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Archuleta Receives Prestigious Tech Transfer Award, Sept. 24, 2008
submitted to NMT/PIO
KIRTLAND AIR FORCE BASE, N.M., Sept. 24, 2008 – Mary Archuleta, a technology transfer specialist with the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate, recently received the Federal Laboratory Consortium's Mid-Continent Outstanding Laboratory Representative of the Year. Archuleta also works as the marketing manager for the Air Force/NM-Tech's Partnership Intermediary.
Archuleta was selected for her contributions to technology transfer and the mission of the Federal Laboratory Consortium. She is three-year member-at-large on the FLC Executive Board and has been involved with the consortium for the past five years on the Communications Committee. She also has been involved in the training program for Beginner's, Intermediate, and Advanced Technology Transfer Specialists at the national FLC Meetings for the past two years.
As marketing manager for the Air Force/NM-Tech's Partnership Intermediary, Archuleta is responsible for identifying local, state, regional and national organizations involved in small business development and technology transfer, leveraging resources relative to AFRL opportunities. She provides oversight for all subcontracts within the AFRL Phillips Site that involve marketing and promoting of the site, including both the Directed Energy and Space Vehicles Directorates.
A 14-year lab employee, Archuleta previously worked with the New Mexico State Economic Development Department and as the Human Resources Director for the County of Santa Fe.
Archuleta received her Bachelor of Arts degree in Business from New Mexico Highlands University in 1978.
The FLC Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer recognizes laboratory employees who have accomplished outstanding work in the process of transferring federally-developed technology to the marketplace. A panel of experts from industry, state and local government, academia, and the federal laboratory system judge the nominations.
The Mid-Continent Region awards program was established in 1994. To date, more than 100 regional awards have been given to 30 laboratories, facilities and partners, including 16 to economic and technology development related groups and entities at the state level.
Archuleta received the award at a September 11 ceremony in Denver, Colo.


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September 21, 2006
With each passing year Wabash continues to expand and improve. The College continues to strive for excellence in every aspect of college life. One step towards that goal last year was the creation of an assistant director position in the Malcolm X Institute of Black Studies. The position was created last year with the retirement of Horace Turner, the previous MXI director.
The purpose of the position is to expand the range of activities of the MXI by allowing the work of the director to be divided and increased. Professor Tim Lake, recently hired Executive Director, will now be allowed to concentrate on expanding the academic and research components of the MXI. That leaves the assistant director with an important job.
Wabash College recently hired Amina McIntyre an Atlanta, Georgia, native. McIntyre received her Bachelors Degree in Anthropology from Colby College in Maine. Coincidentally, Colby College is also a private liberal arts college. She went on to receive her Master's in African-American and African Diasporas.
McIntyre found the opening when she was job hunting at IU and had to go for it. "It was perfect for me," McIntyre said. "I've been preparing for it my whole life." McIntyre works closely with the students of the organization, essentially assuming the role of Horace Turner, a man she has a great deal of respect for.
"He is a legend," McIntyre said. She explained that 'HT' has been extremely helpful in helping her adjust to her new position, but at the same time allowing her to find her footing in the institute. McIntyre has had a bit of difficultly adjusting so quickly to the position, but only because of her desire to be there as much as possible for the students. "I want to be available as much as possible for the students," she said.
Even though she just entered her position, she already has many goals in mind for the Institute. A big goal of hers is to start a challenge program that would test the students of the Institute in the same manner as the College.
She also hopes to form some study groups to provide a support system for the students. Above all, however, she just wants to help as many students as possible.
"It can be very difficult for students of color at a college like this," McIntyre said. "I want to be there to help them however I can."
McIntyre has found everything about Wabash great. She is still trying to find her way around Crawfordsville with everything happening so fast.
"At first it was like a whirlwind," she said. Since she graduated from IU, she still has many friends around whom she visits when she gets time and she is quickly make friends across campus.
She recently bought a house in Crawfordsville, moving into the home is currently occupying most of her free time. Even with all that on her plate, she still finds time to take piano lessons with Wabash piano instructor Cheryl Everett.

subset: commoncrawl


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via press release:
Current season finale airs tonight with Jim Parsons
TLC has picked up another season of WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE?, the network announced today, with an order of 10 one-hour original episodes to air in 2014. The series, which has been averaging 1.8M P2+ viewers in its first season on TLC, famously takes celebrities on a journey into their personal histories, mining their surprising pasts to reveal unknown details about themselves and their families. It is Executive Produced by Lisa Kudrow and Dan Bucatinsky, and the current season has featured A-list names, including Christina Applegate, Kelly Clarkson, Cindy Crawford, Zooey Deschanel, Chelsea Handler, Chris O'Donnell, and Trisha Yearwood.
Actor Jim Parsons is the focus of tonight's current season finale (September 10 at 9/8c on TLC), following as he explores the ancestors on his paternal side of the family, in tribute to his father. The journey takes Jim to Louisiana and eventually France, where he discovers generations of his forefathers who made an indelible mark in history. Executive producer Dan Bucatinsky will live-tweet the episode at @WDYTYA during the east coast premiere.
WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE? is produced for TLC by Shed Media US and Is or Isn't Entertainment. The series is based on an original format created by Wall to Wall Media and Alex Graham.


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amazincc wrote:Not much DETAIL to it??? Are we looking at the same pics???
I wanna smoosh your aunts dog and throw a ball or something for the other one!
SisMorphine wrote:WOW!! You have some serious talent. As always, the eyes in your pieces absolutely captivate me.
hugapitbull wrote:I love your work. How long does it take to complete a piece?
TheRedQueen wrote:They look wonderful...
BTW, it's an Australian Cattle Dog, or Blue/Red Heeler. The term Aussie is usually used for Australian shepherds.
Users browsing this forum: No registered users


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I was able to reel in eight Mahi Mahi on my recent trip to Hawaii. Went out of the North Shore this time. The conditions were rough with 12 foot plus swells, but the fish were biting and the crew was awesome. I highly recommend the Grand Slam out of Haleiwa. (http://sport-fishing-hawaii.com/).
Kazumi and I had a great trip to the Mokulua Islands. We're shown above with an outrigger, but we actually kayaked out from Kailua Beach. It was a five mile round trip with a stop for lunch on the Mokes and some snorkeling on Lanikai. Great trip and our guide Ikaika out of Two Good Kayaks was outstanding (http://www.twogoodkayaks.com/).
Made it to Hakkoda last week for a soak at Sukayu Hot Spring. The roads are now plowed and open. As you can see above, we had quite a bit of snow this year.
Here's a view of the snow cut from above. Kazumi had a good time sliding her way back down to the car.
Earlier this spring I hit Shariki Port for some Mebaru night fishing. Went out a few times and caught a few each time. Nothing of any size was caught, but fishing in the tetra off the port is a great time, and the Mebaru are good fighters regardless of size.
Almost trout time!


text: Brian Goldberg, The Lake Poets and Professional Identity Submitted by rc-admin on Mon, 08/02/2010 - 07:09 Brian Goldberg, The Lake Poets and Professional Identity (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2007). viii + 297pp. ISBN 978-0-521-86638-5 (Hdbk.), $100.00. Reviewed by Mark L. Barr Saint Mary's University Brian Goldberg's The Lake Poets and Professional Identity is a careful and subtle exploration of the cultural tropes and social forces that William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey invoked and struggled against in attempting to forge their distinct notions of authorial identity. Goldberg's central thesis is that the Lake School poets, caught between the unsustainable binary conception of the author either as reclusive (and unpaid) genius or as remunerated hack, sought in legal, medical, and clerical professionalism a more palatable model to help reconfigure the authorial relationship to both work and audience. In this intensive and necessarily episodic study, Goldberg manages a fine balance between both obscure and well-read texts and between the Lake Poets and their eighteenth-century forebears to trace the often uncomfortable fit between the notion of "professional gentleman" and an emerging vocational identity arising alongside the economic model gradually replacing the patronage system. Read more about Brian Goldberg, The Lake Poets and Professional Identity


