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Computer Supported Telecommunications
Applications (CSTA)
Frequently Asked Questions
Altough the answers to the following questions do not represent
an official Ecma International position, they might ease using
and implementing the standard. Please don't hesitate to contact
the Ecma
Secretariat for further disposition.
Questions on Protocol,
Features, Application,
Tools, and Others.
Modelling and architecture
Protocol and syntax
Behaviour and features
Is it possible to conference an inbound and an outbound call using Conference Call service?
Yes, it is. There are no preconditions regarding the directions of the two calls that are target of the Conference Call service.
However, there are preconditions regarding the local connections states of the calls at the conferencing device. The connections shall be either:
If these preconditions are not met, e.g. because the local connection state of the inbound call is Alerting (or Queued) then the required initial states can be reached, e.g. as follows:
Other combinations that may additionally involve Hold Call and/or Retrieve Call services are also possible.
Additionally, there may be scenarios where the Conference Call service isnt even necessary since the called device answers and conferences the inbound call implicitly (auto-answer and auto-conference).
Are event sequences standardized in CSTA?
Event sequences are standardized within a monitor in CSTA. However, CSTA does not mandate to fire the events associated to the completion criteria before acknowledging a service request. It only mandates that the events are being fired (at some time). Generally, CSTA does not mandate that:
When e.g. a MakeCall is positively acknowledged within the atomic acknowledgement model the completion criteria have been reached within the SF. Therefore, the following sequence is valid:
However the following sequence is valid too:
ECMA TR/82 may be a little misleading in respect to that topic, since service requests (and their responses) are shown in the column of Monitor 1 instead of an own column that indicates its sequential independence.
Because CSTA does not guarantee the sequence of events across different monitors or between events and responses, clients that keep a state are generally recommended to update their call model based on the events on a single monitor only.
However, services that query a concrete state (e.g. Snapshot Services) need to be synchronized with the events.
How do I use CSTA services and events from
an IVR script?
CSTA features, especially Call Control features, can certainly
be used with scripting. For example, ECMA-323 (CSTA XML) messages
can be used with scripting languages such as ECMAScript to create
very powerful environment for IVR applications.
You can see examples of how this is used in the SALT 1.0 specification
that was recently published by the SALT Forum (http://www.saltforum.org/
). Section 188.8.131.52 of the specification shows how ECMAScript
is used with CSTA XML (ECMA-323) to perform the following: listen
for an incoming call, answer it, play some voice prompts to the
caller, take actions based upon the voice recognition results
from the caller, and transfer the caller to another destination,
The Ecma CSTA group plans to continue work in the future to improve
the usefulness of CSTA for voice enabled applications in different
types of environments.
For private data CSTA requires that "Manufacturer
specific (or standard) extensions shall be uniquely identified
using Object identifiers issued by Ecma according to ISO 6523."
How do I get such an Object identifier?
Use http://www.oid-info.com/get/184.108.40.206 to add your company in the Ecma Object IDentifiers (OIDs) branch.
Once registered your company becomes responsible for issuing OIDs under their own naming node.
The need to check that an identifier does not already exist within the company cannot be stressed too much. The authority may charge "a reasonable fee" for this service.
Where can I find the description of the OPERATION
asn1 macro with (ARGUMENT , RESULT, ERROR and CODE) used in Phase
III (ECMA-269). I can't find the CODE definition in ROSE X219
ECMA-269 uses the 1994 ROSE specification, published as ITU-T
Recommendation X.880 and as ISO/IEC International Standard 13712-1.
Other documents that may be of interest are:
Why is the heading "( iso(1) ......,
icd-ecma(0012).... make-call(10) )" defined in the protocol
(example for Make-call service(ecma-218)?
What you are looking at is an ASN.1 definition of the protocol
data unit (PDU) for the Make Call service. ASN.1 is "Abstract
Syntax Notation One", a data structure representation methodology
developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
It consists of a declarative language (the header is written in
ASN.1, for example), and an agreed-upon set of encoding rules
for translating the ASN.1 source code into a byte stream. The
syntax and encoding rules allow protocol developers to guarantee
that they are encoding and decoding the byte streams the same
way. Standards organisations such as Ecma, ITU, ISO develop protocols
that have very complex PDUs, and in general multiple protocols
may coexist on the same transport, so ensuring that the byte streams
can be recognised correctly is very important.
To use the definition of MakeCall in ECMA-218, for example, you
must write code that encodes a MakeCall command into a byte stream
according to the ASN.1 definition (this code runs in your application
stack), and code that decodes the MakeCall byte stream (this code
resides in your switch) into an internal data structure that your
switch can interpret and execute. For "simple" pieces
of ASN.1, this can be done by manual compilation, much like translating
a fragment of C into object code. But for complex ASN.1 definitions,
this can become very difficult. For example, the fragment:
( iso(1) ......, icd-ecma(0012).... make-call(10) )
is an object identifier, a byte stream that encodes the Make
Call command uniquely among all possible commands from all possible
sources from all possible standards (whew!) . The ISO (i.e., iso(1)),
Ecma (i.e., icd-ecma(0012), etc., tags uniquely identify this
command as being defined by Ecma and nobody else. To compile this
manually, you need to find the ASN.1 definitions that define the
header, and apply the so-called Basic Encoding Rules (BER) to
translate it. Among the definitions you will need are ROSE (Remote
Operation Service Element) and ACSE (Association Control Service
Element), which are defined in other standards documents (see
the Bibliography).
There are some developers who either know ASN.1 very well, or
are only using a very few PDUs, who write encoding and decoding
functions manually. Most people use ASN.1 compilers, which take
ECMA-218, ROSE, ACSE, etc. definitions as input, and generate
encoding and decoding functions (in your favourite programming
language) as output.
ASN.1 was defined in the early 1980's (documents X.208, X.209),
and updated in 1994 to include such features as Unicode encoding
(X.680, X.690). CSTA Phase II and CSTA Phase III assume the 1994
The bibliography includes citations
of the official specifications of ASN.1, and a tutorial explaining
ASN.1 and the Basic Encoding Rules.
How does the CSTA application relate to the
Computing and Switching functions, and also to a telephony server?
This picture, which depicts one example, may make the situation
The bottom of each stack, whether it is in the switching domain
or computing domain, is a transport layer. The top of the computing
domain is an application. By some means, typically an API, the
application generates CSTA PDUs encoded as defined by ECMA-218,
to invoke the services of ECMA-217. In the switching domain, there
is a call control function that performs the services of ECMA-217,
which it receives as ECMA-218-encoded PDUs.
Currently, CSTA doesn't specify these stacks, other than ASN.1
encoding/decoding (that is, the application and presentation layers)
and the semantics of "Call Control Function".
Does CSTA assume that a telephony driver
exists or do we have to make some changes in our switch to support
Unless your switch is CSTA ready, you will have to probably do
one or both of these. Your switch will have to be able to have
an ASN.1 encoding/decoding layer for CSTA, and have a transport
layer that will communicate to the client over the "switch
link". On the client side, you will need to provide similar
functions. This may be done via a driver, but that is an implementation
To be CSTA compliant do we have to support
all the switching functionality defined for CSTA?
No. There is a PICS Performa (a sort of template) at the end
of the protocol in ECMA-218. A switch manufacturer may provide
a PICS statement describing what functions they provide.
What is the "CSTA Link" between
the switch and a server?
The above figure should cover this
- it is a transport layer between a client and the server. It
could be a serial cable, a LAN, the Internet, whatever you provide
in your switch.
Why does the MakeCall service in ECMA-217
show the caller connected to a call before the service is used?
