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Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
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Topic: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town (Read 3893 times)
New Fire
Posts: 8
Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
December 12, 2010, 10:05:50 PM »
Greetings, everyone! I am working on a game known as New Fire. It is a fantasy RPG set in a world based on Aztec/Mayan/Mesoamerican culture and mythology. Players take on the role of elite Warriors or Priests (or some combination thereof) and pursue glory and prestige for themselves and the ever-hungry gods! I have many of the basics of the game figured out, but there are a few other areas that I am looking for some input/feedback on.
The game works pretty well for players creating and playing their individual characters. However, because this is an Aztec-themed game, war is a very important part of it, so I want to have a really nice, easy-to-use system for representing army/battle scale combats. One of the assumptions I am making is that the PCs will be elites--Jaguar Warriors, Eagle Warriors, Sun Priests, etc--and therefore they will be the ones leading the battles. Specifically, they will each have a unit of soldiers or priests under their command. This avoids the problem of having PCs constantly taking orders from higher-ranking NPCs. The other is that the players should be using the same skills in massed combat as they do in the individual game--I don't want to force them to invest in two separate sets of skills. I've seen some games have a 'Battle' or 'War' skill, and while I'm not completely against the idea of having such a skill I don't want to make that particular skill the center of it, both because I would have to find a legitimate use for it in the individual game and also because I want the two "Scales" of the game to move seamlessly together (after playing a few round on the Battle Scale, the GM might move the game to the individual level to allow the player to personally battle the leader of an enemy unit, for instance).
The solution I've arrived at is to have different sets of Stats for the different Scales of the game--for the individual scale, the PC uses their character's skills (melee weapons, ranged weapons, etc) and pairs them with their character's stats (Strength, Intelligence, etc). For the Battle scale, the PC uses those same skills (melee weapons, ranged weapons, etc) but pairs them with the Unit's stats, which represent the competence and abilities of the men you're leading. That means that, on the Battle scale, the "character" you're playing is the unit that your character is in command of. You can move and take actions just like you would as an individual, but your rolls are based on your Unit's stats, rather than your own personal ones.
An example: if your individual character is walking down the street and gets attacked by some horrible flying monster, he would use his Ranged Weapon skill associated with his character's Perception stat. But if your character was leading his unit in battle and wanted that unit to rain down a hail of arrows on an enemy unit, he would use his Ranged Weapon skill associated with his unit's Archery stat.
At this point, however, I'm not quite sure what stats to give units. Here is what I have so far:
Hand-to-Hand (represents the unit's skills in close up combat)
Archery (represents the unit's skills with ranged weapons)
Scouting (represents the unit's sneaking, spotting, and tracking abilities)
Medicine (represents the unit's ability to render medical aid to other units, "healing" them, as well as the unit's ability to support magic use)
Size (determines how many "hitpoints" the unit has, as well as applying a bonus to the unit's "damage rolls")
Two questions: firstly, what are your thoughts on this way of representing mass combat? Secondly, can you guys think of anything else that might work as stats for a Unit?
Continuing in this line, I thought about extending this idea to reflect town leadership as well, for characters who want to draw upon the resources of their home town, or lead their town on a larger scale. They would still use their character's skills, but the rolls would be associated with the stats of the town.
Here were some ideas I had for town stats:
Farming (the town's agricultural output)
Crafting (the town's ability to make and build things)
Prestige (the town's social rank in comparison with others)
Spiritual (the town's favor with the gods)
Thoughts? And any other ideas for town stats?
Jason J. Patterson
Posts: 85
Bearer of the Mindsword
Re: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
Reply #1 on:
December 14, 2010, 12:01:55 AM »
Hello, interesting ideas there. I'm talking to someone right now but wanted to link to some things I created for Warhammer that might be useful or help give you inspiration for your game.
I can't concentrate enough to post to reply with ideas on your work right now but will try to get back to your post, but hopefully something on my list could be helpful to you.
"VVVVOOOOLLLLTTAAAAANNNNN, you will DDIIIEEE by my sword."
Jason J. Patterson
Posts: 85
Bearer of the Mindsword
Re: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
Reply #2 on:
December 15, 2010, 04:42:19 PM »
Looking back over your post, I think your stuff looks relatively solid, as far as it goes, which is why it reminded me so much of what I put together. But mine ws strictly as measures for mass combat and for town info, for when the party was dealing with these things, using a system that already had established statistics, and I just adapted those, so I guess I'm a bit on the vague side as to be able to give advice, as it seems like what is important to the towns and such will likely be more abstracted values of whatever the PCs have to begin with, and vice versa.
"VVVVOOOOLLLLTTAAAAANNNNN, you will DDIIIEEE by my sword."
Ron Edwards
Global Moderator
Posts: 17707
Re: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
Reply #3 on:
December 15, 2010, 05:08:27 PM »
As I posted in the other New Fire thread, these threads cannot continue unless the game author makes some kind of external document available to us as a touchpoint for discussion.
Dr. V, I do appreciate the positive feedback and help you're providing, and I want to jump in too. But let's wait until the game meets the new requirements for this forum before replying further.
New Fire
Posts: 8
Re: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
Reply #4 on:
January 03, 2011, 07:55:18 PM »
Whew! Sorry for the delay--my website had some technical difficulties to grapple with! Here is a link to the New Fire website:
Posts: 45
Re: Stats for an Army Unit, Stats for a Town
Reply #5 on:
January 07, 2011, 10:45:45 PM »
So, effectively each unit becomes a character? Interesting idea. The one problem with it is that, presumably, as a unit looses soldiers, it becomes less able to attack, whereas that doesn't typically occur when a character loses health. I've seen one game that fixed that problem by having 3 levels of stats for their unit (like, between 15 and 11 hp you have this attack, at 10 to 6 you have a weaker attack, and at 5-1 you have a very weak attack). I guess see what happens when you playtest it.
For unit stats, things look pretty solid. The two things that jump to mind which are missing are "speed" (unless that is part of scouting), and "discipline." The first would be important if different characters could move at different rates (although, if this is Aztec, maybe everyone would run at the same speed until Cortez showed up). The second would signify how likely the group is to panic, become disorganized, and run when hit by a superior force.
Town stats looked pretty good as well. Technology might be a stat, but that might be somewhere between prestige and craft. Also, you might have population as a stat (unless that is implied by agriculture). Last, defenses (in case you try to lay siege to it). Maybe? As I said, what you have look pretty good, and you could get away with not altering it.
Wow, I have a blog now. Weird!
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sudo apt-get install openjdk-6-jdkThis took a while as it downloaded and installed all the required packages. I then grabbed the binary only copy of GATE's nightly build (while I wanted to run GATE I didn't want to try compiling it). Once downloaded I started up X to give me a graphical interface (the default distribution uses LXDE). From a terminal I then started GATE. The splash screen came up almost immediately, but then there was a bit of a wait while it built the developer interface. Once GATE had started I then loaded up a copy of ANNIE (the default information extraction pipeline). This was the point at which I then took the photo on the left. Now because Amazon seem to have mislaid a parcel I ordered, I'm stuck connecting the Raspberry Pi to my TV via a composite cable (I wanted to use a HDMI to DVI-D cable to attach to my nice monitor) and I can't get the screen to scale correctly. This means that the top and bottom are cut off slightly and it isn't filling the width. Anyway at least you can see GATE loaded and the Raspberry Pi resting on the box of chocolates on the floor.
I was intending to take some proper screenshots to show GATE working but unfortunately I couldn't figure out how (turns out that taking screenshots under LXDE is a slightly convoluted process), but here is a close up photo of the TV having done a small amount of information extraction.
I'm not sure what I'm going to try doing with the Raspberry Pi next so if anyone has anything they'd like to test let me know and I'll see what I can do.


