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The AR-15 is a modular weapon system, primarily manufactured by Colt and several other companies. It is the basis for the M16 series of service rifles currently in use by the U.S. military, the C7 and C8 series of service rifles currently in use by the Canadian military, and for many semi-automatic rifles currently manufactured by several companies.
The AR-15 is a derivative of the original AR-10; it came about due to the fact that the U.S. Army was forced to revisit the idea of a more lightweight rifle that fired an intermediate cartridge.
The AR-15 was designed around this idea in 1958[3], being an AR-10 that was scaled down to take .223 Remington cartridges. The U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Army adopted AR-15 variants (as the M16), and modified the .223 Remington cartridge slightly (by switching the powder to one that would produce a higher velocity), this cartridge becoming the 5.56x45mm NATO.
Service in Vietnam
Initial M16 rifles lacked a chrome-lined barrel and chamber, which left it prone to rust. The rifle was also touted as "self-cleaning" (though not by the manufacturer), and was not issued with cleaning kits (in reality, the rifle needs lubrication on all surfaces that involve metal-to-metal contact). This caused problems when the rifle was issued to line units in Vietnam; when fired, carbon fouling, in combination with a humid environment and lack of lubrication and cleaning, caused the weapon to foul up and malfunction repeatedly. This was further exacerbated by the switching of the powder to increase velocity in the 5.56 NATO cartridge.
This caused the government to look more closely at the M16. The blame was cast on the weapon itself rather than the fallacious self-cleaning claims made by individuals who misinterpreted what they heard from the designers and manufacturers.
Service in the Middle East
The M16, M4, and other AR-15 variants, have served with great results in the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, mainly due to the fact that troops have now learned to properly maintain the weapons (namely, having enough lubricant on the bolt carrier group to keep it cycling well). Many more variants have been fielded, to include the Mk 12 SPR, the Mk 18 CQBR, the M16A2 and M16A4, the M4, and even some older variants (mainly used by non-combat units).
Law Enforcement
The AR-15 is widely used by law enforcement in the United States as a patrol rifle. It was discovered to have superior terminal ballistics to the MP5 SMGs that preceded them, in a similarly sized package. A couple of incidents in which the 9mm Luger cartridge from the MP5 proved to be insufficient (mainly involving criminals using body armor) caused the large shift from SMGs (Uzi, MP5, and others) to the AR-15.
Civilian usage
Citizens in the U.S., Canada, Philippines, and some areas in Europe (particularly Norway, Finland, and Poland) use the AR-15 for a variety of purposes, including self-defense, competition, hunting, and plinking. These rifles are usually semi-automatic; select-fire rifles are legal in the U.S. so long as they are NFA registered as "machine guns," though the machine gun registry was closed in 1986 after the Hughes Amendment to the Firearm Owners Protection Act.
A few companies in Germany and Switzerland currently produce AR-15s, in both the standard expanding gas piston action and the short-stroke piston action (Heckler & Koch, with the HK416).
Design details
The AR-15 is a lightweight, magazine-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled, shoulder-fired rifle.
Most AR-15 models generally utilize the semi-automatic fire control group - the selector switch has options for SAFE and FIRE. These weapons are found with a modified hammer assembly, a modified disconnector, a modified trigger assembly, an unmilled shelf in the lower receiver (sometimes blocked to prevent the installation of a drop-in auto sear, particularly on rifles produced during the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban in the U.S.), and they lack an auto sear. On the hammer, there is no notch for the auto sear to catch when the carrier cycles back. The selector switch allows the sear on the trigger assembly to catch the hammer as the bolt carrier cycles rearward, preventing the hammer from re-engaging the firing pin and firing another round until the trigger is pulled again.
To further prevent conversion to full auto, some manufacturers use bolt carriers modified to prevent engagement with an auto sear, if one were to be installed; approximately 1.25 inches of steel is milled off the rear part of the carrier, preventing the auto sear from releasing the hammer to fire again.
Rifles manufactured for export or military sales have the automatic fire control group; the selector switch has options for SAFE, SEMI, and BURST (or AUTO). These weapons are found with the M16 hammer assembly, the M16 disconnector, and a trigger assembly that allows for the auto sear to function as intended in conjunction with the auto selector switch. The M16 lower receiver has a section of its shelf milled lower to accommodate the auto sear, and an additional hole (the sear hole) is drilled into the lower receiver to hold the sear in place.
Bolt carrier assembly
The bolt carrier assembly consists of the bolt, a firing pin, a retaining pin to hold the firing pin in its channel inside the bolt, a cam pin to secure the rotating bolt as it locks and unlocks when the weapon cycles, and a gas key, which is attached to the top of the bolt carrier itself via two Grade 8 Allen screws (hex screws), properly sized so that the staking will be able to hold them in. The gas key should be properly staked, deforming the metal enough to prevent the screws from backing out during operation of the weapon. The screws should not be secured via Loc-tite alone; heat will break down the loc-tite and the screws will back out with continued operation, breaking the seal between the gas key and the carrier, which will cause the rifle to short-stroke or even not cycle at all (as the action is not getting enough gas). The bolt is a rotating bolt design, and has seven lugs that lock into the barrel extension, sealing the chamber when it goes into battery. The AR-15 does not feature a primary extraction movement during operation.
The bolt should be composed of Carpenter 158 (C158) steel for maximum durability, and should be shot peened, tested with a proof load, and MPI tested for cracks and inclusions.[4]
Barrel and bore
In adherence to the TDP (Technical Data Package), the barrel should be hammer forged from 4150 CMV (Chrome-moly Vanadium) steel. This allows the barrel to last a bit longer under the stresses of full auto fire or rapid semi-auto fire, and leaves the barrel less prone to gas port erosion and throat erosion. Most AR-15 manufacturers tend to use the 1:9 rifling twist in their barrels, which is usually able to handle projectiles up to around 69 grains; stabilization problems sometimes result if the bullet is any heavier (because they are generally longer and require a faster twist rate). The data package calls for a 1:7 twist in the M16s and M4s, which handles the heavier and longer bullets. As with the bolt, the barrel should be tested with a proof load and MPI tested to check for structural deficiencies.
The iron sights on the A1-style AR15s did not have distance adjustment on the rear sight, only windage. The A2-style sights, as well as many backup iron sights commonly found on many modern ARs, have distance settings and windage settings; both are adjustable. The standard distance settings are 300 to 800 meters.
The A2 sights feature a smaller aperture for longer distance shooting, and a larger aperture (labeled as 0-2, for 0-200 meters) for low-light shooting and close-quarters combat.[5] Typically, if the smaller aperture is zeroed for 300 meters, the larger aperture is zeroed for 200 meters.
The standard front sight assembly on all AR-15s is adjustable for elevation.
The standard A2 rifle front sight post is .270 inches tall, and has a square profile. It has four notches around the base of the front sight post, each notch representing 1.25 MOA in elevation.[6] The standard A1 rifle front sight post is .260 inches tall, and has a tapered round shape. It has five notches around the base of the front sight post, each notch representing 1 MOA of elevation.[7]
The standard A2 carbine front sight post is .270 inches tall, and has a tapered, square profile, to provide a better view of the target. This is due to the fact that the carbine has a shorter sight radius than the rifle; the front sight post appears to cover much more of the target.
Colt makes a front sight post that is .300 inches in height, and Bushmaster makes one that is .310 inches tall, allowing for closer zeroing without the front sight being too far out of the front sight base.[8]
Operating system
The standard AR-15 utilizes what is commonly referred to as the direct impingement gas operation system. This is untrue, as the gas does not impinge directly on the bolt face itself. This system is actually a gas piston system in its own right; unlike a short-stroke or long-stroke gas piston system, there is no actuator rod to push the bolt carrier group. The bolt is the piston (more specifically, the rear part, with the gas rings (piston rings)), and the system operates on the force of expanding gas in the chamber of the bolt carrier.[9] Unlike most other gas piston mechanisms, this is an inline piston system, as opposed to short-stroke and long-stroke piston systems, which are offset piston systems.
The AR features a rotating bolt breech mechanism.
The magazine is loaded into the weapon and the charging handle is racked, pulling the bolt carrier assembly into the receiver extension. The action spring forces the bolt carrier forward, stripping a round out of the magazine and into the chamber. The bolt rotates and locks as it goes into the breech. When the trigger is pulled, the hammer strikes the firing pin, which fires the round. The gas propels the bullet toward the muzzle end of the barrel. As the bullet travels down the bore, the gas produced by the ignition of the propellant fills the gas port (a hole drilled in the barrel that leads into the port in the front sight block, which is connected to the gas tube; a common feature in all gas piston weapons) and the gas tube, which leads back into the receiver. As the gas is forced into the gas key on the bolt carrier (which is hollow all the way through) via the pressure at the gas port, the expanding gas fills the hollowed-out chamber in the bolt carrier itself until the pressure is great enough to force a rearward motion. This separates the carrier's gas key from the gas tube and cuts off the gas flow. As this happens, the bolt rotates and unlocks, and allows the weapon to cycle. There are several gas systems of differing length, as described below.[10]
The receiver extension
The receiver extension is the part that allows the cyclic motion of the bolt carrier. It contains a spring and a buffer, filled with weights, to send the bolt carrier forward once it has completed its rearward travel. The extension is threaded into the lower receiver, and helps to retain a small spring-loaded detent that retains the action spring. It is locked in place by a screw in the end of the stock (or a stainless steel nut directly on the endplate with carbines) and endplate, which also holds a spring and detent in place to retain one of the push pins that hold the lower and upper receiver together. On carbines, the endplate is staked at a point where it engages the stainless steel nut, to prevent the nut backing out during operation.
NOTE: Some AR-15 manufacturers use Loctite threadlocker to hold the nut in place. This is unnecessary, and can damage the receiver extension.
There are two different lengths for the receiver extension: carbine and rifle. Rifle receiver extensions are used with fixed-stock AR-15 rifles, and are slightly longer than the carbine-length receiver extensions. The corresponding action spring is generally between 11.75 and 13.5 inches long; any shorter, and it should be replaced.
Carbine-length receiver extensions are slightly shorter, and utilize an extra-strength action spring that is between 10.0625 and 11.25 inches long. There are several buffers that can be used with a carbine, all with different weights. This is mainly to combat the effects of gas port erosion (or just the effects of too much gas coming into the action, which causes fast unlocking, which can be a problem with some carbines. This is particularly true for the shorter gas systems). There are two different carbine receiver extensions, identical in length, but one (the so-called "commercial" variant) is .03 inches wider (1.17 inches) than the mil-spec variant, which is 1.14 inches. This can cause stocks which fit the commercial receiver extension to not fit a mil-spec diameter receiver extension.
Rifle buffers
Rifle-length receiver extensions use a buffer that is unique to it - it is longer than buffers used in a carbine system. The buffer itself has five steel weights and one spacer inside, and weighs in at 5.1 ounces. It has a reciprocal weight of 3.5 ounces (how much force it uses to push the carrier forward during a cycle).[11]
Carbine buffers
A regular carbine buffer has three steel weights. It weighs 3 ounces and has a reciprocal weight of 1.9 ounces.[12] The buffer is generally unmarked.
An "H" buffer (Heavy buffer, H1 buffer) is a carbine buffer with one tungsten weight and two steel weights. It is slightly heavier (hence the name), at 3.7 ounces, and has a reciprocal weight of 2.8 ounces. This buffer is marked with an "H".
An "H2" buffer is even heavier, at 4.6 ounces and a 3.5 ounce reciprocal weight. It has two tungsten weights and one steel weight. This buffer is generally used when a suppressor is mounted to an AR-15, or when a particular carbine is known to be overgassed. This buffer is marked with "H2".
An "H3" buffer has three tungsten weights. This buffer is generally used if the H2 buffer is not enough to slow down the cyclic rate, particularly with suppressors. This buffer is marked with "H3".
All carbine buffers have three spacers inside, along with the three weights.
Gas systems
There are, at present, five different lengths of gas system for the expanding gas AR-15. Other AR-15s generally use gas systems that are equivalent to the carbine-length gas.
Pistol-length gas system
This system is found on barrels which are too short to accommodate the carbine gas system (usually 7.5 inches). The gas port is drilled 5 inches from the chamber. Pressures in the chamber tend to run extremely high and are very hard on internal parts.
Carbine-length gas system
This system is found on barrels ranging in length from 10.3 inches to 16.5 inches. The gas port is drilled 7.5 inches from the chamber, and the gas pressure typically clocks in at around 26,000 PSI at the port. If there is less barrel after the gas port, there will be less dwell time. Because of this, the gas port on barrels 12.5 inches and shorter are drilled a little wider than it would be on a 14.5 or a 16 inch barrel to compensate for the gas system having less time charged with the pressure necessary to fully cycle the weapon. Due to the high pressures under which this system operates, these weapons are typically harder on internal parts compared to the other gas systems.
Mid-length gas system
This gas system is found on either 14.5-inch barrels or 16-inch barrels. The gas port is drilled 9.5 inches from the chamber. As a result, the gas pressure at the port is noticeably less than what would be found on a carbine-length system. The width of the gas port varies from manufacturer to manufacturer; the mid-length uppers used by Bravo Company Manufacturing use gas ports drilled to .077 inches.[13]
Intermediate-length gas system
This gas system is found on barrels with a length of at least 16 inches, and optimally at 18 inches. The gas port is drilled 11.5 inches from the chamber. This system runs similarly to the rifle-length gas system, with pressures being slightly higher. This system is found in Knight's Armament (KAC) SR-15 rifles, as well as some Noveske AR-15 rifles (they, along with the company VLTOR, developed their own intermediate-length system, which measures out to being fractions of an inch shorter than the KAC version). [14]
Rifle-length gas system
This gas system is typically found on barrels over 17 inches long. The gas port is drilled 13 inches from the chamber. As with the mid-length gas system, the gas pressure is noticeably decreased, clocking in at around 13,500 PSI. The gas port is typically drilled to a diameter of around .090 to .100 inches on these barrels to compensate for the lower pressure, thus allowing for the weapon to cycle reliably.
Ammunition and feeding system
This weapon fires both the .223 Remington cartridge and the 5.56 NATO cartridge, depending on the leade in the chamber (if the leade is longer to accommodate the higher pressures generated by the 5.56 NATO cartridge, the rifle will fire both; otherwise, it will only fire .223 Remington ammunition reliably. Chamber dimensions tend to vary among manufacturers; generally, the more commercial manufacturers' rifles tend to have tight chambers.). It fires from a detachable magazine, usually with a capacity of 30 rounds.
Manual of arms
The AR-15 and its variants are lightweight, gas-operated, magazine-fed, air-cooled, shoulder-fired weapons. They feed from box magazines, most of which are either the 20-round or 30-round variety (each variety, save for the 5-round magazines, should be downloaded by two rounds - 28 for 30, 18 for 20, etc. This makes it easier to load on a closed bolt).
AR-15s feature a bolt catch mechanism that holds the bolt open upon firing the last round in the magazine.
The magazine is inserted straight into the magazine well, and firmly pushed until a "click" is heard. Give the magazine a slight tug to make sure it does not come out. If the bolt is locked open, simply press the serrated "paddle" portion of the bolt catch in with the thumb to close the bolt and chamber a cartridge. If the bolt is closed, pull the charging handle to the rear and let it slingshot forward. The forward assist should not be needed unless the weapon isn't properly lubricated and is dirty.
At this point, turn the selector switch to the mode of fire of choice (semi (fire on some models), burst/auto), and fire the weapon.
Once the magazine is empty, the bolt will lock open. It is good practice to always check the chamber for any obstructions prior to reloading.
This section deals with general maintenance of AR-15 rifles and carbines.
Parts life
The numbers given below are for AR-15 CARBINES, firing 5.56 NATO ammunition; mid-length carbines and rifles have longer parts life, and parts life will be longer if shooting with .223 Remington ammunition. If the rifle in question is used a lot suppressed, or there is a lot of full auto or rapid semi-automatic fire, then the figures should be cut in half.
At 10,000 rounds, these parts should be replaced:
- Disconnector
- Extractor
- Extractor Spring and Insert
- All springs in the fire control group (Hammer spring, sear spring, disconnector spring)
- Firing pin
At 15,000 rounds, these parts should be replaced:
- Bolt
- Action spring
At 20,000 rounds, these parts should be replaced:
- Barrel
- Gas tube
All AR-15s, regardless of what gas system they use, operate best with heavy lubrication on the bolt carrier and the bolt. The lubrication used must not be too viscous, or it will burn off during operation.
Heavy lubrication on the bolt increases the life of the gas rings by reducing the metal-to-metal contact.
All points of contact within the receiver that involve metal-to-metal contact should be lubricated.
Lubrication is useful on the action spring and the charging handle as well; it reduces wear and noise.
Avoid lubricating the firing pin channel, especially in colder climates. This can cause the firing pin to stick.
Most of the time, simply wiping the dirty oil off of the parts and applying new oil is sufficient. A deep cleaning may be occasionally needed; degrease the inside of the weapon, dry it off, and then apply new lubrication.
It is not necessary to run a bore brush through the barrel more than three or four times. The barrel crown can be damaged if this is done excessively, which will adversely affect the weapon's precision.
A chamber brush should be used to clean the chamber. Use the chamber brush with a cleaning patch wrapped around it after loosening up the carbon, and wipe the chamber until it is clean. A very light coat of oil can be used here, but it is not necessary unless shooting steel-cased ammunition.
For storage, a light coat of oil on all steel parts of the weapon is beneficial. The oil should have good protectant properties.
The rifle comes in many different configurations. The stock is either fixed (the A2 stock is 5/8ths of an inch longer than the A1 stock), or collapsible; there are many different styles of collapsible stocks produced by various manufacturers. The barrel comes in many different lengths, anywhere from 7.5 inches to 24 inches. The length of the barrel tends to dictate the length of the gas system, and the longer the gas system, the easier it is on the more critical parts (such as the bolt).
Other variants deviate from the standard expanding gas inline piston design, and use either a short-stroke or long-stroke gas piston design (which make use of actuator rods - there is no such mechanism in a standard AR-15, as the gas actuates the system through expansion). However, these tend to be proprietary; there is no set standard, and parts between these models are not usually interchangeable.
Short-stroke piston AR-15 rifles and carbines have been shown to perform better when subjected to a lot of full auto fire, as well as suppressor usage and on AR-15 rifles with shorter barrels (due to gas port sizing, though this has now been rectified with extensive research and development by some manufacturers).[15]
U.S. Military Variants
First model of the M16, adopted in 1959. Featured a 20-inch barrel with a 1/12 twist and a non-chrome lined stainless steel bore, an A1 stock, fixed iron sights with rear sights adjustable only for windage, and no forward assist. Early models did not feature a brass deflector. The lower receiver did not feature a rib around the magazine release button. Featured a three-prong open-fronted "duckbill" flash suppressor and a trigger pack with three functions: SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO.
First model officially adopted by the U.S. Army. Featured a 20-inch barrel with 1/12 twist, and a chrome-lined bore and chamber. Forward assist included with this model, bird cage flash suppressor added and an external rib around the magazine release. Otherwise identical to M16. It was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1963 and was in use during the Vietnam war throughout the U.S. military, phasing out the M14.
Model adopted by the U.S. military around 1986. Features the A2-style lower with longer buttstock, the round delta ring, round handguards, the heavy "government profile" 20-inch barrel with 1/7 twist, the A2 pistol grip, a fire control group with SAFE, SEMI, and BURST functions, a longer stock, brass deflector and iron sights, with the rear sight being adjustable for windage and range (up to 800 meters). The front sight, as noted earlier, still adjusts for elevation.
Same as M16A2, but with automatic fire instead of burst fire. Can also feature a flat-top upper receiver. In use with the U.S. Navy.
Introduced in 1996, it is the same as M16A2, but with a flat-top upper receiver suitable for mounting optics. Features a rifle-length KAC (Knight's Armament Company) rail (RIS rail) and a slightly taller front sight block (if the gas block isn't shaved down for optics). This is the current issue rifle for the U.S. Marine Corps.
Introduced in 1994, this model features a collapsible stock, a carbine-length gas system, shorter handguards, and a 14.5 inch barrel with a notch to accommodate the M203 underbarrel mounted grenade launcher. The barrel assembly features M4 feed ramps; whereas the feed ramps in a rifle are angled at 45 degrees, the M4 feed ramps are longer and slightly steeper (52 degrees) to enhance reliability in the carbine system. The front sight block is also slightly taller ("F" marked). The FCG has three positions: SAFE, SEMI, and BURST. The earliest models featured an A2 upper receiver; flat-top models have replaced them.
Same as the M4, except for the FCG, which has AUTO parts in place of the BURST FCG. The M4A1 also has the heavier SOCOM profile barrel, as opposed to the Government profile barrel used on the M4.
Also known as the Colt Commando, XM177, or Model 733. The CAR-15 is an AR-15 carbine that features a collapsible stock, A1-style upper receiver and sights, a thin, pencil barrel, which was initially 10.5 inches long (later variants had this lengthened to 11.5 inches), a carbine-length gas system, and a FCG marked for SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO. Initially developed for U.S. special operations forces in Vietnam, circa 1965.
Later models began incorporating the AR-15's burst fire FCG instead of the AUTO, as well as the A2 sights, and even later, flat-top receivers.
Mk 12
United States Special Operations Forces DMR-type rifle, also used by the U.S. Marine Corps. May feature either an A1 or A2 fixed stock or a collapsible stock, a flat-top upper receiver, an 18-inch barrel with a stainless steel bore, and a telescopic sight. This rifle also features a Knight's Armament Company 2-stage trigger, and back-up iron sights. This weapon is most often used with Mk 262 ammunition, which is a 5.56 NATO load tailored for greater accuracy and better ballistics.
Mk 18 Mod 0
The Mk 18 (also known as the CQBR - Close Quarters Battle Receiver) is an AR-15, intended for close-quarters combat. It features a 10.3-inch Colt barrel, Daniel Defense RIS handrail, and is usually fitted with an optic and back-up iron sights.
M231 Firing Port Weapon
Stockless, full-auto-only open-bolt version developed for mounting in the firing ports of the M2 Bradley IFV. Features a threaded cap on the handguard to screw the weapon into the firing port socket. Bradleys initially each carried six FPWs: later armor upgrades blocked four of the firing ports, leaving only the two covering the ramp. Extremely high rate of fire of around 1,200 rpm, troops are highly discouraged from using the weapon while it is dismounted from the firing port.
Air Force CAR-15 variant series originally based on the Colt Model 610 (GAU-5/A). Also includes the GAU-5A/B (Colt Model 629) and GAU-5A/A (Colt Model 630 or 649, unclear which). In 1989 the Air Force changed their designation system so that GAU- ("automatic gun, complete functional unit") would only be applied to aircraft cannons, and all GAU-5 series weapons along with some USAF M16s were re-dubbed "GUU-5/P" ("gun, miscellaneous personal equipment, complete weapon" with the /P indicating "personal"). All were fitted with 14.5 inch 1/7 twist barrels and given the national stock number 1005-01-042-9820 regardless of their actual configuration.
Canadian Military Variants
The C7 is the current rifle in service with the Canadian military, manufactured by Diemaco (now Colt Canada). It features a full auto fire control group, rifle-length gas system, A1 sights, an A2 stock, A2 handguards, and a 20-inch cold hammer forged barrel. The C7A1 variant does not feature A1 sights, but an optic, manufactured by Elcan. Of note is that the rail on this weapon's upper receiver is not a MIL-STD-1913 rail, and does not preclude the use of an "F" marked front sight block due to the fact that the rail does not sit as high.
The C8 carbine is the carbine member of the C7 family, and is mechanically and aesthetically very similar to the Colt 653. Colt made the initial C8s for Canadian Forces as the Colt Model 725. The C8 has a 14.5-inch (368 mm) A1 profile barrel like the Colt Model 653 M16A1 carbine, but with a 1/7 rifling twist appropriate for the 5.56x45mm NATO C77 cartridge. The C8 incorporates the design improvements featured on C7 rifles.
Singaporean Military Variants
Locally produced version of the M16A1, manufactured by Chartered Industries of Singapore. It was the Singaporean service rifle from 1973 to 1999. The M16S1 is now used mostly for ceremonial purposes, such as during independence day parades. It is also held as a reserve weapon.
- The first-model M16 acquired a number of derogatory nicknames in Vietnam, including "the matte-black mouse gun" (due to its perceived lack of power), "Mattel gun" (due to claims it resembled a toy).
- ↑ Official Astra Arms Website
- ↑ United States Marine Corps M16A2 manual
- ↑ The AR-15 was designed to fit this exploration into a smaller caliber around 1958, which led to the development of the 5.56x45, commercially known as the .223Rem.
- ↑ http://vpp.net.ua/10724-15-ar-colt.html
- ↑ Credits to M4Carbine.net member Molon for this information
- ↑ The sight post with the part number SP64507 has a short, square and straight configuration. This post has a nominal height of 0.270" - Molon
- ↑ The sight post associated with the M16/M16A1 series of rifles has a round shape and is also short and tapered. The part number for this post is SP61706. It is slightly shorter than the two posts described above with a height of 0.260". - Molon
- ↑ The last sight post is Colt's tall sight post which has a nominal height of 0.300". It has a square and straight configuration. Its part number is SP62447. - Molon
- ↑ AR-15 patent
- ↑ http://vpp.net.ua/10724-15-ar-colt.html
- ↑ Picture of all buffers and receiver extensions, along with some stocks
- ↑ Picture of all buffers and receiver extensions. Weight and reciprocal weight is shown here.
- ↑ Combat Arms magazine, 2014 issue, pg. 17
- ↑ http://www.m4carbine.net/showpost.php?p=1336690&postcount=12
- ↑ Larry Vickers on short-stroke piston ARs
See Also