At first sight it may not seem logical to have the call connected
before using the MakeCall service, which you would expect to create
the call. However, the condition of having the call already connected
is an option, the connection may exist or it may be Null (because
the call doesn't yet exist). We need to allow for the call to
exist to allow for cases where MakeCall is allowed whilst the
phone is off-hook and providing dial tone, e.g. for manual number
How to clear an incoming call before it rings
A developer writes:
I have a question concerning the timing between the switching
domain and the application domain. The following example might
help to illustrate the question:
Assume that there is an incoming call to a local device of the
switching sub-domain and that the device is monitored by an application.
The switching function will generate a "DeliveredEvent"
according to the CSTA standard and will deliver this event report
to the application domain. Now, assume that the application wants
- for whatever reasons - to prevent the called device from being
alerted. The problem is that the application only discovers that
the device is about to get a call when it receives the event and
hence cannot issue a "ClearCall" request until this
occurs, meanwhile the switching domain could already have started
alerting the device.
Is there any way to allow the application to get in and stop the
call before the device is alerted?
In phase I and phase II of CSTA you will have to use the Routeing
Services to intercept the call and re-route it to an alternative
device where it may be cleared after it has started to alert the
alternative device.
However, there is a new call control event, called Offered, in
ECMA-269 (CSTA Phase III) that may provide a better solution to
your problem. If supported on the device by the switching function,
the Offered event is generated when the call arrives at the device
but before the device is alerted. Typically the device stays in
this "offered" state until it receives instructions
from an application on what to do with the call (CSTA service
requests like Divert Call, Accept Call, or Clear Connection, for
example) or, in the absence of any such instructions, after a
certain (switch determined) time period the device would typically
be alerted.
We think that this may provide the switch/application synchronisation
that you are looking for as it will allow the application an opportunity
to clear the call before the device is alerted.
For more information refer to the Offered event and the Accept
Call service in ECMA-269.
Why does my SNACC compiler complain about
not finding a security IMPORT module when compiling from ECMA-218?
A developer writes:
My SNACC compiler complains about not finding a security IMPORT
module when compiling from ECMA-218
The "Security-Information" module and definitions are
part of ECMA-219
"Authentication and privilege attribute security application
with related key distribution functions", using the ASN.1
specification from this standard the missing code can be added
for the PrivilegeAttributeCertificate symbol.
However, ECMA-219 implies some development on each client/server
side. If the implementer does not want to use these features,
they can simply define the missing type as:
PrivilegeAttributeCertificate ::= NULL.
PrivilegeAttributeCertificate ::= NULL.
You may also have found that the UTCTime value is unresolved,
this should be included in the SNACC compiler using the usefull.asn1
file (see the SNACC documentation).
Finally it should be noted the server is not supposed to send
security information if the client doesn't ask it to.
How can I detect when a POT phone is able
to make a call?
Generally going on-hook/off-hook activates/deactivates the auditory
apparatus of the device and there is no direct relationship to
the connection states of that device.
To find out if an analogue phone is free for a call then (assuming
that the application is not already tracking the device):
How can CSTA Routeing be used?
When an incoming call comes into a switch it can be handled in
one of 2 ways:
As a typical example for CSTA assisted routeing of an incoming
PSTN call:
Should a Connection Cleared event with LocalConnectionInformation
= NULL be sent only when the device goes on-hook?
This does not need to be the only case, a device can be in the
NULL state whilst being off-hook. A connection cleared event with
the LocalConnectionInformation = Null can be generated when a
call on hold is cleared at a device (in other words the other
party cleared the connection).
How will CSTA evolve
To ensure backwards compatibilty, CSTA will add Services, Events
and optional Parameter values, while retaining existing.
Is there a source file for ECMA-218 to input into ASN.1 compilers ?
We suggest taking the WORD version of ECMA-218 and extracting the ASN.1 source from this file.
How to prevent the Xerces " Element
Particle Validation " error when parsing ConnectionID instances?
Xerces complains about having to read ahead to establish the
type of the Call-ID part of ConnectionID. The following definition
of ConnectionID doesn't require the parser to use " look
ahead ":
<xsd:complexType name="ConnectionID">
<xsd:element name="deviceID" type="csta:LocalDeviceID"/>
<xsd:element name="callID"
<xsd:element name="deviceID"
type="csta:LocalDeviceID" minOccurs="0"/>
Updated 11 December 2008


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Alternative Modalities
> Oxygen therapy
Oxygen therapy
Also listed as:
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT)
Related terms
Author information
Related Terms
Aerobic oxygen, bis-beta-carboxyethyl germanium sesquioxide, Ge-132, germanium, HBOT, hyperbaric oxygen, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, organic germanium, organic germanium-132, oxygen, salt water, stabilized oxygen, vitamin O.
The term oxygen therapy refers to the inhalation or breathing in of oxygen. Oxygen is an element that reacts with carbohydrates to form energy during the process of aerobic respiration, and is thus considered essential for carrying out metabolic processes that sustain human life.
Oxygen therapy is administered in two ways. The first method is called medical oxygen therapy, in which the air pressure of the oxygen administered to the patient is the same as the air pressure surrounding the patient. Medical oxygen therapy may be given in almost any setting. The second method, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, involves the administration of oxygen at a higher air pressure than that surrounding the patient, and must be administered in a special chamber. In both methods, the oxygen is inhaled.
Oxygen therapy is used for a variety of medical purposes, in order to increase the availability of oxygen to body tissues. The concentration of oxygen may vary from 21% (identical to that in air) to 100%. Oxygen is used as a therapy for healthy patients as well as a form of treatment for patients with medical disorders and illnesses. Oxygen is delivered using a variety of devices.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved oxygen therapy as a treatment for a number of conditions, in both emergency and non-emergency circumstances, including non-healing wounds (post-surgical or diabetic), radiation induced soft tissue death and osteonecrosis (death of bone tissue), flesh eating bacteria, carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, acute arterial ischemia (crush injury, compartment syndrome), compromised skin grafts or flaps, severe infection by anaerobic bacteria (such as gas gangrene), air or gas embolism, and severe uncorrected anemia (low red blood cell count resulting in fatigue and weakness) when blood transfusion is not available (not available or blood transfusion forbidden for religious reasons).
Oxygen therapy is considered the standard treatment for conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), in order to provide breathing assistance for patients.
Oxygen therapy may be administered for one session only, or it may be used daily over long periods of time. Based on the medical condition requiring oxygen therapy, a healthcare provider determines how long a patient should receive oxygen therapy.
Theory / Evidence
: There are numerous studies showing the effectiveness of inhaling oxygen. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved oxygen therapy as a treatment for a number of conditions, in both emergency and non-emergency circumstances, including non-healing wounds (post-surgical or diabetic), radiation induced soft tissue death and osteonecrosis (death of bone tissue), flesh eating bacteria, carbon monoxide poisoning, decompression sickness, acute arterial ischemia (crush injury, compartment syndrome), compromised skin grafts or flaps, severe infection by anaerobic bacteria (such as gas gangrene), air or gas embolism, and severe uncorrected anemia (low red blood cell count resulting in fatigue and weakness) when blood transfusion is not available (not available or blood transfusion forbidden for religious reasons).
By mouth
: Vitamin O supplements, composed largely of salt water and "stabilized" or "aerobic" oxygen, have been purported to cure or prevent serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and lung disease and to enrich the bloodstream with supplemental oxygen. Proponents of vitamin O claim that disease occurs because the body is lacking in oxygen. It is therefore believed that by ingesting oxygen via vitamin O supplements, various ailments may be reversed. There is currently insufficient available clinical evidence to support the use of vitamin O supplements for any indication.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Abidia A, Laden G, Kuhan G, et al. The role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in ischaemic diabetic lower extremity ulcers: a double-blind randomised-controlled trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2003 Jun;25(6):513-8.
Andersson I, Johansson K, Larsson S, et al. Long-term oxygen therapy and quality of life in elderly patients hospitalised due to severe exacerbation of COPD. A 1 year follow-up study. Respir Med. 2002 Nov;96(11):944-9.
American Lung Association. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. .
Food and Drug Administration (FDA). .
