text:
The 1964 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, was held in Tokyo, Japan in 1964. Tokyo had been awarded the 1940 Summer Games, but this honor was subsequently passed to Helsinki because of Japan's invasion of China, before ultimately being canceled because of World War II.
The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics to be held in Asia. These games were also the first to be broadcast internationally.
See AlsoEdit
|Preceded by
Innsbruck 1964
|Winter Olympics
| Succeeded by
Grenoble 1968
|Preceded by
Rome 1960
|Summer Olympics
| Succeeded by
Mexico City 1968
|This article is a stub. Please help Olympics Wiki by expanding it, adding pictures, and improving existing text.


text:
When you write about a family or neighborhood
tradition you are helping kids from many places to understand a
little more about the world we all live in. These stories can also
spark your own creativity, Great writers, like John Steinbeck, Jane
Austen, and even Shakespeare used folklore of people around them
to make their own stories more exciting and "lifelike." When you
write these down, you are helping to record and document stories
from your own history or community that would otherwise be lost.
Your folklore can take many forms.
You can collect games, recipes, proverbs, songs or stories and document
where and how you found them and what they mean. Also try to label
your folklore from our list of folklore types.
Tips for Getting Started
You might want to make a map
of your neighborhood (visual). As you go for a walk, note on the
map folklore examples you see (repeat chart with different types
of folklore -- Oral/visual/cogitative graph.) It can give you a
good picture of the folklore that's around you every day and what
traditions you'd like to know more about
Talk to family members, family
friends, classmates, or teachers. Tell them that you are working
on writing, researching, and recording neighborhood folklore
and family stories. Here are some questions you might ask or
try interviewing yourself with these same questions!
When and where were you born?
Where did you grow up?
Were there games you remember playing
as a child? Do you remember the details and rules of the games?
What were special family or community
celebrations you remember?
Were there any games, recipes,
proverbs, songs or stories associated with those celebrations?
Where there any special celebrations
that occurred in you neighborhood that were specific to a local
tradition? Can you describe them and their origins?
Were there special adventures,
dangers, or remarkable events in your family that people talked
about and told? What were they?
What are some favorite family recipes
that may be associated with a holiday or family tradition? Who
passed them down?
Did anyone ever sing songs or lullabies
when you were little? Do you remember the words to the song
and who sang it to you? Are there any family traditions associated
with it?
Are there sayings or proverbs that
you remember hearing all the time growing up or that you still
use? Who said them most? Do you know their origins or how they
got started?
Once you've collected the information,
you may need to do a little research on your own to find out more.
For example you may want to learn more about a town or for more
background information. Also try labeling your folklore according
to our list of folklore types.
Sometimes, to get an interview started,
it's useful to give the person a timeline. Start with a decade that
people were likely to have lived in or have memories of:
Ask if there are any points on the
timeline that remind them of important events; and if they might
tell you that story.
Doing this kind of interview is called
"oral history;" and today, oral history research is used by scholars,
anthropologists, writers, artists, and historians for their work
and ideas. In some cultures, such as Native American and West African,
all history was passed on and preserved through the oral tradition;
each group of people had a storyteller who was responsible for knowing
genealogy and events of every family in the community. Today, in
places like Mali and Senegal, no celebration is complete without
the presence of the griot [GREE-oh] storyteller/oral historian,
who tells or sings to family members the history of their ancestors
going back many generations.
Now it's your turn to be the folklorist,
writer or griot of your community. Send us your family folklore
and neighborhood stories. We'd love to hear from you and add your
stories to Scholastic's Online Folklore Archive.
Here is a suggested
checklist of what you should include in your submission:
example of folklore (if it is in a language other then English,
please provide a translation).
Tell us
if it is: a family story, song, lullaby, game, poem, joke, folktale,
riddle, proverb, recipe, special saying or other tradition we've
talked about.
us with the details on the origins and meaning of your folklore
Where is it from?
shared it with you?
is it being passed on?
do you think it's important?
If you
can, tell us what kind of folklore category you think it is:
oral, material, behavioral, or a combination.
Tell us
how you discovered it; what research you used (writing, tape
recorder, map, timeline, Photographs) and if you learned something
If you're
feeling creative, write your own folktale based on the folklore
you discovered. (For more help on writing a folktale, visit
Folktale Writing with Alma Flor Ada or the Storytelling Workshop)
safety: Please do not disclose (include in the
text) your full name or anyone else full name in your online
Scholastic's Exploring Folklore Project
wants to hear from children in the United States and all over the
world. If you have a story to tell - whether it is in French or
Spanish, Hebrew or Arabic, send it to us, with a short English translation.
We're glad to hear from you. Bienvenidos! Bienvenue! Shalom!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nice work! Enjoy the show!
Link Copied!
DVD player found in Tesla involved in fatal crash
Opening Sequence
Trump erupts over Pelosi's 'cover up' remark
'American Taliban' to be released from U.S. prison
Mnuchin clashes with House Dems over I.R.S. memo
After Huawei, U.S. may blacklist more China tech
May's Brexit gambit fails, resignation calls grow
Qualcomm shares rocked by antitrust ruling
Justice staff recommends blocking T-Mobile, Sprint deal
Health groups challenge social media tobacco ads
World in Pictures
Closing Sequence


text:
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Brussels, 7 May 2009
Telecoms: Commission acts on termination rates to boost competition – Frequently Asked Questions
What are termination rates?
Termination rates are the wholesale tariffs charged by the operator of a customer receiving a phone call, to a fixed or mobile phone, to the operator of the caller's network for connecting, or "terminating", the call. Termination rates are therefore part of the cost of a call between customers of different network operators and included in the phone bill of the calling customer.
How much does terminating a call cost today?
Termination rates are applied by both fixed and mobile operators for connecting calls on their networks. Although termination rates are regulated in all Member States, the level of these rates diverges widely across the EU. Average mobile termination rates, for example, varied from 2 euro cents/min in Cyprus and 5 euro cents/min in Finland to 8 euro cents/min in Germany and over 15 euro cents/min in Bulgaria in 2008. Mobile termination rates are still around 10 times higher than fixed-line termination rates which ranged on average from 0.57 euro cents/min to 1.13 euro cents/min over the same time period. The extent of these variations cannot be justified solely by differences in the underlying costs, networks or national characteristics.
Why should termination rates be regulated?
At the current stage of technological development, fixed or mobile phone calls to a subscriber can only be terminated by the operator of the network to which that particular customer is connected. This creates a 'monopoly' situation for each network operator on their own network resulting in distortions of competition, such as excessive pricing. Regulating termination rates therefore addresses the risk of excessive pricing by ensuring that the prices reflect the underlying costs of terminating the call.
Who regulates termination rates?
The regulation of termination rates in each Member State is the responsibility of the national telecoms regulators. Under EU telecoms rules, when a national telecoms regulator determines that a relevant market is not effectively competitive, it must identify operators with significant market power and impose appropriate obligations on them to encourage competition (MEMO/08/620). National regulators are then required to notify the Commission and the other EU Member States' regulators of their draft decision(s) to ensure consistent regulatory practice across the EU and legal certainty for market players (the so-called Article 7 procedure). Having received a considerable number of such notifications from national regulators under this consultation mechanism, the Commission has consistently stated that regulated termination rates should be set on the basis of the costs of an efficient operator. This would ensure a level playing field amongst different operators and give operators incentives to become efficient and bring benefits to consumers, in particular lower prices.
Why is the Commission now intervening in the way national authorities regulate termination rates?
While termination rates are on a downward trend as a result of regulatory intervention, they remain too high, particularly for calls to mobile phones. In addition, termination rates are set at disparate levels across different Member States. Such diverging levels cannot be solely explained by differences in the underlying costs or national specificities but are in large part driven by inconsistent approaches to the regulation of termination rates.
This inconsistent regulation:
This is why the Commission has issued a Recommendation on the regulatory treatment of termination rates, providing clear principles for national regulators to set a fair cost. Consistent regulation across the EU will provide legal certainty and a level playing field for telecoms operators. This will lead to more investment, innovation and competition in the telecoms sector benefiting Europe's 500 million consumers.
What does the Recommendation require from national telecoms regulators?
The Recommendation states that national telecoms regulators should set termination rates at the level of what it costs an efficient operator to "terminate" calls on his network. It provides a methodology for calculating a termination rate that allows an operator to recover all of the relevant costs efficiently incurred when providing call termination services to third parties. This methodology leads to termination rates which would prevail in a competitive market and thereby eliminates to a large extent currently existing distortions of competition, such as excessive pricing, resulting from the 'monopoly' situation characterising termination markets in Europe.
National telecoms regulators are obliged to take "utmost account" of the Recommendation which stipulates that the recommended costing methodology should be implemented by the end of 2012.
