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The Myth of a Kinder, Gentler War
By Michael A. Cohen
We learn from history that we learn nothing from history. —George Bernard Shaw
Shortly after he assumed command of all U.S. and NATO troops in Afghanistan, Lt. Gen. Stanley McChrystal provided his soldiers with operational guidance for fighting insurgent Taliban forces. McChrystal's words directly reflect the Pentagon's new model of U.S. warfare and inform the philosophy behind the current U.S. military escalation in Afghanistan: "The ongoing insurgency must be met with a counterinsurgency campaign adapted to the unique conditions in each area that: protects the Afghan people, allowing them to choose a future they can be proud of; provides a secure environment allowing good government and economic development to undercut the causes and advocates of insurgency."
According to McChrystal, the "Afghan people are at the center of our mission…in reality they are the mission." These sentiments are reflective of what has become the new way of American war—population centric counter-insurgency (COIN). The focus on COIN doctrine was enshrined by Gen. David Petraeus and the 2006 publication of the Army and Marine counter-insurgency manual, FM 3-24, which calls for a military approach that seeks to convince the population that counter-insurgents, acting on behalf of a sovereign government, can be trusted and are worthy of popular support.
With its seemingly progressive and humanistic approach, FM 3-24, and counterinsurgency in general, offer a seductive ideal for the future of American war-fighting. But the veneration of COIN conceals a brutal reality. The history of counter-insurgency in the twentieth century is not a story of warm and fuzzy war, of benevolent soldiers providing essential government services to grateful natives, of armed social work, or of the gentleman soldier's antidote to the Shermanesque notion of Total War. Instead, counter-insurgency is a repeated tale of coercion and violence directed largely against unarmed civilians. And this defines both those COIN efforts that have been successful—and those that have failed.
Yet counter-insurgency is often described today in misleading terms. According to Mark Bowden, author of Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War, COIN "embraces distinctly liberal, humanistic values like protecting civilians, cultural sensitivity, and rigid adherence to ethical standards and the law." Others such as Max Boot, senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and the author of The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power, have argued that the focus on counter-insurgency, in Afghanistan today, is in keeping with a grand U.S. military tradition: "Mc- Chrystal's advice to embrace the population and be sparing in the use of firepower has been employed by successful counterinsurgents from the American Army in the Philippines at the turn of the twentieth century." Even those on the left are not immune to the seductions of this new mode of American warfare. Rachel Kleinfeld, director of the progressive–oriented Truman National Security Project, has lauded counter-insurgency for its focus on the "importance of legitimacy and privileging civilian life in order to gain hearts and minds," a goal we are told that "progressives have been promoting for years."
Do as the Romans Do
Though protecting the population, or cleaving them away from insurgents, has long defined COIN operations, the more coercive elements that have accompanied these efforts receive far less mention. For example, FM 3-24 approvingly cites the experiences of the British military in Malaya and Kenya, as well as the French in Algeria, as potential models for how to wage a population- centric counter-insurgency. But each of these conflicts—as well as U.S. COIN operations in the Philippines and Vietnam— were defined by significant levels of coercion and violence against civilians. Even in Iraq, which has been heralded as COIN's shining contemporary success story, the "triumph" of counter-insurgency tactics that accompanied the 2007 surge of U.S. troops was matched with horrific levels of violence and population resettlement—and a higher number of civilian deaths due to American military actions.
In fact, none of the major counter-insurgent wars fought by the United States and other Western countries look much like the humanistic approach described by COIN advocates. Still, current operations in Afghanistan are predicated on this fundamental misreading and misunderstanding of COIN's bloody past. Indeed, the tactics espoused by McChrystal and others are fundamentally counter to historical precedent—and the assumption they will succeed in Afghanistan is highly suspect.
Like all wars, counter-insurgency is, at its core, war—and the idea that it can be sanitized or made less violent is deeply and dangerously misleading. John Nagl, president of the Center for A New American Security (a locus of COIN thinking in Washington) and a co-author of FM 3-24, has argued that, "unless the counterinsurgent is willing to employ the so-called Roman method of unrestrained violence to suppress rebellion, the only way to defeat an insurgency is to gain the loyalty of the population, thereby depriving insurgents of the support base they require to destabilize a government."
Indeed, the Roman Empire did develop an often-imitated counter-insurgency response—brutally destroying the cities of those who resisted Roman rule and forcing any surviving prisoners into slavery. In the fabled words of Tacitus, "They make a wasteland and call it peace."
Throughout history, counter-insurgents have often adopted some variation of the Roman method—from Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea to the far more brutal tactics adopted by the Nazis in World War II and the Soviet Union against recalcitrant ethnic minorities. Far fewer have taken their cues from the American way of COIN as described in FM 3-24.
This is not to suggest that U.S. military leaders should take inspiration from Imperial Rome or Nazi Germany. But the continued evangelism of humanistic COIN threatens to convince policymakers that counterinsurgency can be done effectively, without coercion—or that there exists a simplistc choice between the Roman method and Mc- Chrystal's predominant focus on population protection. And while it can be problematic to draw too narrow an historical lesson from past events, on this point the legacy of COIN is consistent.
The methods for defeating an insurgency have generally been defined less by an open hand than a clenched fist. The mistaken belief that counterinsurgencies can be waged humanely risks embroiling the United States in more conflicts and weakening national security. When it comes to COIN, the best course of action for the United States is most certainly less, not more.
COIN in the Philippines
The unsavory realities of subduing a rebellion were evident in America's first overseas foray in counter-insurgency. While domestic military operations against the antebellum South and Native American tribes were intended to pacify rebellious populations— and with often harsh tactics—operations in the Philippines reflected the first concerted U.S. effort to conduct nation-building in a faraway land.
After the capture of the island archipelago from the Spanish in 1898, control of the Philippines had been ceded to the United States. But the Americans quickly ran headfirst into an emerging nationalist movement, which declared war against the United States in early 1899 and sought the removal of foreign troops. A two-tiered response to the emerging insurgency was adopted. First, there was a strong military commitment to what Filipino rebels would call the "politics of attraction." Civic projects were established, schools and roads built, health care and proper sanitation provided, and efforts made to build an effective and legitimate Filipino government.
Initially, the U.S. military focused on restoring order and civic action, but due to the persistence of the insurgency—and the move to cruel and bloody guerrilla tactics— that balance would shift rather dramatically in the later periods of the conflict. This would prove decisive. A program of coercion and punitive measures was implemented, ranging from the destruction of crops and property to the separation of civilians into euphemistically described "protected zones" to extrajudicial punishment of Filipino prisoners and torture. This stepped-up military effort culminated in the Marine campaign at Samar, a spasm of violence that saw widespread atrocities committed against civilians.
While the American experience in the Philippines can be seen today as a civic success, the accomplishment relied in large part on the use of sustained coercion and violence. By some estimates, as many as 300,000 Filipino civilians died in the war. As the historian Brian Linn has written, "Benevolence and civic action were not enough to overcome Filipino resistance. Despite garrisoning hundreds of posts throughout the archipelago, soldiers found they could neither offer sufficient rewards to win over their opponents nor sufficient protection to save their friends from guerrilla retaliation…as Kipling predicted, the Philippine War proved to be a 'savage war of peace.'"
The U.S. experience in the Philippines served as a resonant example of the sorts of counter-insurgency fights to come. Throughout much of the twentieth century, Western governments would find themselves facing the same challenge that confronted American colonial overseers in Philippines—how to balance the need for civil action against the demands of maintaining security and defeating insurgent forces. The balance would generally be defined more by the latter than the former— and brutal methods generally produced the greatest immediate success.
The British Experience
COIN advocates, in an effort to present modern, population-centric counter-insurgency as an enlightened way of war-fighting all too often gloss over this difficult history. Perhaps the best example of this historical inaccuracy is the tale of British counterinsurgency mission in Malaya, a colonial conflict waged against the Malayan National Liberation Army, a Communist insurgent group supported by the colony's poor and disenfranchised ethnic Chinese population.
But a closer look at the British experience in Malaya suggests that its success, like the Philippines, was predicated on the use of coercion against the civilian population in concert with civil action and amnesty programs. British Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, who is generally credited with turning around the counter-insurgency mission in Malaya after his arrival in the colony in 1952, adopted a more conciliatory and open-handed approach, arguing that the "answer [to the uprising] lies not in pouring more troops into the jungle, but in the hearts and minds of the people"—thus coining what has become the favorite expression of COIN advocates.
John Nagl cites Malaya as the quintessential example of how an army became a "learning organization" in responding to the complexities of dealing with an insurgent force. Indeed, one of the three books listed in the Acknowledgements of FM 3-24 is Robert Thompson's Defeating Communist Insurgencies: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam. It's not surprising that Thompson—one of the chief architects of the COIN mission in Malaya and a key advisor to Templer— offers a positive take on British counterinsurgency policy.
The veneration of Templer and Thompson, however, ignores some inconvenient facts. By the time Templer had arrived on the scene, the tide of the war against the insurgency had already begun to turn. This had far less to do with protecting the population than it did separating the ethnic Chinese population from the insurgents, by force. Historian Paul Dixon has offered a compelling list of indignities visited upon this group: mass arrests, the death penalty for carrying weapons, food control systems, burning down of the homes of Communist sympathizers, curfews and fines against communities as forms of collective punishment for individual offenses, detention without trial (used on more than 30,000 people), and deportations.
But perhaps no method was more successful than that put forward by Sir Harold Briggs, who preceded Templer as the British Army's director of operations in Malaya. His strategy, which became known as the Briggs Plan, was a forced resettlement policy instituted in 1950 that moved more than half a million ethnic Chinese—a quarter of the Chinese people in Malaya—into so-called New Villages. While these settlements may have provided some of the first adequate lodging for the local population, they were maintained by force, and tough punishments were meted out to those who did not abide by British diktats.
Indeed, by instituting a policy of forced resettlement, years before the introduction of Templer's "hearts and minds" strategy, the stage was already set for the British defeat of the insurgents. It is a view supported by Chin Peng, the head of the Malayan Communist party, who reported in post-war histories that when he heard about the appointment of Templer, "we were really feeling the heat of the New Villages." For Peng, the turning point in the conflict came with the "increasing constraints" placed on the operations of the insurgents due to resettlement.
The British experience in Malaya was, to a large extent, replicated in Kenya during the Mau Mau rebellion against British colonial rule—but in even more brutal terms. The heart of the Mau Mau insurgency came from the country's Kikuyu tribe, which had endured years of deprivation and land theft from British colonial overseers. But, as in Malaya, the ethnic homogeneity of the insurgency made it easier for the British to separate the population from the rebels. Once again, it was often savage brutality that proved decisive in meeting that goal.
According to David Anderson, author of Histories of the Hanged, an authoritative study of the Mau Mau rebellion, "The war against Mau Mau was fought not just by the military or by the police, but by the civil administration, in a pervasive campaign that sought to strip the rebels and their sympathizers of every possible human right, while at the same time maintaining the appearance of accountability, transparency, and justice…. When the fighting was at its worst, the Kikuyu districts of Kenya became a police state in the very fullest sense of the term." Collective punishments were used, property was seized, civilians were resettled, torture became institutionalized, and the death penalty was widely expanded. In all, nearly 1,100 Kikuyu were hanged for infractions associated with the rebellion—less than a quarter for capital crimes.
There were also civil policies that employed gentler tactics, including land reform initiatives and the cultivation of a cadre of tribal loyalists known as the Kikuyu Home Guard. But in the end, it was the appropriately named Operation Anvil in May 1954 that truly broke the back of the insurgency. In sweeps across Nairobi and other major cities, tens of thousands of Kikuyu were detained and shipped to detention facilities. At its height, more than 70,000 Kikuyu were held in camps far worse than those to which the ethnic Chinese in Malaya were subjected. Most were held without trial and conditions in the camps were appalling with poor sanitation, meager provisions, and the frequent employment of violence as a disciplinary measure.
What both Kenya and Malaya have in common is not a "hearts and minds" approach to counter-insurgency or a focus on protecting the population at the expense of targeting the enemy—instead it was the application of overwhelming and callous force against the civilian population. In both cases, as in the Philippines, it was the use of coercion that proved decisive for the counter- insurgents. While noting the deplorable elements of each campaign, FM 3-24 does cite these two examples of the "traditional British method of fighting insurgency" as ones to be imitated by the U.S. military in its waging of counter-insurgency. Yet, what is lacking in FM 3-24 is the all-important recognition that coercion and violence were not only integral but decisive to British success in Malaya and Kenya.
The French in Algeria
The excesses perpetrated by counter-insurgents in Malaya, Kenya, and the Philippines were recreated on an even grander scale during the French engagement in Algeria and the American war in Vietnam. But in these latter examples, while coercive methods brought some short-term military success they ultimately were politically disastrous and hastened ignominious defeats for both countries.
One of the odd elements of the modern fetishizing of counter-insurgency is the attention focused on French military officer David Galula and the slender volume he wrote about his experiences in Algeria, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. It has become a bible for many of today's COIN adherents and Galula has been hailed as one of the fathers of modern counterinsurgency doctrine. While noting that revolutionary wars are perhaps the "cruelest of all," Galula contends that the "counterinsurgent is endowed with congenital strength; for him to adopt the insurgent's warfare would be the same as for a giant to try to fit into a dwarf's clothing." Or, put another way, the counter-insurgent must avoid the urge to wallow in the same muck as the insurgent.
But during the height of the Algerian revolution, the French military institutionalized the systematic use of torture and summary execution of guerrillas. Widespread population resettlement policies and other punitive measures were used against civilians. According to Alistair Horne's magisterial history of the conflict, at the height of the battle of Algiers, the seminal episode of the war, "between thirty and forty percent of the entire male population of the Casbah were arrested at some point" and more than a million villagers had been transferred to desperate "regroupment camps." Indeed, the Algerian counter-insurgency was among the bloodiest and most violent in modern history, particularly since French brutality was matched—and in many cases surpassed—by the extraordinary carnage and barbarism of Algerian FLN rebels.
Though eventually the French were able to defeat the insurgency militarily, the use of such coercive methods created a public backlash in France that sapped the country's political will to maintain an occupying force. The political fallout from such coercive and violent techniques rendered continued occupation unsustainable. It would eventually lead to the Evian Accords and Algerian independence in 1962 and contribute to a phenomenon of national soulsearching that continued for decades.
The Vietnam Experience
