product News section from the November/December 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1345 Experience with Large, High-Speed Load Gears (July 2007)
The main theme of this article is high-capacity, high-speed load gears in a power transmission range between 35 MW and 100 MW for generators and turbo-compressors driven by gas or steam turbines.
1346 How's Your Lead Time (July 2007)
The gear companies enjoying the most success in today's global market are those that firmly believe quality is much more than expert craftsmanship and foolproof inspection methodologies.
1347 Appendices--Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Cutting Technology Update (July 2007)
1348 Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gear Cutting Technology Update (July 2007)
Spiral bevel and hypoid gear cutting has changed significantly over the years. The machines, tools, processes and coatings have steadily advanced.
1349 What's All the Buzz About (July 2007)
The 17-year cicadas created quite a buzz in the Chicagoland area this June. Will Gear Expo 2007 create the same kind of buzz in the gear industry?
1350 Better Gears & Splines With Metrology (July 2007)
What does it mean to make "better" gears? Better gears more closely resemble the intended design parameters.
1351 Sigma Pool Hosts Gear Seminar, WZL Event (July 2007)
More than 120 attendees from the American gear community congregated in Saline, MI, in June for the 2007 Sigma Pool Gear Seminar.
1352 Were Your Childhood Memories in HIGH GEAR (July 2007)
Loyal Gear Technology reader and Interstate Castings vice president Greg Bierck came across "High Gear" at a vintage toy store in Indianapolis, IN.
1353 Product News (September/October 2009)
The complete Product News section from the September/October 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1354 Technical Calendar (May/June 2004)
Calendar of events from the May/June 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1355 The Gear Vanity Plate Hall of Fame (May 2009)
Here is the first batch of responses to our request for entries into the Gear Vanity Plate Hall of Fame (see Addendum, March/April 2009).
1356 The Capacity of Superfinished Vehicle Components to Increase Fuel Economy, Part I (January/February 2009)
This paper will present data from both laboratory and field testing demonstrating that superfinished components exhibit lower friction, operating temperature, wear and/ or higher horsepower, all of which translate directly into increased fuel economy.
1357 Effects of Gear Surface Parameters on Flank Wear (January/February 2009)
Non-uniform gear wear changes gear topology and affects the noise performance of a hypoid gear set. The aggregate results under certain vehicle driving conditions could potentially result in unacceptable vehicle noise performance in a short period of time. This paper presents the effects of gear surface parameters on gear wear and the measurement/testing methods used to quantify the flank wear in laboratory tests.
1358 Effects of Axle Deflection and Tooth Flank Modification on Hypoid Gear Stress Distribution and Contact Fatigue Life (August 2009)
As is well known in involute gearing, perfect involute gears never work perfectly in the real world. Flank modifications are often made to overcome the influences of errors coming from manufacturing and assembly processes as well as deflections of the system. The same discipline applies to hypoid gears.
1359 Forget the View...Check Out Those Gears! (June 2007)
On May 20, the city of Pittsburgh celebrated the 130th anniversary of the Duquesne Incline, a funicular railway that allows passengers to travel via cable car to an observation area and catch a panoromic view of the city andmost importantlyget a birds eye glimpse of the gear teeth in action.
1360 The Skinny on Lean Manufacturing (June 2007)
While universally known as a Japanese invention that was popularized by Toyota, lean in fact traces its roots to the work of post-World War II American occupation forces in Japan.
1361 Marco Polo Had it Right (May 2007)
Gear industry suppliers exhibited at the CIMT machine tool show, held in Beijing April 9-15.
1362 One Man's Junk Equals Fellow Gear Lover's Treasures (May 2007)
Tom Every has a collection of gears that would rival many small warehouses.
1363 NASA's Return to Flight (May 2007)
Gear specialists at the NASA Glenn Research facility helped determine it was safe for the space shuttle to fly again.
1364 Operational Influence on Thermal Behavior of High-Speed Helical Gear Trains (May 2007)
An experimental effort has been conducted on an aerospace-quality helical gear train to investigate the thermal behavior of the gear system as many important operational conditions were varied.
1365 Letters to the Editor (May 2007)
Readers respond to our previous issues.
1366 New Developments in TCA and Loaded TCA (May 2007)
How the latest techniques and software enable faster spiral bevel and hypoid design and development.
1367 Virtually No Gear Job Too Small for Precision Plastic Micro-Molder (March/April 2007)
The greenlighting of new product designs specifying micro-sized, plastic gear sets is often dependent upon existing technology and a companys capabilities to manufacture those gears, and to do so cost-effectively
1368 What - A June Issue (June 2007)
Just like most of the gear industry, we're extremely busy here at Gear Technology. While many of you are working hard to produce more gears, we're doing the same with magazines.
1369 Wind Turbine Market Leads Hansen Transmissions to India (June 2007)
When Belgium-based Hansen Transmissions was under the ownership of Invensys plc in the late 1990s, the parent company was dropping not-so-subtle hints that the industrial gearbox manufacturer was not part of its long-term plans. Yet Hansens CEO Ivan Brems never dreamed that, less than a decade later, he would be working for an Indian company.
