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Testing Private Methods in the Java World
The solutions usually fall into 4 categories:
- Don't test private methods
- Use reflection
- Use a nested class
- Change the visibility
Let's look at them in turn:
Don't test private methods
This really leaves us with three choices:
- refactor to make the method public in some helper class
- test through a calling method with a higher visibility
- give up
No, thank you!
Use reflection
Why make things simple when you can also make them hard and long-winded? Haven't you always been dreaming of needing 10 lines of code to make a method call? (Yes, there are now even entire tools dedicated to this big operation!) Extra bonus points because you can now also prevent your IDE's compiler and refactoring tools from helping you!
No, thank you!
Use a nested class
No too bad, but with 3 significant drawbacks:
- no separate sources / test sources folders
- larger classes
- unit test code in production binaries
No thank you!
Change the visibility
This leaves us with the last option. Not perfect either, but by far the most pragmatic!
It trades a slight increase in visibility (to package-protected) for greatly simplified calling (a regular method call, no less!), while still preserving the valuable sources / test sources separation.
And with a simple documentation habit, it becomes clear to everyone why this design trade-off was made:
? /* private -> testing */ void myMethodUnderTest() { ... }So the next time you face this problem, choose the pragmatic route. And enjoy a coffee while everyone else is still trying to complicate things. :-)
(Note: Opinions expressed in this article and its replies are the opinions of their respective authors and not those of DZone, Inc.)
Gervais Blaise replied on Wed, 2012/07/18 - 2:05am
But private methods are.. private. They contains code who help the public method to work, they are related to the owning class only and thus they haven't to be tested...
The goal is to test that a class is doing what she is supposed to do without relying on how she do it.
Christian Schli... replied on Wed, 2012/07/18 - 2:34am
Private property is private property and you need to keep out unless you are authorized to access it!
That being said, if you have a private method which is so complex that you feel it needs testing, then this is nothing but a code smell! The solution is to refactor it. Either reduce the complexity or make the method public. In conforming to SOLID principles, this might imply to spin off a new class to host this method.
Don't compromise your design for testing - never!
Barry Smith replied on Wed, 2012/07/18 - 5:36am
Misja Alma replied on Wed, 2012/07/18 - 6:31am
I don't see why you shouldn't modify your code purely for the benefit of your tests? The testability of your code is something to always keep in mind.
If you would be doing TDD, your code would even be well testable by default and your method would not have been private in the first place.
I think making the method package private is the best solution. Just make sure that the package your class exists in contains only classes that are allowed to call your method and for all practical purposes your method is as private as it should be.
Caspar MacRae replied on Wed, 2012/07/18 - 6:48am
Exactly what Misja said - your private methods would be exercised by unit tests invoking methods on the public API, at some point your private method must be called by a public one otherwise it's unused (so delete it - problem solved).
Unit tests act as the client of the (unit's) API under test - so we are necessarily testing the public interface. If you have private methods that aren't covered by tests of the public interface then your design is almost certainly wrong.
The only time I need to manipulate a private/protected method/field is when mimicking dependency injection for component testing, and I have a simple test util static method for injecting these mocks.
You'd be better off changing the title to "How to test legacy code's private methods" or "How to do the complete opposite of TDD with limited success".
Barry Smith replied on Fri, 2012/07/20 - 7:53am
Quite - in fact, if you need to test a private method in the first place it's probably quite a strong hint that you have an algorithm or process which should be extracted off into its own class (a la Fowler's 149 - Extract Class refactoring).


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Congress should be applauded and chastised for passing the Violence Against Women Act.
Congress deserves to take a bow for passing a bill that helps in the fight against violence against women.
The law provides funding for local organizations such as Women In Safe Home and for training for law enforcement to deal with domestic violence.
In many ways it was a no-brainer to pass.
VAWA has been around for years. It was first passed in 1994 and had been in force until the end of 2011.
Unfortunately, it was then that Congress began to stick its collective feet in its mouth by messing with a good thing.
It took more than one year to reauthorize a law that never should have been allowed to expire.
That's because legislators began to add riders and provisions that made a good bill into a potentially bad law.
Legislators do that to try to hide sometimes controversial mandates in a bill that no legislator would be crazy enough to vote against.
When constituents see a bill labeled the Violence Against Women Act, they assume their legislators will vote yes.
Why would anyone vote against protections for domestic violence victims?
Legislators have to vote for bills as a whole and not the individual parts.
For instance, the bill that passed was held up last year partly because it included the expansion of jurisdiction of Native American courts.
That discussion delayed passage because some legislators did not want to pass a bill that included provisions that needed more investigation.
But many legislators voted for the bill because they did not want to become known as someone who had no empathy for domestic violence victims.
Congress deserves thanks for passing VAWA. It should learn to work on the topic at hand.

subset: commoncrawl


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By John Shinn
The Norman Transcript
NORMAN — Mac James laced a two-out single to center field to score Matt Oberste and give Oklahoma a 9-8 victory over Oral Roberts in 15 innings Tuesday night at L. Dale Mitchell Park.
The victory was OU's sixth straight and lifted it to 18-4 on the season. The Golden Eagles dipped to 5-14 after losing their 10th straight.
Jacob Evans (2-0) picked up the victory. He threw the final five innings, holding Oral Roberts scoreless and giving up three hits.
Taylor Tryon (0-1) threw the final 22⁄3 innings. He got out of jams in the 13th and 14th innings.
The 15th was the one he couldn't escape.
Oberste scored the game-winning run on a night he went 4 for 6. Hunter Haley also went 4 for 6 and drove in two runs.
Logan Domenico went 3 for 5 with two RBIs to lead the Golden Eagles.
OU rallied from four runs down heading into the bottom of the sixth inning.
Hunter Haley drilled a two-run triple to cut the deficit to 8-6.
In the seventh inning, Oberste scored on a wild pitch, and Max White came home on an error by Oral Roberts' shortstop Nate Goro.
The Sooners pieced their pitching staff together for the opener of the two-game series. Freshman Corey Copping, who hasn't pitched in a month due to a shoulder strain, made his first appearance since the third game of the season. He only threw the first inning. He walked two but struck out three.
Things got interesting from there.
The Sooners jumped out to a four-run lead in the first inning. A little bit of everything did the damage. Craig Aikin scored on a fielder's choice, and Max White scored on a wild pitch. The only hit that produced a run came on Hector Lorenzana's RBI single to score Matt Oberste. Anthony Hermelyn brought in another run on a squeeze bunt that plated Garrett Carey.
However, the Golden Eagles responded with six runs in the second inning after feasting on the Sooners' bullpen.
Kyle Hayes gave up two hits and walked two more to start the inning. His last pitch was a bases-loaded walk for Brandon Healy. Hayes was charged with all four runs after Kindle Ladd allowed three more hits and two runs to cross before he was pulled.
The teams return to L. Dale Mitchell Park at 6:30 tonight for the series finale.
For local news and more, subscribe to The Norman Transcript Smart Edition, or our print edition.


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CNHI reports
Oklahoma coach Patty Gasso wanted this weekend's NCAA super regional to be a distraction for those affected by the week's severe weather. But another round of storms on Thursday means that fans had to wait one more day for it.
Thursday's opening game between top-ranked OU (50-4) and 16th-seed Texas A&M (42-16) was first delayed and then officially postponed due to harsh field conditions after a week of rain.
The teams were originally scheduled to play one game Thursday and possibly two today to decide which team advances to the Women's College World Series.
Instead, the Sooners and Aggies will try to get started with the opening game at Marita Hynes Field at 6 p.m. today. Times for Saturday's game, or games if necessary, have yet to be determined.