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The New New World
The many people who thought the 135-minute theatrical cut of The New World was already too long are probably not lining up to get the new extended cut DVD, but for the passionate minority of us who think The New World is not just a good film, but one of the greatest American films -- for us, the new DVD provides overwhelming bliss.
The movies I care about most are the movies that so capture my imagination that I rarely think about anything else while watching them -- they expand beyond entertainment into a kind of meditation. It's an entirely individual thing, and though I expect most compulsive filmgoers have a list of such films, I doubt any of our lists are too similar.*
When I first wrote about The New World, I began by saying, "I, too, thought The New World suffered because of its length, but unlike the various reviewers who thought it was too long, I felt like most of the problems came from it being far too short for all that director-writer Terrence Malick tried to do with it."
The extended cut is the version I was dreaming of, aching for. It adds only a few new scenes, each of them brief, but instead the additional 37 minutes are scattered into what already existed in the previous DVD version, but with such subtlety and care that it feels like a new film. The effect is powerful because it changes many emphases, and the lengthening makes the story encompass much more than it previously did -- the 135-minute cut basically tells the story of John Smith and Pocahontas's doomed romance; the 172-minute cut tells the story of characters encountering new worlds.
My initial reaction to the earlier version of The New World was that I thought it was unfinished. Subsequent viewings, though, made me think that that first reaction came partly from being annoyed by the people sitting around me in the theatre who were so obviously bored. When I watched the movie again (and again and again...), I got comfortable with its length and editing.
Having seen the extended version now, though, I wonder if I'll be able to return to the first DVD with much pleasure. I'll return to it for intellectual reasons -- interest in thinking about the different choices Malick made -- but the extended cut provided the entrancing and overwhelming experience I had glimpsed when I first saw the film in the theatre.
In TimeOut New York, Matt Zoller Seitz writes insightfully about the new cut (he has been among the movie's most eloquent defenders):
This version foregrounds Smith, Pocahontas, Pocahontas's second husband, John Rolfe (Christian Bale), and a half dozen subsidiary characters as they are shocked into reconsidering who they are and why they exist. The result is its own splendid thing -- a fresh take on the story drawn from the film's numerous shots of rivers feeding into oceans, reshaping the land and nourishing the landscape. It is a historical epic that illustrates Ralph Waldo Emerson's belief that humankind's collective past, present and future are encoded in each individual life.This is true, but what I felt on watching the film again is that part of its genius is its richness of meaning, particularly in the new version, because now it is, yes, about individual versus collective identity, but it is also more vividly about cultures that are alien to each other trying to figure out what to make of the strangers, and it is about communication and intention, and it is about destruction and creation, and it is about travel and home, and it is about grasses and water and insects and clouds and windows -- yes, windows, or at least holes, because a motif that is strengthened in the new version is the motif of walls (sometimes ceilings) and the holes in them that people look through, adding another layer of meaning to the movie, a theme of sight and perception.
Malick is not the sort of writer-director who generally creates great roles for actors, and this is, I think, one of his strengths -- the performances become no more (or less) important than many other elements of the film. Some critics have seen this as coming from his apparent indifference to psychology (for all the internal monologues, most of what is given to us by the words is metaphysical rather than psychological: characters attempting to understand their worlds and their place in them, rather than their own personal, individual motivations), but I think it's as likely to result from his extraordinary sense of balance. In any case, The New World does provide at least one brilliant performance, that of Q'orianka Kilcher as Pocahontas -- even if you forget the extraordinary fact that she was in her mid-teens when she filmed The New World, hers is a performance of powerful depth and subtlety, one of the greatest I've seen (I don't think it's hyperbolic to compare her to Falconetti in The Passion of Joan of Arc).
The first Malick film I saw was The Thin Red Line, and it was one of those moments where I said to myself, "I had no idea I so desperately wanted something like this to exist..." I watched it again and again. Then, a few years later, I saw Badlands, then Days of Heaven. My feelings then were that Thin Red Line was Malick's supreme achievement, and that Days of Heaven was relatively superficial. A little while later, I decided Badlands was as good as Thin Red Line. Then came The New World and it was almost as great as Badlands and Thin Red Line. Then Criterion released their remastered Days of Heaven, and I watched it more carefully than before and thought it was even better than Badlands and Thin Red Line. So I watched Thin Red Line again and found it less satisfying than before -- still entrancing, but not to the level of The New World or Days of Heaven. And now, with the extended New World, that, for the moment, seems to me to be Malick's greatest masterpiece.
*My list includes: The Rules of the Game, Touch of Evil, many of Francois Truffaut's movies (especially The 400 Blows), Kurosawa's Seven Samurai and Ran, Unfinished Piece for Player Piano, just about everything by Tarkovsky, Blade Runner, Paris, Texas, most of Werner Herzog's films, Brazil, John Sayles's Matewan and Men with Guns, Robert Altman's Vincent & Theo and Short Cuts, Mulholland Drive, everything by Hirokazu Koreeda, Breakfast on Pluto, everything by Miyazaki, Julie Taymor's Frida and Across the Universe, a few of Wong Kar-Wai's movies, I'm Not There, Reprise, and everything by Terrence Malick, with The New World at the top of the list. (A longer list than I expected when I started it!) There are plenty of other movies and directors I love and admire (e.g. Stanley Kubrick), but these are the films that, for me, provide a particular sort of experience.


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San Antonio is the second largest city in the state of Texas and 7th largest in the United States. It's the 24th largest metropolitan area in the country. Visited by more than 26 million annual visitors, San Antonio is a beautiful city at the axis of three different geological terrains: Hill Country, South Texas Plains and Prairie and Lakes. There's a lot to do in this city: fine art museums, historical missions and plenty of amusement parks in addition to great dining and lots of drinking. The culture and people are vibrant and interesting. San Antonio's downtown is one of the most lively in the nation.
San Antonio is considered to be the cradle of Texan liberty. Its most well-known landmark is the Alamo, the site of the famous battle (1836) where Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie were killed. Though it must be said that when most visitors see the Alamo for the first time, their common reaction is "Hm, I thought it would be bigger."
No other city in Texas reflects the state's Spanish and Mexican heritage better than San Antonio. Hispanics make up a considerable fraction of the population though and it shows in most places. The Hispanic atmosphere of San Antonio makes it a truly unique U.S. city. This becomes most evident during Fiesta week, a yearly celebration that attracts 3.5 million people to its 110 plus events from all over to enjoy parades, music, festivals, fairs and food and drink in the charming downtown streets of the city.
San Antonio, with a population of around 1.4 million, and a metro population of nearly 2.2 million, still enjoys a small-town feel despite the hustle and bustle. It's people are friendly, open and bicultural, and the concentration of population around its center makes it easy to get just about anywhere within a 30-40 minute drive.
During the summer it can get hot, and sometimes humid. Temperatures in the 90's and 100's are typical from May to September, though there are some days that stay cooler. April and October have also been known to get into the 90's even 100's, and during the winter it typically is cool and rainy. Carry a light sweater, you never know when the weather may change in San Antonio.
Most visitors to San Antonio arrive by either I-35, I-10, I-37 or US 281. I-10 comes from El Paso to the west and Houston to the east. I-35 comes from Austin to the north and Laredo to the south. May be reached by automobile in about 1 hour from Austin, 4 hour 15 minutes from Dallas/Fort Worth or less than 3 hours from Houston.
San Antonio is in the middle of Texas. Therefore, it is not accessible by boat. Although there are many tubing opportunities around San Antonio, thanks to the huge abundance of rivers in the area. The River Walk, in downtown San Antonio, does offer a River Taxi that shuttles people to hotels, restaurants and shops along its banks.
San Antonio's bus system is known as the VIA Metropolitan Transit. It also runs the downtown trolly service (actually a bus) for a small fare. Bus fares range from about $1.10 to $2.50 depending on the service with a one day $4 pass (for purchase at some retail outlets see VIA's Website under Fare information) for all routes. There are 4 different types of routes: Express, Skip, Frequent, and Metro. The Express routes usually run from the sub-urban areas (mostly Park and Rides) to downtown.Most of them run about once every 30 minutes. Skip service usually runs along the streets with high traffic, they are called Skip routes because they usually Skip bus stops that are serviced by the frequent routes. Skip routes also usually run about every 30 minutes. Frequent routes can also be found on high traffic roads and as the name implies, the stops are very frequent. Although Frequent routes come by about once every 15 minutes, it is usually faster to wait a little longer and take the skip routes if you are going a long distance,for example on San Pedro ave, it is usually quicker to wait for the #3(Skip) as opposed to the #4 (Frequent) if you wanted to get from downtown to North Star Mall. Metro service is usually found in neighborhoods around the city, frequency varies with each route, but they usually run about once an hour. Discount fares are available to children between the ages of 5 and 11, senior citizens 62 and older, Medicare recipients, persons with disabilities and students. A reduced fee ID is required for reduced fares and can be acquired from VIA Information Centers (students may get the necessary forms from their campus administration). Bus schedules and route information can be found at VIA's website , by calling the VIA information line 210-362-2020 or for the hearing impaired at 210-362-2019, or at the San Antonio Visitor Information Center.
A bus line of interest to the visitor is line #7 SIGHTSEER SPECIAL, which runs hourly daily ($1.10 one way) and links the various museums and attractions north of downtown (e.g., Botanical Garden, Witte Museum, San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio Museum of Art) with Downtown. There are also three (Red, Yellow, Blue) downtown Streetcar lines, which run about every 10 minutes ($1 one way) from Alamo Plaza to the Market Square area, Alamodome, HemisFair Park, and the King William Historic area.
Cabs are available to be hailed downtown, at the airport, or at military bases. In other areas you should reserve a cab in advance.
San Antonio is home to several historic vaudeville theatres; The Empire, Aztec, Alameda, and the Majestic. There are also many live music venues including, Sunset Station, White Rabbit, Scout Bar, Blue Star Arts complex, Pearl Brewery, Cowboys, La Tuna's, Randy's Rock Bottom Tattoo Bar, and The Ten Eleven and many great local bands.
San Antonio is home to a variety of shopping venues with a wide selection of shops and stores. With ten major shopping malls within an hour drive of downtown as well as La Villita and Market Square in the heart of downtown San Antonio.
The '''Pearl Brewery''' (now an urban development) hosts a farmers market on Saturdays from 9AM to 1PM and Wednesdays from 4PM to 7PM. On Saturdays the market is right next to the San Antonio River which forms an excellent green area, you can walk or take the river shuttle up from your hotel downtown.
San Antonio's downtown is the hub of the city's nightlife, with hundreds of dining options, bars and clubs mostly on the Riveralk and throughout street level. Other major nightlife locales, include Southtown Arts District, home to First Friday Art Walk, a large art block party with crowds upward of 20,000 along Alamo St. Scores of dining, galleries, theatres and lodging options, that include more than 10 historic 19th century B&B's adjacent to the Riverwalk. Wander down through the River Walk and take your choice of bars and eateries. You can't go wrong. There are also several bars/restaurants in the Mercado block of tourist shops.
San Antonio is a relatively safe city. As long as you take elementary precautions, you'll have a great time. Even when there are crowds for such events like the Alamo Bowl, it is still relatively safe. Just remember that the River Walk always has something going on, but if you're in one of the quieter spots at night, exercise some caution. Inner city neighborhoods, particularly on the West and South Sides, should be avoided at night, though they are of little interest to tourists. In San Antonio, if it looks iffy, don't go there at night.