In Vietnam, the approach to counter-insurgency was never as violent and coercive as the tactics employed by French forces in Algeria, but COIN proponents' take whitewashes the history of a vicious and ultimately lost conflict. Here again, the United States focused its energy on the goal of separating the insurgents from the population. And once again coercion would be a key feature of this effort. In the early stages of the war, the United States implemented the so-called strategic hamlet initiative, which forcibly relocated rural civilians into "secure" settings. This wreaked havoc on local communities and sowed deep-seated enmity towards American forces and the South Vietnamese government. Corruption, coercion, and the lack of security from the South Vietnamese military would ensure that these hamlets were anything but strategic or safe.
By late 1967, the U.S. military devised a new approach for defeating the insurgency in South Vietnam: the Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (CORDS) program, which more fully integrated U.S. civilian and military efforts in support of the South Vietnamese government. FM 3-24 hails the program for "protecting the South Vietnamese population and…undermining the communist insurgents' influence and appeal." Counter-insurgency advocates have argued that CORDS was a success and would have defeated the insurgency had the effort been maintained. As the argument goes, CORDS forced the North Vietnamese to abandon their support for the Vietcong insurgency and adopt a conventional military approach—and demonstrated the U.S. military's core capability in conducting effective counter-insurgency operations. But, in fact, the "success" of the CORDS program coincided with a series of far more important strategic events, particularly the depletion of the Vietcong ranks through repeated attacks on U.S. and South Vietnamese forces (highlighted by the militarily disastrous Tet offensive of 1968).
Also missing from the CORDS story— and curiously omitted from FM 3-24—is its important corollary, the Phoenix Program. This euphemistically described "antiinfrastructure initiative" was aimed at eliminating top Vietcong leaders and operatives. While not an assassination program per se (since a key element included the capture and arrest of Vietcong political leaders), more than 26,000 Vietcong operatives were killed among the 80,000 or so "neutralized." Though Phoenix had some limited success in undermining the Vietcong insurgency and pacifying rural communities, the cost in political terms was far greater.
A recent Rand Corporation study that defended the program as an effective counter-insurgency tool also highlights the enormous damage it did to larger U.S. interests:
Although assassination was never part of Phoenix policy, it was portrayed as such by opponents of the war, and this view enjoyed wide circulation in the press and among domestic American and international audiences. In the polarized and indeed overheated political environment of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Phoenix embodied for many on the political left the violent excesses of America as it rampaged across Southeast Asia. Phoenix therefore contributed to a lasting legacy of suspicion about U.S. power and global ambitions.
Rather than proving the efficacy of counter-insurgency, the war in Vietnam is an object lesson in how difficult it can be to maintain support for such a long-term war-fighting effort. The experiences of the French in Algeria and Americans in Vietnam should serve as an important reminder to the modern counter-insurgent of the limits of political and public will for such campaigns. The harsh measures taken in both theaters undermined domestic political support, as did the growing costs of fighting conflicts that seemed increasingly peripheral to the country's national interests.
In Vietnam, efforts to "protect" the population ended up doing more harm than good. Military efforts to undermine the insurgency— in particular, the 1970 invasion of Cambodia—caused more civilian suffering and brought little strategic benefit. Moreover, the excesses of America's war in Vietnam so traumatized the nation and its military that it changed the very focus of U.S. national security policy and for nearly two decades left American policymakers skittish and reluctant to employ military force.
It is frequently suggested that counterinsurgency in Vietnam and Algeria might have worked more successfully had it been implemented sooner or had political leaders the will to see the fight through. But ultimately in both places, the cause of the insurgent force was simply more appealing than anything being propagated by the counter-insurgents. Indeed, even the much admired Galula argues that without a "countercause" that appeals to the population, the effort is doomed to failure. Thus, short of military saturation of the entire country, the need to resort to coercive methods was not only necessary, but practically inevitable.
Beware the Surge Narrative
But perhaps nowhere is the divide between fact and fiction about counter-insurgency starker than in discussions about the U.S. war in Iraq. The dominant narrative about the Iraq war is that, after the American invasion in 2003, the U.S. Army forgot the lessons of counter-insurgency and bungled their way through a heavy-handed military occupation marked by the use of conventional military tactics ill-suited to fighting a guerilla war. The situation, as the story goes, turned around in 2007 after the adoption of population-centric, counter-insurgency techniques, which occurred in concert with a surge of U.S. troops into the country.
There is little question that civilian casualties in Iraq declined in the latter end of 2007 and into 2008. And U.S. military doctrine (at least nominally) did shift in the direction of outreach toward the Iraqi population. But, once again, the "success" of counter-insurgency techniques in Iraq and the stabilization of the country was twinned with horrific levels of violence. Iraq's bloodletting began in earnest in February 2006 following the bombing of the Samarra Mosque in by Sunni Al-Qaeda-in-Iraq terrorists. The attack, on one of the holiest religious sites for Iraqi Shiites, unleashed a torrent of sectarian warfare. At its height, more than 3,000 Iraqi civilians were being killed each month and in a manner that was often deeply sadistic, including the use of electric drills and mutilation.
As the violence raged, an estimated one million Iraqis (mostly Sunni Arabs) fled the country to Jordan, Syria, and elsewhere. In Baghdad, the ethnic cleansing soon turned a once Sunni city into one dominated by Shiites. By the fall of 2007, the killing had created ethnic enclaves that were impervious to continued sectarian cleansing. The U.S. government's own National Intelligence Estimate for Iraq in August 2007, couched in the standard antiseptic language, is nonetheless illuminating on this point:
The polarization of communities is most evident in Baghdad, where the [Shiite] are a clear majority in more than half of all neighborhoods and Sunni areas have become surrounded by predominately [Shiite] districts. Where population displacements have led to significant sectarian separation, conflict levels have diminished to some extent because warring communities find it more difficult to penetrate communal enclaves. [italics added]
Simply put, both sides ran out of political opponents to slaughter. This is a critical point: though the decline in violence coincided with the surge in U.S. troop levels and the application of new, counter-insurgency tactics put forth in FM 3-24, a significant portion of the drop in bloodshed happened organically and because of actions taken by Iraqis themselves.
In Iraq, the notable difference from the conflicts in the Philippines, Malaya, Algeria, or Kenya, is that it was not the counterinsurgents that perpetrated the worst violence, but rather insurgents and proxy militias fighting among themselves. While the United States may not have directly taken part in this ethnic cleansing, it had the indirect effect of furthering American interests and political objectives. Most problematically, however, COIN advocates have confused correlation with causality in Iraq. Since the frequency and intensity of violence abated just as the U.S. military was implementing a kinder, gentler, population-centric, COINfighting strategy, well, surely that means that the adoption of COIN tactics was decisive—or so the surge narrative goes. But this is a dangerous and false myth that obscures a far more complicated reality.
Indeed, it is not even possible to say that America's hands were clean. COIN proponents have argued that one of the more important changes by the U.S. military when it implemented the surge in Iraq in 2007 was a focus limiting civilian casualties. Though that certainly was the intent, the facts suggest otherwise.
According to one measure, U.S. airstrikes killed nearly four times as many Iraqis in 2007 than in 2006. According to Iraq Body Count, a database that records the number of violent civilian casualties in Iraq since the 2003 invasion, the numbers actually increased, post-surge. Deaths of noncombatants involving U.S.-led Coalition military forces rose from between 544 and 623 in 2006 to between 868 and 1,326 in 2007; civilian deaths directly attributable to U.S. forces alone (i.e., not involving any other combatants) increased steeply from between 394 and 434 in 2006 to between 669 and 756 in 2007. Additionally, the surge was witness to a substantial increase in the number of Iraqis held in U.S. detention.
Between February and August 2007, the inmate population jumped 50 percent from 16,000 to 24,500. This is not to say that the surge of U.S. troops and the adoption of counter-insurgency tactics failed to have a positive impact on Iraqi stabilization or contributed to the decline in civilian deaths. They did. But these advances took advantage of changes already occurring on the ground—changes born out of extreme violence and coercion perpetrated against civilians. Without the violent civil war of 2006, the accompanying ethnic enclaving, and large-scale population resettlement, it is highly doubtful that the adoption of counter-insurgency techniques in 2007 would have turned the tide on their own.
Applying COIN in Afghanistan
The historical myopia of modern counterinsurgency doctrine brings with it potentially dangerous consequences. The first and most obvious is that the United States will choose to fight more of these types of wars out of the mistaken belief that they are more humane, and less deadly than conventional wars. The seductive allure of capturing "hearts and minds" can conceal from the public the true nature of counter-insurgency tactics. But there is another perverse and troubling possibility: that COIN advocates will actually integrate their own interpretation of the past into a belief that counterinsurgency can be fought and won with predominately carrots rather than sticks.
In fact, this is the approach being adopted today in Afghanistan, where U.S. military leaders have gone to great lengths to make clear that protecting civilian lives—rather than targeting the enemy— is the primary military mission. February's coordinated attack on the city of Marjah in Afghanistan's Helmand Province marked the high-water mark of this policy. In the run-up to the battle, the U.S. military gave up the element of surprise, practically broadcasting to the Taliban their intentions to take the town. The hope was that Taliban fighters would flee before the battle began, sparing the lives of civilians potentially caught in the crossfire. In the wake of the battle, the United States and NATO brought in both civil aid projects and what General McChrystal referred to as "government in a box."
However, this approach is fundamentally incongruent with the timeline of U.S. military engagement in Afghanistan. The current U.S. mission is predicated on the goal of building up the confidence of the population, providing security, and expanding the legitimacy of the government in Kabul. But since that government lacks basic capacity, this is a goal that cannot be accomplished in the near-term. Yet the clock is ticking on America's troop presence there—President Barack Obama has made clear that U.S. forces will begin coming home in June 2011. There seems to be a critical mismatch between strategy and tactics. A carrot-based approach that aims to build up the confidence of the Afghan people in the U.S. military, NATO, and their own government is the sort of mission that might have worked at the beginning of the war in Afghanistan—not eight years later.
In short, the Pentagon has chosen a mission in Afghanistan that minimizes its most obvious military advantage and accentuates practices for which it has neither the will, resources, nor core competency to implement successfully. Moreover, even by the tenets laid out in FM 3-24, Afghanistan is a poor choice for a counter-insurgency campaign. The country lacks a competent and respected host government, Afghanistan's security services are inadequate and feared by the population, and the presence of a sanctuary for Taliban fighters across the border in Pakistan fundamentally undermines the ability of the counter-insurgency effort. Moreover, the United States faces an intractable enemy that, particularly in the Pashtun-dominated south, has the advantage of ethnic fealty—as well as the inclination to use coercive techniques of its own. Assassination of local leaders who resist its influence, night letters meant to sow fear in the minds of unarmed and defenseless civilians; each of these tactics is crucial to Taliban success. And, as Galula has pointed out, fear—not hope—is generally the great motivator for civilian populations that find themselves caught in the crossfire.
The Sri Lanka Model
In light of the daunting task in Afghanistan, one last example of COIN—from the very recent past—may offer some clarity. By 2006, the Sri Lankan military had been mired in a protracted 26-year war against the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), a counter-insurgent force in the northern part of the country. Peace talks had broken down and the majority Sinhalese population was frustrated with the lack of progress. As a result, the government finally adopted the more decisive "Rajapaksa Model," championed by (and named for) the country's president. Its tenets were described in a widely read appraisal conducted by the Indian Defense Ministry: unwavering political will, disregard for international opinion distracting from the goal, no negotiations with the forces of terror, complete operational freedom for the security forces, absence of political intervention to divert focus away from complete defeat.
On the ground, that meant not only targeting Tamil civilians with coercive and punitive means, but also assassinating opposition journalists and the extrajudicial killing of civilians and combatants. It wasn't pretty, but it worked. Less than three years after the implementation of this policy, the remaining LTTE fighters had been pushed into a tiny corner of the island country, and were soundly and decisively defeated in battle. Not surprisingly, many prominent COIN advocates have been reluctant to draw conclusions about what Sri Lanka's war on the LTTE tells us about the lessons of counter-insurgency. This shouldn't come as a surprise. The Sri Lanka experience has the disadvantage of fitting poorly into current U.S. counter-insurgency doctrine.
So, would the United States be better served by adopting a Sri Lankan-style approach to waging the Afghanistan counterinsurgency? Not at all. Ignoring the obvious moral dimensions that weigh against such a course of action, the experiences in Algeria and Vietnam demonstrate that even the adoption of these methods is unlikely to bring success. And, the blowback can be far worse and longer lasting.
Counter-insurgents can win if their cause and political message have greater appeal or if they are willing to act as violently and coercively as the insurgent forces. Neither is true in Afghanistan today. The cause of the Taliban insurgents, particularly in the so-called Pashtun belt of southern Afghanistan, is as strong as any political tonic being sold by NATO forces or an increasingly illegitimate and corrupt central government in Kabul. In the Philippines, Malaya, Kenya, and to a limited extent Iraq, the success of counter-insurgencies was derived in large measure not just from the military weakness of the insurgent forces, but also their political weakness. Precisely the opposite was true in Algeria and Vietnam.
The notion that U.S. troops could foster a counter-cause that outweighs Pashtun solidarity is difficult to imagine. Money alone won't do the trick. Of course, another possibility also exists—the entry of large numbers of U.S. and NATO troops, far more than the additional 30,000 soldiers that President Obama approved this past winter. But political constraints make such an additional outlay highly unlikely.
Indeed, as the Obama administration seeks to find a workable path in Afghanistan, there is a clear and unambiguous lesson to be derived from a proper reading of COIN history: it is a lot more difficult and violent than experts acknowledge. Counterinsurgency should focus on those locations (such as Afghanistan's northern and western provinces) where the Pashtun, and in turn Taliban, influence is weaker. In the south and east, where the Taliban message is strongest, a more robust counter-terrorism strategy would be a better approach.
This does not mean withdrawal, but a regional prioritization and distribution of troops and resources to places where the most good can be done most quickly—and where the cause of the counter-insurgent is more likely to be embraced. Yet, to date, U.S. and NATO military efforts continue in areas (such as Marjah) that are not only the most volatile but least inclined to look favorably on the long-term occupation by foreigners that will be required if the current program of extending government legitimacy is to be properly administered.
In the end, nations inclined to embark on these campaigns in foreign lands would be wise to remember that even the best intentions of occupiers have generally bumped head-first into the shoals of bloody reality. Counterinsurgencies are as violent, coercive, destructive, and brutal as any other type of conflict. To ignore the fundamental elements of COIN operations—and to believe that an approach characterized by humanism and protection of civilians will succeed— is simply misguided.
The great American Civil War general, William Tecumseh Sherman, is best remembered for the phrase, "War is hell." But perhaps the more resonant expression for those who would seek to humanize the most primal of human conflicts is one he wrote to the pitiable people of Atlanta before he burned their city to the ground in 1864: "You cannot qualify war in harsher terms than I will. War is cruelty, and you cannot refine it."
Given the numerous impediments to conducting COIN in the modern era, it would be prudent to resist the uniquely American temptation to rewrite history. The scope and goals of the U.S. mission in Afghanistan should be narrowed, and the sooner the better.
Michael A. Cohen writes on politics and national security and was previously a senior research fellow at the New America
Foundation. He is a regular contributor to the blog www.democracyarsenal.org.


