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Protestantism, movement that began in northern Europe in the early 16th century as a reaction to medieval Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. Along with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism became one of three major forces in Christianity. After a series of European religious wars in the 16th and 17th centuries, and especially in the 19th century, it spread throughout the world. Wherever Protestantism gained a foothold, it influenced the social, economic, political, and cultural life of the area.
Origins of Protestantism
The name Protestant first appeared at the Diet of Speyer in 1529, when the Roman Catholic emperor of Germany, Charles V, rescinded the provision of the Diet of Speyer in 1526 that had allowed each ruler to choose whether to administer the Edict of Worms. On April 19, 1529, a protest against this decision was read on behalf of 14 free cities of Germany and six Lutheran princes who declared that the majority decision did not bind them because they were not a party to it and that if forced to choose between obedience to God and obedience to Caesar they must choose obedience to God. They appealed either to a general council of all Christendom or to a synod of the whole German nation. Those who made this protest became known to their opponents as Protestants, and gradually the label was applied to all who adhered to the tenets of the Reformation, especially to those living outside Germany. In Germany the adherents of the Reformation preferred the name evangelicals and in France Huguenots. The name was attached not only to the disciples of Martin Luther (c. 1483–1546) but also to the Swiss disciples of Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) and later of John Calvin (1509–64). The Swiss reformers and their followers in Holland, England, and Scotland, especially after the 17th century, preferred the name Reformed.
In the 16th century Protestant referred primarily to the two great schools of thought that arose in the Reformation, the Lutheran and the Reformed. In England in the early 17th century, the word was used to denote "orthodox" Protestants as opposed to those who were regarded by Anglicans as unorthodox, such as the Baptists or the Quakers. Roman Catholics, however, used it for all who claimed to be Christian but opposed Catholicism (except the Eastern churches). They therefore included Baptists, Quakers, and Catholic-minded Anglicans under the term. Before the year 1700 this broad usage was accepted, though the word was not yet applied to Unitarians. The English Toleration Act of 1689 was titled "an Act for exempting their Majesties' Protestant subjects dissenting from the Church of England." But the act provided only for the toleration of the opinions known in England as "orthodox dissent" and conceded nothing to Unitarians. Throughout the 18th century the word Protestant was still defined in relation to the 16th-century Reformation.W. Owen Chadwick
The context of the late medieval church
The Protestant Reformation occurred against the background of the rich ferment of the late medieval church and society. It has been difficult for two reasons to gain a proper understanding of the relationship between the late Middle Ages and the Reformation. One reason is the tradition of the sectarian historiography of the period. Catholic historians had an interest in showing how much reform occurred before and apart from the activities of the Protestant reformers of the 16th century. Protestant historians, on the other hand, portrayed the late medieval church in the most negative terms to show the necessity of the Reformation, which was characterized as a movement that broke completely with a corrupt past.
The second reason for difficulty in understanding the period is that the 15th-century critics of the church were not "Pre-Reformers"; they neither anticipated Protestantism nor acquired their importance from the Reformation. The events of that period were also not "Pre-Reformation" happenings but had an identity and meaning of their own.
The existence of reform efforts in the 15th-century church from Spain and Italy northward through Germany, France, and England has long been acknowledged. Some of these were directed against abuses by the papacy, the clergy, and monks and nuns. The pious, for example, abhorred Pope Innocent VIII (1484–92), who performed marriage ceremonies for his own illegitimate children in the Vatican, and Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), who bribed his way to the throne of St. Peter and had fathered eight children by three women by the time he became pope. The public was also increasingly aware of and angered by extravagant papal projects—patronage of art and architecture, wars of conquest—for which funds were exacted from the faithful.
The distaste for the papacy increased at a time of rising nationalist spirit. The popes, who had long intervened in European political affairs, faced setbacks when European monarchs acquired new power and asserted it against both the papacy and the local clergy.
During this time of rising national consciousness, a generation of theologians appeared who remained entirely within the context of medieval Roman Catholicism but who engaged in fundamental criticisms of it. Thus William of Ockham (died 1349?) spoke up as a reformer within the Franciscan order, which he hoped to return to its original strict rule of apostolic poverty. Ockham argued that Pope John XXII was a heretic because he denied that Jesus and the Apostles were possessionless. Ockham saw the papacy and empire as independent but related realms. He believed that when the church was in danger of heresy, lay people—princes and commoners alike—must come to its rescue. This meant reform.
Another English theologian, John Wycliffe, also challenged the church's abuse of power and questioned its doctrines. Wycliffe encouraged reform of the church and its teachings and granted uncommon spiritual authority to the king. His primary source of inspiration for reform was the Bible. Wycliffe gave impetus to its translation, and in 1380 he helped make it available to rulers and ruled alike.
In Bohemia, Jan Hus, who became rector of the University of Prague, used that school as his base to criticize lax clergy and the recent prohibition of offering the cup of wine to communicants. He also exploited nationalist feelings and argued that the pope had no right to use the temporal sword. Hus's bold accusations were judged heretical and led to his death by burning at the Council of Constance in 1415.
Alongside a piety that combined moral revulsion with nationalism, Christian humanism was a further sign of unrest in the late medieval church. In Italy Lorenzo Valla (1407–57) used philology and historical inquiry to expose a number of forgeries, including the Donation of Constantine, which purportedly granted control over the Western Roman Empire to the pope. In Germany Johannes Reuchlin (1455–1522) studied Greek and Hebrew, the biblical languages, and was involved in an international controversy that pitted intellectual freedom against ecclesiastical authority. Desiderius Erasmus (1466/69–1536), the most famous and important of the Northern or Christian humanists, used his vast learning and his satiric pen to question the practices of the church. Because of his philosophy of Christ, which stressed a focus on the Bible and rejected much medieval superstition, Erasmus, a lifelong Catholic, was accused of laying the egg that hatched Luther.
While these reformers attacked people in high places, they also regarded the Catholicism of ordinary people as needing reform. Such practices as pilgrims visiting shrines or parishioners regarding the relics of saints with awe were open to abuse. The pestilences and plagues of the 14th century had bred an inordinate fear of death, which led to the exploitation of simple people by a church that was, in effect, offering salvation for sale.
Despite instances of anticlericalism and polemics against the church, most of the faithful remained loyal and found the church to be the vehicle of their eternal salvation. Nothing is more erroneous than the notion that, early in the 16th century, Europe was ripe for a reform of the church.Martin E. Marty
The continental Reformation: Germany, Switzerland, and France
The role of Luther
Luther said that what differentiated him from previous reformers was that they attacked the life of the church, while he confronted its doctrine. Whereas they denounced the sins of churchmen, he was disillusioned by the whole scholastic scheme of redemption. The church taught that man could atone for his sins through confession and absolution in the sacrament of penance. Luther found that he could not remember or even recognize all of his sins, and the attempt to dispose of them one by one was like trying to cure smallpox by picking off the scabs. Indeed, he believed that the whole man was sick. The church, however, held that the individual was not so sick that salvation could not be earned through faith and good works.
The indulgence system
The church's anthropology and soteriology (doctrine of salvation) allowed a system of indulgences to develop. Based on the notion that Jesus and the saints had built up a treasury of merit that could be shared with worthy Christians, the indulgence at first applied only to penalties imposed by the church on earth. One of the earliest examples of this practice was Pope Urban II's grant of a plenary indulgence to the knights of the First Crusade. Over time the benefits of the indulgence were expanded to include penalties imposed by God in purgatory, and ultimately the means of acquiring an indulgence were so diluted that one could be purchased. The granting of indulgences proved to be a popular way of raising money for the church particularly because, unlike tithes, it was voluntary. By this means crusades, cathedrals, hospitals, and even bridges were financed. In Luther's day immediate release from purgatory was offered, and the remission not only of penalties but even of sins was assured. Thus the indulgence encroached upon the sacrament of penance.
Luther was desperately earnest about his standing before God and Christ. The woodcuts of Christ the Judge on a rainbow consigning the damned to hell filled Luther with terror. He believed the monastic life was the best way to acquire the extra merits that would more than balance his account. Becoming a monk, he subjected himself to rigorous asceticism, but he felt that this effort would not enable a sinner like him to stand before the inexorable justice and majesty of God. Frequent confession simply convinced him of the fundamental sickness of the whole person, which caused him to question the goodness of a God who would make human beings so weak and then damn them for what they could not help. Relief for Luther came through the study of the Psalms, particularly the 22nd Psalm, which contains Christ's words quoted on the cross, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" (Matthew 27:46, Mark 15:34). Evidently, Christ, who was without sin, so identified himself with sinful humanity that he felt estranged from God. Christ the Judge seated upon the rainbow had become Christ the Derelict upon the cross, and here the wrath and the mercy of God could find a meeting point that allowed God to forgive those utterly devoid of merit. He could justify the unjust, and humanity need only accept the gift of God in faith. This doctrine of justification by faith alone became the watchword of the Reformation.
The formulation of Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone coincided with the expansion of his own duties. He had become professor of the newly founded University of Wittenberg and a vicar in his order with pastoral duties over 11 houses. At the same time, the new archbishop of Mainz, Albert, initiated the sale of indulgences—feverishly hawked by the Dominican Johann Tetzel—with half of the proceeds to be retained by him as reimbursement for his installation fee as archbishop, the other half to go to the pope to fund the building of the Basilica of St. Peter's at Rome. For this indulgence Albert made unprecedented claims. If the indulgence were on behalf of the donor himself, he would receive preferential treatment in case of future sin, if for someone else already in purgatory, he need not be contrite for his own sin. Remission was promised not only of penalties but also of sins, and the vendor of the indulgences offered immediate release from purgatory. Luther was outraged by the sale of indulgences and claims made for them. His doctrine of justification not only was critical of the abuse of the doctrine of indulgences but denied the very idea that humans could earn salvation.
Ninety-five Theses
Against the actions of Albert and Tetzel and with no intention to divide the church, Luther launched his Ninety-five Theses on October 31, 1517. In the theses he presented three main points. The first concerned financial abuses; for example, if the pope realized the poverty of the German people, he would rather that St. Peter's lay in ashes than that it should be built out of the "skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep." The second focused attention on doctrinal abuses; for example, Luther argued that the pope had no jurisdiction over purgatory and if he did, he should empty the place free of charge. The third attacked religious abuses; for example, the treasury of the merits of the saints was denied by implication in the assertion that the treasury of the church was the gospel. This was the crucial point. When the papacy pronounced Luther's position heretical, he countered by denying the infallibility of popes and for good measure that of councils also. Scripture was declared the only basis of authority.