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Remove web access to directories
You can remove all Web access to a directory on your Windows hosting account by removing the "Anonymous Access" IIS Setting for that directory. The result of removing this permission is that you can only access that directory from with your hosting account or via FTP. You will not be able to access the directory through any Web browser, regardless of whether you are knowledgeable of the hosting account user name and password.
To Remove Web Access to a Directory Using IIS Settings
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The Long Journey Home
The Odyssey may be familiar to you — almost every high school English teacher in the United States assigns some part of the epic for students to read. You may have read a few episodes—Cyclops, Circe, the Sirens, Odysseus killing the suitors—or you may have read the whole thing. If you did read the whole thing, you most likely either remember some of it or none of it. It's a very long story, and when you're under a deadline ("read 80 pages for tomorrow") you don't really have time to read for enjoyment.
Here you get the chance to read The Odyssey on your own terms and on your own schedule. If ever there were a story that demanded a relaxed reader, it's The Odyssey. You're on a ten-year journey with Odysseus, and each island he and his steadily shrinking crew land on introduces a new story. Trying to gun through it just so you can say you're done will produce no feelings of interest, joy, or sorrow—which means the whole point of an epic poem has been missed. There's no obligation to start at page one and read to the conclusion. Just as you do on any journey you make, keep an eye out for adventure, choose the adventures you want to take part in, and enjoy them to the fullest.
Emily Greenwood
Associate Professor of Classics, Yale University:
"From the time which it began to circulate in the Greek world, The Odyssey was acknowledged as a traveler's text. So Alexander the Great, when he set off to Egypt, had a copy of The Odyssey with him. Lawrence of Arabia is the other classic explorer who is famous for citing The Odyssey as his inspirational text. I've heard it said The Odyssey was a text that Columbus traveled with, and that in addition to the Bible, it was one of his master narratives for his New World exploration. There's seldom a period when The Odyssey falls out of view."


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A few months ago I sold my Kindle Fire in order to buy an iPad. Originally, I intended to buy a refurbished iPad 3 ($379) because it was cheaper than a new iPad 2 ($399) and still came with the same warranty as a brand new iPad. The Apple store online was out of the refurbished iPad 3 so I headed down to the local Apple Store on my lunch break to have a look at the Mini, not intending to buy it at all.
When I picked up the Apple Mini I knew immediately that this was the tablet for me. Compared to the full-sized iPads in the store, the iPad Mini feels like a feather in your hands.
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Three Reasons I Bought the iPad Mini
1. Compatibility with existing apps I'd reviewed or purchased for my iPhone. I already had some money invested in apps that I'd purchased for my iPhone. I was reluctant double my spending in order to purchase apps for the Kindle too.
2. It's the right size for kids to use. One of my biggest concerns about the iPad has always been its size and weight. Kids don't always have a firm grip on things and I was afraid my younger kids would drop the larger iPad. The iPad Mini is slightly larger than the Kindle Fire but still weighs less making it a good device for younger kids to use.
3. Fits my budget better than the larger devices. Although I still paid a premium for an Apple device, the iPad Mini fits my budget much better than the other iPad models. It's $70 less than the iPad 2 and has better features.
Although I sold my Kindle Fire, I still recommend it over the iPad for families on a budget who want a tablet that they can use in their homeschool. The price is right and the FreeTime feature makes it much easier to manage what apps your kids ca access, how much time they spend using the Kindle, and you can easily block Internet access. My current recommendation for a "low-cost" tablet is the Nexus 7. At $199 it provides superb value for homeschoolers looking to buy a tablet. Like the Kindle Fire, it offers multiple user accounts and global parental controls that can be tailored for each account.
Links Mentioned in the Podcast
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I'll be hanging out at the Love is Murder Mystery Convention over the weekend, and wanted to go over a few ground rules and some quickie dos and don'ts.
Should You Go? I believe writing conferences are one of the only times it's okay for an author to spend money (we all know money flows toward the writer, not away.)
Unfortunately, many of them are out of state, travel and hotels are expensive, and the conference admission can cost anywhere from $100 to $500 dollars.
But there are several big reasons why newbie and pro authors should attend these events.
Networking. Meeting fellow professionals keeps you foremost in their mind when projects arise. Publishing, like all other businesses, is about people.
Camaraderie. While networking is about business, camaraderie is about hanging around with like-minded individuals. Socializing with writers is part of being a writers.
Panels. Being on them if you're a pro, watching them if you're a newbie. If done an extensive post on this before. http://jakonrath.blogspot.com/2006/09/conference-tips.html
Pitching. Any decent conference has agents and editors there. An in-person pitch gets you on top of the slush pile if they ask to take a look--your submission becomes solicited rather than unsolicited, and the agent/editor has a face to go along with a name.
Fans. I put this last, because unless you're already a bestseller, you won't be signing a lot of books. But meeting fans in person is powerful juju, and a handshake and a few kind words will likely be remembered for a long time.
If you have decided to attend a convention, here are some tips.
DO hang out at the bar. This is the best place to meet and mingle, and much more relaxed than anyplace else at the con. If you're buying drinks, you can ask anyone a question or bend their ear for a few minutes, even bigshot editors, authors, and agents.
DON'T get sloppy drunk. It will be remembered, and talked about.
DO wear business casual. The better you look, the better you'll feel.
DON'T be nervous. Everyone was a newbie once, and no one cares if you're perfect.
DO buy books. We're all in this together. If you're an author, buying books is also a great way to get in good with the bookseller.
DON'T talk too much. We learn by listening, not talking, and you're probably not as interesting as you think you are. Or as I am. :)
DO introduce yourself to strangers or people you know from their reputation and/or online. Sit at strange tables during communal lunches. Chat up people in elevators. Smile a lot.
DON'T hang out with the same crowd over and over and over. Yes, hang out with them, but don't limit yourself to only them.
DO pass out business cards, and ask for them in return. That means have some made if you don't have any. They should have your email and website on them--name and phone number isn't necessary.
DON'T sell hard. Conferences are about creating good will, not cramming your books down people's throats. A soft sell is okay, if kept to under 20 seconds, and if you're not doing it all the damn time.
DO thank whoever is running the con. It's an awful burden, and they deserve a pat on the back.
DON'T make any concrete plans. Cons are very liquid, and often you don't know what panels you'll watch, who you'll be hanging out with, or where you'll end up. Go with the flow.
Finally, remember to set goals.
While you don't need to figure out ahead of time what you'll be doing for every second, you should have reasons for attending the con. This isn't vacation time. It's business. You should know who you want to meet, what you want to accomplish, and have a mental checklist of reasons why you're attending in the first place.
Selling 100 books and asking JA Konrath to blurb you isn't a realistic goal. Shaking 100 hands and buying JA a drink is a much better goal, and within your power.
Like all aspects of writing, convention-going is both fun and hard work. The better prepared you are, the more realistic your expectations, and the fun should outweigh the work.
And if you see me, I like microbrewed beer and quality bourbon. Buy me enough and you might get that blurb after all...
Friday, February 06, 2009
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Nakapan necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 54 diseños de 10 diseñadores freelance.
A Thai-boxing world champion and lifelong practitioner of mixed martial arts will open a martial arts academy in January of 2009. The trademark of this academy- Body Efficient Tactical Arts (BETA)- invokes the cultural heritage of Thailand by using the image of a Betta fish/ Siamese fighting fish. These fish move quickly and gracefully in their deadly attacks against their opponents. They are renowned not only their intrinsic fighting ability but also for their external beauty.
Body Efficient Tactical Arts (BETA)
I am looking for a logo that will capture a simple, somewhat abstract image of a Betta/ Siamese fighting fish for my martial arts academy.
The colors of the academy and the website will be kept neutral (earth greens, yellows and browns). Ideally, the logo would be encapsulated in a circular space and may include one or two fish images.
Ultimately, the logo will be used as an emblem on clothing that students of the academy will wear in and outside of class. Ideally, this logo will invoke a sense of curiosity and mystery surrounding the academy.
- Betta Fish (one or two)
- Simple and Tribal or Abstract
- Circular
- Neutral Colors or No Color (Gray scale)
- Neon or primary colors
- A lot of detail/ intricate drawings
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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A Mother's Day Reminder for Momtrepreneurs: 3 Ways to Make and Take Time for You
A Mother's Day Reminder for Momtrepreneurs: 3 Ways to Make and Take Time for You
You're an entrepreneur. You're a mom. You're a momtrepreneur! Running a business is hard work – and raising kids at the same time means your "work" days probably seem never-ending. While you're busy managing various responsibilities, it's important to make sure you're taking time for yourself too. After all – a healthier, happier you means can contribute to a healthy business as well!
Take a lunch break!
Think skipping lunch means more time for valuable contributions to your business? Think again. As this article from Fast Company points out, even a 20-minute break will help you stay more concentrated and energetic for the rest of the day. Science is on your side – working longer doesn't mean you're working smarter, so step back while you enjoy your meal. You'll come back refreshed and reinvigorated for a more productive afternoon.
As a small business owner, you wear a lot of hats – distribute some! Make sure you're not trying to do everything, or you'll find that you'll be too exhausted to do anything. Having a trusted team and employees you can count on can go a long way in reducing your stress levels and freeing you up from the day-to-day nitty-gritty.
Self-employed? Consider outsourcing to a virtual assistant to free up some of your time. This person can help you manage a variety of tasks – from answering emails to arranging travel schedules and engaging on your social media networks. You may not have employees, but that doesn't mean you have to go it alone.
Take a vacation!
Like an extended lunch break, vacations provide time to recharge. It may be challenging to think about leaving your business to get away for a long weekend or to take a trip for a week, but consider these benefits cited in a recent Forbes article in which people reported a better life perspective and more motivation to achieve goals; feelings of greater creativity; and a reduction in conflict and tension in the workplace.
If those reasons aren't enough to convince you, think about the health benefits – or consequences of avoiding vacations. Studies have shown that never taking time off can ignite issues ranging from health problems to burnout. And business psychology expert Sharon Melnick, Ph.D., has written that 80% of workers feel stress on the job, and 70% of visits to healthcare providers are because of stress-related conditions. If you think you don't have time for a vacation, you know you don't have time for these negative situations.
With all you have going on with your business – and the business of raising kids – it's easy to lose track of the importance of making sure you're also taking care of yourself. Take this time and consider these tips to help you do just that.
About the Author:
Katie Murray
Contributor and Moderator