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The products we feature on this site were chosen based on over two decades of experience in the coin industry and are featured because they represent the best value and highest liquidity in each category.
Declining Purchasing Power of the U.S. Dollar - The U.S. Dollar is a debt instrument that loses value as more are printed. It is a fiat currency that can be created without adding any additional supportive assets. This ability to create money out of thin air is the primary reason the U.S. came off of the Gold and Silver Standards. Under the metals standards, the money supply can only grow as fast as the metals could be mined. Without the use of fractional reserve lending, our government could not have financed massive economic growth. Chart based on (CPI-U) data.
Rising Gold Price - If you had purchased Gold in 2001 at the low of $272 per-ounce, your purchase would be worth about five times as much today.
Rising Silver Price - If you had purchased Silver back in 2001 at $4.00, it would be worth about five times as much today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Dec. 12, 2006
Lipscomb soccer player Terrence (TJ) Williams is one of 41 players invited by Trinidad and Tobago to participate in a training camp for the 2007 Digicel Caribbean Cup.
Williams, a defender and midfielder, started and played in 18 games for the Bisons last season. He scored one goal, a game-winner, and also added two assists.
Midfielder Kezi Lara also tried out as well in the first wave. He scored three goals, all game-winners and assed an assist. He played in 15 games, starting 10 last season for the Bisons
Trinidad and Tobago head coach Wim Rijsbergen has invited players based locally and in North America for a five-day training camp later this month ahead of the 2007 Digicel Caribbean Cup. The camp is planned from Dec. 18-22 at Ato Boldon Stadium.
"We are always looking at and seeing what the foreign-based players can do," Rijsbergen said. "We have some of the players who we saw in the North American camp and they can all show us what they have on the field and whether they can be part of the twenty-man or eighteen-man squad for the Digicel Cup."
The tournament begins in January. Trinidad and Tobago is scheduled to meet Barbados on Jan. 12 in the first round.
"We will finalize the group for the tournament and then train later in the year and of course in January before the tournament starts."
The other names coming out of the U.S. camp which was held in South Carolina, are Abiola Clarence, Darryl Roberts, Osei Telesford, Keeron Benito and Darren Toby.
With the four top teams advancing to the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup, T&T will open its Digicel Cup campaign against the "Bajans" at the Hasely Crawford Stadium and follow up against Martinique on January 15 and then two days later against the winner of Group J (Bermuda, Dominican Repubic, Haiti) which will be contested in Trinidad from January 5-9.


