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Geochronology, field of scientific investigation concerned with determining the age and history of Earth's rocks and rock assemblages. Such time determinations are made and the record of past geologic events is deciphered by studying the distribution and succession of rock strata, as well as the character of the fossil organisms preserved within the strata.
Earth's surface is a complex mosaic of exposures of different rock types that are assembled in an astonishing array of geometries and sequences. Individual rocks in the myriad of rock outcroppings (or in some instances shallow subsurface occurrences) contain certain materials or mineralogic information that can provide insight as to their "age."
For years investigators determined the relative ages of sedimentary rock strata on the basis of their positions in an outcrop and their fossil content. According to a long-standing principle of the geosciences, that of superposition, the oldest layer within a sequence of strata is at the base and the layers are progressively younger with ascending order. The relative ages of the rock strata deduced in this manner can be corroborated and at times refined by the examination of the fossil forms present. The tracing and matching of the fossil content of separate rock outcrops (i.e., correlation) eventually enabled investigators to integrate rock sequences in many areas of the world and construct a relative geologic time scale.
Scientific knowledge of Earth's geologic history has advanced significantly since the development of radiometric dating, a method of age determination based on the principle that radioactive atoms in geologic materials decay at constant, known rates to daughter atoms. Radiometric dating has provided not only a means of numerically quantifying geologic time but also a tool for determining the age of various rocks that predate the appearance of life-forms.
Early views and discoveries
Some estimates suggest that as much as 70 percent of all rocks outcropping from the Earth's surface are sedimentary. Preserved in these rocks is the complex record of the many transgressions and regressions of the sea, as well as the fossil remains or other indications of now extinct organisms and the petrified sands and gravels of ancient beaches, sand dunes, and rivers.
Modern scientific understanding of the complicated story told by the rock record is rooted in the long history of observations and interpretations of natural phenomena extending back to the early Greek scholars. Xenophanes of Colophon (560?–478? bc), for one, saw no difficulty in describing the various seashells and images of life-forms embedded in rocks as the remains of long-deceased organisms. In the correct spirit but for the wrong reasons, Herodotus (5th century bc) felt that the small discoidal nummulitic petrifactions (actually the fossils of ancient lime-secreting marine protozoans) found in limestones outcropping at al-Jīzah, Egypt, were the preserved remains of discarded lentils left behind by the builders of the pyramids.
These early observations and interpretations represent the unstated origins of what was later to become a basic principle of uniformitarianism, the root of any attempt at linking the past (as preserved in the rock record) to the present. Loosely stated, the principle says that the various natural phenomena observed today must also have existed in the past (see below The emergence of modern geologic thought: Lyell's promulgation of uniformitarianism).
Although quite varied opinions about the history and origins of life and of the Earth itself existed in the pre-Christian era, a divergence between Western and Eastern thought on the subject of natural history became more pronounced as a result of the extension of Christian dogma to the explanation of natural phenomena. Increasing constraints were placed upon the interpretation of nature in view of the teachings of the Bible. This required that the Earth be conceived of as a static, unchanging body, with a history that began in the not too distant past, perhaps as little as 6,000 years earlier, and an end, according to the scriptures, that was in the not too distant future. This biblical history of the Earth left little room for interpreting the Earth as a dynamic, changing system. Past catastrophes, particularly those that may have been responsible for altering the Earth's surface such as the great flood of Noah, were considered an artifact of the earliest formative history of the Earth. As such, they were considered unlikely to recur on what was thought to be an unchanging world.
With the exception of a few prescient individuals such as Roger Bacon (c. 1220–92) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), no one stepped forward to champion an enlightened view of the natural history of the Earth until the mid-17th century. Leonardo seems to have been among the first of the Renaissance scholars to "rediscover" the uniformitarian dogma through his observations of fossil marine organisms and sediments exposed in the hills of northern Italy. He recognized that the marine organisms now found as fossils in rocks exposed in the Tuscan Hills were simply ancient animals that lived in the region when it had been covered by the sea and were eventually buried by muds along the seafloor. He also recognized that the rivers of northern Italy, flowing south from the Alps and emptying into the sea, had done so for a very long time.
In spite of this deductive approach to interpreting natural events and the possibility that they might be preserved and later observed as part of a rock outcropping, little or no attention was given to the history—namely, the sequence of events in their natural progression—that might be preserved in these same rocks.
The principle of superposition of rock strata
In 1669 the Danish-born natural scientist Nicolaus Steno published his noted treatise The Prodromus of Nicolaus Steno's Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid, a seminal work that laid the essential framework for the science of geology by showing in very simple fashion that the layered rocks of Tuscany exhibit sequential change—that they contain a record of past events. Following from this observation, Steno concluded that the Tuscan rocks demonstrated superpositional relationships: rocks deposited first lie at the bottom of a sequence, while those deposited later are at the top. This is the crux of what is now known as the principle of superposition. Steno put forth still another idea—that layered rocks were likely to be deposited horizontally. Therefore, even though the strata of Tuscany were (and still are) displayed in anything but simple geometries, Steno's elucidation of these fundamental principles relating to the formation of stratified rock made it possible to work out not only superpositional relationships within rock sequences but also the relative age of each layer.
With the publication of the Prodromus and the ensuing widespread dissemination of Steno's ideas, other natural scientists of the latter part of the 17th and early 18th centuries applied them to their own work. The early English geologist John Strachey, for example, produced in 1725 what may well have been the first modern geologic maps of rock strata. He also described the succession of strata associated with coal-bearing sedimentary rocks in Somersetshire, the same region of England where he had mapped the rock exposures.
Classification of stratified rocks
In 1756 Johann Gottlob Lehmann of Germany reported on the succession of rocks in the southern part of his country and the Alps, measuring and describing their compositional and spatial variation. While making use of Steno's principle of superposition, Lehmann recognized the existence of three distinct rock assemblages: (1) a successionally lowest category, the Primary (Urgebirge), composed mainly of crystalline rocks, (2) an intermediate category, or the Secondary (Flötzgebirge), composed of layered or stratified rocks containing fossils, and (3) a final or successionally youngest sequence of alluvial and related unconsolidated sediments (Angeschwemmtgebirge) thought to represent the most recent record of the Earth's history.
This threefold classification scheme was successfully applied with minor alterations to studies in other areas of Europe by three of Lehmann's contemporaries. In Italy, again in the Tuscan Hills in the vicinity of Florence, Giovanni Arduino, regarded by many as the father of Italian geology, proposed a four-component rock succession. His Primary and Secondary divisions are roughly similar to Lehmann's Primary and Secondary categories. In addition, Arduino proposed another category, the Tertiary division, to account for poorly consolidated though stratified fossil-bearing rocks that were superpositionally older than the (overlying) alluvium but distinct and separate from the hard (underlying) stratified rocks of the Secondary.
In two separate publications, one that appeared in 1762 and the second in 1773, Georg Christian Füchsel also applied Lehmann's earlier concepts of superposition to another sequence of stratified rocks in southern Germany. While using upwards of nine separate categories of sedimentary rocks, Füchsel essentially identified discrete rock bodies of unique composition, lateral extent, and position within a rock succession. (These rock bodies would constitute formations in modern terminology.)
Nearly 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) to the east, the German naturalist Peter Simon Pallas was studying rock sequences exposed in the southern Urals of eastern Russia. His report of 1777 differentiated a threefold division of rock, essentially reiterating Lehmann's work by extension.
Thus, by the latter part of the 18th century, the superpositional concept of rock strata had been firmly established through a number of independent investigations throughout Europe. Although Steno's principles were being widely applied, there remained to be answered a number of fundamental questions relating to the temporal and lateral relationships that seemed to exist among these disparate European sites. Were these various German, Italian, and Russian sites at which Lehmann's threefold rock succession was recognized contemporary? Did they record the same series of geologic events in the Earth's past? Were the various layers at each site similar to those of other sites? In short, was correlation among these various sites now possible?
The emergence of modern geologic thought
Inherent in many of the assumptions underlying the early attempts at interpreting natural phenomena in the latter part of the 18th century was the ongoing controversy between the biblical view of Earth processes and history and a more direct approach based on what could be observed and understood from various physical relationships demonstrable in nature. A substantial amount of information about the compositional character of many rock sequences was beginning to accumulate at this time. Abraham Gottlob Werner, a scholar of wide repute and following from the School of Mining in Freiberg, Germany, was very successful in reaching a compromise between what could be said to be scientific "observation" and biblical "fact." Werner's theory was that all rocks (including the sequences being identified in various parts of Europe at that time) and the Earth's topography were the direct result of either of two processes: (1) deposition in the primeval ocean, represented by the Noachian flood (his two "Universal," or Primary, rock series), or (2) sculpturing and deposition during the retreat of this ocean from the land (his two "Partial," or disintegrated, rock series). Werner's interpretation, which came to represent the so-called Neptunist conception of the Earth's beginnings, found widespread and nearly universal acceptance owing in large part to its theological appeal and to Werner's own personal charisma.
One result of Werner's approach to rock classification was that each unique lithology in a succession implied its own unique time of formation during the Noachian flood and a universal distribution. As more and more comparisons were made of diverse rock outcroppings, it began to become apparent that Werner's interpretation did not "universally" apply. Thus arose an increasingly vocal challenge to the Neptunist theory.
James Hutton's recognition of the geologic cycle
In the late 1780s the Scottish scientist James Hutton launched an attack on much of the geologic dogma that had its basis in either Werner's Neptunist approach or its corollary that the prevailing configuration of the Earth's surface is largely the result of past catastrophic events which have no modern counterparts. Perhaps the quintessential spokesman for the application of the scientific method in solving problems presented in the complex world of natural history, Hutton took issue with the catastrophist and Neptunist approach to interpreting rock histories and instead used deductive reasoning to explain what he saw. By Hutton's account, the Earth could not be viewed as a simple, static world not currently undergoing change. Ample evidence from Hutton's Scotland provided the key to unraveling the often thought but still rarely stated premise that events occurring today at the Earth's surface—namely erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments, and volcanism—seem to have their counterparts preserved in the rocks. The rocks of the Scottish coast and the area around Edinburgh proved the catalyst for his argument that the Earth is indeed a dynamic, ever-changing system, subject to a sequence of recurrent cycles of erosion and deposition and of subsidence and uplift. Hutton's formulation of the principle of uniformitarianism, which holds that Earth processes occurring today had their counterparts in the ancient past, while not the first time that this general concept was articulated, was probably the most important geologic concept developed out of rational scientific thought of the 18th century. The publication of Hutton's two-volume Theory of the Earth in 1795 firmly established him as one of the founders of modern geologic thought.
It was not easy for Hutton to popularize his ideas, however. The Theory of the Earth certainly did set the fundamental principles of geology on a firm basis, and several of Hutton's colleagues, notably John Playfair with his Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the Earth (1802), attempted to counter the entrenched Wernerian influence of the time. Nonetheless, another 30 years were to pass before Neptunist and catastrophist views of Earth history were finally replaced by those grounded in a uniformitarian approach.
This gradual unseating of the Neptunist theory resulted from the accumulated evidence that increasingly called into question the applicability of Werner's Universal and Partial formations in describing various rock successions. Clearly, not all assignable rock types would fit into Werner's categories, either superpositionally in some local succession or as a unique occurrence at a given site. Also, it was becoming increasingly difficult to accept certain assertions of Werner that some rock types (e.g., basalt) are chemical precipitates from the primordial ocean. It was this latter observation that finally rendered the Neptunist theory unsustainable. Hutton observed that basaltic rocks exposed in the Salisbury Craigs, just on the outskirts of Edinburgh, seemed to have baked adjacent enclosing sediments lying both below and above the basalt. This simple observation indicated that the basalt was emplaced within the sedimentary succession while it was still sufficiently hot to have altered the sedimentary material. Clearly, basalt could not form in this way as a precipitate from the primordial ocean as Werner had claimed. Furthermore, the observations at Edinburgh indicated that the basalt intruded the sediments from below—in short, it came from the Earth's interior, a process in clear conflict with Neptunist theory.
While explaining that basalt may be intrusive, the Salisbury Craigs observations did not fully satisfy the argument that some basalts are not intrusive. Perhaps the Neptunist approach had some validity? The resolution of this latter problem occurred at an area of recent volcanism in the Auvergne area of central France. Here, numerous cinder cones and fresh lava flows composed of basalt provided ample evidence that this rock type is the solidified remnant of material ejected from the Earth's interior, not a precipitate from the primordial ocean.
Lyell's promulgation of uniformitarianism
Hutton's words were not lost on the entire scientific community. Charles Lyell, another Scottish geologist, was a principal proponent of Hutton's approach, emphasizing gradual change by means of known geologic processes. In his own observations on rock and faunal successions, Lyell was able to demonstrate the validity of Hutton's doctrine of uniformitarianism and its importance as one of the fundamental philosophies of the geologic sciences. Lyell, however, imposed some conditions on uniformitarianism that perhaps had not been intended by Hutton: he took a literal approach to interpreting the principle of uniformity in nature by assuming that all past events must have conformed to controls exerted by processes that behaved in the same manner as those processes behave today. No accommodation was made for past conditions that do not have modern counterparts. In short, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and other violent geologic events may indeed have occurred earlier in Earth history but no more frequently nor with greater intensity than today; accordingly, the surface features of the Earth are altered very gradually by a series of small changes rather than by occasional cataclysmic phenomena.
Lyell's contribution enabled the doctrine of uniformitarianism to finally hold sway, even though it did impose for the time being a somewhat limiting condition on the uniformity principle. This, along with the increased recognition of the utility of fossils in interpreting rock successions, made it possible to begin addressing the question of the meaning of time in Earth history.
Determining the relationships of fossils with rock strata
The hypothesis of fossil succession in the work of Georges Cuvier
During this period of confrontation between the proponents of Neptunism and uniformitarianism, there emerged evidence resulting from a lengthy and detailed study of the fossiliferous strata of the Paris Basin that rock successions were not necessarily complete records of past geologic events. In fact, significant breaks frequently occur in the superpositional record. These breaks affect not only the lithologic character of the succession but also the character of the fossils found in the various strata.
An 1812 study by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier was prescient in its recognition that fossils do in fact record events in Earth history and serve as more than just "follies" of nature. Cuvier's thesis, based on his analysis of the marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the Paris Basin, showed conclusively that many fossils, particularly those of terrestrial vertebrates, had no living counterparts. Indeed, they seemed to represent extinct forms, which, when viewed in the context of the succession of strata with which they were associated, constituted part of a record of biological succession punctuated by numerous extinctions. These, in turn, were followed by a seeming renewal of more advanced but related forms and were separated from each other by breaks in the associated rock record. Many of these breaks were characterized by coarser, even conglomeratic strata following a break, suggesting "catastrophic" events that may have contributed to the extinction of the biota. Whatever the actual cause, Cuvier felt that the evidence provided by the record of faunal succession in the Paris Basin could be interpreted by invoking recurring catastrophic geologic events, which in turn contributed to recurring massive faunal extinction, followed at a later time by biological renewal.
William Smith's work with faunal sequence
As Cuvier's theory of faunal succession was being considered, William Smith, a civil engineer from the south of England, was also coming to realize that certain fossils can be found consistently associated with certain strata. In the course of evaluating various natural rock outcroppings, quarries, canals, and mines during the early 1790s, Smith increasingly utilized the fossil content as well as the lithologic character of various rock strata to identify the successional position of different rocks, and he made use of this information to effect a correlation among various localities he had studied. The consistency of the relationships that Smith observed eventually led him to conclude that there is indeed faunal succession and that there appears to be a consistent progression of forms from more primitive to more advanced. As a result of this observation, Smith was able to begin what was to amount to a monumental effort at synthesizing all that was then known of the rock successions outcropping throughout parts of Great Britain. This effort culminated in the publication of his "Geologic Map of England, Wales and Part of Scotland" (1815), a rigorous treatment of diverse geologic information resulting from a thorough understanding of geologic principles, including those of original horizontality, superposition (lithologic, or rock, succession), and faunal succession. With this, it now became possible to assume within a reasonable degree of certainty that correlation could be made between and among widely separated areas. It also became apparent that many sites that had previously been classified according to the then-traditional views of Arduino, Füchsel, and Lehmann did not conform to the new successional concepts of Smith.
Early attempts at mapping and correlation
The seminal work of Smith at clarifying various relationships in the interpretation of rock successions and their correlations elsewhere resulted in an intensive look at what the rock record and, in particular, what the fossil record had to say about past events in the long history of the Earth. A testimony to Smith's efforts in producing one of the first large-scale geologic maps of a region is its essential accuracy in portraying what is now known to be the geologic succession for the particular area of Britain covered.
The application of the ideas of Lyell, Smith, Hutton, and others led to the recognition of lithologic and paleontologic successions of similar character from widely scattered areas. It also gave rise to the realization that many of these similar sequences could be correlated.
The French biologist Jean-Baptiste de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck, in particular, was able to demonstrate the similarity of fauna from a number of Cuvier's and Alexandre Brongniart's collections of fossils from the Paris Basin with fossil fauna from the sub-Apennines of Italy and the London Basin. While based mainly on the collections of Cuvier and Brongniart, Lamarck's observations provided much more insight into the real significance of using fossils strictly for correlation purposes. Lamarck disagreed with Cuvier's interpretation of the meaning of faunal extinction and regeneration in stratigraphic successions. Not convinced that catastrophes caused massive and widespread disruption of the biota, Lamarck preferred to think of organisms and their distribution in time and space as responding to the distribution of favourable habitats. If confronted with the need to adapt to abrupt changes in local habitat—Cuvier's catastrophes—faunas must be able to change in order to survive. If not, they became extinct. Lamarck's approach, much like that of Hutton, stressed the continuity of processes and the continuum of the stratigraphic record. Moreover, his view that organisms respond to the conditions of their environment had important implications for the uniformitarian approach to interpreting Earth history.
Once it was recognized that many of the rocks of the Paris Basin, London Basin, and parts of the Apennines apparently belonged to the same sequence by virtue of the similarity of their fossil content, Arduino's term Tertiary (proposed as part of his fourfold division of rock succession in the Tuscan Hills of Italy) began to be applied to all of these diverse locations. Further work by Lyell and Gérard-Paul Deshayes resulted in the term Tertiary being accepted as one of the fundamental divisions of geologic time.
The concepts of facies, stages, and zones
During the latter half of the 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the research on the distribution of rock strata and their fossil content treated lithologic boundaries as events in time representing limits to strata that contain unique lithology and perhaps a unique fossil fauna, all of which are the result of unique geologic processes acting over a relatively brief period of time. Hutton recognized early on, however, that some variations occur in the sediments and fossils of a given stratigraphic unit and that such variations might be related to differences in depositional environments. He noted that processes such as erosion in the mountains of Scotland, transportation of sand and gravels in streams flowing from these mountains, and the deposition of these sediments could all be observed to be occurring concurrently. At a given time then, these diverse processes were all taking place at separate locations. As a consequence, different environments produce different sedimentary products and may harbour different organisms. This aspect of differing lithologic type or environmental or biological condition came to be known as facies. (It was Steno who had, in 1669, first used the term facies in reference to the condition or character of the Earth's surface at a particular time.)
The significance of the facies concept for the analysis of geologic history became fully apparent with the findings of the Swiss geologist Amanz Gressly. While conducting survey work in the Jura Mountains in 1838, Gressly observed that rocks from a given position in a local stratigraphic succession frequently changed character as he traced them laterally. He attributed this lateral variation to lateral changes in the depositional environments responsible for producing the strata in question. Having no term to apply to the observed changes, he adopted the word facies. While Gressly employed the term specifically in the context of lithologic character, it is applied more broadly today. As now used, the facies concept has come to encompass other types of variation that may be encountered as one moves laterally (e.g., along outcroppings of rock strata exposed in stream valleys or mountain ridges) in a given rock succession. Lithologic facies, biological facies, and even environmental facies can be used to describe sequences of rocks of the same or different age having a particularly unique character.
Stages and zones
The extensive review of the marine invertebrate fauna of the Paris Basin by Deshayes and Lyell not only made possible the formalization of the term Tertiary but also had a more far-reaching effect. The thousands of marine invertebrate fossils studied by Deshayes enabled Lyell to develop a number of subdivisions of the Tertiary of the Paris Basin based on the quantification of molluskan species count and duration. Lyell noted that of the various assemblages of marine mollusks found, those from rocks at the top of the succession contained a large number of species that were still extant in modern environments. Progressively older strata yielded fewer and fewer forms that had living counterparts, until at the base of the succession, a very small number of the total species present could be recognized as having modern counterparts. This fact allowed Lyell to consider subdividing the Tertiary of the Paris Basin into smaller increments, each of which could be defined according to some relative percentage of living species present in the strata. The subdivision resulted in the delineation of the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene epochs in 1833. Later this scheme was refined to further divide the Pliocene into an Early and a Late Pliocene.
Lyell's biostratigraphically defined concept of sequence, firmly rooted in concepts of faunal succession and superposition, was developed on mixed but stratigraphically controlled collections of fossils. It worked, but it did not address the faunal composition of the various Paris Basin strata other than in gross intervals—intervals that were as much lithologically as paleontologically defined. Alcide d'Orbigny, a French geologist, demonstrated correlational and superpositional uniqueness by utilizing paleontologically distinct intervals of strata defined solely on the basis of their fossil assemblages in his study of the French Jurassic Terrains Jurassiques (1842). This departure from a lithologically based concept of paleontologic succession enabled d'Orbigny to define paleontologically unique stages. Each stage represented a unique period in time and formed the basis of later work that resulted in the further subdivision of d'Orbigny's original stages into 10 distinct stage assemblages. In spite of the work of Smith and to a lesser extent Lyell and others, d'Orbigny's approach was essentially that of a catastrophist. Stage boundaries were construed to represent unusual extrinsic geologic events, with significant implications for faunal continuity. The applicability of d'Orbigny's stages to areas outside of France had only limited success. At this point in the development of paleontology as a science, little was understood about the geologic time range of various fauna. Even less was known about the habitats—the environmental limits—of ancient fauna. Could certain groups of organisms have sufficiently widespread distribution in the rock record to enable correlations to be made with certainty? The Jurassic of western Europe consisted mostly of shallow marine sediments widely deposited throughout the area. It is now known that some of the mollusks with which d'Orbigny worked were undergoing very rapid evolutionary change; they were thus relatively short-lived as distinct forms in the geologic record and had a wide-ranging environmental tolerance. The result was that some forms, notably of the group of mollusks called ammonite cephalopods, were distributed extensively within a variety of sedimentary facies. The correlating of strata based on the faunal stage approach was widely accepted. Interestingly, most of d'Orbigny's Jurassic stages, with refinements, are still in use today.
Only a short time after d'Orbigny's original analysis of Jurassic strata, the German mineralogist and paleontologist Friedrich A. Quenstedt challenged (in 1856–58) the validity of using stages to effect correlations in cases where the actual geologic ranges and bed-by-bed distribution of individual component fossils of an assemblage were unknown. In retrospect, this seems blatantly obvious, but at the time the systematic stratigraphic documentation of fossil occurrence was not always carried out. Much critical biostratigraphic data necessary for the proper characterization of faunal assemblages was simply not collected. As argued, individual fossil ranges and their distributions could have profound influence on the concept of faunal succession and evolutionary dynamics.
Several of Quenstedt's students at the University of Tübingen followed up on this latter concern. One in particular, Carl Albert Oppel, essentially refined his mentor's concepts by paying particular attention to the character of the range of individual species in a succession of fauna. These intervals of unique biological character, which he called zones, were essentially subdivisions of the stages proposed by Quenstedt. Oppel's recognition of the earliest occurrence of a fossil species (or its first appearance), its range through a succession of strata, and its eventual loss from the local record (or its last appearance) led him to compare such biostratigraphic data from many species. By making use of such data on species that overlap in some or all of their stratigraphic ranges and from widely separated areas, Oppel was able to erect a biochronology based on a diverse record of first appearances, last appearances, and individual and overlapping range zones. This fine-scale refinement of a biologically defined sense of succession found wide applicability and enabled not only biochronological (or temporal) but also biofacies (spatial) understanding of the succession in question.V. Standish Mallory Gary Dean Johnson