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30 Roses and Redneck - aren't they the sweetest ?
Aw do you feel left out the fun?
30 Roses and Redneck - aren't they the sweetest ?
Petty small minded people have no place in my life.
Are we there yet?
Is there a "there" there?
Can you be more specific?
Ah, yes, for it is there that we all strive to be, and there that all of us come to be we, and there that to everything and anything we might finally find the key, the key that reveals it, there, yes, do you see what I see?
"...a Chacun son Mauvais Gout."
Where do you think this will end?
Is there really even a beginning or is everything circular ?
Petty small minded people have no place in my life.
If everything is circular, how did we get right angles?
1. Epic Man by Amouage (33 wears)
2. Leather Oud by Christian Dior (31 wears)
3. M7 by Yves Saint Laurent (27 wears)
4. Oud Imperial (black) by Perris Monte Carlo (22 wears)
5. Russian Tea Ritual by Masque (20 wears)
6. Fate Man by Amouage (19 wears)
Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind.
Maybe it was by chance ?
Petty small minded people have no place in my life.
Might it be by the roll of the dice?
Do you think it'll get tiresome?
Why are you tired of it already?
Does it not hold your attention?
Are you able to see the deep meaning?
Is there a double entendre present?
Will this game run endlessly in a loop until the next down time brings it to a STOP ?
There are no answers, only choices. (Stanislav Lem)
Can it be stopped?
With the trickle drying up, is it inevitable?
Why, do you find the responses predictable?
Are they so much like the weather?
What's with these stifling temperatures?
What answer will STIFLE this game ?
Hidden agenda: continue the questions to make it harder and harder to continue this game, that is the challenge ... to keep it going.
Last edited by Ursula; 9th July 2012 at 10:04 PM.
There are no answers, only choices. (Stanislav Lem)
How does that work?
Can a question be the end to something?
No , I think a question opens more doors of inquiry but who knows, maybe I am wrong ?
Petty small minded people have no place in my life.
Do you think we'll find out soon?
No telling, could the answer be around the corner?


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Major Garrett joins CBS as chief White House correspondent
National Journal's Major Garrett is joining CBS News as chief White House correspondent, the network announced on Sunday.
CBS's Bob Schieffer made the staff announcement before signing off of "Face the Nation" this morning.
"Before we go we want to tell you that CBS News is announcing today that Major Garrett of National Journal is joining us as our new chief White House correspondent," Schieffer said. "Major was a frequent contributor to our campaign coverage this year and he'll continue to write a column for National Journal. We hope to see him often here on 'Face the Nation.' Welcome, Major."
Garrett will continue writing his weekly "All Powers" column for National Journal. He tweeted after the news broke:
Honored, humbled to join @cbsnews as Chief WH Correspondent. A big opportunity & bigger responsibility. Will do my best to live up to both.
— Major Garrett(@MajoratNJ) November 18, 2012
Garrett had served as Fox News White House correspondent prior to joining National Journal in 2010. CBS's Norah O'Donnell was CBS's chief White House correspondent until becoming a "CBS This Morning" co-host.
Update (4:05 pm.):
Below, read the memo to National Journal staffers from NJ's editor in chief Ron Fournier, obtained by POLITICO:
We knew this day would come but it doesn't make it any easier: Major Garrett is returning to TV. Our colleague and friend is going to be White House Correspondent for CBS News, our television partner, effective Nov. 26.
The good news is that Major remains our colleague as National Journal's Correspondent at Large. He will write a weekly column for NJ and be a regular at NJ Live events.
Please join me in congratulating the "Mayor of Rivers"- a great reporter and writer, a friend and drinking companion, a class act who stands as a role model for us all.
Warm regards,


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Type: Wall Mounted Shade Direction: Up Shade
Type: Frosted Glass Technics: Painted Body
Material: Iron Warranty: 2 years Number of ght sources: 1
Certification: CCC,CE,CQC,RoHS,UL,VDE Is Dimmable: Yes Base
Type: R7S Voltage: 220V,110V
Material: Stainless Steel Body Color: Black,White,Chocolate Power Source: AC
Model Number: MB5030-1 Backplate Dimensions: L 415 mm *W 65mm * Ext 155mm
Please Note: These items are hard to describe precisely,sizes and Colors may look different in person than here. Due to differences in monitors, we cannot be responsible for variations in color between the actual crystal and your screen. About us and Products About us : All our products are100%genuine,Crystals famous for flawless worksmanship,precision cutting and clarity are offered here. We offer the very best.You will take as much pride in owning our products as much we take in offering itto you. we strive to offer great customer service,unconditional product quaty at unmatched prices and still everyday,we continue to try to make your shopping experience with us .We are open 7 days from 11 am to 7pm(est).We will answer all your question if you have any.You can email us . About shipping we will leave the tracking number on your order when we have shipped the package ,you can get it and check your package after 24 hours (Because it willtake about 24 hours for devery company to upload the checking information on their web )in the following nk: we will charge extra shipping free if your location is remote or we will use other devery way.
About After Sales Service 1.When you receive the package ,please open the package and check all the items are working in good condition before you sign .DO not sign if the items are broken ,and ask the devery company to make a "damage certificate ".Otherwise we will not provide any warranty and refund 2.If you have any questions or comments about our products or pocies ,please contact us by Trademanaget or Email,we will respond within 24 hours. 3.Our products will be sghtly different than in pictures .please refer to the actual product than you receive . 4.Customer satisfactory is most important to us.if you have a problem or question regarding your transaction please contact us before leaving any type of feedback or open any dispute .Negative feedback does not solve anything.we will try the best to resolve the issues. About Return Pocy 1. All ghts are under one year warranty .(escluding the accessories ). 2. We will help you to fix the device free in 1 years ,but you need to pay the shipping cost and the new accessories cost . 3. please contact us before sending the goods back by email or onne service ,and we could offer you detailed return processures and make sure everything goes smoothly About Feedback :
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3. Please contact us before leaving neutral(3 stars) or negative(1-2 stars) feedback.We will try our best to solve the problem and leave you a happy shopping mood here. Thank you! About Our Missions 1.TO Export high quaty goods from the orient at a competitive price for our customers . 2.To work with our customers to build up his business . 3.TO Maximize our international buyer's profitabity and cometitiveness . 4.Hope doing business with you soon and we promise we will give you the the best prive and the best service .
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Weight: 3.500kg (7.72lb.)
Package Size: 46cm x 17cm x 10cm (18.11in x 6.69in x 3.94in)
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Codorniz and Montuenga
Codorniz is a municipality of Segovia province. It includes the areas of Codorniz and Montuenga. It has a population of 351 people.
International buyers make up 11.0% of the property market and the population of Codorniz has fallen by 120 (25%) since 2000.
Market activity in Segovia province is currently 47% below its peak in 2006. There were 465 property transactions registered in Q1 2018.
Average monthly temperatures in Codorniz (°C)
These prices are calculated at the start of each month based on the median prices of all properties listed with Kyero. We provide international buyers with over 200,000 properties from 3,000 agents for sale and to rent throughout mainland Spain and the islands.