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text: Celebrities Wearing Summer Floral Prints 2012 7 Days, 7 Ways: How Celebs Are Wearing Their Standout Summer Prints by Marisa Tom 8/02/12 0 Reactions 18 Shares Print 2 3 13 0 0 According to the likes of Jordana Brewster, Kate Bosworth, and Jessica Alba, all your warm weather styling needs is a bold Summer print boost. Be it a vibrant butterfly print, a Los Angeles-cool palm-tree print, or a loud magenta-hued exotic floral print, the brighter the pattern, the more we're convinced that our breezy wares still have a lot of life left in them. With Stella McCartney, Carven, and Peter Pilotto leading a colorful pack of designs for both the current season and right into the next, we're honing in on how these starlets are letting their own print obsessions take form. Miranda Kerr's mix-and-matched fare, Karolina Kurkova's literal tropical photo print denim, and Olivia Palermo's sweet scalloped flower-power shorts all add to this Summer's best printed practices. Click through for seven days — and seven ways — to wear and shop the trend now. Source: FameFlynet, WENN.com, WireImage and Getty Monday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Karolina Kurkova put a literal tropical photo-printed Mother Denim spin on her more sophisticated white blazer staple on top. Wear this combination to work with a less flashy heel, so that the only eye-catching piece lies squarely in one place. Source: Getty 1 / 7 Tuesday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jordana Brewster paired an open-weave sweater top with a bold butterfly-printed Tucker skirt and black sandals for the perfect juxtaposition of playful meets polished. Source: WireImage 2 / 7 Wednesday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Olivia Palermo does the Summer short justice in a scalloped floral version, adding a cool tweed heel and a sheer aqua-hued blouse for the finish. Source: Getty 3 / 7 Thursday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hailee Steinfeld amped up her evening attire with an ultracolorful flower-power sheath by Marc Jacobs. To make sure your own take on the print doesn't veer into daytime territory, add patent leather accents. Source: Getty 4 / 7 Friday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jessica Alba wore head-to-toe Salvatore Ferragamo, but our favorite part of the outfit has everything to do with her magenta-hued silk tube top which gave the denim capris and wedge sandals a vibrant boost. Source: FameFlynet 6 / 7 Saturday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kate Bosworth nailed the off-duty cool look in the most vacation-ready H&M printed dress — what more can you expect from a palm trees pattern styled with wedge sandals and aviator sunglasses? Source: WENN.com 6 / 7 Sunday What's Your Reaction? 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miranda Kerr mixed and matched her brighter-than-bright floral prints, with a button-up on top and Joie sport-inspired shorts on bottom. We think the Panama hat adds just the right amount of weekend cool. Source: FameFlynet 7 / 7 Tucker Tucker Shirred Camisole Sold Out • shopbop.com Tucker Camisoles Mother MOTHER The Looker Sold Out • Revolve Clothing Mother Skinny Denim Equipment Equipment Earl floral-print washed-silk playsuit Sold Out • NET-A-PORTER.COM Equipment Shorts Forever 21 FOREVER 21 Floral Print Dolphin Shorts Sold Out • Forever 21 Forever 21 Pants Vineet Bahl Vineet Bahl Floral-print georgette maxi dress Sold Out • NET-A-PORTER.COM Vineet Bahl Day Dresses Motel Motel Hawaiian Print Marilyn Romper Sold Out • Urban Outfitters Motel Shorts Glamorous Glamorous Belted Skater Dress in Leopard Sold Out • Asos Glamorous Pants Topshop Floral Print Cigarette Trousers Sold Out • Topshop Topshop Skinny Pants Theory Theory Floral-Print Tie Top Sold Out • Neiman Marcus Theory Petite Tops Marc by Marc Jacobs Marc by Marc Jacobs Black/White Lace Lily Dress Sold Out • STYLEBOP.com Marc by Marc Jacobs Dresses Salvatore Ferragamo Salvatore Ferragamo - Multi Layered Crepe De Chine Top Sold Out • LUISAVIAROMA Salvatore Ferragamo Sleeveless Tops Topshop Floral Print Drop Back Shirt Sold Out • Topshop Topshop Button Front Tops Asos ASOS PETITE Exclusive Midi Body-Conscious Dress In Floral Print Sold Out • Asos Asos Day Dresses Asos ASOS Hot Pants in Ombre Floral Print Sold Out • Asos Asos Shorts DKNY DKNY Eva Print Ankle Skinny Trouser With Seam Details Sold Out • my-wardrobe DKNY Skinny Pants Love Moschino Love Moschino Stretch T-Shirt in Floral Print Sold Out • Asos Love Moschino Shortsleeve Tops We Are Owls Skeleton Scarf Sold Out • Les Nouvelles Les Nouvelles Scarves & Wraps Tucker Quotation: Tucker Tunic - Henley Short Sleeve with Belt Sold Out • Bloomingdale's Tucker Day Dresses 2 3 13 0 0 Read More 7 Days 7 WaysFloral PrintsSummer StylePrintsCelebrity StyleShopping Celebrity Style The Only Competition Stars Like Miranda Kerr Face Is Themselves 21 minutes ago Get Taylor Swift's Cute Outfit From Alice + Olivia on Sale! 57 minutes ago Who Are You Calling "Not a Fashion Icon"? — Certainly Not Beyoncé 1 hour ago Ponchos Are Happening — Just Ask Olivia Palermo 2 hours ago 21 Stars 21 and Under Who Aren't Too Young For Fashion 3 hours ago We Spy: Lea Michele's and More "Belfies" Taking Over Instagram! 15 hours ago summer style Everything You Need to Heat Up Your Summer Style 1 day ago You'll Never Guess This Trick For Fixing a Broken Flip-Flop . . . 2 days ago 9 Reasons to Keep Dreaming About Denim 2 days ago 7 New Ways to Tie Your Sarong This Weekend! 3 days ago 3 Cool Denim Dress Outfits to Wear This Weekend 4 days ago 15 Ways to Wear Summer Denim, Without Ever Putting On Your Jeans 4 days ago Get a Personalized Fashion & Beauty Newsletter! Help us customize your newsletter by selecting your interests (optional): Fashion & Beauty News Beauty Tips Celebrity Style Street Style Link Love Tim Gunn turns 61 today, and he's offering up style tips — InStyle Believe it or not, you can stay sweat-free and stylish this Summer — HuffPost Style How real is that ruby you're about to buy? — Racked Ankle socks are the accessory your outfit's been missing — Who What Wear We'll trust the Victoria's Secret Angels to show us what's sexy — StyleList This tank will make getting out of bed so much easier — The Cut Does norm-core have staying power, or is it too boring? — Fashionista Bring your off-duty outfits to the office this week — The Zoe Report You don't want to pack for any trip without this bag — Domaine Home Source: Getty / Bryan Bedder


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Super Tuesday Analysis
Road to the White House still an uphill battle for the Romney camp.
It looks like, Mitt Romney will win Ohio and several other states. But Rick Santorum, Ron Paul, and Newt Gingrich will win enough delegates tonight to keep this demolition derby going and to make Romney's life difficult. This is good news for President Obama, who has an 18 percent lead among women in new Wall Street Journal/NBC national survey. Thanks to Rush and Rick.
Update: Closer than expected races in Virginia and Vermont suggest that many Republicans still haven't learned to love Romney. If Republicans nominate Romney it will be a marriage of convenience.
Update 2: Everybody's a winner tonight on Super Tuesday including Barack Obama. Romney wins the most delegates but Santorum, Gingrich and Paul do well enough to keep this train wreck going. The longer the GOP race continues, the harder it will be for Romney to win in the fall.
Update 3: Oklahoma is okay for Rick Santorum. The GOP race remains a muddle which is bad news for Mitt Romney because it prolongs an ugly race. But victories for Newt Gingrich and Rick Santorum keep the anti-Romney vote divided The fractured GOP field is the reason that Romney will win the GOP nod. But the former liberal and former governor will have to fight for every inch of ground between here and Tampa.
Update 4: Romney just gave a tepid "victory" speech in Boston and gets tepid response from supporters. What did he win so far? Two New England states and Virginia where Gingrich and Santorum weren't even on the ballot. Exit polls continue to show that Romney does poorly with downscale voters and religious conservatives.
Update 5: Mitt Romney's weak performance tonight will spur talk about the GOP establishment trying to find a candidate to stop Rick Santorum. Chris Christie anyone? Exit polls have consistently under reported Rick Santorum's vote. Are Republicans too embarrassed to admit that they voted for the former senator from Pennsylvania?


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Los Angeles City Atty. Carmen Trutanich raised some eyebrows when, during a recent candidates forum, he referred to himself as "an outsider."
That might be a tough description for an incumbent to justify. But Trutanich, facing three challengers in the city's March 5 primary election after a failed run for district attorney, has embraced it.