Oxygen is almost always delivered in the form of a continually flowing gas. The duration of oxygen therapy varies according to the medical condition of the patient. For instance, patients with carbon dioxide poisoning or decompression sickness may only receive oxygen for a short period of time, whereas individuals with certain kinds of diabetic wounds or a chronic eye condition may receive oxygen on a regular basis. Some individuals, such as those with the lung condition chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), may require oxygen therapy for the rest of their lives.
A variety of different machines and devices are used to administer oxygen therapy, including tubes that go into the nose, a face mask, an anesthetic machine, and specialized masks such as flight masks. Hyperbaric pressure therapy is usually given in a small chamber. Bag-valve-masks require that the individual squeeze the device to deliver the oxygen.
Oxygen is contained and transported in a number of ways. Specialized types of cylinders may be less stable, but they hold more oxygen because oxygen is compacted until it is ready to be used. In general, oxygen cylinders need to be refilled. Oxygen concentrators are larger than oxygen cylinders, remove oxygen from the surrounding air to purify it, and do not need to be refilled.
Some individuals may need to enter a special room or chamber to inhale oxygen. In these cases, the oxygen is not stored in the room, but pumped in. This is usually the case on airplanes and in hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Oxygen therapy may also be given in an individual's room in their home.
Oxygen is an element essential to human life, and has been referred to as "vitamin O," even though it is not a true vitamin.
Taking oxygen as a "vitamin O" supplement is a practice not endorsed by any major medical organization. There appears to be two types of vitamin O products available on the market. The first is an expensive health supplement that is composed largely of salt water and "stabilized" or "aerobic" oxygen, and is marketed under many different brand names. Companies, such as RGarden have advertised vitamin O (without germanium) as a purported cure or preventive agent for serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and lung disease. It has also been claimed that when taken by mouth, vitamin O supplements may enrich the bloodstream with supplemental oxygen. The second vitamin O product currently available contains the element germanium, which when synthetically derived has been said to be potentially nontoxic and safe at high doses. The various health claims for use of vitamin O have not been substantiated with scientific evidence. However, numerous product testimonials mention the effects of vitamin O on a variety of conditions.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Transportation, Office of[Record group 60-11-3]
Agency home page.
Agency Function
- The functions of this office include:
- advising, recommending and implementing the transportation agenda of the City of Philadelphia;
- representing this agenda with and among funding and regulatory agencies;
- recommending to the Mayor transportation projects essential to the economic growth of the City;
- establishing a regional transportation forum;
- communicating transportation concerns, policies and project development to the community and the region;
- facilitating the exchange of information concerning transportation planning functions among federal, state and local agencies;
- representing the Administration on all transportation-related committees; and
- performing other tasks related to the planning of transportation policies and practices within the City of Philadelphia.
- Agency History
- A separate Office of Transportation was established on 25 January 1988 by Executive Order 1-88. The purposes of this office were to act as an advocate for transportation policies in the best interests of the City of Philadelphia and to act as a focal point for all transportation-related issues and activities. The chief of the office was designated as the Director of the Office of Transportation. During the Rendell administration, this position was occupied by a deputy mayor.
- Archival Records
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Click on a folder or file to return to that level...
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Last updated on November 8, 2000


text:
For the last several years, IT has been split between fighting the onslaught of BYOD and realizing it must prepare for the inevitable. In the face of the "wild west" environment brought on by hundreds of different smartphones and tablets accessing corporate data assets, the common response was to increase restrictions and lock down employee-owned mobile devices, and for good reason. CIOs and CISOs are responsible for the protection of the most valuable asset organizations have – their data.
By all measures, BYOD is here to stay and the focus has shifted from trying to restrict BYOD to learning how to leverage BYOD as a business enabler while managing its risks. This is not just because the BYOD freight train has left the station, but because BYOD makes users more productive. By allowing employees to use the tools they love – the devices and apps they prefer — you enable them to work from anywhere and, ultimately, increase their productivity and response times. Managed properly, BYOD becomes an asset for organizations. The following tips, identified by Adam Ely, founder and COO, Bluebox Security, will help organizations navigate this new era of mobility.
Related Topics : In Their Own Words: The Four Dark Horses for the Third Major Mobile OS Speak, HTC, Mobile Search, 3G, Location-Based Services
Wearables are revolutionizing the workplace, with innovations that create a safer work environment or enhance the way professionals are able to go about their job. ... More >>
Here are the top 10 strategic technology trends that will impact most organizations in 2017. Strategic technology trends are defined as those with substantial disruptive potential or those reaching the tipping point over the next five years. ... More >>
Digital innovation is by far the biggest influencer, changing the way we do just about everything, from shopping to communication to running a business. ... More >>


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U.S.C. 2257 Record-Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement


text:
Huntington Advertiser
Socialists Taken To State Capital By Guard Officers
No Demonstration When Men Arrested Thursday Night Passed C. & O. Shops
Men Left Without Protest
Efforts to Induce Lawyers to Take Case Before Civil Courts Proved Futile
May 9, 1913
Socialists Taken To State Capital By Guard Officers
No Demonstration When Men Arrested Thursday Night Passed C. & O. Shops
Men Left Without Protest
Efforts to Induce Lawyers to Take Case Before Civil Courts Proved Futile
W. H. Thompson, editor of the Socialist and Labor Star, Elmer Rumbaugh, reporter, R. M. Kephart, George Gillespie and F. M. Sturm, socialists connected with the paper, were taken to Charleston this afternoon by Major T. B. Davis, Lieutenant Foster Templeton, Lieutenant Heber Rice and Lieutenant Rippetoe, the lat[t]er a member of a Charleston Company. The men left without protest and without making an appeal to the civil courts. There was some tendency to believe that there would be a demonstration when the train passed the Chesapeake & Ohio shops but this belief proved groundless.
A telegram instructing Sheriff P. C. Buffington to deliver the five men arrested this morning when the military authorities swooped down on the Socialist and Labor Star over to Major Thomas B. Davis, who in his turn had been previously instructed to leave with the men on Chesapeake & Ohio train No. 8 for Charleston, was the first development of the day in the sensational affair. When the word was received W. H. Thompson, editor, and Elmer Rumbaugh, reporter, were in cells in the county jail, George Gillispie and R. M. Kephart, officers of the stock company owning the paper, were in the jailer's office down stairs and F. M. Sturm was out of the jail in the custody of his brother-in-law, George Sidebottom. The message was received about eleven o'clock and the deputy sheriff immediately started to find Sidebottom in order to be sure to have Sturm at hand when the military officer called for the prisoners.
The men were arrested in the small hours of the night on a warrant issued by the governor, charging them with giving aid and comfort to the enemy in the military district comprising parts of Kanawha, Fayette, Raleigh and Boone counties and with inciting to riot through the columns of the Socialist and Labor Star, a weekly newspaper published in Huntington. This warrant was placed in the hands of D. W. Frampton, deputy sheriff, who made the arrests.
In the meanwhile the military officers, including Major Thomas B. Davis, Lieutenant Foster Templeton and Lieutenant Heber H. Rice of Huntington and Lieutenant Rippetoe of Charleston went to the office of the Socialist and Labor Star, 2007 Seventh avenue, and took possession. The soliders proceeded to pi the galleys of type which had been set for the issue of the Socialist and Labor Star which was to have been issued this week. The military people state that they merely threw down the type, not damaging it at all.
The owners of the plant assert that the type was beaten and mutilated and that the shop and fixtures were damaged to the extent of $1,500.
It is an interesting fact that the warrant calling for the arrest of the five men charged with responsibility for the utterances of the Star did not give any authorization for the seizure of the plant or the destruction of the type prepared for the forthcoming issue of the paper. It is explained that the action at the plant was taken under direction of the higher military authorities.
Deputy Sheriff Frampton did not have anything to do with this phase of the affair. He was not called upon to take part in it and did not go to the plant at all.