However, the Commission recognises that some less well-resourced national telecoms regulators might need an additional transition period to prepare the recommended cost model. Therefore, in exceptional circumstances, national telecoms regulators may use alternative approaches until 1 July 2014 if these methods result in an outcome consistent with the Recommendation and with that of a competitive market. Alternative approaches beyond this date can only be applied where cooperation among EU regulators would not be sufficient to offset this lack of resources and it would be objectively disproportionate for such regulators to apply the recommended model.
Are there any countries already complying with the rules recommended by the Commission?
In October 2008, the French telecoms regulator, ARCEP decided to bring mobile termination rates closer to the cost of an efficient operator. The Commission welcomed the proposal noting that ARCEP's approach clearly represents best European practice and very important efforts to bring mobile regulation in line with the Commission Recommendation on the regulatory treatment of termination rates. ARCEP indicated in this context that the efficient cost-based mobile termination rate to be reached by all mobile operators would be between 1 euro cent and 2 euro cent per minute (IP/08/1810). The Commission also welcomed the Italian and the Romanian regulators' commitment to bring termination regulation in line with European law and best European practice and their firm intention to develop a cost model in line with the Recommendation (MEMO/08/708, IP/09/357).
At the same time, the Commission has recently called on the Bulgarian regulator, for example, to introduce a faster reduction of mobile termination rates reiterating that in 2008, mobile termination rates in Bulgaria were, with over 15 euro cents per minute, the highest in the EU (IP/09/166). The Commission has also urged the Spanish regulatory authority to take further necessary steps to reduce termination rates to a cost-oriented level reflecting the cost of an efficient operator, while the German regulator even had to be asked to notify the Commission of the actual mobile termination rates as they represent an important part of the price remedy and play a key role in ensuring effective competition in the EU telecoms market (IP/08/1860).
In the Commission's view, how low should mobile termination rates be?
The Commission's Recommendation aims first and foremost at greater consistency and more effective regulation of termination rates. The objective is not to regulate down to a particular level. Of course, considering that mobile termination rates are on average nine to ten times higher than average fixed termination rates, there is scope for significant reductions of mobile termination rates from current levels. Regulating termination rates on the basis of efficient costs will result in substantial reductions over the next three years, depending of course on the extent to which termination rates currently exceed efficient cost in each Member State and could lay in the range of 1.5 to 3 euro cents per minute.
What will be the impact of the expected reductions in termination rates on industry?
The proposed approach will lead to more substantial reductions in termination rates than previously seen in the EU. However, operators will still be able to recover their costs for "terminating" calls. Operators in countries that already have very low termination rates are still able to recover their costs, generate substantial revenues and compete effectively.
A Commission Staff Working Paper explores the likely implications of the recommended approach for competition, industry players and consumers in detail. On the basis of the short-term static assessment alone (where all other factors are fixed over time), a potential reduction in mobile industry cash flows/profits of around €4 billion is estimated over the next three years as regulators move towards the recommended approach.
At the same time this loss is offset with estimates predicting additional revenues for fixed operators of at least €2 billion over the next three years as well as €2 billion of additional consumer benefits. The static model developed by the Commission cannot reliably capture all of the dynamic effects of enhanced competition (including the possibility for new revenues from other services) which will extend over the mid-to-longer term and will be even more positive than estimated by the short-term model. Indeed, more competition delivers increased incentives for efficiency and innovation that will encourage customers to use their phones more and will promote previously unexploited revenue opportunities for operators in the EU. While more difficult to predict in the mid-to-long-term, the overall gain to society as a whole resulting from the combined effect on consumers and market players will be much greater than shown by the static model alone.
Will the Commission's Recommendation be good for competition and consumers?
The proposed common approach to the regulation of termination rates in the EU will promote competition by bringing greater legal certainty to operators that want to operate and invest on a cross-border basis.
Regulating termination rates based on the costs of an efficient operator should reduce cross subsidies from fixed to mobile operators and minimise the financial impact of traffic imbalances between smaller and larger networks, while still allowing all operators to cover the cost of terminating calls. This will ensure a more equitable allocation of financial resources across the EU telecoms markets, will create a level playing field for operators and provide appropriate investment incentives. In particular, the expected enhanced competition between operators should help encourage important network and service innovations such as fibre roll-out and the development of bundled offerings or converged services and provide faster and more efficient services and products to consumers at better prices, especially by smaller mobile phone operators as well as fixed network operators.
As to consumer benefits, it is likely that the regulation of termination rates on the basis of the costs of an efficient operator will result in lower phone bills for consumers. Some price restructuring may of course occur, but enhanced competition will help secure a continued downward trend in retail prices and affordable mobile phone usage across the EU, helping to avoid even low-spending consumers from giving up their mobile phone connections or subscriptions. Indeed, some late-entrant mobile operators have indicated that they are ready to receive the 40 million customers that European incumbent operators claim they would no longer be able to serve under the recommended costing approach.
Could the Recommendation lead to a situation where Europe's consumers, like in the US, will have to pay for receiving telephone calls?
This is highly unlikely. The Commission's Recommendation only aims to set out clear consistent costing principles on the regulatory treatment of termination rates in the EU. The choice of business model for the exchange of termination traffic and for retail pricing remains a matter for the operators to decide by themselves. The Commission Recommendation does not preclude alternative mechanisms from evolving in the future as long as they are consistent with a competitive outcome and the interests of consumers. "The calling party pays" principle is firmly anchored in the mentality and consumer behaviour of Europeans. A company changing this would therefore risk losing its customers to its competitors. The bottom line is, whatever system evolves as a result of lower mobile termination rates, consumers in Europe will be substantially better off than today. This explains why the European Consumer Association BEUC supports the Commission's Recommendation on Termination Rates.
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text:
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Packaging - Individual pack.


text:
The front page of Monday's Business Day featured New York Times media reporter Brian Stelter's oh-so-respectful profile of MSNBC's newest left-wing host, Melissa Harris-Perry (she also teaches at Tulane University, which impresses Stelter enormously): "At MSNBC, A Professor As TV Host."
Harris-Perry is not just another MSNBC host but will soon become, in
Stelter's phrase, "the only tenured professor in the United States --
and one of a very small number of African-American women -- who serves
as a cable news host." Stelter even found time to suck up to another
liberal host, Rachel Maddow, "a Rhodes scholar...lauded for her long,
carefully argued essays." Stelter also insisted cable TV now contains "pockets of intellectual stimulation that did not exist a decade ago." Which all just happen to reside on the liberal network MSNBC.
Stelter has a history of hiding the radicalism of leftists while bashing conservatives, as in his sympathetic treatment of leftist academic Frances Fox Piven and excoriation of Piven critic Glenn Beck.
The only hint Stelter provides of Harris-Perry's leftism is the news that she will host a "progressive talk show," that just happens to be called "Melissa Harris-Perry." Stelter painted her arrival as a hopeful sign that "there are now pockets of intellectual stimulation that did not exist a decade ago." In other words, the leftist faculty lounge has migrated to MSNBC.
Week seven of Melissa Harris-Perry's introductory course in African-American studies at Tulane University includes a lecture about "the hollow prize" -- a theory that African-Americans tend to be elected as mayor only after a city has tipped into economic decline.
One day last summer, when Ms. Harris-Perry was filling in for Rachel Maddow on MSNBC, she recast the class lecture as a television segment, invoking Detroit; her adopted home, New Orleans; President Obama; and tax policy.
"I've given that lecture a million times -- a million times," Ms. Harris-Perry said in a recent interview. "But I do it once on Rachel's show, and it was everywhere the next day. It was up on Web sites, people were e-mailing me -- that, for me, was a really clear indication of how powerful television is."
Now, MSNBC is about to introduce a progressive talk show called "Melissa Harris-Perry" on Saturday and Sunday mornings. Ms. Harris-Perry will be the only tenured professor in the United States -- and one of a very small number of African-American women -- who serves as a cable news host.
Is this a sign of the rise of the academic on TV? Though cable news is still stereotyped by some as a 24-7 screaming match, there are now pockets of intellectual stimulation that did not exist a decade ago.
The significance of cable news is growing. A survey released last week by the Pew Research Center found that cable news channels have, for the first time, eclipsed local television newscasts as a regular source of campaign news for the American people.
Stelter even threw in some praise for liberal host Rachel Maddow:
At MSNBC, "Morning Joe" with Joe Scarborough and Mika Brzezinski has become must-see television for politicians and journalists, while Ms. Maddow, a Rhodes scholar, has been lauded for her long, carefully argued essays. Recently, the channel has added several shows with similarities to those two, including "Now With Alex Wagner" at noon on weekdays and "Up w/ Chris Hayes" on the weekends. Ms. Harris-Perry's show is set to start on Saturday morning and run from 10 to noon.
Stelter documented Harris-Perry's history of TV appearances on left-wing shows without labeling them such:
Ms. Harris-Perry herself has had little trouble getting booked on TV throughout the years, first on the Chicago station WGN while teaching at the University of Chicago and later on CNN, "Democracy Now" and "Bill Moyers Journal" while teaching at Princeton.