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The Bachelor of Arts in Advertising is designed to provide you with knowledge and expertise in all aspects of advertising in preparation for a variety of professional challenges. You will take courses that prepare you for the world's job market including advertising strategy, creative, design, research, and media planning. Plus, our location in the Miami area allows you to explore unique internship opportunities within the region's numerous advertising agencies, private corporations, and non-profit groups.
Upon graduation, you will be prepared to:
- Identify target audiences and develop effective advertising campaigns.
- Understand how research, strategy, and positioning interact.
- Experience the creative process and develop strong creative ideas for print, broadcast, and interactive media.
- Explain the role of advertising in our national and world economies.
- Understand the influences of advertising on cultural norms, tastes, and trends.
In addition, our core curriculum in the liberal arts gives you a balanced education.
Highlight of the Program - Advertising Campaign
The highlight of the advertising program requires you to produce a complete campaign that utilizes the knowledge acquired in all advertising classes. The campaign offers exposure to real life situations such as client meetings, strategic brainstorming, and creative design sessions. If you are interested in the creative process, you can further develop specific production skills with coursework in graphic design.
All of our undergraduates are also required to complete an internship as part of the curriculum, providing valuable real work experience prior to entering the job market.
For more information about our advertising degree program, please contact email@example.com.


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I'm quite an intolerant person in general, but when it comes to noise, I just can't cope with it!
Eg 1: I'm trying to do maths revision and all I can hear is the little brats who are in their garden (which backs onto our garden) screaming! They seriously can't communicate without screaming at the top of their voices! And this isn't just about dyspraxia, I have dyscalcula aswell so I have to concerntrate extremely hard when it comes to maths!
Eg 2: My brother likes to play extremely loud music (often rap!) in his room, with the bass pounding. He especially likes to do this while having his bedroom door open, while he's in the shower. ¬ ¬ My response to this is often screaming and holding my head in my hands. He will often turn it down slightly, but lets face it, teenage brothers are only concerned with what they want!
So I just can't remotely concerntrate / focus, infact, if someone asks me a question in a loud environment, I couldn't give them an answer because it's too much to handle! My brain stops working! I can't do revision if I can hear noises, it's too distracting! I also can't sleep if theres more than minimal noise. Earplugs don't stay in my ears well either.
(I wonder if a small part of this is because i'm lucky enough to have grown up in a quiet area, in a big house so i'm not used to having to deal with noise much. So when there is noise, I don't know how to handle it.)
Does anyone else have similar problems?


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All Be Modern electric fireplaces have been carefully designed to provide a glowing natural focus in any room, on any wall.
With tasteful designs from traditional to fashionable, whatever the choice, the heat is instant and thermostatically controlled for lasting comfort.
There's no need for a chimney, or a flue just an ordinary power socket and once it's fitted, simply plug in and enjoy.
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Plant of the Week
Thousands of wildflowers grow on our national forests and grasslands, in many shapes, sizes, and colors. A field of wildflowers or colorful plants upon a lush forest floor is a beautiful sight, but so is a single flower or scattered plants growing upon what at first glance may appear to be a dry and desolate landscape.
Each week Celebrating Wildflowers features a different wildflower found on our national forests and grasslands. Enjoy them here as well as throughout Celebrating Wildflowers.
The Plant of the Week descriptions are organized alphabetically by genus and species:


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We had the chance to head out to Los Angeles to drive the new 2012 Ford Focus in this hills and canyons of Malibu and the surrounding area. Ford is looking to completely take over the c-segment section of the market from Honda, Toyota and others. Chevy and Hyundai have new competitors in this market as well with the new Cruze and the Elantra which should keep everyone on their toes.
Have a look at our first impressions of the Focus and some pictures as well. Provided the Snowmageden coming later in the week doesn't postpone it, we shoud be getting a chance to drive the Elantra later in this week as well, should make for a nice back to back comparison.


text: Since ancient times man has prized honey as one of nature's miracles. We invite you to taste what the ancients thought to be a delightful aromatic treat. The only way to get this treat was to rob bee's nests in hollow trees or rock crevices. We have done the hard part for you. Enjoy some of our raw honey today.View an article about the Gruwell Apiary Family in the latest edition of the Fort Pierce Magazine.


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Welcome to the University of Hartford's International Center. The Center offers students, faculty, and staff a full spectrum of services, whether you're coming from another country to study with us or heading overseas on one of our many study abroad programs. Our mission is to promote international understanding, global citizenship,and cultural diversity, and we hope that your experiences here will prove intellectually challenging, culturally enriching, and personally satisfying.
From orientation to graduation—from immigration and study abroad advising to excursions and outreach programs—the staff of the International Center wants to be a part of your success at the University of Hartford. We invite you to learn more about our social and educational programs and services.
Please visit us often and let us know how we can help to support you during your stay with us.
The International Center: International Student Services and Study Abroad
The International Center strives to maintain the accuracy of our website, particularly as it relates to immigration regulations and procedures.
Due to evolving changes in immigration law, it is not always possible to make timely updates to our site. International students and scholars are advised to always check with their International Student Advisor for the most up-to-date information.