It is said that one of the reasons for the taking of the decisive step Thursday night was the desire of the military authorities to prevent the issue of the paper this week, of the contents of which they are supposed to have had advance information.
The people connected with the paper deny that the edition which was censored contained any repetition of the bitter attack on Governor Hatfield which was contained in the last previous issue of the Star.
Thompson and Rumbaugh, the editorial and reportorial writers for the paper, were placed in cells when they were arrested. Rumbaugh, the reporter, armed with a rifle and a huge revolver was guarding the office when the military men arrived to arrest him. The rifle and revolver, together with the "copy" found in the office were seized and carried away by the soldiers.
The fact that Gillespie and Kephart have not been actively connected with the paper, although they are part owners, but have been working at their trade as machinists led the deputy sheriff to arrange that they be given a place in the jailer's residence in which to sleep. In the morning they were brought down to the jailer's office and allowed to remain there. Sturm, according to Editor Thompson, some time ago ceased his connection with the Star, but through neglect his name was allowed to continue at the mast head. He had been business manager.
Thompson declared this morning that he expected to do nothing to gain his own release or that of Rumbaugh. "For," he sair [sic], "there is no law in West Virginia now." He did say, however, that he believed in fairness that Gillespie, Kephart and Sturm should be released.
The warrant providing for the arrest of the men, all of whom are members of the socialist party, does not provide that they be brought to trial, but orders that they be arrested and confined in the "common jail of Cabell county," as long as necessity therefor[e] shall appear," or until further orders from the governor.
The socialist say that the Star plant is under mortgage held by Barnhart Brothers & Spindler of Chicago, and they expect this corporation to take action against the military men for their alleged action in defacing the type.
After they were informed that they were to be taken to Charleston in the afternoon, the Socialist and Labor Star men who had previously indicated that they would make no immediate attempt to gain their freedom, began to seek legal aid to prevent their being taken out of the county. After several law firms had been consulted they decided that they would be unable to prevent their removal, and, to all intent, gave up any idea of resistance to the order of the governor. Mrs. George Gillispie visited her husband at the jail and Mrs. Thompson and another woman appeared at the prison to visit the editor. They were taken to the cell in which Thompson and Rumbaugh were confined. The visitors brought the news that Mrs. Kephart was in a very distressful condition over the plight of her husband. Kephart, before his departure, asked some of his friends to look after his wife, requesting that she get his money from the Chesapeake & Ohio pay car and go to Washington to remain with relatives until such a tim[e] as his freedom shall have been regained.
The men espesially [sic] Gillispie and Kephart, took their confinement stoicly, betraying no emotion at any time save when they were told that they were to be taken to Charleston, when Gillispie's mouth, already a white line, grew a little tauter.
While the affair has been rather generally discussed about the street, the day, up till one o'clock was more than ordinarily quiet, with no tendency whatever to disorder.


text:
529 plan for college tuition savings more than meets the eye
I want to take a moment to get into more detail on 529s, because they're both simpler and more complicated than you might think. Here's the SEC's definition:
What is a 529 plan?
A 529 plan is a tax-advantaged savings plan designed to encourage saving for future college costs. 529 plans, legally known as "qualified tuition plans," are sponsored by states, state agencies, or educational institutions and are authorized by Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code.
There are two types of 529 plans: pre-paid tuition plans and college savings plans. All fifty states and the District of Columbia sponsor at least one type of 529 plan. In addition, a group of private colleges and universities sponsor a pre-paid tuition plan.
You'll note that each state has at least one plan — Colorado happens to have four:
- CollegeInvest Direct Portfolio College Savings Plan
- CollegeInvest Scholars Choice College Savings Plan
- CollegeInvest Smart Choice College Savings Plan
- CollegeInvest Stable Value Plus College Savings Plan
If you're a Colorado resident and you choose a Colorado 529 plan, you may be eligible for tax benefits beyond growing your savings tax-deferred — here's bolded promotional text from CollegeInvest's site as one example:
Colorado residents, save on your state income taxes by opening or contributing to a CollegeInvest 529 College Savings Account by December 31st! For every dollar you invest, you can deduct a dollar from your Colorado State taxable income—an exclusive benefit from CollegeInvest.
I set one up earlier this year — a Direct Portfolio plan. It was very easy to do with the help of Vanguard. (It's my first time dealing with Vanguard outside of a blink-of-an-eye moment in which a former employer used them to manage a 401k plan — my usual investment management company does not offer Colorado-based 529s, and actually referred me to Vanguard when I inquired about setting up a 529.) I don't have my child's Social Security number yet, so it's in my name for the time being. I can make my child the beneficiary at a later date.
So, with those state tax benefits, it makes sense for a Colorado resident to open a Colorado 529, right? Denver CPA Craig Arfsten says not so fast — the tax savings might be nice, but you also might be able to do better with another state's plan.
"If you contribute to a 529 plan you're still going to owe federal taxes on that … but you're not going to owe state taxes, so it saves you 4.6 percent," he says. "So it's not going to be included in your income in the state of Colorado.
"You could buy another state's plan, and you may want to do that because you feel that the money managers will more than offset that upfront state deduction.
"We like the Virginia plan, it uses American Funds. We like American Funds …. They've been around since the '20s. The managers have a great track record."
So talk to a financial planner and check out this great FAQ on 529s. Doing your homework now will help your child do theirs later.


text:
Roots of Fight Honors Lennox Lewis, Mike Tyson, Royce Gracie
Roots of Fight continues to create apparel that honors the legends of combat sports. Their latest offerings pay homage to Lennox Lewis, Mike Tyson and the Gracies. The Lennox Lewis Kronk Shirt is a tribute to both the former heavyweight champion, as well as Detroit's famous Kronk Gym.
Roots of Fight Lennox Lewis Kronk Shirt
The Lennox Lewis shirt has an Old-school feel, washed out colors and a distressed print for a cool, vintage look. It's made from an ultra-soft, light, quick-drying tri-blend fabric. This shirt gives you instant cred with fight fans all around the country.
Roots of Fight Mike Tyson Iron Mike 1988 Tank
Cool side panels, and the "Lineal Heavyweight Champ – 1988 Iron Mike Tyson" text make this tank unique.
Roots of Fight Academia Gracie De Jiu Jitsu '52 Tank
Carry the Gracie Academy legacy with you this summer with the Academia Gracie tank. It features a slick shade of green, the Gracie logos and "Brazil 52" on the back. It's vintage dyed & washed with specialty prints.
Roots of Fight Gracie 1952 Shirt
Old school Gracie Jiu Jitsu — back to the year 1952 at the Academia Gracie, the gym where it all began. Features badges inspired by details by the original Gracie Academy in Rio De Janeiro.
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Celebrate the event that changed the landscape of modern MMA and a chapter in Gracie Jiu Jitsu history – Royce Gracie dominating at UFC 1!
Check out all the Roots of Fight clothing available at MMAWarehouse, including hoodies, tees, tanks and sweatshirts.


text:
Mark Langill – Dodger Stadium Ready
While Spring Training runs smoothly here in Vero Beach, there is anticipation for the regular season – and a chance to see the renovation at Dodger Stadium. The players, coaches and other team officials who had a chance to check out the stadium changes during the winter are looking forward to seeing the finished product when the Dodgers play host to the Angels in an exhibition game on March 31. Third base coach Rich Donnelly already is planning the team's workout schedule at Dodger Stadium, and others making their first trip to the West Coast next week are asking questions about the climate and stadium design.
This winter's construction phase restored the original color pallet from when the ballpark first opened in 1962, while also replacing the more than 50,000 plastic seats originally installed in the mid-1970s.
Beginning with the top deck, the seat removal provided a chance for workers to repair and refresh the underlying concrete. Another new look will introduce an old-school concept to the ballpark – box seating along the baseline seats. The Dodgers' adaptation will integrate more legroom and a table amenity to the baseline areas.