Luther found support in many quarters. Already a widespread liberal Catholic evangelical reform sought to correct moral abuses such as clerical concubinage, financial extortion, and pluralism (i.e., the holding of several ecclesiastical benefices by one man). He also ridiculed the popular superstitions associated with the cult of the saints and their relics, religious pilgrimages, and the like. This movement had representatives throughout Europe, notably John Colet in England, Jacques Lefèvre in France, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros in Spain, Juan de Valdés in Naples, and, above all, Erasmus. Although he would come to oppose Luther, in 1519 Erasmus wrote to the elector Frederick III the Wise, Luther's prince, telling him that as a Christian ruler he was obligated to see to it that his subject should have a fair hearing.
Yet despite this, Luther would have been speedily crushed had Pope Leo X and the curia not been over zealous in silencing the putative heretic. Leo's difficulties were worsened by the contemporary political situation. At the moment when Luther appeared to be foredoomed, an election for the office of Holy Roman emperor was pending, and Henry VIII of England, Francis I of France, and Charles I of Spain were all candidates for the office. The pope opposed all three because the position entailed control over Germany, and the augmentation of power to one would destroy the balance of power. Instead he preferred a minor prince, and none fitted the role better than Luther's protector, Frederick the Wise of Saxony. In consequence the pope dallied in his response to Luther, and even after Charles was elected, the pope was willing to play Frederick against the new emperor. Finally, on June 15, 1520, nearly three years after the Ninety-five Theses, Leo issued the bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), which condemned Luther's teachings on 41 counts. Luther burned a copy of the bull in Wittenberg, declaring his action a trifle and that the pope and papal see should be burned.
Luther's manifesto
Luther employed the summer of 1520 to bring out some of the great manifestos of the Reformation. His Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation called upon the ruling class in Germany, including the emperor, in whom Luther had not yet lost confidence, to reform the church externally by returning it to apostolic poverty and simplicity. This appeal to the civil power to reform the church was a return to the earlier practice of the Middle Ages when emperors more than once had deposed and replaced unworthy popes. Luther also argued that the papacy of his day was only 400 years old, meaning that it was the Gregorian reform that had extended the church's jurisdiction into secular and political matters and had asserted that the lowliest priest did more for mankind than the loftiest king. Luther countered with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers, including Christian magistrates. Any layman was spiritually a priest, though not vocationally a parson. The Christian ruler, then, being himself a priest, could reform the church in externals, as the church might excommunicate him in spirituals. The liberal Catholic reformers could sympathize with Luther's program except for its identification of the papacy with Antichrist, which recalled the accusations of medieval heretics.
Another tract, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, suggested that the sacraments themselves had been taken captive by the church. Luther even went so far as to reduce the number of the sacraments from seven—baptism, the Eucharist or mass, penance, confirmation, ordination, marriage, and extreme unction—to two. He defined a sacrament as a rite instituted by Christ himself as revealed in Scripture; therefore only baptism and the Eucharist were strictly sacraments, and penance and the other traditional sacraments were either dropped or their definitions were altered. For example, extreme unction was dropped, but confession, which Luther thought was wholesome, was preserved as a voluntary act that could be made to any fellow Christian. Marriage, on the other hand, was not a Christian sacrament, because it had not been instituted by Christ but by God in the garden of Eden and was valid not only for Christians but also for Muslims and Jews. Baptism was to be administered but once and to infants on the grounds of their dormant faith.
Luther's greatest offense, however, concerned his teachings on the mass. The wine, he asserted, should be given to the laity along with the bread, as in the Hussite practice. No masses should be said for the dead by a priest alone without communicants, because the Eucharist involved fellowship not only with Christ but also with believers. The most drastic change, however, was that Luther denied the doctrine of transubstantiation, according to which, during the performance of the rite of communion by a priest, the elements of bread and wine, though retaining their accidents (i.e., appearance) of colour, shape, and taste, lost their substance, which was replaced by the substance of the body of Christ. He rejected transubstantiation because he believed it was an opinion developed by medieval theologians and was not revealed in Scripture.
Luther taught the doctrine of consubstantiation, though he never used that term. He believed that the Lord's Supper was one of the central mysteries of the faith and that the body of Christ was physically present in the communion offering because Christ said, "This is my body." Therefore, Christ's body must be "with, in, and under" the elements of the offering. The bread and wine, however, do not change their substance, and, for Luther, there was no miracle of the mass in which the priest was thought to alter the substance of the sacrifice. This view undercut sacerdotalism, which emphasized the intermediary role of the priest between God and humankind, since the words of the priest did not bring the body of Christ to the altar. The undercutting of sacerdotalism destroyed the hierarchical structure of a church that culminated in the papacy.
Diet of Worms
But what was to be done with Luther? On December 10, 1520, instead of submitting, he defiantly burned the papal bull together with a copy of the canon law. The normal course would have been to excommunicate him (which indeed occurred on January 3, 1521) and then turn him over to the political authorities for execution, but Frederick the Wise insisted that he be given a fair hearing. Consequently, the diet of the empire (not an ecclesiastical council), meeting at Worms in the winter and spring of 1521 would hear his case. Luther was brought before the diet and given an opportunity to repudiate his books and recant his teachings. He did neither and gave a long speech, in German and Latin, defending his ideas. When asked for a simple answer he replied: "I will answer without horns and without teeth. Unless I am convicted by Scripture and plain reason—I do not accept the authority of popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other—my conscience is captive to the Word of God, I cannot and I will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen." The emperor then placed Luther under the imperial ban. The bull of excommunication by the church was formally released only later. Frederick the Wise at this point intervened and wafted Luther away to a place of hiding.
Luther was concealed for a year at Frederick's castle of the Wartburg. During this period he produced one of his most important works, a translation of the New Testament from the Greek text of Erasmus into an idiomatic and powerful German that contributed greatly to the shape of the modern language. Nothing did so much to win popular adherence to his teaching as the dissemination of this translation.
But some were not so convinced. Many of the liberal Catholic reformers, like Erasmus, recoiled from Luther's paradoxes, from his confidence that his interpretation of Scripture was correct, from his acceptance of the doctrine of predestination, which makes of God a tyrant when he elects some and damns others regardless of their behaviour. The German national movement collapsed. Then in Luther's own circle, variant forms of Protestantism arose, which in the aggregate are variously described as the left wing of the Reformation or as the radical Reformation. The terminology does not matter so much as the recognition that no neat classification is possible.
Radical reformers related to Luther's reform
Luther's impact on his contemporaries was profound, particularly on two figures whose activities anticipated many developments to come. One was Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt (c. 1477/81–1541), who believed that art and music should be abolished as external aids to religion and that the presence of Christ's body on the altar should be interpreted in a spiritual sense. He extended Luther's doctrine of the priesthood of all believers to mean that all laymen were pastors. Accordingly, if one person was assigned the tasks of a parson, he was to dress no differently than other parishioners and, like others, should work with his hands. Moreover, the clergy was not only permitted to marry but required to do so. The sabbath was to be strictly observed. This program, involving a blend of spiritualism and legalism, anticipated the Puritan movement. The sensory aids to religion were to be discarded by those advanced in the spiritual life and by law snatched away from those still weak.
A much more disquieting figure than Karlstadt was Thomas Müntzer (c. 1490–1525), a man of learning and an apocalyptic firebrand, who may be regarded as the first formulator of the concept of the Protestant Holy Commonwealth. Unlike Luther, with whom he was first associated, Müntzer believed that the elect, those predestined by God for salvation, could be sufficiently identified to form a distinct group. Müntzer's test was the new birth in the spirit. Recognizing that among the wheat there might be some chaff, however, he did not regard the test as an absolute determinant. Rather he accepted it as an adequate trial for the formation of a community bound together by a covenant. The mission of this group was to set up the Kingdom of God on Earth, the Holy Commonwealth, by wiping out the ungodly, often identified with the rich and powerful. In the attempt they would have to endure suffering, and here Müntzer drew from German mysticism the theme of walking in Christ's steps toward the cross. But the trial would end in triumph, for the Lord Jesus would speedily come to vindicate his saints and erect his Kingdom.
Müntzer appealed to the Saxon princes to implement his program, but they banished him. He found a following among the rebels of the German Peasants' Revolt (1524–25) and led them at the Battle of Frankenhausen, where they were butchered, and he was captured and beheaded. Luther execrated Müntzer's memory because he seized the sword in defense of the gospel and challenged the social order. Some Marxists, on the other hand, later exalted Müntzer as the prophet of social revolution because he was the only one of the reformers who had a deep feeling for the suffering of the socially oppressed. In grasping the sword he did not essentially differ from Huldrych Zwingli, Gaspard de Coligny, or Oliver Cromwell—three other militaristic Protestants.
Zwingli and his influence
Zwingli (1484–1531), the great figure in Swiss Protestantism before Calvin, was more committed to military action than Müntzer and died in battle. He became a reformer independently of Luther, with whom he agreed concerning justification by faith and predestination, but with whom he disagreed concerning the rite of communion. The Lord's Supper was understood by Zwingli simply as a memorial to Christ's death and as a public declaration of faith by the recipient. Zwingli, in fact, denied that Christ was present in the bread and wine of communion and thus rejected the teachings of both Luther and the Roman Catholic Church. Although Luther, Zwingli, and others met at Marburg in 1529 to resolve their differences, they could not find common ground on the doctrine of the Lord's Supper. Luther and Zwingli's failure to create a unified front among Protestants at the meeting had fatal consequences for Zwingli.
His other teachings reveal further differences but also similarities with the other reformers. Zwingli drew from Erasmus and Karlstadt, notably from their disparagement of the sensory aids to religion. Zwingli, though an accomplished musician, considered that the function of music was to put the babies to sleep rather than to worship God. Consequently, the organ was dismantled and the holy images removed from the cathedral at Zürich. Like Luther, Zwingli retained the baptism of infants, a rite that he believed recognized that the child belongs to the people of God just as the child in the Hebrew Bible belonged by circumcision to Israel. Analogy with Judaism applied at many points because Zwingli, like many before him, regarded the Christian congregation as the new Israel of God, an elect people, reasonably identifiable not by the new birth Müntzer anticipated but by adherence to the faith. This company could be called theocratic in the sense that it was under the rule of God, whom church and state should alike serve in close collaboration. The identification of the whole populace of Zürich with this elect people was the more tenable because those not in accord with the ideal were disposed to leave. Zwingli approved of an aggressive war to forestall interference from the Roman Catholic cantons. In 1531, he fell in the second war of Kappel but left an important legacy, especially for the group who formed the mainstay of the radical Reformation.
The Anabaptists
