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Note from the editor: A software architecture designer at a travel services industry recently wrote our storage management expert Brett Cooper to ask for his help in solving the performance bottlenecks in a CPU-bound application. The problem, he explained, was that the application tended to bog down under two conditions: 1) immediately after a database update, or 2) whenever his team implemented a new version of the application. Might a solid state drive provide faster access and allow more concurrent requests for data? Would switching to Fibre Channel help?
Brett replied:
The challenge in answering your question lies in comprehending the footprint of your application's performance requirements and applying it to the specific transport and protocol. Performance is usually one aspect in making an intelligent storage decision. Have you ever measured the performance of your application environment, storage, host, etc.? What you may find is that it isn't the storage subsystem that is the limiting factor, rather the application on the host is really throttling the host processors, or memory and an upgrade to the system is required to push the kind of throughput and performance that the application requires. Other criteria include cost and manageability.
Cost: Performance
Manageability: If your company is OK with managing the network storage, what would moving to a Fibre Channel setup involve? Retraining the group, purchasing new hardware and software management tools? Possibly outsourcing the management to a third party? Also, which policies and procedures will need to be updated to accommodate a new storage platform? How about on the hosts? I suggest meeting with the end users and understanding their requirements as well, not just looking at the one criteria of performance, which leads to how the solution integrates into the current environment.
Some more database background: Most databases write in 8 K data packets, and, depending on the data write and read (random or sequential) patterns, NFS, iSCSI and/or Fibre Channel could each meet the needs quite well. The challenge in selecting the best performing protocol isn't the physical speed limitations of the wire, but understanding the requirements of the application, and then creating a requirements document that can be reviewed by the team and shared with the storage vendors so each can respond with their best solution. Once you receive the proposals, go through them and pick the top two or three and invite them into your shop to prototype the environment and prove their solutions to your challenges. Also, make sure that the vendor can produce real customer references for you to talk with and discuss the solution. The best solution is one that is already in production, so you can learn from them and get advice as to what works, what doesn't, and what is coming down the road in terms of the total solution.
The vendor that bests demonstrates their ability to solve your challenge is the clear winner. Try to avoid politics in making the decision. Focus on the costs and the capabilities of the solution to best suit your needs and the needs of your company. You may be betting your happiness and, in the end, your job on the solution.
For more information:
Tip: Solid-state storage for SANs?
SAN School: What makes a SAN go
Tip: Do some basic performance analysis
About the author: Brett Cooper is a Technical Marketing Engineer at Network Appliance, Inc., as well as SearchStorage.com's storage management/best practices expert.
This was first published in September 2004


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Hébergement pas cher Europe Italie Florence
Moyenne des prix les plus bon marché par mois pour hébergement pas cher à Florence
Plus Photos de voyage
Florence or Siena?
Hey guys I have 2 days/nights to spend in either Florence or Siena on my way to Venice. Which would you choose? And special things would you do? Thanks! ...
Florence bound
Hi all, I am heading to Italy in a fortnight and will be staying in Florence for just over a month before heading north to Trento. I have an appartment in the centre of the city and would love some advice on those must-do/see things that perhaps are not mentioned in the guides - the sorts of things ...
Florence or Venice
We have 8 days in Italy (December 26 - January 4) Three days will be spent in Rome. We have 5 days to divide between Venice and Florence. Which city would be better to spend more time in? ...
Posted in Our trip to Italy - June 2012 by gaddesandgray
Day 10
Dan and Joan, Bob and Jill headed into Florence early. They climbed to the top of the Campanile next to the Duomo and saw the amazing sites of Florence. Followed by a little shopping and meandering the streets of Florence. Meanwhile, Tom and Ann, Dana and Curt took a drive through the Tuscan hillside ...
Posted in Carlson European Vacation by annandtom
October Travels, Part 6(b)
The travelling hat continued its travels in Italy, and spent a day in Florence. The travelling hat is in fact rather pleased with Florence, as there is credentially a huge amount of Very Very Old ...
Posted in Adventures of the Travelling Hat by TravellingHat
Qu'est-ce qui est plus important à vos yeux?Prix Popularité

subset: commoncrawl


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|Home > Craft Tools > Chalks, Inks, Embossing Powders plus more > Stamps Pads & Inks > Ink Pads > Chalk Ink Pad Set #2 (5109285)
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Chalk colors in ink pads! Fluid Chalk combines the resilience of pigment inks with the blending and drying characteristics of dye inks. These blended inks offer the dense, matte of chalk pastels in a fast-drying archival ink. ColorBox Fluid Chalk is ideal for card making, scrapbooking and other projects. Achieve fabulous effects on paper, foil, clay, vellum, shrink plastic and more. And save money at the same time on all 6 ink pads!
• Dark Brown Fluid Chalk Ink Pad (link)
Part number: 5109285
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LOS ANGELES (MarketWatch) -- Shares of Accretive Health Inc. lost more than a fourth of their value Wednesday after the financial consultant for the health-care industry delayed the release of its fourth-quarter and full-year results. The Chicago-based company said it was re-evaluating the way it recognizes sales under the revenue cycle management pacts it has with its clients, adding if a change is warranted, it may have to restate prior financial statements. Accretive shares were down $3.21 to $8.90 in recent action, a drop of 26.5%
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Gather has drawn three winners for the giveaway Hulk Hogan on TNA iMPACT! Win a Spike TV Prize Pack!
The following members will receive a Spike TV Prize Pack that includes a t-shirt and DVD.
Winners will be contacted by me for their name and address for receiving their prize.


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Air Jordan VIII GS – Cool Grey – Violet Force – Electric Yellow
April 11th, 2013 by John Kim | 4 comments
This Saturday, Jordan Brand will offer up two Air Jordan VIII entrees – only one will be exclusive to the kids menu. This Cool Grey/Violet Force-Electric Yellow colorway (loosely dubbed the "Laney") will hit stores as a GS-only release, with the youthful mix of Violet and bright Yellow thrown on to the signature mudguard on the upper of the shoe. The Cool Grey base with the matte metallic toe-boxes completes the look for a rather impressive colorway, so our question to our smaller-footed readers is – will you cop these of the OG "Bugs" colorway? Expect these at Jordan Brand retailers on Saturday, or cop now from yellownsxt on eBay.
Air Jordan VIII GS
Cool Grey/Violet Force-Electric Yellow
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Sign up for Wild Reads has started. Start logging your books June 16th. Wild Reads ends August 16.
The "A Book That Shaped Me" Summer Writing Contest encourages rising 5th & 6th graders to reflect on a book that has made a personal impact on their lives. The contest has started and will end August 11.
"Is Any Body There? – Tracking Ancestral Remains"
Mission StatementThe Prince William Public Library System supports the County vision of "A Community of Choice" through exceptional service, providing lifelong enrichment across both traditional and virtual environments.
Crowd gathers for both groundbreaking ceremonies for the new Montclair Community Library and the new Gainesville Community Library.
The contest is open to rising 5th and 6th
grade students. They submit an essay (1 page) about a book that has influenced
them. For more information ...
The American Historic Doll Collection at Bull Run is extremtly popular. To read more about this program and how to donate ...
A new library book drop for your convenience has been installed at the McCoart County Complex. This book drop replaces a previous book drop that was damaged and leaking.
April 14, 2014
Bull Run Regional LibraryApril-August Programs


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We will be playing Prize PARTY, which is a variation of Bingo for prizes that come from our vendors and other area businesses.
The Calendar Man Competition is shaping up to be a highlight! Men of all ages over 18 are invited to participate and show off some dance moves (or whatever they think will help them win) for the crowd. Chris Moe Entertainment will be our DJ for the evening. The winners of the competition will be professionally (and artfully) photographed by Laura Braa from Braa Photography to fill the pages of our Calendar. The Calendars will be available to order with delivery in just a few short weeks - definitely in time for the Holidays and perfect for gift giving.
Follow the link to the facebook fan page to see what's coming!


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NRA Boss: Obama's Gone in 2012
The gun lobby plans to go after Obama like it did Gore in 2000.
The National Rifle Association has a rich history that goes back to shortly after the Civil War, when in 1871, Union veterans created it to train city-slicker troops who couldn't hit the side of a barn with their musket shots. But as the 4 million-strong group readies its fight to oust President Obama in 2012, it has to go back only 11 years for a battle plan. That's when the Second Amendment advocates mounted their biggest political effort ever to defeat then Vice President Al Gore by targeting key pro-gun Democratic states he needed to beat George W. Bush, like Arkansas. "We actually knocked out a presidential candidate," says new NRA President David Keene.