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Hi everyone, I just wanted to drop a note here to give all of you an update on the status of our closed testing sessions. They will begin within the next few months. It might be 1 month away, it might be 4, but shouldn't be longer then that. Our last internal testing session showed some major bugs that we need to get ironed out before any more forward progress can be made. If you want a taste of Factions, I will sum it up for you: Currently if you log in, everyone is as tall as trees, all trees, rocks, etc... must be placed by hand, the server is confusing monsters and players, and the server will crash in about 10 minutes time due to a leak in our buff packet handling. It is not a pretty site. I'm not saying it's doom and gloom and nothing is working, quite the contrary, most of our systems are working wonderfully, but even a few major pieces like this can ruin the entire experience. So I know you are excited to get in and play around with it, but let me assure you, there is nothing to "play" at the moment and it is not what I would call at all "fun" currently. Nearly all of our work has been devoted to back end systems up to this point and only in the past few months have we given any amount of time to content. Certainly not the first impression I want to give our closed testers who I hope to keep coming back for every test for the duration of closed Alpha testing.
After these very impressive bugs are worked out, we still need to give you something to test with, meaning the world needs to generate flora and fauna for you, and we need to add a few more tools, buildings, skills, and items to test with. We get closer every day, your feedback has been very motivational and helpful, thank you for that!
I hope you appreciate this feedback, we want to stay as open and honest with our community as possible. If you are a frequent visitor of this forum and haven't gotten invited to the alpha tests yet, please keep up your feedback and we will most likely give you access when the time comes.