The radicals restricted their biblicism to the New Testament and espoused three tenets that have come to be axiomatic in the United States: the separation of church and state, the voluntary church, and religious liberty. They called themselves Baptists but were called Anabaptists by their enemies because they were accused of rebaptizing adults. They believed, however, that immersion of infants was not true baptism because the rite itself was not regenerative but the outward sign of an inner experience—the rebirth in the spirit—of which only an adult was capable. The Anabaptists also believed in the possibility of a Christian society whose members were marked both by the conversion experience and by a highly disciplined deportment. In obedience to the New Testament, they repudiated swearing oaths and recourse to violence, whether at the behest of a magistrate or in war, respectively. The saints, they believed, should withdraw from the wicked world.
The Anabaptist program was perceived as a threat to the social and political order by Catholics and Protestants alike. The Diet of Speyer in 1529, for example, subjected the Anabaptists to the penalty of death with the concurrence of Catholics and Lutherans. One of the first Anabaptist leaders, Felix Manz, was drowned in Zürich in 1527, and persecution eliminated other Anabaptist leaders, most of them educated and moderate men, over the next decade. Less temperate spirits came to the fore, sustaining their courage by setting dates for the speedy coming of the Lord. One band of Anabaptists filled with apocalyptic zeal and led by John of Leiden, gained control of the town of Münster in Westphalia in 1534. Contrary to the pacifist tenets of their fellows, they seized the sword and, in accord with Old Testament practice, they restored polygamy. The town was captured by an army of Catholics and Lutherans who executed the leaders and publicly exhibited their bodies in iron cages hung from the tower of St. Lambert's Church.
Other groups
In Holland Menno Simonsz (c. 1496–1561), the founder of the Mennonites, returned to the original Anabaptist teachings and repudiated violence, polygamy, and the setting of dates for the coming of the Lord. The Mennonites survived partly by acceding to military service in Holland, partly by migration first to eastern Europe and then to the Americas. The Hutterites, followers of Jakob Hutter (died 1536), were allowed to establish themselves on the estates of tolerant Moravian nobles who accepted excellent craftsmanship in field and shop in lieu of military service. Because of subsequent persecution the Hutterites also migrated to the New World. The Swiss branch, called the Amish, still survives in the United States. The entire pattern of ideas has reappeared in various combinations in subsequent history, not only among the Church of the Brethren and the Quakers but among all of the free churches disclaiming a state connection.
The role of Calvin
Another form of Protestantism was Calvinism, named for John Calvin (1509–64), a French humanist and doctor of law whose conversion to the Protestant reform forced him to flee France. In Basel, at the age of 27, he published Institutes of the Christian Religion, which in successive editions became the manual of Protestant theology. Calvin agreed with Luther on justification by faith and the sole authority of Scripture. On the sacrament of the Lord's Supper he took a position between the radical Swiss and the Lutheran view. Thus he believed that the body of Christ was not present everywhere, but that His spirit was universal and that there was a genuine communion with the risen Lord. Calvin likewise took a middle view on music and art. He favoured congregational singing of the Psalms, which became a characteristic practice of the Huguenots in France and the Presbyterians in Scotland and the New World. Calvin rejected the images of saints and the crucifix (that is, the body of Christ upon the cross) but allowed a plain cross. These modifications do not, however, refute the generalization that Calvinism was largely opposed to art and music in the service of religion but not in the secular sphere.
In contrast to Luther, Calvin began his Institutes not with justification by faith but with the knowledge of God. Luther found refuge from the terror of God's dispensations in the mercy of Christ. Calvin could more calmly contemplate the frightfulness of God's judgments because they would not descend upon the elect. Luther, as noted, saw no way of knowing who were the elect. He could not be sure of himself and throughout his life struggled for faith and assurance. Calvin had certain approximate and attainable tests. He did not require the experience of the new birth, which is so inward and intangible, though to be sure later Calvinism moved away from him on this point and agonized over the signs of election. For Calvin there were three tests: the profession of faith, as with Zwingli; a rigorously disciplined Christian deportment, as with the Anabaptists; and a love of the sacraments, which meant the Lord's Supper, since infant baptism was not to be repeated. If a person could meet these three tests he could assume his election and stop worrying.
If one could achieve such assurance, an enormous release of energy could be directed to the glory of God and the erection on Earth of a holy commonwealth. Calvin once observed that "the Church reformed is the kingdom of God." He saw more of a possibility of its realization through the efforts of the elect because service to the Kingdom did not require a particular vocation. Any worthy occupation is a divine calling demanding unremitting zeal. Luther had emphasized the secular callings instead of the monastic, which in the Middle Ages alone had been called a vocation. With Calvin the point was not so much that one should accept one's lot and rejoice in the assigned task, however menial, as that the work would contribute to the larger realization of the Christian society.
Calvin had a concrete opportunity to realize his vision. The city of Geneva had recently thrown off the authority of the bishop and of the duke of Savoy and had not yet joined the Protestant Swiss Confederation. The Protestant city of Bern, Geneva's ally in the struggle for independence, was the source of Protestant preachers who evangelized Geneva. The city was threatened by civil war. The bellicose preacher Guillaume Farel, unable himself to contain the violence he had helped to unleash, laid hold of Calvin, who was merely passing through the city, and impressed him into the unwelcome task of leadership. After several turbulent years, banishment, and recall, Calvin directed for the last two decades of his life the city that John Knox considered "the most godly since the days of the apostles."
Attempts to achieve independence had been made by Protestant churches in Basel and Strasbourg but had failed. In Geneva, the goal was made more attainable, despite the turmoil, by the establishment of control over the composition of the population. At the outset all the Catholics who would not submit to the new regime had to leave. For those who remained, excommunication from the church meant banishment from the city. Calvin ensured that one who was not in the graces of the church could not for long be a member of the community. A further factor ensuring a select constituency was the influx of 6,000 refugees from France, Italy, Spain, and, for a time, from England into a city of 13,000. Thus in Geneva, church, state, and community came to be one. The ministers and the magistrates with differentiated functions were both the servants of God in the erection of this new Israel; and the comparison with ancient Israel was the more striking and the inner cohesion the more intensified because Geneva also was begirt by foes, the duke of Savoy and the duke of Alba, like the old Canaanites and Philistines.
Calvinism in France
The situation in France was not altogether unlike that in Germany. Although the decentralization of government was not as great, some French provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy, particularly in the south, and it was in the Midi and French Navarre that the Protestant movement had its initial strength. Then, too, noble houses were continually conspiring to manipulate or eviscerate the monarchy, and, as a result, religious issues came to be intertwined with political ambitions. The ruling houses—first the Valois from Francis I through Henry III and then the Bourbon, beginning with Henry IV—sought to secure the stability of the land and the throne by quelling sectarian strife either by the extermination or toleration of religious minorities.
The ground was better prepared for the reform of the church in France than in Germany because of the efforts of the Catholic scholar Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples and the bishop of Meaux, Guillaume Briçonnet, and others. King Francis I and his sister Margaret of Angoulême not infrequently intervened to save humanist reformers from the menaces of the obscurantists, and Margaret's daughter, Jeanne d'Albret, the queen of Navarre, a feudatory of France, provided an asylum for the persecuted in her domain, though she did not herself espouse the Huguenot cause until 1560. When Lutheran teaching first began to infiltrate France, Francis I, who would not abet heresy, fluctuated in his policy of repression, depending on whether he desired a political alliance with the pope, the Ottoman Turks, or the German Lutherans. The year 1534 precipitated a crisis when placards were posted in Paris savagely attacking the mass. Severe repression followed. Bishop Briçonnet made his submission. Farel fled to Geneva, Lefèvre to Strasbourg, and Calvin to Basel. Henry II, the son of Francis, intensified repression, particularly when France and Spain made peace in 1559 and thus were free to devote attention to the suppression of heresy at home. The persecution of the Huguenots, as the Protestants came to be called in France, would have been intense save for the death of the king in a tournament.
At this point the rivalry of the noble houses injected itself more overtly into the religious struggle. The crown, with its alternating policy of eradication or recognition, was flanked by two extreme houses, the Catholic House of Guise and the Huguenot family of Admiral Coligny, for whom the religious issue was of intense concern. Under Francis II the Guises were ascendant because the queen, Mary (later queen of Scots) was of that house. Some of the Huguenots, foreseeing the suppression in store, hatched the Conspiracy of Amboise, an attempted assassination of the leaders of the Guise party and transfer of power to the House of Bourbon.
This was plainly rebellion and acutely raised a problem with which Protestants had long been wrestling. The Lutherans had to face it earlier when the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 gave them a year in which to submit on pain of war. The Lutheran princes then formed the Schmalkaldic League to resist arms with arms, but Luther was loath to condone any use of the sword in defense of the Gospel and absolutely forbade any recourse to violence on the part of a private citizen against the magistrates. This had been his reason for opposing the Peasants' War. But now the jurists pointed out to Luther that the emperor was an elected ruler and that if he transgressed against the true religion he might be held to account by the electors, who also were magistrates. Thus arose the doctrine of the right of resistance of the lower magistrate against the higher. The concept lost its pertinence in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, which granted toleration to the Lutherans in the territories where they predominated. Minorities in Lutheran and Catholic lands were granted the right of migration without loss of goods.
But the Calvinists were not included in the peace, which had no legal bearing in France, and the problem of armed resistance again became acute. Calvin would not condone the Conspiracy of Amboise because it was not led by a lower magistrate. The term was now applied to the princes of the blood in line for succession to the throne. This meant the House of Bourbon. The Conspiracy of Amboise failed. Francis II died, and was succeeded by his brother, the young Charles IX. The queen mother, Catherine de Médicis, took the lead and sought to avert religious war by granting the Huguenots limited toleration in restricted areas in the edict of 1562. When François, duc de Guise, discovered the Huguenots worshiping outside the prescribed limits, as he claimed, he opened fire, setting off the Massacre of Vassy and the wars. The Huguenots now were led by a prince of the blood, Louis I, 1st prince de Condé, of the House of Bourbon. Calvin approved. There followed three inconclusive wars. Condé was killed in the first and François, duc de Guise, was assassinated. His son, Henri, who succeeded him as the duke of Guise, believed in the complicity of Coligny, the new leader of the Huguenots. At the end of 10 years of indecisive conflict, Catherine made another effort at a settlement to be cemented by the marriage of Henry of Navarre, a Bourbon, the son of Jeanne d'Albret and the hope of the Huguenots, and her own daughter Margaret (Marguerite de Valois), a Catholic. The leaders of all parties came to Paris for the wedding. The duke of Guise made an attempt on the life of Coligny, which failed. Then the Guise, with the connivance of Catherine and her son Charles, who panicked, tried to wipe out all of the leaders of the Huguenot party in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in August 1572. Other massacres followed in the provinces.
Charles IX was succeeded by his brother, Henry III, two years later (1574). Such was the revulsion against the massacre that the king could rule only by forming an alliance with the Huguenot Henry of Navarre. A fanatical Catholic was thereby so outraged that he assassinated the king. Both sides had abandoned the fiction of the inferior magistrate and had gone in unabashedly for popular revolution. Henry of Navarre became Henry IV, but he was unable to take Paris and rule France so long as he was a Protestant. In order to pacify the land he made his submission to Rome and promulgated an edict of toleration for the Huguenots, the Edict of Nantes, in 1598. It gave them liberty of worship again in limited areas but full rights of participation in public life. The edict remained in force until the revocation in 1685.