He tells Whispers that 2012 might be an even more critical year for the NRA. That's because the president, if re-elected, might have a chance to appoint more left-leaning Supreme Court justices who could undo Second Amendment protections and allow more gun control. "Our major goal is to defeat Obama because if he's re-elected, he's going to attempt to change the Supreme Court. All he needs is one vote and he will rewrite the Second Amendment," says Keene. "The threat," he says, "in many ways is more severe than in 2000." One reason: Obama, who slapped gun owners in his campaign, has gone quiet on gun issues as president, making it harder to rally NRA members. That was until gun foe Sarah Brady revealed in April that Obama told her he was working on the issue "under the radar."
[See political cartoons about Barack Obama.]
Keene reveals that the NRA plans to mobilize its troops with the hopes of taking away three to five states Obama won in 2008. Keene and Wayne LaPierre, the gun group's executive vice president, plan a massive education campaign that he says will warn members about an Obama second term. He also says the NRA is seeking to register the up to 25 million gun owners not signed up to vote. He figures getting 5 million to 10 million to the polls would change the election's outcome. "We know how they'll vote," he says.
Keene also wants to add more women and younger shooters to the roster and to corral traditionally conservative home-school families. "I'm trying to make sure that there will be just as many people involved in the shooting sports next generation as this," he says.
Formerly head of the American Conservative Union, Keene says he timed his NRA presidency to coincide with Obama's re-election. He credits LaPierre for getting him involved, especially now to help with election messaging. "This is a moment of extreme danger," he says. But, the longtime hunter adds, it's still a fun job. "I love it."
Illustration by Ed Wexler for USN&WR.


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- Membership continues to run ahead of last year at 241,522. That's 1,130 more than this date last year. Congratulations to the following state associations for exceeding last year's overall membership. They are California, Clay Mitchell; Connecticut, Heidi Balch; Massachusetts, Karen Ward; New Jersey, Pete Carey; Pennsylvania, Jeri Widdowson; Rhode Island, Josh Klemp; and, Virginia – David Rathbone. Professional membership and alumni membership counts. Individuals such as industry partners and other friends not affiliated with a local chapter can join too online at the following link: www.skills-register.org/rpts/JoinAsProfessional.aspx.
- On January 18th, I met with the National Coordinating Council of Career and Technical Student Organizations (NCC-CTSO) in Reston, Va. The highlight was to welcome a new representative from the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), Robin Utz. Robin is the chief of the College and Career Transitions Branch at OVAE and formerly served as assistant director of the Career, Standards and Assessment Services team at the Kansas State Department of Education. She's very supportive of student organizations, having been both an FFA and FCLA advisor herself, and she gets the "big thumbs up" from Ann Wick, our Kansas state association director. In other news, a majority of the organizations reported that they're having good membership numbers and conference attendance. The Association for Career and Technical Education and the National Association of State Directors of Career and Technical Education consortium talked about the common core education standards developed by the National Governors Association and a roll out of curriculum addressing the standards during the Career Cluster Institute in June.
- We held a staff WorldSkills meeting on January 13 to plan SkillsUSA WorldTeam participation in Leipzig, Germany in 2013. A new management team has been identified and we have a lot of work to do for team selection, trials, training and fundraising. WorldSkills International has been notified of our new structure.
- I recently returned from Nevada where I assisted with strategic planning with the SkillsUSA Nevada board of directors and attended the State Directors' Association Executive Committee meeting. More on that next time.
Tags: ACTE, CTSOs, Government Relations, Highlights, NASDCTEc, National Coordinating Council of Career and Technical Student Organizations, OVAE, State Dir


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telephone: 015394 36387 email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Set on the ground and second floors, we have two Standard rooms that are ideal for those on a budget. These rooms are small but have been decorated to the same high standard as our other beautiful rooms, so if you want to stay in a fantastic hotel with grounds, amazing service and within easy reach of all local attractions, then our small standard double rooms will be ideal for your needs Both rooms have well appointed ensuites with showers and complimentary toiletries.
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An officer who was fired in November for issuing a citation to a woman whose 3-year-old son urinated in her front yard is fighting for his job back, and telling his side of the story.
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Your job as a warrior is to have more positive attributes than negative
Your job as a warrior is to have more positive attributes than negative
Obstacles will occur in every cop's career, but with a positive attitude, perseverance, and integrity, you will live through them and you will become a mature, seasoned veteran
When we hire an officer we are making an investment that will hopefully last 30, or more years... we have to get it right
The PWD works because it helps wire the brain by creating and establishing a memory file that will be used in future decision making (just don't call it a diary)


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Learn from the best and defy the rest in the most realistic flight combat simulator on the PlayStation 2! Aero Elite is your opportunity to train as a fighter pilot and master the intricate flight mechanics and high-tech weaponry of today's latest aircraft. Take part in rigorous training, where you will master more than 60 types of aircraft, from jump jets to choppers. Through a wide range of combat scenarios, you'll hone your skills and perfect a wide variety of difficult aerial maneuvers. These will come in handy as you become intimately involved with radar-guided missiles, heavy machine guns, and terrestrial targets in need of destruction.
Aero Elite: Combat Academy is a Simulation/Flight Combat Sim video game for PlayStation 2 published by Sega on March 14, 2003. It's rated Everyone by the ESRB and 9 of our users have voted it 4.0 out of 5 stars.
Our newest cheats for Aero Elite: Combat Academy were added March 28, 2003.
Successfully complete reconnaissance mission 3.
Successfully complete helicopter training.
Successfully complete the carrier landing training releases.
Accumulate one hour in training mode.
Successfully complete fifty scrambles.
Successfully complete the ACM maneuver objectives.
Successfully complete ten scrambles.
Successfully complete the ACM objectives at the Aero Meet.
Get a total of 350 aerial kills.
Get a total of 300 aerial kills.
Get a total of 250 kills.
Get a total of 200 aerial kills.
Get a total of 150 aerial kills.
Get a total of 100 aerial kills.
Get a total of 50 aerial kills.
Successfully complete reconnaissance mission 2.
Fly over 50,000 feet in training mode.
Fly at Mach 2.0 or faster. Note: Try getting to an extremely high altitude and go into a dive.
Successfully complete the maneuver objectives at the Aero Meet.
Collect the Blue Impulse squadron icon under the suspension bridge in free flight mode on the bay level.
Collect the Blue Impulse squadron icon in free flight mode on the island level.
Successfully completing VTOL training releases.
Successfully complete all the surface attack objectives at the Aero Meet.
Successfully complete twenty carrier landings.
Successfully complete Air To Ground #4 at the Aero Meet.
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West End
Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza
Local Expert Tip
"Don't forget to walk around on the grassy knoll after the museum."
Things to Do In Dallas
Dallas Travel Guide
Featured Dallas Video
Dallas Overview
by Tripfilms member TheTravelVlogger
Get Your Bearings in Dallas
Where to Stay
Dallas' best hotels are found in the vibrant downtown and uptown areas, near the Woodall Rogers Freeway. From any of the hotels, visitors can walk to nearby restaurants, shopping, businesses and nightlife hot spots. This area also has ample parking choices, a free trolley and one of the city's main public transportation (DART) stations. Besides this part of town, there are a wide variety of airport hotels and motels conveniently near Dallas-Ft. Worth International Airport.
Caution: Book downtown hotels ASAP.
Hot Tips: Check out the different properties' websites to get last-minute deals and specials.
What to Eat
Dallas has a ton of great restaurants - from upscale spots that feature award-winning chefs to casual places that serve Texan cuisine. Some of the most popular types of cuisine in Dallas are Tex-Mex, steak and barbecue, but visitors will also be pleasantly surprised to find several types of Asian restaurants (Thai, sushi, Vietnamese, Indian), Italian restaurants, French restaurants, Spanish tapas joints and much more.
Caution: The most popular restaurants are packed on the weekend evenings, so be sure to get a reservation.
Be Sure to Sample: Margaritas and brisket.
Things to See
Dallas offers visitors and residents PLENTY of things to do, no matter what your taste or budget. Check out all the great museums in the downtown area or catch a professional sports game at the American Airlines Center or Cowboys Stadium. If you're visiting Big D during the pleasant autumn or spring seasons, head on over to one of many great parks and gardens. Traveling with kids? Take them to one of Dallas' fun amusement parks!
Hot Tips: Check out the visitor's bureau calendar of upcoming events.