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Landowner of the Year 2006 - Randy Lively
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation announced
2006 Landowner of the Year - Randy Lively, of Sharon. Producing
beef, sheep and crops, the Lively Ranch is a diversified
operation, but wildlife is always an important consideration in
land management decisions.
"For several generations the Lively Ranch has placed an emphasis on quality wildlife habitat on the 2,000-acre property in Woodward County. Randy Lively is a great example of real-world conservation in action," said Wade Free, northwest region wildlife supervisor for the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation.
According to Free, Lively uses a variety of methods to encourage the growth of beneficial native plants including, patch burning, roller chopping, rotational grazing and strip disking. In northwest Oklahoma, water is always a top concern and Lively has built six separate watering areas which are used by both wildlife and cattle.
"When my kids were young, I realized that if I didn¹t manage for wildlife for my kids' future, nobody was going to do it for me," Lively said.
The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation has recognized a landowner conservationist each of the past 16 years and continues to work closely with landowners by providing technical assistance and in some cases financial support for land practices that benefit wildlife. Projects may include fencing, brush management, timber thinning, wetland restoration and more.


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MTC & WGI Ink Partnership
Music Travel Consultants is so excited to be the new preferred travel partner of WGI! read more
View our 2 minute intro video to see what we can do for your group.
At Music Travel Consultants, each program is custom-designed to meet your group's wishes, and, best of all, there are no hidden costs. MTC is led by accomplished music directors who know what needs to happen...
At no additional charge, Music Directors, Staff, Chaperones and Students may use the information-packed, versatile Music Travel App before and during their trip.
Traveler Locator, Interactive Checklists, View Payments, Send Emergency Notifications.
Live Itineraries, Group Messaging, Photo Gallery, Make Trip Payments.
The Music Travel app is available for iPhone or Android.
Music Travel Consultants is so excited to be the new preferred travel partner of WGI! read more
Are your students ready for an international performance opportunity? Here are our most popular international destinations. read more
Is your marching band ready to perform in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade? read more
Is your choir ready to take its performance to the next level? But you can't decide on a venue or destination? read more
Over 60 years, the IPL 500 Festival Parade has grown to be one of the signature events held in the United States. read more
Ever dreamed about a trip to Pacific island? Join Valley Christian Conservatory band on its journey to Hawaii. read more
Finding the perfect destination for your group can be a bigger challenge than you expect. read more
When a group is focused on its performance, it is easy to overlook issues with accessibility. read more
Music education is critical to students' development of skills necessary for thriving in school and beyond. read more
A master of music education for 35 years. read more
The only blind marching band in the world travels to Chicago with MTC read more
Are you ready to branch out, meet new people in your field and get an incredible travel deal--all while experiencing one of the most stunning countries in Europe? read more
With the world full of fascinating music performance destinations, just choosing the perfect spot for your students can present quite a challenge. Here are some of our cleints' must popular top European performance destinations. read more
Meet MTC's Marty Becker, a man for all seasons and one of our most accomplished Tour Directors! read more
Having parents involved in the music program it a vital piece of the puzzle to be successful. read more
Walt Disney World, for a never-to-be-forgotten marching band experience to a must for any band... read more
It is important that MTC's clients and travelers know that their safety and security... read more
Deciding what to visit from all the choices New York offers is tough, but Bismarck stepped up to the challenge... read more
Here's how to get the band through security, smoothly and efficiently... read more
Make the most of your ride with these insider tips... read more
Music Travel Consultants and the Ronald Reagan Marching Band have partnered to make an educational video on what a BOA Grand Nationals trip entails.... read more
When a student gets to experience to new locations, new cultures and new people with music being the focus, the revelations and the eye-opening impact that develop are priceless... read more
Music Travel Consultants has orchestrated a list of "Popular Student Marching Bands Parades" to help Band Directors choose the right parade for their group… read more
Breathtaking! Amazing! Phenomenal! These are words you have probably heard time and time again from friends, family, and others when seeing a musical on Broadway... read more
ollow Bands of America Honor Band with Music Travel Consultants to the Tournament of Roses Parade ... read more
Follow Franklin Central Concert Choir in its memorable trip read more
Have you ever wondered why opportunities involving band trips to Disney are so abundant? The significance of music brought feeling and heart into... read more
Where war has raged, people need everything to return to life: food, water, shelter, clothing, medicine. But more than anything, people need hope... read more
Contact MTC today for Music for All's BOA Grand Nationals Rehearsal Space, Home Room, Saturday Pre-Finals Dinner and Additional Group Meals… read more
Hop on the coach with Beth Bowman, Music Director of Lincoln Middle School/High School Choirs, for a fun ride and performance tour to Branson, Missouri… read more
This destination features California's Clovis High School Band, going to the WGI Percussion World Championships. WGI Sport of the Arts is the world's premier… read more
New York City is one of the world's greatest destinations. Here's a look at the Big Apple, featuring our friends from the Edwardsburg H.S. Band. As you… read more
Deep vein thrombosis, or deep venous thrombosis, (DVT) is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a deep vein, predominantly in the legs… read more
It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the birth place of Muzio Clementi and the fatherland of Rossini, Verdi, Monteverdi, Vivaldi and many other… read more
Time for some heavy lifting. Before your trip becomes a reality, some homework has to be done. Don't worry, Music Travel Consultants is here to help… read more
Usually Music Travel Consultants does a Feature Presentation on just one city, but with the success of this popular combination trip, we are showcasing… read more


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From the DS Archives: Folkert de Jong
Originally published on: November 18, 2008 The new James Cohan Gallery in Shanghai is currently exhibiting work by Dutch sculptor Folkert de Jong. The artist's large scale narrative installations often reference themes of war, big business, and global greed, as well as the history of art. This particular body of work takes Darwin's "survival of the fittest" theory and applies it to competition between the[…..]