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I am finding that I have much more anticipation of the liturgy then I had earlier in my ministry. I am not sure why that it, but I think several things have contributed.
I have seen God's grace move through our parish after we started celebrating at least one weekday liturgy – we have been doing this for over two years. We have built a temple that we could not afford (and a rational, worldly man would say we cannot afford it even now), and I have noticed subtle, invisible things in my soul. I am not a better person, but I pray more, and the liturgy is an incredible consolation.
Building was tense, and keeping the building has its moments too. I should not be anxious! I am a Christian! But, the fact remains, that due to weak faith, I do get anxious. This anxiety is obliterated by the liturgy. Of course, it comes back, but the feeling (that is not the right word – I do not think there is a word) I had during the Liturgy remains.
I am a priest, and must pray for my flock, and anyone who "crosses my path". This I do, but prayer alone is very difficult. There are the inevitable "mind games". I know that the "effective prayer of a righteous man availeth much", but I am not righteous, and I "hear" the whispers of "Do not trouble the Master" (because I am sinful). Of course, through all of this I still pray, but I do not pray well. I have the great privilege to be a priest of the Most High God and when I serve the liturgy, I have great confidence in my prayers before the altar, God receives the prayers of his priests. I know that the wine and bread become the body and blood of Christ through my ministrations, and not in any way because of my virtue, not any bit less than if St John Chrysostom was serving, and also know that in the same way (but I think, somewhat less), my pastoral supplications before the altar are received by God because He receives the prayers of his priests.
I have been reading books about and by Fr Silouan, Archimandrite Sophrony and Archimandrite Zacharias (three generations!). and have been deeply affected by many things in these books. Some time I will find the quote, but I believe Fr Sophrony said that he only felt truly alive when he was celebrating the liturgy, and outside of the liturgy, he felt like he was dying. Fr Zacharias has described Fr Sophrony's zeal for the liturgy – a zeal much great than my own – and this has also made a deep impression on me. I in my own sinful way, I have started thinking this way. So much of what I do daily is "dead" – mind wandering, wasting time, useless and stupid emotions of irritation, anxiety, anger, etc – and even my prayer "in my closet" can often have little warmth, but during the liturgy I am in the presence of life and truly alive, and my prayer has life in it.
A pastor's life is filled with problems. Any psychological approach to them inevitably causes fatigue, fear, anxiety, confusion. Celebrating the liturgy is not a psychological solution, but a spiritual one (the idea of turning a psychological feeling into a spiritual one I have gleaned from Archimandrite Zacharias – and it deserves much attention). I am not confused when I celebrate the liturgy. I do not forget the problems, and for many of them, I still have no idea what to do, or remembering them causes a great emotional "sting" in my heart, but at no other time am I so sure that God will help me in all things, and help those I love and care for. I am never so happy as when I am praying for my loved ones during the liturgy!
So much of my time is wasted! I do not always pray well in the liturgy, but it is never a waste of time.
These are just a few of the reasons I can think of off the top of my head about what the liturgy means to me. At the beginning of the liturgy the priest announces the Kingdom (Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto the ages of ages!) , and we enter it. What better place can we be or more important activity can we do?
I am convinced that I was born to serve the liturgy. I do not know why, and I do not do it well, but I am intensely grateful for the great blessing to do so.
Priest Seraphim Holland 2010. St Nicholas Russian Orthodox Church, McKinney, Texas
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subset: commoncrawl