Places to Party
If you're in the mood to mingle with the beautiful people, Dallas has got you covered. From trendy dance clubs to ultra-cool lounges, Dallas features a wide variety of popular watering holes. Want to check out the cowboy lifestyle? Dallas has tons of country and western bars perfect for sipping on a cold beer and kicking up your heels.
Caution: Don't leave valuables in your car and park in a lighted area.
Where to Shop
Shopping is more like a national pastime in Dallas, so if you're in need of some serious retail therapy, you're in the right city. Home to more shopping centers and districts per capita than any city in the United States, Dallas offers an unparalleled shopping landscape. Visit one of many popular shopping malls, or head on over to Highland Park Village for some luxury boutiques. If you want to find a good bargain, the Shops at Park Lane offer quality goods at discount prices.
Best Local Souvenir: Cowboy boots, sportswear and art.
Ready for Your Dream Vacation?
Dallas Is Known for...
Five of Dallas's most unique features and characteristics.Business
With its ideal location in the center of the U.S., as well as Texan tax breaks, Dallas is one of the leading corporate destinations in the country. There are 24 Fortune 500 companies in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area, among them ExxonMobil, AT&T, Fluor, and Commercial Metals. The Dallas Convention Center is one of the mostly expansive and highly-trafficked facilities of its kind in the world because of the city's popularity as a business destination.Steak
And other foods. But mostly, steak. No where in Texas is the Lone Star State's historic link to cattle ranches more deliciously evident than in Dallas. In fact, some of the country's most highly-ranked and regarded steakhouses can be found here, the most prominent of which may well be Bob's Steak and Chop House, which was ranked first by the USDA Prime Steakhouses chart in 2011. Choose between old-school traditional steakhouses, or modern, chic versions.Shopping
If you're in need of some serious retail therapy, Dallas should be your number one destination. Home to more shopping centers and districts per capita than any city in the United States, Dallas offers an unparalleled shopping landscape. The NorthPark Center and Galleria Dallas are...
Read the full list of five »


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Latest Posts
Comedy Central's 100 Best Obama Moments: 50-41
50. Damon Wayans on Barack Obama
Tags: Barack Obama, Carlos Mencia, Chocolate News, David Alan Grier, Jon Stewart, Mind of Mencia, Sidwell Friends, Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show, White House
Why President Obama Is Right for Turning Poor Children Out into the Street
In case you haven't heard, President Obama and the Senate Democrats are going to an awful lot of trouble just to kick two poor under-privileged students (who probably also have tuberculosis or something) out of the Sidwell Friends school that Obama's two darling little daughters are currently attending.
Salon's Alex Koppelman does his best to explain why we should be joining them in happily giving those two students the finger as they cry into their little soot-covered hands on their way out the door…
This argument is based on two students. Two. According to a 2007 Government Accountability Office report — which, by the way, tore the program apart — there are roughly 72,000 students in D.C. public schools. By my calculations, that means these vouchers got only .003 percent of the total public school population into Sidwell Friends. Even if you only consider the number of students currently receiving vouchers, generally pegged at about 1,700, the results aren't much better — only .12 percent of students in the program attend Sidwell Friends.
The truth? As the GAO report found, the voucher program wasn't sending the vast majority of kids to the kinds of schools where they can be in class with the children of presidents. "About 88 percent of all scholarship users attended schools with tuitions below the $7,500 cap," the GAO said. "Although tuition rates varied, only 3 percent attended the most expensive schools that charged $20,000 or more."
So, what he's saying, in essence, is that this voucher program never really worked? Or that it only really worked for a very small fraction of the students in D.C? And that the ones that it worked for the most are the ones who probably didn't need it the most?
I still don't get it. All I know is that two poor, innocent, little kids are getting kicked out of school, and I get to feel good about.
That's all I need to know.
Tags: Barack Obama, Education, Senate, Sidwell Friends, Washington DC
Barackatunde's Inauguration Recap
The Onion's Baratunde Thurston gives a live performance of his Inauguration Weekend Twittering at his old (and Sasha and Malia's new) school Sidwell Friends…
Tags: Baratunde Thurston, Inauguration, Sidwell Friends, Washington DC
The Daily Show Team Spies on the Obama Girls
Wyatt Cenac, Samantha Bee and John Oliver get the real information on the Obama girls' first day of school by going undercover.
Has the rest of the media crossed the line by following the girls so closely?
Tags: Barack Obama, John Oliver, Jon Stewart, Malia Obama, Samantha Bee, Sasha Obama, Sidwell Friends, The Daily Show, Wyatt Cenac


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EKO Guitars Kadett 67 Red B-Stock non-functioning electronicsThe EKO Guitars Kadett 67 was the last guitar designed by Oliviero Pigini, the founder of EKO Guitars. His daringly original final design featured bold shaping technique, blurring the lines between guitar manufacturing and outright art.
Regular Price: $489.00
Special Price: $299.00
Eastwood Hi-Flyer Phase 4 - SunburstThe Eastwood Hi-Flyer Phase 4 combines the best features of the original Univox Hi-Fliers of the 70s. The basswood body's well-balanced tones, bright punchy P-90 pickups, floating tremolo and roller bridge make the Phase 4 a player's delight.$599.00
Eastwood Airline Custom 59 1P Deluxe - Red w/CaseThe Eastwood Airline Custom '59 1P Deluxe is a no-frills rock machine that hearkens to the classic Airline guitars. The Eastwood Airline Custom '59 1P Deluxe, because you only need one pickup to rock!$899.00
Eastwood Airline 2P - Red B-StockThe Eastwood Airline 2P reinvents the whimsical 60s with their quirkiest guitar, upgraded with modern components. The angular, mahogany body with 2 Vintage Voiced single-coil pickups looks, plays, and sounds like someone's space age fantasy.
Regular Price: $749.00
Special Price: $524.30


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Colleges and Universities
Emily Berl for The New York Times
News about Colleges and Universities, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Jul. 31, 2014
Bipartisan group of senators introduce legislation designed to curb startling number of sexual assaults on college campuses; measure would require schools to make public result of anonymous surveys concerning assault on campuses, and impose significant financial burdens on universities that fail to comply with some of the law's requirements. MORE
Jul. 30, 2014
University of Texas regents select military special operations leader Adm William H McRaven as the lone finalist for job of chancellor, overseeing system's 15 campuses and $14 billion budget. MORE
Jul. 29, 2014
David Leonhardt The Upshot column asserts that government's measure for college-tuition inflation, indicating that tuition and fees have risen 107 percent since 1992, is deeply misleading; measure does not reflect what students and their families actually pay, after financial-aid grants. MORE
Jul. 29, 2014
Lost Museum, exhibit at Brown University's Rhode Island Hall in Providence, recreates Jenks Museum, long-forgotten natural history collection curated by alumnus John Whipple Potter Jenks in late 1800s; exhibit, collaboration between students and New York artist Mark Dion, is partly historical and partly fanciful reenactment of largely lost institution. MORE
Jul. 28, 2014
Letter from San Francisco Mayor Edwin M Lee and Brice W Harris, chancellor of California Community Colleges, comments on July 15 The Upshot column on City College of San Francisco. MORE
Jul. 26, 2014
Many voters in Montana seem to be taking wait-and-see attitude over plagiarism scandal involving Sen John Walsh, Democrat appointed to office in February; Walsh is on the offensive, acknowledging that he made a mistake over questionable paper he submitted to the United States Army War College in 2007. MORE
Jul. 26, 2014
Editorial supports federal rules that penalize colleges for excessive student loan defaults; holds that rules offer powerful incentive for schools to educate students on complexities of federal student loan program and provide protection for both students and taxpayers; maintains that default levels are heavily influenced by quality of academic support, more so than students' socioeconomic bracket. MORE
Jul. 25, 2014
Ohio State University fires Jon Waters, director of its renowned marching band, due to band's culture of sexually-charged hazing and alcohol abuse. MORE
Jul. 25, 2014
Growing number of openly transgender students at American colleges and universities have forced institutions to weigh question of what determines gender and who gets to decide; George Fox University in Newberg, Ore, has become center of debate after denying student named Jaycen, who was born female but identifies as male, right to live with other male students. MORE
Jul. 25, 2014