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Beekeeping, care and management of colonies of honeybees. They are kept for their honey and other products or their services as pollinators of fruit and vegetable blossoms or as a hobby. The practice is widespread: honeybees are kept in large cities and villages, on farms and rangelands, in forests and deserts, from the Arctic and Antarctic to the Equator. Honeybees are not domesticated. Those living in a man-made domicile called a beehive or hive are no different from those living in a colony in a tree.
In antiquity people knew that bees produce delicious honey, that they sting, and that they increase their numbers by swarming. By the 17th century they had learned the value of smoke in controlling them and had developed the screen veil as protection against stings. From the 17th to the 19th century, the key discoveries upon which modern beekeeping is founded were made. These included the mystery of the queen bee as the mother of nearly all the occupants of the hive, her curious mating technique, parthenogenetic development, the movable frame hives, and the fact that bees rear a new queen if the old one disappears.
Given this knowledge, people were able to divide a colony instead of relying on natural swarming. Then the development of the wax-comb foundation, the starter comb on which bees build straight, easily handled combs, and the discovery that honey can be centrifuged or extracted from them and the combs reused, paved the way for large-scale honey production and modern commercial beekeeping. The identification of bee diseases and their control with drugs, the value of pollen and pollen substitutes in producing strong colonies, and the artificial insemination of queens have increased the honey-production efficiency of colonies.
Honeybees and their colonies
Honeybees belong to the order Hymenoptera and to one of the Apis species. (For a complete discussion of honeybees, see the article hymenopteran.) Honeybees are social insects noted for providing their nests with large amounts of honey. A colony of honeybees is a highly complex cluster of individuals that functions virtually as a single organism. It usually consists of the queen bee, a fertilized female capable of laying a thousand or more eggs per day; from a few to 60,000 sexually undeveloped females, the worker bees; and from none to 1,000 male bees, or drones. The female of most species of bees is equipped with a venomous sting.
Honeybees collect nectar, a sugary solution, from nectaries in blossoms and sometimes from nectaries on the leaves or stems of plants. Nectar may consist of 50 to 80 percent water, but when the bees convert it into honey it will contain only about 16 to 18 percent water. Sometimes they collect honeydew, an exudate from certain plant-sucking insects, and store it as honey. The primary carbohydrate diet of bees is honey. They also collect pollen, the dustlike male element, from the anthers of flowers. Pollen provides the essential proteins necessary for the rearing of young bees. In the act of collecting nectar and pollen to provision the nest, the bees pollinate the flowers they visit. Honeybees also collect propolis, a resinous material from buds of trees, for sealing cracks in the hive or for covering foreign objects in the hive that they cannot remove. They collect water to air-condition the hive and to dilute the honey when they consume it. A populous colony in a desirable location may, in a year's time, collect and carry into the hive as much as 1,000 pounds (450 kilograms) of nectar, water, and pollen.
Bees secrete beeswax in tiny flakes on the underside of the abdomen and mold it into honeycomb, thin-walled, back-to-back, six-sided cells. The use of the cell varies depending on the needs of the colony. Honey or pollen may be stored in some cells, while the queen lays eggs, normally one per cell, in others. The area where the bees develop from the eggs is called the broodnest. Generally, honey is stored toward the top of the combs and pollen in cells around the broodnest below the honey.
The bees maintain a uniform temperature of about 93 °F (34 °C) in the broodnest regardless of outside temperature. The colony can survive daily maximum temperatures of 120 °F (49 °C) if water is available with which they can air-condition the cluster. When the temperature falls below about 57 °F (14 °C), the bees cease flying, form a tight cluster to conserve heat, and await the return of warm weather. They can survive for several weeks in temperatures of −50 °F (−46 °C).
When summer flowers bloom in profusion, the queen's egg-laying is stimulated, the cluster expands, and honey accumulates in the combs. When the large number of young bees emerge, the domicile becomes crowded.
When the colony becomes crowded with adult bees and there are insufficient cells in which the queen can lay large numbers of eggs, the worker bees select a dozen or so tiny larvae that would otherwise develop into worker bees. These larvae are fed copiously with royal jelly, a whitish food with the consistency of mayonnaise, produced by certain brood-food glands in the heads of the worker bees. The cell in which the larva is developing is drawn out downward and enlarged to permit development of the queen. Shortly before these virgin queens emerge as adults from their queen cells, the mother queen departs from the beehive with the swarm. Swarming usually occurs during the middle of a warm day, when the queen and a portion of the worker bees (usually from 5,000 to 25,000) suddenly swirl out of the hive and into the air. After a few minutes' flight, the queen alights, preferably on a branch of a tree but sometimes on a roof, a parked automobile, or even a fire hydrant. All the bees settle into a tight cluster around her while a handful of scouts reconnoitre a new homesite.
When the scout bees have located a new domicile, the cluster breaks. The swarm takes to the air and in a swirling mass proceeds to the new home. Swarming is the bees' natural method of propagation or increase.
Queen bee
Back in the parent colony, the first queen to emerge after the mother queen departs with the swarm immediately attempts to destroy the others. If two or more emerge at the same time, they fight to the death. When the surviving virgin is about a week old, she soars off on her mating flight. To maintain genetic diversity within a colony, a queen frequently mates with more than one drone (called polyandry) while in the air. She may repeat the mating flights for two or three successive days, after which she begins egg laying. She rarely ever leaves the hive again except with a swarm. Normally, sufficient sperm are stored in her sperm pouch, or spermatheca, to fertilize all the eggs she will lay for the rest of her life. The drones die in the act of mating.
The queen can live up to five years, although many beekeepers replace the queen every year or two. If she is accidentally killed or begins to falter in her egg-laying efficiency, the worker bees will rear a "supersedure" queen that will mate and begin egg laying without a swarm emerging. She ignores the mother queen, who soon disappears from the colony.
Worker bees
Worker bees live about six weeks during the active season but may live for several months if they emerge as adults in the fall and spend the winter in the cluster. As the name implies, worker bees do all the work of the hive, except the egg laying.
Drones are reared only when the colony is populous and there are plentiful sources of nectar and pollen. They usually live a few weeks, but they are driven from the hive to perish when fall or an extended period of adversity comes upon the colony. The only duty of the drone is to mate with the queen.
The queen can lay drone (unfertilized) eggs in the drone cells. If she is not allowed to mate or if her supply of sperm is exhausted, she will lay unfertilized eggs in worker cells. The development of unfertilized eggs into adult drones is known as parthenogenesis. Occasionally a colony may become queenless and unable to develop another queen. Then some of the worker bees begin to lay eggs, often several to a cell, and these develop into drones. A colony that has developed laying workers is difficult to requeen with a laying queen.
Colony manipulation
The yearly work cycle
The beekeeper's year starts in early fall. At that time he requeens the colonies whose queens are not producing adequate amounts of brood and makes sure that each colony has sufficient stores: at least 50 pounds (22 kilograms) of honey and several frames filled with pollen. Some beekeepers also feed the drug fumagillin to reduce possible damage to the adult bees by nosema disease (see below Disease and pest control). The colonies need a sunny exposure and protection from cold winds. Some beekeepers in northern and mountainous areas wrap their colonies with insulating material in winter. A few beekeepers kill their bees in the fall, harvest the honey, store the empty equipment, then restock with a two- or three-pound (0.8- or 1.4-kilogram) package of bees and a young queen the following spring.
If the colonies are well prepared in the fall, they need little attention during the winter. But in early spring an examination of the colonies by the beekeeper is important. Frequently, strong colonies exhaust their food supply and starve only a few days before flowers begin to bloom in abundance. Only a few pounds of sugar syrup, 50-50 sugar water, or a honey-filled comb from another more prosperous colony might save such a starving colony. Again fumagillin may be fed to the colony, and some beekeepers also feed a cake of pollen substitute or pollen supplement. Honey is not fed to the colonies unless the beekeeper is sure about its source. Honey from colonies affected by the brood disease American foulbrood could infect his colonies and cause a serious loss.
As the spring season advances, the cluster size increases from the low population of 10,000 to 20,000 bees that survived the winter. To accommodate the increased size of the cluster and broodnest, the keeper adds more supers, or boxes of combs. If the combs are so manipulated that the queen can continually expand her egg-laying area upward, the colony is unlikely to swarm. This can be achieved by placing empty combs or combs in which brood is about ready to emerge at the top of the cluster and combs filled with eggs or young brood toward the lower part of the broodnest. The beekeeper wants the colony to reach its peak of population, 50,000 to 60,000 bees, at the beginning of the major nectar flow.
The bees in a swarm, having departed the hive with a full stomach of honey, rarely sting. The usual way to capture them is to place a hive or upturned box beneath or nearby, then shake or smoke the bees to force the queen and a majority of the bees into it. The others follow. After the swarm is safely inside the box, it can be removed to a permanent location.
Regulations governing the keeping of bees usually require the bees to be kept in hives with movable combs. If the bees are captured in a box, they are generally transferred into a movable-frame hive within a few days so the new honey and comb will not be lost in the transfer.
Requeening a colony
When a beekeeper requeens a colony, he removes the failing or otherwise undesirable queen and places a new one in a screen cage in the broodnest. After a few days the colony becomes adjusted to her and she can be released from the cage. A strange queen placed in the cluster without this temporary protection usually will be killed at once by the workers. Queens usually are shipped in individual cages of about three cubic inches (50 cubic centimetres) with about half a dozen attendant bees and a ball of specially prepared sugar candy plugging one end of the cage. When the cage is placed in the hive, the bees from both sides eat the candy. By the time the candy is consumed and the bees reach each other, their odours have become indistinguishable, and the queen emerges from the cage into the colony and begins her egg-laying duties.
Beekeeping equipment
Standard tools of the beekeeper are: the smoker to quell the bees; a veil to protect the face; gloves for the novice or the person sensitive to stings; a blunt steel blade called a hive tool, for separating the frames and other hive parts for examination; the uncapping knife, for opening the cells of honey; and the extractor, for centrifuging the honey from the cells.
Bee stings
The worker bee sting is barbed, and in the act of stinging it is torn from the bee. It has a venom-filled poison sac and muscles attached that continue to work the sting deeper into the flesh for several minutes and increase the amount of venom injected. To prevent this, the sting should be scraped loose (rather than grasped and pulled out) at once. Bee stings are painful, and no one becomes immune to the pain. Immunity to the swelling is usually built up after a few stings, however.
Normal reaction to a bee sting is immediate, intense pain at the site of the sting. This lasts for a minute or two and is followed by a reddening, which may spread an inch or more. Swelling may not become apparent until the following day. Occasionally, acute allergic reactions develop from a sting, usually with persons who have other allergic problems. Such a reaction becomes evident in less than an hour and may consist of extreme difficulty in breathing, heart irregularity, shock, splotched skin, and speech difficulty. Such persons should obtain the services of a medical doctor immediately.
Bee products
Honey production
Honey is marketed in several different forms: liquid honey, comb honey, and creamed honey. Sometimes the predominant floral type from which the honey was collected is indicated.
Liquid honey
If liquid (strained, extracted) honey is desired, additional supers are added directly above the brood nest. When one is largely filled, it is raised and another is placed underneath. This may continue until several have been filled, each holding from 30 to 50 pounds (14 to 23 kilograms), or until the nectar flow has ended. After the bees have evaporated the water until the honey is of the desired consistency and sealed in the cells, the combs are removed, the cells uncapped with the uncapping knife, and the honey extracted. The removed honey is immediately heated to about 140 °F (60 °C), which thins it and destroys yeasts that can cause fermentation. It is then strained of wax particles and pollen grains, cooled rapidly, and packaged for market.