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Pierce Team
Pictured from left to right: Steve Macchia, Lois Pierce, Dennis Hollinger
Stephen A. Macchia - Director
The Rev. Dr. Stephen A. Macchia serves as the Director of the Pierce Center, overseeing the Center's initiatives on all of our campuses. His office is located in South Hamilton, Massachusetts. Dr. Macchia also serves as Founding President of Leadership Transformations, Inc., a ministry devoted to developing leadership in church and parachurch ministry settings with a strong emphasis on the spiritual formation of leaders and teams. Dr. Macchia is also the creator of The CHAT Survey for churches and he teaches in the Doctor of Ministry department in the "Spiritual Formation for Ministry Leaders" track He received both his M.Div. and D.Min. from Gordon-Conwell, where he also received a distinguished alumni award in 2000. He previously served on the pastoral staff at Grace Chapel (Lexington, MA) and as President of Vision New England and currently serves on the Executive Committee of the National Association of Evangelicals. He is the author of five books, including Becoming A Healthy Church (Baker Books, 1999), Becoming A Healthy Disciple (Baker Books, 2004), Becoming A Healthy Team (Baker Books, 2005) and Crafting a Rule of Life (IVP, 2012). Dr. Macchia and his wife Ruth live in Lexington, Massachusetts, with their two children, Nathan and Rebekah.
Joellen Maurer - Assistant Director
Joellen is the Assistant Director of The Pierce Center for Disciple-Building at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. She has a bachelor's degree from Milligan College and a M.A. in Ministry, with an emphasis on spiritual formation, from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. Her ministry background includes serving as Dean of Women at Cincinnati Christian University, Director of Women's Ministries and Director of Spiritual Growth at Christ Church in Lake Forest, IL, and Director of Servant Leadership at Sterling College. Joellen and her husband, Paul, are the proud parents of four children; Jon, Elizabeth, Daniel and Sarah. A Midwesterner by birth, her family recently relocated to the North Shore of Boston.
Susan Currie - Associate for Spiritual Formation
Susan Currie serves as the Associate for Spiritual Formation at the Pierce Center on Gordon-Conwell's Hamilton campus. She also oversees Selah, Leadership Transformations' Certificate Program in Spiritual Direction. Susan engages in additional spiritual formation ministries, particularly retreat leadership and spirtual companionship, with individuals, local churches, and wider church and parachurch bodies. She is a graduate of Bryn Mawr College, Gordon-Conwell (Master of Arts and Theological Studies), and the certificate program of Christian Formation and Direction Ministries - Northwest. Susan and her husband, Dave, live in Hamilton, Massachusetts, and are graced with three children: Catherine, Roy and Elspeth.
Thomas Griffith - Coordinator of the Boston Campus
The Rev. Dr. Thomas G. Griffith serves as the Director of the Pierce Fellowship at Gordon-Conwell's Boston Campus (CUME). He is also the senior pastor at River of Life Church in the Jamaica Plain portion of Boston, where he has served for 27 years. In addition to his pastoral work, Tom is one of the leaders of the prayer movement in Greater Boston, and facilitates Prayer Summits throughout the region. After earning his bachelor's degree from the University of Florida, Tom received both his M.Div. and D.Min. from Gordon-Conwell. He and his wife live in Boston and have four children: Daniel, Deborah, Peter and Timothy.
Shari Adams - Coordinator of the Charlotte Campus
Shari Adams serves as the Director of the Pierce Center for Disciple-Building at Gordon-Conwell's Charlotte campus. Her work encompasses several areas of engaging students in spiritual direction including soul care groups, retreats, and integrating spiritual theology with counseling. Shari's degrees are from Wheaton College, Azusa Pacific University and a certificate in Spiritual Direction from Loyola Marymount University. She is also a licensed counselor and a Pastoral Care Specialist. Shari and her husband, Lon, live near Charlotte and enjoy friendship with their three adult children."


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Apps. We love 'em.
They keep us occupied in waiting rooms, on subway trains and during long-winded lectures. They're handy for picking out paint colors, choosing a place for dinner and finding the cheapest gas for your car.
And with more than 85,000 to choose from, there's an app for every type of iPhone and iPod touch user.
The next time you're at the Apple App Store, check out some of the downloadable goodies that can help you manage, monitor and control the electronic devices in your home. There are plenty of them.
From your trusty iPhone or iPod touch you'll be able to see what's going on at home while you're on vacation, turn off the lights during your commute to work and set up your A/V gear for a movie. And that's just the tip of the iceberg.
Click here for 10 Cool iPhone Apps for Home Control.
What apps have you found make managing your home easier? We'd love to hear about them.Follow Electronic House on Facebook and Twitter.
The BD-A1040 also has Wi-Fi and support for Blu-ray 3D, SACD and DVD-Audio formats.
The famous home theater designer builds a masterpiece in his own New York home.
The Honda Smart Home home has several electronic enhancements and provides zero-net energy living.