United States Army War College determines in preliminary review that Sen John Walsh appears to have plagiarized his final paper to earn master's degree from institution; informs Montana Democrat that investigative panel will meet to conclusively assess culpability. MORE
Jul. 25, 2014
Yeshiva University announces that former Sen Joseph I Lieberman will fill its new Joseph Lieberman Chair in Public Policy and Public Service. MORE
Jul. 24, 2014
Examination of the final paper required for Democratic Sen John Walsh of Montana's master's degree from Army War College indicates that at least a quarter of it was appropriated from other authors' works, with no attribution; most strikingly, six recommendations he laid out at conclusion of thesis on American Middle East policy are taken nearly word-for-word without attribution from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace document on same topic. MORE
Jul. 23, 2014
Surgeon and alumnus Wayne A I Frederick is appointed president of Howard University, after serving for several months as interim president. MORE
Jul. 22, 2014
Students and alumni at Hobart and William Smith Colleges in central New York are grappling with questions raised by New York Times article examining school's handling of sexual assault complaint filed by female student; broad show of support for student has led to president Mark D Gearan to say that school is re-evaluating its sexual assault policies. MORE
Jul. 22, 2014
Judge Robert D Okun of the District of Columbia Superior Court rules that challenge to plan by National Gallery of Art and George Washington University to absorb long-struggling Corcoran Gallery of Art and its college can go forward. MORE
Jul. 22, 2014
Police in Tallahasee, Fla, are seeking clues in fatal shooting of Dan Markel, widely known criminal law professor at Florida State University; Markel died at hospital after police, responding to reports of shots fired, found him wounded in his home. MORE
Jul. 22, 2014
Brian McWhorter, music professor at the University of Oregon, has tackled difficult task of composing a 30-minute musical score that will accompany highly anticipated 10,000-meter race at school; McWhorter notes that composition process put him through a series of existential crises. MORE
Jul. 20, 2014
Natasha Singer Technophoria column; after decades of pairing students based on scant information, some colleges are giving them tools for making their own roommate choices; they are adopting roommate-on-demand apps. MORE
Jul. 20, 2014
Former Pennsylvania State University president Graham B Spanier still awaits a trial, more than 20 months after the state charged him with eight criminal counts related to child sex abuse scandal of Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky; case against Spanier is at best problematic, at worst fatally flawed. MORE
Jul. 19, 2014
Lehigh University, in eastern Pennsylvania, offers what it calls mountaintop program that combines research, work experience and independent, long-form projects to students over summer, in hope that program will help foster innovation; students choose their own projects and find their own way, with little faculty input and nothing more at stake than testing their own ambition, skills and curiosity. MORE
Jul. 19, 2014
University of Connecticut will pay $1.28 million to settle lawsuit brought by five students who allege that the university was indifferent to their claims of sexual assault and harassment. MORE
Jul. 18, 2014
University of Alabama women's gymnastics coach Sarah Patterson, who was hired by Bear Bryant in 1978 and won six national titles, is retiring because of two coming knee replacements. MORE
Jul. 17, 2014
Rep Janice Hahn of California responds to July 9 editorial calling for stronger regulation of for-profit colleges in wake of Corinthian Colleges collapse. MORE
Jul. 17, 2014
Editorial supports federal appeals court decision upholding affirmative action admissions at University of Texas in face of lawsuit brought by white student Abigail Fisher after she was denied admission; holds that university has made strong effort to reach workable solution to diversity effort, and has largely succeeded in doing so. MORE
Jul. 16, 2014
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Vyskovske Pivo - Pivovar Vykov
Displayed for educational use only; do not reuse.
Ratings: 31 | Reviews: 24 | Display Reviews Only:
Reviews by RushLimbmalt:
4.83/5 rDev +37.2%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4.5 | taste: 5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 5
This is the best Pilsener in the world, IMHO anyhow... It is the perfect Pilsener color... Behold the clear, crisp, golden color... It's white head is pleasing, but not obnoxious. The aroma is hoppy and grassy with plenty of sweet maltiness shining through too. The taste is as good as it can get. Sure, the Germans make an ok Pils, but this is the bomb. The hopping is superb... The body is beyond decent and I can drink the hell out of these on any day, but on a day when a Pilsener shines (ie: hot) I reach for no other.
Serving type: bottle
10-05-2006 07:43:27 | More by RushLimbmalt
More User Reviews:
New Jersey
3.75/5 rDev +6.5%
05-24-2014 22:18:11 | More by Latarnik
3.5/5 rDev -0.6%
11-29-2013 21:24:05 | More by BillRoth
3.75/5 rDev +6.5%
09-07-2013 00:43:14 | More by ejimhof
South Carolina
4/5 rDev +13.6%
05-27-2013 17:18:13 | More by herrburgess
3.25/5 rDev -7.7%
05-27-2013 07:25:26 | More by Ciocanelu
2.25/5 rDev -36.1%
01-28-2013 11:11:43 | More by matjack85
3.5/5 rDev -0.6%
12-28-2012 01:26:15 | More by cliff1066
3.05/5 rDev -13.4%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 3 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3
This beer was much like any other pilsner out there. The beer pours out as a golden yellow color. The pilsner malts are too grassy on this one which I like. This beer smells a little earthy with a bit of hops in it. The flavors are of hops and malt and some light cut grass in the background. The mouthfeel is drinkable. This beer overall is ok, it's not something I'd need to have again but it was ok.
Serving type: bottle
04-15-2011 02:50:04 | More by Knapp85
3.7/5 rDev +5.1%
look: 3.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4
Imported by Royal Imports, Darien IL.
"Finest old-world pilsner... brewed in the traditional manner."
Best served at temp of 50º F (8-10 C).
Dark gold, apple cider shade with a very slight haze, with otherwise bright clarity. The last pour stirs up a bit of sediment, and there's a stubborn ring of yeast at the bottom. In a stange glass, there's a finger of foam across the 2" diameter surface. Retention is ok, it maintains an ample skim with cluster of larger bubbles to one side.
Smells like raw honey on toasted bread. Lightly sweet with minor herbal touches of noble hops. Brown sugar and sugar cookies.
Soft feel, supple like a traditional Czech Pils, and thankfully not overly sweet. Middle of the road and quaffable. Light dry bitterness in the aftertaste, light sweetness up front, with a mellow malty backbone. Some toastiness and an odd perception of vague smoke. Not sure how old the bottle is, but it was the last on the shelf at an out of the way store. Seems to have held up well, and retained some nuanced hop bitterness. Easy drinking, it reminds me of a cleaner and more flavorful version of Samson, the former house beer of Johnnie's Tavern (RIP).
Serving type: bottle
03-26-2011 00:14:56 | More by emerge077
3.98/5 rDev +13.1%
look: 4.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 4 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4
12 oz brown bottle, no date.
It pours a nice deep darker gold that looks unfiltered. The head is big, fluffy, and white and forms a dome around the rim of the glass, slowly receding with some intricate lacing. Nearly a spot-on appearance.
Smell is grainy with a deep sugary malt scent. The hops linger in the background with a slight spiciness. It's not skunky, the proper way to enjoy a pilsener.
The taste follows the nose, nice robust grains with a kiss of hops that lend a balancing bitterness. The mouthfeel is richer than what you would find in most Czech pilseners.
This one seems true to style, not watered down, I like it.
Serving type: bottle
07-12-2010 01:54:52 | More by crossovert
2.95/5 rDev -16.2%
look: 3 | smell: 2.5 | taste: 3 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3
Pours a hazed golden color with no foam and no lacing despite a hard pour. Smell is slightly sweet and grainy. Flavor is vegetal, earthy, woody, grassy, sweet, nothing overly complex. No hop bitterness to speak of, really. The tastes just don't agree with me all that much. It's not horribly offending, but it's not very good either. Crisp, goes down very easy. Not a very good beer. The flavors just really aren't what i expected from a Czech Pilsner.
Serving type: bottle
02-22-2009 19:58:23 | More by KeefD
2.5/5 rDev -29%
look: 4 | smell: 3 | taste: 2 | feel: 3 | overall: 2.5
Beer poured with a nice golden yellow color, delicate white head, aroma of butterscotch and burnt sugar. Cereal, butterscotch, light hop bitterness on the finish. I found this beer to be cloyingly sweet with an off-putting artificial creme brulee/caramel flavor. Others here suggested skunky off flavors that could be due to age, but I didn't detect any oldish flavors. Skip this one for other, more refined and delicious Pilseners.
Serving type: bottle
11-24-2008 01:08:22 | More by jdhaddox
4/5 rDev +13.6%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Quite an unexpected find tonight at a local beer-liquor store!
A= gorgeous golden yellow. Slightly off-white foamy fluffy head with a minimal yellow-tint. Profuse small bubbles rising. Nice lacing on the side of the glass that stayed for the duration.