1370 Going Lean is One Thing. But Getting There? Quite Another (June 2007)
Google lean manufacturing and you will find a virtually endless font of information regarding formal lean implementation. Youll see definitions for Japanese words such as kaizen, gemba, muda, mura, kanban, and so on. You will also find other variations or iterations of lean, e.g.: Six Sigma, Lean Sigma, TPS (Toyota Production System), TOC (Theory of Constraints), JIT (Just in Time), and others.
1371 Nonstandard Tooth Proportions (June 2007)
With the right selection of nonstandard center distance and tool shifting, it may be possible to use standard tools to improve the gear set capacity with a considerable reduction in cost when compared to the use of special tools.
1372 Low Loss Gears (June 2007)
In most transmission systems, one of the main power loss sources is the loaded gear mesh. In this article, the influences of gear geometry parameters on gear efficiency, load capacity, and excitation are shown.
1373 Pushing the Envelope with Plastic (June 2007)
We were delighted to see the plastic gear set pictured on the cover of your March/April issue. UFE played the lead role in its design and manufacture.
1374 Why do Customers Want to Reinvent OUR Wheel (June 2007)
Over many years of being in the machine tool business, it has been interesting to observe the way we suppliers are forced to quote and sell machine tools to many large companies.
1375 Industry News (August 2009)
The complete Industry News section from the August 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1376 Unsolved Gear Mysteries (January/February 2004)
If there is such a thing as a gear fairy, then its possible he makes surprise visits to various colleges to deposit gears under the pillows of deserving professors.
1377 A Whodunnit in Gearbox Failure (November/December 2008)
Forensics isn't just for tough-talking, crime-busting scientists--most commonly found on your television; the tactic also holds the key to successful gearbox design and manufacture.
1378 Understanding Fluid Flow to Improve Lubrication Efficiency (January/February 2004)
Excess lubricant supply in gearing contributes to power loss due to churning as well as the requirements of the lubrication system itself. Normally, a much larger amount of oil than required is used for cooling because so much of it is thrown away by centrifugal force. To lower the amount of lubricant required and reduce those losses, it is necessary to discover the ideal location of the supplying nozzle.
1379 State of the Gear Industry 2008 (November/December 2008)
Results of research on trends in employment, outsourcing, machine tool investment and other gear industry business practices.
1380 Industry News (May/June 2004)
The complete Industry News section from the May/June 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1381 Gear Grinding 2003 (November/December 2003)
The benefits of ground gears are well known. They create less noise, transmit more power and have longer lives than non-ground gears. But grinding has always been thought of as an expensive process, one that was necessary only for aerospace or other high-tech gear manufacturing.
1382 Fallen Leaves (November/December 2009)
Publisher Michael Goldstein reflects on the recent passing of several gear industry friends and associates.
1383 Reflections (May/June 2004)
When a man looks into a mirror, the image reflects who he is today. But it also reveals who he used to be. Although appearances change, many of the underlying characteristics remain the same. The same is true with Gear Technology, as we celebrate our 20th anniversary and reflect on who we are.
1384 Gleason Cutter Head Improves Tool Life and Productivity (November/December 2009)
The Pentac Plus is the latest generation of Gleasons Pentac bevel gear cutting system. It is designed to allow much higher tool life and improved productivity, especially for cutters using multiple face blade geometry.
1385 Hope Springs Eternal (March/April 2004)
As I write this editorial, much of America seems frozen solid. It snowed again here in Chicago yesterday, and last night the wind chill was 30ºF (34ºC). Its been cold like this for more than a week, and the forecasters are predicting more of the same. After a while, such a deep freeze can be depressing.
1386 Software Bits (January/February 2004)
The latest software for gear design, engineering and manufacturing.
1387 Top 10 Reasons You Should Go to Gear Expo 2009 (August 2009)
Let's face it. It's been a bummer of a summer economically speaking. Here's why you should still go to the show.
1388 You Want It When (July 2009)
What do glam and avant garde rock star Brian Eno, AGMA and Seattle Gear Works have in common? Admittedly, not much. But there is a connection of sorts.
The technical calendar of upcoming events from the July 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1390 Industry News (July 2009)
The complete industry news section from the July 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1391 Revolutions (November/December 2003)
"Holding Gears in Place for Quick Operations" and "Machine Broaches Unusual Sized Gears."
1392 Postcard from Gear Expo (November/December 2003)
Where were you? We were hoping to see you here at Gear Expo. We were surprised that you didn't make it. Anyway, we had a really good show, along with more than a hundred other leading companies in the gear industry who exhibited this year.