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Vithoulkas takes over as county manager
On Jan. 16, Henrico County welcomed its new county manager, John Vithoulkas, to office. Vithoulkas replaces Virgil Hazelett, who retired this month following a 21-year stint in the position, during which he oversaw tremendous growth in the county and help solidify and strengthen its sparkling financial status.
Vithoulkas, who has spent 16 years as a county employee, most recently served as deputy county manager for administration. His family moved to the United States from Greece when he was an infant, and he has spent the majority of his life as a Henrico resident. Vithoulkas is a graduate of J.R. Tucker High School and VCU. Recently, he sat down with Citizen Publisher Tom Lappas to discuss his new position, challenges facing Henrico County and his philosophy on managing a county that is still flourishing despite the economic downturn.
Henrico Citizen: "Henrico County Manager John Vithoulkas" – What goes through your mind when you hear that? How does that resonate with you?
John Vithoulkas – This is the eighth time that Henrico County has appointed a county manager, going back to 1934. So there is a true sense of stability that we've achieved as a local government. That stability resonates with me and is truly one of the reasons that we are who we are as a locality. We have had a stable local government on the administrative side for many, many years.
HC: How did you get to this point?
Vithoulkas: I've been fortunate in that the past 16 years that I've been with the county, I've largely been involved with the financial side of the house. I've been the CFO, if you will, for the county for a number of years. Going forward, I think many of the concerns that will be present at the local government level will be financial in nature. When you look at Henrico County and you stack it up against other local governments in the commonwealth and in the nation, what you'll find is that you have one of the lowest tax rate localities in the state and nation, one of the lowest-cost localities, as far as what it costs to provide the average service. I'm very proud of the efforts that have been undertaken thus far. My previous position as the director of finance for the county, I think that's put me in a position to be able to help navigate some of the difficulties that we will face as a county.
HC: It's fair to say that a lot of what you accomplished in that position is why you were named county manager. Henrico has not had to lay off any employees or cut services during this economic downturn; how much longer can that last?
Vithoulkas: The county has not had to reduce services, resort to layoffs or increase taxes since the difficulty began in 2008. That has been kind of the mantra. It's something that is altogether unusual, when you look at other local governments. We have been able to, to date, reduce the budget or absorb costs that exceed $91 million. Early on, we were able to put a number of work groups together to identify immediate cost-savings. In the last economic run-up. . . we limited our expense growth to a maximum of 5 percent per year. So as we went into this recession, we were better positioned than most, and that helped initially. But as this economic difficulty has continued, we have taken multiple approaches to reducing costs. We formed these employee teams. We have undertaken an effort that we've labeled "Changing the Way Henrico Does Business." We have involved willingly our School Board, who has also participated in these efforts becuase schools represents just under 55 percent of the General Fund budget. What we are facing going forward as of today is another shortfall of $18.5 million going into next year's budget. It gets more difficult the longer you go. That $18.5 million will result in cuts or reductions that exceed $115 million in five years, and that is a significant number. We are working on a number of budget scenarios. We won't take just one approach when it comes to our fiscal affairs.
HC: Will this year's budget prove to be the most difficult one ever for Henrico County?
Vithoulkas: Cumulatively, this will be the hardest budget. Last year's budget was the hardest budget. And then the budget the year before was the hardest budget, and so on. The first couple of years when we went into this having those budget caps in place, that was a significant step as far as protecting the financial house of the county. While we have not eliminated or laid off positions, Henrico County is operating today with 320 vacant positions. There are some positions that ultimately have to be filled, because . . . we're in the business of delivering services, so we must deliver services that our residents expect. And not only that – we must deliver the best services that we possibly can. There's something called the Henrico way that we talk about internally. Each and every time a citizen interacts with Henrico County – whether it's in a library, whether it's in the Department of Finance, whether it's someone that comes in and gets a building permit – if we can meet that customer's needs in the most effective manner, i.e., have that person come in and obtain what it is that they want and do so in a positive way and have that customer leave having a positive interaction with their local government, then that is the Henrico way. That is something that must occur whether the economy is booming or not. That is the least common denominator of who we are. And it's the least common denominator of who we will be going forward.
HC: You are replacing Virgil Hazelett, a man who has been ranked several times as the most powerful person in Metro Richmond. You are someone who prefers a behind-the-scenes role. Do you have to change how you operate now that you are in a highly visible position, or do you continue with your own style?
Vithoulkas: The advantage that I have going into this position versus other managers or administrators that go into positions like this is that I am walking on solid ground. We have a solid base in Henrico, as far as the systems that are in place. When it comes to personal rankings, I have preferred my whole career to be a team player, a team member, a behind-the-scenes type of person. I am driven by a humility that is at my core, and that's not going to change regardless of my position or interactions at the regional level with other administrators. I know all the other administrators. I actually worked for Jay Steigmaier, who's Chesterfield's administrator, for a number of years, early in my career. When I was in college, I interned with the City of Richmond and know many of those folks. Hanover County we speak to very frequently and we're very close with. All of those are are personal relationships. When it comes to our whole region, I think the approach is that we can all learn from each other.
HC: In the past five years, the six highest-ranking appointed county officials (the county manager and five deputy county managers) have retired. Do you view that as a negative, given the tremendous
institutional knowledge that left with them, or as a positive, in that this new team brings its own experience and perhaps a slightly different outlook?
Vithoulkas: There's always a fear of change in organizations – it's a natural thing. We had a group [of deputy county managers] that had worked for the county for 30, 35, 40 years, and within a 24-month period they all had reached the age where they wanted to retire and started to do so. Ultimately what we've done – and this is part of Henrico's success – is that we are continuously bringing up folks within our ranks. Three of the four deputies have come from within. These are folks that, as opposed to having 40 or 35 years experience, have 15, 20, 25 years of experience. They are very seasoned employees and very well-regarded by the work force. The fourth deputy who has recently been hired [Joe Casey] has many years with Hanover County and is . . . very highly regarded throughout the state. I'm very excited about this group. I could not be more pleased. When I say I am on solid ground, that solid ground has occurred [in large part] because of the environment that Virgil Hazelett put together so that we could find ourselves in a position where we could hire from within. There are going to be. . . financial challenges and other challenges that we have moving forward, but I feel very strongly that this team will be able to respond accordingly and will always at its core be able to focus back and remember the customer.
HC: What is the one takeaway from your years working with Virgil Hazelett that you will bring with you into this job?
Vithoulkas: The one takeaway would be that everything matters. It's not that one thing matters, it's that everything matters. I'll give you an example. I was coming back from lunch with Virgil one day, and we were walking in a hallway, and there was a fleck of paper on the floor. And this man, who is in his mid- to late-60s, who has had back surgery and who has so much metal in his back . . . stops and without hesitation bends over and picks up that fleck of paper. When we talk about the Henrico way, that is what the Henrico way is. That's the
least common denominator. Going forward, that is the premise that has to be abided by. we have to remember that. I think that's part of the reason for our success as far as stability. There is a culture within this organization. We understand that. Not only do we understand it, but we abide by it.
HC: You are the first Henrico County manager who is not also a professional engineer, so I have to ask: Are you at least an amateur engineer? Was there any requirement in your contract that you take an
engineering course?
Vithoulkas: (Laughter) There was no requirement built in that I be an engineer, but if it makes you feel better, I have two brothers that are engineers, and my dad was a machinist and I grew up in a garage.
HC: The county has petitioned the General Assembly for the authority to implement a meals tax. Why is that critical, and how important is it for this to be approved?
Vithoulkas: The meals tax discussion has come about because after having made budgetary reductions and absorbed costs in excess of $91 million with another $18.5 million to go, it is extremely difficult to be able to maintain services at levels that our residents expect, quite frankly. So the discussion that led to the meals tax [idea] was predicated on a number of facts. First, Henrico County is the only locality in the commonwealth of Virginia that maintains its own roads that does not have this revenue source. There are over 200 localities in the commonwealth – cities, counties and towns – that have a meals tax. Nobody, nobody in this government has been an advocate for new taxes or fees. That's one thing I think you'll see if you look at our budgets from year to year. We just do not propose a fee for this and a fee for that. The meals tax appeals because of Henrico's demographics, i.e. our business climate, our business travelers and sports tourism that is occurring more and more here in the county. We believe that 40 percent of the meals tax would come from out of town, and that is fairly conservative estimate. If we are in a position where we have to look at something like a real estate tax [increase], 100 percent of the real estate tax comes from our businesses and our residents. So the thought is, let's see if we can have a community conversation. The only way to get a meals tax as a county. . . is by having a referendum or if granted the right by the General Assembly. The question that we have put to our legislators is, Can we have a community discussion and show our community, 'This is the reason that we have put this meals tax question out there.' And after this community conversation with a unanimous vote of the board, then proceed with a meals tax. A meals tax is not something that you can impose overnight. It would require significant implementation conversations and communication with businesses. You're looking at at least a six-month lag even if there was an affirmative vote.
HC: Is there a defining issue that you feel is going to take precedence in the county during the next decade, whether it's tourism, development in Eastern Henrico, transportation issues or something else?
Vithoulkas: Most of the issues that we will face will have this fiscal undertone. I would safely say [for] the next five years. . . our fiscal environment will be difficult. The difficulty with the federal government obviously has implications for Henrico and basically all levels of government. In the past 10, 12 years, local governments have had challenges with the state. You have state legislators who have wanted to reduce taxes as a policy [issue]. The taxes that they have chosen to reduce more often than not have actually been local taxes. That presents difficulty, because. . . while we have year-to-year budgets, our fiscal affairs are many years into the future. So we are consistently planning 5, 10, 15 years out into the future. Not being able to rely on resources that you have today for tomorrow will present a challenge.
In Henrico County, we are becoming more urban. When I grew up in Henrico, the West End was West End Drive, and there wasn't much beyond that. We have seen many changes, and those changes will continue. We have more businesses, more residents, more people that will continue to choose to live in Henrico. I am a first-generation immigrant. We are becoming more multi-cultural. There are so many opportunities that we have within that realm. When you take our increasing and increasingly diverse population, and you look at what that means as far as service demands, our infrastructure will present probably our single largest challenge going forward. That is infrastructure as far as schools, it is infrastructure as far as utilities, it's infrastructure as far as public safety, fire stations, police precincts, it's infrastructure as far as recreational areas.
Quality of life is not one-dimensional – it's not a library, it's not a park – it's all of these things that we have worked as a community for many years to develop. And it's also transportation, it is roads. Another thing that sets us apart is that you have a county of 244 square miles and within this 244 square miles, you have the third largest road network in the state of Virginia. The point is that you can get from Point A to Point B in this county, whether it's in the East End, West End, what have you. That is a huge convenience to our residents, but it's also one of the reasons that businesses choose to migrate here.
So there will be challenges. All of this within the backdrop of a likely difficult fiscal period of time. Our county is now going on 402 years of history. In those 402 years of history, people that have walked this soil before us have had challenges that were significantly harder than the ones we're facing now and will face. So with that perspective, I have a lot of hope. I am a father of three. I am a believer in our school system and the services that we offer. I have spent most of my life within Henrico. I think the best for Henrico is yet to come because the generations that come even after me, I am truly excited about those generations. As a parent, I've seen firsthand what not only our school system has been able to do, but how these kids now, how they all get it as far as community goes.
HC: Will there be a bond referendum in the near future?
Vithoulkas: There will be a bond referendum at some point. The responsibility that we have as the steward's of the public's resources is that we cannot put forward false hope. Credibility for Henrico has always been a mantra. Our financial house has always had that rock-solid backdrop. In the past five years, we have actually had less capacity to issue debt than we had prior to 2008. So going forward, things will start to change, things will start to improve. We will look at that when the economy improves. I can't give you a year. I can tell you it won't be this year and it won't be next year, based on what we are seeing as far as our financials.
HC: Are there any specific programs or efforts that you hope to implement in this new position?
Vithoulkas: I come into this position focused on the customer, and that is my backdrop. I am personally driven by service. I believe that one of the biggest mistakes that local governments can make is to lose focus of what is important. From the management side, what is important is the citizen and meeting the service delivery needs of the citizen. So, there is no and will not be any, 'Let's have a 10-point plan.' You just won't see that. My focus, near term, is entirely on meeting the budgetary challenges and longer-term, getting to the point where we can once again make enhancements to our infrastructure, i.e., at some point coming forward with the bond referendum.
HC: What do you view as the greatest strength of Henrico County?
Vithoulkas: Our residents. I see that over and over again, and I see it when I leave and I go away. Henrico is home. When my parents emigrated to this nation, we lived in New York City. I have been back to New York City to visit relatives. If you run into a person at Regency Square and you have a questions, you'll get an answer and a 'Have a nice day.' If you ask someone in New York City a question, not only do you not get an answer, but . . . well, it's just a different environment. Henrico County is a great place to live, to raise a family. There's a quality of life that we have here that I don't believe we see until we leave here and come back. To me, there is no other place like Henrico County. And what makes it special is the residents that are here.
HC: What is your passion away from work?
Vithoulkas: My family. I've got 16-year-old twins, a boy and girl, and I've got a 12-year-old son. I married my high-school sweetheart. We've been very fortunate in that we are a close family. My parents are still here. [His wife] Jenny's mom is here. We have a big support system within the community. I feel like when I go home. . . I have the ability to decompress and really be myself. I have learned more, I think, from being a parent about leadership and life than from any other aspect. When you become a parent, you are able to go from focusing on self to focusing on others, and that's what it's all about.
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden raises admission $1
Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden's admission has increased by $1 across all categories. Admission is now $12 for adults; $11 for seniors ages 55 and older; and $8 for children ages 3–12. Admission remains free for children ages 3 and younger and for members.
The last price increase was in 2011, before the Garden consistently hosted Butterflies LIVE! (which is included with admission). > Read more.
Garden tails
The threat of bad weather didn't keep visitors away from Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden July 10 for the facility's weekly Flowers After 5 event (which pairs music and food with a chance to stroll the garden) and its monthly Fidos After 5 (which allows dog owners to bring their pets with them to enjoy the evening). > Read more.
Western Henrico Rotary helps fund Midwives For Haiti Jeep
Thanks in part to a $10,000 gift from the Western Henrico Rotary Club, another bright pink Jeep modified to travel extremely rough terrain has been delivered to Midwives For Haiti so that more pregnant women in the quake-ravaged country will have access to prenatal care and a greater chance of surviving childbirth.
The funds were raised at the annual casino night held in February, club president Adam Cherry said. The Rotary Club also helped purchase the Virginia-based charity's first pink jeep three years ago. > Read more.
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'Top Chef' finalist to open Willow Lawn restaurant
A finalist in the Bravo television show Top Chef is bringing one of his four restaurant chains to Henrico County.
Bryan Voltaggio, who was the runner-up of the sixth season of Top Chef, (finishing second to his brother, Michael) and his business partner, Hilda Staples, will open their third Family Meal restaurant, at Henrico's Willow Lawn shopping center. The restaurant is expected to open early next year. > Read more.
US Army Field Band to perform in Henrico Aug. 3
The United States Army Field Band will present a free public performance at Deep Run Park in Henrico on Sunday, Aug 3 at 3 p.m.
Members of the band are soldiers who also serve as "musical ambassadors of the Army" and perform for schools and communities nationwide.
The Concert Band will be performing along with the Soldiers' Chorus. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
Get up and dance – square dance, that is – with the Tuckahoe Square Dance Club tonight! More musical events this weekend include family-friendly karaoke at Aunt Sarah's Pancake House, the United States Army Field Band and Soldiers' Chorus Concert and the Henrico Teen Theatre Company's production of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf." For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
More News
'Tis the season
Business in brief
Schools sales tax holiday returns this weekend
First Capital Bank to 'Stuff the Bus' in August
VBS offers giveaways to donors as part of 'Donor-Rita-Ville'
Hancock Fabrics to host grand opening event for White Oak store
Chamber, colleges unite to create intern clearinghouse
Southwest to complete its Richmond conversion
Obituary – Frances Alderman Farrar
Citizen seeks HS correspondents
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Victor Gruen, a revolutionary genius in the field of corporate branding and marketing, is now best known as the architect of America's...
Hiroshige's One Hundred Famous Views of Edo
Hiroshige's 118 woodblock landscape and genre scenes of mid-nineteenth-century Tokyo, is one of the greatest achievements of Japanese art.
For Diaz, like so many of the Barbizon painters, the Fontainebleau Forest outside of Paris proved a constant source of inspiration. In these...
200 Eastern Parkway
Brooklyn, New York 11238-6052
Eastern Parkway/Brooklyn Museum
Wednesday: 11 a.m.–6 p.m.
Thursday: 11 a.m.–10 p.m.
Friday–Sunday: 11 a.m.–6 p.m.