Comb honey
In production of honey in the comb, or comb honey, extreme care is necessary to prevent the bees' swarming. The colony must be strong, and the bees must be crowded into the smallest space they will tolerate without swarming. New frames or sections of a frame with extra-thin foundation wax, added at exactly the right time for the bees to fill without destroying them, are placed directly above the brood nest. The bees must fill and seal the new comb to permit removal within a few days, or it will be of inferior quality. As rapidly as sections are removed, new sections are added, until the nectar flow subsides. Then these are removed and the colony given combs to store its honey for the winter.
Creamed honey
Almost all honey will granulate or turn to sugar. Such honey can be liquefied without materially affecting its quality by placing the container in water heated to about 150 °F (66 °C). Liquid and granulated honey is sometimes blended, homogenized, and held at a cool temperature, which speeds uniformly fine granulation. If properly processed, the granules will be extremely fine; the honey, which has a smooth, creamy appearance, is referred to as creamed honey.
Floral types
Some honeys are sold by floral type; that is, they are given the name of the predominant flowers visited by the bees when they accumulated the honey. The beekeeper has no way to direct the bees to a particular source of food but through experience learns which plants are the major sources of honey. Different flowers produce different colours and flavours of honey. It may be heavy-bodied or thin-bodied, dark or light, mild-flavoured or strong-flavoured. Most honey has been blended by the beekeeper to a standard grade that can be supplied and marketed year after year.
Beeswax is a by-product of beekeeping in most areas. When beekeepers uncap or break honeycombs or have unusable combs, they try to salvage the beeswax. First, they recover as much honey from the combs as possible by drainage or extraction. Then they place the material in water heated to slightly over 145 °F (63 °C). This melts the wax, which rises to the surface. After it cools and hardens, the cake of wax is removed and refined for reuse in comb foundation. Beeswax has many other uses: in quality candles, cosmetics, agriculture, art, and industry. In some areas bees are manipulated primarily for wax production. Wax is a highly stable commodity that can be transported long distances under unfavourable conditions without damage.
Bees reared for sale
Queens are reared for sale to other beekeepers for requeening established colonies or for adding to a 2- or 3-pound (0.9- or 1.4-kilogram) package of 8,000 to 10,000 live bees to form new colonies or replenish weak ones. The queens are produced when the beekeeper cages the reigning queen in a colony, then inserts into the cluster from 30 to 60 queen cell bases into which young (one-day-old) worker larvae have been transferred. Queens can be artificially inseminated with sperm from drones of a known source, but most beekeepers let the queens mate naturally. The live bees are shaken from the combs of the colony through a funnel into screen-wire cages.
The greatest value of bees is in their service as pollinators. Some 90 crops grown in the United States alone are dependent on insect pollination, performed primarily by the honeybee. The average colony of bees is worth from 20 to 40 times as much in the pollination of crops as it is in the production of honey. The value of bees in the pollination of ornamental plants has never been calculated. Bees are also valuable in the pollination of some forest and range plants that produce seeds on which birds and other wildlife feed.
When bees are used in the pollination of crops, the beekeeper places the colonies within or adjacent to the field to be pollinated. The majority of the roughly 1,000,000 colonies that are used for pollination are used in alfalfa-seed fields and almond and apple orchards. The colonies are distributed at the rate of two or more per acre in groups every 0.1 mile (0.16 kilometre) throughout alfalfa fields. Two colonies per acre are recommended for almond orchards and about one colony per acre in apple orchards.
Some growers prefer to have the colonies placed alongside the orchard; others want them distributed in small groups within the orchard. Bees also are used regularly by growers of many other crops: blueberries, cantaloupes, cherries, clovers, cucumbers, cranberries, cutflower seed, plums and prunes, vetch, and watermelon.
Disease and pest control
Honeybees have diseases and enemies: diseases of the brood; diseases that affect only the adult bees; insect enemies of the adults and of the comb; and other enemies, including toads, lizards, birds, mice, skunks, and bears.
American foulbrood, caused by a spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus larvae, is the most serious brood disease. It occurs throughout the world wherever bees are kept and affects workers, drones, and queens. The spores are highly resistant to heat and chemicals. A comb containing brood severely infected with this disease has a mottled appearance caused by the mixture of healthy capped brood interspersed with diseased or empty cells formerly occupied by diseased brood. The decayed mass has a typical ropiness when dug into, which is one of its identifying characteristics.
American foulbrood can be spread to healthy colonies by transferring equipment or allowing the bees to feed on honey from infected colonies. Sulfathiazole and Terramycin are widely used to control the disease. Many countries and most states in the U.S. require the destruction by fire of diseased colonies and have apiary inspectors to enforce the regulations.
European foulbrood is caused by a nonsporeforming bacterium, Streptococcus pluton, but Bacillus alvie and Acromobacter eurydice are often associated with Streptococcus pluton. This disease is similar in appearance to American foulbrood. In some instances it severely affects the colonies, but they recover so that colony destruction is not necessary. Terramycin can control the disease.
Sacbrood is caused by a virus and is superficially similar to the foulbrood diseases. It can appear and disappear spontaneously but is seldom serious. No chemical control is needed. If the problem persists, the beekeeper usually requeens the colony.
Chalk brood is caused by the fungus Ascosphaera apis. The larvae victims of this disease have a chalky white appearance. Stonebrood, which affects both brood and adults, is also caused by a fungus, Aspergillus flavus, which can usually be isolated from bees that have stonebrood.
Nosema disease, caused by the microsporidian Nosema apis, is the most serious disease of adult bees. It is widespread, causes heavy losses in honey production, and severely weakens colonies. The external symptoms of bees with nosema disease are not apparent. The disease is transmitted from adult to adult by ingestion of the spores that soon germinate in the ventriculus, or main, stomach. An infected ventriculus is normally swollen, soft, and grayish white. A degree of control may be obtained by feeding the colony the drug fumagillin.
Acarine disease is caused by the mite Acarapis woodi that gets into the tracheae of the bee through its breathing holes or spiracles in its thorax or midsection. Bees affected by this mite are unable to fly, have disjointed wings and distended abdomens. There is presently no good control for this mite. The only U.S. federal law pertaining to bees was passed to prevent the importation of adult bees carrying this mite into the United States. Two other mites, Varroa destructor and Tropilaelaps clareae, which are native to Asia, are serious problems for beekeepers. V. destructor is now commonly found in Europe and North America, where it is capable of devastating entire colonies of honeybees.
There are other minor diseases of adult bees, but they seldom cause serious problems.
The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a lepidopterous insect that, in its larval stage, destroys combs. It does not attack adult bees but may begin destruction of combs of a weak colony long before the bees are gone. It can also destroy stored combs of honey. When the larvae are ready to pupate, they often eat out a place to spin their cocoons in the soft wood of the beehive, damaging frames and other hive parts. The best control for this pest is keeping colonies strong. Stored combs are fumigated, kept in a cold room, or stacked in such a way that a strong air draft flows around them.
The larvae of the lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, cause damage to stored combs similar to that of the greater wax moth. The Mediterranean flour moth larva, Anagasta kuehniella, feeds on pollen in the combs and causes some damage. Control for both of these moths is the same as for the greater wax moth.
The bee louse, Braula caeca, is a tiny, wingless member of the fly family that is occasionally found on bees. It feeds on nectar or honey from the mouthparts of its host. Its larvae burrow in the cappings of honey combs.
Ants sometimes invade hives and disrupt or kill the bees. Termites can damage or destroy hive parts placed on the soil. Other insects, such as dragonflies (Odonata), robberflies (Diptera), praying mantises (Orthoptera), ambush bugs (Hemiptera), and certain wasps and yellow jackets (Hymenoptera) are natural enemies of the honeybee.
Mice frequently enter the hive in winter when the bees are clustered, or they get into stored combs and despoil or damage them by chewing the frames and combs to construct their nest. Skunks devour large numbers of bees at the hive entrance, usually at night. Fences, traps, and poison are used against them. Bears eat the honeybees and the brood in the hive, usually destroying it and its contents in the process. In bear country, electric fences and traps are used to protect bee colonies.
At times bees become their own deadly enemy. If honey is exposed to them when no flowers are in bloom and the weather is mild, the bees from different colonies will fight over it. Sometimes this fighting, or robbing, becomes intense and spreads from hive to hive in moblike action. If all the bees in one colony are killed, the honey is quickly stolen and carried into other hives. This further intensifies the robbing so that a cluster that was carrying honey into its hive a few minutes earlier is attacked, all of its occupants killed, the honey again stolen, and the process repeated. Usually, once robbing becomes intense, only darkness or foul weather will stop it.
Colony collapse disorder
One of the most mysterious disorders to strike honeybee colonies in the modern era is colony collapse disorder (CCD). It is characterized by sudden colony death, with a lack of healthy adult bees inside the hive. While the underlying cause is not known, it appears that the disorder affects the adult bees' ability to navigate. They leave the hive to find pollen and never return. Honey and pollen are usually present in the hive, and there is often evidence of recent brood rearing. In some cases the queen and a small number of survivor bees may remain in the brood nest. CCD is also characterized by delayed robbing of the honey in the dead colonies by other, healthy bee colonies in the immediate area, as well as slower than normal invasion by common pests, such as wax moths and small hive beetles. The disorder appears to affect only the European honeybee (Apis mellifera).
CCD was first reported in autumn 2006 by a commercial beekeeper in Pennsylvania, who had colony losses estimated at 80 to 90 percent. Colony losses continued to be reported by other beekeepers in 35 states throughout the United States during the spring and summer of 2007, with many beekeepers losing anywhere from 30 to 90 percent of their hives. Beekeepers in other countries, including Canada, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Greece, Germany, Poland, France, and Switzerland, also reported substantial losses of honeybees. In the following years, the syndrome continued to impact honeybee colonies, though the percentage of colonies lost annually appeared to decline. Nonetheless, the potential economic impact on agriculture is great; annually in the United States alone an estimated $15 billion of crops are pollinated by honeybees.
Studies of adult honeybee carcasses from affected colonies indicate that the bees are infected with a number of pathogens and parasites, including viruses, species of Nosema, and the phorid fly Apocephalus borealis. However, scientists have not reached a definitive conclusion on whether a single pathogen is the root cause of the disorder, and many scientists suspect that a combination of factors are involved, such as a weakened immune system, brought on by colony stress, and the presence of pathogens, which are a constant threat and can be numerous in honeybee colonies. In addition, pesticides such as neonicotinoids (insecticides based on derivatives of nicotine) can be toxic to honeybees and are suspected of causing or contributing to CCD.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
colony collapse disorder: Colony loss and economic impactBeekeeping is a critical component of modern agriculture. CCD not only threatens the beekeeping operations that provide pollination service and honey production but also has the potential for crippling the production of the many crops that are dependent on honeybees for pollination. In the United…
honeybee: Hives…of honeybees is known as beekeeping. Besides producing honey, honeybees play an important role in agriculture as pollinators of a wide variety of domesticated plants.…
beeswax…wax secreted by the worker bee to make the cell walls of the honeycomb. Beeswax ranges from yellow to almost black in colour, depending on such factors as the age and diet of the bees, and it has a somewhat honeylike odour and a faint balsamic taste. It is soft…
Honey, sweet, viscous liquid food, dark golden in colour, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from the nectar of flowers. Flavour and colour are determined by the flowers from which the nectar is gathered. Some of the most commercially desirable honeys are produced from clover by the domestic…
More About Beekeeping4 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- colony collapse disorder
- equipment
- honeybee
- use of beeswax
- In beeswax