S= alluding to the taste to follow, a nice nut-malt scent with balance, maybe hints of honey if you try. Barley-malt.
T= same as the smell-- deep malt taste with a bit of nutty traces, barley-malt, lightly on the honey side, pleasant floral hops, and some hops bitterness more in the aftertaste than in the gulp.
[NOTE-- after going through 2 cases of this beer, I got a 3rd case and was surprised to discover that it had far more hops-bite than the other 2 cases-- good, but a bit of a surprise, and I wonder how strict their quality-control is, but I'm not worried!}
M= gorgeous. Slight very light syrup hint, memories of the taste, no flatness or bitter bite.
D= very drinkable.
Compared to a Paulaner Pils, however, I just had 2 of the Paulner's and now pulld out one of these, and it seems pale and carbonation-biting, in comparison. The Paulaner is far more a traditional Pils. However, this beer is very decent but almost in a viariant-Pils way.
Serving type: bottle
12-15-2007 03:10:15 | More by therica
Ontario (Canada)
2.85/5 rDev -19%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 2.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 2.5
Malty aroma, yellowish with a bit of white head. Initially creamy / malty tasty and satisfying. Draws you in on a warm Fall day, but then a metallic and wet old paper finish. Perhaps the bottle was older than it should be, I don't know I just bought it. Then I saw the other reviews confirming this. A below par Czech but still worth trying if you admire the country, the style.
Serving type: bottle
10-21-2007 01:21:31 | More by Sammy
West Virginia
2.28/5 rDev -35.2%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3 | taste: 2 | feel: 2 | overall: 2
Appears a semi pale hazed golden straw hue with a large white nicely formed head leaves thick even patches of lacing, not bad typcial for a Czech pils. Aroma full of grassy and herbal zesty mildly citrus Saaz hop bursts mild skunk effect as well with fresh bright toasted biscuit malt and mineral sulfur yeast notes peeking through definitely smells great. Flavor has the typical Euro lager affect going down with light dainty malt sweetness like a plain cracker or biscuit tone quickly turns to hop bitterness and grassy dryness mineral sulfur notes tickle the nose with the more than ample carbonation finishes dry almost salty on the palate. Mouthfeel is not too pleasing thin body pretty light carbonation a bit too cranked up and the dry desert feeling my tongue has it borderline unbearable. Drinkability well to be honest this is some harsh stuff keep reading the label well crafted and what not this isn't my go to Czech pils that's a promise.
Serving type: bottle
07-16-2007 03:31:56 | More by WVbeergeek
2.7/5 rDev -23.3%
look: 3 | smell: 2 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 2.5
Poured out of a brown bottle a clean golden color and a disapearing white head. It had the standard sweet malt and touch of skunkiness to it. Although, there was a sweeter nose, the taste was actually quite dry. It is a very smooth beer, and very easy to drink. A touch refreshing, but the small skunkiness that I smelled kind of turned me away.
Serving type: bottle
06-28-2007 19:33:54 | More by OWSLEY069
3.5/5 rDev -0.6%
look: 3.5 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 3.5
Vyskovske Pivo Pils pours a stiff rocky head over a
cloudy yellow brew. Carbonation is moderate but
steady, and the nose is barley malts. The flavor is
slightly sweet malt and barley up front with a crisp
herbal hop finish. Mouthfeel is crisp and clean, but
not too thin, and there's more of a grassy hop aftertaste.
A nice balanced Pils, and for once it's a former Eastern
Bloc lager that comes in a proper brown bottle, not
that obnoxious green glass that just invites skunkiness.
There's nothing flashy here, just another good, workmanlike
lager. Drink with confidence!
Serving type: bottle
05-31-2007 05:27:11 | More by shadow1961
3.63/5 rDev +3.1%
look: 4 | smell: 3.5 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 3.5 | overall: 4
Clear lemony gold color with a starchy white capping of small stature holding at the top. Some lacing is throw about in a fair variety of spots and strings.
Aroma is clean and malty, sorta paled down, yet with a crispy little bready smooth sweetness. Light noting of herbal, grassy hops.
Flavors are mild yet fulfilling enough for a Pils, again, much like what the nose gives way to, its kinda paled down in tone and character with a decent malty presense with a bready sweetness thats a bit touching on soft pretzels or light toast. Softly muted hops sneak in with a grassyness thats floating off lightly in a favored, easy dryness. Quite average, with a bit of interest due to the malts.
Feel is a bit slow, has a certain snap and crispness to it that trys to peak into the Pils category of carbonation. But does fall a bit flat. Clean profile overall and quite smooth on the buds.
A slightly over average Pils here, drinkable all the same, yet a bit out of character to what I'd like to see from a Czeck Pils. Not bad though.
Serving type: bottle
05-06-2007 20:44:03 | More by tavernjef
3.75/5 rDev +6.5%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
Unsure of the brew date of this beer - 12 oz bottle served at 45 degrees into a large snifter
Appearance: 1/2 Inch white head rises and falls quickly. The beer is golden in color with no carbonation releasing to the surface. Some head is left behind.
Smell: Hoppy and bitter. The aroma is very sharp. Earthy and pungent like a pilsner. I hope this is fresh. Smells like it is leaning away from freshness. Banana and pineapple are dominating smells.
Perhaps some nuttiness like ...coconut?
Taste: Fresh and clean. This reminds me of a hefeweizen but much cleaner. The taste is crisp and a little sour. Puckering pineapple makes an excellent quenching flavor. Slight hoppiness up front subsides and gives way to a comforting malty finish.
Mouthfeel: Pinchy carbonation bite and clean finish. I'm glad this isn't a dry beer. Quenching, creamy aftertaste is all you need for an afternoon on the lawnmower.
Drinkability: This is a great beer. I'm glad I got the opportunity to try it. I'm not sure how fresh it was but I would guess that it was brewed within the last year. It's refreshing not to be drinking another extreme American beer.
Serving type: bottle
02-24-2007 02:54:29 | More by Risser09
3.93/5 rDev +11.6%
look: 4 | smell: 4 | taste: 3.5 | feel: 4.5 | overall: 4.5
I'm glad I picked this up randomly at Party Source in Syracuse. Its hard to find a decent pil and an import thats not in a green bottle. It smelled a bit sweet and had a nice biscuit and bready flavor with a bit of earthy hops. Just very nicely balanced and full-flavored, worth a try it like pilsners. Not too sweet like some.
Serving type: bottle
02-18-2007 02:29:36 | More by tempest
3.98/5 rDev +13.1%
look: 3.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4
From Jerry's, in Grand Rapids MN. I didn't note a freshness date, but the bottles were pretty dusty, so there is a chance this was past its prime. Comes in a brown bottle, which is nice to see, as so often the green bottled europils are skunked by the time they hit the US midwest.
A- pours orange, translucent, with thick white foam.
S-Hop aromas are strong, malt aromas detected as a bit grainy.
T-Sweet malt, slightly grainy, Czech hop flavor. Not very bitter. Nice.
M-Fine bodied texture.
Serving type: bottle
11-16-2006 17:59:14 | More by pweis909
New Hampshire
2.25/5 rDev -36.1%
look: 3 | smell: 3 | taste: 2 | feel: 2 | overall: 2
Pours a two finger lumpy white head that fades to a thin layer leaving no lace. Light clear amber color. Light carbonation and light-medium bodied. Slight hoppy nose. Starts balanced but hops assert giving a bitter but not a long lasting aftertaste. $1.79 for a 12oz bottle from John's Grocery Iowa City, IA.
Serving type: bottle
10-26-2006 23:52:00 | More by jdhilt
3.05/5 rDev -13.4%
look: 4 | smell: 3 | taste: 3 | feel: 3 | overall: 3
Dark, rich, textbook amber that may contain the barest hint of orange on bright backlighting. The bone white head is a worthy accompaniment to the beer, in terms of both color and texture. It's firmer than it is creamy and doesn't leave as muce lace as hoped for. Still, it's a good look while the cap holds out.
The nose is in the vicinity of your average Euro Pale Lager with regard to quality. As far as I'm concerned, it isn't hoppy enough to deserve the Czech Pils moniker. Untoasted malt is barely noted, as are gently grassy, slightly spicy noble hops. Far from a humdinger.
A little better on the palate; at least the hops have now decided to contribute something to the cause. I can now appreciate a light toasted breadiness that I didn't pick up when merely sniffing. Shortly after beer hits taste buds, that light maltiness is overtaken by a less than impressive German (or is it Czech?) hop bitteress that becomes more and more insistent as the finish approaches. I still wouldn't call this anything other than a moderately hoppy beer though.