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July 30, 2014
BROWNSVILLE, Texas (AP) A South Texas jury is to begin deliberations in the bribery trial of a former South Texas district attorney charged with helping a crooked judge.
Closing arguments are set for Friday in federal court in Brownsville in the trial of former Cameron County District Attorney Armando Villalobos (vee-yah-LOH'-bohs). The defense rested its case Thursday after Villalobos testified in his own defense.
He told a federal jury in Brownsville that no one gave him money to fix criminal cases and that he gave no money to former state District Judge Abel Limas for similar purposes.
Villalobos is the top target to stand trial after an investigation into legal corruption involving Limas, who pleaded guilty to racketeering and awaits sentencing.
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In this level, the child learns the addition facts with mental strategies. He also learns to add 4-digit numbers. Subtraction is delayed until addition is thoroughly understood. Place value is emphasized throughout. Other topics, such as geometry, money, clocks, and unit fractions, are also taught. Level B can be implemented without having done Level A.
Ready to start with RightStart™ Mathematics Level B? We have just the Starter Kit for you!
You have four decisions to make which will determine which Starter Kit is the right one for you. Your first decision is choosing which type of AL Abacus; Standard or Classic. Next decision is which type of worksheet: coil bound worksheets or e-workbook. Third decision is the type of kit: Basic or Deluxe and final decision is US or Canadian version.
1. AL Abacus Standard or the AL Abacus Classic?
Both of these abacuses are grouped in 5s and 10s with blue and yellow beads and both are made in the USA. The AL Abacus Standard has a red plastic frame and plastic beads. The AL Abacus Classic has a wooden frame and wooden painted beads.
The abacuses are very similar in size; AL Abacus Standard is 9-3/4" x 7-1/2" (24.75 cm x 19.25 cm) and the AL Abacus Classic is 9-3/4" x 8-1/2" (24.75 cm x 21.5 cm). The AL Abacus Standard is more durable due to the plastic material and the design. It is also less expensive.
2. Coil-bound worksheets or e-workbook?
The coil-bound worksheets are copy written for a single child's use. The electronic workbook is copy written for a single family's use and will be delivered as a pdf through your email.
3. Basic Starter Kit or the Deluxe Starter Kit?
The Basic Starter Kit includes all the required books and manipulatives needed to complete the curriculum. The Deluxe Starter Kit has the same required books and manipulatives, however, this kit adds the additional recommended books and manipulatives.
4. US or Canadian version?
The child's worksheets will depict the correct US or Canadian coins, the money card decks will display either US or Canadian images, and if your Deluxe kit includes plastic coins, it will be the ones from your country. The teacher's manual will not vary with the versions.
RightStart™ Mathematics Level B not what you need? Return to the shop online starting point. Remember the Placement Test is available to help you place your child in the program at the correct level.


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|merchant (ˈmɜːtʃənt)
|a person engaged in the purchase and sale of commodities for profit, esp on international markets; trader
|chiefly (US), (Canadian) a person engaged in retail trade
|(esp in historical contexts) any trader
|derogatory a person dealing or involved in something undesirable: a gossip merchant
|a. of the merchant navy: a merchant sailor
|b. of or concerned with trade: a merchant ship
|(tr) to conduct trade in; deal in
|[C13: from Old French, probably from Vulgar Latin mercātāre (unattested), from Latin mercārī to trade, from merx goods, wares]
The Hebrew word so rendered is from a root meaning "to travel about," "to migrate," and hence "a traveller." In the East, in ancient times, merchants travelled about with their merchandise from place to place (Gen. 37:25; Job 6:18), and carried on their trade mainly by bartering (Gen. 37:28; 39:1). After the Hebrews became settled in Palestine they began to engage in commercial pursuits, which gradually expanded (49:13; Deut. 33:18; Judg. 5:17), till in the time of Solomon they are found in the chief marts of the world (1 Kings 9:26; 10:11, 26, 28; 22:48; 2 Chr. 1:16; 9:10, 21). After Solomon's time their trade with foreign nations began to decline. After the Exile it again expanded into wider foreign relations, because now the Jews were scattered in many lands.


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"It's the most wonderful time of the year," says one of the most popular songs of the season. Yet good cheer isn't what everyone experiences during the holidays. With that in mind, Pop & Hiss hoped to compile a list of the saddest yuletide songs ever recorded.
We can't claim these are definitively the saddest, because there are so many more available to choose from. Some are holiday standards, others may be less familiar because they typically don't show up on shopping mall playlists and those 24/7 holiday-music radio stations. So here are two dozen of our favorite holiday downers, in alphabetical order:


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Search through the catalogue of ancient history books:
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Encyclopedia Definition
Mark Cartwright
published on 08 February 2013
Alcibiades (or Alkibiades) was a gifted and flamboyant Athenian statesman and general whose shifting of sides during the Peloponnesian War in the 5th century BCE earned him a reputation for cunning and treachery. Good looking and rich, he was also notorious for his extravagant lifestyle and loose morals. Never short of enemies or admirers - amongst whom... [continue reading]


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Brendan Sonnone is the Orlando Sentinel's Florida State athletics beat reporter. On the Chopping Block, he provides the latest news and analysis from Tallahassee.
7:48 a.m. EDT | July 25, 2014
UCF, FSU men's basketball will conclude their nonconference series this season. Read More
6:16 p.m. EDT | July 22, 2014
Montverde Academy offensive tackle Abdul Bello, a transplant from Nigeria who moved to Florida just last summer, has decided he will play his college football at FSU. Read More
1:23 p.m. EDT | July 21, 2014
FSU is the overwhelming favorite to win the ACC Championship, according to a poll of media members in attendance at the 2014 ACC Football Kickoff. Read More
6:35 p.m. EDT | July 20, 2014
FSU is laying its claim to having the best secondary in the nation for the second season in a row. Read More
5:54 p.m. EDT | July 20, 2014
Is Jameis Winston still considering staying at FSU through his junior season? Read More
12:44 p.m. EDT | July 20, 2014
Below is a video repaly of Jameis Winston's press conference at the ACC Football Kickoff. Read More
9:54 a.m. EDT | July 20, 2014
A record number of media representatives are expected to attend this year's ACC Football Kickoff thanks to the presence of FSU's Jameis Winston. Read More
5:59 p.m. EDT | July 18, 2014
Jacksonville First Coast receiver DJ Matthews, a rising sophomore, committed to FSU Friday. Mathews is one of the top receivers in the state. Read More
9:17 a.m. EDT | July 18, 2014
Ask just about anyone hanging around at the Jimbo Fisher Football Camp at FSU on Thursday and the answer was the same. Anyone, that is, except for Jacques Patrick. Read More
11:19 a.m. EDT | July 10, 2014
FSU receiver Jesus Wilson has been suspended indefinitely and faces a charge of grand theft of a motor vehicle after he was accused of stealing a scooter. Read More