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VIDEO: Teague's Winner
ALL BALL NERVE CENTER — Perhaps you thought you were done unwrapping presents, but tonight in Cleveland, the Hawks and Cavs had one last gift for you. It was one of the most entertaining games of the season, so of course it had to end (not in regulation, not in overtime, but in double overtime) with a game-winning buzzer-beater from Hawks guard Jeff Teague.
Before we get too far into this, we should stop and explain: What is the Horry Scale? For those who are new around these parts, the Horry Scale examines a game-winning buzzer-beater (GWBB) in the categories of difficulty, game situation (was the team tied or behind at the time?), importance (playoff game or garden-variety Kings-Pistons game?) and celebration (is it over the top or too chill? Just the right panache or needs more sauce?). Then we give it an overall grade on a scale of 1-5 Robert Horrys, the patron saint of last-second daggers.
With the rules in place, tonight we look to the shores of Lake Erie, to Cleveland, where Jeff Teague could not be stopped…not even by Uncle Drew.
To be fair, it wasn't the toughest shot in the world — Teague drove left and pulled up for the right-handed jumper, kind of like Hawks guard Mike Bibby used to do. The simple genius in this play was the Hawks running Paul Millsap at Teague with about 6 seconds left to ostensibly set a screen. Millsap got to Teague and set what was basically a token screen, and the Cavs switched the pick. Now, we've talked about switching picks here previously — pretty much every NBA team switches picks in the final seconds because the last thing you want is someone who is totally unguarded. You might end up with a mismatch, but at least you've got someone defending everyone. On this play, that meant the Cavs went from having Kyrie Irving on Teague to having the 6-foot-9 Tristan Thompson guarding Teague. (Kyrie, by the way, was equally huge tonight, finishing with 40 points and 9 assists). This is what is known as a mismatch, and it only took Teague a few dribbles to shake Thompson and clear room for the last-second shot.
It is in this category that this shot really soars. To begin with, Teague missed a floater with seconds left in regulation that would have broken the tie at 95. Not long into the first overtime, Hawks All-Star center Al Horford had an injury to what appeared to be his right shoulder/chest that took him out of the game, and forced the Hawks to use a variety of makeshift lineups down the stretch. With about 7 seconds left in OT and the Hawks down three, Teague drained a long three-pointer to tie the game at 108. Then with 2.4 seconds left in overtime, the Hawks had a shot at a GWBB from the baseline that Teague couldn't connect on, sending the game into double OT. In the second OT, Teague had a huge drive-and-one to give the Hawks a 125-123 lead, and then with the game level at 125, Teague ended it. Basically, the situation couldn't have been much more dramatic. And Teague put the bow on top.
I'm going to lump the ball going through the rim as part of the celebration, because it doesn't really fit anywhere else (it's not "difficulty," it's just lucky) and that was a huge part of what made this such a great shot. The ball hit the rim five times, I believe, and it may have even kissed the glass somwhere in there, all while the buzzer was sounding in the background and you wondered, "It's not going to…no way…that can't…ohmygoshhemadeit!" And then after the ball drops, you see Teague laying flat on the ground celebrating — not only the GWBB but also a career-high 34 points — with Kyle Korver pounding on his chest. This was the first prone Horry Scale celebration of the season, I believe.
For reasons that will become evident in the next week or so, I watched this game intently from the Turner Studios in Atlanta, and the deeper the game went, the more sure I was that we'd have a GWBB. It was an exciting, close game, and it had an equally exciting finish. So for all the reasons detailed above, I'm giving this Four Horrys. I thought seriously about giving this a Five just because it was such a great game, but I felt the actual shot could have had a bit of a higher degree of difficulty.
What say you? How many Horrys would you give Jeff Teague's GWBB?