Great care was also taken with the last of the stadium's original wooden seats, located along the third-base side of the Club Level. Those seats were refurbished and returned to the area, along with a rainbow-theme color pallet reminiscent of the Club Level and the back wall of the original ground-level dugout box seating section. This photo shows the outfield wall with the original shade of blue from 1962, just one of many "original" touches to the ballpark which has remained one of Southern California's most popular destinations for tourists and baseball fans of all ages.
And fans wanting a sneak preview of the "new" Dodger Stadium can check out the latest photo galleries on dodgers.com
3 Comments
I'm pretty impressed with the baseline boxes. The outfield wall looks awesome too.
The Stadium looks fantastic! I can't wait to see it in person this year. I didn't know about the outfield wall color changing but it adds a nice touch. Great job guys!!
I will be one of the many at Dodger Stadium for Opening Day and I'm very excited about the new team and new look stadium. Long Live the Dodger!


text:
Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Israel, and in particular Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem, is joining forces with Christians in Australia to provide life-giving medical care to Palestinian Arab children.
Project Rozana is a collaboration between Hadassah Australia, Anglican Overseas Aid and Hadassah Hospital, which has two locations in Jerusalem. The project has the full support and assistance of the Palestinian Authority health minister.
The project was inspired by the recent case of 5-year-old Rozana Ghannam, a Palestinian girl from Ramallah. About a year ago, Rozana fell out the window of her 9th-floor apartment.
"I didn't expect that Rozana was still alive. I was shouting and weeping, asking anybody to help," wrote Rozana's mother, Maysa Ghannam, in a statement read aloud at the launch of Project Rozana in Melbourne, Australia.
Naturally, first responders wanted to take little Rozana to nearby Ramallah Hospital. But her mother refused, insisting that the broken little girl be rushed to Hadassah Hospital, widely regarded as one of the finest medical facilities in the region.
Doctors at Hadassah were indeed able to save little Rozana's life. "Rozana is now a miracle of life, a Palestinian girl who returned to life at the hands of doctors - Jews and Arabs," wrote her mother.
Those behind project Rozana, including the Israeli Foreign Ministry, hope via Jewish and Christian outreach arms in Australia to raise at least $500,000 a year. The entirety of the funds will be used to cover the treatment of Palestinian Arab children at Hadassah Hospital, as well as to provide training to Palestinian doctors and specialists.
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text: Hi guys I have a customer's email account already setup. She is leaving her company soon and I want to forward all of her future emails to another user in her department. However, she currently has emails in her inbox. I do not seem to be able to create a forward without first deleting her current account (and thereby losing the emails that are currently in her inbox) and then creating it in the email forward section. Is there a way around this? Cheers Charlton


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Here at A-1 Home Care, the foremost senior care provider of caregivers and in home care for the Stanton elderly, seniors, and terminally ill, we provide home care services in a variety of senior living settings for those in need of assistance with hygiene, meal preparation, medication supervision and errands.
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Happy Anniversary to our very own Robert Salcedo! From everyone here at the office – Thank you for 11 years of hard work!
We want to wish the wonderful Jackie a Happy Birthday. To add to the celebration, Tuesday was her 5th year…
Office Gatherings


text:
|Oracle® Database High Availability Architecture and Best Practices
10g Release 1 (10.1)
Part Number B10726-02
|View PDF
This chapter includes the following topics:
Why It Is Important to Determine High Availability Requirements
Analysis Framework for Determining High Availability Requirements
The interconnected nature of today's global businesses demands continuous availability for more of the business components. However, a business that is designing and implementing an HA strategy must perform a thorough analysis and have a complete understanding of the business drivers that require high availability, because implementing high availability is costly. It may involve critical tasks such as:
Retiring legacy systems
Investment in more sophisticated and robust systems and facilities
Redesign of the overall IT architecture to adapt to this high availability model
Redesign of business processes
Hiring and training of personnel
Higher degrees of availability reduce downtime significantly, as shown in the following table:
|Availability Percentage
|Approximate Downtime Per Year
|18 days
|4 days
|9 hours
|1 hour
|5 minutes
Businesses with higher availability requirements must deploy more fault-tolerant, redundant systems for their business components and have a larger investment in IT staff, processes, and services to ensure that the risk of business downtime is minimized.
An analysis of the business requirements for high availability and an understanding of the accompanying costs enables an optimal solution that meets the needs of the business managers to be available as much as possible within financial and resource limitations of the business. This chapter provides a simple framework that can be used effectively to evaluate the high availability requirements of a business.
The elements of this analysis framework are:
A rigorous business impact analysis identifies the critical business processes within an organization, calculates the quantifiable loss risk for unplanned and planned IT outages affecting each of these business processes, and outlines the less tangible impacts of these outages. It takes into consideration essential business functions, people and system resources, government regulations, and internal and external business dependencies. This analysis is done using objective and subjective data gathered from interviews with knowledgeable and experienced personnel, reviewing business practice histories, financial reports, IT systems logs, and so on.
The business impact analysis categorizes the business processes based on the severity of the impact of IT-related outages. For example, consider a semiconductor manufacturer, with chip design centers located worldwide. An internal corporate system providing access to human resources, business expenses and internal procurement is not likely to be considered as mission-critical as the internal e-mail system. Any downtime of the e-mail system is likely to severely affect the collaboration and communication capabilities among the global R&D centers, causing unexpected delays in chip manufacturing, which in turn will have a material financial impact on the company.
In a similar fashion, an internal knowledge management system is likely to be considered mission-critical for a management consulting firm because the business of a client-focused company is based on internal research accessibility for its consultants and knowledge workers. The cost of downtime of such a system is extremely high for this business. This leads us to the next element in the high availability requirements framework: cost of downtime.
A well-implemented business impact analysis provides insights into the costs that result from unplanned and planned downtimes of the IT systems supporting the various business processes. Understanding this cost is essential because this has a direct influence on the high availability technology chosen to minimize the downtime risk.
Various reports have been published, documenting the costs of downtime across industry verticals. These costs range from millions of dollars per hour for brokerage operations and credit card sales, to tens of thousands of dollars per hour for package shipping services.
While these numbers are staggering, the reasons are quite obvious. The Internet has brought millions of customers directly to the businesses' electronic storefronts. Critical and interdependent business issues such as customer relationships, competitive advantages, legal obligations, industry reputation, and shareholder confidence are even more critical now because of their increased vulnerability to business disruptions.
A business impact analysis, as well as the calculated cost of downtime, provides insights into the recovery time objective (RTO), an important statistic in business continuity planning. It is defined as the maximum amount of time that an IT-based business process can be down before the organization starts suffering significant material losses. RTO indicates the downtime tolerance of a business process or an organization in general.
The RTO requirements are proportional to the mission-critical nature of the business. Thus, for a system running a stock exchange, the RTO is zero or very near to zero.
An organization is likely to have varying RTO requirements across its various business processes. Thus, for a high volume e-commerce Web site, for which there is an expectation of rapid response times and for which customer switching costs are very low, the web-based customer interaction system that drives e-commerce sales is likely to have an RTO close to zero. However, the RTO of the systems that support the backend operations such as shipping and billing can be higher. If these backend systems are down, then the business may resort to manual operations temporarily without a significantly visible impact.
A systems statistic related to RTO is the network recovery objective (NRO), which indicates the maximum time that network operations can be down for a business. Components of network operations include communication links, routers, name servers, load balancers, and traffic managers. NRO impacts the RTO of the whole organization because individual servers are useless if they cannot be accessed when the network is down.
Recovery point objective (RPO) is another important statistic for business continuity planning and is calculated through an effective business impact analysis. It is defined as the maximum amount of data an IT-based business process may lose before causing detrimental harm to the organization. RPO indicates the data-loss tolerance of a business process or an organization in general. This data loss is often measured in terms of time, for example, 5 hours or 2 days worth of data loss.