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SportsDirect Inc.
After defeating one tough Central Division foe, the Anaheim Ducks will look to repeat the feat against another on Friday when they visit the Detroit Red Wings. Viktor Fasth improved to 6-0-0 in his first NHL season after turning aside 28 shots - in addition to two of three in the shootout - as Anaheim recorded a 3-2 triumph over Chicago on Tuesday. The Ducks will need to quickly turn their attention to the Red Wings, who took three of the four meetings last season.
Detroit will look to wrap up a four-game homestand in style. After winning the first two contests, the Red Wings wrested a point before dropping a 4-3 overtime decision to struggling St. Louis on Wednesday. Pavel Datsyuk scored for the third straight game and Jimmy Howard finished with 21 saves in his 200th career start.
TV: 7:30 p.m. ET, NHLN, Prime Ticket (Anaheim), FSN (Detroit)
ABOUT THE DUCKS (9-2-1): With Jonas Hiller nursing a lower-body injury, Fasth has been stellar and boasts a stingy 1.74 goals-against average. A two-time Honken Trophy winner (the Swedish Elite League's version of the Vezina), Fasth has caught the eye of Detroit coach Mike Babcock. "He looked excellent the other night," Babcock said. "What I liked about him is that in traffic, he found the puck every time. He didn't seem to be in a panic to find it. He was relaxed, and there and square. He looked like a goaltender to me."
ABOUT THE RED WINGS (7-4-2): Captain Henrik Zetterberg was kept off the scoresheet for just the third time this season in Wednesday's contest. The veteran Swede, who collected two goals and an assist versus Anaheim in 2011-12, has 36 points in 32 career contests against the Ducks. Howard is 7-2-1 with three shutouts in his career versus Anaheim. Drew Miller, who played with the Ducks from 2007-09, netted his first goal of the season for the Red Wings on Wednesday.
1. Anaheim will wrap its six-game road trip Saturday in Nashville.
2. The teams will finish their three-game season series with a home-and-home set on March 22 and 24.
3. The Ducks have killed off just 69.6 percent of their short-handed situations.
PREDICTION: Ducks 4, Red Wings 2