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The Eagles officially announced some changes to the coaching staff. Bill Musgrave (QB Coach) and Michael Clay (Defensive Quality Control) have been added to the staff. Mike Dawson received a...
Thoughts On Boston College Football's New Staff
[UPDATED] Is Boston College the 112th ranked offense in the nation because of all the turnover at the offensive coordinator / position coach positions? Or is BC the 112th offense because of all...
National Signing Day, Boston College Recruiting: DE Malachi Moore #WeareBC #BCEagles
National Signing Day, Boston College Recruiting: SS David Dudeck
Frank Spaziani has named interim offensive coordinator Dave Brock as special teams coach for 2012, finalizing the Eagles coaching staff for next season.
Boston College special teams coach Mike Dawson has announced he will be leaving the football staff effective January 1 to pursue opportunities outside of football.
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text: I made an attempt setting this up but I will need help with this. First, installing Virtualbox: There is a port for FreeBSD, but its not available with "pkg_add -r virtualbox". Looks like ports needs to be installed and configured. Second, installing phpVirtualbox: Doing a "pkg_add -r phpvirtualbox" installs it. But it looks like it does not resolve the php dependencies. I would assume a "pkg_add -r php" would take care of that. Third, using the existing lighttpd for phpvirtualbox: I would like to just use the existing webserver by putting the files in a sub-directory. e.g 192.168.1.2/phpvirualbox. Also lighttpd would most likely need to be configured for php, seeing that FreeNAS uses python. So to summarize the questions: What is the best way to install/configure ports? Would pkg_add -r php install the php dependencies? Would using the existing lighttpd be the best way to serve the phpvirtualbox files? BTW, I am a complete BSD noob. I am more useful with a linux machine.


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Connecticut at Pittsburgh: What bettors need to know
0 Reply | 1143 ViewsOn 10/26/2011 02:50 AM in NCAA Football
LINE MOVES: Pittsburgh opened -10 and the spread has moved to 10.5. The total opened at 41.5 and climbed to 42.5 before coming back down to 41.
WEATHER: Rain is in the forecast for Heinz Field. There is a 65 percent chance of rain with a 100 percent chance in the second half. Game-time temperatures will dip into the low 50s.
ABOUT CONNECTICUT (3-4, 1-1 Big East, 2-5 ATS): The Huskies rebounded well to defeat the Bulls, 16-10, on Oct. 15, after being blitzed for 81 points in back-to-back losses to Western Michigan and West Virginia. As with UConn's other victories, defense was key, forcing four turnovers and stopping South Florida on fourth down late and in Huskies' territory. Their lone touchdown came from the defense, when cornerback Byron Jones returned a fumble for a score. Lyle McCombs continued his impressive freshman campaign, rushing for 130 yards against South Florida to bolster his total to 705 yards to go with four touchdowns.
ABOUT PITTSBURGH (3-4, 1-1 Big East, 2-5 ATS): The Panthers' offense is a mess. Ray Graham is the nation's fifth-leading rusher (939 yards, nine TDs), but he hasn't been able to make up for the team's quarterback struggles. Junior Tino Sunseri and freshman Trey Anderson went a pitiful 9-for-29 for 40 yards in Pitt's 26-14 home loss to Utah on Oct. 15, in which the Panthers blew a 14-3 lead. They've produced just two offensive touchdowns in the last nine quarters (both by Graham).
1. UConn's biggest weapon could be senior kicker Dave Teggart, who's 6-for-7 on field goals the past two games and has four multiple field goal games this year.
2. Another poor Sunseri outing could have Pitt fans chanting for Anderson. Sunseri has seven picks against just five touchdown passes and has been sacked 32 times after Utah dropped him five times.
3. Graham fumbled a kickoff that set up UConn's final score in the Huskies' 30-28 triumph over Pittsburgh last season in East Hartford. UConn leads the series, 4-3.
* Huskies are 4-1 ATS in their last five meetings.
* Underdog is 5-0 ATS in their last five meetings.
* Huskies are 6-1 ATS in their last seven conference games.
* Panthers are 13-5 ATS in their last 18 conference games.


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Patrick Buchnowski
A local magistrate warned an 81-year-old Ferndale man on Wednesday to stop harassing sewer workers.
District Judge John Barron of Stonycreek Township told Leonard J. Facciani that if he stays out of trouble for 90 days, Ferndale police will drop harassment charges against him.
"You leave them alone, they leave you alone," Barron said.
Borough police filed two harassment charges – one a misdemeanor and the other a summary – stemming from an Aug. 13 incident in the 900 block of Summit Avenue.
In a police criminal complaint, the owner of Ground Control, the Johnstown company installing a sewer line, accused Facciani of harassing workers by telling them the project was unnecessary, they were doing it wrong and that borough workers should all be fired.
Facciani is accused of "ranting" at workers about "using the wrong stone filler around the pipe and that using slag on top of the stone filler was not allowed," the complaint said.
Facciani, who said he was a retired engineer, entered the courtroom wearing a suit and tie, walking with a cane and carrying a bundle of papers.
He denied harassing anyone. Facciani said he felt it was his responsibility to report improper work.
"I'm an experienced engineer," he said. "Are you saying I should disregard my professional responsibility?"
The feisty Facciani did agree to stay away from the job site. He said he would also stop attending borough council meetings.
He left the courtroom, but not before handing the judge his credentials and a stack of papers.
Patrick Buchnowski is a reporter with The Tribune-Democrat. Follow him on twitter.com/PatBuchnowskiTD.


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By Jim Raykie
- —
Well, it's here. Maybe not officially. But the snow on my barbecue grill cover last Thursday morning shouted at me, "It's here."
"It" being winter, although the calendar says that happens officially at the end of December.
Although I hate winter, I do find the change in seasons a fascinating phenomena. As I sat on my back porch glancing at the pool, closed and covered for the winter, I looked at the dark, gray clouds in the western sky through the barren oak trees, thinking about how I sat in that chair only a few short weeks ago in the sweltering heat wave of summer gazing at the clear blue sky amid the large green oaks.
When Brady (my golden retriever) and I went back indoors, I sat at the computer and stumbled upon a promo for a Cleveland radio station's website reminding readers to check for school closings in the coming months.
That brought to mind how school children today are missing the thrill of huddling around a radio very early in the morning – barely awake – keeping fingers crossed that their school was on the list being read by the radio announcer.
Back in the 1960's, my mom and dad sat at the kitchen table every weekday morning with my grandfather at 1025 Emerson in Farrell for morning coffee before my dad left for work. They would tune in to the former WFAR radio station at 1470 AM on the old green Philco (we had one radio in the house) and turn up the volume so I could hear it from my bedroom, when I was too lazy to wander down the steps. Whether it was Lew Russell on the morning shift at WFAR, or Fred Cole, I waited with baited breath to hear those magical words: "All schools in the Farrell Area School District are closed today." And we didn't get cheated. School closings were for the full day – no such things as half-day closings when I was growing up.
Somehow, today's technology, especially smartphones, take all of the suspense and fun out of waiting to hear those magical words. Today we know within seconds as they scroll across a home page on some news outlet's website.
And the bummer is – it's usually only a half of a day, or the dreaded two-hour delay – that would have killed my all-day sled riding with Gene and Rick Esmond down the alley between Emerson and Beechwood.
Do I remember coal furnaces?
When Col. Don Jones dropped by The Herald for a recent visit, he talked briefly about coal mining which was once the economic lifeblood in Indiana, Pa., his place of birth.
All of which led to a question that he asked me: "Do you remember coal furnaces, or are you too young."
I told my friend that I have vivid memories of that spooky large beast in the cellar and the scary rumbling sounds that it created.
Talk about technology: I wonder how today's children would react to a huge iron beast in their cellar from which the blaze within emanated heat for the house.
What? No 98% energy efficient natural gas furnaces the size of a medium-sized box, or digital thermostats to regulate temperatures with pinpoint accuracy?
The thing I remember most about coal furnaces was the dirty heat they provided. We had to keep layers of cheesecloth wrapped around the registers to filter the coal dust. Even using cheesecloth, cleaning wallpaper with a funky-looking, funky-smelling soft green Play-Doh-like material was a regular chore.
Not to mention the regular deliveries of coal shoveled into the cellar through a chute built into the foundation of the house into the coal cellar -- a separate room in the front of the cellar that became a storage room for canned goods after we went hi-tech and had gas furnace installed and took the cheesecloth off the registers for good and pitched the green wallpaper cleaner.
Jim Raykie is the executive editor of The Herald. His column appears on Mondays.


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July 31, 2014
Manhattan unlike last year at this time it is very much the Josh Freeman show at quarterback with Carson Coffman trying to develop into a capable back-up. Freeman will enter his sophomore year after putting up marquee numbers during his freshman year. The Wildcat quarterback knows that experience should be a boost for his game.