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MIAMI — The most important play in a game isn't always the one you remember most. Sometimes, it's subtle and doesn't even make the highlight reel. Sometimes, something as simple as a change in possession can be more important than a shot that does or doesn't go in.
The NBA has a way to use analytics to figure out just which plays had the biggest impact on a close game. It's a "leverage" model that was developed to evaluate and instruct referees by pointing out which calls or no-calls had the biggest impact on a game's result.
Here's the idea: At every point of a game, each team has a certain probability of winning. Putting the quality of each team to the side, when the game tips off, the home team has a 60 percent probability of winning and the road team has a 40 percent probability of winning. After the first basket, those numbers haven't changed much. But if the home team is up 10 with the ball and five minutes to go in the fourth quarter, their win probability (WP) is obviously a lot greater than 60 percent.
So, by calculating win probability both before and after a play occurs, it can be determined just how important that play was. Score, possession and location are the factors. And obviously, plays in the last few minutes of the fourth quarter (or overtime) in a close game are more important than any others.
Using the league's data model, we've determined the 10 most important plays made by the Miami Heat or San Antonio Spurs on their way to The Finals.
10. +18.7 percent – Conference semis, Game 5 – Heat get multiple stops on the Bulls' final possession.
With 26 seconds left, Miami up by three (94-91) and Chicago in possession, Miami had an 81.3 percent WP. After the inbounds, Nate Robinson advanced the ball and attempted a 3-pointer with 18 seconds on the clock that was contested by Norris Cole. Just before the shot, Miami had a slightly better chance of winning (83.6 percent) than at the start of the possession because eight seconds had run off the clock.
Had Robinson's shot gone in, Miami's WP would have dropped to 60.3 percent (about -20 percent) with the tie, possession and about 18 seconds left. Instead, the shot missed and the Bulls got the rebound. With just three seconds left, they set up Jimmy Butler for another 3-point attempt to tie.
At that point, Miami's WP was up to 95.5 percent, but had Butler's shot gone in as time expired, sending the game to overtime, Miami's WP would have been cut from 81.3 percent at the start of the possession to about 58.3 percent at the start of OT (-30%). Instead, the shot missed the series was over.
9. +18.9 percent – Conference semis, Game 1 – Boris Diaw hits a three with 2:27 left in the first overtime
With 2:49 left in the first OT, Diaw rebounds a Draymond Green shot that could have given the Warriors a five-point lead. With possession and down three (111-108), the Spurs WP was 28.1 percent. After they advance the ball and swing it around, Manu Ginobili drives into the paint, draws Diaw's defender, and hits him in the corner for an open three. Diaw drains it, increasing the Spurs' WP to 46.9 percent. They went on to win in double-OT.
8. +19.0 percent – Conference semis, Game 1 – Dwyane Wade's steal sets up LeBron James' three-point play.
With 7:18 left in the fourth quarter, Miami leading Chicago 70-69. and the Bulls in possession, the Heat had a WP of 57.4 percent. At 7:07, Wade steals a pass from Marco Belinelli, increasing Miami's WP to 64.8%. That's a jump of +7.3 percent just for the change of possession. But Wade then gets the ball to James, who is grabbed around the shoulders by Butler and still manages to hit a shot with his left hand at 7:04. He makes the free throw, increasing Miami's WP to 76.5 percent. But the Bulls would come back to win the game, 93-86.
7. +20.9 percent – Conference finals, Game 1 – Chris Bosh gets an and-one tip-in
With 1:20 to go in overtime, Miami is down 99-96 when James rebounds a Lance Stephenson miss. At that point, their WP is 24.5 percent. Bosh misses a three, but James gets the offensive board and sets up Shane Battier for another three. At that point, the Heat's WP is down to 23.3 percent.
Battier misses, but Bosh rises over Roy Hibbert, gets fouled by Paul George, and tips in the miss. The tip-in with no foul would have increased Miami's WP 32.8 percent, but when Bosh ties the game with the free throw, Miami's WP increased to 45.4 percent, for a total possession increase of 20.9%. The Heat went on to win with a play that's further down this list.
6. +21.3 percent – Conference finals, Game 1 – Cole steals inbounds pass
This was a judgement call as to whether there was a change of possession, because Cole never really had control of the ball, but the scorer tallied it as two successive turnovers.
With the Pacers down three and 10.8 seconds left in OT, George Hill drops the inbounds pass and Cole gets his hands on it. There's a scramble for the ball at the mid-court line and Hill gets the ball back. He gets it to George, who is fouled by Wade on a 3-point attempt.
Before the play, the Heat's WP was 71.8 percent, and the first change of possession increased it to 93.1 percent.
5. +22.5 percent – Conference semis, Game 1 – Diaw steal leads to Danny Green lay-up
With the score tied at 111 and 2:08 left in overtime, the Spurs' WP was 46.6 percent, because the Warriors have possession. But Diaw steals a Draymond Green pass in the lane and gets the ball to Tony Parker, who finds Danny Green for a lay-up with 2:02 left. The steal increased the Spurs' WP to 59.3 percent and the basket increased it to 69.1 percent.
So Diaw made two huge plays in the Spurs' Game 1 win over the Warriors. But there were two bigger…
4. +22.6 percent – Conference semis, Game 1 – Danny Green's three ties the game in regulation
Down three with 29 seconds left, the Spurs' WP was 22.4 percent. But they run a great misdirection play to get Green an open three from the right wing. He makes it with 20.8 seconds left, increasing their WP to 45.0 percent.
3. +23.6 percent – Conference semis, Game 4 – James' steal leads to Wade's three-point play
This one is interesting, because there were still six minutes left in the fourth, but it was essentially a four-point swing, because the Pacers scored about a point per possession in the series.
With the Pacers about to inbound the ball with exactly 6:00 on the clock, the score was tied at 83 and the Heat's WP was just 41.9 percent (because they were on the road and didn't have possession). But James steals George's awful inbounds pass and gets the ball to Wade, who gets fouled by David West and goal-tended by George.
The steal itself increased Miami's WP to 50.5 percent and the three-point put it at 65.5 percent. But the Pacers would recover and win the game.
2. +61.3 percent – Conference semis, Game 1 – Ginobili's three wins it in double-OT
With the Spurs down one with 3.4 seconds left, their WP was 35.7 percent. Ginobili's three left 1.2 seconds on the clock, but increased their WP to 97.0 percent.
1. +77.6 percent – Conference finals, Game 1 – James' game-winner
From 22.4 percent to 100 percent.