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There's no denying that Oakland's bubbling Uptown district is getting livelier by the instant — just ask the New York Times. With a string of new restaurant and bar openings, it's quickly becoming one of the Bay's coolest enclaves. Well, now it can add another standout establishment to its expanding roster. Stag's Lunchette, a lovely new breakfast and lunch spot, just popped up and we got a sneak peek at the small, woodsy eatery.
Owned by the same peeps that brought us the bourbon- and meat-centric haven Dogwood, this rustic-themed resto serves up everything from mind-blowing pastrami sandwiches to the cult-followed Doughnut Dolly. But, it's not just the noms that are ultra-impressive — we're pretty smitten with the farmhouse-style interior, too. Want to see for yourself? Click through for our snaps of Stag's Lunchette and get your booty to the East Bay to check it out, stat.

subset: commoncrawl


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BENEFITING: City Year
When we started City Year in Los Angeles five years ago, we set out to change the lives of students across the city. Through your efforts and support, we've been able change the trajectories of thousands of students. Last year, 88% of City Year students were back on track to graduate. But, the work isn't over. We need your help to keep growing!
Thanks to the generosity of City Year alum Jon Neuhaus, '91, every gift made by alumni and families to CYLA will bematched dollar for dollar up to $10,000. Help us meet (and exceed) our goal of raising $20,000 from alumni and families through your contribution today! Make a donation, no matter what size, because every dollar is doubled and will go a long way to ensuring that the powerful work you started can continue. Over 20 years after his own City Year, Jon continues to be influenced by his service:
"I consider myself fortunate for the opportunities I have had, and yet few experiences have been as positive and powerful as City Year. Today I derive lessons and inspiration from my days in uniform, and my continued involvement as a mentor, advisor and supporter. My time in City Year also inspires me to continue to serve my community. I hope that this gift is one small 'ripple' that makes the question common across Los Angeles: 'Where are you doing your City Year?"
With your help, we can reach our goal of raising $20,000 from alumni and families in honor of our fifth year in Los Angeles.
The Team: $710 TOTAL RAISED SO FARJOIN THE TEAM
Donor Comments
Bert Rivera
Our year changed the course of CYLA history! Lets show them we're still doing it today! 7 years ago
Sarah B.
We can do this! :) 7 years ago


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* New mines to more than replace canceled Argentina Rio Colorado plan -CEO
* Glencore-Vale Sudbury nickel venture seen in 1st qtr -CEO
* Vale signs iron ore contract with U.S.-based Nucor -CEO
By Jeb Blount and Sabrina Lorenzi
RIO DE JANEIRO, Dec 18 (Reuters) - Brazilian miner Vale SA expects to more than replace the 4 million tonnes a year of potash it stands to lose from the cancellation of its Rio Colorado project in Argentina as it opens mines in Brazil and Canada, its top executive said on Wednesday.
At least 2 million tonnes a year of potash output is expected from its Carnalita project in Brazil's northeastern state of Sergipe and 3 million to 5 million tonnes a year could be mined from its Kronau project in Canada's Province of Saskatchewan, Chief Executive Officer Murilo Ferreira told reporters on Wednesday.
Vale canceled plans to build the $6 billion Rio Colorado project in Argentina in March on concerns the country's currency-exchange policies made the mine, rail and port project unprofitable and after being denied legal tax breaks. It is now trying to sell shares of its fertilizer unit or stakes in specific fertilizer projects, Ferreria said.
"We are looking for partners in our fertilizer business," he said at an annual holiday lunch with reporters. "But if the partner takes a stake in our fertilizer unit, we don't want someone who is just a financial partner, we want someone who has their own production already."
A decision to move forward with Carnalita could be made as early as the first quarter of 2014, he said. Vale mines potash and nitrates and makes nitrogen-based fertilizers.
On Oct. 9, Reuters reported that the $4 billion Carnalita project could be producing by 2017, citing officials in Sergipe. The mine would be built in two phases: a $2 billion startup to produce 1.2 million tonnes a year and a second $2 billion phase to raise output to 2.4 million tonnes a year, Sergipe officials told Reuters.
Carnalita is one of several potash projects Brazil's government wants to build quickly to ease dependence on fertilizer imports and replace Vale's canceled Argentine potash plans.
Brazil, the world's largest exporter of beef, chicken, soybeans, sugar, ethanol, orange juice and coffee, relies heavily on imported fertilizer to enrich its extensive but often nutrient-weak farmlands. About 90 percent of Brazil's potash needs are imported. Carnalita alone would supply about 15 percent of Brazil's needs.
Vale preferred shares, the company's most-traded class of stock, were up 0.5 percent at 31.89 reais in Sao Paulo, their first gain in seven days.
A decision on a Vale fertilizer partnership would likely have to wait until the it finished a planned sale of half of its 70 percent stake in the Nacala Railway project. The railway links Vale's giant coal project in the Moatize region of Mozambique with an Indian Ocean port.
The railway stake is being sold to help belay the cost of the $4.4 billion, 912-kilometer railway, which will also be used for non-coal general cargo in an attempt to open up the Mozambique interior to large-scale farming, Ferreira said.
In September Vale agreed to sell a majority stake in its VLI SA Brazilian rail and port general cargo unit to Japan's Mitsui Co, Toronto-based Brookfield Asset Management Inc and the FGTS worker compensation fund managed by Brazil's government.
A deal on the railway is expected by mid-2014, he said.
Vale's nickel business is working hard to increase productivity, Ferreira said, with Vale's planned consortium with international metals producer and trader Glencore Xstrata Plc nickel projects in Canada's Sudbury region likely to be signed in the first quarter of 2014.
The so-called non-corporate joint venture will operate Glencore and Vale's operations around Sudbury, a city in the northern part of Ontario, "as a single unit."
This and other efforts to cut nickel mining costs will leave Vale well-placed to deal with the impact of any potential nickel shortages in China because of Indonesia's decision to ban nickel ore exports and force miners to smelt the metal domestically.
"If costs stay low, we won't make as much money, but we are efficient so if costs go up it will help us," he said.
Ferreira also told reporters that Vale's 50-50 "Samarco" Brazilian iron ore joint venture with Australia's BHP Billiton Ltd signed a contract with Nucor Corp, the largest U.S. steelmaker by market value.
Vale has had little success in the past selling iron ore to the United States, whose mills obtain most of their ore from mines on or near the Great Lakes and other waterways that keep transportation costs cheap. Such costs are a major factor in iron ore prices.
Vale has said it hopes the U.S. natural gas and oil boom based on unconventional reserves will help boost the country's energy-intensive industries such as steel, helping Vale gain new customers for its ore, which needs less refining to be brought up to steelmakers' standards.