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If you have or know a solar project, please submit it to us for consideration as a featured project using Submit an Item. http://www.solaripedia.com/302/submit-an-item.html
The Smithsonian Institution created a research campus on Colon Island in Bocas del Toro, Panama, located off the Caribbean coast on a sensitive site next to a mangrove swamp. Known as the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), the design for its large "green" laboratory building is based on "net zero impact" -- collecting its own water, treating its own waste, and generating its own energy. The form of the building itself is responsive to its site and was designed for energy efficiency. Interior volumes are shaded by the large photovoltaic roof, which minimizes direct heat gains. The narrow plan, together with the space between the two roofs, allows cross ventilation to keep the building cool while providing daylight and views. The translucent lower roof, along with the partially transparent photovoltaic roof, admits an optimum five percent of daylight into the interior rooms for daylighting. The 38-kW photovoltaic upper roof produces approximately 75 percent of the building's energy needs, while doubling as the rainwater collector. Raising the entire building on concrete piers helps to catch prevailing breezes for passive cooling, and also provides flood protection and minimizes the lab's impact on the site. Air conditioning is zoned so that individual rooms can be cooled separately. Materials were chosen for environmental reasons, and, where possible, were left without additional finish. Sustainably harvested local hardwood was used for the upper structure and siding of the building. The pond area, which had been filled with saw mill waste, was restored to provide habitat for local species. Six crocodiles now reside there. A constructed wetland treats blackwater and graywater waste from the laboratory, emptying into the pond. The rainwater system treats and uses all rainwater from the roof to be used as the main water supply of the building. Any overflow water from this system goes into the on-site pond. (Scroll to bottom for additional resources)
Bocas del Toro has a tropical climate, with consistently warm temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. Passive-solar concerns greatly shaped the building's form, including the double roof and shallow, sloped, photovoltaic roof, which is optimal for electricity generation at this latitude (9° 20' 0" N). Nighttime light pollution is minimized by using low-level exterior path lighting. The lot size is 26,000 m2 with a building footprint of 30,800 sq ft (2,860 sq meters).
The STRI at Bocas del Toro is an education and research facility, providing scientists and students with access to an extraordinary diversity of marine and terrestrial biota. This station is situated among areas of undisturbed forest, a coastal lagoon system, and numerous islands and reefs. The green laboratory was designed to minimize its environmental impact while providing an exemplary scientific facility that is focused on both marine and terrestrial environments. The building's main functions — labs for resident and visiting scientists, teaching labs, a conference room, and support spaces — occupy a string of volumes on a raised platform shaded by an overhanging pitched roof.
The site had previously been home to a sawmill. The pond area, which had been filled with saw mill waste, was restored to provide habitat for local species. Bocas del Toro is a complex region of islands, mainland bays, rivers and forested mountain slopes on the Caribbean side of the Panamanian isthmus. The very high diversity of marine and terrestrial ecosystems makes Bocas an ideal area to study natural environments. However, Bocas is also a socio-politically complex setting—a site with fisheries, growing tourism, agriculture and a significant population of endangered sea turtles and manatees. It comprises a model region for working on the important issue of sustainable multiple uses. Bocas del Toro is a mosaic of cultures: Spanish, Indian, English-speaking and French-speaking West Indians, Germans and Americans were part of the development of the region. The architecture of the nearby town employs a wooden vernacular style, with large outdoor spaces and overhanging tin roofs.
Additionally, Bocas del Toro offers an ideal setting for conducting paleoecological studies to answer important questions about the history of the Isthmus of Panama. The rocks and fossils around Bocas hold the key to understanding when and where the Isthmus began rising, and when and where it closed, separating the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Pinpointing the time sequence of this division, which triggered the formation of the Gulf Stream, among other major natural events, has huge ramifications across varying fields of scientific inquiry as diverse as evolutionary biology and climatology.
The majority of the building's users are visiting scientists who stay either on-site in the dormitories or in the village of Bocas del Toro. Many of these off-site visitors use a bicycle, taxi, or local bus to get to the site. The amount of parking provided on-site accommodates approximately eight cars.
Water Use
In an area with abundant rainfall and a non-potable municipal supply, the decision to collect rainwater was an easy one. The form of the roof directs rainfall into centrally located tanks on the lower level, where it is stored in 4,000-gallon storage containers, filtered, and treated with ultraviolet light before being used as the building's water supply. Since the site is already hooked up to the municipal water supply, emergency back-up is easily provided. Fixtures are of the lowest water consumption locally available. Potable water is supplied via bottled-water coolers. No water is used for landscaping purposes.
STRI is currently designing a constructed wetland, to include the existing on-site pond, to treat both greywater and blackwater from the facility. The laboratory is a marine research field station, and STRI does not allow hazardous chemicals to be used in the laboratories since they would be difficult or impossible to treat in the wetland. Currently, waste is treated with a conventional on-site septic system.
Sustainable Materials
Extensive research was done to find the most suitable type of wood for the upper frame and siding. The wood chosen, canafistula, is naturally resistant to termites and fungi. FSC-certified wood is not produced in Panama, but the Panamanian environmental agency, ANAM, has its own sustainable forestry regulations, and the wood used was locally harvested and certified by ANAM. The same hardwood was used for windows, doors, exterior siding, and siding in the lobby.
The building foundation required a reinforced concrete mat because the bearing capacity of the soil was extremely low. The site is also often waterlogged, and the concrete lower level helps minimize termite and fungi damage to the upper wood structure.
Wherever possible, the structure became the finish, and there are minimal other finishes; interior walls are water resistant gypsum wallboard, and the lower roof is translucent fiberglass. Specified paints are low-VOC, and the interior floor finish is ceramic tile.
Indoor Environments
All working spaces have translucent, daylit ceilings and are within five meters of a window, affording good views and daylighting. Individual occupants in all spaces have the choice of air conditioning, ceiling fans, or natural ventilation from operable windows.
Daylighting of five percent comes through the semi-transparent fiberglass lower roof. Since the exterior areas are shaded, users' eyes have time to adjust to the lower interior light levels, and typically will not immediately turn the lights on before their eyes have time to adjust.
The air conditioning system was designed to lower relative humidity to 35-65 percent, while providing an internal temperature of 75°F ± 4°F. Ceiling fans are provided in each room to allow occupants to be comfortable at higher temperatures. The air-conditioning units are zoned to adjust to use patterns. A separate fresh-air heat-pump supercools the air to reduce humidity before supplying makeup air to the labs.
Low-VOC paints were used throughout, and wood that did not need to be treated was chosen. Detailing of water runoff, along with good ventilation of all spaces, was designed to avoid conditions favorable to mildew growth.
Energy Use
The form of the building was heavily guided by passive-solar concerns. The double roof shades interior volumes, hence reducing solar heat gain. The building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) roof faces south and has a shallow pitch, an optimal position for maximum electricity generation at this latitude. Measurements indicate that the photovoltaic system provides up to 30 kW of actual instantaneous output and a yearly total of close to 70,000 kWh. The BIPV roof supplies approximately 75 percent of the base building energy use of the facility. Because the grid power on the island is diesel-generated -- a very dirty and unreliable source of power (compared to the average U.S. grid supply) -- the benefits of the BIPV system are significantly greater than they would be in the mainland U.S.
Efficient lighting strategies include 100 percent daylighting during daylight hours and the exclusive use of fluorescent light bulbs at other times.
Energy Security
All parts of the building could operate during a blackout. The unreliability of local grid power was a major impetus behind the design. There is daylight in every room, and the main photovoltaic system has been configured so that, after it turns off for a few seconds, when the main power goes off, it quickly turns on again when the on-site generator comes on. A secondary PV-UPS subsystem dedicates 6 kW PV to a 16-kWh battery bank serving one or two outlets in each lab for sensitive electronic equipment. Another bonus is that on-site photovoltaic generation provides the most electricity at similar times to peak air-conditioning loads.
Bioclimatic Design
Bocas del Toro is an island off the Caribbean coast of northern Panama, located at 9°N latitude, 82°W longitude. The climate is tropical, with an average relative humidity of 80-85 percent, and an average temperature of 26-32°C. Diurnal temperature difference is minimal. Average monthly rainfall varies from 160 to 450 mm. The basic strategy was to maximize airflow and minimize solar heat gain. The form of the building developed out of passive solar concerns. The double roof, which has an overhang large enough to prevent the sun from hitting the exterior walls, shades the interior volumes. This substantially lowers solar heat gain, and ventilation of the large space between the two roofs (with louvers at the apex of the roof) prevents the build-up of hot air. The narrow plan and operable windows allow for cross ventilation and scenic views. The translucent lower roof, together with the partially transparent photovoltaic roof, allows an optimum 5 percent of daylight into the interior rooms for daylighting. The building design borrows from the local vernacular in its use of concrete piers to raise the structure, wood framing and siding for upper floors, and large overhanging roofs.
The learn more about the projects at Smithsonian's Tropical Research Institute in Bocas Del Toro, Panama, see the YouTube channel.
STRI Bocas Book Chapter Case Study 2012 (478 kb)
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Designs for Commercial and Institutional Structures 2000 (9,872 kb)
Smithsonian Tropical Research Center Case Study (1,078 kb)
Smithsonian Bocas del Toro Research Station