Some of what Stelter left out of his profile: Newsbuster Jack Coleman wrote on a pre-Thanksgiving appearance by Harris-Perry on Al Sharpton's radio show in which she called the Pilgrims "illegal immigrants" and members of the "1 percent" (a la Occupy) versus the "99 percent" Native Americans. Ken Shepherd greeted the January announcement of Harris-Perry's MSNBC show with quotes proving her to be "a reliable liberal pundit, offering up such gems as arguing that it's immoral for government to lay off bureaucrats."


text:
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If supporting your body's healing potential while avoiding costly mineral deficiencies is important to you, now is the time to take action.
- The US Department of Health and Human Services has placed magnesium on its short list of nutrients of concern. 1
- Less than 30% of Americans meet the RDA for magnesium. 2 3 Other industrialized nations exhibit similar rates of suboptimal intake.
- The National Institutes of Health DASH dietary plan for reducing high blood pressure includes 50% more magnesium than the RDA. 4
Revered as the "beautiful mineral" in Chinese Medicine, magnesium is as essential to the body as water and air, its beauty attributed to its undeniable healing potential. Although there are only a few ounces of magnesium in the body, it is a necessary element to hundreds of biochemical reactions occurring on a constant basis.
Magnesium contributes to the manufacture of energy, cardiovascular function, and cellular reproduction. Strong bones and teeth, radiant skin, balanced hormones, a healthy nervous system, and relaxed body and mind are all made possible by sufficient magnesium in our cells.
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Some benefits of Ancient Minerals topical magnesium:
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Magnesium is now openly acknowledged by organizations as diverse as the World Health Organization and the National Institutes of Health as an important subject of study for its potential benefits toward cardiovascular health, diabetes, osteoporosis, and a variety of health conditions on the rise in our industrialized age. 5
There are literally hundreds of peer-reviewed medical studies examining the efficacy of magnesium in a wide range of health enhancing applications, yet not much attention has been directed at the method of delivery.
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References [ + ]
|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Adequate Nutrients Within Calorie Needs. In: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. 2005. Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/pdf/DGA2005.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2010.
|World Health Organization. Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water: Public health significance. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2009.
|King DE, Mainous AG 3rd, Geesey ME, Woolson RF. Dietary magnesium and C-reactive protein levels. Journal Of The American College Of Nutrition. 2005 Jun;24(3):166-71. Available from: MEDLINE with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 6, 2009.
|U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Adequate Nutrients Within Calorie Needs. In: Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. 2005. Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/pdf/DGA2005.pdf. Accessed January 28, 2010.
|World Health Organization. Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water: Public health significance. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2009.


text:
Hope College will celebrate the recent restoration of Graves Hall with a series of activities on Friday-Sunday, Oct. 9-10.
Hope will hold a rededication ceremony on Friday, Oct. 9, at noon. There will also be open houses on Saturday, Oct. 10, from 4 to 6 p.m. and Sunday, Oct. 11, from 1 to 3 p.m.
Graves Hall re-opened at the beginning of the school year in August after a year-long, $5.7 million, adaptive restoration that has emphasized a return to the building's original character while updating the 19th-century landmark for use in the 21st. The rededication events have been scheduled in conjunction with the college's Homecoming Weekend, during which hundreds of alumni will be returning to campus for class reunions and other activities.
During the 30-minute ceremony, the college's Alumni Association will present a Meritorious Service Award to Dr. Elton Bruins, who is former director of the college's A.C. Van Raalte Institute and the Evert J. and Hattie E. Blekkink Professor Emeritus of Religion at Hope and played a role in the restoration planning as a scholar of the building's history. Bruins will be sharing a brief overview of the origins of the building.
The ceremony will also feature discussion of the renovation process by Jim Stroop, president of Lakewood Construction, and Philip M. Davis, vice president and senior architect with Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber Inc.; and a reading of the 1892 cornerstone ceremony speech by Juan Martinez of Holland, who is a Hope junior and former Upward Bound and Children's After School Achievement (CASA) program student. Other participants will include Joel Bouwens, chairperson of the college's Board of Trustees; Bill Boersma, a member of the Board of Trustees; and Mark Van Genderen, president of the Hope College Alumni Association.
During each of the open houses, volunteers familiar with the building will be available to answer questions.
Dedicated in 1894, Graves was constructed as the college's chapel and library, but ceased serving as first one and then the other when Dimnent Memorial Chapel and Van Zoeren Library opened in 1929 and 1961 respectively. Renovations in 1962 and 1980 reconfigured the building for new use, but at the expense of much of its beauty.
In both updating and restoring the historic structure, the latest work has been informed by original blueprints as well as photographs and even living memory. Remade are the distinctive art-glass windows that were once a fixture in Winants Auditorium, a connection to the space's original use as Hope's chapel but removed in 1980 due to their deterioration. As when the building opened in 1894, the second floor features four large classrooms, the varnished wooden doors and wainscoting without suggesting the classic elegance of a bygone era. The main staircase, isolated behind metal doors in the 1962 redo, again greets visitors to the main lobby. As prior to the restoration, the ground floor of the building continues to house the Upward Bound and CASA programs, as well as the Schoon Meditation Chapel, all in improved space.
A major new addition - built of stone to match the rest of the building and facing the Pine Grove - includes an elevator that provides access for the first time to the top and ground floors for those with mobility impairments. Other features where the library stacks once stood include an additional classroom and the "Presidents' Room" conference room featuring portraits of all of Hope's presidents. Additional amenities undreamed-of when the structure was built include wireless Internet service and wiring throughout for access to the complete array of technologies that exist in support of education and air conditioning.
Graves Hall is located at 263 College Ave., between 10th and 12th streets.


text:
March 2, 2012– The Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries (LDWF) and the Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority (CPRA) today announced a property acquisition that will conserve and preserve the largest contiguous tract of wetland forest remaining in the lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley.Partners in the transaction made the announcement at the Livingston Parish governmental complex.
The 29,630 acres acquired by LDWF will link with the eastern and western sections of the Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area (WMA) to create a 103,374-acre public outdoor recreation property. The purchasefromThe Conservation Fund will ensure that the acreage remains undeveloped and continue to provide inland coastal protection to adjacent communities.
"Our citizens, and visitors to the state, now have additional outdoor recreation acreage available within easy driving distance from two major metropolitan areas," said LDWF Secretary Robert Barham. "We commend the efforts of The Conservation Fund, the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Foundation, CPRA and Mr. M.C. Davis in the transfer of these lands to the state.The Louisiana congressional delegation played a key role in securing federal funding from the Coastal Impact Assistance Program for this acquisition."
The newly-acquired land includes acreage in Livingston, Ascension, St. James and St. John the Baptist Parishes and is accessible from I-10 between Sorrento and Laplace, and located approximately 30 to 45 minutes from Baton Rouge and New Orleans. The acquisition, together with nearby protected lands, connects approximately 140,000 acres within the Maurepas / Pontchartrain Basin. The linking of these critical wetland areas enables LDWF and CPRA to meet various long-term goals that include:
- protecting important habitat for a myriad of wildlife species including habitat for threatened species, neotropical migrants, wading birds, and waterfowl, as well as resident game species;
- protecting important nursery grounds for a variety of aquatic species, whose sustained populations are important to both the commercial and recreational fishing industries;
- expanding public recreation opportunities, which contribute statewide more than $4.7 billion annually to Louisiana's economy; and
- providing protection from future storm surges and their destructive impacts to personal property and municipal infrastructure within and adjacent to the Maurepas / Pontchartrain Basin.
Recognizing the environmental value of the property, the previous owner, M.C. Davis, sold the tract to The Conservation Fund in April 2011. The Fund utilized a generous program related investment, also known as a PRI, from The McKnight Foundation to purchase the property. CPRA, through its Coastal Forest Conservation Initiative, provided $4.5 million from the federal Coastal Impact Assistance Program and the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Foundation (LWFF) provided $2 million, enabling the transfer of the property to LDWF last month.
"Coastal forests such as the Maurepas Swamp are one of the most effective natural barriers to hurricane storm surge. We must protect these assets. This partnership with Wildlife and Fisheries is a win-win. It allows us to protect these ecological treasures while providing additional hunting and fishing opportunities for our sportsmen," said CPRA Executive Director Jerome Zeringue. "This acquisition is just the first through the Coastal Forest Conservation Initiative. And I want to point out that this is a completely voluntary program. Its primary focus is to acquire land rights from willing landowners like Mr. Davis to give us the opportunity to restore or enhance the sustainability of coastal forest tracts. They provide significant ecological value and serve to reduce storm damage."
Significant hydrological restoration work on the property is expected to restore freshwater and nutrient flow, increasing the quality of the coastal wetland habitat and providing a buffer against the impact of storms battering the coast. Louisiana's coastal forests face threats from levees, navigation, historic oil and gas canals, railway embankments, and other factors. Over time, these factors have contributed to degradation of the state's coastal forests.