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1. reel - noun
· a roll of photographic film holding a series of frames to be projected by a movie projector
Hypernym(s): film, photographic_film
2. reel - noun
· music composed for dancing a reel
Hypernym(s): dance_music
3. reel - noun
· winder consisting of a revolving spool with a handle; attached to a fishing rod
Hypernym(s): winder
4. reel - noun
· a winder around which thread or tape or film or other flexible materials can be wound
Hypernym(s): winder
5. reel - noun
· a lively dance of Scottish Highlanders; marked by circular moves and gliding steps
Synonym(s): Scottish_reel
Hypernym(s): square_dance, square_dancing
6. reel - noun
· an American country dance which starts with the couples facing each other in two lines
Synonym(s): Virginia_reel
Hypernym(s): longways, longways_dance
7. reel - verb
· walk as if unable to control one's movements; "The drunken man staggered into the room"
Synonym(s): stagger, keel, lurch, swag, careen
Hypernym(s): walk
8. reel - verb
· revolve quickly and repeatedly around one's own axis; "The dervishes whirl around and around without getting dizzy"
Synonym(s): spin, spin_around, whirl, gyrate
Hypernym(s): revolve, go_around, rotate
9. reel - verb
· wind onto or off a reel
Hypernym(s): wind, wrap, roll, twine
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TAU proteins belong to the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) family and are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimers disease. In the human brain, there are six TAU isoforms ranging from 352 to 441 amino acids in length. These isoforms vary at the carboxyl terminal according to the presence of either three repeat or four repeat domains (R1-R4), in addition to the presence or absence of one or two insert domains at the amino-terminus (see figure below). Tau Peptide (244-274) is a 31-amino acid long peptide derived from the Repeat 1 domain. RELATED PRODUCTS:
Tau Peptide (45-73) (Exon 2/Insert 1 domain)Tau Peptide (74-102) (Exon 3/Insert 2 domain)Tau Peptide (275-305) (Repeat 2 domain)Tau Peptide (306-336) (Repeat 3 domain)Tau Peptide (337-368) (Repeat 4 domain)