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FRANKLIN LAKES, N.J. -- A man who calls himself "the last Jewish gangster" will tell how organized crime disrupted American Nazi party rallies in the 1930s during a talk in Franklin Lakes next week.
Myron "Shugie" Sugerman will also tell of how the Jewish mafia supplied money and weapons to the underground armies during Israel's fight for independence, among other stories, at the Chabad Jewish Center on Pulis Avenue.
A former gangster and international gambling point man, "Shugie" recently published "The Last Jewish Gangster: From Meyer to Myron."
To RSVP or for more information: www.chabadplace.org/gangster .
Click here to sign up for Daily Voice's free daily emails and news alerts.


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'The Voice' Stars Weigh In On Why Blake Shelton Chose To Save Xenia, Shocking America
Blake Shelton and Christina Aguilera each send two contestants home on tonight's episode of 'The Voice'. Did they make the right decision with their saves?
Today was tough on The Voice judges Blake Shelton and Christina Aguilera, they had to choose who to save from their respective teams while America's saves were announced. Christina cried right from the start and said quite a few words about how hard of a decision it was while Blake says he "hate[s] this moment" and was "dreading" the elimination. Ultimately, he chose to save Xenia after Dia Frampton was saved by her voters for her Heartless rendition by Kanye West. (She told us she felt "dizzy" when she heard her name called.)
"I can't affect change with Jared Blake or Patrick Thomas like I can with Xenia, so I am going to pick Xenia," Blake said, and you could hear an audible gasp from the audience. Many fans thought Patrick would score a save from Blake, especially since the talented young singer had a focus on Blake's country music and has much more stage presence than the ever-shy Xenia.
But not everybody was as surprised about Blake's pick, especially those close to the show. Social Media Correspondent Alison Haislip explains, "I was shocked but in a way, not shocked because I know Blake thinks of Xenia as his little sister. He really wants to show what she can do."
Cee Lo's contestant Nakia, who sang Kings of Leon's "Sex on Fire", agrees that Blake is "very protective" of Xenia. Nakia even names her as his biggest competition yet! "You haven't heard anything like her and she's only 16," Nakia points out. He also made sure to say, Patrick's already a "country music star", a sentiment Curtis Grimes echoed as well.
One contestant who does admit she was surprised? Beverly McLellan, the singer on Team Christina who was saved by America before Frenchie was saved as well. "Patrick [leaving] shocked me, but it's a competition. It could happen to any of us," she said matter-of-factly.
Meanwhile, Patrick assured us he's going to keep working on his solo career and said he's even spoken to his sister about doing a Lady Antebellum cover in the future. He also mentioned he'd like to work with Carrie Underwood, a singer who he points out has done well with a country/pop crossover.
And as for Xenia — how did she feel when Blake said he'd save her? "It was so relieving, yet I was so shocked. There were so many emotions, I just wanted to run off the stage … screaming," Xenia admits to HollywoodLife.com. "[Patrick and Jared] are like family, it's sad to see them go. It's so hard."
What did you think of Blake's decision? Are you glad Xenia stayed or did you think he should have chosen Patrick? Or even Jared? Xenia definitely has pipes and it is supposed to be all about her voice, not how outspoken she is. Is Blake smart to keep her on so he can showcase her a little more while Patrick and Jared launch their careers? And how about Team Christina saving Frenchie and eliminating Raquel Castro and Lily Elise? Thoughts?
And what did you think of the episode as a whole? Team Adam was going strong with Jeff Jenkins and frontrunner Javier Colon and Cee Lo's Vicci Martinez gave a beautiful rendition of 'Jolene'. Stay tuned for more interviews and thoughts from tonight's episode!
Lorena O'Neil


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Corrections to the Annual Meeting Program
Editor's Note: Please note the following corrections to the annual meeting program, as updated until November 15, 2002. Page numbers refer to the Program; please see the Program for additional details.
AHA Program Committee Sessions
John McGreevy (Univ. of Notre Dame) replaces Quintard Taylor Jr. (Univ. of Washington) as chair of the roundtable "The Job Hunt" (Session 31) scheduled on Friday, January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. in the Hilton Chicago's Waldorf Room. The session is sponsored by the AHA Professional Division, the AHA Committee for Graduate Students, and the AHA Task Force on Public History (p. 87 in the printed version of the Program).
Session 58, "The Souls of Black Folk after 100 Years: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Twentieth Century" will be held at the Newberry Library. The program incorrectly identifies the street address—the library is located at 60 West Walton Street and can be reached by taxicab or the #22 bus along Dearborn Street. The session is scheduled for Friday, January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. (p. 98 in the printed version of the Program)
The correct title of Session 114 is "Gender Ideology, Sexual Violence, and the History of Non-Elite Women's Private and Public Options in Latin America." In addition, the title of Kathy Sloan's (Univ. of Kansas) paper is "Runaway Daughters: Young Women's Roles in Rapto Cases in Nineteenth-Century Mexico." The session will be held on Saturday, January 4, 2:30–4:30 p.m. (p. 141 in the printed version of the Program)
Judy Giesberg's new affiliation is Villanova University. Giesberg will deliver the paper, "'Devotion to the Cause of Truth': Textbooks and the Memory of the U.S. Civil War" in Session 150, "Read the Chapter and Answer the Questions at the End: School Textbooks and the Production of National Consensus," scheduled in the Private Dining Room 4 of the Hilton Chicago on Sunday, January 5, 11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. (p. 167).
Patrizia Gentile (Queen's Univ., Ontario) will not be able to participate in Session 140, "'Contested Queendom': Beauty Culture, Race, and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century North America." The session is scheduled on Sunday, January 5 from 8:30–10:30 a.m. (p. 159 in the printed version of the Program).
Nady Abdal-Ghaffar (Centre d'etudes et documentation economique, juridique et sociale en Caire) will not be able to participate in Session 164, "Defining the Nation from the Edges." The session is scheduled on Sunday, January 5, 11:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m. (p. 172 in the printed version of the Program).
Affiliated Society Session
Guocun Yang (Manchester Community Coll.) was inadvertently omitted as a commentator on Chinese Historians in the United States Session 2, "Redefining the Boundaries of Chinese American History in the United States." The session is scheduled in the Hilton Chicago's Conference Room 4C on Friday, January 3, 2:30–4:30 p.m. (p. 103 in the printed version of the Program).
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Top Technology news Stories of 2013
It was a busy year in technology. Smartphones got smarter, tablets got thinner and lighter and social media got more social. Below are some of the biggest tech stories of the year based on both reader interest and our own editorial decision.
In March, Samsung kicked off the 2013 smartphone wars with the Galaxy S4. The phone took direct aim at the iPhone with new voice control features and an improved camera.
In June, our Instagram feeds became a bit louder and animated. The company added 15-second video capabilities to its iPhone and Android apps.
It had been years since the tech industry had really focused on Motorola, but the Google-owned company began drumming up interest in its new U.S.-made Moto X smartphone in the summer. The Moto X hit shelves in August and we named it the best Android phone on the market.
Many will remember 2013 as the year they spent way too much time swiping at candy on their smartphones. Sugar Rush!
In September, Apple not only released two new iPhones - the iPhone 5s and 5c - but it released the biggest software update to the iPhone since the birth of the iPhone. With iOS 7, Apple spruced up the design of the software and also included new features, including easy access to settings with Control Center.
Not one but two new gaming consoles made their way to market in the second half of 2013. The Xbox One and the PlayStation 4 fought for the attention of gamers and non-gamers alike on store shelves. Both Sony and Microsoft sold millions of the new consoles.