Additionally, alterations to hydrology have led to saltwater intrusion, prevention of river inflow (thereby accelerating subsidence and reducing nutrient input), and the retention of water on the forest floor for greater periods of time, lessening or eliminating the productivity that second-growth forests once had and severely compromising the potential for forest regeneration. The CPRA's Coastal Forest Conservation Initiative is part of an overall strategy for restoring, protecting, and conserving Louisiana's coastal communities.
"The expansion of the Maurepas Swamp Wildlife Management Area is a victory for Louisiana's environmental heritage," said Congressman Bill Cassidy. This will open new lands for hunting and outdoor recreation and preserve a pristine part of our outdoors. Louisiana should be proud of the Coastal Forest Conservation Initiative."
"The Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Foundation is pleased to be a partner in this project as Wetland Protection and Wildlife Management Area Programs are part of our major initiatives," said Kell McInnis, LWFF executive director. "The Foundation was formed to provide a means by which individuals and corporations can become partners with the Department and the Commission in the challenge of conserving Louisiana's wildlife and fish resources. Funding from mitigation agreements required us to focus on land acquisition in the coastal zone and this opportunity is a perfect fit."
"Our ultimate goal is to protect and enhance the connectivity of this quintessential South Louisiana coastal wetland environment across a large landscape, and this acquisition was a very important piece of the puzzle," said Ray Herndon, Louisiana state director for The Conservation Fund. "To date, together with numerous partners,the Fund has conserved approximately 160,000 acres across the Lake Maurepas and Lake Pontchartrain Basin, much of which connects the Joyce, Manchac and Maurepas Swamp WMAs. We are proud to be a part of this partnership that has completed the very first Coastal Forest Conservation Initiative."
"The Audubon Society is thrilled to see this tract of bottomlands set aside for conservation of birds and other wildlife in the West Pontchartrain-Maurepas Swamp Important Bird Area, a site that is continentally important for many bird species, including the Prothonotary Warbler, locally known as the golden swamp canary," said Melanie Driscoll, Audubon Society's director of Bird Conservation for the Mississippi Flyway.
For more information, contact Bo Boehringer, La. Dept. of Wildlife and Fisheries, (225) 765-5115, firstname.lastname@example.com; Chuck Perrodin, CPRA, 225-342-7615, email@example.com; or Ann Barrett, The Conservation Fund, (703) 908-5809, firstname.lastname@example.com
Event Video


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Get a fix on Adjustable Speed Drive Problems
Adjustable speed drives sometimes may harm bearings and lubricants.
Leaving aside for the moment the whole climate change debate, there is no doubt that industry in general would benefit by reducing its consumption of energy. The chemical industry in particular has rightly put energy efficiency and conservation at the top of its agenda, with many plants paying increasing attention to ways of better managing their energy usage. Further opportunities certainly exist, as underscored by the recent launch by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) of its Save Energy Now initiative that targets major chemical plants, among other large industrial facilities (see p. 9).
One move that has already found support across the broad spectrum of operators, suppliers, government agencies and industry bodies is the use of adjustable speed drives (ASDs). These drives can be used to run a plants AC electric motors, which previously might have been operated at constant speed (see CP, June, p. 30). With the DOE estimating that some 18% of the energy consumed by the nations industrial motors could be saved by switching to energy efficient technologies, such as ASDs, it would seem to be an open and shut case in their favor. And, so it has proved in most applications. Occasionally, though, running an AC motor off an ASD can lead to problems that many a process engineer might not have come across before.
A tip-off
We started to pick up on problems through a service we offer that analyzes field failures, says Dan Snyder, director of applications engineering with SKF USA, Kulpsville, Pa., about a series of bearing noise and grease failure problems that were being reported back to the bearing manufacturer some years ago. The problems seemed directly related to some sort of electrical discharge through the bearing that, says Snyder, manifested itself as possible arcing across the lubrication gap.
Although the arcing tends to be isolated and localized, the effect on the bearing is almost like a series of little lightning strikes, he says. These strikes melt and retemper the internal bearing surfaces where the discharges occur, with the result that some surface material flakes away and spalls out to create noise in the bearing.
The first symptoms, however, are virtually invisible to the naked eye. The damaged surface appears dull, characterized by molten pit marks or microcraters that may be only around 5 to 8 μm in diameter, irrespective of whether they are on the inner ring, outer ring or a rolling element.
Initially, such damage now known as the electric discharge machining (EDM) effect was put down to the likelihood of stray currents from, for example, inadequately grounded welding work being carried out on the motor or driven device. But then more recently, says Snyder, we started seeing the problem more and more on AC motors that had been fitted with frequency inverters for variable speed control. And the higher the frequency, the more bearing damage we were seeing.
The typical type of damage only really shows up when characteristic bearing fluting becomes visible (Figure 1). This is caused by the dynamic effect of the rolling elements continually going over the microcraters and etching a rhythmic pattern into the running surfaces of the bearings races. Noise and vibration from the bearing increases, and eventually the deterioration will lead to complete bearing failure.
Even if the bearing itself is not affected by these discharges, its lubrication could be. The grease composition can degrade rapidly under the effect of current discharges, with the high localized temperatures generated causing the lubricants additives and base oils to react, with burning or charring of the oil (Figure 2).
The cause
At the root of all these problems, according to Geoff Brown, drives application consultant with motor and drive manufacturer ABB, New Berlin, Wisc., is what is known as common mode voltage. Under normal conditions, a typical three-phase sinusoidal power supply is balanced and symmetrical the vector sum of the three phases is always equal to zero, with the neutral at zero volts. ASDs, however, work by converting that sinusoidal line AC voltage to DC, then back to a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) AC voltage of variable frequency, by which the motor speed can be controlled. The switching frequency of these pulses can range from 1 kHz to 20 kHz and, while the voltages may be balanced in peak amplitude, this variation makes it impossible to achieve perfect balance between the phases instantaneously. When this happens, the neutral is no longer zero but at what can be defined as a common mode voltage.
Common mode voltage induces current in the motor shaft, explains Brown, and it is this common mode current that causes the problem. Again, it is not a new problem. Brown harks back to the early days of offshore oil and gas production rigs in the North Sea, where large 3.3-kV systems generally were not grounded and the problem of stray currents became something of a cause c<accent acute>él<accent grave>èbre. Basically, he says, it was found that if you didnt have a balanced supply then you would end with circulating currents.
That ASDs can cause circulating currents has clearly been known for some time, but the problem seems to have become exacerbated by the very improvements that have made ASDs increasingly popular namely, the fast-switching insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology commonly employed in the drives. As Browns colleague, Matti Laitinen, drives design manager of ABB Industry Oy, Helsinki, Finland, explained: Fast rising voltage pulses produced by modern power supplies contain high frequencies that initiate high frequency currents which will flow through stray capacitances in the motor system. Such currents are part of the total common mode current, and follow a path called the common mode loop. Several such loops can be formed in any drive system, depending on the drive system architecture and the installation techniques used, but they all start at the source of the common mode voltage, the inverter itself. Here the fluctuating potential of the DC bus produces large current flows at very high pulse frequencies, and these currents will seek the path of least resistance to return to the bus via the windings, the shaft and, if they are not stopped or diverted, via the bearings themselves.
One cure
So how can you prevent these stray currents from chewing up your motor bearings? The simplest, though not necessarily the cheapest, way is to stop them flowing through the bearings in the first place. In other words, insulate the bearings from the shaft currents. This is the option offered by SKF, as Snyder explains: We have two solutions: one is to put a ceramic coating on the OD [outside diameter] of the bearing, which provides a resistance to any current trying to go through it, while the other way is to actually replace the rolling elements within the bearing with ceramic balls or rollers the same effect, really, but all the insulating material is contained within the bearing instead of being on the outside.
The first solution comprises the Insocoat range (Figure 3). These bearings, in all common sizes above 70-mm bore diameter, are coated either on the outer or inner ring with a nominal 100-μm-thick aluminum oxide layer that is applied using a plasma spraying technique. The standard layer thickness is said to prevent most current passage problems.
SKFs other option is its Hybrid design. These bearings combine silicon nitride ceramic rolling elements with steel rings. The result is a lighter, harder and more durable alternative to conventional all-steel bearings, capable of running at higher speeds and lower operating temperatures. And the natural insulating properties of the ceramic elements is said to make them ideal for large adjustable-speed motors. Standard types include single row, deep groove ball bearings with bore diameters from 5 mm to 110 mm, although SKF can customize hybrids to meet specific application requirements.
We can work with the end users to try and solve their problems, says Snyder, and then we will take that knowledge and experience back to the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) to provide a value-added product for them to put in their motors but thats a tougher sell unless you can get the pull-through from the end user.