A stock exchange where millions of dollars worth of transactions occur every minute cannot afford to lose any data. Thus, its RPO must be zero. Referring to the e-commerce example, the web-based sales system does not strictly require an RPO of zero, although a low RPO is essential for customer satisfaction. However, its backend merchandising and inventory update system may have a higher RPO; lost data in this case can be re-entered.
Using the high availability analysis framework, a business can complete a business impact analysis, identify and categorize the critical business processes that have the high availability requirements, formulate the cost of downtime, and establish RTO and RPO goals for these various business processes.
This enables the business to define service level agreements (SLAs) in terms of high availability for critical aspects of its business. For example, it can categorize its businesses into several HA tiers:
Tier 1 business processes have maximum business impact. They have the most stringent HA requirements, with RTO and RPO close to zero, and the systems supporting it need to be available on a continuous basis. For a business with a high-volume e-commerce presence, this may be the web-based customer interaction system.
Tier 2 business processes can have slightly relaxed HA and RTO/RPO requirements. The second tier of an e-commerce business may be their supply chain / merchandising systems. For example, these systems do not need to maintain 99.999% availability and may have nonzero RTO/RPO values. Thus, the HA systems and technologies chosen to support these two tiers of businesses are likely to be different.
Tier 3 business processes may be related to internal development and quality assurance processes. Systems support these processes need not have the rigorous HA requirements of the other tiers.
The next step for the business is to evaluate the capabilities of the various HA systems and technologies and choose the ones that meet its SLA requirements, within the guidelines as dictated by business performance issues, budgetary constraints, and anticipated business growth.
Figure 2-1 illustrates this process.
Figure 2-1 Planning and Implementing a Highly Available Enterprise
The following sections provide further details about this methodology:
A broad range of high availability and business continuity solutions exists today. As the sophistication and scope of these systems increase, they make more of the IT infrastructure, such as the data storage, server, network, applications, and facilities, highly available. They also reduce RTO and RPO from days to hours, or even to minutes. But increased availability comes with an increased cost, and on some occasions, with an increased impact on systems performance.
Organizations need to carefully analyze the capabilities of these HA systems and map their capabilities to the business requirements to make sure they have an optimal combination of HA solutions to keep their business running. Consider the business with a significant e-commerce presence as an example.
For this business, the IT infrastructure that supports the system that customers encounter, the core e-commerce engine, needs to be highly available and disaster-proof. The business may consider clustering for the web servers, application servers and the database servers serving this e-commerce engine. With built-in redundancy, clustered solutions eliminate single points of failure. Also, modern clustering solutions are application-transparent, provide scalability to accommodate future business growth, and provide load-balancing to handle heavy traffic. Thus, such clustering solutions are ideally suited for mission-critical high-transaction applications.
The data that supports the high volume e-commerce transactions must be protected adequately and be available with minimal downtime if unplanned and planned outages occur. This data should not only be backed up at regular intervals at the local data centers, but should also be replicated to databases at a remote data center connected over a high-speed, redundant network. This remote data center should be equipped with secondary servers and databases readily available, and be synchronized with the primary servers and databases. This gives the business the capability to switch to these servers at a moment's notice with minimal downtime if there is an outage, instead of waiting for hours and days to rebuild servers and recover data from backed-up tapes.
Maintaining synchronized remote data centers is an example where redundancy is built along the entire system's infrastructure. This may be expensive. However, the mission-critical nature of the systems and the data it protects may warrant this expense. Considering another aspect of the business: for example, the high availability requirements are less stringent for systems that gather clickstream data and perform data mining. The cost of downtime is low, and the RTO and RPO requirements for this system could be a few days, because even if this system is down and some data is lost, that will not have a detrimental effect on the business. While the business may need powerful machines to perform data mining, it does not need to mirror this data on a real-time basis. Data protection may be obtained by simply performing regularly scheduled backups, and archiving the tapes for offsite storage.
For this e-commerce business, the back-end merchandising and inventory systems are expected to have higher HA requirements than the data mining systems, and thus they may employ technologies such as local mirroring or local snapshots, in addition to scheduled backups and offsite archiving.
The business should employ a management infrastructure that performs overall systems management, administration and monitoring, and provides an executive dashboard. This management infrastructure should be highly available and fault-tolerant.
Finally, the overall IT infrastructure for this e-commerce business should be extremely secure, to protect against malicious external and internal electronic attacks.
High availability solutions must also be chosen keeping in mind business performance issues. For example, a business may use a zero-data-loss solution that synchronously mirrors every transaction on the primary database to a remote database. However, considering the speed-of-light limitations and the physical limitations associated with a network, there will be round-trip-delays in the network transmission. This delay increases with distance, and varies based on network bandwidth, traffic congestion, router latencies, and so on. Thus, this synchronous mirroring, if performed over large WAN distances, may impact the primary site performance. Online buyers may notice these system latencies and be frustrated with long system response times; they may go somewhere else for their purchases. This is an example where the business must make a trade-off between having a zero data loss solution and maximizing system performance.
High availability solutions must also be chosen keeping in mind financial considerations and future growth estimates. It is tempting to build redundancies throughout the IT infrastructure and claim that the infrastructure is completely failure-proof. However, going overboard with such solutions may not only lead to budget overruns, it may lead to an unmanageable and unscalable combination of solutions that are extremely complex and expensive to integrate and maintain.
An HA solution that has very impressive performance benchmark results may look good on paper. However, if an investment is made in such a solution without a careful analysis of how the technology capabilities match the business drivers, then a business may end up with a solution that does not integrate well with the rest of the system infrastructure, has annual integration and maintenance costs that easily exceed the upfront license costs, and forces a vendor lock-in. Cost-conscious and business-savvy CIOs must invest only in solutions that are well-integrated, standards-based, easy to implement, maintain and manage, and have a scalable architecture for accommodating future business growth.
Choosing and implementing the architecture that best fits the availability requirements of a business can be a daunting task. This architecture must encompass appropriate redundancy, provide adequate protection from all types of outages, ensure consistent high performance and robust security, while being easy to deploy, manage, and scale. Needless to mention, this architecture should be driven by well-understood business requirements.
To build, implement and maintain such an architecture, a business needs high availability best practices that involve both technical and operational aspects of its IT systems and business processes. Such a set of best practices removes the complexity of designing an HA architecture, maximizes availability while using minimum system resources, reduces the implementation and maintenance costs of the HA systems in place, and makes it easy to duplicate the high availability architecture in other areas of the business.
An enterprise with a well-articulated set of high availability best practices that encompass HA analysis frameworks, business drivers and system capabilities, will enjoy an improved operational resilience and enhanced business agility. The remaining chapters in this book will provide technical details on the various high availability technologies offered by Oracle, along with best practice recommendations on configuring and using such technologies.