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A standing-room-only crowd that spilled over into the hallway descended on East Hampton Town Hall last Thursday night to demonstrate the strength of public support for beach-access rights, and to ask the board to mount a similarly strong defense of those rights. The board, along with the East Hampton Town Trustees, faces two lawsuits filed by property owners on Napeague who claim private ownership of the beach.
Tim Taylor spoke on behalf of the group calling itself Citizens for Access Rights, or CfAR, formed in response to the lawsuit.
Mr. Taylor said members believe that similar challenges to public ownership may arise over other beaches in East Hampton, which are "currently under attack or will be in the future."
The group, characterized by Mr. Taylor as a "nonpolitical, not-for-profit," attended the meeting, he said, to stand behind the board and the trustees in their defense against the lawsuits. He was reassured by Town Supervisor Bill Wilkinson and members of the board that, in the supervisor's words, "There is no question of the board's support."
"There is no question of our support for beaches to remain the way they are," Mr. Wilkinson said. "There isn't a weekend that goes by that I'm not driving on the beaches. I believe in dogs on the beaches, I believe in fires on those beaches, and I believe in fishing on those beaches."
"I am so very pleased to see so many people here tonight to speak to the board," said Diane McNally, a town trustee, "and to support the trustees and the town board."
Both the town and the trustees have recently filed legal arguments regarding the lawsuits, which were launched two years ago. The suits focus on the use by beach drivers of a 4,000-foot stretch of sand that the plaintiffs contend they own; the plaintiffs' arguments are based on an 1882 property sale to Arthur Benson, the developer of Montauk. The principle of public ownership of East Hampton's beaches was established more than 300 years ago; until the lawsuits came to light, it had been more or less universally assumed that the Napeague beach in question was public property.
Ms. McNally said it would not be judicious to discuss the trustees' legal arguments publicly. "All I can do is let you know that we're doing everything we can to this point," she told the crowd. "And we're not compromising." All that can be done at present, she said, is to wait for a decision by the court.
Mr. Taylor, whose comments drew a resounding round of applause, told the board that his group's mission includes ensuring that "recreational opportunities are open to the greatest number of inhabitants, not just the privileged few."
"We believe that other beachfront homeowners would like to have the beaches private and that they are watching this lawsuit and the defense of this lawsuit very closely," he said.
Although plaintiffs in the Napeague lawsuits have expressed frustration over the use of four-wheel-drive vehicles on the Napeague area in question, Jay Blatt, a member of CfAR who was representing the Montauk Surfcasters Association and the New York Coalition of Recreational Fishermen, told the board that he believes the "true agenda" is to weaken the authority of the town trustees, who have claimed ownership of most of East Hampton beaches on behalf of the public since colonial times, and to privatize the beaches and "capitalize on an opportunity to dramatically increase their property values."
Beach driving, Mr. Taylor noted in his comments, is the "only access to this stretch of beach, and any attempt to disallow or to limit beach driving will be considered giving away our rights to access and enjoy the beaches of East Hampton and will not be supported by our group."
There are no nearby public parking lots, although there is pedestrian access along the beach.
"By adding a motion of no trespassing to the suit, they are now targeting beach walkers, swimmers, and sunbathers, making this a total access issue," Mr. Blatt said.
Both Mr. Blatt and Mr. Taylor noted that the use of vehicles on the beach in the area in question has not resulted in any accidents or problems.
"The majority of those who use the beach are local families and residents who treasure and respect the beach and one another," Mr. Taylor said.
"We have thrown all of our support behind CfAR," Steven Tekulsky, a director of the East Hampton Sportsmen's Alliance, told the board. "What is a more valuable asset for preservation . . . than our beaches?" He suggested that, if necessary, use of community preservation fund money to purchase ownership should be considered. In addition, he said, the board should not discount the possibility of using its powers of eminent domain. "Keeping East End beaches public . . . priceless!" he said, parroting an ad campaign.
On behalf of CfAR, Mr. Taylor presented the board with a draft resolution the group would like to see town officials adopt. It outlines a town board pledge to "vigorously defend legal challenges to the traditional right of the public to access and use beaches," including use of town money to take "whatever steps are necessary," such as eminent domain, to "insure that the traditional right of all members of the public to continue to access and use beaches for fishing, bathing, and other recreational opportunities will no longer be threatened by efforts to privatize the beach."
Town Councilwoman Julia Prince said at the meeting that she would recommend the board consider adopting the resolution.


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I would like to set up a new work room for me. And I want it to be as quiet as possible. What should I do about my PC? I don't need physical access to the PC.
I would favour putting it into another room and just have the three monitors, keyboard and mouse at my desk, so I don't even hear the disks. Is that possible? What is the farthest distance the other room could be away?
Other options?


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Dwyane Wade is back. All the way back! In fact, he may be better than ever, what with his added strength from his newfound love of lifting. I admit that I was among the skeptics. I thought Wade would still play at an All-Star level, but I had strong doubts as to whether he'd ever reach his 2006 form again. I wasn't sure that he should have even been on Team USA because I thought he'd be a lesser duplication of Kobe Bryant. But Wade's been far better than Bryant -- offensively and defensively. Hopefully, he can stay healthy for the upcoming NBA season (not just healthy enough to play, but fully healthy and free from nagging injuries) because he's putting himself back in the conversation with LeBron and Kobe for the game's premier player. Oh, and Michael Beasley's prediction that Miami will return to the playoffs next season is looking better and better.
is this a joke Wade better then Kobe. Wade is not even in discussion of him being better then Lebron cmment of Chris Broussard stupid post


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* Cool Riser Technology
* Push-Button & Locking Telescoping Handle
* Non-Marking Translucent Sport Wheels
* UV Inhibitors to Guard Against Sun Damage
* Molded-in Side Cooler Handles
* Features front and lid Royal Purple logo
* Cooler is Black/White
Royal Purple logo on front and on lid
**** This item is a non-stock item and is ordered only after purchase. Cooler will ship from vendor. Please allow 2-3 weeks for delivery.
Quantity in Stock: 957


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|Rana with her friends last Tuesday
Rana spoke to Al Masry Al Youm and her photo was featured in the newspaper. She was quoted for saying that she decided to participate in the protest because she wanted a constituent assembly that truly represents the whole Egyptian society adding that President Morsi issues constitutional declarations in order to distract people from the draft constitution.
Now from two days ago officials from the ministry of education went to Rana's school "The Franciscan" and interrogated her about her quotes in Al Masry Al Youm. The brave girl insisted on her opinions. Rana's father is proud of his daughter and he is not worried on her but rather is worried on how the ministry of education is turned in to a security apparatus.
in the #Feb11 General strike in universities. Egypt is changing.
We saw this movement and how it stood against SCAF and it did not stop.It will not stop. Of course what is happening to Rana is an intimidation in order to make her an example and force other students not to participate and speak about politics. This is how it starts.
Now if the Muslim brotherhood and the ministry of education are annoyed about how a teenage girl is leading a protest against the draft constitution , I would to remind them the Muslim brotherhood as illegal non authorized political group has got a whole division for preparatory and secondary stage to recruit students. The Muslim brotherhood supporters should remember that late Martyr Islam of Mahla was 15 years old when he allegedly got a directive from the MB to protect its HQ when thugs attacked him and died.
Here is Rana Speaking on TV last night on MBC Misr


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Happy BlogDay
Goodness...is it BlogDay already?
BlogDay is something new to me. In fact, I just heard about it ...today! BlogDay is the day to share five newly discovered blogs with others, so here are five terrific blogs I've recently discovered:
1. Maison Dorre Trifles : a delightful food blog out of Holland with the most delicious food photos. Check out the delectable White Peach Pie and the Potatoes with Goat Cheese - yum! And, of course, be sure to check out the trifles!
2. Vanesscipes: a friendly new vegetarian blog by Vanessa, who is located in Brooklyn and works at The Metropolitan Museum of Art (I'm jealous!). Another marvelous food photographer with scrumptious recipes. Check out this pizza with a chickpea crust.
3. Spittoonextra a splendid food blog by Andrew from Henley-on-Thames in England. Andrew's stunning photographs and English foods make me wonderfully homesick. One favorite is his rhubarb fool.
4.An Obsession with Food (and Wine) by Bay Area local, Derrick. I exchanged hellos with Derrick at a recent Food Blogger event and then discovered his discriminating blog. Derrick is a highly polished writer with a wonderful talent for describing tastes.
5. Kaji's Mom...A Transition to Vegan: a brand new blog by Kaji's Mom out of Ohio, following the culinary journey of "a vegetarian making the transition to becoming vegan- with occasional anecdotes about her dog Kaji. Here's a tasty post for Vegan Mocha Chip Muffins.
Enjoy and Happy BlogDay to you all!
Tag: BLOG DAY 2006


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Homeward Bound
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'''Homeward Bound''' is the seventh chapter of the sixth book in [[The Return of the King]].
'''Homeward Bound''' is the seventh chapter of the sixth book in [[The Return of the King]].
Revision as of 23:15, 12 September 2012
|The Return of the King chapters
|Book V
|Book VI
Homeward Bound is the seventh chapter of the sixth book in The Return of the King.
The Hobbits are nearing home. Gandalf asks if Frodo feels much pain. Frodo answers that he has been wounded by a knife and by the other torments of his long and heavy burden. Gandalf is silent. The next day, Frodo feels happy, and they travel onward in relative ease. They arrive at Bree and speak to Barliman Butterbur, the innkeeper who aided them early in the quest. Butterbur, after welcoming them and making them comfortable by the warm fire, tells Gandalf and the Hobbits that their strange warrior gear has scared many locals. Gandalf laughs at this. Gandalf assures Butterbur that now that Sauron has been vanquished, business at the inn will once again pick up, as people will feel more free to travel. Butterbur asks about the dangerous region known as Deadmen's Dike, which he imagines no one will be visiting. Gandalf asserts that the rightful king will return to that area, and it will become safe and prosperous again. He adds that the king is none other than Aragorn, once known in the inn as Strider. Butterbur is astonished at this news.
The next day, business in the inn is brisk, as many visitors, unable to restrain their curiosity, come to gawk at Gandalf's party. Many people ask Frodo whether he has written his memoirs yet. Finally, the Company sets off. Gandalf tells the hobbits that he will not accompany them to the Shire. His horse, Shadowfax, makes a leap, and Gandalf is gone. Frodo remarks that it feels as though he is falling asleep again, his adventures now over.