I have to take a moment to comment on the list of ingredients on the Pivovar Vyskov website. In total, they are: water, malted barley, treated hop (sic), hop extract, sugar, lactic acid and oxidation inhibitor E 300. Pretty eye-opening stuff. Also amusing when one considers that 'finest old-world pilsner... brewed in the traditional manner' appears prominently on the front label.
The body/mouthfeel is no great shakes, but it does get the job done. Light without being too light, fizzy without being too fizzy, it's strictly average in all respects. Couldn't the brewery have added some chemical or other to greatly improve the tactile experience? How about mouthfeel enhancer M 700?
I knew nothing about Vyskovsky Pivo (Vyskov beer) brewed by Pivovar Vyskov (Vyskov Brewery) when I decided to spend the princely sum of $1.79 on the bottle. In the final analysis, this beer is about as imaginative as its name. It doesn't really taste adjunct-riddled, but that list of ingredients is more than a little disturbing.
Serving type: bottle
08-28-2006 18:30:41 | More by BuckeyeNation
North Carolina
4.13/5 rDev +17.3%
look: 4.5 | smell: 4 | taste: 4 | feel: 4 | overall: 4.5
First time I have ever come across this Czech pilsner but it definently wont be my last,poured a clear shimmering gold with a big fluffy well retained white head, quite spritzey looking.Fresh aromas of bready malt and a little floral peppery hop with underlying notes of mineral and hard water,again the freshness comes into play on the palate just fresh and floral lightly sweet but refreshing as all get out.Wow a Czech gem here if you like true pilsner beers this is it bright floral and fresh perfect for a warm day I only wish I had more but I will be geting more.
Serving type: bottle
07-03-2006 18:07:02 | More by oberon
Vyskovske Pivo from Pivovar Vykov
81 out of 100 based on 31 ratings.


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Traditional methods of operational data protection such as RAID tend to be complex and difficult to configure and manage, but some storage vendors are offering compelling alternatives. In this track, we'll also examine power conservation for storage systems, a new requisite for most storage shops struggling to balance increased capacity and soaring energy costs.
Downloads included in this track: (click title to download slides)
Speaker: Jeff Byrne, Senior Analyst and Consultant, Taneja Group
Description: Virtual desktop infrastructures (VDIs) bring end users many potential benefits, including increased user mobility and flexibility, higher levels of security, and reduced administrative and maintenance costs. While the foundational computing and networking technologies are now in place to support virtual desktop infrastructures, the performance and provisioning of storage remains a major challenge to deploying an effective VDI. Traditional approaches to storage in a virtualized environment – whether networked or direct attached – tend to suffer from a number of problems, including low capacity utilization, poor performance and slow and complex provisioning. Such issues can reduce service levels for desktop applications and prevent VDI installations from scaling beyond a small number of users.
This session will outline major storage challenges in VDI environments and discuss approaches to overcome them, including a set of requirements for VDI-optimized storage. You'll also get several examples of vendor solutions that can help end users to meet these requirements.
The Rise of Primary Storage Optimization
Speaker: Eric Burgener, Senior Analyst, Taneja Group
Description: Data reduction technologies like data de-duplication and single instancing are really starting to take hold in the industry, with recent analyst surveys indicating strong purchase intent over the next 12 months. To date, these technologies have only addressed secondary or off-line storage (primarily backups) because they typically have not offered the performance necessary to be used against primary, on-line applications. Over the last twelve months, newer technologies have emerged that offer high performance, in-line data reduction sufficient for use with primary storage and on-line applications.
The data reduction market is now splitting into "primary storage optimization" and "secondary storage optimization." The break out session will discuss the emerging primary storage optimization technologies and the value propositions it offers to end users, identifying the criteria necessary for primary storage optimization offerings, introduce the vendors playing in this space, and discuss the pros and cons of the different architectures and approaches to primary storage optimization.
Clustered Storage -- From SMB, to Scientific, to Social Networking and Web 2.0
Speaker: Greg Schulz, Founder and Senior Analyst, StorageIO
Description: The growth of structured and unstructured data continues at an explosive rate in most environments resulting in a constantly expanding data footprint requiring data and storage management resources. Similarly, the relative ease of use of NFS and Windows CIFS file sharing based storage, also known as Network Attached Storage (NAS), has led to a proliferation of NAS and Windows file servers which are not all that different from how the ease of use of personal computers (PCs) resulted in desktop and server sprawl.
With the focus of many IT organizations today to do more with less, or, do more with what you have, clustered storage and clustered file serving have become a popular option to support modular, scalable and flexible growth. Clustered storage including clustered file serving, grid and web 2.0 based storage solutions are no longer confined to the specific high performance scientific applications they are commonly associated. Clustered storage serving is commonly being deployed to support a wide diversity of applications including commercial, entertainment or media, Web 2.0 and social networking along with grid, cloud and traditional scientific needs.
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Virtualization -- In One Hour
Speaker: Stephen Foskett, Director of Data Practice, Contoural
Description: While virtualization is still a burgeoning technology for storage, the merits are many. With an understanding the benefits and drawbacks of virtualization, you can bring many new capabilities to your storage environment. This session will provide the answers to many of the virtualization questions swirling in storage today.
During this session you will hear how virtualization has progressed from vaporware to actual products storage managers are using to centralize data, add flexibility, and change the economics of storage.
The Hidden Storage "Gotchas" of Server Virtualization and How to Avoid Them
Speaker: Marc Staimer, President and CDS, Dragon Slayer Consulting
Description: Server virtualization implementations are booming. The coming together of multicore x86 processors and server virtualization has made consolidation of workloads running on underutilized servers, increasingly attractive. And while server consolidation promises to reduce floor space and power/cooling requirements, it also creates unexpected new storage challenges as well. Storage and SAN implementations that work well with physical servers often break down and do not work well at all when those servers are virtualized.