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Object #1021607 from MS-Papers-0032-0398
6 pages written 26 Jun 1876 by Alfred Ludlam in Sydney
From: Inward letters - Surnames, Lud - Lyo, Reference Number MS-Papers-0032-0398 (14 digitised items). Correspondents:A Ludlam, Hutt & Sydney, 1869 & 1872 (2 letters); J P Luce, Sydney, 1867 (1 letter); John Lundon, Onehunga, 1873 (1 letter); Elizabeth Lupton, Isle of Man, 1853-1861 (3 letters).R B Lusk, Auckland, 1860 & 1862 (2 letters); F G Luttie [?], Government House, undated letter; George Lyndon, Napier, 1863 (1 letter); William Lyon, 1858, 1871 & undated (3 letters).
Download alow-resolution PDF or high-resolution PDF
Part of:
Inward letters - Surnames, Lud - Lyo, Reference Number MS-Papers-0032-0398 (14 digitised items)
Series 1 Inward letters (English), Reference Number Series 1 Inward letters (English) (14501 digitised items)
McLean Papers, Reference Number MS-Group-1551 (30238 digitised items)
Usage: You can search, browse, print and download items from this website for research and personal study. You are welcome to reproduce the above image(s) on your blog or another website, but please maintain the integrity of the image (i.e. don't crop, recolour or overprint it), reproduce the image's caption information and link back to here (http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=1021607). If you would like to use the above image(s) in a different way (e.g. in a print publication), or use the transcription or translation, permission must be obtained. More information about copyright and usage can be found on the Copyright and Usage page of the NLNZ web site.
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text:
I've always loved Halloween and it's even more fun with your own little ones. For a few years there I was a little deprived since Drew and Holly wanted to spend it with their friends and Jaimee was too little. But this year was awesome because it was the first year Jaimee REALLY knew what was up. And she was so excited! For the last two years, she'd been a pirate:
And I must say… could she BE any cuter?! At that time, I was ten days away from giving birth to Bennett. I was having some physical issues and could only make it around the block and then Ron had to take over and do the rest of the trick-or-treating with her. Which they did for HOURS. She loved it then.
And she loved it this year too! She was so excited and loved every second of it. This year, she was Alice in Wonderland:
I thought she looked completely adorable.
I haven't made the scrapbook pages about the actual night yet, which will include Bennett in his costume, but I didn't want to wait any longer to share how fun our night was.


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Water Bottle Labels - Chalkboard Floral
Delight your guests with our elegant and personalized waterproof water bottle labels. You pick your ink colors, fonts and tell us your wording. We design, print and ship your labels to you! *Please Note: You will not receive a water bottle, this listing is for the labels only.
- Labels measure 8x2 inches. (Bottled water brand names and sizes vary across the USA. We're in NJ and find they fit Aquafina 12oz. bottles perfectly.)
- Labels are waterproof.
- Labels are white and have an adhesive backing.
- Personalization of your choice of ink colors, fonts and wording is included.
- Three emailed proofs are included. Additional proofs are $5 per draft.
IMPORTANT: Please allow at least 1 1/2 weeks from the day your order is placed to the day you receive your labels.
- All of our stationery includes personalized PDF proofs sent via email for your review. Two proofs are included. Nothing is printed until we have your final approval.
- Proof is emailed 2 business days after payment and information are received.
- Revisions are emailed the next business day after the changes are received.
- Three rounds of proofs are included.
- Label orders are shipped 3 business days after final approval is received.
- Shipping is via USPS Priority mail and will take 2-3 days to arrive.


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You are here
Exporting University – Enroll Anytime!
Exporting University – Enroll Anytime!
If you're interested in exporting your small business' goods or services – or are an exporter already – you probably know about the wealth of information we have here at SBA.gov and the resources available over at Export.gov. But another great source of knowledge is Export University, a series of courses designed for all stages of exporting.
What is Export University?
Export University was designed by the District Export Council, a volunteer non-profit organization associated with the U.S. Commercial Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Its courses are designed to help U.S. companies start exporting and develop skills in expanding international sales, so whether you're just starting out or have been in the exporting arena for some time, Export University can be a resource for you.
How does it work?
There are three series of courses that can provide you with the tools you need to organize your export operations: Introductory, Intermediate and Advanced. Courses are adapted at the local level to make them as applicable as possible to the local industries and needs. Although particular features such as exact course syllabus and price may vary slightly by location, here's what you can expect according to the series' descriptions available online:
- The 100 Introductory Series is designed for all levels of personnel at companies that are primarily new to exporting. This is the series to start with if you're looking for skills to identify and communicate with buyers, banks, logistics intermediaries, and others in developing the basis for an export transaction. Topics include export procedures and regulations; managing international sales orders; logistics; and more to help build your international business.
- The 200 Intermediate Series is suited for managers at exporting companies who are responsible for developing and fine-tuning operations to increase a firm's export volume. Topics may include how to promote products in target markets; free trade agreements; market research; identifying trade contacts; and more.
- The 300 Advanced Series is designed for executives responsible for developing and adjusting the strategic direction of an exporting firm. Topics may include how to adapt products to individual markets; protecting intellectual property; taxes and financing; and others.
Export University classes are either half-day (morning or afternoon) or full-day (8:30 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.) courses. For the most advanced topics, there may be two-day courses, but they don't last longer than two days.
Who are the teachers?
So who's imparting this exporting wisdom during your courses? Export University presenters are international trade practitioners who are associated with or recruited by members of the District Export Council, a group of private-sector individuals appointed by the Secretary of Commerce to provide mentoring on exporting. They present course material drawing from their extensive expertise in international trade.
How can I sign up?
To find Export University courses being offered in your state, select your state on the map featured on this page. If there are no courses being offered close to you, contact your local U.S. Export Assistance Center or District Export Council and request a list of local upcoming courses.
You can also search the Export University website for nationwide webinars being offered in the future. Some Export University courses are taught via webinar and are open to all U.S. companies nationwide.
Related Resources
About the Author:
Katie Murray
Contributor and Moderator


text: Hi! I have a problem with my server. I add a .conf file in /etc/apache2/conf.d/ and I get Internal error. .conf file Code: # RoundCube alias and redirect functions Alias /roundcube /var/www/roundcube <Directory /var/www/roundcube> Options +FollowSymLinks # This is needed to parse /var/www/roundcube/.htaccess. See its # content before setting AllowOverride to None. AllowOverride All order allow,deny allow from all </Directory> <IfModule mod_rewrite.c> <IfModule mod_ssl.c> <Location /roundcube> RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !^on$ [NC] RewriteRule . https://domain.com:8080/roundcube/ [L] </Location> </IfModule> </IfModule> in log files Code: [Sat Mar 30 22:35:19 2013] [error] [client 18.104.22.168] SoftException in Application.cpp:221: File "/var/www/roundcube/index.php" is not in document root of Vhost "/var/www/ispconfig/" [Sat Mar 30 22:35:19 2013] [error] [client 22.214.171.124] Premature end of script headers: index.php Where is the problem? I use the same .conf file on old server with old ISPConfig 3.


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Port Aransas Fishing - http://gulfcoastsportsfishing.com - 361-332-6268
Hatteras yachts, often called the "Cadillac" of deepsea fishing boats, are built to shine in waters and harshest environments|harshest environments and the roughest waters}. base & sophisticated hull design|Advanced shell design & its solid fiberglass base} make all-weather conditions favorable. From its design and comfort.|}
Come sail in comfort on clean blue waves of the Gulf of Mexico|the Gulf of Mexico's crisp Port Royal Port Aransas TX blue waves}! Our luxury fishing boat comes with everything you need to satisfy your deep sea fishing needs. From our air conditioned cottage to your the top of range rods & reels|top of reels & the range rods}, your fishing trip is sure to be considered a breeze. Your fishing activities include toilets, kitchen with dining area|kitchen with dining area, 3 staterooms, 2 bathrooms}, living area with sundeck, Satellite Television and audio system. If you're Gulf Coast Sports Fishing is the place for you, if you're looking to find some fish whilst having a good time.
Port Aransas Fishing, http://gulfcoastsportsfishing.com - 361-332-6268
Port Aransas Deep Sea Fishing
Port Aransas Fishing - http://gulfcoastsportsfishing.com - 361-332-6268


text: It has been two years since NACDL released a seminal study that focused on the burgeoning drug court phenomenon. The report, America's Problem-Solving Courts: The Criminal Costs of Treatment and the Case for Reform, fundamentally challenged the growing national acceptance of drug courts.1 For the first time, a major investigation conducted under the auspices of the criminal defense bar documented flaws in what many had perceived as a universally popular and effective alternative to lengthy incarceration.NACDL based its report upon hearings conducted around the country. The task force received testimony from an array of stakeholders, including defense lawyers, prosecutors, drug court professionals, judges and ex-addicts.2 It found a widely disparate approach to drug courts. A few featured open admissions, did not require irrevocable waiver of rights, and carried minimal negative consequences for failure in treatment. But those were the exception.All too ofte