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Lawrence Hunter, Contributor
I write about the intersection of economics and politics.
It is time the critics of the Second Amendment put up and repeal it, or shut up about violating it. Their efforts to disarm and short-arm Americans violate the U.S. Constitution in Merriam Webster's first sense of the term—to "disregard" it.
Hard cases make bad law, which is why they are reserved for the Constitution, not left to the caprice of legislatures, the sophistry and casuistry of judges or the despotic rule making of the chief executive and his bureaucracy. And make no mistake, guns pose one of the hardest cases a free people confronts in the 21st century, a test of whether that people cherishes liberty above tyranny, values individual sovereignty above dependency on the state, and whether they dare any longer to live free.
A people cannot simultaneously live free and be bound to any human master or man-made institution, especially to politicians, judges, bureaucrats and faceless government agencies. The Second Amendment along with the other nine amendments of the Bill of Rights was designed to prevent individuals' enslavement to government, not just to guarantee people the right to hunt squirrels or sport shoot at targets, nor was it included in the Bill of Rights just to guarantee individuals the right to defend themselves against robbers, rapers and lunatics, or to make sure the states could raise a militia quick, on the cheap to defend against a foreign invader or domestic unrest.
The Second Amendment was designed to ensure that individuals retained the right and means to defend themselves against any illegitimate attempt to do them harm, be it an attempt by a private outlaw or government agents violating their trust under the color of law. The Second Amendment was meant to guarantee individuals the right to protect themselves against government as much as against private bad guys and gangs.
That is why the gun grabbers' assault on firearms is not only, not even primarily an attack merely on the means of self-defense but more fundamentally, the gun grabbers are engaged in a blatant attack on the very legitimacy of self-defense itself. It's not really about the guns; it is about the government's ability to demand submission of the people. Gun control is part and parcel of the ongoing collectivist effort to eviscerate individual sovereignty and replace it with dependence upon and allegiance to the state.
Americans provisionally delegated a limited amount of power over themselves to government, retaining their individual sovereignty in every respect and reserving to themselves the power not delegated to government, most importantly the right and power to abolish or replace any government that becomes destructive of the ends for which it was created. The Bill of Rights, especially the Second and Ninth Amendments, can only be properly understood and rightly interpreted in this context.
Politicians who insist on despoiling the Constitution just a little bit for some greater good (gun control for "collective security") are like a blackguard who lies to an innocent that she can yield to his advances, retain her virtue and risk getting only just a little bit pregnant—a seducer's lie. The people either have the right to own and bear arms, or they don't, and to the extent legislators, judges and bureaucrats disparage that right, they are violating the U.S. Constitution as it was originally conceived, and as it is currently amended. To those who would pretend the Second Amendment doesn't exist or insist it doesn't mean what it says, there is only one legitimate response: "If you don't like the Second Amendment, you may try to repeal it but short of that you may not disparage and usurp it, even a little bit, as long as it remains a part of the Constitution, no exceptions, no conniving revisions, no fabricated judicial balancing acts."
Gun control advocates attempt to avoid the real issue of gun rights—why the Founders felt so strongly about gun rights that they singled them out for special protection in the Bill of Rights—by demanding that individual rights be balanced against a counterfeit collective right to "security" from things that go bump in the night. But, the Bill of Rights was not a Bill of Entitlements that people had a right to demand from government; it was a Bill of Protections against the government itself. The Founders understood that the right to own and bear laws is as fundamental and as essential to maintaining liberty as are the rights of free speech, a free press, freedom of religion and the other protections against government encroachments on liberty delineated in the Bill of Rights.
That is why the most egregious of the fallacious arguments used to justify gun control are designed to short-arm the citizenry (e.g., banning so-called "assault rifles") by restricting the application of the Second Amendment to apply only to arms that do not pose a threat to the government's self-proclaimed monopoly on the use of force. To that end, the gun grabbers first must bamboozle people into believing the Second Amendment does not really protect an individual's right to own and bear firearms.
They do that by insisting on a tortured construction of the Second Amendment that converts individual rights into states rights. The short-arm artists assert that the Second Amendment's reference to the necessity of a "well-regulated militia" proves the amendment is all about state's rights, not individuals rights; it was written into the Bill of Rights simply to guarantee that state governments could assemble a fighting force quick, on the cheap to defend against foreign invasion and domestic disturbance. Consequently, Second-Amendment revisionists would have us believe the Second Amendment does little more than guarantee the right of states to maintain militias; and, since the state militias were replaced by the National Guard in the early twentieth century, the Second Amendment has virtually no contemporary significance. Gun controllers would, in effect, do to the Second Amendment what earlier collectivizers and centralizers did to the Tenth Amendment, namely render it a dead letter.
The truth is, the Founders understood a "well regulated" militia to mean a militia "functioning/operating properly," not a militia "controlled or managed by the government." This is clearly evidenced by Alexander Hamilton's discussion of militias in Federalist #29 and by one of the Oxford Dictionary's archaic definitions of "regulate;" "(b) Of troops: Properly disciplined."
The Founders intended that a well-regulated militia was to be the first, not the last line of defense against a foreign invader or social unrest. But, they also intended militias to be the last, not the first line of defense against tyrannical government. In other words, the Second Amendment was meant to be the constitutional protection for a person's musket behind the door, later the shotgun behind the door and today the M4 behind the door—a constitutional guarantee of the right of individuals to defend themselves against any and all miscreants, private or government, seeking to do them harm.
The unfettered right to own and bear arms consecrates individual sovereignty and ordains the right of self-defense. The Second Amendment symbolizes and proclaims individuals' right to defend themselves personally against any and all threatened deprivations of life, liberty or property, including attempted deprivations by the government. The symbolism of a heavily armed citizenry says loudly and unequivocally to the government, "Don't Tread On Me."
Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence said, "When governments fear the people, there is liberty. When the people fear the government, there is tyranny."
Both Jefferson and James Madison, the Father of the Constitution, also knew that their government would never fear a people without guns, and they understood as well that the greatest threat to liberty was not foreign invasion or domestic unrest but rather a standing army and a militarized police force without fear of the people and capable of inflicting tyranny upon the people.
That is what prompted Madison to contrast the new national government he had helped create to the kingdoms of Europe, which he characterized as "afraid to trust the people with arms." Madison assured his fellow Americans that under the new Constitution as amended by the Bill of Rights, they need never fear their government because of "the advantage of being armed."
But, Noah Webster said it most succinctly and most eloquently:
"Before a standing army can rule, the people must be disarmed; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe. The supreme power in America cannot enforce unjust laws by the sword; because the whole body of the people are armed, and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be, on any pretence, raised in the United States."
That is why the Founders looked to local militias as much to provide a check—in modern parlance, a "deterrent"—against government tyranny as against an invading foreign power. Guns are individuals' own personal nuclear deterrent against their own government gone rogue. Therefore, a heavily armed citizenry is the ultimate deterrent against tyranny.
A heavily armed citizenry is not about armed revolt; it is about defending oneself against armed government oppression. A heavily armed citizenry is not about overthrowing the government; it is about preventing the government from overthrowing liberty. A people stripped of their right of self defense is defenseless against their own government.
If Americans must believe this BS fine, but keep the damn guns in your own country. We in Canada are getting more and more gun crimes and the guns ALL COME FROM THE US of A!!!! We don't need them and we don't want them. Like it or not, your country is the biggest threat to our safety and security and a very big part of that is the millions of guns that start out in the hands of US citizens and end up trickling across our border, presumably after being stolen and probably sold and resold because you have no control.
save it canada we have just as much problems with illegaly optaned weapons here in the U.S.A. we need to enforce our laws that are not being enforced. and not take weapons away from the good guys we need gun control. rather control of the black market guns that you and I have a problem with. you put a gun control on normal citizens and that black market will sky rocket. and thats why people probably buy them illegaly in your country easer to go to the bad guy.
I too am glad that you live in Canada. I only ask that you stay out of our affairs to the the same extent that you insist we stay out of yours.
Reaffirming the thought based on the article I wonder as many do the validity of the second amendment currently so far removed from the original intent of the second amendment as is advocated of gun control. I understand and accept that bill of rights as meaning the right to bare arms against a tyrannical government. To move forward in today's world a citizen to defend against such government would mean the arms maintained would have to escalate to provide such protection. Why then shall legal citizens not bare fully automatic arms and caliber? Why are we restricted as legal competent citizens to properly defend ourselves? We are not by law and that is against the second amendment plain and simple.
look up Class 3 Weapons licencse you can own fully autos, supressed, and shortend weapons theres an ATF tax, a federal background check and you have to regerster them with your local police dept. its rather pricy. look at places with class 3 inventory like impactguns.com.
"Gun control is part and parcel of the ongoing collectivist effort to eviscerate individual sovereignty and replace it with dependence upon and allegiance to the state."
Ditto ObamaCare and every other manner with which the federal, state or local governments take actions with the same effect.
The fact is, as the trend of elections makes perfectly clear, the majority of the electorate cares nothing about individual sovereignty, with the single exception of their sexual behavior and the "medical waste" that might "unexpectedly" arise from it. And they are perfectly willing to pledge allegiance to a state that takes from the other guy and gives to them.
The second amendment gives me as a citizen of the US the right to "bear arms". If I want a tank or a ground to air missile that is my business and it is against the constitution of the US government to stop me. What the government should be doing and what is not against the constitution is to ban the murder of unborn humans and defenseless animals. This is the violence in our society that perpetuates murder. Do any of these grieving mothers in Newtown support abortion on demand? How many of them eat the flesh of new born calves? Violence breeds more violence. Stop blaming it on the guns. When we stop thinking that unborn children and defenseless animals have no feelings and no rights then we can start to reduce the murder rate in our society. We need to treat all life with respect instead of just becoming upset when some one with a gun does not follow our same narrow definition whose life is sacred.
This law review,"Of Holocausts and Gun Control,75 Wash.U.L.Q. 1237(online)" raises some interesting points such as this:
"but it is nevertheless an arresting reality that not one of the principal genocides of the twentieth century, and there have been dozens, has been inflicted on a population that was armed."
What most gun control advocates want is a government controlled monopoly on lethal violence. Then the dangerous assumption they are positing is that the government, although it changes hands every four or two or six years will always be benign. Remember, the pendulum swings and the government you like today can be the tyrant who hates you, and your kind, tomorrow. Ask the Jewish people of WW2 Europe or the Armenians in Turkey or how about the Cambodians of the seventies if they thought their governing apparatus was going to turn on them lethally?
Do you want that tyrant to have a monopoly on lethal violence?
That is the very point of military style weapons in the hands of many many civilians, there will be no Holocaust of a disarmed minority if there is no monopoly. You want at least a duopoly on the use of lethal violence and yes, it is messy but there is no Utopia, and never will be. I think Samuel Butler called it Erewhon or Nowhere.
Also R.J. Rummel wrote a book, online called" Death by government" where he enumerates the 170 million deaths by government(he calls it Democide) in the 20th Century.
I am a legal gun owner who submitted to background checks, completed the appropriate training, and take gun ownership seriously. As law-abiding citizens we are expected to navigate the labyrinth of conflicting state laws regarding firearms and we do successfully everyday. Although many of these laws are conflicting between neighboring states, we still respect them and abide by them everyday. Let's make it easy for everyone (including David Gregory) and develop a basic framework across the United States.
With 300 million firearms in private hands (one-third of them pistols), the overwhelming majority of gun owners ARE responsible, law-abiding citizens, which is why these horrific massacres are not commonplace, but rather horrific outliers that can never be legislated away (e.g. DC, Chicago, and "Gun Free Zones").
For several examples for the recent use of firearms for defensive purposes not typically reported by the national media please visit: http://www.equalforce.net please forward this address to others to whom this information may be useful. @forceequalizer