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JLTV competition is on track for prototypes and testing
After years of debate over a replacement for the High-Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle, or Humvee, it appears that the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) is finally moving toward a prototype and testing phase that could result in production orders from the U.S. Army and Marine Corps for more than 55,000 vehicles.
A final requirements document, issued in January, states that two variants will be built. The Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV) will seat four and carry 3,500 lb., while the Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) will carry two troops and transport 5,100 lb. There will be two armor configurations: the basic protection package as well as an add-on kit; and one for multiple missions. A third variant that would have been a six-seat infantry carrier with a mid-weight payload has been scrapped.
Six bids for the JLTV were submitted at the end of March for the 27-month engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase contract. The Army is expected to issue three awards in June, each worth up to $65 million. Contractors will have 12 months to build and deliver 20 prototypes for government testing, which will last another 15 months. The decision to begin full-scale production is expected in the second quarter of fiscal 2015, with actual production to start in 2016.
In an era of declining defense budgets, it's no surprise that the competition for one of the last remaining major vehicle modernization contracts is fierce. The JLTV program is expected to cost well over $10 billion, though some put that figure as high as $70 billion, depending on per-unit cost and the number of vehicles ordered.
A joint venture between the Army and Marine Corps, the JLTV is expected to provide better protection for passengers and better payload capacity than the Humvee, while retaining mobility and reducing overall weight. The Army intends to purchase at least 50,000, while the Marine Corps is expected to acquire 5,500 vehicles, though final numbers will depend on cost.
The Humvee was done in by the effectiveness of improvised explosive devices (IED) and roadside bombs in Iraq and Afghanistan. Though it has been the primary tactical vehicle for the Army and Marine Corps for 25 years, it was unable to withstand these threats.
At a March 27 Senate Armed Services Committee hearing, Lt. Gen. Robert P. Lennox, Army deputy chief of staff, explained that the vehicle can no longer be used off-base. "The Humvee . . . is incapable of going off the forward operating base," he said. "It doesn't provide protection for soldiers today."
The JLTV has been an option for some time, but like most major acquisition programs has had its share of cost overruns and delays. In 2010, inter-service tension erupted over the project's direction, with the Army putting a priority on survivability, while the Marine Corps expressed reservations about the high price and expected weight, which could prove problematic for transport. It seemed as of February 2011 that the Marine Corps might abandon the JLTV, which would have caused the Army's expected price per vehicle to rise, jeopardizing the program.
Last September the Senate Appropriations defense subcommittee recommended the program be terminated, noting "excessive cost growth and constantly changing requirements." The subcommittee said the services should focus instead on recapitalizing the Humvee, which would modernize and prolong the life of those vehicles. In response, the Army and Marine Corps agreed to coordinate more closely on the JLTV and relax the weight and transportability requirements. They also agreed to bring the target cost down to roughly $250,000 per unit, which made the Humvee recapitalization project's expected cost of $200,000 per vehicle less appealing. With these changes, the JLTV escaped the budget axe, and in October a draft request for proposals (RFP) was issued to industry for a lighter, cheaper JLTV.
One of the three companies that had been selected to participate in the earlier technology development (TD) phase of acquisition is Lockheed Martin, which offers a family of vehicles that have accumulated more than 160,000 combined testing miles and exceeded the TD blast-protection expectations. In contrast to other bidders, Lockheed Martin has had a team working on the JLTV program for seven years.
"Our improvements removed hundreds of pounds of weight from our TD design, which was already proven in helicopter lift tests," Scott Greene, vice president of ground vehicles at Lockheed Martin's Missiles and Fire Control unit, said in a statement. "We've demonstrated our JLTV can reliably meet protection standards of many existing mine-resistant vehicles in combat today. This vehicle is ready to meet our customers' needs with lower-cost materials at full-rate production."
Also participating in the TD phase was a team led by BAE Systems, which has entered the new EMD phase competition without its TD partner Navistar, which opted to submit its own vehicle. BAE's Valanx will use a Power Stroke 6.7-liter turbodiesel engine—the same used in the Ford F-Series Super Duty pickup truck. Ford had expressed early interest in the JLTV, but could not meet the aggressive development timelines the Army required for an independent bid.
"We have worked hard over the last year to strengthen our team and our offer, bringing together the best of the defense and automotive industries," said Ann Hoholick, BAE's vice president of amphibious and new programs, in a statement. "Ford products have a reputation for dependability and performance, even under challenging conditions. With their experience in commercial trucks, we see this as a great fit for our JLTV offer."
Navistar turned heads last October when it unveiled the Saratoga light tactical vehicle at the Association of the U.S. Army show despite its partnership with BAE on a TD phase option. But Navistar was hedging its bets between the JLTV and the Humvee recap, opting to design a vehicle that filled the gap between the two sets of specs. The changes to the JLTV requirements and the axing of the Humvee recap program provided Navistar the opportunity to submit the Saratoga to the EMD competition, with minor adjustments such as power-generation capabilities and a reduction in weight.
General Tactical Vehicles (GTV), a joint venture between Humvee manufacturer AM General and General Dynamics Land Systems, was selected as the third TD phase participant. Its EMD proposal, the JLTV Eagle, offers a double-V hull design based on the German army's Eagle IV (manufactured by GD's Swiss subsidiary Mowag), which is used in Afghanistan.
"With the Eagle, we offer a modified, non-developmental, low-risk vehicle with inherent manufacturing readiness that is built for program success and an accelerated path to production," said Mark Roualet, chairman of GTV's board of directors, in a statement. "We have a team . . . that is offering a mature, fully transportable and highly reliable solution that is ready now."
In addition to its involvement with GTV's entry, AM General submitted an independent bid. The Blast Resistant Vehicle-Off Road (BRV-O) was a last-minute entrant into the bidding process, though Chris Vanslager, AM General's executive director of business development and defense programs, said work on the BRV-O would not detract from participation in the GTV entry. "Once we received the final [RFPs] with the requirements the government identified, we determined that we had multiple approaches to satisfying the requirements," Vanslager said. AM General offers in-house engine, transmission and vehicle production and more than 50 years of experience with light tactical vehicles.
The only EMD bidder not involved in a TD phase team, Oshkosh Defense, put forward the Light Combat Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle, or L-ATV. Oshkosh wants to apply the experience and lessons learned from the Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected All-Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV), which was developed to counter IEDs and landmines but has drawn criticism in some quarters for being too large and heavy.
"We learned a lot not just with the development of the M-ATV, but with the underbody protection kit for the M-ATV," Rob Messina, vice president of defense engineering, said in a recent interview. "What we had with JLTV was the opportunity for a clean-slate approach. We have developed a very well-protected solution."
While the Humvee will still be used for homeland defense and logistics support, and the MRAP will remain available for route clearance, for now the JLTV is where the Defense Department is placing its bets. "The major modernization effort for the Army when it comes to tactical wheeled vehicles is with the JLTV," said Col. Mark Barbosa, division chief for force development logistics.
William Graveline, assistant director for the Government Accountability Office's Acquisition and Sourcing Management Team, suggests that developing better protection capabilities that do not add weight to vehicles will be crucial.
Nevertheless, the intensity and breadth of the JLTV competition suggests that the tactical wheeled vehicle sector is entering an age of austerity in good shape.


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Portfolio: Sacred Poems
Carole has taken an 1844 Psalm book used in the churches for religious purposes, sliced it into a series of thin strips which are then rejoined, reconnected on her sewing machine. As she sews the pieces back together however, they've been interleaved wi … read more »
Sacred Poem LV, 5.5 × 5.625 in. – 24 karat gold leaf, paper: pages from Parish Psalmody 1844. Book Arts Collection of the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, D.C.


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Spring Creek will donate 20% of all the evening proceeds to the PTA!
Students should sign in at the front door.
The class with the best attendance will be given a prize by Spring Creek!
Send Your News Tips
605 East Broad Street • Mansfield, Texas 76063 • (817) 299-6300 Terms of Service | Accessibility | Site Map | Contact Us©


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I think of this every Friday when I copy my followers that week from my Excel spreadsheet to my word document, that I spend a lot of time trying to be "social" with social media. I know what you are thinking…Excel spreadsheet…Word document…she's geek of the week.
I just don't get this fully automated social media nonsense. It really seems like an oxymoron to me – how do you automate something which is supposed to be about social interaction? That doesn't sound very social to me!
I had someone reach out to me on my www.MidMajorMom.WordPress.com blog yesterday asking me about what I thought about adding personal stuff on her "pro" Twitter account. Please follow @ldelmonte – she is an interesting lady and learning about all of this social media etiquette. I told her I really did not enjoy Twitter until I spent more time doing @mentions rather than just Tweeting my ideas. I also began enjoying it more when I took the time to read other people's blogs and visit their websites. It helped me know whether I wanted them in my timeline and I always get great pleasure ReTweeting someone's Tweet if I think my followers will enjoy it as much as I do.
You can also over-do ReTweeting, in my opinion. It is a lot like forwarding e-mails. I stopped using one of my e-mail accounts because I have a person who ONLY sends me forwarded e-mails (who hasn't read the one about the dollar coins not having "In God We Trust" on it by now? It does, by the way, on the side). How many in this room delete e-mails whose subject line starts with FWD:? Take time to tell me why you like the Tweet and you engage in "social" media.
I vet my followers and use thought when I follow someone. I take pride in the fact that I follow only 17 people/associations that do not follow me. I take pride in the fact that I am on a lot of lists (one list for every 15 followers…not bad at all). I take pride that I personally thank each follower who took the time to follow me that week.
When you Tweet with me, you Tweet with me!
Life is good!
Twitter: MidMajorMom
Twitter: JudeCaserta