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Scott Dunlap's blog of trail running, ultrarunning, triathlon, and other life adventures. I enjoy the physical, emotional, and spiritual journey of outdoor events and the chance to meet cool people. This blog contains interviews, research, original fiction, new product ideas, and all things trail running.
Monday, December 20, 2010
Pacific Coast Trail Runs Announces New Team for 2011
The 2011 Team PCTR includes:
Brett Rivers lives in San Francisco, CA and trains with a crew of trail ninjas that lurk throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. He completed three 100 milers in 2010 (HURT 24:40/4th, Tahoe Rim 18:53/2nd, Pine2Palm 22:24/5th). 2011 will bring the Boston Marathon, Western States 100, numerous PCTR races, and weekend adventures in the Sierras for backcountry runs, climbing, and backpacking with friends.
Ian Sharman has yet to meet an ultra or marathon he doesn't like. He posted numerous top ultra finishes in 2010, including a spectacular double at Western States (8th) and Comrades (6:01). winning the Tahoe Triple Marathon, and 26 other distance runs. He has another crazy schedule for 2011, including returning to both States and Comrades, Rocky Raccoon 100, and representing Great Britain at the 100k World Championships.
4 comments:
This comment has been removed by the author.ReplyDelete
Wonderful idea behind this blog , Good runners need good fitness for sure.ReplyDelete
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WASHINGTON, Oct. 28 (UPI) -- Political analysts say a large bloc of blue-collar women could be a key to the outcome in the U.S. presidential election.
With the race virtually deadlocked, President Barack Obama and Republican nominee Mitt Romney are pulling out all stops in appealing to women whose jobs and family lives have kept them too busy to pay much attention to politics.
"There are still a group of voters out there who are up for grabs, and that is why these candidates are really targeting women voters and targeting women in these swing states," said Susan Carroll of the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers University.
Carroll told The Atlanta Journal-Constitution the female vote was a major one in the election because women outnumber men in the United States.
The newspaper said Romney's campaign had made some gains among women in recent weeks and was still emphasizing the effects the economy is having on women.
Obama has also drawn support from women because of the Republicans' conservative stance and controversial comments on social issues such as contraception, abortion and rape.
"The Republicans want to deregulate everything but women's health," Obama supporter Susan Thomas, 68, told the newspaper. "They treat us like kids or pets."


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Death Penalty Sought for Eric Williams in Kaufman County Murders
State prosecutors announced Friday they are seeking the death penalty in the case against former Justice of the Peace Eric Williams, who is charged with capital murder of three people in Kaufman County.
Williams is charged in the deaths of Kaufman County District Attorney Mike McLelland and his wife, Cynthia, and Kaufman County assistant prosecutor Mark Hasse. According to KLTV-7 in Tyler, the decision has not been made whether to seek the death penalty for Williams' wife, Kim Williams.
Authorities believe Eric Williams was the one who shot and killed all three people, while his wife was an accomplice in both instances. Hasse was shot and killed while walking to the Kaufman County courthouse on Jan. 31 this year, and the McLelland's were killed inside their home on March 30.
Williams was originally arrested and charged with terroristic threats and was later charged with capital murder -- one day after his wife was charged with the same crime. Kim Williams is still being held on $10 million bond.
Officials believe previous legal troubles involving Eric Williams may have been motive for the crimes. He was prosecuted and convicted in 2012 for stealing computer equipment from the county and was fired from his job.


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The German photographer Juergen Teller is known for his characteristic aesthetic that is mostly autobiographical, un-commissioned, raw and overexposed. His camera is a classic analog Contax G2. Working in fashion and shooting campaigns for Vivienne Westwood, Marc Jacobs and Céline, as well as for high fashion Magazines like iD, Another and W etc., Teller refuses the style of typical commercial fashion images. His photography is unique and recognizable. The Spring/Summer Campaign he shot for French luxury brand Céline features the well known model Daria Werbowy.
Take a closer look at the pictures in the gallery above.


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Backlit Honey Onyx Panel, China Yellow Onyx Slabs & Tiles
- Type: Onyx
- Color: Yellow
- Material Origin: China
- SupplyAbility: 50000 Square Meters/Year
- Port: Shenzhen
- Min. Order: 1 (Square Meters)
- Packaging Detail: wooden box or crate,also under client"s requirement.
- Delivery Detail: 16-20Days
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Name: backlit honey onyx glass bar tops and panel(Z-38)
size: 2600mm L × 2200mm W
Materials: onyx thickness:3-5mm,glass thickness:5-15mm,natural epoxy resin,lights sourceing.
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This composite panel is composed of very thin onyx sheet and glass or tempered glass by epoxy resin,the weight is very light, and it is very natural .
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This archived webinar discusses how you can simulate Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) using COMSOL Multiphysics.
You will learn about the many types of applications you can simulate, including valve chatter, building sway, cardiovascular blood flow, and wing flutter, to name a few.
Also featured is a demonstration involving the simulation of a MEMS switch that accounts for contact and squeeze film damping where fluid flow and solid deformation are strongly coupled.


text:
The Newberry's collections in American literature are vast and deep. Holdings of printed works begin in the pre-colonial period, are strongest from the colonial period through 1930, and continue through to the present. The library holds very rich collections of printed books, pamphlets, and maps for early America, including slave narratives. Collections of fiction are very strong to 1850. From the nineteenth century, the Newberry holds pre-eminent collections in the printed works of Herman Melville, Indian captivity narratives, and a small collection of dime novels. The Newberry's collection of children's books begins in the Middle Ages and continues through the present. Also very strong are the collections of periodicals, ranging from the post-Revolutionary period to the early twentieth century and the age of modernist "little magazines."
More recent literature is available in the Newberry's impressive collection of literary manuscripts from Chicago and Midwestern authors, critics, journalists, cultural clubs, and theaters. These include the papers of Sherwood Anderson, the Arts Club, Fanny Butcher, Jack Conroy, Malcolm Cowley, Floyd Dell, the Dill Pickle Club, Henry Blake Fuller, Harry Hansen, and Ben Hecht. The Newberry continues to add to these collections, in recent years acquiring papers and printed works by contemporary local authors such as Sara Paretsky and Harry Mark Petrakis. For further information see Chicago and Midwestern Writers.
See also:
Checklist of Post-1500 English manuscripts


text:
International Baccalaureate Policy
Drury University affirms the intellectual rigor of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Program in distinct and tangible ways. The program's depth and breadth of focus, commitment to serious scholarship and global perspective mirrors the values central to the mission of Drury University.
In recognition of the challenging character of the IB Diploma program, successful baccalaureate recipients will receive college credit according to the following guidelines.
For completion of the IB Diploma with a score of:
|Minimum Credit Hours
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Credit will initially be awarded as elective credit, with specific course equivalents designated in consultation with department chairs and the university registrar. In most cases, a mark of 4 (HL) or 5 (SL) on a subject area test will warrant credit for specific equivalencies.
For those not completing the diploma program, credit may still be awarded for satisfactory scores on individual subject tests.