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Il Laghello di Amina, Framura, Italy
We stayed at a incredible place while we were exploring the Cinque Terre towns and the Ligurian Coast. Il Laghello Di Amina, where we rented an apartment, is owned by a wonderful Italian family who was generous with their friendship, food and time. Every day brought a new food from their farm and on the final day of our trip we got to help with Vendemmia, the harvesting of the grapes for the wine. The family also had a stone pizza oven in their front yard where they made mouth-watering pizza, calzone and lasagne. We tried their wines, olive oil, honey, pears, tomatoes, peaches and other vegetables from their farm. Our final there meal was a celebration of life, 15 years of marriage and a birthday. It was hard to leave and we thought about staying forever.Read More
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1 syllable
- ate, aydt, bait, bate, beit, cate, chait, crate, date, eight, fait, fate, feight, fete, frate, freight, gait, gate, grate, great, haight, hait, hate, kate, late, leight, mate, nate, pait, pate, plait, plate, prate, rait, raitt, rate, sate, skate, slate, spate, speight, state, straight, strait, strate, streight, tait, taite, taitt, tate, trait, wait, waite, waitt, wayt, weight
2 syllables
- abate, await, belate, berate, collate, conflate, create, debate, deflate, dictate, dilate, elate, equate, est, estate, gestate, inflate, innate, irate, iwate, kuwait, lightweight, m-8, mccreight, mcfate, misstate, negate, oblate, ornate, postdate, predate, prorate, reflate, relate, restate, sedate, sumgait, translate, tri-state, update, upstate
3 syllables
- conjugate, desecrate, disinflate, interstate, intrastate, multistate, overrate, overweight, procreate, reinstate, silverplate, solid-state, telerate, underrate
4 syllables
- demodulate, interrelate, recriminate, remunerate
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We are becoming a conceited nitwit society, pushy and self-aggrandizing. No one is ashamed to brag now. and show off. They think it heightens them. They think it's good for business.
It used to be that if you were big, you'd never tell people how big you were because that would be kind of classless, and small. In fact it would be a proof of smallness.
So don't be showy. The big are modest.
There is the issue—small but indicative of something larger—of how members of the U.S. military present themselves, and the awe they consciously encourage in the public and among the political class. The other day on his Daily Beast blog, Andrew Sullivan posted a letter from a reader noting the way officers are now given and relentlessly wear on their dress uniforms ribbons, markers and awards for pretty much everything they do—what used to be called fruit salad. Mr. Sullivan posted two pictures we echo here, one of Gen. David Petraeus and one of Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower. This is the Eisenhower of D-Day, of the long slog through Europe in World War II. He didn't seem to see the need to dress himself up and tell you what he'd done. Maybe he thought you knew. He didn't wear all the honors to which he was entitled, though he could have used them to dazzle the masses if that had been what he was interested in.
Top brass sure is brassier than it used to be. And you have to wonder what that's about. Where did the old culture of modesty go? Ulysses S. Grant wore four stars on his shoulder and nothing else on his uniform. And that was a fellow who'd earned a few medals.
Jump now to the woman who is the main focus in the Petraeus scandal, Paula Broadwell. She was a person of impressive achievement right from the start—high school valedictorian, West Point grad, master's degrees, Army officer. But even that wasn't enough ribbons. In YouTube videos she brags about her security clearance, her inside knowledge—"That's still being vetted"—and the Ph.D. she's working on. She calls herself a biographer, but biographers actually do something arduous—they write biographies. Ms. Broadwell contracted with a professional, reporter Vernon Loeb, to organize, synthesize, think and write. On Twitter, Ms. Broadwell describes herself as "Author . . . National Security Analyst; Army Vet; Women's Rights Activist; Runner/Skier/Surfer; Wife; Mom!" On her website she noted that in her free time she is an Ironman triathelete "and a model and demonstrator for KRISS, a manufacturer of .45-caliber machine guns." "When Paula is not on the frontlines, online, or writing lines," she and her husband run, ski and surf together.
My goodness. All hail. This isn't describing yourself in the best possible light, this is bragging about yourself to a degree and in a way that is actually half mad.
But it's kind of the way people talk about themselves now. And I have to say, this is new. Not new in history but new as a fully developed and enveloping national style. You know why they loved us in Europe in World War II? I mean aside from because we won? Because they thought we were kind of strong and silent—modest, actually—like Gary Cooper in "Sergeant York." Now we still do ratta-tat-tat, but it's on Facebook and it's about how great we are.
We used to worry that kids would be victims of the self-esteem movement, that constant praise would keep them from an honestly earned, and therefore stable, self-respect, and steer them toward mere conceit. Now parents have it.
The other young woman in the story, Ms. Broadwell's apparent nemesis, felt harassed when her role became known. Jill Kelley called 911 and quickly informed the operator of her status. "You know, I don't know if by any chance, because I'm an honorary consul general, so I have inviolability." She suggested "diplomatic protection" might be in order. But she isn't a diplomat, she's a lady who gives parties and knows a lot of people. She even knows an FBI agent who opened an investigation for her because she felt harassed by anonymous emails. This really was a confusing part of the story. Just about everyone, certainly every woman, in the public eye in America receives aggressive, insulting, menacing emails. We didn't know we could get FBI investigations opened for that! Maybe our mistake is not being honorary consuls with inviolability.
* * *
These are just the players in the scandal of the week. Have we noticed a certain lack of modesty in our political figures? Thank goodness, therefore, for Mitt Romney, who in a conference call with donors said he got beat and beat bad, that his campaign was lacking, that his gut on the big issues was probably off, that he shouldn't have allowed his campaign to become (in the grandiose, faux-macho lingo of campaign consultants who wish they wore fruit salad) an air war and not a ground war, and that they were smoked in get-out-the-vote. He added, with an eye to concerns larger than his own, that he wanted to help the party analyze and define what didn't work in 2012 so it would be stronger in 2016.
Sorry. Kidding! He didn't say that.
He said the administration gave "gifts" to interest groups, and the groups appreciated the gifts, and, people being the little automatons they are, said yes, sire, and voted for him.
In a way it was as bad as the old "47%" tape. Because it was so limited.
* * *
Which gets us to the president. He's looking very stern. You don't have a problem with Susan Rice, you have a problem with me, he says, with a scowl. He talks about the fiscal cliff but not in a way that shows a real eagerness for compromise. He does not define areas of potential give, potential progress. He won, after all. He doesn't have to.
What is needed is bigness, magnanimity. It's not all about him, his party, it's not all about self. It is not even all about one's deepest political intentions. There are other ways and schedules for moving forward there.
Get the Republicans leaders on the Hill together. Suggest in subtle ways you'll let them save face. Quietly acknowledge you weren't the best negotiator in the world the first time 'round, and neither were they. Maybe no one was quite their best. But the nation faces a real challenge and there will be economic repercussions in mishandling it. "Let's make a deal and let's make it quickly. We all have to play games but not too much and not too long."
And mean it. And deal.
This would be good for the president, good for his legacy, good for the country. This is a man who could show that in a time of crisis he and Speaker John Boehner could re-enact Ronald Reagan and Tip O'Neill. Which is something the country would be relieved to see. "Look—it still works!"
It might take some of the bitterness, some of the long, grinding, partisan poison out of the system.
Might we see that?
Or just instead the stern face, the old soft, nebulous aggression, in the age of the outsized ego?


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Haven't found anything yet?
The success story enjoyed by the Pickhardt & Siebert brand Lacantara, unsurpassed in the German wallpaper industry to date, is an example of successful interlocking of trend-oriented product development, on target marketing and an intelligent sales concept. Consistency creates confidence. With the Lacantara collection, P&S heralds the third round of this reliably successful concept and prevails yet again with an extremely successful collection of themes that is in line with current trends, both in terms of colour and design, but still remains true to the refreshing simplicity of the Lacantara style. Three playful floral themes in various designs represent the focal point of the collection. Lovers of modern and slightly abstract designs get their money's worth as do advocates of compositions that are in harmony with nature The main patterns are supported by a stylish plain and an extremely classy stripe in a range of colour combinations. Another special feature of the collection is the skilful use of contemporary shine and glitter applications, in which the familiar foam on fleece feel is combined with modern materials.
[Source: P+S International]


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As you can probably tell I've moved on from this blog and am now only posting my photos on here:
And here:
And you can check out my new website here:
Thanks for all the support you've given me over the past four years guys ^___^! It really means a lot. Hopefully you like the stuff I produce now more also and we can grow together!