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Ship construction, complex of activities concerned with the design and fabrication of all marine vehicles.
Ship construction today is a complicated compound of art and science. In the great days of sail, vessels were designed and built on the basis of practical experience; ship construction was predominantly a skill. With the rapid growth and development of the physical sciences, beginning in the early 19th century, it was inevitable that hydrokinetics (the study of fluids in motion), hydrostatics (the study of fluids at rest), and the science of materials and structures should augment the shipbuilder's skill. The consequence of this was a rapid increase in the size, speed, commercial value, and safety of ships.
The naval architect
A naval architect asked to design a ship may receive his instructions in a form ranging from such simple requirements as "an oil tanker to carry 100,000 tons deadweight at 15 knots" to a fully detailed specification of precisely planned requirements. He is usually required to prepare a design for a vessel that must carry a certain weight of cargo (or number of passengers) at a specified speed with particular reference to trade requirements; high-density cargoes, such as machinery, require little hold capacity, while the reverse is true for low-density cargoes, such as grain.
Deadweight is defined as weight of cargo plus fuel and consumable stores, and lightweight as the weight of the hull, including machinery and equipment. The designer must choose dimensions such that the displacement of the vessel is equal to the sum of the deadweight and the lightweight tonnages. The fineness of the hull must be appropriate to the speed. The draft—which is governed by freeboard rules—enables the depth to be determined to a first approximation.
After selecting tentative values of length, breadth, depth, draft, and displacement, the designer must achieve a weight balance. He must also select a moment balance because centres of gravity in both longitudinal and vertical directions must provide satisfactory trim and stability. Additionally, he must estimate the shaft horsepower required for the specified speed; this determines the weight of machinery. The strength of the hull must be adequate for the service intended; detailed scantlings (frame dimensions and plate thicknesses) can be obtained from the rules of the classification society. These scantlings determine the requisite weight of hull steel.
The vessel should possess satisfactory steering characteristics and freedom from troublesome vibration and should comply with the many varied requirements of international regulations. Possessing an attractive appearance, the ship should have the minimum net register tonnage, the factor on which harbour and other dues are based. (The gross tonnage represents the volume of all closed-in spaces above the inner bottom. The net tonnage is the gross tonnage minus certain deductible spaces that do not produce revenue. Net tonnage can therefore be regarded as a measure of the earning capacity of the ship, hence its use as a basis for harbour and docking charges.) Passenger vessels must satisfy a standard of bulkhead subdivision that will ensure adequate stability under specified conditions if the hull is pierced accidentally, as through collision.
Compromise plays a considerable part in producing a satisfactory design. A naval architect must be a master of approximations. If the required design closely resembles that of a ship already built for which full information is available, the designer can calculate the effects of differences between this ship and the projected ship. If, however, this information is not available, he must first produce coefficients based upon experience and, after refining them, check the results by calculation.
The shipyard
The wooden ship was constructed on a building berth, around which timbers and planking were cut and shaped and then fitted together on the berth to form the hull. A similar practice was followed with iron vessels and, later, with the earlier steel ships, as these tended to be replicas of wooden hulls. Gradually iron came to be used more effectively in its own right, rather than as a substitute for timber. The berth or slipway from which the vessel is launched is an assembly area, rather than a ship construction site. In many shipyards the number of launching berths has been reduced to increase the ground area available for prefabrication sheds. Greater ease of fabrication means that, despite the reduction in the number of berths, more ships can be built and construction costs lowered.
A shipbuilder undertakes to deliver to the client by a certain date and for a stated sum a vessel with specific dimensions, capabilities, and qualities, a vessel that has been tested on trial and is ready for service. The function of a shipyard is the production of completed ships in accordance with the shipbuilder's undertakings. The raw materials for construction and finished items to be installed on board are delivered there. The labour force in the yard consists of various workmen—steelworkers, welders, shipwrights, joiners, plumbers, turners, engine fitters, electricians, riggers, and painters.
Management is headed by a chairman and a board of directors, consisting usually of about 6 to 12 members from the technical, commercial, and secretarial departments, with one or more representing outside interests. The chief departments are the design, drawing, and estimating offices, planning and production control, the shipyard department—responsible for construction up to launching—and the outside finishing department, which is responsible for all work on board after launching. Other departments are responsible for buying and storekeeping and the yard maintenance.
The construction of the hull is only one of a shipbuilder's responsibilities. As soon as a contract is placed, he must negotiate with subcontractors for the supply of items that shipyards do not produce—the electric power plant, propulsion machinery, shafting and propellers, engine-room auxiliaries, deck machinery, anchors, cables, and furniture and furnishings. Production planning and control is therefore a complex undertaking, covering subcontracts, assembly, and installation, in which costs must be kept as low as possible.
In general, a shipyard has few building berths and uses extensive areas around them for the construction of large components of the steel hull. Building berths slope downward toward the waterway, to facilitate launching. Building basins, or dry docks, are sometimes used for the construction of very large vessels, because it is convenient to lower, rather than to lift, large assemblies, and this method also eliminates problems associated with launching. Extensive water frontage for the building berths is unnecessary. The main requirement is a site of considerable depth, rather than width, with a large area extending inland from the berths. Steel plates and sections are delivered to the shipyard at the end of the area farthest from the berths. There they are stored in a stockyard and removed, as needed, for cleaning, straightening, shaping, and cutting. Separate streams of plates and rolled sections converge toward the prefabrication shop, where they are used to build structural components or subassemblies. The subassemblies are transported to an area nearer the berths, where they are welded together to form large prefabricated units, which are then carried by cranes to the berth, to be welded into position on the ship.
Delivery of a completed ship by a specified date requires careful planning. Following the introduction in the United States of the critical path method of planning and control by the E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company about 1959, new techniques were adopted in many shipyards.
The critical path method is the basis of network analysis, which is used in planning complex production projects. The network, and information derived from it, is used for overall planning of a project and also for detailed planning with production progress control. The network gives a logical, graphical representation of the project, showing the individual elements of work and their interrelation in the planned order of execution. Each element of work is represented by an arrow, the tail of which is the starting point of activity and its head the completion. The arrows are drawn to any suitable scale and may be straight or curved. An event, which represents the completion of one activity and the beginning of another, is usually indicated by a circle and described further by a number within the circle. But each activity need not be completed before the next activity is begun. The logical order of steelwork in a hull, for example, is: (1) detailed drawings of steelwork; (2) ordering of steel; (3) manufacture and delivery of steel; (4) storing of steel material in stockyard; (5) shotblasting, cleaning, and forming operations; (6) subassembly work; and (7) erection of structure on berth. These operations can be represented on a ladder type of diagram. Many such diagrams—ladder and other types—go toward making up the complete aggregate operation of building a ship. When the proper sequence of operations is decided upon, times must be allocated to each operation to ensure that the workers in charge understand their obligations. Planning, based on realistic estimates of times and costs, must begin at the precontract stage, so that, throughout the building program, a clear plan, with scheduled dates for each major section, is available. Detailed networks must be prepared for each of the major sections, showing dates for completion. The earliest and latest permissible starting and finishing times are indicated for each activity.
The critical path of a project is a series of activities whose duration cannot be increased without delaying the completion of the project as a whole. In large networks there may be more than one critical path. Up to about 100 activities can be dealt with manually but, for more complex cases, the numerical work is done by computer. The spare time available for a series of activities—i.e., the maximum time these activities can be delayed without retarding the total project—is aggregated into a "total float." This is regarded as a factor of safety to cover breakdowns, mishaps, and labour troubles. Intelligent and experienced use of critical path methods can provide information of great value. Savings in production costs depend upon the use that management makes of this information.
From contract to working plans
Before an order is placed, the main technical qualities of the ship are decided upon and a general-arrangement drawing of the vessel, showing the disposition of cargo, fuel, and ballast, and crew and passenger accommodation is prepared. This plan provides a complete picture of the finished vessel. It is accompanied by detailed specifications of hull and machinery. This general-arrangement plan and the specifications form the basis of the contract between shipowner and shipbuilder.
As soon as an order is confirmed, drawing offices and planning departments produce working plans and instructions. Since ships are usually constructed according to the rules of a classification society, the stipulated structural plans are normally submitted to the society for approval. The spacing of bulkheads in passenger ships, for example, must be approved by the appropriate authority. For all ships, passenger and cargo, the approval of the maximum permissible draft must be sought from the classification society. Necessary working drawings include the lines plan and detailed plans of the steel structure—shell plating, decks, erections, bulkheads, and framing—as well as accommodation spaces, plumbing, piping, and electrical installations, and main and auxiliary machinery layout. The planning and production department prepares a detailed progress schedule, fixing dates for the completion of various stages in the construction. A berth in the yard is allocated to the ship, arrangements for the requisite materials, labour, personnel, and machines are made, and precautions are taken to ensure that the many interrelated operations will progress according to the timetable.
The lines plan and fairing
Traditionally, a lines plan, usually a 1/48 life-size scale drawing of a ship, was used by designers to calculate required hydrostatic, stability, and capacity conditions. Full-scale drawings formerly were obtained from the lines plan by redrawing it full size and preparing a platform of boards called a "scrive board" showing the length and shape of all frames and beams. Wood templates were then prepared from the scrive board and steel plates marked off and cut to size.
A later alternative to the full-scale scrive board, introduced about 1950 and widely adopted, was a photographic method of marking off. The lines plan was drawn and faired (mathematically delineated to produce a smooth hull free from bumps or discontinuities) to a scale of one-tenth fullsize by draftsmen using special equipment and magnifying spectacles. The formerly used wood templates were thus replaced by specially prepared drawings, generally on one-tenth scale. Photographic transparencies of these drawings were then projected full size from a point overhead onto the actual steel plate. The plate was then marked off to show the details of construction, such as position of stiffening members, brackets, and so on. This optical marking-off system was much more economical in terms of space and skilled labour than the older method.
Since the 1960s, computers have been used to fair the preliminary lines plan by a numerical method. Faired surfaces can be produced to a specified degree of accuracy and the lines can be drawn by a numerically controlled drawing machine, bringing the process under continuous scrutiny. Computer programs control the plate-burning machines that cut plates to shape and control the cold bending of frames and curved girders. Fairing calculations produce data that can be fed back into a computer to generate hydrostatic and stability data and other information.
Fabrication and assembly
Before welding came into wide-scale use in the 1930s, every ship was constructed on the building berth. The keel was laid, floors laid in place, frames or ribs erected, beams hung from the frames, and this skeleton, framed structure was held together by long pieces of wood called ribbands. Plating was then added and all the parts of the structure were rivetted together. In other words, the ship was built from the keel upward.
The modern method is to construct large parts of the hull, for example, the complete bow and stern. Each of these parts is built up from subassemblies or component parts, which are then welded together to form the complete bow or stern. These sections of the ship are manufactured under cover in large sheds, generally at some distance from the building berth, before being transported to the berth and there fitted into place and welded to the adjacent section. The advantages of this procedure are that work can proceed under cover, unhampered by bad weather, and the units or component parts can be built up in sequences to suit the welding operations—not always possible at the building berth itself.
Launching, outfitting, and trials
Apart from certain small craft built on inland waterways, which are launched sideways, the great majority of ships are launched stern first from the building berth. Standing structures called ways, constructed of concrete and wooden blocks, spaced about one-third of the vessel's beam apart, support the ship under construction. The slope of the standing ways—which are often cambered (slightly curved upward toward the middle or slightly curved downward toward the ends) in the fore and aft direction—ranges from one-half to three-quarters of an inch per foot of length (from 42 to 62 millimetres per metre of length); ways extend from a position near the bow to past the stern and for a certain distance into the water. Over these standing ways is built the launching cradle, which consists of sliding ways on which are built poppets, or supporting structures, of timber to provide support for the hull. Between standing ways and launching ways is a layer of lubricant.
During construction the ship is supported by at least one line of blocks under the keel, with side supports and shores as necessary. As the vessel nears completion, the standing ways are built under it, the sliding ways are superimposed, and the cradle is built up. The weight of the vessel is transferred gradually to the standing ways. The full weight must not be supported by the ways for too long because the thickness of lubricant would be reduced by squeezing and its properties would be adversely affected. It is common to fit launching triggers which, when released at the moment of launching, permit the sliding ways to move over the standing ways.
As a vessel moves down the ways, the forces operating are: its weight acting down through the centre of gravity, the upward support from the standing ways, and the buoyancy of the water. As it travels further, the buoyancy increases and the upthrust of the ways decreases, with the weight remaining constant. As the centre of gravity passes the after end of the standing ways, the moment of the weight about the end of the ways tends to tip the ship stern first. At this position and for some time later, it is essential that the moment of buoyancy be greater than the moment of weight about the after end of the ways, thus giving a moment to keep the forward end of the sliding ways on the standing ways; otherwise there would be concentration of weight at the end of the ways, causing excessive local pressure. Calculations are made to determine the most important factors in launching, namely, the moment at which the stern lifts, the difference between weight and buoyancy when the stern lifts, the existence of a moment against tipping, and the equality of weight and buoyancy before the vessel reaches the after end of the ways to ensure that the cradle will not drop off the end of the standing ways.
The launching of a vessel into a restricted waterway requires the application of a retarding force. Usually piles of chains are laid alongside the sides of the ship to act as drags, and these are secured to chain plates by wire cables, fixed temporarily to the hull. As the vessel slides down the launching ways, the drags come serially into operation after, or sometimes before, the bow has cleared the after end of the ways. Launching can be a hazardous operation. If the lubricant is ineffective, the vessel will not move. If the stern does not lift as the vessel slides down the ways, the ship may tip about the way ends. The bow may sustain damage when it drops into the water at the end of the ways and may damage the slipway when the stern lifts. Excessive loads on the poppets may cause their collapse.
After launching, the ship is berthed in a fitting-out basin for completion. The main machinery, together with auxiliaries, piping systems, deck gear, lifeboats, accommodation equipment, plumbing systems, and rigging are installed on board, along with whatever insulation and deck coverings are necessary. Fitting out may be a relatively minor undertaking, as with a tanker or a bulk carrier, but in the case of a passenger vessel, the work will be extensive. Although fitting-out operations are diverse and complex, as with hull construction there are four main divisions: (1) collection and grouping of the specified components, (2) installation of components according to schedule, (3) connection of components to appropriate piping and/or wiring systems, and (4) testing of completed systems.
The tendency in planning has been to divide the ship into sections, listing the quantities of components required and times of delivery. Drawings necessary for each section are prepared and these specify the quantities of components required. A master schedule is compiled, specifying the sequences and target dates for completion and testing of each component system. This schedule is used to marshal and synchronize fitting work in the different sections and compartments.
As the vessel nears completion a number of tests are made. The naval architect makes a careful assessment of the weight of the finished ship and checks its stability and loading particulars by reference to data for the ship's lightweight and centre of gravity, obtained from a simple inclining experiment. The inclining test also provides a check on calculations.
Before the official sea trials, dockside trials are held for the preliminary testing of main and auxiliary machinery. Formal speed trials, necessary to fulfill contract terms, are often preceded by a builder's trial. Contract terms usually require the speed to be achieved under specified conditions of draft and deadweight, a requirement met by runs made over a measured course.
It is usual to conduct a series of progressive speed trials, when the vessel's performance over a range of speeds is measured. The essential requirements for a satisfactory measured course are: adequate depth of water; freedom from sea traffic; sheltered, rather than exposed, waters; and clear marking posts to show the distance. Whenever possible, good weather conditions are sought. With a hull recently docked, cleaned, and painted, sea-trial performance can provide a valuable yardstick for assessing performance in service. Ideally, the ship should be run on trial in the fully loaded condition; but this is difficult to achieve with most dry-cargo ships. It is, however, comparatively simple to arrange in oil tankers, by filling the cargo tanks with seawater. Large vessels with a low displacement–power ratio must cover a considerable distance before steady speed can be attained; hence they need to make a long run before entering upon the measured distance.Cuthbert Coulson Pounder J.F.C. Conn
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
ship: Naval architecture…discipline is properly called marine engineering, but the term naval architecture is familiarly used in the same sense. In this section the latter term is used to denote the hydrostatic and aesthetic aspects of marine engineering.…
ship: Early oceanic navigationChanges in shipbuilding during the Middle Ages were gradual. Among northern ships the double-ended structure began to disappear when sailing gained dominance over rowing. To make best use of sails meant moving away from steering oars to a rudder, first attached to the side of the boat…
harbours and sea works: Design…spread the loads from the ships' keels over the underlying ground so as not to exceed the bearing resistance of the latter is the controlling floor-design factor.…
Malta: ManufacturingShipbuilding and repair have been the foundation of Malta's economy since the Knights of Malta (Hospitallers) transferred Malta's administrative centre from the medieval inland location of Mdina to present-day Valletta in the Grand Harbour area in 1570. Since the mid-20th century, however, the shipbuilding industry…
Bremen: Geography…for food industries—depended upon the shipyards and their supporting firms. After 1900 the Bremen economy became increasingly diversified, supplying the internal market and ensuring sufficient freight for outward-sailing ships.…
More About Ship construction6 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
- contribution by Taylor
- ship design history
- use of dry docks
economy of
- Bremen
- Malta