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A Sears Detroit, Just Outside of Detroit!
While doing research on Sears' mortgages in Troy, Detroit, fellow researchers Andrew and Wendy Mutch found a mortgage for this house on Daley Road! It appears to be a Sears "Detroit," which is a model I've never seen before - so that suggests it's a fairly rare model. And it was only offered in the 1932 and 1933 Sears Modern Homes catalog. (Troy is about 22 miles north of Detroit, Michigan.)
There are a few head-scratchers with this one, though. The mortgage was recorded in June 1931, but "Detroit" didn't make an appearance until the 1932 catalog. Secondly, the city assessor's website gives a build date of 1930, but those are often unreliable. Lastly, the chimney for the house is in the wrong place.
The Sears Detroit shows the chimney right in the roof's valley (a terrible spot for a chimney), but the house in Troy has the chimney outside of the valley.
Did the home's first owners (Stuart and Hilda Baker) have the wisdom and foresight to shift that chimney a bit, and move it out of the valley? Or was the house customized (perhaps with a larger kitchen) which moved the chimney to the side a bit? Unfortunately, the assessor's website doesn't give the home's dimensions.
Thanks so much to Andrew and Wendy Mutch for doing this research and discovering this unusual home! And thanks also to Andrew and Wendy for sharing their photos!
To read more about the Sears Homes in Michigan, click here.
To visit the Mutch's website, click here!
We have a fun group on Facebook. Click here to learn more.
Thanks so much to Andrew and Wendy Mutch for finding this unusual home!
To read more about the Sears Homes in Michigan, click here.
To visit the Mutch's website, click here!
We have a fun group on Facebook. Click here to learn more.
To read about the relationship between Sears and Firestone Park, click here.
* * *


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Storage Bottles
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Empty glass storage bottles with lids.
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Easy to clean, very usefull for storing paint when you mixed a little too much. better than drumping it down the drain!
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All Things Mardi Gras – The Krewe of Sobek
The Krewe of Sobek was established in the Ark-La-Tex in 2003 and are celebrating their 10th year this year with the Krewe of Sobek Grand Bal X Friday, January 18th at the Shreveport Convention Center!
It's gonna be a party with music by Con Funk Shun! The theme is All Things Grande. Doors open at 6pm with the Tableau scheduled for 8pm. Get your tickets now before the deadline of January 17th. Dress is formal and guests 21+ are invited. Tickets are $60. FYI, there will be no admittance during the Tableau. Doors will reopen at 9:30pm.
Don't forget the Krewe of Sobek parade Saturday, January 18th! Join Sobek as they roll through Queensborough with All Things Grande. Their parade marshal is United States Olympian Kendrick Farris!
Interested in joining the Krewe of Sobek? They have membership meetings on the 2nd Monday of each month. If you'd like to find out more, you can click here.
The Krewe of Sobek is dedicated to bringing the time-honored traditions and experience of Mardi Gras to the inner city. We are a non-profit, social and charitable organization founded in April 2003. The Krewe's goals are to support organizations that provide a helpful hand to those in need within our community. Also, to provide fellowship among the members and the community, take part in charitable and non-political civic causes and participate in various parades and celebrations in the Louisiana area.


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TeamSnap Inc., a Boulder-based developer of web— and mobile-based applications for team sports organizations, raised $2.75 million in an investment round led by the parent company of the Toronto Star, officials announced Tuesday.
The investment that exceeded TeamSnap's funding target of $1.5 million will allow for further expansion in Canada, which accounts for 30 percent of the Boulder firm's business, said David DuPont, TeamSnap's chief executive officer.
"We can reach more customers more quickly and also provide more value to customers," DuPont said.
About 2 million people across 177 countries use TeamSnap, he said. The number of teams and other extracurricular organizations — such as dance groups and Boy Scouts — utilizing TeamSnap increased nearly 600 percent year-over-year, he added.
As a result of the investment, Torstar will hold the largest equity stake of TeamSnap's outside investors, DuPont said, adding Torstar remains a minority owner.
Torstar officials called the strategic partnership a "natural fit."
"We like businesses with high customer engagement and businesses that are leveraging the growing trend toward mobile devices," Chris Goodridge, Torstar Digital's president, said in a statement. "In addition, the connection to communities that TeamSnap enjoys is a natural fit for Torstar's media assets, including The Toronto Star and Metroland Media Group."
Lorenzo Demarchi, Torstar's chief financial officer, said in an interview with the Camera that TeamSnap was an attractive investment because "the level of engagement that TeamSnap has achieved in the markets we're in, has been exceptional."
"We can help, hopefully, expand its adoption and even help to find sponsorship revenue," Demarchi said.
TeamSnap has ramped up its local and companywide workforce in advance of the investment. DuPont declined to disclose specific headcount figures, but noted the firm recently boosted its 500-square-foot downtown Boulder headquarters by an additional 2,000 square feet.
Other participants in the funding round included existing investors such as Trinity Ventures and eonBusiness and new investors Tobal Capital and Hbam LLC.
TeamSnap had raised $1.6 million prior to this latest investment.


text: The vast, versatile interior of this custom-built yacht allows for an impressive variety of seating options and event set-ups. Dream On is equally suited to casual cocktail receptions, white linen wedding banquets, small-group school outings and networking sessions on the water. The window-lined main salon seats large gatherings, and the roomy upper deck and large bow area offer easy outdoor access.