text: OK - I see your point with the boundary layer. On the bigger issue, is there significant damping in the cochlea, perhaps it is you who is trying to have it both ways. In my definition, damping is the passive dissipation of mechanical energy. Most of us believe that the cochlea has an active process or processes that pumps energy into the system to help offset the passive dissipation. Your discussion about boundary layers relates to passive disipation processes and you appear to be trying to make the case that the cochlea has less damping than many people think. Must of us that are engaged in experimental cochlear physiology have the strong impression that the passive cochlea is underdamped, but not very underdamped, and that the high sensitivity and tuning observed under normal conditions is the result of the outer hair cells pumping energy into the system in order to overcome the passive damping. The nature of the cochlear tuning (high broad peaks) is not consistent with a highly underdamped system but is consistent with a system that amplifies the traveling wave over a limited spatial region. Your discussion so far has focused on energy lost through shearing in the fluid which leads me to presume that you think of the cochlear partition as a set of independent beams or perhaps an orthotropic plate with little damping. Since the organ of Corti is a complex structure made up of a mixture of cellular components, extracellular matrix, and fluid compartments, isn't it likely that another important source of energy dissipation is the organ of Corti itself? -------------------------------------------------------------------- David C. Mountain, Ph.D. Professor of Biomedical Engineering Boston University 44 Cummington St. Boston, MA 02215 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Website: http://earlab.bu.edu/dcm/ Phone: (617) 353-4343 FAX: (617) 353-6766 Office: ERB 413 On Thu, 28 Mar 2002, Jont Allen wrote: > David Mountain wrote: > > >Jont - > > > >I have a couple of question. > > > >First, could you clarify the following statement? > > > >"At low frequencies the scalae narrows sufficiently (making the boundary > >layer increase) so viscosity has an effect at low frequencies..." > > > >I suspect that you mean "in the apex of the cochlea the ..." instead of > >"at low frequencies..." > > > I think I mean at low frequencies. > > As the frequency is decreased, the boundary layer becomes larger, as > 1/sqrt(f). > Thus even if the scalae are constant, the percentage of boundary layer > to scalae > increases. By 100 Hz, the boundary layer has become a significant percentage > of the scalea, and the "boundary layer approximation" technique breaks down > and cannot be used, and the full solution is required (i.e., damping becomes > significant at low frequencies). > > > > >Also, based on my examination of existing data on scalae areas, there is > >little narrowing of the scalae once you get away from the round and > >oval windows until you get very close (within a few percent of total > >basilar membrane length) to the helicotrema. > > > >Second, you argue that long ringing in response to high SPL clicks is > >evidence for a highly underdamped cochlea. These experimental results > >are from cochleas in which we believe that the active process is > >functioning. > > > Isn't this circular reasoning? The point is that the damping seems low, > by what > ever means. It is difficult, I say, to tell the difference between a > stable BM with > negative damping, and one that has very small but positive loss. We know > emissions > are related to standing waves. What we are missing is the details of why > there > are reflections coming from the CF (BF) region of the Basilar membrane. > Shera says it is due to roughness, but I say that doesn't explain the > nonlinear > reflectance, described by Allen, Shaw and Kimberly, and Zwicker and Schloth, > and Shera and Zweig (SFOAE vs SPL). Roughness only explains the linear > part. > I am sure I'll get lots of email re this last statement that will make > my head spin.;.) > > > In experiments where the active process is suppressed > > > which active process is that? There are so many of them ;-) > > > > >(i.e. damage to forward transduction due to acoustic trauma or elimination > >of endocochlear potential through hypoxia or furosemide administration) > >the basilar membrane response does not show prolonged ringing. > > > Who knows what has happened once that much dammage has occured. The cilia > may be laying flat, and the TM scraping against the RL. > > Jont > > > > >-------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > >David C. Mountain, Ph.D. > >Professor of Biomedical Engineering > >Boston University > >44 Cummington St. > >Boston, MA 02215 > > > >Email: firstname.lastname@example.com > >Website: http://earlab.bu.edu/dcm/ > >Phone: (617) 353-4343 > >FAX: (617) 353-6766 > >Office: ERB 413 > > > >On Tue, 26 Mar 2002, Jont Allen wrote: > > > >>Dear Aud list, > >> > >>Here are some comments I recently wrote re P&G and their ideas of a high > >>loss cochlea > >>hopefully to be published soon (but so far not reviewed! Also, please > >>excuse the Latex > >>word processing math symbols, delimited by $$): > >> > >>In 1948 Gold \cite{Gold48a} proposed that the cochlea must be a > >>"regenerative receiver." This thought was based on early electronic > >>theory of feedback amplifiers and electronic circuits. Gold assumed > >>that the cochlea must have high viscous losses, and this has resulted > >>in scores of researchers believing today that the cochlea was a high > >>loss device. In fact the losses in the cochlea are close to zero. Wave > >>propagation is very low loss, with viscosity being important only at > >>low frequencies, in the scalae, and in the sub-tectorial space (between > >>the TM and the RL) where the proximity of two moving surfaces are large, > >>with fluid in between. > >> > >>In fluid mechanics there is an approximation technique called > >>``Boundary layer theory'' that allows one to model losses accurately, > >>with a trick of mathematics. The way it works is that the solid side of > >>every solid-liquid surface interface is made thicker by the boundary layer > >>thickness \cite{Freeman85} > >>\be > >>\delta(f) = \sqrt{\eta/\rho 2 \pi f}, > >>\ee > >>where $\eta$ is the viscosity, $\rho$ is the density and $f$ is > >>frequency. Once each solid surface has been increased by $\delta(f)$, the > >>viscosity of the new geometry may be taken as zero. This modified structure, > >>having no viscosity, is a good approximation to the original physical > >>system. > >> > >>Since $\delta$ is on the order of 10 $\mu m$ at 1 kHz, and the scala of > >>the cochlea are on the order of 100-300 $\mu m$, this boundary layer > >>shrinks the scala by less than 10\%. At low frequencies the scalae > >>narrows sufficiently (making the boundary layer increase) so viscosity > >>has an > >>effect at low frequencies, and thus must be included in the calculation > >>(i.e., the boundary layer approximation fails) \cite{Puria91}. > >> > >>The distance between the tectorial membrane and the reticular > >>lamina, where the cilia of the inner and outer hair cells live, is less > >>than $\delta$, so this region must be modeled as having damping, at all > >>frequencies \cite{Allen80a}. However this resistance appears at the > >>characteristic place of the transmission line for each frequency, > >>because the motion of the tectorial > >>membrane relative to the reticular lamina is significant only near the > >>characteristic place. > >> > >>Thus over most of the frequency range Gold was solving a problem > >>that did not exist since his assumption that the damping seen by the > >>propagated wave was large, was incorrect. > >>Scores of researchers accepted his view that the cochlea was > >>a high-loss device, that needed a power source (the regenerative receiver > >>concept) to reduce the high damping. Gold had a nice idea, but the argument > >>was wrong. The cochlear amplifier is still an appealing, but unproven, > >>concept in cochlear mechanics. There is also strong support from > >>experiment that > >>cochlea is relatively lossless at all levels. Recio {\it et al.} (1990) > >>showed > >>basilar membrane responses to clicks that ring for more than a dozen > >>cycles , > >>even at levels greater than 104 dB SPL. > >>\cite{Recio, A., Rich, N.C., Narayan, S. and Ruggero, M.A. (1998). > >>``Basilar-membrane responses to clicks at the base of the chincilla > >>cochlea," J. Acoust. Soc. Am., {\bf 103}, 1972-1989.