Right now, users are not doing much pulling because motor manufacturers generally have not exactly been shouting about the possible bearing problems associated with ASDs, notes Snyder. Weve had the products [Insocoat and Hybrid] on the market for six years now, but theyve only recently been gaining momentum as more people are beginning to recognize the problem. We probably saw it before [the OEMs] because we were seeing bearings come back to us. Sometimes we would recognize the problem before the customer, who just looked upon it as bearing failure without appreciating the root cause. And the OEMs werent really seeing the problems either, because the motors were going through rebuild shops and the feedback loop to the OEMs wasnt quite what it is now.
Its often said that for every problem there is a solution, but for this solution insulated bearings there can also be a problem. The common mode currents may well be prevented from flowing through the bearings, but they have to go somewhere. This is why ABBs Brown says that insulated bearings should only be fitted to one end (the non-driven one) of the motor drive shaft. (ABB offers insulated bearings as a standard option on motors above 280 frame size, but doesnt fit them if the motor is to be used at constant speed.) Fitting such bearings at both ends of the shaft can cause problems as the stray currents can go into the driven device. We have seen examples of pump impellers being eroded in this way.
Another option
John Malinowski of Baldor Electric in Fort Smith, Ark., makes a similar point: We know a lot more about this phenomenon [stray shaft currents] today than in the past and can reduce its occurrence as long as correct installation, setup and wiring practices are followed. Obviously, there may be rare occasions where the fluting still occurs, or where the user wants to ensure he has no problems by building in a safety margin. This is when shaft grounding and isolated bearings may be used. Either may be retrofitted, but with the bearings the motor shaft must be insulated from the load so it doesnt transfer the current into the driven load bearings.
Baldor recommends the use of shaft grounding brushes as the simplest and most cost-effective way of dealing with the problem. It offers a grounding brush as standard on its 250-hp and larger Inverter Drive or Vector Drive motors, which are specifically designed to be powered from ASDs.
Operating on a similar principle is the recently introduced Motor Grounding Seal (MGS) from Inpro/Seal of Rock Island, Ill. An alternative to insulated bearings is to provide a path to ground for the shaft currents before they can get to the bearings. This is the principle behind the Motor Grounding Seal (MGS), recently introduced by Inpro/Seal of Rock Island, Ill. Developed in conjunction with Electro Static Technology (EST) of Mechanical Falls, Maine, the MGS essentially is a bearing isolator, or labyrinth seal, that includes a built-in grounding ring and brush from EST. The brush contains microfibers that completely surround the shaft to discharge any current flowing through it.
ESTs version of the same device has been dubbed the Aegis shaft grounding coupling (SGC) and, according to EST general manager Tony King, is the first product of its kind to provide a solution to two significant industry challenges shaft current elimination and bearing isolation while delivering a maintenance-free and cost-effective solution that is truly revolutionary and makes all other technologies obsolete. These are bold claims indeed to make to an industry that looks upon brush-based electrical connections as anything but maintenance free.
At the core of Aegis is ESTs patent-pending Electron Transport Technology, which the company says effectively creates an ultra-low resistance path between the motor shaft and frame to dissipate all of the damaging shaft current to ground. Aegis solves the problem, says engineering manager Willam Oh, by providing a virtual short between shaft and frame so that shaft voltages and currents cannot build up in the first place.
Good advice
Clearly, there is a potential problem surrounding the use of ASDs, but most observers agree that it is still relative rare and unpredictable, albeit becoming more visible simply because of the growing number of ASDs in operation. The advice given some time ago by David Kowal, application development engineer for Emerson Process Managements CSI Machinery Health Management division, Knoxville, Tenn., almost certainly still holds good today: Bearing damage resulting from EDM doesnt have to be chronic or remain unexplained. Understanding what voltage sources result in and which machines are more susceptible to EDM damage, knowing what questions to ask, knowing how to identify EDM damage through visual inspection and vibration data, and acquiring shaft-to-ground voltage and current readings can assist in combating this phenomena.
Process and electrical engineers alike should take note.


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OTTUMWA, IA—A computer-manipulated talking cat in a commercial for Fresh Step cat litter thoroughly delighted Ottumwa resident Sheila Dagenhardt Monday.
"Honey, you've got to come in here and see this ad!" Dagenhardt called out to husband Dale, who was in the kitchen making a bowl of microwave popcorn at the time. "It's so adorable!"
Dale, who missed a majority of the 30-second spot, managed to race back to the living room in time to see the cat's owner hold out a bag of Fresh Step cat litter, to which the sass-talking feline responded, "Meow you're talking!"
The ad then ended with an announcer delivering a warning to viewers to "get your cat Fresh Step, before your cat gets fresh with you."
"That was just about the cutest commercial I've ever seen," Dagenhardt said. "When the lady tried to fill the cat's box with a brand of litter that wasn't Fresh Step, the cat got all mad and put out its arm and said, 'Talk to the paw!'"
Dagenhardt enjoyed the computer-generated cat so much, later that evening she phoned her sister in Des Moines to ask if she had seen the commercial.
"Yeah, I saw that one during Judging Amy! It really looks like the cat's talking!" sister Deborah Sayner said. "How do they make it do that?"
"Don't go there!" added Sayner, repeating the part of the commercial in which the sharp-tongued tabby warns its owner not to reach for a bargain-brand litter.
After a lengthy discussion, the sisters came to the conclusion that the Fresh Step commercial was the best talking-animal ad they had seen since the one in which a group of brown bears sing "P-E-P-S-I" to the tune of "YMCA." They did note, however, that even though the antics of the Fresh Step cat are funnier, the Snuggle bear is cuter.
According to Fresh Step spokeswoman Roberta Alt, the Dagenhardts are not alone in their positive response to the new ad. In extensive focus-group testing, it scored 45 percent higher than last year's Fresh Step campaign, in which a large cat, heartbroken over his owner's litter choice, wakes up the neighbors by mournfully singing "O Sole Meow."
"Last year's 'Luciano Paw-varotti' spot was popular, but this one is even bigger," Alt said. "People really seem to love Fresh Step's new 'frank feline.' The cat's got attitude. Or, as we like to say, 'cattitude.'"
Created by the San Francisco-based computer-animation firm Ocean 1, the ad's special effects cost $200,000. Total project expenditures for the funny-cat commercial were $245,000, but television air-time outlays are expected to bring the total cost of the campaign to $4.5 million, a sum Alt called "well worth it in gains to brand-name recognition."
"We're currently developing other cheeky ads that humorously illustrate what might happen if you don't provide your pet with a premium cat litter like Fresh Step," Alt said. "Imagine a cat who rebels against his owner's cheap litter by donning a leather jacket, sunglasses and mohawk!"
Though Fresh Step's in-house creative team is still working on the new computer- generated cat's dialogue, Alt did confirm that the feline will utter the catchphrase, "Are you talking to me-ow?"


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The Bohicas | 20/01/14
The Bohicas' single 'Swarm', backed with previous single 'XXX' is released today as a digital double A-side (and on 7" on 3rd March).
To coincide with the release, a new video for 'Swarm' backed with a premiere of brand new track, 'Crush Me' is available to view now. Shot in London by Will Lovelace and Dylan Southern whose portfolio includes music videos for Arctic Monkeys & Franz Ferdinand as well as feature length films for LCD Soundsystem (Shut Up And Play The Hits) and Blur (No Distance Left To Run), the newly shot, fully live performance film captures The Bohicas in a way not seen on video before.
Watch the video for 'Swarm / Crush Me' HERE
'Swarm / Crush Me' follows an ambitious music video for 'XXX / Swarm' (directed by Andy Soup) which quickly caught fire online when launched in November 2013 providing a filmic introduction to The Bohicas' world, but very little of themselves. This new video reveals much more of the band.
The recorded-live audio of both tracks featured in the video for 'Swarm / Crush Me' is available for free download at the band's website www.thebohicas.com.
The Bohicas will play the following London shows:
28th January: White Heat @Madame JoJo's, Soho, London (TICKETS)
27th February: Black Heart, Camden, London (TICKETS)
'XXX / Swarm' available now as a digital single (RUG573D) HERE


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ARLINGTON, TEXAS—Justin Verlander says it's only May.
Yu Darvish says it's not the first great opposing pitcher he's faced, and won't be his last.
True on all counts. But these showdowns don't come along every day, though. And this one — the AL's strikeout king against his potential heir — is an enticing as they come.
The hard-throwing right-handers from Detroit and Texas will meet Thursday night in a billing that really hasn't been matched in Arlington since Nolan Ryan and Roger Clemens faced off at old Arlington Stadium in 1989 — five years before Rangers Ballpark opened.
"That's pretty good," Tigers manager Jim Leyland said. "I would say that would be pretty interesting."
You would think. But you wouldn't be Verlander, the staff ace for Detroit. Or Darvish, the Rangers' second-year star. Or Texas manager Ron Washington.
"In May, getting excited, I try not to," Washington said. "It's great for the fans. If it doesn't go in our favour, it doesn't end our season. If Verlander has his stuff, it will be a long night. If Darvish has his stuff, it will be a long night. By long night, I mean runs will be at a premium, and it will be the first one to make a mistake."