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This edition of The Real Economy Bulletin is the second edition of the State of Small Business published by TIPS. It includes a review of trends in small business according to national data looking at small business by the numbers; how many small businesses are there?; employment and earnings; contribution to the GDP; small business by sector; profitability and earnings; assets and liabilities; education levels; ownership by race and gender; and the geography of small business.
The two briefing notes look at learnings from efforts to support small business in South Africa from Kate Philip's new book, Markets on the Margins, and a summary of the main initiatives for small business in the Job Summit Framework Agreement.
Read online:
Full Bulletin: The State of Small Business in South Africa
Briefing Note: Markets on the margin: Lessons for today
Briefing Note: Small business in the Job Summit
Or download copies.
Business Day - 26 September 2017 by Neva Makgetla (TIPS Senior Economist)
Letter in Business Day - 4 October 2017: Help start-up investors
Read online at Business Day
One of the major international economic developments in recent years has been the growth in regional trade agreements (RTAs). However, with the exception of a few, there are criticisms that RTAs have not yielded the expected benefits. The focus of this paper is to determine the impact of engaging in regional initiatives for two groupings comprising of developing and least developed countries from two different continents, namely MERCOSUR and SADC.
This research report was produced under the TIPS small grant scheme.
Anaïs Dangeot holds a First Class in her undergraduate studies in Banking and Finance at the University of Mauritius. She has recently completed her Masters in Social Protection Financing at the University of Mauritius with a distinction. During her Master's tenure, Anais has participated in a joint research project between the University of Mauritius and the University of Botswana. Miss Dangeot has also been working with the Economic Policy Research Institute (EPRI), in Cape Town. Finally, her research interests centres on areas which include public policy, poverty, deprivation analysis and broader social development issues.
This paper looks at the strengths and weaknesses of current methodologies in capturing the kinds of local economic development impacts from the CWP. It aims to fill the gap of methodologies available for measuring economic multipliers in a local economy. (The Employment Promotion Programme (EPP) Research)
For South Africa, the promotion of small businesses remains key to creating jobs and a more equitable economy. Evidence from Chile and Malaysia – both countries with similar emerging economies as South Africa – reveals that by partnering to provide finance and business support, the government and the private sector can boost support to small businesses. This report builds on key findings by this author in other emerging countries in a 2011 TIPS report, by the same author, titled "How South Africa can boost support to SMEs: Lessons from Brazil and India".
Patrick Sathorar acts as a marketing consultant for a group of 25-30 HIV-positive women in Nyanga, Cape Town. They produce textile and beaded products and Patrick facilitates their participation in the formal market by sourcing and negotiating contracts for them. Patrick's role comprises the following: first, he meets with a client (typically a conference organiser) to discuss the items required (such as beaded lanyards or conference bags) and to negotiate the quantity. Then Patrick sources the raw materials. Often he needs to source fabric from various and geographically dispersed suppliers. Thereafter, Patrick commissions a designer to make up a sample, which is costed and presented to the client. If the client is satisfied, the parties negotiate terms of the contract, including the price per item.
If the client rejects aspects of the design, it is back to the drawing board for Patrick and his producers, who must produce new samples. Often, conference organisers require several samples to send to clients overseas. The negotiation process can last up to three months. Once the parties have contracted, the producers learn to reproduce the sample. Patrick is responsible for quality control; the women for the packaging; and Patrick for delivery of the products to the client. In between, Patrick sources contracts from small retailers.
Patrick generates contracts that produce a turnover of approximately R40 000 per month and each woman earns between R1 000 and R2 000, depending on how much work is available, and how many units she has made. Although this amount does not represent a decent wage, it does make a critical contribution to the women's livelihoods. It also fulfils another important social goal – that is, to facilitate their economic agency. Without Patrick's intermediary role, these women, who are functionally illiterate, have a poor command of English, have no formal sector experience and limited numeracy, and would be unable to manage the complex communications and networking necessary to sell products to the formal economy. They would be unable to do this because they do not have the skill set necessary to manage the negotiation process, and because they do not have the necessary resources - such as transport, design expertise, or the ability to manage bulk orders.
Improving small, marginalised producers access to modern markets has increasingly been accepted as an important element in South African policy debates on improving the employment, income and livelihood opportunities for such producers. The importance of market access arises because in the absence of such access, these producers are restricted to servicing proximate, local community markets which are traditionally thin and do not support: increased output volumes, product diversification and value addition, increased employment, increased income generation or increased returns. To date programming in this field has been characterised by two traits. First the majority of programmes have been project based, unsustainable, un-scalable, un-replicable and have impacted a limited number of direct beneficiaries. This project based approach has resulted in market based employment creating programming achieving substantially less penetration, coverage and success than social delivery programming. Second, the majority of programming has largely bought into the orthodox economic view that the "fault" for market exclusion lies largely with producers – their personal characteristics, production methods and location – resulting in a supply side dominated intervention approach. By this logic if small producers improve the quality and consistency of their production then they will almost certainly be included in modern markets. This chapter argues that even if supply constraints are fully relieved, the modus operandi of lead firms (which dominate the South African economy), create a sufficiently hostile and infertile environment, that even if market access can be achieved, the threat of adverse inclusion remains high – making the idea of improving livelihood and employment opportunities by linking small marginalised producers to modern markets an extremely difficult task. Despite these challenges, the chapter offers three system based policy options to address the issues of small producer exclusion, as well as, briefly touching on the idea that alternatives to linkage strategies need to be considered.
The research is based on value chain analysis as it is viewed as the most powerful and relevant tool in understanding the drivers behind the erection and administration of the barriers to entry which prevent small, marginalised producers from accessing modern markets. Understanding market power and governance and the exercise of this power allows economists to understand who the gatekeepers of value chains are, why and how they erect barriers to entry, how they influence the distribution of incomes and rents along a chain and how supply criteria are endogenised into chains via product and process upgrading and critical success factors. As such understanding lead firm behaviour in modern markets not only frames the opportunities and risks facing linkage programme initiatives, but it assists in designing interventions which are realistic and deal with the realities of how lead firms behave and organise their productive networks.
Although traditional value chain analysis is empirically driven and highly specific in terms of product or sector, this chapter discusses generic value chain characteristics and attributes, as a survey of hundreds of case studies across countries, sectors and products revealed that the same constraints arise consistently in the interaction between small producers and lead firm value chains (Lowitt, 2009)
In its efforts to craft a new economic growth path and assist small businesses, South Africa could do well to look to emerging economies such as Brazil and India, which have attracted much attention in their recent efforts to create greater and more equitable economic growth. The aim of this study is to inform policymakers and government on key learnings from fellow emerging nations India and Brazil when it comes to improving business support, market access and access to finance for small businesses. To date there has been no reported studies on small business schemes in India and Brazil. This study aims to bring to light what may possibly be the best emerging countries against which South Africa can compare itself to.
The focus of the report is on those business owners in the formal sector starting out as well as those that employ between 10 and 50 employees. The focus is defined by the fact that these have been shown to make the most significant contribution to employment.
Closing Plenary
Session 6B: Taxation and Trade Quotas
Street trading is the most common type of informal self-employment activity in South Africa. Traders sell a range of products such as fruits and vegetables, cooked food, new and used clothing, cosmetics, footwear, dvds, "public" telephone services and mobile phone accessories. Most traders operate from stalls or tables in market areas or on sidewalks. Some of these traders are licensed and rent their business space from the municipality.
The aim of this project is to understand whether the macroeconomic environment and other barriers to entry into the informal street trading sector offer insight into the relatively small size of the South African informal economy. The paper explores macroeconomic linkages and other barriers that traders encounter when entering street trading and while sustaining their businesses. The motivation for this research question is the paradox of South Africa's very high rate of open unemployment, estimated to be at least 40 percent using a broad measure (Cichello et al. 2006), but low level of participation in the informal economy. Because street trading is thought to be among the sectors in the informal economy with the lowest barriers to entry, identifying the barriers that traders do confront may offer some clues to the reasons so many of the unemployed do not enter trading.
The paper is divided into seven sections. The first provides an overview of the South African informal economy and unemployment. The second section contains an assessment of statistics on street trading in South Africa and the role of trading in the South African economy. Section three describes the fieldwork that was conducted to gather information about the barriers that traders confront. Section four explores linkages between the formal and informal economies and suggests that rather than operating as distinct "sectors," there are concrete ways that they are tied together and mutually reliant. Section five offers a comprehensive analysis of trader-identified barriers to starting and maintaining their business. The sixth section connects macroeconomic policies to traders' experiences. The report concludes with a brief summary of the report and policy implications.
Within the ambit of the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa, government is leading a process to define a Second Economy Strategy. One of the opportunities that has been identified is the agricultural sector, in particular fostering a larger number of smallholder agriculturalists. The study seeks to identify the key elements of an implementable programme to support the smallholder sector. The core of the exercise entailed identifying successful South African smallholders active in different settings, and examining the factors that contribute to their success, whether these are personal, contextual, institutional, etc. Although the study was not designed as an evaluation of interventions as such, in the process of conducting the smallholder case studies (and in combination with an extensive literature review), the efficacy and relevance of different intervention and support strategies also came into focus.
For purposes of the study, we assumed a broad definition of agricultural smallholders, including those who operate independently, those who farm in groups, those for whom farming is mainly for subsistence purposes and those whose orientation is mainly or purely commercial. (We therefore employ the flawed but useful distinction between 'subsistence' and 'commercial' smallholders.)
Ultimately, we conceptualise 'supporting the smallholder sector' as consisting of four distinct strands, namely the prospects and measures for:
TIPS was commissioned by FABCOS (The Foundation for African Business and Consumer Services) to undertake a study on the impact of fuel and food price increases on small business. As FABCOS has a large constituency of informal or previously informal businesses, a strong emphasis was placed on the impacts for informal businesses. Some key outcomes are highlighted below:
Fuel Prices
The main effects of high fuel prices can be observed within the macro-economic framework. The first impact reflects the role of transportation in determining the price of goods: South Africa is a large country, and highly dependent on the transportation of goods by road (given the currently very poor state of the rail network). Most micro enterprises are dependent on hired transport to fetch items from wholesalers and/or manufacturers. Although the cost of these services increases as the fuel price increases, there is good evidence to suggest that these prices are both downwardly "sticky" (i.e. that they do not go down when the petrol price declines) and that transport service providers take advantage of general perceptions about rapidly rising fuel prices to increase their margins. The result is that small business owners who are dependant on these forms of transport probably face disproportionate transport costs increases, compared to bigger businesses that control their own logistics. This reduces the competitiveness of the smaller businesses.
The second impact is through the regulatory response to inflation. Higher interest rates reduce the disposable income of consumers, by raising debt service costs. As consumers spend more of their disposable income on servicing debt, so they have less to spend on other items.
The third issue for small businesses arising from higher inflation is that, generally, they are not in a position either to negotiate price concessions from manufacturers or wholesalers or to pass inflationary costs on to their consumers. While it is, of course, true that lower consumer expenditure affects all business; small businesses are generally in a much weaker position to ride out periods of reduced consumer spending. The smaller the business, the more vulnerable it is to this.
To date, the ability of many small retail enterprises to survive has been based in large part on their proximity to their clients (convenience), and the (rising) cost of travelling to shop at a large retail centre. However, the official development policy of most Metros in South Africa is to encourage large retailers to penetrate enter the townships, and this is having a considerable impact on the ability of small traders to survive. These small businesses are not opposed to anti development in the townships per se, but they do feel a certain level of resentment towards economic planners who trumpet the necessity of encouraging small business development on the one hand, whilst but on the other hand encouraging development that puts those enterprises at considerable risk.
Food Prices
According to Statistics South Africa, food's weight in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) is just under 21%. As such, an increase in food prices will have an impact on general price levels. However, we should not confuse the official weighting of food in the CPI with the actual role of food in monthly household expenditure for many South Africans. Given that South Africa has one of the world's worst distributions of income, there is really no such thing as an "average" consumer. In general terms, the poorer a person, the greater the share of their income that they will spend on food, and the greater the impact on their disposable income of food price inflation that exceeds the rate at which their wages are increasing. Data indicate that the very poorest South Africans spend as much as 80% of their income on food.
Whilst general prices have increased steadily over the past five years, the data show that food inflation (CPI-F) generally increased faster than general inflation, but has done so in particular since the end of 2005. Except for the periods between August-October 2005 and the same period in 2006, food inflation has tended to be higher than the general price level (CPI) of all items. In particular, for the period between September 2007 and 2008, the gap between the two has been widening, implying that more price pressure is being observed in food than for other items.
Another key issue is that for the period between November 2005 and 2006, price increases in rural and urban areas were similar. However, since early 2007, rural prices have tended to grow faster than urban prices. The fact that rural populations spend roughly double (IES, 2006) on food compared to urban groups leaves rural populations at a disadvantage since generally have less disposable income than urban populations.
The two main impacts of rising food prices on micro enterprises are a direct impact (through the erosion of purchasing power of their clients) and an indirect impact (through the erosion of the businesses own purchasing power).
In terms of the direct impact on business through the erosion of their clients' purchasing power, the first point to be made is that the small enterprises that we are considering tend to have lower-income people as their main clients. When food prices are rising more rapidly than the "official" rate of inflation (which sets wage and social grant increases) then these people will have less non-food disposable income and may be forced into actually purchasing less food. Both of these are bad news for small business.