} > >> > >>I hope this helps. Comments? > >> > >>Jont Allen > >> > >> > >>Automatic digest processor wrote: > >> > >>>There are 2 messages totalling 165 lines in this issue. > >>> > >>>Topics of the day: > >>> > >>> 1. paper on human cochlear tuning > >>> 2. Gold & Pumphrey > >>> > >>>---------------------------------------------------------------------- > >>> > >>>Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2002 20:42:46 +1100 > >>>From: Andrew Bell <firstname.lastname@example.com> > >>>Subject: Re: paper on human cochlear tuning > >>> > >>>>From the parenthetical part of Fred Wightman's comment, it seems he > >>>may now have some doubts about how effective his refutation of > >>>Pumphrey and Gold was. Perhaps he could elaborate on those doubts? > >>> > >>>Notwithstanding Green et al.'s 1975 JASA, I would maintain that > >>>Pumphrey and Gold's interpretation is fundamentally correct. No > >>>matter whether you invoke pitch or any other effect, and whether one > >>>considers the time domain or frequency domain, the stimuli are such > >>>that at the end of the day Pumphrey and Gold's statement remains > >>>irrefutable: "No frequency analyser [biological or physical, natural > >>>or man-made] could distinguish between the two stimuli unless its > >>>oscillatory time constants were so large that phase was 'remembered' > >>>across the silent interval." > >>> > >>>The 1975 JASA paper of Green et al. misses the point by looking at > >>>the two compound stimuli (A and B) in the frequency domain. Whether > >>>one chooses to examine the stimuli in the time or frequency domain > >>>is immaterial: there is nothing in one domain that is not implicit > >>>in the other. The fact remains that an inverted signal can only be > >>>distinguished, after a silent interval, from its antiphase > >>>counterpart if the phase is remembered across the interval. Moving > >>>the analysis from the time domain to the frequency domain does not > >>>change the truth of the statement that _no_ frequency analyser can > >>>distinguish the two stimuli unless phase is remembered. > >>> > >>>Pumphrey and Gold would not dispute that there is a (spectral) > >>>difference between the two wavetrains A and B. Indeed, if there were > >>>absolutely no difference, then no frequency analyser on earth would > >>>be able to tell the difference between them. What Pumphrey and Gold > >>>are simply saying is that any difference between A and B can only be > >>>perceived if the analyser has a sufficiently high Q. Green et al. > >>>attribute that difference to a pitch mechanism; that may be so -- > >>>the difference may manifest as pitch or timbre or any other > >>>psychophysical percept (clearly, there has to be some psychophysical > >>>difference if we can consciously distinguish the stimuli) -- but the > >>>pitch differences concerned are only detectable if the detector has > >>>a suitably high Q. > >>> > >>>This is because the magnitude of the spectral components of n wave > >>>periods is _precisely_the_same_ as the n periods of its antiphase > >>>version (note once again that this is _not_ saying that the spectral > >>>components of the compound waveforms A and B are identical). > >>> > >>>The only exception to the detectability criterion would be if the > >>>ear were sensitive to absolute phase, and Pumphrey and Gold exclude > >>>this by noting that, if this were true, then a person's ability to > >>>distinguish between the two stimuli would be independent of the > >>>length of the silent interval -- and this is clearly not so, with > >>>the length of the silent interval having a large effect on > >>>discriminability. A 10-cycle silent interval gives an obvious > >>>difference, whereas with 30 cycles it is hard. > >>> > >>>Green et al. repeat the Pumphrey and Gold experiments, and it should > >>>be noted that their results more or less confirm the earlier ones > >>>(confirmed also by Hiesey and Schubert, JASA 51, 1972, 518, who also > >>>make the same epistemological error as Green et al. in thinking that > >>>because there is a pitch difference this explains away the > >>>difference, a position implicit in Fred Wightman's comment to which > >>>I am replying). The result remains that since the ear can detect the > >>>difference between the A and B waveforms, it must be using a high Q > >>>analyser. That it appears as if the pitch of the two waveforms > >>>differs is an interesting psychophysical observation, but it does > >>>not change the conclusion as to the necessarily high Q of the > >>>detector that perceives the pitch difference. To reiterate the > >>>statement I made above, whether the difference manifests as pitch or > >>>any other psychophysical parameter is beside the point -- the brute > >>>fact is that there is a difference, despite identical spectral > >>>energy in the n waves and in its delayed antiphasic counterpart. > >>> > >>>In an interesting modification of the Pumphrey and Gold experiments, > >>>Green et al. embed the signals in broad-band noise to produce > >>>"[p]robably the most direct test of Gold and Pumphrey's narrow-band > >>>estimate of the bandwidth". They looked for a difference in > >>>threshold between the A and B waveforms, since the ear should be > >>>more able to detect the former because the supposed resonant element > >>>could accumulate in-phase energy. Indeed, A was more easily > >>>detected, albeit with just a 1 dB advantage. This is said to > >>>correspond to a Q value of about 10. The authors note that this is > >>>much smaller than the Q values found by Pumphrey and Gold. Although > >>>this is true, it is not unexpected, in that the added broad-band > >>>noise means the ear is operating at much higher intensities (perhaps > >>>40 or 60 dB SPL? -- the paper does not give us that important > >>>information). As we now know, the selectivity of the ear at moderate > >>>intensities is much broader than it is at threshold. > >>> > >>>Now that we have the SFOAE results of Shera et al., does Fred > >>>Wightman not believe that the Q of the ear can be as high as 30 (at > >>>10 kHz and 40 dB SPL) or as high as 1000 (based on an SOAE of 1 kHz, > >>>0 dB SPL, with 1-Hz bandwidth)? > >>> > >>>Andrew. > >>> > >>>________________________________ > >>> > >>>Andrew Bell > >>>PO Box A348 > >>>Australian National University > >>>Canberra, ACT 2601 > >>>Australia > >>>Phone {61 2} 6258 7276 > >>>Fax {61 2} 6258 0014 > >>>Email firstname.lastname@example.com > >>>________________________________ > >>> > >>> > >>>|>-----Original Message----- > >>>|>From: AUDITORY Research in Auditory Perception > >>>|>[mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com]On Behalf Of Fred Wightman > >>>|>Sent: Monday, 25 March 2002 12:02 > >>>|>To: firstname.lastname@example.com > >>>|>Subject: Re: paper on human cochlear tuning > >>>|> > >>>|> > >>>|>What Andrew Bell might have mentioned is that in an > >>>|>article that Dave Green, Craig Wier and I published > >>>|>in JASA (1975, vol 57, p 935) we argued (convincingly, > >>>|>we thought at the time at least) that Pumphrey and > >>>|>Gold's result could more parsimoniously be explained > >>>|>as a product of simple pitch judgement. In the > >>>|>classical tradition of psychoacoustics, we would argue > >>>|>that one should look at the stimulus first. > >>>|> > >>> > >>>------------------------------ > >>> > >>>Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2002 09:24:34 -0500 > >>>From: Christopher Shera <firstname.lastname@example.com> > >>>Subject: Re: Gold & Pumphrey > >>> > >>>Andrew Bell wrote: > >>> > >>>>Pumphrey and Gold would not dispute that there is a (spectral) > >>>>difference between the two wavetrains A and B. Indeed, if there were > >>>>absolutely no difference, then no frequency analyser on earth would > >>>>be able to tell the difference between them. What Pumphrey and Gold > >>>>are simply saying is that any difference between A and B can only be > >>>>perceived if the analyser has a sufficiently high Q. > >>>> > >>>The point missed here (and the point missed by G&P) is that > >>>G&P's analysis--and hence their derived numerical values of Q---only > >>>applies if the frequency analyzer in question is a single harmonic > >>>oscillator (2nd-order resonator) tuned to the sine-tone frequency. > >>>Of course, the ear (even the cochlear part) is more complicated than > >>>that. For a nice discussion see Hartmann's "Signals, Sound, and > >>>Sensation." pg. 310ff. > >>> > >>>-- > >>>Christopher Shera 617-573-4235 voice > >>>Eaton-Peabody Laboratory 617-720-4408 fax > >>>243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114-3096 http://epl.harvard.edu > >>> > >>>"Sadism and farce are always inexplicably linked." -- Alexander Theroux > >>> > >>>------------------------------ > >>> > >>>End of AUDITORY Digest - 24 Mar 2002 to 25 Mar 2002 (#2002-43) > >>>************************************************************** > >>> > >>-- > >>Jont B. Allen, email@example.com; 908/654-1274voice; 908/789-9575 fax > >>382 Forest Hill Way > >>Mountainside NJ 0709 > >>http://auditorymodels.org/jba > >> > >> > >>``It is hard to abandon the feeling that the unfamiliar is absurd and illogical.'' > >> --G.A. Miller, p. 5 of his book `Language and communication' > >> > > > > > > -- > Jont B. Allen, firstname.lastname@example.com; 908/654-1274voice; 908/789-9575 fax > 382 Forest Hill Way > Mountainside NJ 0709 > http://auditorymodels.org/jba > > > ``It is hard to abandon the feeling that the unfamiliar is absurd and illogical.'' > --G.A. Miller, p. 5 of his book `Language and communication' >


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