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Global Action Week 2006 - Every Child Needs a Teacher [24 April 2006]
Information by Country
Global Section: Press releases
Global Campaign for Education urges donors to give resources not rhetoric
Campaigners say the event offers the best opportunity in five years for rich countries to cast aside the remaining obstacles to the achievement of Education for All, including making real and substantial financial commitments to support countries education plans. At the 2000 World Education Forum in Dakar, governments agreed to a range of targets to give every child and adult a fair chance at a decent education by 2015. GCE therefore looks forward to top-level participation in the donor conference to deliver a breakthrough, including, crucially, from the EU Presidency and G8 Host, Germany, say spokespeople.
We see this as a key moment for achieving the long-awaited resolution of an education crisis that leaves 80 million children out of school and almost a billion adults unable to read and write. Since 1999 we have been waiting for world leaders to pledge and disperse serious money to end this global scandal. With just fifty days between now and the donor conference, campaigners will be calling on their governments to make 2nd May a remarkable day for future generations.
- Kailash Satyarthi, President of the Global Campaign for Education and Global March against Child Labour
Education supporters noted that progress on May 2nd is crucial, as the next two years are decisive in reaching Education for All by 2015, the targets agreed by world leaders. For example, to meet the goal of universal primary completion by 2015, all children need to start school by 2009.
Imagine what a different world we would live in if all children could complete school; if the millions or children currently left waiting at the school gates, were taught and inspired by teachers that fed their dreams and nurtured their intelligence. We could give young people this chance. The chance to take part in democracy, to protect their family from illness, to communicate in times of conflict, to be future citizens of the world and lead the world out of extreme poverty.
- Rasheda Choudhury, Director, Campaign for Popular Education, Bangladesh
Recent research findings show that progress is possible; since 2000 the number of children out of school has gone down from over 100 million to 80 million, and the gender gap in education is closing. Aid to education especially in poorer countries is inching up, but much more needs to be done. Seven years since the World Education Forum in Dakar the resources required have not been committed. The Global Campaign for Education estimates at least $12 billion per year extra will be needed to achieve EFA. This is equivalent to just 0.1 per cent of global military expenditure annually.
GCEs rallying cry for 2007 is JOIN UP Education Rights Now. The theme was inspired by Nelson Mandela's words to young GCE campaigners in April 2006: "You might think that you are powerless, but if all the world's children join together, they can be more powerful than any government". In 120 countries, including the worlds richest nations, campaigners will be coming together to form the worlds longest chain to remind the powerful of their promises. Activities will intensify during GCEs Global Action Week, 23rd 29th April, when supporters will be taking the chance to maximize pressure ahead of the May 2nd meeting .The message they will be sending to politicians is Do something great! Give everyone an education!
Were relieved that world leaders have not forgotten the promises they made in Dakar seven years ago, but we dont need another talking shop on education; let us see a new chapter of actions, not words.
- Gorgui Sow, Co-ordinator African Network Campaigns on Education For All
Notes to Editors:
Alex Kent email@example.com
0ffice +27 11 447 4111 or Mobile +27 76 428 5390
Lucia Fry email@example.com
Office +44 20 7651 7561 or Mobile +44 7976 908006
The Global Campaign for Education (GCE) is a movement to end the worldwide crisis in education. GCE's mission is to make sure that governments act now to deliver the right of every girl, boy, woman and man to a free, quality education. Members include major international aid agencies and union federations, as well as national networks or coalitions for the right to education in about 120 countries. Supporters lobby their legislators and governments, raise public awareness and put pressure on international institutions like the World Bank. GCE has been campaigning for education since 1999. www.campaignforeducation.org
Education is a right:
It was enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
Education for All has been promised time and time again:
In 1990 and in 2000 the Education for All goals were agreed by world leaders. The 2000 World Education Forum guaranteed the right of all adults and children to be educated and set out six goals addressing the needs of pre-school and school-aged children, youth and adults to be achieved by 2015.
The Millennium Development Goals set targets for all children to complete primary school and for ensuring that girls have an equal right to boys
Global Campaign for Education's demands of donor governments in 2007:
Set clear annual targets to increase aid increasing ODA to 0.56% of GNI by 2010 and to 0.7% GNI by 2015.
Meet their fair share of the $12 billion annual financing gap for basic education
Increase the amount of aid going to basic education in the poorest countries and ensure aid is targeted where it is most needed using the Education for All Fast Track Initiative.
Publicly commit to ensuring that aid will be available over a 5-10 year period, to allow countries to train and employ teachers.
Increase commitments to the Education for All Fast Track Initiative Catalytic Fund, such that the anticipated financing requirement of $1.1 billion for eligible countries is fully met by the end of 2007.
World military expenditure was $1118 billion in 2005, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
Related links
Global Action Week 2006 - Every Child Needs a Teacher [24 April 2006]


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Monday, July 15, 2013
One way to fix the Astros right now
Astros shortstops are hitting .222/.249/.389. The .580 OPS is the 2nd-worst by position (somehow, Astros center fielders have a .577 OPS) on the team, and they - between Marwin Gonzalez and Ronny Cedeno - have 100 total bases in 94 games. Since Marwin Gonzalez got optioned to OKC on June 24, Cedeno has responded by going 3x27 - all singles - with 11K:3BB. In the seven games he has started at shortstop, the Astros are 1-6. And when he hasn't been starting at SS, he's been the DH, which is a slap in the face to Almighty Baseball.
Ronny Cedeno has got to go. The Astros were probably hoping for even a small regression from his career-high .741 OPS in 78 games for the Mets in 2012. What they got instead was a .223/.264/.302 line and a 56 OPS+. The Astros are 13-29 when he starts, which is actually a worse winning percentage than what they've put up through 94 games as a team. I know there are other factors to consider blah blah blah, but look at this:
His -0.6 WAR is the second-worst among shortstops with a minimum of 150 plate appearances, mainly because he's striking out in 26.8% of his plate appearances, the highest among SS with the 150 PA minimum. And he's sucking this much with a .306 BABIP - so it's not like you can even say he's been unlucky. Oh yeah, his -3.6 Fld rating from FanGraphs is the 6th-worst among shortstops. He just sucks.
Solution: For God's sake, bring up Jonathan Villar. He's in the middle of a career-high .788 OPS season, with 31 of his 92 hits going for extra-bases (he has as many triples - 8 - as he has homers.) And this is his first season at Triple-A. Since June 1, he's hit .305/.372/.492 (assisted by a .372 BABIP). He's 22 years old. There is absolutely no reason not to give him a shot. He hasn't played since July 6, so...that might be a reason, because I don't know why he hasn't played in a week. No transactions listed, nothing. So someone find Jonathan Villar before he drifts out to Weiland Island.
10 comments:
- The Batguy said...
According the the minor league equivalency calculator, Villar's OKC numbers would translate to .207/.254/.317 in Houston.
- July 15, 2013 at 11:52 AM
What would my numbers translate to on the fancy calculator? ;)
- July 15, 2013 at 11:57 AM
That Minor League Equivalency Calculator is pretty pessimistic. I did Springer's AA #'s this year and it translates to .200/.263/.366. Not saying he's replicate what he's doing in AAA, but I'd like to think he's be better than a sub .650 OPS.
- July 15, 2013 at 12:33 PM
I think the Weiland issue is a more pressing issue than any promotion or trade. Seriously, where the fuck is that guy?
- July 15, 2013 at 1:35 PM
I'm just fine with locking up the No. 1 pick again, taking Carlos Rodon in early June and bringing up all the guys currently in AA/AAA after the Super 2 cutoff. Play .600 ball the second half of the season and compete in 2015. Let's do it.
- July 15, 2013 at 2:02 PM
Do his 17 errors have anything to do with his not being called up yet?
- July 15, 2013 at 2:34 PM
Has Villar been hanging out with Baron Davis? If so, I think I know what happened #alienabduction
- July 15, 2013 at 4:35 PM
- OremLK said...
I don't think Villar is quite ready. I know it feels like he's been floating around in the system forever, but remember, he JUST turned 22 years old. For comparison, George Springer is about to turn 24.
Anyhow, Villar still strikes out too much and makes too many errors on defense. I'd also like to see him consistently OPS over .800 in AAA before hitting the majors. He's well on the way to that but I certainly don't want him up with the big club before September at the earliest.
- July 15, 2013 at 11:34 PM
I don't see how Villar is going to make up for the lack of production from the other 6 bats in the line-up.
- July 15, 2013 at 11:38 PM
I think Weiland had a rotator cuff surgery, then had a post op infection, which sounds like a career ending disaster. That is the last I read in early 2012. I guess if he is going to resurface it will be early 14
- July 16, 2013 at 4:34 AM