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LCGA of factor analysis of count vari...
Mplus Discussion
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Mat Weldon
posted on Friday, August 10, 2012 - 5:47 am
I would like to fit an exploratory factor model to a set of six count variables (occurrence of different types of crime) to bring out 2-4 factors explaining the covariance between crime types, and then do a LCGA (Nagin-type) analysis of the factor scores at different ages.
The factor loadings would be fixed at all time points, representing an immutable covariance structure, but the factor scores (interpreted as a person's latent propensity to commit a type of crime) would vary with age, and the mixture would allow different age effects.
Because the factor loadings are not dependent upon the mixtures, I think I should be able to estimate the factor loadings first, and then fit an LCGA model separately on the predicted factor scores.
Here is a link to a schematic of the model:
I have two questions:
1.Can I add an offset (exposure indicator) to a factor analysis model?
2.Once estimated, can I use the factor model to predict factor scores on new data (e.g. using empirical Bayes or similar)?
Many thanks,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, August 10, 2012 - 10:17 am
1. Yes.
2. I would not use factor scores. I would use the factors as indicators.
Mat Weldon
posted on Monday, August 13, 2012 - 3:57 am
Thank you for your quick reply. If I understand you correctly, you are saying to use a path model and estimate the two parts simultaneously. Is this possible for count indicators? If so, I'm worried that the counts at the time-point level are too small (i.e. the data is too discrete) to be able to estimate the factor model. Do you know if the factor models for count variables can handle small counts (i.e. mean less than 1)?
My idea was to avoid small counts by calculating the factor model on entire career counts, and then calculate the factor scores at the time-points as fixed quantities, which is not very satisfactory I admit. I'd rather estimate the entire model if possible.
Many thanks,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, August 13, 2012 - 9:07 am
I would start out by analyzing each time point separately to see how that goes. I would not calculate on the entire career counts.
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text: Sijun Forums :: View topic - The Crow and WWII Log in to check your private messages Sijun Forums Forum Index >> Work in Progress View previous topic :: View next topic Author Topic : "The Crow and WWII" Ben_kasjunior memberMember #Joined: 10 Nov 2000Posts: 45Location: Regina , SK, Canada Posted: Wed Jan 03, 2001 6:27 am Works in progress, most in just greyscale format for now, but will later be coloured in, Looking for suggestions right now And an attempt at duplicating the Crow DVD cover Rip em apart thanks_Ben_Kas Back to top RagnarokmemberMember #Joined: 12 Nov 2000Posts: 1085Location: Navarra, Spain Posted: Wed Jan 03, 2001 7:36 am I wouldn't color it, black and white is more powerful than color in this picture. Back to top faustgfxmemberMember #Joined: 15 Mar 2000Posts: 4833Location: unfortunately, very near you. Posted: Wed Jan 03, 2001 8:54 am you should try the work in huge rez then resize down -method of detailing it's much easier to draw the detail when you don't have to be overtly careful. just do it. enter the "fuck it it'll be fine after i resize it down.." mentality. work in 4x the size you intend to have it in the end. i'll use that one quick doodle of mine as an example. it might not be a good example or a good drawing or any of that, but it gets the point through. hopefully. nevermind the picture sizes. :P original rez: ------------------ sky high with a heartache of stone you never see me 'cos i'm always alone/ministry the law of lead now reigns!@#!/earth crisis email@example.com icq#35983387 http://faustgfx.0wns.org Back to top EviLToYLeTmemberMember #Joined: 09 Aug 2000Posts: 1216Location: CA, USA Posted: Wed Jan 03, 2001 7:07 pm To be honest, you need to make it clearer what is going on in the painting. What i think is happening is ome guy is looking at a coke can and a whole bunch of peopel are running down the stairs to steal the coke can because they're in WWII and thirsty as hell. Anyway, I'm a little confused on where your light source is... it seems to be coming from the middle of the two soliders....but arghh.... im not sure about the light soure anymore. I'll just leave it off at that and go eat some skittles. Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Sijun Forums Forum Index -> Work in Progress All times are GMT - 8 Hours Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Digital Art----------------Digital Art DiscussionWork in ProgressGallery/Finished Work Miscellaneous----------------Random MusingsArchive : Sep99 - Dec00 You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum Powered by phpBB © 2005 phpBB Group


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finger lickin' good..? sorry, i had to say it.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
Spicy Chicken Feet in a broth of liquid Gold
finger lickin' good..? sorry, i had to say it.
9 comments:
- Ninette said...
Awesome post!
- November 3, 2009 at 6:28 PM
- Mags said...
I read the entire post because I was so sure that this was a joke. Chicken feet? Seriously? I can't even imagine...LOLOL! And I thought I was strange because I love chicken necks. The broth sounds fantastic though!
- November 3, 2009 at 7:12 PM
- Amy said...
Great post! I don't think I can chew on a chicken foot. I have heard that they make the best chicken stock though! I buy chicken from a local producer and they have huge packages of feet that people buy to make stock.
- November 6, 2009 at 8:32 PM
- DocChuck said...
I really wanted to read this post. But between the bad formatting and the TERRIBLE punctuation, I gave up after a few lines.
It is really sad that people who immigrate to America refuse to learn and to use the English language when it comes to writing (or 'blogging' as so many recent immigrants call it).
Whatever. Maybe a bit of formal education would be to your benefit.
- November 8, 2009 at 12:41 PM
- Jenn Sutherland said...
I always have chicken feet in the freezer for making chicken stock. The Mexican market in our neighborhood always has them for $1/lb, and they make the BEST stock. I like to roast them for 40min @ 400 degrees with the veggies before making the stock, for the lovely deep roasted flavors.
- November 8, 2009 at 1:23 PM
- Jules and Ruby said...
DocChuck...thnx fer stoppin' by AGAIN !!! I obviously like to color outside the lines...maybe you should try it...
- November 8, 2009 at 4:59 PM
- Ian said...
Zombie Post! (aka bring up an old blog post)
I had the good fortune to live close to 2 different Asian markets in Seattle, and I made chicken feet "just because I could", and cleaning those suckers was one of the most traumatizing things I've ever had to do cooking.
Sauteeing them in an Asian-y sauce and then braising in that same sauce though, and suddenly the trauma was well worth the reward.
- February 23, 2011 at 2:02 PM
- joehawkins said...
hello again... just lurking around your site. i think we have very similar sensibilities when it comes to food. i make chicken feet stock most every week... in fact, i used it as base stock for the baby bella mushroom soup. i am so spoiled because i get pastured chicken feet for FREE from the lady i buy chicken from. most people don't want them... shhh.. no more posts on the topic, 'cause i don't want the secret to get out!! ;-p
- November 28, 2011 at 11:46 AM
- SMF International said...
Leveraging on our vast industry experience and understanding, we are betrothed in offering Potato Powder. SMF International is Best Potato Powder Supplier in India.
- July 1, 2017 at 3:04 AM


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(Gizmodo) It is very hard to make the driver of a yellow Hummer look like the sensible one in a confrontation.
One way to do the trick? Cut off the Hummer at the gas station and then slam into the pump, causing a massive fire and explosion.
That's exactly what happened yesterday at a Miami gas station when a woman apparently got impatient while waiting to fuel up. So she slipped in front of the Hummer that had been waiting in line and got a universal comeuppance in the form of a fiery car explosion.
No one was injured in the fire, but the gas pump had to be removed, and the car was presumably totaled. Which goes to show: It might be a karmically sound policy to screw with Hummer drivers as much as possible, but you should to try to not explode your car in the process. [CBS]