That's pretty much the way it was on April 30, 1989, when Ryan and the Rangers beat Clemens and the Boston Red Sox 2-1. Both went eight innings. Clemens gave up six hits with six strikeouts. Ryan limited the Red Sox to three hits and fanned 11.
Ryan is now the CEO in Texas, and figures to be watching from his usual seat in the first row near home plate.
"It's a nice matchup," Leyland said. "It's good for baseball."
Darvish is baseball's strikeout leader with 80 and on pace for 300, which hasn't been reached since Randy Johnson and Curt Schilling did it as Arizona teammates in 2002. Verlander has been the AL's strikeout leader three of the past four seasons.
Verlander doesn't push 100 m.p.h. on the radar gun quite as much as he used to, but always seems to find the velocity he needs in big moments.
Darvish can hit 95 m.p.h. and beyond, but the Japanese star is known more for varying speeds on his fastball and an array of pitches that had him within an out of a perfect game in his first start of the season at Houston.
"I saw him pitch last year a couple times," Verlander said. "I know he's striking out the world this year, but other than that, I haven't seen too much."
By their standards, both starters are coming off subpar games.
Darvish gave up two home runs and fell behind 3-1 in a rematch with the light-hitting Astros, but improved to 6-1 when the Rangers rallied and won 8-7 despite a leaky Texas bullpen. He "only" had eight strikeouts in seven innings after getting 14 for the second time this season in his previous start. He's had at least 10 strikeouts four times.
Verlander had his worst outing of the year in a 7-6 loss to Cleveland, giving up six hits and four runs — three earned — in just five innings. He walked a season-high five and struck out seven.
Still, Verlander (4-3) has the edge over Darvish in ERA, 1.93 to 2.73.
"When I made the decision to come to the big leagues, I knew that I was going to be facing a lot of great pitchers," Darvish said through an interpreter. "I wasn't just thinking Verlander but there are many other great pitchers as well."
And Verlander isn't just thinking Darvish, or big matchup, especially this early.
"You don't need to get too amped up, especially for a game in May, and try to do too much," Verlander said. "That's the wrong way to approach it."
Washington sees the same approach from his prized ace-in-the-making.
"Because he's a competitor, he knows who's on the other side," Washington said. "But to stick your chest out and say, 'I relish that,' it's a game in May. He wants to win it as bad as Verlander wants to win it, but it's certainly not a championship or World Series matchup. It's just a ballgame that's on the schedule."
But it is at least a little special.


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Leiman Vilna Gaon Tomb
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Shnayer Leiman - who is buried in the Vilna Gaon's Tomb?
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Who is Buried in the Vilna Gaons Tomb?
A Contribution Toward the Identification of the Authentic Grave of the Vilna
Shnayer Z. Leiman
1. Prologue
This essay attempts to identify the authentic grave of the Vilna Gaon (d.
As will become apparent, it surely is not the grave that Jewish pilgrims are
shown today when they visit Vilna. We shall attempt to identify his authentic grave
by applying the biblical rule: i:: u: u:v :o t 'v a matter is established by the
testimony of two witnesses. We shall cite two different kinds of witnesses. One
witness will represent primarily :n::o i:n, i.e., literary evidence. The other
witness will represent primarily t 'v:o i:n , i.e., oral history.
2. Introduction
Three Jewish cemeteries have served the Vilna Jewish community throughout
its long history. The first Jewish cemetery, often called by its Yiddish name der alter
feld (Hebrew: o u':v n:), was north of the early modern Jewish Ghetto of Vilna,
and just north of the Vilia River (today called the Neris) in the town of Shnipishok. It
served as the main Jewish cemetery until 1830, when, due to lack of space, it was
closed by the municipal authorities. The following photograph, taken in 1912,
presents an aerial view of the first Jewish cemetery, looking north from Castle Hill in
the old city. One can see the Neris River flowing south of the cemetery; portions of
the fence surrounding the cemetery; and the house of the Jewish caretaker of the
cemetery near the north-western entrance to the cemetery. (Each of the following
images may be enlarged and viewed in higher resolution by clicking on them.)
Such famous rabbis as R. Moshe Rivkes (d. 1671), author of ':: ix:, and R.
Avraham Danzig (d. 1820), author of u:x n, were buried in der alter feld. See the
following photograph for the grave of the u:x n in the old cemetery.
The second Jewish cemetery, in use from 1831 until 1941, was east of Vilna
proper, on a mountain overlooking the nearby neighborhood called Zaretcha. Here
were buried famous Maskilim such as Adam Ha-Kohen Lebensohn (d. 1878), and
famous rabbinic scholars such as R. Shmuel Strashun (d. 1872), R. Avraham Avele
Pasvaler (d. 1836), R. Shlomo Ha-Kohen (d. 1906), and R. Hayyim Ozer Grodzenski
(d. 1940). With 70,000 graves in place in 1940, the second cemetery ran out of space,
and a third Jewish cemetery was acquired and dedicated by the Vilna Jewish
community shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It lies north-west of central
Vilna, in Saltonishkiu in the Sheshkines region, and is still in use today by the Jewish
community in Vilna.
The Vilna Gaon, who died in 1797, was, of course, buried in the first Jewish
cemetery. That cemetery was destroyed in the Stalinist period circa 1950, but just
before it was destroyed we are informed by the sources that the Gaon was moved,
perhaps temporarily to the second cemetery,
but certainly to the third cemetery,
where he rests today.
Let us enter the third cemetery and stand before the Ohel ha-Gra.
It is a modest and narrow Ohel. When one enters the Ohel, one sees seven
graves laid out from left to right, with five tombstones embedded in the wall at the
heads of the graves.
The tour guides inform the visitors that the Gaon is buried in the fourth grave
from the left. Indeed, directly above his grave, embedded in the wall, is a tombstone
that clearly identifies the grave as that of the Gaon. One wonders who else is buried in
the Ohel. The narrow confines of the Ohel, and the poor lighting in the Ohel, make it
almost impossible to read the tombstones. One American publication identifies the
others as R. Shlomo Zalman, the father of the Gra (d. 1758); R. Avraham, the son of
the Gra (d. 1809); R. Yehoshua Heschel, Chief Rabbi of Vilna (d. 1749); R. Shmuel
b. Avigdor, last Chief Rabbi of Vilna (d.1793); R. Avraham Danzig, author of n
u:x; and Avraham b. Avraham, the legendary Ger Zedek of Vilna. Another
American publication presents a different list that includes R. Moshe Rivkes, author
of the ':: ix: , and Traina, the mother of the Gaon. In Israel, several published lists
know for a fact that R. Shmuel Strashun was moved together with the Gaon, and now
rests in the new Ohel. All these accounts are imaginary.
When one reads the accounts of the reinterment of the Gaon, and of those
buried in his Ohel today, it becomes apparent than more than bodies were moved.
Wherever possible, the original tombstones were moved together with the dead and
then reset at the head of the graves. All one has to do is read the tombstone
inscriptions in order to identify who was moved. Reading from left to right, buried in
the Ohel ha-Gra are:
1. R. Zvi Hirsch Pesseles (d. 1817). A relative of the Gaon, whose grandfather, R.
Eliyah Pesseles (d. 1771), helped finance the Gaons study activity.
2. R. Yissachar Baer b. R. Shlomo Zalman (d. 1807). A younger brother of the
Gaon, he was a master of rabbinic literature who was also adept in the exact sciences.
3. R. Noah Mindes Lipshutz (d. 1797). Distinguished Kabbalist, he was the author
of r:n' n:xitit and n:o:n n:x't:. He married Minda (hence: Mindes), the
daughter of R. Eliyahu Pesseles, mentioned above (grave 1). A close associate of the
Gaon during his lifetime, he and the Gaon share a single tombstone in death.
4. The Gaon.
5. Minda Lipshutz (date of death unknown). She was the daughter of R. Eliyah
Pesseles and the wife of R. Noah Mindes Lipshutz.
6. Devorah Pesseles (date of death unknown). She was the wife of R. Dov Baer
Pesseles, a son of R. Eliyahu Pesseles, and the mother of R. Zvi Hirsch Pesseles
(grave 1).
The seventh grave is unmarked, that is, it is without a tombstone. The tour
guides will tell you that it contains the ashes of Avraham b. Avraham, the legendary
Ger Zedek of Vilna.
A pattern emerges. Clearly, the original plot in the Shnipishok cemetery
belonged to the Pesseles family, one of the wealthiest and most distinguished in
Vilna. The Gaon found his resting place here due to the generosity of his relatives and
friends in the Pesseles family. More importantly, when a hard decision had to be made
in 1950 or so regarding who should be moved from the old cemetery in Shnipishok, it
was not the greatest rabbis who were moved and reinterred. It was neither R. Moshe
Rivkes, nor R. Yehoshua Heschel, nor R. Shmuel b. Avigdor, nor R. Avraham
Danzig, nor R. Shmuel Strashun. Nor was it the Gaons father, mother, or son. It was
the Gaon and the persons to his immediate right and left; the Gaon saved not only
himself, but also those buried in proximity to him.