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is the title of the forthcoming film by Twin Cities filmmaker Michael Wilson. Michael Moore Hates America.com is Wilson's site. Reader Matthew Salzwedel writes:
With the debut of Farenheit Lies and Half-truths this weekend, I thought that you and your readers might be interested in a young filmmaker directing a documentary exposing Moore for who he is: a left-wing, America- hating propagandist.
There are two trailers on the website that provide a quick peek at the movie. It should be our duty to see this movie this summer.
Earlier this month the St. Paul Pioneer Press ran a good story on Wilson's project: "Moore gets a dose of his own." According to the story, Wilson's film is scheduled for an August release.


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Search Content
Teens born from assisted pregnancies may have higher blood pressure
Assisted pregnancies give infertile couples the chance at a child. But kids conceived with reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization, or IVF, were more likely to develop high blood pressure as adolescents than their naturally conceived counterparts, a new study finds.
Of 52 teens conceived with technological help, eight had hypertension, defined as blood pressure...
Genes could record forensic clues to time of death
Dying, it turns out, is not like flipping a switch. Genes keep working for a while after a person dies, and scientists have used that activity in the lab to pinpoint time of death to within about nine minutes.
During the first 24 hours after death, genetic changes kick in across various human tissues, creating patterns of activity that can be used to roughly predict when someone died,...
How bearded dragons switch their sex
When things get hot, embryonic bearded dragon lizards turn female — and now scientists might know why. New analyses, reported online June 14 in Science Advances, reveal that temperature-induced changes in RNA's protein-making instructions might set off this sex switch. The findings might also apply to other reptile species whose sex is influenced by temperature.
Unlike most mammals, many...
Proteins that reprogram cells can turn back mice's aging clock
Four proteins that can transform adult cells into embryonic-like ones can also turn back the aging clock, a new study in mice suggests.
Partial reprogramming of cells within prematurely aging mice's bodies extended the rodents' average life span from 18 weeks to 24 weeks, researchers report December 15 in Cell. Normal mice saw benefits, too: Muscles and pancreas cells healed better in...
Epigenetic marks may help assess toxic exposure risk — someday
Nearly everything people do, eat or come into contact with can change them in little ways — sometimes with big consequences. Exposure to some chemicals can damage DNA, leading to cancer and other problems. Other molecular changes—chemical tags added to DNA or to proteins called histones — may affect health without injuring DNA.
There are more than 100 varieties of these chemical tags,...
Science Ticker
Plants might remember with prions
There's no known mad plant disease. But prions — which show their dark side in mad cow disease — may occur in plants as a form of memory.
Prions are proteins that change shape and shift tasks, and then trigger other proteins to make the same change. Inheriting prions lets cells "remember" and replicate that shift in form and function. Now a protein called luminidependens, which is...
Science Ticker
Dads pass health effects of stress on to sons, mouse study finds
A father's stress may directly affect his son's health.
In mice, males exposed to repeated psychological stress developed high blood sugar — and so did their unstressed male offspring, researchers report online February 18 in Cell Metabolism. Stress appeared to alter chemical tags on the DNA in a male's sperm. These epigenetic tweaks were then passed onto male pups, which produced...
Science Ticker
Ants' size and profession controlled by chemical tags on DNA
Chemical modifications to DNA determine what carpenter ants do for a living.
Florida carpenter ant (Camponotus floridanus) workers have two main career paths. Around one-third of workers are big, brawny soldiers called majors. Most other workers are smaller food-seekers called minors. Majors and minors are closely related, but majors forage far less. This behavioral difference is the...
Year in review: Epigenome makes its debut
In a landmark event more than a decade ago, geneticists unveiled the human genetic instruction book. This year, the book was turned into a movie adaptation in 3-D: Researchers cataloged how chemical modifications fold, compress and unwind the static DNA over time and how those modifications control when genes are on or off.
The crew of researchers involved in the Roadmap...
Chemical tags on DNA appear to differ between gay and straight men
BALTIMORE — Molecular tests may be able to distinguish homosexual from heterosexual men, a small study of twins suggests.
Chemical modifications to DNA that change the activity of genes without changing the genes' information differ between homosexual and heterosexual men, researchers from UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine have discovered. Results of the unpublished study on the link...


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The pre-draft whisper mill has reached its annual crescendo, reducing ambitious reporters to chasing and sharing whether certain teams have (drum roll, please) placed telephone calls to certain players.
Here's the reality. In the days before the draft, every team will call pretty much every player in the pool of draft picks and potential undrafted free agents.
For scouts, the hay has been crammed into the barn. And so they're told to reach out to every player on the board and confirm the player's phone number on draft day, his agent's phone number on draft day, the closest airport to the player (if he'll be one of the picks potentially whisked to town for a press conference), and whether he has suffered any recent injuries (as if any player will voluntarily disclose this).
It's not news, then, that teams are calling players in the days before the draft. It would be news only if a team didn't call a player in the days before the draft.


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Kids Scuderia Ferrari sweatshirt with Shield Icon Tape
Scuderia Ferrari Store Exclusive
The kids Scuderia Ferrari sweatshirt is made of French Terry.
With a simple but bold style, this solid colour sweatshirt stands out for details such as the brand new Icon Tape i> in Scuderia Ferrari jacquard, inserted inside the zip. The front features two flap pockets and the Ferrari Shield on the breast. The French Terry sweatshirt guarantees maximum comfort. To be matched with tracksuit bottoms for an overall look that reflects Scuderia Ferrari passion.
- Scuderia Ferrari Icon Tape
- Ferrari Shield
- Composition: 100% Cotton
We offer both Standard and Express shipping: choose the service that best meets your needs at checkout.
We provide free pick up for your returns: you have 15 days from delivery to follow our quick and easy return procedure.


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Texas A&M female yell leader candidate makes runoff
COLLEGE STATION - Samantha Ketcham still has a shot at becoming Texas A&M's first female Yell Leader after the junior became the only woman in school history to receive enough votes to qualify for a runoff.
Ketcham was one of two women hoping to be elected to the five member group, which A&M has instead of cheerleaders, that has always been comprised of men only at this formerly all-male military institution.
Ketcham says she's "shocked and excited" to have made the runoff. Voting will be done Thursday and Friday.
Three seniors and two juniors are selected for the group and a person must receive at least 50 percent of the vote to be elected. Nelson Ingram was elected with 58.74 percent of the vote, but no other senior candidate - such as Ketcham - reached the 50 percent mark.
Ketcham's 3,271 votes out of 15,385 cast were the fewest of the four candidates who qualified for the runoff. Minna Nashef, the other woman running, will not be included in the runoff after garnering 9.24 percent of the vote.
Sophomores Hunter Cook and Ryan Crawford were elected as the junior Yell Leaders.