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Graduate Students
We'll help you discover who you are and how to find the right career. No matter what your dream, the CEC can help you pursue it.
Our rich services and resources include individual career coaching, career workshops and programs, online job and internship listings, career fairs and recruiting events, and much more.
No matter where you are on your career path or what your discipline, the CEC is here to help with the next steps in your career journey.
Whether you're just starting out, facing a mid-career transition or just ready for the next big step, the CEC will advise and guide you o make informed and meaningful career decisions.
As Simmons alumnae/i a full range of career services is available to you, including individual career coaching, job listings, networking, and other resources.
We routinely work with employers across a range of industries to help meet their recruitment needs. We stand ready to help connect you to the wealth of talent at Simmons.
From online job boards, career fairs, on-campus information sessions, and more, the Career Education Center provides a variety of recruiting options to allow you to connect with our students and alumni.
We partner with faculty and staff in the vital work of supporting and guiding both undergraduate and graduate students in their career development.
In addition to being a resource for students, the CEC is a resource for faculty and staff, too. Learn how the CEC can assist you by providing career coaching, in-classroom workshops, and more.
The transition from college to career is a giant step in your student's life. The Career Education Center is here to support your student so that she makes informed and meaningful career decisions, both now and in the future.
The CEC serves as the main career resource for all Simmons undergraduates. We welcome you to learn about who we are and the array of services we offer students.
The CEC supports undergraduates, grad students, and alumnae/i in developing the skills and knowledge you need to make informed decisions about your career. Let us know how we can help you.
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Friday, April 8, 2011
Tipping Point (A Confession) - Part 2
10 comments:
- Louise said...
oh Cassie, so much happened in such a short time! Thats a lot of stress you've been through, sounds like it's a good thing you got out of that toxic workplace though and you've made great progress with your 'digging out'.
Thanks for sharing it, it helps reading other peoples stories.
(have to say that coat is just gorgeous!)
- April 8, 2011 at 12:31 PM
- Morgaine said...
Cassie, you are very brave for posting this and for putting out to the world how you got where you are.
It seems that you have made peace with your past and are moving forward, not just harping on the mistakes you've made.
I wish you only the best on getting to where you want to be. I know you have the drive and determination. Keep up the good work! :D
- April 8, 2011 at 12:38 PM
- Cassie said...
@Louise - Yeah, it was a bit of a rough year. I'm glad it's over. (The coat has gotten a fair bit of wear since the shock of buying it wore off)
@Morgaine - It was really hard to write it, it's not exactly my proudest moment. I'm just hoping people don't judge me for it, and those in similar situations see that there is light at the end of the tunnel if you look for it.
Thanks for the support ladies, I appreciate it.
- April 8, 2011 at 3:09 PM
- Morgaine said...
I'm certainly in no position to judge, I'm in a pretty big mess completely of my own doing.
The main thing is that we realize our mistakes, learn from them (and try not to repeat them!) and move on. Which I think you're doing a great job! :)
- April 8, 2011 at 5:06 PM
- The Asian Pear said...
Wow. It's hard to believe that all happened within 1 year or so! That's a lot of ups and downs. I'm glad you left your workplace though. That sounds awful.
PS-The coat is REALLY gorgeous though.
- April 8, 2011 at 8:40 PM
- Moonwaves said...
Have just come across your blog and look forward to catching up. I have a feeling that what I say is going to come out the wrong way but I honestly mean it in a positive way and am not trying to make light of your experiences (or something, sorry, still getting over the flu that knocked me out for a week or two, have had a very long week and brain isn't processing very well).
What I wanted to say is, it seems like a lot of silliness to you but really, you're not doing too badly. You have a house (well, I haven't read through the archives so I'm assuming you still do) and a fabulous coat and you realised in just a year that you needed to change something (and a very tumultous year at that). It took me several years before copping on and several more years before really starting to understand and worst of all (in my head), I never ever bought one single thing that I could have ever contemplated selling to try and make back some money to clear debt. So really, you seem to have done pretty well for yourself. :)
Well done for being able to get it all down in black and white. You might have hated it but it's a very helpful thing to do.
- April 10, 2011 at 10:10 AM
- banclothing said...
That is one expensive coat! With that said; there are far bigger and worse purchases most of us have made. Those that have put us in 10's of thousands of debt. It also does not sound like you have any student debt... I graduated with 60 000 in debt and my interest was 29%. You have made some minor financial infractions however, we all have done the same. Regarding the coat... I know it was sickeningly expensive BUT it's a total classic and a well build trench. If you wear it for the next 10 years (I am sure you will end up wearing it longer) it's the same as spending $160/yr on a trench. I have had 4 trench coats and I paid more than $160 for each... you did buy an investment piece so you should enjoy wearing it and wear it often (get your money's worth). It isn't like a Herve Leger dress which goes out of style and can only be worn a few times a year.
- April 10, 2011 at 12:07 PM
- Cassie said...
Thanks Morgaine, I appreciate it.
@ TheAsianPear - It was a bit of a rollercoaster, I can say that much! I'm glad that year is over, now I just need to fix it. (I like the coat too :) )
@ Moonwaves - I didn't take it the wrong way, I understood what you meant. I know I'm not in the worst dire straights imaginable, I'm just in a position that is quite stressful for me personally. I do still have the home, so if push came to shove I could sell it (It's partially renovated though, so it's not a great time for doing that)
@ banclothing - I don't have any student debt, no. I had finished paying it off in August 2009. I don't know how you managed paying off $60,000 at 29% interest! That's insane! As for the coat, I plan to have it for a very very long time.
- April 10, 2011 at 8:41 PM
- banclothing said...
Sadly I have not paid it all off yet...
- April 11, 2011 at 1:14 PM
- Cassie said...
You'll get there :)
- April 11, 2011 at 10:23 PM


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Under Jakob's Ladder: The Story
CubeCity Entertainment Inc., A Moon Brothers Film, 97 minutes, 2012, DVD.
The film is set in the Soviet Union prior to World War II. It features the lives of the ethnic minority Germans from Russia.
Under Jakob's Ladder is based on a true story and was inspired by the life of a real teacher who lived in the Soviet Union in the 1930s: Jakob Seel. His life story is representative of so many others who lived during Stalinist great purges. He belonged to an ethnic minority called the Germans from Russia.
During the 18th century, Seel's German-speaking ancestors were among those invited by Catherine the Great (and her son Paul and grandson Alexander who ruled after her) to settle the Russian territories. Communist rule was established as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution, and Joseph Stalin came to power in the late 1920s. In the 1930s, Stalin began his political purges. The secret police would always come at night in a vehicle that was nicknamed the Black Raven. Men became scarce in the villages and it wasn't long before Seel himself was arrested—after praying a simple prayer at a funeral.
Under Jakob's Ladder is the story of a vendetta that began because of a game of chess. It all started when a country teacher named Jakob Seel (played by Jeff Stewart) defeats a Russian grandmaster. The grandmaster's young son, Nikolai, secretly vows to take revenge on the teacher.
Twenty years pass by. Unaware of the vendetta, Jakob is now 60 years old. With the Soviet regime solidly in place, Jakob has been dismissed from his teaching position in the community. Jakob struggles with his growing sense of worthlessness. So, when a neighbor asks him to publicly speak at the funeral of her brother, he agrees, even though he knows the government forbids it.
Later that night comes the ominous knock on the door. Jakob has been reported. The secret police take him from his home and his beloved granddaughter, Marta.
Thrown into a Soviet detention camp, Jakob finds himself under the heel of the ruthless warden: Nikolai (Christopher Elliott). While Jakob is unaware of Nikolai's identity as the grandmaster's son, little by little, Jakob begins to put the clues together. The prisoners are forced to play chess with the warden. If they win, he promises to free them. But if they lose, they face torture. And Nikolai always wins.
Suddenly, during the night, some of the prisoners mysteriously disappear. The prisoners turn to Jakob for help. Jakob sends a message, offering to play a game of chess with Nikolai. But Nikolai has one more trick up his sleeve...
Under Jakob's Ladder
$20.00 plus Shipping & Handling


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University of Minnesota Does Not Want 'Redskins' Name Used. Good Idea?
The University of Minnesota's president says the school is working with the Minnesota Vikings to keep the Washington Redskins name from being used at the university's stadium.
In a letter to Minnesota U.S. Rep. Betty McCollum, university President Eric Kaler calls the Redskins name offensive and says he'll work with the Vikings to eliminate the use of the team name on game day. It's not clear to what extent the Vikings are participating in the effort. - Associated Press
A good idea? Jeff thinks so in this Double Overtime.


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TomZH necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 163 diseños de 26 diseñadores freelance.
Waddy (or waddy.ch or wAddy.ch Waddy.ch)
We are a Swiss web startup looking to completely change the process of informing about private person's change mailing address to companies (to which they have a relation to).
For example the communication of the individuals address after a relocation to bank / insurance accounts, subscribed magazines and newspapers.
Keywords for icons and design in general: Address, change mailing address, email, mail, communication, inform, up to date, 1 to all, time saving, receiving update
Our audience is segmented into two parts:
- People which save a lot of time trough the web page (less work for identifing accounts, suscriptions and so on every time they move)
- Companies can set up a data interface to optimize their "change mailing address" process
- Reflects the brand attributes of young company, dynamic, fresh
- We look forward to a complete logo, not only a typeface
- The typeface should be clear and simple
- We are open to color combination, but please not pink and violet
- You can omit the slogan and / or ".ch" if it looks better without
- Could be 2D, 3D, whatever. Feel free to experiment
- We prefer visuals that are bold, compelling, vibrant and high-contrast, characterful and not too 'corporate'
- Please do not use any stock images or clip art in your designs.
-it needs to be able to be resized and used as a logo online, in a business card, letterhead and online/offline marketing collateral
Also we will put a "created by text" at our website with a link to your company if you like
We will give feedback through the whole process so we can go thru this together.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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We are delivering your drinks to:
Whether you call it blonde or golden ale, one thing's for certain. This straw-colored beer is a middle-of-the-road brew that everyone can enjoy. Get to know the nuances of golden ales and find the perfect blonde brew for you.
What's the Story of Blonde Ale?
Like many of the best beers, blonde ales originated in North America. In the grand scheme of things, they're relative newcomers. In fact, these members of the pale ale family first hit the market around the same time that craft beer started to grow in popularity.
While some craft brews are challenging, especially for palates used to mass-market beers, golden ales couldn't be easier to get to know. In fact, blonde ales have long been known for their easy drinkability. That makes them the ideal brew to pique the typical beer drinker's interest and speed up the introduction to the world of craft beer.
How Does Blonde Ale Taste?
If you've ever enjoyed a crisp, refreshing German Kölsch on a warm day, you can probably imagine how an American blonde ale tastes. Most have a light or medium body with a slightly sweet maltiness and a light to medium bitterness from the hops. Most blonde ales also have subtle notes of fruit that give them more complex flavor profiles and hint at summertime fun.
Overall, blonde ales are known for being balanced and easy to enjoy. You'll like them best if you serve them in a tulip glass, and you should always chill them to between 45 and 50 degrees.
Types of Blonde Ale You Have to Try:
They say that blondes have more fun, and that's certainly true of these popular brews. Take your love of golden ales to the next level with these top picks.
Unfortunately, it looks like Drizly isn't available in your area yet. We'll make sure you're the first to know when we launch near you.