The indirect impact of rising food prices on small businesses comes via the reduction in the disposable income of the business owner. Most of the small businesses under consideration are owned by people who do not fall into the high-income category. Therefore, they tend to spend a relatively high portion of their income on food, and higher food prices mean less income available for other items. The reason why this is important is because most of these small businesses finance their expansion and cash flow requirements from their own savings, and are not able to source other types of finance. Therefore, a reduction in disposable income means less money is available for investing in the business or helping to ride out adverse business periods. This makes small businesses relatively more vulnerable than other type of businesses to adverse price changes.
This paper will review the attempts at fostering resource poor small-scale agricultural development in South Africa from 1994 to the present. Based on the lack of a concerted policy for support and development of this group of farmers and given the incomplete datasets about this group a number an attempt will be made to define them and their circumstances. By use of case material and observations over the past 15 years a number of suggestions will be illustrated for a way forward. The purpose of the suggestions is to illustrate why and how resource-poor farmers need to be placed more specifically on the agenda of government agricultural and poverty alleviation strategies. The primary focus will be on food security needs of this group and how this can be enhanced.
The paper presents significant new insights for Policy Makers, Practitioners, Educators, and Researchers into the socio-economy of agglomerated SMEs in developing country context. Using mixed methods of inquiry and concurrent triangulation approach this paper profiles the socio-economy of the internationally competitive textile industry cluster of Faisalabad in Pakistan to establish the validity of the concept of clusters in the context of developing economies and seeks new insights into the phenomenon. The paper also investigates the impact of clustering on the performance, governance, organization and entrepreneurial management practices of the constituent SMEs. The methods employed for research include analysis of secondary data, survey of the textile firms and in-depth semi-structured interviews.
Key learning points of the research are:
1. Cost reductions and information spillovers facilitated by the community ties and the shared local identities were the dominant type of advantages for the agglomerated firms. They largely arose at the level of transactions in goods and services, and to a lesser extent in the transformation of inputs into output. Vertical cooperation, rather than horizontal, was mostly prevalent in the cluster.
2. In the emergence phase of the cluster factor (input) conditions were more dominant. After three decades of growth, however, extensive co-location of related and supporting industries became, and remains, the dominant factor in the success of the industry in the region.
3. The developing economy cluster lacked strong institutions and infrastructure. Selfreliance of the entrepreneurs and the collective action, however, mitigated the aspects of the lack of cluster specific public goods. The Government's initiative and development efforts were mostly passive but still the national industrial policies were instrumental in spurring explosive growth of the small weavers in the region.
4. The paper also provides new insights on the role of the traders in the functioning of the cluster. They helped the small enterprises to overcome the growth constraints and had supported them to compete in distant markets, nationally and abroad. The clustered SMEs are also different from non-clustered firms in terms of average size, governance, human resource practices, marketing efforts, financing, and operations management.
The research process underpinning this article was focused on casting some light on factors influencing the way in which developing countries can enhance linkages between Transnational Corporation (TNC) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) firms and domestic small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It sought to do this through identifying the major lessons from SME-TNC linkage programmes from three South African Development Community (SADC) case studies: Mozambique and the Mozal aluminium smelter; Lesotho and the clothing and textile investment related to the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA); and South Africa's experience with SME suppliers and Toyota. The process of securing developmental impacts from FDI for developing countries has been a considerable challenge for many countries and has become a greater imperative in a context of relative declines in official development assistance in the past decade. Other authors have explained how FDI can compensate for domestic savings shortfalls and reduce BOP imbalances. This study tries to explore some ways in which FDI can contribute to lasting structural change in developing country production and productivity dynamics.
Siyakhula, or the Western Cape Bus Operators' Transport Cooperative Ltd, operates within the bus sector of the transport industry. A brief description of the sector follows in order to contextualise the operations of the cooperative.
The transport, storage and communications sector increased its share in real output growth in the Western Cape from 8% in 1995 to 11% in 2002. However, the sector's growth was due primarily to high growth in the communications sub-sector rather than within the transport sub-sector. The total income of the transport sector was estimated at R14-billion in 2002.
A review of the public transport system in the Western Cape showed that scheduled bus services in the province, particularly in the Metro, declined dramatically over the past decade in terms of the extent (or coverage) of routes, frequency and quality of services. This was largely due to the impact of poor service levels coupled with increased competition from minibus taxis providing commuters with a convenient alternative.
There are about 22,000 buses in the transport industry in South Africa of which approximately 17,000 are involved in formal public transport activities (i.e. for reward/subsidy). The other 5,000 buses are found in commerce and industry and government institutions where they are mostly used for in-house purposes (i.e. not for reward/subsidy). Within the industry, it is possible to distinguish between the big operators, such as Putco and Golden Arrow, and the small operators who own between one and 30 buses.
The public transport buses provide direct employment to about 30,600 people throughout the country with about 153,000 people indirectly dependent on the industry (or directly related to employment in companies). The industry also supports a large number of suppliers, such as bus and chassis manufacturers, fuel and tyre companies, that are in some way dependent on the industry for employment. The public transport operators undertake approximately 816 million passenger trips per annum.
The public transport industry is represented by the Southern African Bus Operators' Association (SABOA). SABOA was formed as a national body in 1980 by the five leading bus companies in order to protect their interests as subsidised transport operators by the Department of Transport. SABOA has gone through a significant transformation and now represents about 76% of the public transport fleet.
Members are offered the following services by SABOA: commuter, contract, learner, organised party, charter and tourism, cross border (international), and scheduled coaches. Given the broad membership of SABOA, its profile could be regarded as representative of the industry as a whole, as evident in Table 1.
This executive summary is not presented in the usual manner of summarising the findings of each chapter of the report. The complexity and detail covered in the report, and the nuances in the debates, makes such an option impossible. Rather, a brief overview of the key issues and approaches is presented as a separate think piece.
This study was commissioned by the Presidency as a follow up to the Review of Second Economy Programmes conducted by the Second Economy Strategy Project. In the Review, it was noted that while social delivery programmes targeting poor people had largely been successful and implemented at scale over the past 15 years, the same could not be said for economic programmes aimed at creating market based employment opportunities. Generally, these latter programmes were found by the Review to be highly project focused, not scalable and, as a result, only reached a small number of direct beneficiaries. The Review cited six contributing factors to the modest success of these economic programmes. One of the cited problems was market access for small and marginal enterprises. It was that broad issue which framed this study.
More specifically, the terms of reference required that the study contemplate mechanisms to support a change in the trajectory of small marginalised producers which will lift them out of poverty. This trajectory change is based upon exploring what it would take to shift these producers away from selling to local, thin markets in favour of selling their outputs to external, developed markets – on fair terms. The terms of reference proposed the use of value chain analysis as the theoretical construct upon which the study is based, and very importantly, that it focus on what kinds of systemic-level changes would facilitate such linkages or allow them to take place at scale.
The study is designed to deliver two outputs. The first output is a linkage framework which will guide policymakers, researchers and practitioners in identifying the systemic issues which consistently, across sectors and nations, constrain marginalised producers from entering deeper and more established formal value chains. The identification of these issues, using value chain analysis, provides a list of issues which any policy intervention will need to address. The second output of the study is to stimulate policy debate in this area by suggesting new and novel approaches to possible linkage strategies. Two strategies are presented, although, an infinite number of strategies could emerge from the framework. The terms of reference are clear that the strategies presented in the second output do not need to be developed to the point where they are ready for programmatic roll out, but should rather catalyse debate. In addition, the terms of reference remove the need for the strategies and framework to deal with all areas of second economy production and poverty, because this study sits alongside other work streams all dealing with different aspects of the challenge.
Value chain analysis has been the cornerstone of the study. The appeal of value chain theory to our linkage study is fourfold.
Firstly, value chain analysis emphasises the issues of governance and power in markets which provides us with important information on the advantages and disadvantages of entering a specific value chain and different realities which will be experienced at different links within a given chain. Importantly, governance and power also direct our attention towards understanding how and why barriers to entry are created by value chain controllers and how these inhibit, but also potentially create, opportunities for small and marginalised 5 producers. Understanding how and why barriers are created and who 'controls' these barriers is crucial if one wishes to breach or harness such barriers.
The second appealing feature of value chain analysis is that it directly addressed how and why economic and other rents are distributed across a chain. By understanding which activities are 'well' rewarded along a chain, and which activities attract poor returns, we are able to develop a feel for which types of activities in the value chain that are likely to attract a return sufficient to positively impact on incomes and returns and which activities are like to result in immiserising growth. This is a crucial point because linking marginalised and small producers to developed value chains is not a guarantee that the livelihoods of such participants will improve. It is possible to increase such linkages without improving income generation or returns to small producers. As such, chain activity and product selection within a given power and governance environment must be carefully considered to ensure that the created linkages do in fact result in improved circumstances for small producers.
The third appealing feature of value chain analysis is that product and/or process upgrading is an intrinsic part of the theory. Firms go to the trouble and expense of implementing governance structures in order to assure themselves of access to the right goods, of the right quality, at the right time. As such, lead firms often see investing in their suppliers as a sound business decision and may either offer embedded services or facilitate the access of suppliers to appropriate upgrading services. The fact that upgrading to meet standards and critical success factors is intimately tied to governance and the exercise of chain power means that at least some of the supply side issues which will need to be dealt with in relation to small, marginalised producers can be dealt with endogenously i.e.: a successful linkage programme will by its nature incorporate some upgrading within the linkage itself, thereby decreasing the need to provide extensive, external supply side support over and above that provided by the core economy linkage partner.
The final appeal of value chain analysis is the fact that it is a demand side approach. For too long, policies, programmes and strategies in South Africa (and the rest of the world) have been supply driven, often resulting in production and productivity improvements in small and marginalised economic activities which do not translate into improved livelihoods; either due to a lack of final demand or low prices/returns earned. By adopting a demand side approach, we improve fundamentally the probability that if a linkage is successfully created, the activities or products of such producers will have an effective market in which to sell their outputs and services at a price that will improve their income and return earning potential.
These four appealing features of value chain analysis have motivated us to use value chain analysis as an appropriate construct on which to base our framework and strategic thinking. Essentially, these features offer us a consistent and rigorous methodology with which to isolate and express the crucial questions that will need to be answered in any attempt to link, at a systemic level, mainstream and marginalised economy players in South Africa.
Using value chain analysis for this study has not, however, been a simple task. Value chain theory is based on investigations of a specific product or sector, in a specific location, with specific actors, at a specific time. It is an empirically driven analysis. In our study, where we are searching for systemic obstacle identification and systemic solutions to obstacles, this sector specific approach creates difficulties in terms of the level of analysis.
To counter this, a framework has been developed, and strategic options compiled, based on cross-cutting issues. The study looked at hundreds of case studies and specific sector value chain analyses undertaken in scores of countries. Surprisingly, the same issues arose time and again. This leant credence to the study's assertion that, irrespective of sector, some characteristics of lead firms in the mainstream economy, and some characteristics of small producers in the second economy, lead consistently to the same obstacles to successful linkages. As such, we identify these cross-cutting issues as systemic in nature and believe that they reveal the key constraints which must be addressed in order to implement a successful linkage strategy.
In 2005, the Small Enterprise Development Agency (seda) - the dti's newly established agency for supporting small business - tasked TIPS to carry out a second annual review of South Africa's small businesses as part of its mandate to support the growth of small enterprise in South Africa, to help create a better regulatory environment for small enterprise, and to encourage a culture of entrepreneurship.
The Annual Review of Small Business in South Africa 2004, this time published in two parts - A Statistical Review and a Qualitative Review - was launched at the first annual seda National Small Enterprise Summit in November 2005. These Summits aim to review the progress made in small business development, and to share best practice in this field.
The Department of Trade & Industry's (the dti's) Enterprise Development unit is tasked with developing policy and strategy for the small business sector. The objectives of government policy and strategy on enterprise development are empowerment, economic development and job creation. Much progress towards meeting these objectives has been made over the first decade of democracy in South Africa, but challenges remain.
In assessing the progress made, it is important to provide a formal mechanism for monitoring and evaluation of government's overarching strategy towards small business development and to allow for feedback on the outcomes of government strategy at various levels household, sectoral, regional and national.
In 2004, the dti commissioned TIPS as an independent, credible institution not directly involved in the delivery of SMME services to undertake a broad-ranging, qualitative assessment of the outcomes of government's policy, strategy and initiatives in enterprise development.
The first annual assessment of the impact of government policy in this key dimension of government activity, the Annual Review of Small Business in South Africa 2003, was published early in 2004. This Review addressed what has long been a critical weakness of research efforts around SMMEs: the lack of longitudinal or time-series data illustrating the effect of government's enterprise development strategy over time.
Moreover, the Review also focussed on the increasingly desperate need to develop a consistent dataset of SMMEs that have been interviewed repeatedly over time, which thus allows the dti to access a wealth of analytically sound information about how SMMEs develop in different economic climates and their support needs at different times in their development.