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Other tracks
Backup Technologies Track
Disaster Recovery Track
Storage Systems & Networking Track
Executive/Management Track
This was first published in October 2008


text: content LE Magazine August 2008 Estriol Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and haplotypes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk. INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotypes may influence breast cancer risk by altering potential anticarcinogenic effects of vitamin D, but epidemiological studies have been inconsistent. Effect modification by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D), the biomarker for vitamin D status in humans, has rarely been examined. METHODS: We assessed the effects of two frequently analyzed polymorphisms (FokI and TaqI) and two potentially functional variants (VDR-5132 and Cdx2) in the VDR gene, which thus far have not been analyzed with respect to breast cancer risk, on postmenopausal breast cancer risk in a population-based, case-control study including 1,408 patients (cases) and 2,612 control individuals (controls) matched for year of birth. Odds ratios (ORs) for breast cancer adjusted for potential confounders were calculated for genotypes and estimated haplotypes. RESULTS: No differences in serum 25(OD)D concentrations by VDR genotype were observed. None of the analyzed polymorphisms was associated with overall risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. However, the TaqI polymorphism was associated with a significantly increased risk for oestrogen receptor positive tumours (OR = 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00 to 1.38, comparing t allele carriers with noncarriers) but not for oestrogen receptor negative tumours (OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.69 to 1.13; P for interaction = 0.04). Haplotype analysis revealed the haplotype FtCA (FokI F, TaqI t, VDR-5132 C, Cdx2 A), which contains the TaqI t allele, to be associated with a significantly greater breast cancer risk as compared with the most frequent haplotype FTCG (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.05). No significant interaction between VDR genotypes or haplotypes and 25(OH)D was observed. CONCLUSION: Our results support potential effects of VDR polymorphisms on postmenopausal breast cancer risk and possible differential effects of receptor status of the tumour. However, further studies focusing on the influence of polymorphisms and haplotypes on VDR functionality, activity and concentration are needed. Breast Cancer Res. 2008;10(2):R31 Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial. BACKGROUND: Numerous observational studies have found supplemental calcium and vitamin D to be associated with reduced risk of common cancers. However, interventional studies to test this effect are lacking. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this analysis was to determine the efficacy of calcium alone and calcium plus vitamin D in reducing incident cancer risk of all types. DESIGN: This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was fracture incidence, and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence. The subjects were 1,179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4 degrees N. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1,400-1,500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone (Ca-only), supplemental calcium plus 1,100 IU vitamin D3/d (Ca + D), or placebo. RESULTS: When analyzed by intention to treat, cancer incidence was lower in the Ca + D women than in the placebo control subjects (P < 0.03). With the use of logistic regression, the unadjusted relative risks (RR) of incident cancer in the Ca + D and Ca-only groups were 0.402 (P = 0.01) and 0.532 (P = 0.06), respectively. When analysis was confined to cancers diagnosed after the first 12 mo, RR for the Ca + D group fell to 0.232 (CI: 0.09, 0.60; P < 0.005) but did not change significantly for the Ca-only group. In multiple logistic regression models, both treatment and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significant, independent predictors of cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00352170. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1586-91 Glycemic load, glycemic index, and the risk of breast cancer among Mexican women. OBJECTIVE: The amount and composition of dietary carbohydrates is a major determinant of postprandial blood glucose and insulin, and risk of breast cancer has been positively associated with plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. We sought to evaluate dietary glycemic load (GL) and overall glycemic index (GI) in relation to breast cancer risk in Mexican women. METHODS: We examined dietary GL and overall GI and breast cancer risk among 475 women with histologically-confirmed breast cancer and a random sample of 1,391 women from Mexico City households. Diet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire adapted to the Mexican population. RESULTS: The multivariate adjusted or for all women comparing the highest quartile of dietary GL with the lowest quartile was 1.62 (95% CI 1.13-2.32; p-test for trend = 0.02) with a significant trend. In postmenopausal women, the multivariate adjusted or comparing the extreme quartiles was 2.18 (95% CI 1.34-3.55; p-test for trend=0.005). Overall GI was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: High intake of rapidly absorbed carbohydrate appears to play an important role in the risk of breast cancer in Mexican women. Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Dec;16(10):1165-9 Consumption of dairy products and the risk of breast cancer: a review of the literature. Differences in eating patterns and breast cancer rates across countries suggest that several dietary components, including dairy products, could affect breast cancer risk. However, dairy products are a diverse food group in terms of the factors that could potentially influence risk. Some dairy products, such as whole milk and many types of cheese, have a relatively high saturated fat content, which may increase risk. Moreover, milk products may contain contaminants such as pesticides, which have carcinogenic potential, and growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor I, which have been shown to promote breast cancer cell growth. In contrast, the calcium and vitamin D contents of dairy products have been hypothesized to reduce breast cancer risk. We reviewed the current epidemiologic literature on the relation between dairy product intakes and breast cancer risk, focusing primarily on the results of cohort and case-control studies. Most of the studies reviewed showed no consistent pattern of increased or decreased breast cancer risk with a high consumption of dairy products as a whole or when broken down into high-fat and low-fat dairy products, milk, cheese, or butter. Measurement error may have attenuated any modest association with dairy products. The available epidemiologic evidence does not support a strong association between the consumption of milk or other dairy products and breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):5-14 Consumption of sweet foods and breast cancer risk in Italy. BACKGROUND: The relation between the intake of sugar and sweets and the risk of breast cancer has been considered in ecological, prospective and case-control studies, but the results are unclear. We analyzed such a relation in a case-control study conducted between 1991 and 1994 in Italy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cases were 2,569 women with histologically confirmed incident breast cancer and controls were 2,588 women admitted to hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-hormone-related conditions. Information on diet was based on an interviewer-administered questionnaire tested for reproducibility and validity. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed by multiple logistic regression equations. RESULTS: Compared with women with the lowest tertile of intake, women in the highest tertile of intake of desserts (including biscuits, brioches, cakes, puffs and ice-cream) and sugars (including sugar, honey, jam, marmalade and chocolate) had multivariate ORs of 1.19 (95% CI 1.02-1.39) and 1.19 (95% CI 1.02-1.38), respectively. The results were similar in strata of age, body mass index, total energy intake and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: We found a direct association between breast cancer risk and consumption of sweet foods with high glycemic index and load, which increase insulin and insulin growth factors. Ann Oncol. 2006 Feb;17(2):341-5 Serum enterolactone levels and the risk of breast cancer in women with palpable cysts. Low levels of lignans, namely enterolactone, have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in the general female population. We assessed, retrospectively, the relationship between serum enterolactone concentrations and the occurrence of breast cancer in women with palpable cysts. The levels of enterolactone in cryopreserved serum aliquots, obtained from 383 women with palpable cysts at the time of their first cyst aspiration, were measured using a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA). After a median follow-up time of 6.5 years (range 0.5-12.75 years), 18 women were found to have developed an invasive breast cancer. Median values of serum enterolactone were significantly lower in women who subsequently developed breast cancer: 8.5 nM/l versus 16.0 nM/l: P=0.04. Odd Ratios (OR) for breast cancer were: 0.36 (P=0.03), 0.57 (P=0.3) and 0.38 (P=0.25) for 25th (8 nM/l), 50th (16 nM/l) and 75th (24 nM/l) percentile values, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed a satisfactory accuracy for enterolactone as a breast cancer risk indicator (area under the curve (AUC)=0.64: P=0.04). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that the enterolactone concentration had a strong protective effect on the breast cancer risk. These findings may have important clinical implications with regard to interventional diet-focused chemo-preventive trials. Eur J Cancer. 2004 Jan;40(1):84-9 Dietary lignan intakes and risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer. Lignans are plant compounds metabolized in the mammalian gut to produce the phytoestrogens enterolactone and enterodiol. Because estrogens have been linked to breast cancer etiology, lignans could affect breast cancer risk through modulation of endogenous estrogen metabolism or competitive inhibition with estrogen receptors. We examined breast cancer risk and dietary lignan intake in a population-based case-control study of 1,122 women with primary, incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer and 2,036 controls frequency matched to cases on age and county of residence as part of the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study. Diet was assessed with a self-administered 104-item food frequency questionnaire and other relevant data were collected by detailed in-person interviews. Lignans were expressed as the sum of the dietary precursors secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, total energy and other breast cancer risk factors. Premenopausal women in the highest quartile of dietary lignan intake had reduced breast cancer risk (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.44-0.98). No association was observed between lignan intakes and postmenopausal breast cancer. Our results suggest that dietary lignans may be important in the etiology of breast cancer, particularly among premenopausal women. Int J Cancer. 2004 Sep 1;111(3):440-3 Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer. Dietary indoles, present in Brassica plants such as cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts, have been shown to provide potential protection against hormone-dependent cancers. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is under study as one of the main protective indole metabolites. Postmenopausal women aged 50-70 yr from Marin County, California, with a history of early-stage breast cancer, were screened for interest and eligibility in this pilot study on the effect of absorbable DIM (BioResponse-DIM) supplements on urinary hormone metabolites. The treatment group received daily DIM (108 mg DIM/day) supplements for 30 days, and the control group received a placebo capsule daily for 30 days. Urinary metabolite analysis included 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1), 16-alpha hydroxyestrone (16alpha-OHE1), DIM, estrone (El), estradiol(E2), estriol (E3), 6beta-hydroxycortisol (6beta-OHC), and cortisol in the first morning urine sample before intervention and 31 days after intervention. Nineteen women completed the study,for a total of 10 in the treatment group and 9 in the placebo group. DIM-treated subjects, relative to placebo, showed a significant increase in levels of2-OHE1 (P=0. 