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By JOHN FLOWERS
MIDDLEBURY — When Middlebury's Probation and Parole office folded in late January, so did a low-cost work detail through which area offenders performed various community service projects that saved Addison County taxpayers thousands of dollars.
By KATHRYN FLAGG
ADDISON — Students at the Patricia A. Hannaford Career Center are tracking a celebrity.
By ANDY KIRKALDY
FERRISBURGH — The Ferrisburgh board of listers saved local taxpayers some cash this spring by appealing to the state Department of Taxes how the town's real estate was valued by the state — and if all works according to estimates, Ferrisburgh's overall tax rate may rise by less than 2 percent.
By ANDY KIRKALDY
MIDDLEBURY — At Kenyon Arena on Saturday, the Middlebury College women's hockey team ended its season on Saturday with a dramatic overtime victory in the NCAA Division III Frozen Four.
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Captured Tkhiss
Required level 29
Item type Collection Item
Cost 40
Part of the Coiling Tkhiss Collection.
Can be acquired by equipping Small Tracker's Kit and defeating Tracked Monsters. Tracked Monsters have a chance of appearing after each battle with common monsters, with the exception of Instance and Quest monsters. You receive the biggest chance of encountering Tracked Monsters when fighting monsters of your level or higher.


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UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- Two members of the Penn State men's volleyball team (2-1) picked up EIVA weekly awards, conference officials announced Monday (Jan. 14). Sophomore Aaron Russell (Ellicott City, Md.) was named the EIVA Offensive Player of the Week, while redshirt sophomore Connor Curry (Newport Beach, Calif.) was tabbed the EIVA Defensive Player of the Week.
The pair led the Nittany Lions to a 2-1 record in their opening weekend of play in the Hawaii Outrigger Invitational in Honolulu, Hawaii. Penn State defeated Hawaii, 3-2, and No. 10 Ohio State, 3-0, while suffering a 3-2 setback to No. 5 UCLA.
Russell, who was named to the Outrigger All-Tournament Team, led the Lions offensively with 42 kills and 45.0 points. He finished second on the team with 22 digs, averaging 1.69 per set and had a team-best 3.23 kills per set on .295 hitting. Against the Bruins, Russell led PSU with 12 kills and was second on the squad with eight digs. In the win against Hawaii, he had a career-high 17 kills and registered a .306 hitting percentage, while also leading the Lions with seven digs. He closed out the weekend with 13 kills on .391 hitting against the Buckeyes.
Curry was the starting libero for all three matches in Honolulu. He posted a team-high 29 digs (2.23 per set) and also had six assists. His effective passing helped Penn State hit .296 for the week. Against UCLA, Curry posted 12 digs as Penn State registered a .303 hitting percentage. On Friday against the Warriors, Curry tallied six digs and followed it up with a team-high 11 digs versus Ohio State.
Penn State returns home on Jan. 18 to host No. 13 Lewis. Action is set for 7 p.m. in the South Gym of Rec Hall.