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If there is any institution that should automatically command public respect, it is the courts. Especially a state supreme court, any state's highest legal authority outside the federal system.
Sadly, that hasn't been true here for years. Michigan Supreme Court justices have often acted more like vengeful political partisans than judicious stewards of the state constitution.
In recent years, when one party has gained control of the court, their justices have set about almost gleefully reversing decisions made by the earlier majority. Nor has the show stopped there. Until she retired from the court two years ago, maverick Republican Justice Elizabeth Weaver waged a war of public name-calling with her fellow Republican justices that included comments about her appearance.
Supreme Court elections have degenerated into highly expensive affairs that have included the spending of millions of anonymous donations on often misleading nasty television ads.
Four years ago, the University of Chicago law school rated all 50 state supreme courts — and in terms of quality, Michigan's was rated dead last. The courts were ranked according to criteria including judicial independence from political and other outside influences, and how often their rulings were cited by other courts.
All this has deeply pained Marilyn Kelly, a dignified justice who this year is finishing her 16th and last year on the court.
Two years ago, then-Chief Justice Kelly decided her legacy would involve trying to do something about this. She recruited James Ryan, a federal appeals judge, to serve with her as co-chairs of a Michigan Judicial Selection Task Force.
Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman ever to sit on the U.S. Supreme Court, agreed to be the panel's mostly honorary chair.
They then convened a panel that included some of the state's most distinguished citizens, including some non-lawyers, and a range of views from conservative to liberal.
The task force released their findings after a year of deliberations. Their recommendations were startling.
The panel, which Kelly told me had worked hard to achieve consensus, unanimously called for a series of sweeping reforms, especially in the way justices are selected.
"Michigan's process for choosing supreme court justices has recently attracted national attention for its excessive cost, its lack of transparency, and its damaging negativity," the report begins.
After studying how other states do things, and many hours of vigorous debate, the task force developed a series of "common-sense, practical solutions that can rapidly make judicial selection in this state more democratic and effective."
Not surprisingly, the task force condemned the present system, in which supreme court nominees are traditionally selected at highly partisan state political conventions. Instead, they called for a switch to "open, non-partisan primaries," to select supreme court judges, just as other Michigan judges are selected.
The task force noted candidly that "the current system leaves the nomination process in the control of party insiders "¦ an open primary system could reduce the influence of partisan politics on the selection of supreme court candidates." In fact, many of the members would prefer to amend the Michigan Constitution to allow governors to appoint Supreme Court justices.
Actually, almost half of all Supreme Court justices have historically been appointed to the bench by governors, after previous incumbents die or resign.
However, the top reform priority of the task force wasn't judicial selection, but money. Thanks largely to Michigan's inadequate disclosure laws, most of the money spent on recent state supreme court races has been spent by shadowy groups not subject to campaign finance reform requirements.
"The 2010 campaign season for the Michigan Supreme Court was the most expensive and most secretive in the nation," the task force notes. "Over the last decade, more than half of all spending on supreme court cases in Michigan went unreported, and therefore the sources went undisclosed."
Don't think this is a problem? The task force discovered that 86 percent of cases before Michigan's highest court involved contributors to the campaigns of at least some of the justices. The task force urged action, legislative or otherwise, to fix this.
Besides these sweeping recommendations, the panel advocated a number of other steps, including a requirement that the Secretary of State create a voter education guide, and that the current age limits on justices be dropped. Currently, no Michigan judge at any level can run for re-election after they turn 70.
Interviewed about the panel's findings, Justice Kelly said she knew very well that a lot of similar, earnest good-government reports have been produced — and then vanish onto library shelves.
She intends to do her best to see that doesn't happen. Kelly may have some time to crusade for reform; she is 74, and legally has to leave the court when her term expires in January.
"Restoring faith in our highest court is critically important," she told me. "Michigan deserves better." Few legal scholars dispute that.
The challenge will be getting the public to pay attention — and getting the governor on board and the state Legislature, many of whom are themselves heavily dependent on special interests, to act.
Jack Lessenberry, who teaches journalism at Wayne State University, is Michigan Radio's senior political analyst, ombudsman and writing coach for the Toledo Blade and former foreign correspondent for and executive national editor of The Detroit News. He was named Journalist of the Year in 2002 by the Metropolitan Detroit Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists.


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Post a reply to the thread: What Do You Love About MMA????
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While im still a boxing guy, I love MMA because you grew up watchin all these superheroes and action heroes, etc and MMA is like those guys come to life in a way.. there fighters and I love that about it, you can do whatever your capable of in that ring or octagon.
I love all the possibilities and unexpectedness of an MMA fight. In boxing there's not many options, good boxing match, good brawl, boring boxing match, sloppy-ugly brawl. MMA has so many different things that can happen, like who ever thought you'd see an entire round with someone having standing back control in the UFC? So much shit can go down in an MMA fight, and that's just in terms of ways of fighting or winning. The unpredicitability in terms of who wins, like dude pointed out - is much more in MMA than boxing. In boxing if someone is clearly overmatched all they have is a puncher's chance. In MMA, ANYTHING can happen and it's been proved 100,000 times in the short history of the sport. Those are the main things I like about the general sport of MMA.
I love being able to see what Martial Arts is all about. None of the phony showmanship style of martial arts that looks good in movies but would never work in a real fight.
I love the flying knees, spinning back fists, the ground game, picking up your opponent and slamming him, the strategy of a fight, the athleticism. I love that there isn't another single sport in the world as exciting as an MMA fight with 2 talented fighters going toe-to-toe.
MMa is the most honest thing you'll ever watch on your TV.
What I do love is that it is a sport that continues to work on further legitimizing itself. It is a sport that has far too many intangibles to bet or guess on. Example: Despite the fact that Royce Gracie was out matched by matt Hughes, you just never knew what could happen in the fight.
What I do not like about it is the fact that finishes can be questioned far too often. The judging still needs tweaked in certain areas, which I feel is out of the hands of the UFC. Another problem is when referees call the fight too earl when it appears someone has been rocked by a punch. When these two things can get tweaked to perfection, this sport will be one of the most popular in the country.
Originally Posted by manntis818
what dont you like about mma
different rules and different organizations. same rules one organization that has fights all over the world so we can see ALL matchups happen!
Also What DONT You Like About MMA???
what dont you like about mma
Also What DONT You Like About MMA???
The better question for this title is "what DON'T you love about mma"? lol
What Do You Love About MMA????
i love the sport off mma because it shows many diffrent ways you can win a fight.... when i started watching mma i thought it was fake because i would watch wrestling to and see people tap out and wrestling was fake and i would see that in mma but then i saw some one get knocked out and i was holy shit that was awsome after that i fell in love......... i am only 18 i am young and i love the sport i train well i am learning jiu-jitsu,,, and kickboxing just so i can no alot of what the fighters are doind i love everything about the sport.............what do you love about it........
What Do You Love About MMA????
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