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Oct. 17, 2008
LONG BEACH, Calif. -
Complete Release in PDF Format
The UC Santa Barbara golf team shot a final round 286 to finish with a 10-over par 862, placing eighth out of 15 teams at the Del Walker Intercollegiate at the Virginia Country Club in Long Beach, Calif.
UCSB finished one shot behind seventh-place Loyola Marymount and eight shot back of sixth-place San Jose State. Colorado State won the team tournament by shooting an outstanding 41-under par 811, 23 shots in front of second-place UC Irvine, which carded an 834.
Junior Brian Hollenbeck, an All-Big West choice in 2007-08, was the Gauchos' top finisher with a 5-under par 208. Hollenbeck, who shot under par in two of his three rounds and at par in the third, tied for sixth-place in the tourney. Matt Grush, another junior, tied for 26th with a 2-over par 215. Freshman Aaron Sherry and sophomore Tyler Weir tied for 51st at 8-over par 221, while sophomore Scott Lewis carded a 10-over par 223, tying for 56th.
Colorado State's Zahkai Brown blew-away the field with a 17-under par 196. He was at least four shot under par in each of the three rounds, and his 8-under par 63 in the second round was, by far, the best round of the tournament. Brown's teammate Dustin Morris tied with UC Irvine's John Chin for second-place at 9-under par 204.
UCSB will return to action on Oct. 20 when it travels to the Sycuan Collegiate Invitational at Willow Glen Golf Course in San Diego, Calif.


text:
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text:
H.J. Heinz Co. is buying Kraft Foods, creating one of the largest food and beverage companies in the world with annual revenue of about $28 billion.
The Kraft Heinz Co. will own Kraft, Heinz, Oscar Mayer, Ore-Ida and large stable of other brands. Eight of those brands have annual sales of $1 billion or more and five others log sales between $500 million and $1 billon every year.
The deal to bring together the two companies, each more than a century old, was engineered by Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway and Brazilian investment firm 3G Capital. The two will invest another $10 billion in the new company.
The merger comes as well-established food producers struggle to...


text:
Get the Flash Playerto see this player.
|Video Box
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News of Saturday night's stabbing at T In the Park (TITP) won't surprise those who've denounced the 15-year-old festival as an uncultured Ned extravaganza. But, as anyone who spent more than a minute in the presence of 80,000 revellers yesterday will testify, this is a tragic one off. Aye, a gaggle of Scots after an ale or twelve can be an intimidating proposition but the vast majority are here to get off their tits amidst a backdrop of sweet (although sometimes very sour – step forth Mr Will Young) music. And the few who're not? Well, they're the sort of cunts you get everywhere, be it Balado, Glasto or outside your local off-license.
Now, I'm not here to stick up for Geoff Ellis, DF or the Scottish booze behemoth that is Tennent's - all three are more than capable of doing so themselves with much more professionalism than I ever could - but TITP, despite its many detractors, is a welcoming, all-embracing festival devoid of snobbery and fizzing with bubbles of lager-induced character. For one appalling incident to overshadow the entire event would be a sorry and entirely unworthy way to remember what's shaping up to be another cracking weekend and, perhaps sensing the story may no longer be how many litres of alcohol they've consumed in 72 hours, today's frolickers have begun the Sabbath exactly as they finished last night: Pished.
For some reason, I'm a little more delicate; yesterday's booze-drenched hilarity is wreaking havoc on my puny excuse of a nervous system, leaving me frustratingly dehydrated in the heat of a sweat-invoking afternoon sun. So, it's with not much more than a shuffling of foot that I enter The Pet Sounds Arena to find local jingle-spurters 1990s kicking off today's proceedings. The trio's hi-NRG power-pop appears to be flavour of the month with a soiree of checked-shirt fashionistas whose achingly nimble limbs combust to the sound of clunking guitars chopping over a rash of pitifully composed couplets (seriously, you should hear the kindergarten mutterings of 'The Box'). Sensing this is not exactly the tantalising Sunday brunch I'd envisaged, I make a speedy retreat to Camp Media for a hangover-quelling feast of sausages, wine gums and olives.
Belly filled and sweats adequately contained, Southampton quartet The Delays are next on my agenda. Not being so clued-up on the group's forceful symphonic pleadings, I toddle along with a fellow scribe who irritably informs me their set is top-loaded with cuts from new long-player Everything's The Rush. In all honesty it makes no odds to me, every track sounds exactly as follows: pristinely polished indie-fizz accompanied by a terse falsetto that never quite manages to touch base. All in all, it's a bit meh yet bizarrely a vast crowd of scenesters buzz about the tent like bluebottles would a freshly laid jobby. It's a curious sight indeed, but once some oh-so-cunny funt blurts out "That's not my name" every time a pal hollers - what I presume is - his birth-name, it doesn't take long to establish the excrement they're awaiting is head-fucking chart reprobates The Ting Tings.
Quickly deciding this basal-needs pandering scuzz-pop definitely ain't for me, I head back to the media bubble to find a group of hacks deliberating over whether some lusciously-locked fella chatting up TV presenters is a celebrity or not. This riveting conversation concludes with one journo shamelessly showing off an uncanny knowledge of all things Friends before we form a huddle and brave the scorching (well, warm) Scottish sunshine to catch Battles at the Pet Sounds Arena. An incessant wrath of disorientating chaos, the New Yorkers' performance perfectly encapsulates the essence of the TITP audience: utterly fucked but somehow pulling it off with guile and panache. The jitterbug machine-gunnery of 'Atlas' is, of course, an enraptured crowd favourite but 'Tonto' and 'Tij' feel better suited to today's surroundings, so blistered and fragmented are their prog-styled leanings.
Glands now completely free of yesterday's boozing, I grab my first pint before failing to impinge upon a rammed King Tut's Stage for Vampire Weekend. Slightly disheartened, I stop kicking my heals and scoot along to The Futures Stage where New York combo Yeasayer * are setting up their effervescent shop filled with tribal rhythmic treats. Having fingered my way through a distinctly mixed bag of recent live reviews I'm not expecting much but, frankly, their set is a revelation. Speckled with glorious rays of sun-soaked melodies, tracks like the dewy saunter of _'Wait For The Summer'_ and _'2080'_'s evocative séance are heart-moistening blushes of cascading drums and slinking effects that elate the spirits of the few who've come to greet the band's harmonious endeavours. It's a joyous, transcendental affair and it's with a new found skip and a hop that I make a dash for The Relentless Tent with high hopes for DiS faves *Johnny Foreigner.
After hearing the Brum-based trio before even reaching said tent, my lugholes are quickly bludgeoned by a swathe of zealous guitar and furious percussion once inside. The levels are far, far too loud and although I'm sure "JoFo blew the roof of that Mofo" (or however you kids say 'were good' these days) I pick up my pipe, slippers and Wine Gums and swiftly depart to the Pet Sounds Arena, eagerly anticipating The National's (pictured) imminent arrival. Admittedly torn between this and Frightened Rabbit's ill-timed set at the T-Break Stage, the second Matt Berninger's baritonal crow flickers out over the opening notes of 'Start A War' all inner turmoil is appeased. A staggering showing lit up by the group's air-tight instrumentation, these Brooklyn-born miserablists flutter heart-strings with a gorgeous 'Baby, We'll Be Fine' before enveloping listening ears in the thick, macabre mist of the cacophonous 'Fake Empire'.
As the sun plunges below the horizon after triumphant closer 'Mr November', the only sensible way to shake off this deep-seated sensitivity is to find Holy Fuck at the Relentless Stage and let loose (although some seem to prefer cutting loose) on the dancefloor. The quartet's filthy-funk grooves whirr from stage while incessant, scattershot effects hop-scotch their way into the burning rubber of fleet-footed soles, demanding all bow down to the quartet's artillery of blitzkrieg beats. It's a hyperactive ransack of a show that cuts rug quicker than Speedy Gonzales on a carpentry course and, at just thirty minutes, sadly lasts just as long. So, with TITP's final curtain soon set to draw, it's decision time. Who's it going be? Primal Scream? R.E.M.? The Prodigy? Nah, somewhat foolishly I put my money on Brian Jonestown Massacre (BJM) at the Pet Sounds Arena.
With the headliner only this morning announced, a substantial congregation arrives somehow under the impression The View are to be appearing. Thankfully they're not, but needless to say the baying masses are nae too impressed when BJM take to the stage and a blanket strike of plastic cups once again fizzles through the air, rattling the noggin of tambourine tapper Joel Gion. Never one to swallow his words, frontman Anton Newcombe turns nasty - lambasting us as "pussies" and "cunts" – and all of a sudden things seem like they're gonna get interesting. Only they don't. Four-thousand attendees rapidly diminish into 500 and BJM produce one of the dullest end-of-festival finales TITP has ever seen. As one disheartened punter perfectly surmises, BJM are "as bland as Salt 'n' Shake - sans salt" and I, like many others here, make my way home from Balado for the final time.
And that's it: the end. It's been a rough and often frantic weekend but I've survived intact and somehow rejuvenated my faith in the great British music festival, no matter the inhumane actions of a small few. So, farewell T In The Park 2008, it's been one hell of a blast.


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POA Conference - 2012
The Six Habits of Highly Effective Probation Officers - Research has demonstrated that certain services delivered in specific ways can be very effective when working with the probation population. This module will discuss what works best in effectuating change in individual behavior, including: 1) skilled probation officers using motivational interviewing, 2) cognitive behavioral interventions, 3) facilitating probationer employment, 4) applying graduating sanctions, 5) responding with appropriate rewards and -- what the research tells us is perhaps the most important tool to date….6) the effective relationship between probationer and probation officer; presented by Patti Donohue and Gary Govel, DCJS OPCA .
COMPAS is the Pathfinder - The utilization of the NYCOMPAS, a fully validated risk and needs instrument, points the way to effective case management. This module will illustrate the remarkable ability of NYCOMPAS to accurately predict the risk of probationer recidivism--as detailed in a recently completed DCJS study completed by Dr. Sharon Lansing, Ph.D., which examined the NYCOMPAS scores and re-arrest rates of nearly 35,000 probationers. NYCOMPAS emphasizes the importance of using instrument scores, and the identification of criminogenic needs to manage probation department workloads and allocate resources appropriately; presented by Dr. Sharon Lansing, Ph.D., DCJS OJRP, Gary Govel, DCJS OPCA and Nancy Andino, DCJS OPCA.
Demystifying Interstate and Intrastate Transfers - Whether it's county to county or state to state, the transfer process can be a challenge. This module will clarify the interstate transfer process by reviewing basics. The module will also explain the intrastate transfer process using real examples of how transfers work and will demonstrate how understanding the process can assist Probation Officers in being more efficient; Presented by the Manager of the Interstate Unit and Deputy Compact Administrator Matt Charton, DCJS OPCA, Kelly Palmateer, DCJS OPCA, and Nicole Aldi, DCJS OPCA.
The New Probation Supervision Rule—the Future of Probation in New York State -
Probation Officers will be guided by the rule to utilize their valuable skills and resources in the supervision of higher risk probationers and provide incentives to promote offender behavioral change. This module will introduce new concepts such as Juvenile Contact Substitution, Stabilization Period, and Merit Credit. It will also present the new approach to case review/reassessment in the context of overall case management; presented by Gary Govel and Patti Donohue, DCJS OPCA.
Effectively Managing Juveniles in Their Own Communities – The evidence-based approach to juvenile supervision and management—the Juvenile Risk Intervention Services Coordination (JRISC) Program links enhanced supervision with proven community based programs that demonstrate effectiveness in reducing juvenile recidivism to both safely manage higher risk youth in the community and address their risk and need areas. The goal of JRISC is to measurably reduce recidivism among high risk PINS and JD youth at either the diversion or probation stage -- to achieve long term reductions in negative behaviors, delinquency and crime, detention, placement, and incarceration. This module will provide local probation departments with the how-to and knowledge to develop JRISC-like models in their counties, using the resources they currently have; presented by Patti Donohue, DCJS OPCA and Cathy Lane, Deputy Director Dutchess County Probation.
Effectively Interviewing Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault Offenders - This module will introduce viewers to the latest curriculum on effective interviewing techniques for probation officers who work with domestic violence and sexual assault offenders. An overview of accountability-based interviewing and documentation will be presented; presented by Bill Schaefer, DCJS OPDF