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Natura 2000 - Europe's safety net for nature - and people
Posted on 06 June 2006
WWF and its partner organizations strongly support the implementation of the Habitats and Birds Directives and the establishment of Natura 2000.WWF and its partner organizations strongly support the implementation of the Habitats and Birds Directives and the establishment of Natura 2000.
The twin directives represent a real attempt to conserve Europe's biological diversity based on sound scientific evidence, and protecting a representative sample of all Europe's most threatened habitats and species. The Habitats Directive does not rule out economic activities in Natura 2000 areas, but rather provides a process and framework for protecting Europe's natural wealth and promoting long-term sustainable development.
Our work
For this purpose, we have been actively assisting national and EU authorities and other stakeholders to identify, to designate and then to actively protect and manage Natura 2000 sites and species. Our work includes raising awareness of Natura 2000, e.g. the "Flying over Natura 2000" project, in which storks
were monitored and shown in TV in their migration over Europe (www.flyingover.net). We also support the EU accession member states in their first stages of implementation of the EU nature directives.
Who we are
WWF, the global conservation organization, works together with partner organizations throughout the EU for the implementation of Natura 2000 and the Habitats and Birds Directives. As a member of the European Habitats Forum, a coalition of NGOs working for the implementation of the Habitats and Birds
Directives, we provide input and advice to the European Commission, particularly relating to the implementation of the Habitats Directive and the establishment of the conservation network.
For further information:
Alberto Arroyo Schnell, Natura 2000 Coordinator
WWF International
Tel: +36 1 212-9353
E-mail: email@example.com


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Rate this App
Fake ID Generator is a program belonging to the category funny, with a license being free which is offered in english. It is developed by Bug Byte Apps for Android platforms with the version or higher. The version 3.5.1, updated on 12.26.18, takes up 6.45MB of space in comparison with 8.82MB of media with respect to other programs in the same category such as Sony LIV, Voot, VMate, PlayStation App, Amazon Prime Video, Facebook Password Hacker. Its 13,095 downloads rank Fake ID Generator in the position number 2284 within its category and 53607 of all Android apps. The 4 images available on Uptodown, along with the link to the official website (https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=app.bugbyte.fakeidgenerator), also allow us to understand the workings of the app we want to download. Lastly, the official report from Virus Total gives you the guarantee that the app is -1% safe for this and any of its previous versions.
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Must See Art: Stanley Kubrick Exhibit at LACMA
Photos by G. Memorabilia from Stanley Kubrick's films.
Los Angeles! If you are a fan of the films of Stanley Kubrick, you must check out an exhibit of Kubrick memorabilia at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Props, set pieces, costumes, script notes, shooting schedules and tons of ephemera from all of Kubrick's movies are represented in this exhibit as well as many of the cameras he used to make his beloved films.
My favorite parts of the exhibit were the "Clockwork Orange" and "the Shining" areas, but if "Full Metal Jacket" or "Eyes Wide Shut" was your thing, never fear, the infamous helmet shown on "Full Metal Jacket's" poster is on view as well as the masks worn in "Eyes Wide Shut" can be seen.
Stanley Kubrick is showing at LACMA (located at 5905 Wilshire Blvd) in Los Angeles through June 30, 2013. Don't miss it!


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Indicative Rate * AU$180 to AU$240
Located just four kilometres from Boonah town centre and located within the Scenic Rim region, Milford Country Cottages offers you the perfect retreat from the stresses and strains of modern living, with a country escape feel about it. There are two self-contained cottages available, Bottletree and Rose cottage. Both are air-conditioned for your comfort and Rose cottage has wheelchair access.
At just over one hour from Brisbane, these cottages are both beautifully decorated with bedroom and bathroom linen supplied. Both cottages are set within 40 acres of views over the Great Dividing Range to the west and Sugar Loaf Mountain to the south. The property has a dam with wild life around it and picnic table to take in the views.
If simply unwinding is not enough and you need a little entertainment and activities, there are local hotels, gliding club, dams for recreational use, wineries, Queen Mary falls, bushwalking, national parks and excellent cafes downtown Boonah.
Both cottages are self contained and include bathroom and bedroom linen. They will accommodate two adults and two children. Bottletree cottage has a large queen bed and two comfortable single beds. It has a separate bathroom with a washing machine. Rose Cottage has a queen sized bed in one room and two single beds in another. It also has a separate bathroom with a wheelchair friendly shower and a washing machine. There are all cooking utensils supplied.
Note: Information on listed products and services are provided by the operator and were correct at the time of publishing. Rates are indicative based on the minimum and maximum available prices of products and services. Please visit the operator's website for further information. All prices quoted are in Australian dollars (AUD).


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Buffalo Chicken Wrap Recipe
Your source for quick recipe every single week day.
Read more: Dinner Tonight: Buffalo Chicken Wrap
- Yield:serves 4
- Active time: 30 minutes
- Total time:30 minutes
- For the Fried Chicken Tenders
- canola oil for frying
- 1 cup all-purpose flour
- 1/4 teaspoon black pepper
- 1 teaspoon salt
- 1/2 cup buttermilk
- 8 chicken tenders
- For the Wraps:
- 1/4 cup Franks Red Hot sauce
- 1/4 cup butter
- four 12" wraps (I used Jalapeno cheddar, though that's up to you)
- 1/2 head romaine lettuce, roughly chopped
- 1 cup blue cheese, crumbled
- 1 tomato, stemmed, seeded, and chopped
For the fried chicken tenders: In a Dutch oven, pour in enough oil to come halfway up the side. Attach a deep-fry thermometer, and turn the heat to medium-high. Bring the temperature up to 350°F. Meanwhile, combine the flour, black pepper, and salt in a shallow bowl. Pour the buttermilk into a second bowl. Add the chicken tenders to the buttermilk. Using a pair of tongs, pull up one tender and hold over the bowl to let the excess buttermilk fall back in. Transfer the tender to the flour mixture and toss until coated. Repeat process until all the tenders are coated.
When the oil is at the right temperature, add the tenders (if they all fit in one layer) and cook until golden brown, about five minutes. Drain the tenders on paper towels when done. Repeat process if more tenders need to be cooked. Then turn off the heat.
For the wraps: In a small saucepan, melt the butter over low heat. Add the Franks hot sauce and stir until smooth. Transfer the sauce to a large bowl and add the fried chicken tenders. Toss until they are coated.
Heat a large cast-iron skillet over medium heat. Add one of the wraps and let warm up for a few seconds on each side. Repeat process until all the wraps are warm.
To construct, take one wrap and add two of the sauced fried chicken tenders, a handful of romaine, a 1/4 cup of the blue cheese, and 1/4 of the chopped tomato. Fold the wrap up like a burrito, and then cut in half crosswise to serve. Repeat process with remaining wraps.
This Recipe Appears InDinner Tonight: Buffalo Chicken Wrap
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CENTER VALLEY, Pa. -- Brad Meltzer, a best-selling author and researcher on the History Channel series "Brad Meltzer's Decoded," will be the featured speaker at Penn State Lehigh Valley's commencement ceremony, to be held at 11 a.m. on Saturday, May 5, at Stabler Arena in Bethlehem, Pa.
"We are excited to welcome Brad Meltzer, whose career success is rooted in his love of history, to speak to our graduates during this very special and historic centennial year at Penn State Lehigh Valley," said Ann Williams, chancellor of Penn State Lehigh Valley.
Brad Meltzer is the author of the New York Times Bestsellers The Tenth Justice, Dead Even, The First Counsel, The Millionaires, and The Zero Game. He is currently working on his newest comic book, DC Universe, and recently published his latest novel, The Inner Circle. He can also be seen on the History Channel series "Brad Meltzer's Decoded," which investigates the secret history of the symbols and codes that surround us every day.
"The Tenth Justice" was his first published work and became an instant New York Times Bestseller. "Dead Even" followed a year later and also hit the New York Times Bestseller List. "The First Counsel" came next, which was about a White House lawyer dating the President's daughter, and then "The Millionaires," about two brothers who steal money and go on the run. His novel "The Zero Game" is about two Congressional staffers who are, literally, gambling on Congress.
Meltzer also is one of the co-creators of the TV show, "Jack & Bobby" – about two young brothers, one of whom will one day grow up to be President – and is the No. 1 best-selling author of the critically acclaimed comic book "Identity Crisis," a murder mystery featuring Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman.
His books have a total of almost 6 million copies in print, have spent over nine months on bestseller lists, and have been translated into over 25 languages from Hebrew to Bulgarian.
His newest nonfiction book, "Heroes for My Son," examines 52 global heroes from Gandhi to Rosa Parks to Thomas Jefferson, and the qualities they shared that allowed them to shape the modern world. While cataloging the lives of so many impactful individuals, Meltzer grew to understand three truths to successful leadership: communicate and collaborate with your team, admit and overcome your limitations, and represent your organization, don't have it represent you. Meltzer expounds on these insights in an article for Spirit Magazine and has shared his philosophies with corporations nationwide.
Meltzer has played himself as an extra in Woody Allen's "Celebrity" and earned credit from Columbia Law School for writing his first book, which became "The Tenth Justice." He's been featured on "The Today Show" and in major publications including Time, USA Today, Vanity Fair, Entertainment Weekly, and dozens of newspapers across the country.
For more information, contact University Relations at 610-285-5067 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.