3. The Problem
While the identification seems reasonable, the ordering of the graves is
problematic. Anyone familiar with traditional Jewish cemeteries will know that some
keep men and women separate, while others are mixed. Clearly, the old Jewish
cemetery in Shnipishok was mixed. But even when mixed, husbands and wives
tended to be buried next to each other. So too mothers and sons. Yet in the Ohel ha-
Gra, R. Zvi Hirsch Pesseles is buried at the extreme left, whereas his mother Devora
is buried at the extreme right. Neither is buried next to his or her spouse. Even more
puzzling is the fact that the Gaon rests in between Rabbi Noah Mindes Lipshutz and
his wife Minda Lipshutz. Now it may be that Rabbi and Mrs. Lipshutz were not on
speaking terms, but this was hardly the way to decide where the Gaon should be
The problem assumes prodigious proportions when we examine Israel
Klausners n: n:i: - :':: o r':v , published in Vilna in 1935. Klausner
visited the Shnipishok Jewish cemetery, recorded some of the tombstone inscriptions
of its most famous rabbis and, more importantly, drew a precise map of the location
of each grave. It is important to note his orientation, as he drew the map. Klausner
stood at the northern entrance to the Jewish cemetery, looking southward toward the
Vilia River. See the depiction of the Ohel ha-Gra in Klausners map.
The graves in the Ohel ha-Gra, from left to right, are numbered 20-27. Some
of those numbers represent two graves of persons buried immediately next to each
other. Klausner, in his narrative, identifies the occupants of graves 20-27 as follows:
20. a) xi: :x r': r'o i
b) ':no :'x i
21. a) (::c, i:v'x i: :: i
b) (::c, i:v'x i: :: i nox n
22. cv'vcvt oi :s i
23. cv'vcvt i:::
24. ot' cv'vcvt ::r
25. a) ot' cv::r n: i
b) xi:
26. xi: nx iv: i:o i
27. ':xo i: 'ov vo: i
This, then, is a complete list of all those who were buried in the original Ohel
ha-Gra in the old Jewish cemetery. That Klausner has the order perfectly right can be
seen from the following photograph.
Notice the inscription :'x :::i :x: :t in the center of the photograph,
near the roof-top of the Ohel. Turning to the extreme left of the Ohel, where the roof
slopes down almost to the ground, one can see two grave markers above a single
When enlarged, the inscriptions above the tombstone clearly read (from left to
right): xi: :x :t and ':no :'x i , exactly in the order recorded by Klausner
(see above, grave number 20). When we compare Klausners list with the present
occupants of the Ohel ha-Gra, it becomes clear that those who moved the Gra from
the first to the third cemetery, moved the graves numbered 22-26, a total of six
persons altogether, from the original Ohel ha-Gra. The seventh grave, unmarked,
remains unidentified and could have come from any part of the old cemetery, and not
necessarily from the Ohel ha-Gra.
When we enter the Ohel ha-Gra today, we need to bear in mind that we are
entering from the south and looking north. We see the mirror image of what Klausner
depicted on his map. Thus the expected order today should be:
The expected order solves all our problems. On the extreme right, Devorah
and her son R. Zvi Hirsch are buried next to each other. In the center, R. Noah and his
wife Minda are buried next to each other. And the Gra is second from the left. It is the
actual order that creates our problem. Devorah and R. Zvi Hirsch are separated;
neither is buried next to his or her spouse. The Gra is buried in between R. Noah
Lipshutz and his wife Minda. .:oi: x'x ir:x : x
One more piece of evidence needs to be introduced before we attempt to solve
the problem. Israel Cohen, British Zionist and world traveler, visited Vilna twice
before World War II. Regarding the Shnipishok cemetery, he records the following:
Most famous of all is the tomb of the Gaon Elijah, who lies in the
company of a few other pietists on a spot covered
by a modest mausoleum which is entered by an iron-barred door.
The tombstones, with long eulogistic epitaphs,
are not enclosed within the mausoleum, but stand at the back of it,
in close juxtaposition and closely protected by a
thick growth of shrubs and bushes.
Israel Cohen, Vilna (Philadelphia, 1943), pp. 415-416. Cf. his Travels in Jewry (New
York, 1953), pp. 149-150.
4. The Solution
It seems obvious that those who moved the Gaon to the new Jewish cemetery
made one slight adjustment relating to the ordering of the graves. They moved R. Zvi
Hirsch from the extreme right to the extreme left. We will never know with certainty
why they did so. What was gained, perhaps, is that now all the males were together on
the left, and all the females were together on the right. By moving R. Zvi Hirsch to the
extreme left, the Gra was now the third grave from the left. But the actual order today
appears to have the Gra as the fourth grave from the left, and buried in between R.
Noah and his wife Minda.
We need to remember that in the old Jewish cemetery the tombstones were
outside the Ohel ha-Gra, each tombstone opposite the remains of the person it
described, with text of the tombstone facing in a northerly direction. Indeed, every
tombstone in the old Jewish cemetery was placed opposite the remains of the person it
described, with the text of the tombstone facing in a northerly direction.
We also need to remember that the Gra and R. Noah shared one tombstone.
The Gras epitaph was on the right side of the tombstone; R. Noahs epitaph
was on the left side of the tombstone. This was in perfect order, since inside the Ohel,
the Gra was to the left of R. Noah, and R. Noah was to the left of, and next to, his
wife Minda. In the new Jewish cemetery, the six graves were laid out exactly as in the
old cemetery, with the exception of R. Zvi Hirsch as indicated. But it was decided to
place the original tombstones inside the Ohel, at the head of each of the graves.
Instead of facing in a northerly direction, with texts that could be read only by
standing outside the Ohel, the tombstones, now reversed, faced in a southerly
direction, with texts that could be read only when standing inside the Ohel. Doubtless,
this was done in order to protect the historic tombstones from exposure to the
elements, from deterioration, and from vandalism. Also, the tombstones now
immediately identified who was buried in each grave. Unfortunately, when the single
tombstone shared by the Gra and R. Noah was reversed and set up inside the Ohel, it
automatically (and wrongly) identified the third grave from the left as R. Noah, and
the fourth grave from the left as the Gra, and caused a split between R. Noah and his
wife. In fact, the Gra is the third grave from the left, and R. Noah is the fourth grave
from the left and R. Noah is properly buried next to his wife Minda. In other words,
all Jews who visit the grave of the Gra today, pray, and leave qvitlach, at the wrong
grave (i.e., at the grave of R. Noah Mindes Lipshutz).
The above solution was based upon an examination of the literary evidence,
and upon an examination of photographs preserved mostly in books. I call this :v
:nx (one witness), that is, the testimony of :n::o i:n (i.e., the literary evidence).
But a matter established by only one witness is precarious at best.
Intuitively I was
persuaded by the one witness, but hesitated to put the solution in print until more
evidence was forthcoming. Fortunately, a surprise second witness has come
forward t 'v:o i:n n:n:: (i.e., oral history). Rabbi Yitzhak Zilber (d. 2003) was
a courageous Jew who lived most of his life under Soviet repression between the
years 1917 and 1972, before ultimately settling in Israel. He published a riveting
autobiography in Russian in 2003. It has since been translated into Hebrew and
English. In his autobiography, Zilber describes how in 1970, under Communist rule,
he visited the Ohel ha-Gra in Vilna. The Jew who took him to the Ohel had
participated in the transfer of the Gra from the first Jewish cemetery in Shnipishok to
the third Jewish cemetery in Saltonishkiu. As they stood before the Gaons grave, the
Jew turned to Zilber and said:
Remember the following forever: the Gaons tombstone is above the
fourth grave from the left, but the Gaons body is in the third grave [from
the left].
:i:: u: u:v :o t 'v A matter is established by the testimony of two witnesses.
This essay should not be confused with an earlier essay of mine with a similar title,
Who is Buried in the Vilna Gaons Tomb? A Mysterious Tale with Seven
Plots, Jewish Action, Winter 1998, pp. 36-41. The primary focus of the earlier essay
was on the identification of the six persons buried together with the Vilna Gaon in his
mausoleum (the Ohel Ha-Gra). The primary focus of this essay is on the identification
of the grave of the Vilna Gaon himself. A version of this essay was read at a
conference in honor of Professor Daniel Sperber, held at Bar-Ilan University on June
13, 2011. It is presented here in honor of the Vilna Gaons 215
yahrzeit on 19
Tishre, 5773.
The claim that the Vilna Gaon was moved temporarily from the first to the second
Jewish cemetery appears, among many other places,
in Y. Alfasi, ed., :in xu': u'o:i x:': (Tel-Aviv, 1993), p. 9; Y. Epstein, iv:,
n: ivo: - v:':: x u':v xu': u'o:i, October-November 1996, pp. 5-6; and
N.N. Shneidman, Jerusalem of Lithuania (Oakville, Ontario, 1998), p. 161. An
examination of eye-witness accounts of the reburial of the Gaon, and of much other
evidence, yields the ineluctable conclusion that the Gaon was moved only once,
directly from the first to the third Jewish cemetery.