1393 Low Pressure Carburizing of Large Transmission Parts (September/October 2009)
Often, the required hardness qualities of parts manufactured from steel can only be obtained through suitable heat treatment. In transmission manufacturing, the case hardening process is commonly used to produce parts with a hard and wear-resistant surface and an adequate toughness in the core. A tremendous potential for rationalization, which is only partially used, becomes available if the treatment time of the case hardening process is reduced. Low pressure carburizing (LPC) offers a reduction of treatment time in comparison to conventional gas carburizing because of the high carbon mass flow inherent to the process (Ref. 1).
1394 New Potentials in Carbide Hobbing (January/February 2004)
To meet the future goals of higher productivity and lower production costs, the cutting speeds and feeds in modern gear hobbing applications have to increase further. In several cases, coated carbide tools have replaced the commonly used high speed steel (HSS) tools.
PowderMet 2009, plus the full technical calendar for Gear Technology's June 2009 issue.
1396 Calendar (August 2009)
Technical calendar from the August 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1397 Industry News (September/October 2009)
The complete Industry News section from the September/October 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1398 Gears: Kid-Tested, Museum-Approved (September/October 2009)
When children are asked what they want to be when they grow up, the answers are undoubtedly diverse. Some immediately respond with doctor, lawyer or firefighter while others take a more creative approach with answers like spy, princess or superhero. The Addendum Staff has yet to come across a youngster that seems committed to a career in gear manufacturing.
1399 Product News (August 2009)
The complete Product News section from the August 2009 issue of Gear Technology.
1400 Industry News (November/December 2004)
The complete Industry News section from the November/December 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1401 2008 Holiday Buyer's Guide (November/December 2008)
Just say "No" to gift cards or fruit baskets this time around.
1402 Hypoloid Gear with Small Shaft Angles and Zero-to-Large Offsets (November/December 2009)
Beveloid gears are used to accommodate a small shaft angle. The manufacturing technology used for beveloid gearing is a special setup of cylindrical gear cutting and grinding machines. A new development, the so-called Hypoloid gearing, addresses the desire of gear manufacturers for more freedoms. Hypoloid gear sets can realize shaft angles between zero and 20° and at the same time, allow a second shaft angle (or an offset) in space that provides the freedom to connect two points in space.
1403 Superfinishing Gears -- The State of the Art (November/December 2003)
Superfinishing the working surfaces of gears and their root fillet regions results in performance benefits.
1404 Technical Calendar (January/February 2004)
Calendar of events from the January/February 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1405 Innovative Concepts for Grinding Wind Power Energy Gears (June 2009)
This article shows the newest developments to reduce overall cycle time in grinding wind power gears, including the use of both profile grinding and threaded wheel grinding.
1406 Paying the Tab (June 2009)
The U.S. economy has been out of kilter for some time. But Uncle Sam isn't going to bail you out. You're going to have to do it yourself.
1407 Showstoppers (advertising section) (July/August 2004)
This special advertising section features some of the premier gear-related exhibitors at IMTS 2004.
1408 IMTS 2004 Sneak Preview (July/August 2004)
Theres a bustle of activity as exhibitors prepare for Americas most significant manufacturing trade show. The red carpets are ready, the lights are being tested, and the crowds are gathering with anticipation. Amid the excitement, Gear Technology has managed to sneak under the ushers ropes to provide you with this advance look at some of the gear-related products and technologies that will be featured at IMTS 2004.
1409 Surface Damage Caused by Gear Profile Grinding and its Effects on Flank Load Carrying Capacity (September/October 2004)
Instances of damage to discontinuous form ground and surface-hardened gears, especially of large scale, have recently increased. This may be attributed partly to a faulty grinding process with negative effects on the surface zones and the surface properties.
1410 The Effect of Manufaturing Microgeometry Variations on the Load Distribution Factor and on Gear Contact and Root Stresses (July 2009)
Traditionally, gear rating procedures consider manufacturing accuracy in the application of the dynamic factor, but only indirectly through the load distribution are such errors in the calculation of stresses used in the durability and gear strength equations. This paper discusses how accuracy affects the calculation of stresses and then uses both statistical design of experiments and Monte Carlo simulation techniques to quantify the effects of different manufacturing and assembly errors on root and contact stresses.
1411 Industry News (September/October 2004)
The complete Industry News section from the September/October 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1412 Revolutions (March/April 2004)
"Gears of Gold" and "Process Equipment's Virtual ND430."
1413 Low Pressure Carburizing with High Pressure Gas Quenching (March/April 2004)
High demands for cost-effectiveness and improved product quality can be achieved via a new low pressure carburizing process with high pressure gas quenching. Up to 50% of the heat treatment time can be saved. Furthermore, the distortion of the gear parts could be reduced because of gas quenching, and grinding costs could be saved. This article gives an overview of the principles of the process technology and the required furnace technology. Also, some examples of practical applications are presented.
1414 Technical Calendar (March/April 2004)
Calendar of events from the March/April 2004 issue of Gear Technology.
1415 Gear Expo 2009 - The Show of Shows for All Things Gearing (August 2009)
As Gear Expo 2009 approaches (Sept. 1517), the show finds itself in an It was the best of times, it was the worst of times mindset.