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Gilfer necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 163 diseños de 54 diseñadores freelance.
Tax Talk
Tax talk is the foremost respected tax related magazine in South Africa.
TAXtalk started off as a website answering tax-related queries and publishing tax articles, aimed at providing information in a format that was as reader-friendly as possible. This approach to tax was well received and in December 2005 a natural progression took place from the electronic media to the production of the first tax magazine published in South Africa.
By consistently providing unique and interesting information and insights into the world of tax, taxpayers can get to grips with the tax issues at hand. TAXtalk magazine has been the first of its kind and is considered to be a revolution in the South African tax arena.
Contributors to TAXtalk are independent professionals and experts in their particular fields, giving the editorial content an unbiased and objective angle. The opinions of tax professionals and experts, different angles on tax topics, updates on tax law and legislation all make TAXtalk a valuable source of current tax information.
Tax talk is now looking at moving into the international arena.
CFO's, Financial Managers, Tax Managers, HR Managers, Payroll Administrators, Business Owners, Attorneys, CPA's, Accountants, Tax Consultants
I attach the current logo.
We are looking for a fresh modern look and feel for our logo that looks "sexy" yet needs to be taken seriously. The magazine is generally read by professionals in the following fields CFO's, Financial Managers, Tax Managers, HR Managers, Payroll Administrators, Business Owners, Attorneys, CPA's, Accountants, Tax Consultants.
The website is http://www.taxtalkblog.com. The print magazine is an extremely high quality publication that has earned the respect as being the foremost tax publication on the South African market. We just feel that our current logo does not carry that forward, and hence we are looking for something that is really up there!
As a guideline, we would prefer the logo to consist of a modern font type and the colors to be black and red. Obviously that is a guideline and we would certainly look at other approaches.
The name of the company is Tax Talk and our payoff line is "Education | Information | Legislation"
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Kate Upton Gets 3 Separate SI Swimsuit Issue Covers
Third time's a charm for Kate Upton. Actually, every time on the cover of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue has been a charm for Kate Upton, which is probably why the magazine asked her back after two other successful cover appearances. SI made its heart-pounding announcement on (appropriately enough) Valentine's Day, proclaiming that the "incomparable" Florida native "is back where she belongs."
And to commemorate her legendary status, SI has worked up three separate covers for the annual swimsuit extravaganza—something that organically emerged as Upton posed for the cameras.
Read the full story on Newser.com
Photo: Instagram


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text: 6-8 Donte Grantham of Hargrave Prep, VA should have his decision next week his coach said Thursday, and that decision is down to Clemson and Michigan. Grantham, the West Virginia player of the year last season, made an unofficial visit to Clemson for the Georgia football game. He took an official visit to Clemson last spring. He made official visits to Michigan and Cincinnati as well this month. Clemson recruiter Steve Smith visited Grantham Tuesday and Tiger head coach Brad Brownell has made several stops by the schools. "They've done a great job recruiting him," said Hargrave coach AW Hamilton. "I wouldn't be surprised if he chooses either one. Clemson has been recruiting him the longest. I'm impressed with those guys." As of Thursday, Grantham was still working on the decision. "He's still going back and forth," his coach said. Hamilton said when the decision is reached they will simply contact the two head coaches. Hamilton said Grantham is an excellent outside shooter who is very skilled and handles the basketball well.


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The Socket interface is a ``higher-level'' interface to sockets, and it is what we recommend. Please tell us if the facilities it offers are inadequate to your task! The interface is relatively modest:
data Socket -- instance of: Eq, Show data PortID = Service String -- Service Name eg "ftp" | PortNumber PortNumber -- User defined Port Number | UnixSocket String -- Unix family socket in file system, -- not available con Cygwin/Mingw type Hostname = String connectTo :: Hostname -> PortID -> IO Handle listenOn :: PortID -> IO Socket accept :: Socket -> IO (Handle, HostName, PortNumber) sendTo :: Hostname -> PortID -> String -> IO () recvFrom :: Hostname -> PortID -> IO String socketPort :: Socket -> IO PortID withSocketsDo :: IO a -> IO a data PortNumber -- instance of Eq, Ord, Enum, Num, Real, Integral, Show mkPortNumber :: Int -> PortNumber
The Handle returned by connectTo and accept is unbuffered by default. To improve performance when shifting large amounts of data, it is wise to enable block buffering on the Handle with IO.hSetBuffering. For really fast I/O, it might also be worth looking at the hGetBuf and hPutBuf family of functions in IOExts (see Section 4.14).
On Unix, when reading from a socket and the writing end is closed by the remote client, the program is normally sent a SIGPIPE signal by the operating system. The default behaviour when a SIGPIPE is received is to terminate the program silently, which can be somewhat confusing if you haven't encountered this before. The solution is to specify that SIGPIPE is to be ignored, using the POSIX library (Section 7.2):
On Windows, you need to initialise WinSock before trying to use sockets, i.e.
main = withSocketDo $ do {...}


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ST. PETERSBURG — After watching their pitching staff shut out the Indians while taking the first two in the three-game series, the Rays felt pretty confident Sunday with AL Cy Young Award winner David Price on the mound.
What's more, Price never had lost in six dominant starts against Cleveland.
"When you get these games figured out, let me know," Indians manager Terry Francona said. "We hadn't scored in two nights. We were facing a guy that won the Cy Young."
But so far, the Rays ace is in a hole.
Price had statistically his worst outing in the majors, allowing a career-high eight earned runs and 10 hits in only five innings in a 13-0 loss to the Indians before 21,629 at Tropicana Field.
Price fell behind hitters, left pitches over the middle of the plate and was knocked out of the game after three-run homers by Mark Reynolds and Lonnie Chisenhall. Reynolds also homered in the seventh off Kyle Farnsworth, providing two of the five blasts among the Indians' 17 hits.
After two starts, Price is 0-1 with an 8.18 ERA and has allowed 22 baserunners (17 hits, five walks) in 11 innings.
Although his heat rarely exceeded 94 mph Sunday, Price still is approaching his job with a coal miner's work ethic and says he feels good throwing the ball. But he insists as much as opposing batters are teeing off, he's beating himself.
"I'm fighting myself right now," said Price, who did not allow a three-run homer in 2012. "It's tough, for as good as I feel out there on the mound to go out there and be my own worst enemy. I've got to get out of my own way and just throw the ball. … I'm just fighting myself right now, my delivery."
The Rays (3-3), who embark on a 10-game road trip that begins tonight in Arlington, Texas, against the Rangers, didn't do much to support Price against Indians starter Justin Masterson. They loaded the bases with two outs in the first on a single by Ben Zobrist and walks to Evan Longoria and James Loney. But Yunel Escobar struck out for the first of three times.
What made it even more confounding is the Rays had mastered Masterson. Prior to Sunday, he was 1-7 with a 7.74 ERA against Tampa Bay, which managed only two Zobrist singles against him in seven innings.
Rays manager Joe Maddon said he didn't want his team to stew about the beating, suggesting they should just "throw this one in the garbage can." He also didn't seem particularly worried about Price's rough start to 2013.
"David obviously was not sharp, and he's not going to make any excuses about it," Maddon said. "I'm not concerned. It's just one of those days.
"It just did not look like the putaway pitch was there for David. Just missing."
Price was shaky Tuesday in his first outing, allowing a two-run homer in the first to the Orioles' Matt Wieters. But he battled through six innings and did not get the decision in a 7-4 loss.
"I'm used to pitching very well at home," he said. "It's a little upsetting for the two starts I had here.
"It's just one of those things. You've got to find whatever it is that sticks and clicks and then just stay with it. It took me a couple starts last year as well. … I've thought about it since I came out and I don't really have a positive from today and that's tough to do."