See the references cited in the Jewish Action essay (above, note 1).
So reads the Hebrew sign above the entrance to the Ohel Ha-Gra. But the Ohel Ha-
Gra was constructed over a three-year period between 1956 and 1958. I cannot say
with certainty when the sign first went up, but logic dictates it did not go up before
there was an Ohel. In all the early photographs of the Ohel I have seen, there was no
sign at all. It surely wasnt there during the period of Soviet domination of Lithuania,
which means it first when up sometime after 1991. As such, it is hardly evidence for
who is buried in the Ohel Ha-Gra. More importantly, one of the participants in the
reinterment of the Vilna Gaon testified that he and his colleagues wanted to move the
remains of Avraham ben Avraham, the Ger Zedek of Vilna, but could not locate his
ashes in the old Jewish cemetery. See R.Yitzchak Zilber, To Remain a
Jew (Jerusalem, 2010), pp. 389-390.
For side by side transcriptions of the epitaphs on their tombstone, in clear Hebrew
font, see R. Noah Mindes Lipshutz, r:n' n:xitit (Brooklyn, 1995), p. 17.
I was plagued by the remote possibility that the movers, precisely because the shared
tombstone required the Gaon to be to the right of R. Noah, switched the remains of
the Gaon and R. Noah, and deliberately buried the Gaon in between Minda and R.
Noah. (I considered this a remote possibility, because it is highly unlikely that any
rabbi would allow such tampering with who was buried to the immediate left and
right of the Gaon. As is well known, R. Hayyim Zvi Shifrin [d. 1952] presided over
the reinterment of the Gaon. See R. Yaakov Shifrin, :v ': [Jerusalem, 1981], pp.
26-30.) If so, all the tombstones are accurately positioned in the Ohel Ha-Gra, even
today. Cf. my deliberations in American Jewish Monitor , October 24, 2003, p. 18.
R. Yitzchak Zilber, op. cit. (above, note 4), p. 389.
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For the third year in a row, the St. Louis Community CU Foundation has offered the Janice Mosby Scholarship opportunity. This year, the foundation partnered with the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association–College Retirement Equities Fund (TIAA-CREF) to award scholarships to two eligible adult students.
Each received $2,500 towards his or her educational costs. This year's winners are DeAndre Harris-Bay and Elaine Smick. Harris-Bey attends Lindenwood University and majors in Criminal Justice. He currently works for the St. Louis Metro Treatment Center. Smick is enrolled at St. Louis Community College and majors in Accounting. She works at Aschinger Electric Company.
Recognizing the critical role education plays in the creation of fiscally responsible citizens, the St. Louis Community CU Foundation created the scholarship fund in 2011 to honor the legacy of the late Janice Mosby. Ms. Mosby was a teacher and principal in the St. Louis Public Schools for more than 30 years. With a kind heart and gentle spirit, she dedicated her life to helping students in the community develop to their fullest potential.
Ms. Mosby served on the St. Louis Community Credit Union's Board of Directors for 40 years and as a board member of the credit union's foundation.
To be considered eligible for this unique scholarship opportunity, applicants must be first-time or re-entry students ages 23 or older who are attending college full or part-time and are trying to move forward with their lives.
Since its inception, the St. Louis Community CU Foundation has presented seven scholarship awards.
Pictured: The winners, Elaine Smick and DeAndre Harris-Bay, display their plaques after winning the Janice Mosby Scholarship.
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Toni gives Dallas the pack with the money and passports !!!!!!!!
Quote from: puddin on November 30, 2008, 07:54:24 PMToni gives Dallas the pack with the money and passports !!!!!!!!Is this the key to the race??
Chateau said Victory Park was a mistake!
antique book store, peach knows her antiques!
Tina worked Dallas
Dallas loses the passports in a cab, omg...
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text:
To rejuvenated Howard, age is simply a number
PHILADELPHIA -- Ryan Howard appeared fit and trim as he stepped onto an elevator Friday at Citizens Bank Park.
He celebrated his 34th birthday Nov. 19, and in a little more than four months, he will be one of five Phillies hitters to be 34 or older on Opening Day. The quintet of Marlon Byrd (36), Jimmy Rollins (35), Chase Utley (35), Carlos Ruiz (35) and Howard has caused angst among a fan base that has watched the Phillies fall from National League powerhouse to a team with the third-worst record in the league in just two years.
PHILADELPHIA -- Ryan Howard appeared fit and trim as he stepped onto an elevator Friday at Citizens Bank Park.
He celebrated his 34th birthday Nov. 19, and in a little more than four months, he will be one of five Phillies hitters to be 34 or older on Opening Day. The quintet of Marlon Byrd (36), Jimmy Rollins (35), Chase Utley (35), Carlos Ruiz (35) and Howard has caused angst among a fan base that has watched the Phillies fall from National League powerhouse to a team with the third-worst record in the league in just two years.
Howard isn't as concerned.
"Yeah, I just turned 34, but do I act 34?" he said, smiling.
Only seven teams in baseball history have had at least four players 34 or older qualify for the batting title in the same season. Only two have had five, which illustrates how difficult it is to have players that age produce and remain healthy the entire season.
"I'll be honest," Howard said. "I get so tired hearing about the age thing. Age is a number. Yeah, I've had injuries the past two years. But Bryce Harper had injuries last year. He's 21. Injuries don't discriminate. Injuries happen to everybody. This is what happens in this game. If you're playing on a regular basis, you're putting your body through it. It's all about how you take care of your body. If you still have the skill level of playing every day and producing every day, then age doesn't play a factor. I can be 38 and if I'm hitting 40, 50 home runs a year, are we having this conversation about age?"
David Ortiz observed his 38th birthday a day before Howard turned 34. Four years ago Ortiz hit .238 with 28 home runs, 99 RBIs and a .794 on-base-plus-slugging percentage. Many wondered if he had passed his prime. But Ortiz has hit 114 home runs with 361 RBIs and a .952 OPS in four seasons since, remaining a force in the Red Sox lineup and one of the most feared hitters in baseball.
Left leg injuries (Achilles in 2012, meniscus in 2013) have limited Howard to 151 games the past two seasons, in which he hit a combined .244 with 25 home runs, 99 RBIs and a .752 on-base-plus-slugging percentage. (He hit .173 with a .575 OPS against left-handers in that span.) In 2011, the last time he played an entire season, he hit .253 with 33 home runs, 116 RBIs and an .835 OPS.
Howard's contention: Why can't I bounce back like Ortiz?
"Everybody in this league has experienced success on every level that they've played," he said. "You have success and then you have a little bit of turmoil. It's how you find a way to get back to that success, like Marlon Byrd, like David Ortiz. Age doesn't play a factor."
Phillies general manager Ruben Amaro Jr. must believe that. He has invested $67.5 million next season and $227 million overall in Howard, Utley, Rollins, Ruiz and Byrd. Howard has $85 million remaining on his deal, so his presence in the middle of the lineup next season and beyond is critical.
There is some evidence of that. The Phillies were 77-63 (.550) when Howard started games the past two seasons. They were 77-107 (.418) when he did not.
"There's no pain in my leg at all -- finally," Howard said. "All the swelling and inflammation is out of it. Now it's finally getting stronger."
Howard looked to be in good shape Friday. Although he said he has not weighed himself recently, the Phillies said late in the season he had lost considerable weight. He weighed 235-237 pounds at his lightest in 2009.
"People are talking about weight," Howard said. "I understand that. But I hadn't been able to do cardio in the offseason since 2010. It's tough when you've got one leg and you can't go out and do the conditioning you really want to do. I know where I want to be this year. I know what I want to accomplish this year. The goal is to go out there and play. I'm going to try to do the best I can to get in the best shape I can to play 200-something games. I'm not trying to play 162 games. I want to play 162 games, plus Spring Training games and every game in the playoffs. That's where my mind is. Play every single day."
Playing is one thing. Playing and putting up numbers that befit a cleanup hitter like Howard is something else.
"Can I be a 30-100 guy?" he said. "Yeah, I definitely think so. I believe in my ability. I hear what people say. It's cool. You guys are all entitled to your opinions. But let's say I come back and I do what I do. Then what? If I come back and put up numbers like '07, '08, '09, then what? Are we having these conversations? I've never been one to make excuses. I've always tried to get things done, but when you're hurt, at times you're a different player. For me, finally being able to be healthy and play ... you saw it with Chase. His legs were under him last season. It's playing pain free and not having to compensate. I was trying to compensate so I didn't feel pain, but still give whatever it is that I had. I'm just going to try to come out pain free and do damage."
Todd Zolecki is a reporter for MLB.com.


text:
June 2009
26 June 2009
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