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God Knocks Only at Humility's Heart-Door
God Knocks Only at Humility's Heat-Door
Everybody was shocked at the Master's behaviour, and the disciple went home very sad. But that night he had a dream and, in the dream, Swami Bhaskarananda answered his question with utmost affection.
The next day the seeker told Bhaskarananda's disciples why the Master had not answered his question in front of others. Others had asked their questions with utmost sincerity and humility, but he had had tremendous pride when he had asked his question. That is why Swami Bhaskarananda had insulted him instead of answering his question. But at night Bhaskarananda had forgiven him and had answered the question in his dream. The seeker was very pleased with the answer and extremely grateful that Bhaskarananda had punished him for his undivine pride.
Pride separates, humility unites. Pride is the vision of a blind man. Humility is the vision of a God-man. It is not beneath the dignity of the Master to deal with the pride-existence of the seeker, for the Master knows that the seeker will not and cannot receive anything from him if pride is what he has and what he is. Humility is receptivity in the purest sense of the term. Humility welcomes both God the Creator and God the creation in its ever-expanding life and ever-soaring heart.
Sri Chinmoy


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An aircraft may qualify for exemption from registration, license tax or both if one of these conditions exists:
To claim exempt, nonresident or stored, salvage or repair aircraft tax status, an owner must complete an Aircraft Exemption Affidavit and file it with the Motor Vehicle Division Aircraft Registration Unit on or before the last day of February or, if it is a new registration in the state, within 60 days of purchase or entry into Arizona.
Aircraft Exemption Affidavits must be notarized.
An aircraft owner who fails to claim the appropriate exemption by the time limit specified must pay the assessed license tax, plus a penalty of $25 with an additional $5 late fee for each subsequent month of delinquency.
Upon request, an owner claiming an exemption must make available the aircraft log book for inspection and the names of any pilot who has flown the aircraft during the period for which the exemption is claimed.
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