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The apartment is situated at 5 km to the airport.
Shared pool, jacuzzi are provided on site.
It is situated close to shopping malls, at 25 km to Bodrum.
The apartment is all new, enjoy your stay!
Reservation Detail:
After you successfully submit your reservation request, you will receive an e-mail response from the home owner or property manager, within the next 24 hours. At this point, the full details of your confirmed reservation including the address of the property and the contact details of your local host will be shared with you through e-mail.
We hope you have a pleasant stay!


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And I am interviewing Jen here today. Her publisher, Constable, has generously offered a free copy to one of you. All you need to do is comment below and one name will be picked randomly. Deadline Thursday 12th, 5pm GMT.
JC: Most authors are perfectly well behaved and lovely [yourself included!]. There have been occasions where authors move their stock so it's facing out on the shelf or on the display table, but that's harmless.
This happened once:
customer: You don't have a very good selection of books.
bookseller: We've got over ten thousand books.
customer: Well, you don't have the book I've written! (storms out)
There have been authors who leave a copy of their book, or post a copy of their book, to the shop and then call up a couple of days later to ask if the bookseller has read it and if they liked it. I completely understand that writers want feedback (we thrive on it!), but pestering is never good.
Basically, be a nice person. Be understanding. Be considerate - this will get you so much further than being pushy. And, as much as we booksellers like chocolate and wine, you don't need to bribe us with those, either [though a part of me wishes this weren't true].
JC: Hmmm. I'm torn here. I think it's up to the individual author and how they feel about that. Personally, if I went into a bookshop and they didn't stock my book, I wouldn't go up to a bookseller and tell them that they should be stocking it. I don't know if that's right or wrong; I just know that I wouldn't feel comfortable doing it. Booksellers are obviously always looking out for new and exciting things to stock, but to have the author him/herself telling you that their book is amazing is not the same as lots of other unbiased people telling you that. I'd rather promote my book via my blog etc a way that doesn't force people to listen, and then hopefully more people will stumble across it, read it, talk about it and in turn more bookshops would hear about it and stock it, too.
JC: Hmmm. Let me demonstrate this through the mode of quotes:
1. customer: Have you read every single book in here?
bookseller: No, I can't say I have.
customer: Well you're not very good at your job, are you?
2. customer: If I give you these three paperbacks, will you sell them and give the money to charity?
bookseller: We're not a charity bookshop.
customer: Oh. Where does your money go to?
bookseller: . . . It goes into keeping us in business.
We all love a bargain, but I think that a lot of things have happened in the publishing industry to make people think that books are things that should be cheap. It's easy to forget how many people have to be paid for one book: the writer, agents, editors, marketing people, designers, proof readers, wholesalers, bookshops. Those bookshops in turn have to pay rent, business rates, their staff... the list just goes on.
I think we all know [because it makes sense] that if we don't shop in bookshops then bookshops will close, but it seems [as with a lot of other things] we're waiting for other people to rush to the rescue. That isn't going to happen. If we want to keep bookshops then we have to support them. Otherwise we'll all be like the Waterstones' apostrophe - looking for a new job in a sausage factory.
JC: Well, if the book wasn't there then I would run away.
However, if it was there, I'd probably also run away. Ha!
I am looking forward [a lot!] to seeing the book in bookshops [eek!]. I've also got a few events lined up to talk about 'Weird Things...' and sign some books: I'll be at The Edinburgh Bookshop on the 10th April 5:30-6:30, and I'll be at Blackwell's in Oxford on the 17th April, all day as a writer in residence, with an event in the evening where I'll be talking about 'Weird Things...' and also reading some of my poetry (an interesting combination, there!). I'm very much looking forward to those.
JC: This is a tough one! The nicest part was probably seeing the book in the flesh for the first time. I can't really describe that feeling. It was amazing.
I have to say probably the most surprising thing about getting published was... getting published! Being a writer is all I've ever wanted to do [apart from a brief period when I was five and I was convinced I wanted to be a lollipop lady], and I've dreamt about it for so long that it doesn't quite seem real yet. Also, 'Weird Things...' wasn't initially a book idea, so the fact that it became a book was also a lovely surprise. At the time, I'd just got myself an agent because of my fiction, and we were busy discussing that when I was approached about writing 'Weird Things...'.
The hardest part is not to do with 'Weird Things...' in particular but relates to the whole of becoming published/being a writer and that's the hard slog - all the work you put in before any of this happens: editing your work, trying to make your writing better, believing in yourself and holding on to the possibility of getting a publishing deal. Now that I have one book deal, I have to make sure that I work even harder.
JC: Ah, that changes all the time. But here are three for now:
1. customer: Do you have any books on star signs?
bookseller: Yes, our esoteric section is over here.
customer: Good, thanks. It's just I really need to check mine – I have this overwhelming feeling that something bad is going to happen.
2. customer: Do you have a book that has a list of aphrodisiacs? I've got a date on Friday.
3. customer: What's your name?bookseller: Jen.Thanks, Jen! It's a lovely book and will definitely make people laugh. It would make a fab gift. Shame it's not Christmas but I'm sure your publisher will still be pushing it then! And I adore the cover.
customer: Hmmm. I don't like that name. Is it ok if I call you something else?
[Edited to add - AND I'm mentioned in it, in one of the quotes! I hasten to add that it wasn't me being weird, but a customer referring to my book, Write to be Published. Which is not, in itself, a weird thing to refer to, except that in that case it was a weird comment.]


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Computational Neuroscience
Seeking a degree in Computational Neuroscience?
The graduate program in Neuroscience at Emory University is an interdisciplinary program, spanning many departments and priding itself on a collaborative atmosphere encouraging excellence. Our faculty and students have a broad scope of research interests within neuroscience, ranging from molecular to cellular to behavioral neuroscience.
Our program is one of eight Ph.D. programs that comprise the Emory Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (GDBBS). There are over 260 faculty members in the Division, and graduate students of any program in the Division face no departmental barriers. They can do laboratory rotations and research with any of the Division Faculty. The can also switch to one of the other programs, have an advisor from another program and take any course offered by the Division. This structure gives students tremendous flexibility in choosing coursework, advisors and research plans. There are currently 98 students enrolled in the program, and the average time to finish the degree is about 5.5 years.
AdmissionOn-line applications and further information can be found at the GDBBS admissions website. Five criteria are considered in the initial evaluation. The most important variable is demonstrated success (GPA) in a variety of undergraduate courses in the natural sciences that provide the necessary foundation for graduate study of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the nervous system. Also very important are past research experience and letters of recommendation (especially from a research mentor). We also look at a statement of goals letter written by the applicant, as well as GRE scores for the General Test (Advanced GRE is not required). Promising applicants are invited for an interview, which is very influential in the final decision regarding admissions. Historically, we receive %7e140 applications of which we invite 25-30 applicants for interviews, we accept 60-70% of those we interview, and we are accepted by 50-60% of those we accept.
Joint Degree Programs
- Neuroscience/Biomedical Engineering
In 1997, Emory University and the Georgia Institute of Technology joined forces to create a joint Biomedical Engineering Department, which includes 15 Emory faculty members (4 from Neuroscience), and over 25 faculty members from Georgia Tech. The collaboration provides enormous opportunity and intellectual resources for students interested in neuroengineering, neuronal modeling, computational neuroscience and other cutting-edge challenges. Emory has eleven faculty that participate in this joint effort. The Chairman of the new department, Dr. Don Giddens, headed the Johns Hopkins College of Engineering before coming to Emory.
- MD/PhD
Approximately 10-15% of Neuroscience graduate students are working towards an M.D. degree or already have one. MD/PhD students are admitted through the MD/PhD Program.
Financial AidAll students receive a full tuition scholarship, complete health insurance coverage, and a stipend of $24,500 (for the academic year 2009-2010). Students are guaranteed 5 years of stipend support. Most U.S. residents are also eligible for federal subsidized student loans. The faculty encourages and assists students in obtaining individual stipend support from extramural sources such as federal agencies and private foundations (60% of our advanced students have NRSAs). Students with such support receive an annual added bonus of $2,000.
CourseworkThe program curriculum consists of 1 year of required neuroscience courses, 1 elective, a research statistics course, 3 research rotations, graduate seminar courses, attendance at the Frontiers in Neuroscience seminar series for the first two years, and the student's individual thesis research.
In addition, all students must participate in weekly seminars for the first 2 years of the program. These seminars are informal venues where students present either relevant papers or their own research to their peers and a small group of faculty members. From this experience, students learn presentation and communication skills essential to a career in science.
RotationsStudents typically perform three research rotations in different labs before choosing a thesis project and advisor. It is possible to start as early as the summer before the first year. Rotations are of flexible length, and are designed to introduce students to an array of labs, techniques, and approaches to neuroscience.
TeachingThe program offers several opportunities for students to gain teaching experience. After their first year, students are required to participate in a weeklong summer training workshop. Faculty for this course are drawn from among the best teachers across the university. There are workshops on syllabus writing and grading, lecturing and leading discussions, the use of writing as a pedagogical tool, the conduct of lab sessions, and the use of new technologies. This workshop is designed to prepare students to be teaching assistants (TA) for one class during the second year. Students can choose to TA more classes in subsequent semesters if desired, but only one assistantship is required.
Related Terms
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Computational Neuroscience
- Electrophysiology Research
- Molecular Neuroscience
- Neurodegeneration
- Neuropharmacology Research
- Neurophysiology PhD Graduate Programs
- Neuroscience Degree
- Neuroscience PhD
- Neuroscience PhD Graduate Programs
- Proteomics Research
- Systems Neuroscience