020), DIM (P =0. 045), and cortisol (P = 0.039), and a nonsignificant increase of 47% in the 2-OHE1/16alpha-OHE1 ratio from 1.46 to 2.14 (P=0.059). In this pilot study, DIM increased the 2-hydroxylation of estrogen urinary metabolites. Nutr Cancer. 2004;50(2):161-7 A phase I study of indole-3-carbinol in women: tolerability and effects. We completed a phase I trial of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) in 17 women (1 postmenopausal and 16 premenopausal) from a high-risk breast cancer cohort. After a 4-week placebo run-in period, subjects ingested 400 mg I3C daily for 4 weeks followed by a 4-week period of 800 mg I3C daily. These chronic doses were tolerated well by all subjects. Hormonal variables were measured near the end of the placebo and dosing periods, including determination of the urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio. Measurements were made during the follicular phase for premenopausal women. Serum estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone binding globulin showed no significant changes in response to I3C. Caffeine was used to probe for cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT-2), and xanthine oxidase. Comparing the results from the placebo and the 800 mg daily dose period, CYP1A2 was elevated by I3C in 94% of the subjects, with a mean increase of 4.1-fold. In subjects with high NAT-2 activities, these were decreased to 11% by I3C administration but not altered if NAT-2 activity was initially low. Xanthine oxidase was not affected. Lymphocyte glutathione S-transferase activity was increased by 69% in response to I3C. The apparent induction of CYP1A2 was mirrored by a 66% increase in the urinary 2-hydroxyestrone/16alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio in response to I3C. The maximal increase was observed with the 400 mg daily dose of I3C, with no further increase found at 800 mg daily. If the ratio of hydroxylated estrone metabolites is a biomarker for chemoprevention, as suggested, then 400 mg I3C daily will elicit a maximal protective effect. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1953-60 Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer. Several lines of evidence suggest that vitamin D may reduce incidence of breast cancer, but few epidemiologic studies have addressed the relation of plasma vitamin D metabolites to the risk of this disease. We prospectively examined the relationship between plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and risk of breast cancer in a case-control study nested within the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Blood samples were collected from study participants in 1989-1990. Breast cancer cases developing between blood collection and June 1, 1996, were matched to cancer-free controls on the basis of age, menopausal status, and other factors. Stored plasma samples from 701 cases and 724 controls were available for metabolite analysis. Cases had a lower mean 25(OH)D level than controls (P=0.01), but mean 1,25(OH)2D levels were similar (P=0.49). High levels of both metabolites were associated with a nonsignificant lower risk of breast cancer. Women in the highest quintile of 25(OH)D had a relative risk of 0.73 (95% confidence interval=0.49-1.07; Ptrend=0.06) compared with those in the lowest quintile. For 1,25(OH)2D, the comparable relative risk was 0.76 (95% confidence interval=0.52-1.11; Ptrend=0.39). For both metabolites, the association was stronger in women ages 60 years and older, but results were not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that high levels of 25(OH)D, and perhaps 1,25(OH)2D, may be modestly associated with reduced risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1991-7 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentration and breast tissue expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase and Vitamin D receptor in women with and without breast cancer. 1,25(OH)2D3 is an antiproliferative agent that may inhibit proliferation of breast cancer (BC) cells in vitro and BC development in animals. Epidemiological studies have shown a high incidence of BC in people less exposed to solar rays. To unravel the role of Vitamin D3 in BC patients, we have investigated serum levels of 25(OH)D3 and its active form 1,25(OH)2D3 as well as tissue expression of 1alpha-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase, and Vitamin D-receptor (VDR), determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR, in 88 Brazilian BC patients and 35 women without cancer (submitted to mammoplasties or resection of benign lesions). Median age of women with and without cancer was 51 and 46 years, respectively, and the majority of BC patients were classified as clinical stage II (67%). Although no differences in 25(OH)D3 serum concentration were found, 1,25(OH)2D3 (40+/-21 pg/ml) levels in BC patients were lower than in women without cancer (53+/-23). Our results indicate that 24-hydroxylase, VDR and 1alpha-hydroxylase mRNA tissue expression is similar in both groups and no correlation between 24-hydroxylase, 1alpha-hydroxylase, and VDR expression in breast tumors was found. A low 1,25(OH)2D3 serum concentration seems to be associated to breast cancer, however, the mechanism involved in this regulation is still unclear. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006 Aug;100(4-5):184-92 Prevention and anti-aging in endocrinology. The aging process is associated with a characteristic decline in the levels of certain hormones. In both sexes, growth hormones, melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate compound DHEAS reach their maximum levels in the third decade of life, and then decline progressively. In addition, a constant decrease in the production of biologically active free testosterone of approximately 1% per year is observed in men.The abrupt cessation of sex hormone production seen in women is not observed in men. Irrespective of the hormone being supplemented, it should always be remembered that not merely the hormone-producing organ, but also the target tissue has aged, and may thus manifest a different reaction to the substituted hormone than youthful tissue. MMW Fortschr Med. 2007 Mar 1;149(9):33-5 Symptoms associated with menopausal transition and reproductive hormones in midlife women. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that prevalence of women with menopausal symptoms of hot flushes; aches, joint pain, and stiffness; depressed mood; poor sleep; decreased libido; or vaginal dryness increases with progression through the menopausal transition. METHODS: Women in the Penn Ovarian Aging Study were assessed longitudinally for 9 years. Data were obtained from structured interviews, a validated symptom questionnaire, menstrual bleeding dates and early follicular hormone measures (estradiol [E2], follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], and inhibin b). Menopausal stages were based on menstrual bleeding patterns. Other risk factors included age, race, history of depression, current smoking, body mass index, and perceived stress. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to estimate associations among the variables with each symptom. RESULTS: The prevalence of hot flushes; aches, joint pain, and stiffness; and depressed mood increased in the menopausal transition. Menopausal stage was associated with hot flushes (P<.001); aches joint pain, and stiffness (P<.001); and depressed mood (P=.002). Within-woman fluctuations of E2 were associated with hot flushes and aches. Poor sleep, decreased libido, and vaginal dryness were not associated with menopausal stages. There was 80% power to detect an absolute difference of 11% for libido and vaginal dryness and 17% for poor sleep in the prevalence of these symptoms in the late menopausal transition compared with premenopausal status. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the role of menopausal stages for some symptoms of midlife women and indicates that stages in the transition to menopause are associated with hot flushes; aches, joint pain, and stiffness; and depressed mood. Fluctuations of E2, decreased levels of inhibin b, and increased FSH levels were associated with these symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Aug;110(2 Pt 1):230-40 The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis. INTRODUCTION: In the estrogen in venous thromboembolism (EVTET) study of 140 women with a history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), oral hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with strong activation of coagulation markers and increased risk of recurrent VTE. No such associations were observed in the estrogen women atherosclerosis (EWA) study of 118 women with established coronary artery disease who were given transdermal HRT. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of oral and transdermal HRT on levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), which was assayed with a highly sensitive method. We also evaluated the effects on other inflammatory markers and the influence of possible confounding factors. RESULTS: Oral HRT was associated with a significant increase in CRP after 3 months as compared with placebo (median 79% [95% confidence interval 36-119%] versus -4% [-13 to 10%], p = 0.001). These changes sustained after 12 months. Among those allocated HRT, the median increase in CRP was higher in women who subsequently developed recurrent thrombosis (median 328%, n = 5, versus 54%, n = 60). TNF-alpha levels decreased significantly by mean -10% [-15 to -5%] versus 3% [-4 to 10%], p=0.004. Soluble VCAM-1 decreased in the HRT group compared to the placebo group (mean -13% [-18 to -8%] versus 1%, [-3 to 5%], p < 0.001). There were no significant changes in levels of IL-6, TGF-beta or P-selectin. On transdermal HRT no significant changes in CRP were observed after 3 and 12 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings substantiate that oral HRT containing estradiol is associated with a marked and rapid increase in CRP, whereas transdermal treatment is not. However, this increase on oral treatment was associated with no increases of other inflammatory markers. Maturitas. 2005 Oct 16;52(2):111-8 Differential effects of oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether the route of estrogen replacement therapy (ET) is the major determinant of C-reactive protein (CRP) in postmenopausal women. BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated that oral ET causes a sustained increase in CRP, implicating a proinflammatory effect. Because CRP is synthesized in the liver, we hypothesized that estrogen-induced CRP elevation is related to first-pass hepatic metabolism. METHODS: In 21 postmenopausal women, we conducted a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled study to compare the effects of transdermal versus oral ET on CRP and inflammatory cytokines. We measured CRP, interleukin (IL)-1-beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha before and after eight weeks of transdermal estradiol (E(2)) (100 microg/day), oral conjugated estrogen (CEE) (0.625 mg/day), or placebo. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a hepatic-derived anabolic peptide, was also measured. RESULTS: Transdermal E(2) had no effect on CRP or IGF-1 levels. In contrast, eight weeks of oral conjugated estrogens caused a more than twofold increase in CRP and a significant reduction in IGF-1 (p < 0.01) in the same women. The magnitude of increase in CRP was inversely correlated to the decrease in IGF-1 (r = -0.49, p = 0.008). Neither transdermal E(2) nor oral CEE had any effects on the plasma concentrations of cytokines that promote CRP synthesis. CONCLUSIONS: In postmenopausal women, oral but not transdermal ET increased CRP by a first-pass hepatic effect. An increase in CRP levels is accompanied by a reduction in IGF-1, an anti-inflammatory growth factor. Because CRP is a powerful predictor of an adverse prognosis in otherwise healthy postmenopausal women, the route of administration may be an important consideration in minimizing the adverse effects of ET on cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Apr 16;41(8):1358-63 Continued on Page 3 of 4 Page1234