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Velber Bevan
Velber Keith Bevan, 83, died Aug. 26 in Hutchinson.
He was born Aug. 1, 1930, to Clyde and Ella Johanna Tietzen Bevan in Herington. He was a graduate of Caldwell High School.
He worked for the Rock Island Railroad, then he served two years in the Marine Corps during the Korean War. He returned to work for the railroad for 43 years before retiring.
Velber married Donna Rose Pankratz on May 5, 1956, in Marion. They were married for 57 years and were active in Westside Baptist Church, Hutchinson.
He was preceded in death by his brother, Jerry.
He is survived by his wife, Donna.
A graveside service with military rites was Friday at Marion Cemetery. A memorial service followed at Westside Baptist Church, Hutchinson.
Memorial funds have been established with the church mission fund and with Hutchinson Hospice.


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In June 2008 I finally entered Istanbul University, not for study purposes, but just to see the buildings and garden. What I had not expected was that from the back of the area one has a marvelous view of the Süleymaniye Mosque. It was under restoration, I tried to keep out scaffolding as much as possible. These shots by necessity – being taken from one vantage point – do not show the whole complex, but they give some detailed views of the dome-structure of the mosque itself and some parts of the külliye, the ensemble of buildings that always surrounded a big mosque, like some tombs, soup kitchen, a hospital, a Koran school.
For any use: see my Profile. NOTE: Many of my pictures are in sub-galleries (some within another, their name is in bold print)!


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Modern Ride-on Toys for Toddlers
When children are learning to walk, they want to move-move-move all the time! Riding toys are great because they can push them while walking or climb on top for a spin. One of the issues I've run into while shopping for a quality ride-on toy has been maneuverability - some just don't roll very well. Here are some fabulous animal-like designs that will be hard to pass up for your little flying bee.
1. Flip Rocker and Ride-On by Wishbone ($126)
2. Quick.Smart.Go by Scuttlebug ($50)
3. Yeti Toy by Prince Lionheart ($129)
4. Pewi Ride-on Toy by YBike ($65)
5. Wheely Bugs by Prince Lionheart (small $70, large $80)
(Images: as credited )


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I stitched this cage about 8 month ago...:) so if you will find any differences beetween chart and picture don't worry about it. I changed a little bit pattern, because I think that now it looks better.
Wzor wyszylam na tkaninie 28ct, poniewaz sama klatka jest dosc duza.
I stitched this pattern on fabric 28ct, because this cage is rather big.
Happy stitching for everyone...Ania


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Request for sign or regulation change, or for street cleaning on a new block.
Get information and status on alternate side parking or street cleaning.
Get information about parking cards and where to buy them.
Learn about the City's program to designate parking spaces for carsharing.
Find a public parking lot.
Make a complaint about a privately owned garage or parking lot.
Report a problem with a City parking garage or lot.
Get a parking reservation for a monthly municipal parking garage permit.
On-street metered parking for areas with high demand for spaces.
Report that you did not receive a parking card.
Report a problem with a parking meter or request to have one installed.
Apply for a parking permit, get information and assistance, or report misuse of a parking permit.
Look up parking signs located on any City street.
Get information about how to pay for street parking using a parking meter or ParkNYC mobile payment system.
Learn about parking tractor-trailers overnight on residential streets.
Report a vehicle, either with or without license plates, stored on residential property or in a vacant lot.
General information about vehicles booted due to unpaid parking tickets.
Make a complaint about a business that places wheel locks on illegally parked cars.
Get information about bus lane camera violations or pay or fight a violation.
Pay online for New York City services, bills, and fees.
Request a hearing to fight a parking ticket, or appeal a hearing if you were found guilty.
Find a location to pay parking tickets, property taxes, and related charges.
Report an illegally parked vehicle.
Get information about parking and camera ticket late fees, interest, and actions the City may take to collect unpaid debt.
Request a refund for overpayment of parking, red light camera, bus lane, or speed camera violations.
Programs to help businesses manage their parking tickets, bus lane, and red light camera violations.
Help with parking tickets given to diplomatic vehicles.
Look up the status or request copies of your parking tickets or ticket history.
Get information about parking ticket payment methods and payment plans.
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Find a vehicle was moved due to an accident, filming, street event, or construction.
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Report a problem with a tow truck company or driver.
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Report an accident that just occurred and caused injury.
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Learn from me. I learned this lesson the hard way - by listening to tons of people telling me their opinion on debuggers. By the law of averages alone I can guarantee for a fact that at least some of these people were idiots.
But blogging this was a mistake, or at least, blogging it with comments enabled was a mistake. Blogging mistakes are very easy to make. Avdi Grimm recently made a good point in a self-defeating way and pissed some people off in the process. But the people who are angry need to chill.
"Metaprogramming" is a new thing for many people, a shiny magic hammer that turns everything around it into a nail, and the results can be silly bugs. I've seen gems with "clever" uses of
method_missing trap errors from utterly unrelated code; I've seen Rails evaluate any and all code in my
.irbrc and had Jeremy Kemper from Rails core angrily telling me that this was not a bug. We do need to evolve norms like the Emacs system Avdi describes:
I look at the Emacs community as an inspiration. Emacs, as many of you probably know, is essentially just a lisp machine. Emacs Lisp, the language it is written in, is every bit as dynamic as Ruby. Functions can be replaced at any time, by code in any package. And because all Emacs Lisp code is intended to extend the Emacs editor, it is not uncommon for hundreds of different Emacs Lisp packages to be running in the same process, all coexisting and interacting. And yet, for the most part this melting pot of extensions all function together smoothly and without breakage.
Why? I think the biggest reason is community conventions. I've read a lot of ELisp code, and I have very rarely seen the equivalent of Ruby-style monkey patching. Even the advice mechanism, an AOP-like feature which enables functions to be dynamically wrapped and chained, somewhat like Rails' alias_method_chain, is used sparingly. Instead, every mature Emacs extension exposes a plethora of "hooks", extension points that other packages can attach their own handlers to. Other packages add their handlers to these hooks, and to hooks that the core Emacs code provides, and thus they cooperate largely without collisions.
Although it's dangerous to look at the Emacs community as inspiration, Ruby will obviously have to evolve some set of norms. Convention over configuration is also about conventions over confusion.
But what Avdi's saying is presented unwisely, as a complaint, and makes the first person to present any solution become the hero with the solution.
That hero is Pat Maddox.
There's a crazy idea out there that monkey-patching is bad. alias_method_chain is perhaps the worst offender. It allows you to easily decorate an object with behavior at runtime. The problem occurs when maintaining code that is all alias_method_chain'ed out - such as ActiveRecord::Base and the gazillion plugins that monkey patch it. It's tough to figure out what method you're actually aliasing away, and god help you if you rely on ordering.
Some may criticize, but I prefer to Do Cool Shit™.
Pat's solution is some cleverness around
alias_method_chain and it's probably one of the only uses of "metaprogramming" you'll ever see which is truly meta. Pat runs
alias_method_chain on
alias_method_chain to introduce
alias_method_chain logging.
Although this totally kicks ass, it's just a solution. It's not the solution. The solution will probably be some set of similar techniques - some group of different ways to Do Cool Shit™. This solution obviously deserves a place in that set of techniques, but since it only addresses one particular instance of the problem class Avdi identified, it only addresses that portion of the problem space. More techniques will arise over time. I guarantee it.
But for bloggers and programmers, the real moral of the story is: Always program first and blog second. Nobody will reward you, and the people who write the code that you correctly identified the need for will be like "booyah!" at you, even though in a sense it was really your idea. This puts everything on the wrong footing.
For instance, Pat's code uses globals. Any time a programmer brags about using globals, you know something fucked up is happening. Starting everything off with a complaint skews the whole conversation, and even the solutions end up tainted.
Also, poor blogging tactics can make you look like less of a programmer than you really are. For the record, Avdi contributed some wicked code to my Utility Belt gem recently which allows you to run Unix
diff on any arbitrary pair of Ruby objects. (Wicked not in its complexity, but in the sheer lovely madness of the very idea.)
Never complain. Only ever code. Always program first and blog second.