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Make history. Demand zero.
Global Zero is the international movement for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Global Zero is the international movement for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
This One World Declaration of Peace & Justice was co-written by students & sponsored by the United People for Peace!
Please help create a world where all belief can be free and made a choice to the people.
The fate of Pakturk school and colleges is uncertain due to political reasons.
To Declare Peace, Cultivate Actions of Peace to Foster Global Equanimity
Children who play together can learn how to live together.
In the lawsuit against the Bush war criminals, Saleh v. Bush,
because it is the right thing to do!
During 30 years of war in Afghanistan more than 1.5 million people have been killed, and 4 million have fled as refugees
Help prevent war on Iran by telling Senator Harry Reid to reject a sanctions bill that will sabotage the nuclear talks


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- Heat vs. Pacers: Series Hub
HANG TIME HEADQUARTERS — The Miami Heat won't be able to lean on Chris "Birdman" Andersen in their quest to finish off the Indiana Pacers in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference finals Saturday night at Bankers Life Fieldhouse.
The backup big man was suspended for one game without pay by the NBA this evening for a Flagrant-1 foul on Pacers' forward Tyler Hansbrough that was upgraded to a Flagrant-2 foul, a penalty announced by NBA Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations Stu Jackson.
Losing Andersen is a blow for a Heat team that has struggled to find consistent help for LeBron James in this series. Andersen is a perfect 15-for-15 shooting in five games against the Pacers, averaging 7.2 points, 4.6 rebounds and 1.6 blocks in just 18.4 minutes. His energy and effort on both ends of the floor have been critical to the Heat's cause.
Things went overboard, though, Thursday night in Game 5. Andersen was shoved from behind by Indiana's Paul George, while chasing a rebound, and instead of checking to see who delivered the blow he went after Hansbrough, knocking him off of his feet as the two ran upcourt after the play.
Hansbrough and Andersen went chest to chest immediately after Hansbrough got back to his feet. Andersen followed that contact with a shove to the chest and then had to be restrained by official Marc Davis, who Andersen was quick to shove aside as he continued barking at Hansbrough.
The video of the sequence went viral immediately. And even though there was no suspension, we all knew what was coming. The Heat's paper-thin depth up front will be tested Saturday night. The Pacers will attack with Roy Hibbert and David West, as they should.
No offense to the Birdman or his legion of followers, but the Heat aren't going to win or lose Game 6 based on Andersen's contributions — not if Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade continue to struggle the way they have against the Pacers.
The Heat need a better all around effort from the entire supporting cast, and the usual spectacular work from James, if they have any chance of snatching another game on the road in this series. If the series does go to a seventh game, Andersen will back for that tilt Monday night at AmericanAirlines Arena.
But he'll sit for Game 6, as he should, for allowing his emotions to get the best of him in what has turned out to be an unbelievably tense series for both sides.


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Orphanages > Guangdong Province > Suixi County
Suixi County Social Welfare Institute
If you have photos or information about this orphanage, please e-mail them to us. View the DianBai orphanage page to see an example of the type of information we're looking for. We will put the information you provide on this page to assist other families. We are particularly interested in orphanage photos (current and previous), director photo with name and tenure information, and any miscellaneous information. We appreciate your help in making this project worthwhile to adoption families.
orphanage Description:
Misc. Information:
Adoption Stats:
Available from Research-China:
• Orphanage Data Book - We offer adoptive families the opportunity to obtain all finding ad data for their child's orphanage as early as 1999 (date varies by orphanage), compiled and organized into a beautiful, 6"x9" hardbound book.
Related Links:


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Shakespeare said something about music being the food of love. Well, music and food are inextricably linked at The Green Man, Rackheath, out on the Wroxham Road, about 10 minutes' drive out of the city centre.
Music comes in the form of the top-class jazz to be heard at the pub on Tuesday evenings. Older readers will undoubtedly recognise the figure of drumming legend Jack Parnell, who makes the journey from his home at Southwold each week to anchor the resident trio - although he recently celebrated his 80th birthday. Pianist Mike Capocci, along with bass player Mike Harris, completes the trio; Mike's wife, Barbara, runs the club with an efficient hand, and these sessions are a well-established part of the Norwich musical scene.
Tuesday 15th July saxophonist Dean Masser appears with the Mike Capocci Trio. Free admission. Info on 01603 782693.
Moving Tone endeavours to promote and publicise live music in rural and urban Cambridgeshire. We wish to reflect the landscape of live music locally in Cambridgeshire at as little direct cost as possible to lovers and organisers of good music. To assist us in this, we ask for a donation to help us maintain our service.
You can donate by using a credit/debit card through paypal by clicking the button below, or send a cheque to us made payable to Moving Tone, 6A Green End, Comberton, Cambs CB23 7DY (please mark the back of the cheque: DONATION). Thank you.


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Rapid City Man Convicted of Raping Girl at Slumber Party
RAPID CITY - A 33-year-old Rapid City man could face life in prison after being convicted of raping a 9-year-old girl at a slumber party.
A jury found Jeremy Bauer guilty on Thursday after about four hours of deliberations. He is to undergo a psychological evaluation before being sentenced in about two months.
Authorities said Bauer raped the girl at his home in April 2012, then tried to convince her she was just having a nightmare. His defense unsuccessfully argued during trial that physical evidence of a crime was lacking.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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MULTIBAR - BL1311: For Harley Davidson Harley Davidson Softail Standard/Custom, Deuce, Cross Bones, Rocker, Blackline and Heritage Springer - Black Powdered Coated 2000-2017
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MANILA (Reuters) - Belle Segayo had traveled to the central Philippines to teach local officials how to adapt to a future altered by climate change.
But the future, or at least a forewarning of it, came to her instead in the shape of Typhoon Haiyan, underlining concerns that damaging storms could increasingly threaten coastal nations such as the Philippines as oceans warm and seawater levels rise.
Scientists have cautioned against blaming individual storms such as Haiyan on climate change. But they agree that storms are likely to become more intense.
"It's just about impossible to attribute a specific extreme event to climate change," said Kevin Walsh, an associate professor of earth sciences at the University of Melbourne.
But "a fair amount of work has been done that suggests the likelihood of extreme tropical cyclones like Haiyan is likely to increase around the world".
As Haiyan bore down, Segayo, a member of the Philippine Climate Change Commission, dashed to the airport in Tacloban city to try to get back to Manila. The storm, with winds of 314 kph (195 mph), the fastest ever recorded as having made landfall, met her there.
"It sounded like a pig being slaughtered," Segayo said, referring to the noise of the city being torn apart and inundated with surging seawater. "We experienced firsthand what we had been lecturing."
The monster storm that has killed an estimated 10,000 people in Tacloban alone has thrown a fresh spotlight on climate change. It comes as governments gather in Warsaw, Poland for the latest round of talks on achieving a global climate pact. Only piecemeal progress is expected.
Major tropical storms - variously called cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons, depending on where they strike - are a hard riddle for climate scientists to solve.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) says it is "more likely than not" that storms will increase in intensity in the coming century.
At the heart of the uncertainty is the decades of detailed data of storm behavior needed to actively plot trends, said Walsh of the University of Melbourne.
But one thing is fairly concrete, said Will Steffen, executive director of the Australian National University Climate Change Institute: climate change is causing surface waters to warm, which in turn feeds more energy into storms.
"You can't say that any single event, like the typhoon that hit the Philippines, was caused or even exacerbated by climate change. But you can say with some confidence that we're loading the dice for more severe storms in the future," he said.
One area of climate change where there is even more certainty is the rise in sea levels. Higher seas mean storm surges like the tsunami-like flood that caused much of the devastation in Tacloban will get worse, Steffen said.
At Tacloban, it appears rising sea levels played a small role, contributing to about 5 percent of an estimated four-meter (13 ft) storm surge, said Jeff Masters, director of meteorology at the website Weather Underground.
That is based on sea level rises of less than two cm (0.8 inch) over the 20th century. The IPCC estimates the coming century could see rises of between 26 and 62 cm (10 and 24 inches).
"So we can expect future storms like Haiyan to be even more destructive, due to higher storm surges from sea level rises," Masters said.
The Philippines has a long history of being lashed by deadly typhoons, although none as intense as Haiyan, which cut across a number of areas including Leyte, Samar and Cebu islands.
While about 20 typhoons strike the country each year, most hit the north along the main island of Luzon.
Concerns over extreme weather have been exacerbated by an apparent shift in location of those storms, which in the past two years have also battered southern regions that rarely if ever experienced the powerful gusts of typhoons.
Bopha, a category 5 typhoon with maximum winds of 280 kph (174 mph) slammed into Davao Oriental province last December, the first storm to ever hit the province, killing about 600 and leaving thousands homeless in the southern Mindanao region.
Philippines climatologists earlier this year said Mindanao could no longer regard itself as a typhoon-free region after two straight years of strong storms. Tropical storm Washi hit the western coast of Mindanao in December 2011, triggering flashfloods that killed around 700. Haiyan also grazed Mindanao.
"Before, they almost never reached Cebu and definitely not Davao. Now they are reaching that area," said Jose Maria Lorenzo Tan, president of World Wildlife Fund Philippines, a local arm of the global conservation group.
Additional reporting by Alister Doyle in Oslo. Editing by Jason Szep and Dean Yates