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Brazilian utility and developer Desenvix signed a contract with Sinovel last September for 23 turbines of 1.5MW for its Barra dos Coqueiros project. It then filed court orders to determine if the turbines contained intellectual property allegedly stolen from AMSC, but dropped the action in August when it received confirmation that the turbine's control system technology is from US company Emerson Electric and that the software is a brand-new innovation developed by Sinovel and its partners, including Denmark's Mita-Teknik.
Nevertheless, AMSC is continuing to sue Desenvix over potential intellectual theft of the code. AMSC vice president Jason Fredette said: "Since we still have not received evidence, we have not withdrawn our suit. We will continue to work this through the courts and with Desenvix to obtain independent verification."
Sinovel has agreed to an independent inspection of the turbines by a third party chosen by both Desenvix and Sinovel. "Both parties expect and are committed to having the inspection as soon as possible," a spokesman for Desenvix said. Emerson has confirmed that the technology belongs to it.
"This is a fully fledged war [between AMSC and Sinovel] that will occur every time Sinovel does an overseas sale," said Andrew Chen of USFOR Energy, a consultancy which advises Chinese companies entering the US market.
AMSC's trade secrets, including software coding for turbine power electronics, were stolen by a disgruntled ex-employee in Austria in 2010, who was jailed after claiming that he sold the code to Sinovel. Sinovel vehemently denies this. Some believe the Chinese firm will have a hard time selling many turbines in the US, or in the EU because of the Austrian case. "Trade law is trade law," said Aaron Chew of US-based Maxim Group.
The turbine delivery for Desinvex is Sinovel's first major export. In 2011, developer Mainstream shelved a 1GW deal with the Chinese firm for Irish projects because of the IP fight. Sinovel has since won a 600MW agreement in Turkey, which is outside the EU ruling.
The Brazilian market has seen a gold rush of major wind players, but with a recent decision by the BNDES state-owned bank to drop five manufacturers from its financing programme through failure to provide sufficient local content, it has become somewhat uncertain for some foreign players. Sinovel, with $55 million funding from the China Development Bank for the Desenvix project, relies less heavily on BNDES.
It has also said that it will build an assembly plant in Brazil, although no date has yet been set. Caitlin Pollock, consultant at IHS Emerging Energy Research said that AMSC is likely to be pursuing Sinovel in Brazil due to its aggressive ambitions there. Not only does Sinovel have its largest firm overseas contract in that country, but it has also set up a local sales office and is considering local assembly.
Under pressure
Min Xu, an analyst at Jefferies believes that the fight with AMSC could really affect Sinovel's ability to sell overseas. Like other Chinese manufacturers, it has seen its domestic sales rocked by a softening
market in China. Sinovel could not be reached for comment.
AMSC is continuing to pursue Sinovel through the courts in China, while Sinovel has countersued for alleged breach of contract. For both companies, Brazil is an important market, and this legal battle appears to be far from over.
AMSC also appears to have turned to the might of US politics to pursue its case, with its chief executive officer and president, Daniel McGahn, saying that ambassador to China Gary Locke, minister of state Hillary Clinton and vice president Joe Biden are "personally pressing our case with their counterparts in the Chinese goernment".


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The disappointment was everywhere to be seen Friday night after Northside again came up short in the NCHSAA 2-AA East Regional final.
The disappointment was everywhere to be seen Friday night after Northside again came up short in the NCHSAA 2-AA East Regional final.
Senior Trey Eason was in tears as he collapsed near the bench as the final seconds ticked off in the Monarchs� 21-14 loss to Carrboro.
Coach Bob Eason stared out at the field, alone with his thoughts.
After the players shook hands at midfield, senior Dewayne Johnson lay on his back at the goal line inconsolable as he faced the night sky.
On the other side of the field the Jaguars celebrated their first trip to the state finals.
That was a trip the Monarchs had hoped to earn.
But on this night Carrboro was just a little better in a fierce, hard-hitting battle in which the Monarchs never led or were even tied.
�We�ve worked hard,� coach Eason said. �We put a lot of time and effort into it. That�s why the kids are so upset. But Carrboro has a good team. It could have gone either way. It went their way tonight.�
With the win, second-seeded Carrboro (15-0) advances to play No. 7 seed South Iredell (13-2) on Dec. 1 at 7 p.m. at Carter-Finley Stadium in Raleigh. South Iredell outscored Salisbury 35-28 to advance.
�Holy smokes, man!� Carrboro coach Jason Tudryn said. �In 2007 when we were getting beat 89-0 and 70-0, a lot of those kids weren�t here, but that�s what our community saw when they first started football in that town. And now to say you�re going to play for the 2012 state championship is pretty amazing. It�s pretty awesome.�
Meanwhile, Northside, which finishes 14-1, has to contemplate its fifth loss in as many trips to the regional finals in its 12-year existence. This was the Monarchs� first trip to the regional finals since making it four straight years from 2005 to 2008.
This loss, however, was different for coach Eason.
�Yeah, it hurts more. My son�s a senior. I was wanting it for him, wanted one more week with him out here, and my other son�s on the team,� he said. �But you know what there�s a lot of people would trade places with us to even feel like we do right now. They�ll never know this feeling. You�ve just got to stay positive about it.�
Northside�s usually strong running game struggled against the 4-4-3 scheme deployed by the Jaguars, who were good enough up front � led by senior Scott Peretin � to generally not have to load the box to control the Monarchs� ground attack.
�That was the key,� Peretin said.
Coach Eason agreed.
�Their defensive line was good,� he said. �Their defensive front is what made their defense.�
Johnson, who came into the game with 1,595 yards rushing, finished with 66 yards on 22 carries � with several runs coming when Northside changed gears and used him at quarterback in its �wildcat� formation.
�We�ve been working on that all year,� coach Eason said. �We knew eventually we�d have to go to Plan B when we couldn�t run the iso. I think every good football team�s got one and we weren�t afraid to break it out.�
Even with that, Northside wound up with just 97 yards rushing as a team while sophomore quarterback Courtney Piatt threw for 163 yards, completing 13 of 22 passes with one interception in the waning moments.
Northside�s defense was again tough, holding Trai Sharp, who had 2,244 yards rushing, to 79 yards on 25 carries. But it was Carrboro�s passing game that was the difference. Behind a veteran offensive line, senior quarterback Alex McVeigh was rarely pressured while hitting 7 of 11 passes for 175 yards, including a 53-yard touchdown pass to Sharp.
�We were so worried about the counters and boots and everything. Plus, not having Matt Lafferty hurt,� said coach Eason, referring to Lafferty having to sit out the game after being ejected in the regional semifinal.
�We had to move (Shadell) Markee out to end. He�s not familiar with that. Defense played hard. and we played really good at times. We just couldn�t get off the field on third down. There�s a lot of things that went on in the game. We made some mistakes.�
Northside was behind from the start. Carrboro drove 75 yards in 11 plays on its opening possession to grab a 7-0 on a 1-yard run by Douglas Parrish, who later scored on a 6-yard run with 4:48 left in the third quarter to make it 14-0 after a 61-yard pass from McVeigh to wide receiver Marlon Johnson on third-and-12 at the Carrboro 4.
Northside countered, however. After a 36-yard kickoff return by Johnson to the Carrboro 45, Northside scored four plays later on a 34-yard run by Trey Eason, a fullback, to cut the lead in half with 2:57 left.
The Jaguars, however, wasted no time in getting their 14-point lead back. On Carrboro�s ensuing possession, McVeigh hit Sharp in stride down the sideline for a 53-yard touchdown pass to make it 21-7 with 1:44 left in the third quarter.
Northside pulled within a touchdown again on a 38-yard pass from Piatt to Johnson with 5:52 left in the game.
After holding Carrboro to a three-and-out, Northside drove to the Carrboro 45, where Piatt�s pass was picked off with 2:44 left by George Carpenter when Piatt and standout wide receiver Josh Cabrera weren�t on the same page.
�Just miscommunication,� coach Eason said. �Young quarterback, receivers, just trying to work in a stressful situation.�
Carrboro then sealed the win when Sharp scooted 14 yards on third-and-6, allowing the visitors to run out the clock.
�That was a rough game,� Peretin said. �But it was fun. It was a battle. It was probably the most physical game all year. But, oh, my gosh, it�s like a dream (making the state finals). It�s crazy. It really is.�
Coach Eason and the Monarchs, meanwhile, could only think about what might have been.
�There�s always shoulda, coulda, woulda,� he said, �but we had a good season.�
Carrboro 7 0 14 0 � 21
Northside 0 0 7 7 � 14
First Quarter
C � Parrish1 run (McPeak kick), 7:22
Third Quarter
C � Parrish 6 run (McPeak kick), 4:48
N � T. Eason 34 run (T. Eason kick) 2:57
C � Sharp 53 pass from McVeigh (McPeak kick), 1:44
Fourth Quarter
N � Johnson 49 pass from Piatt (T. Eason kick), 5:52
First downs 12 13
Rushes-yards 41-169 29-97
Passing 175 163
Comp-Att-Int 7-11-0 13-22-1
Fumbles-Lost 2-0 1-0
Penalties-Yards 10-88 4-30
Punts 4-30.0 2-37.0
RUSHING�C: Sharp 25-79, Parrish 12-47, McVeigh 4-43. N: Johnson 22-66, T. Eason 3-35, Adams 1-2, Markee 1-0, Piatt 2-(-6).
PASSING�C: McVeigh 7-11-0 175 1 TD. N: Piatt 12-22-1 163 1 TD.
RECEIVING�C: Sharp 4-82, Johnson 3-93. N: Cabrera 4-72, Johnson 3-46, Markee 3-40, Daniels 2-5, Pinto 1-4.


text: mobily 1 Posted November 7, 2012 Before I start going into a blind panic about my car being broken, would you guys say a drop from 34mpg on average all year down to 30mpg since this cold spell is normal? I haven't for the last couple of days been able to average more than 29mpg but then I've only been driving in less than 5 degree temps (early morning, late at night) Sounds normal to me. I've noticed a significant drop in economy with the cold weather, especially when only commuting 4 miles each way in the morning and at night. I presume you have a 1.6 petrol? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites