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Discussion in 'Vaporization Discussion' started by tdavie, Feb 2, 2010.
pretty important thread for volcano users
I haven't read this whole thread yet, but bookmarked it, because this is exactly the kind of info many of us need. But I do wonder if the same thing happens with different strains. I do know that research is being done to determine which strains are better for pain, which for nausea, etc. I'm at a disadvantage because I am not able to choose or even know which strains I am using, + this is another reason I want a Pax (well, I guess there are ways to regulate and monitor temp with the mflb, but a friend of mine is doing that particular research for us. it's nice to split the research load!)
Anyway, thanks. When I am able, I'll post the results I have. As a low-dose chemo patient, maybe I can help.
I just wanted to say THANK YOU for this information.
Tested and confirmed!
I have always used my EQ at 210c (almost a year now).
After reading this, I turned it up to 230c for the first time ever, and I have never gotten that high from my EQ after 1 elbow pack...
To further confirm this, it would make sense why my ABV brownies are super couch lockers, all that sedative stuff in the higher ranges has been unvaped and concentrated...
Also, here is a link to the original source
http://www.omma1998.org/McPartland-Russo-JCANT 1(3-4)-2001.pdf
Protip for the high temp:
The glass mouthpiece the EQ comes with fits air tight into a cheap acrylic Graffix bong, so you can enjoy ice cold humid vapor!
Higher temp = better energetic high for me.
I have always noticed that the first vape session (with fresh bud), gives me a dizzy and uncomfortable effect, even if I keep the temp low (I use the VG classic). But the next session (after a day or so), when I re-grind the same bowl, I get a much powerful and nice high, and it doesn't make me sleepy and lazy.
I remember that many of my best highs ever, comes from brown ABV, vaped at very high temp (until it turns in a dark brown powder, not black or combustion traces left).
Recently I finished my fresh stuff, so I grinded some brown ABV as much as possible, then made a single but long hit (I felt the urge to cough, but still inhaling) and hold it for more than 1 minute (with a little rebreathing). The result was a very strong high, both body and head, really funny and introspective. It was night, after a working day but surprisingly I didn't feel lazy.
I never got that powerful effect from fresh bud, no matter how much I vape (usually, greater quantities gives me only the urge to sleep).
Last week I have found the Dr. Hornsby experiment, and now all makes sense.
But I can't understand why so many people are still talking about the "low temp energetic high"...
This is a great thread and since we're talking about extraction temperature, it got me thinking that we should not take the digital readout (or the manufacturers claimed temp preset) as being the temperature we're vaping at - it's more complex than that! For example, if you've ever used one of those dual digital ceramic heater whip style machines, the set temperature stays at whatever you've wound it up to, but the temperature of the hot air going into the whip swings wildly - dropping quickly during each draw and gradually climbing back up to the set temperature between draws.
I'm a coffee geek and I think making espresso is sort of like vaping coffee but using hot high pressure water. To get consistently good espresso, temperature control is one of the major challenges and one thing you learn about making espresso is that the 'temperature' showing on the digital readout of the PID is nearly always an overestimate of the actual temperature of the water that's hitting the puck - hot water meets cold ground coffee inside a (prewarmed!) metal portafilter inside a big hunk of prewarmed brass, all subject to convection and radiant heat loss.
I'm going to bet that the temperature you record inside the plant material will vary wildly during every draw - depending from second to second on (eg):
the temperature 'set point' and the mechanics/electronics controlling the heating element
how much moisture is left in the bud (google latent heat of evaporation) - this changes during each draw as it all eventually evaporates
how hot the air is coming in from the heating element (which depends in turn on..)
how fast you are drawing
how much heat the heating element is generating
By analogy with coffee, AFAIK, the only way to really know exactly what 'temperature' you are vaping at would be to record the temperature using (eg) a thermistor placed inside the vegetable material!
That's what some extreme coffee freaks do - you can get a thermistor (scace device eg) fitted inside your portafilter so you can monitor exactly what's happening in the puck as you pull the shot.
That's a big yup on digital readouts. Certainly one of the reasons the expensive Vapexhale Cloud only has a mechanical-dial temperature control, and not a numerical readout.
Funny thing is I like digital readouts and use them all the time to try to improve my technique - I don't think they can do much harm as long as you remember they don't mean what they say. My espresso machine has a simple computer PID to control the temperature. I usually use a plug in vape - old style dual digital ceramic whip model to control what range of volatiles I'm getting.
My 2c worth: the temperature selection of specific molecules is probably nature at work so consistent, but strains have characteristic content profiles at each temperature so some eg skunks seem to yield more vapour at higher temps than sativa varieties which have more of the whacky at lower temperatures. YMMV
Do any commercial vapes use a PID to get hot air to a prespecified temperature?
Is there some research someone can point me to about temperatures and effects? I don't understand how the two correlate, I would expect different effects from different strains. But how does temperature affect the feeling one gets? It's releasing the same chemicals.
Call me a skeptic on this in the mean time.
Excellent. Stay skeptical but do your own experiments - I've convinced myself that I can feel different effects by using different temps but the differences are in terms of psychoactives so subtle, varying with the material to hand, hard to pin down and above all subjective. YMMV. That subjectivity makes it even harder to do good scientific research because valid and reliable measurement is much tougher - eg 'stoned' is much harder to pin down than blood pressure or heart rate.
AFAIK, there's almost no useful scientific research because cannabis is not an NIH priority research area (eg you won't see it on the NIMH research priorities page at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/research-fu...ties/nimh-strategic-research-priorities.shtml) and no sane drug company would pour money supporting research into something they can't legally control with a thicket of patents.
All is not lost - there's the known chemistry and physics (eg boiling point) of the some of the active ingredients (see the start of this thread) from which you can make your own guesses and experiment to form your own conclusions about what works for you. I think it's mostly that kind of playful experimental experience ("let's see what happens when I turn the dial down a few notches") that people are discussing in this thread. Ultimately it's going to be a subjective and personal judgement - I don't think anyone has a monopoly on the truth and we're probably talking more art than science here!
several do ... cloud and solo for sure.
i do in my non-commercial homemade vape.
that's what i found ... i stuck a probe into the herb during a vape session. The setpoint was 380°F, but the temp inside the herb was 50°F lower. During a toke, the temperature would rise to the setpoint -- this took less than 5 seconds. The herb temp dropped after the toke.
The setpoint is the absolute maximum temperature of the air that will hit the herb.
my pid will maintain setpoint within 1°F regardless of toke volume or speed. however, there is better extraction from the trichomes -- i.e. more vapor produced -- with a slow, steady inhale.
You are my hero, Hippie Dickie - sticking a temp probe into a wad of bud is heroic enough but having the presence of mind to remember what happened while you took a few draws is the mark of a truly dedicated scientist Your findings make sense to me - the slow steady draw is the best way to maintain the temperature of air entering the wand on my dual digital device - the 30W or so heater struggles to keep up if the air velocity is too high.
I was really looking forward to a new arizer solo - my xmas present to myself - it arrived 2 weeks ago but would not heat - defective so now I have to wait for the replacement but I am really looking forward to checking it out. I was really happy when I saw the thermistor and thermal paste in the heating element while stripping it down to check the battery pack but didn't realise they had a proportional integrative derivative (PID) built in - that's great news.
Slow & long, is really the best for the most extraction, assuming you have the proper temperature set, because it allows the hot air to stay in contact with the surface of the herb much longer then if you were to inhale too much, and the airflow temperature dips, giving you a temperature that is not good for extracting thc and other cannabinoids, just flavor.
Another thing I think is important for vaping is using a small amount of herb that has been ground very well, to the point it is evenly spread on the screen. The reason is because plant fibers are good at keeping cool. When you use more then enough to cover the screen, and it isn't ground well to be evenly distributed, the temperature of the herb under the top portion will be cooler than the top which means less extraction is being done to that portion of the herb. Stirring would ensure that every part of the herb get's heated to the proper temperature, BUT this brings another problem. If you use more then enough herb, the constant stirring will give bad flavor, and you may not extract everything if you don't stir properly, which is likely.
Using a very small amount, prevents these issues because once you are done with extraction after the first 2-4 puffs, one stir is all that's needed to extract the rest of the thc while preventing bad flavor. You just have to keep loading fresh bowls until you are satisfied, BUT you are getting more from you herb. This is also true for smoking, but not as much of a necessity as it is for vaping.
Having some moisture in your herb also helps keep the flavor alive, because being that the plant fibers, and water, will prevent the high heat from degrading the flavored oils or being released too much, the herb under the surface will stay much cooler then the top portion that is in direct contact with the set temperature. You will have fresh flavor with every stir or in the case of the mflb, shake. Hope that helps someone, Have fun.
Great posts, not much to add as i agree with what has been said. It correlates with my experience too, i just want to add that the Solo still drops the temp if you increase your hit velocity a bit, so it would still need to improve in that department.
my mental image is that a slow and steady toke allows the heat to melt the waxy trichome shell, thus exposing thc to the hot air and vaporizing it.
i set the D gain of the PID algorithm a bit high, so the temperature rises slightly with a toke.
i don't grind ... no need to expose raw plant juice to the hot air flow ... vaporizing that stuff is not desirable. stirring is useful to redistribute the unexposed trichomes in the vial.
Could you explain why it isnt desirable?
The profile of the active components released varies depending on the temperature. I wrote an article about this for Vape World: Vaporizing by Temperature.
Lots of people here have been vapourizing by temperature for a long time. There is no question that it works. The biggest problem is that a lot of people who think they know how it works—don't. As the article states, there are no binary transitions, which is the first assumption most people make when they see a chart of boiling points.
well, for me, once the thc is gone, that's it. but i find i can still get a vapor from the abv - but what is the point of continuing? ... so i just quit the session.
The thing is, if you have chunks of herb, even a small piece, there will still be trichomes that haven't been heated enough to release the thc. Remember air is very lite compared to the herb it is touching so the air will only be most effective to the surface of the areas it touches. If you have little chunks that haven't been broken down properly, the trichomes will get left behind creating little pockets keeping them mostly untouched due to the cooling properties of plant fibers. Also, trichomes melt into liquids so some oils will be absorbed into some plant fibers which is why just looking to see if trichomes are gone isn't a good indicator to see if you vaped the oils out of the herb.
When we measure vaporizer temperatures we are measuring air, not the herb itself. Because herb is so light we can only measure the surface temperature, unlike meat which is so dense we can have a good idea what the temperature is inside the meat by putting a thermometer deep inside of the meat itself. We can't put a thermometer deep inside a plant cell, at least I don't know how. The goal is to have the air bring the herb to the temperature we set so we can extract what we want, so in order to make sure this happens we have to break down the plant fibers as much as we can, so they don't prevent proper temperature extraction.
As the volume of vapour decreases during a session, the taste changes dramatically - losing all those delicious early spicy resiny strain specific flavours as it becomes increasingly 'smoky' tasting. That last few litres of thin sour vapour don't seem to do much for me so I don't see much point in keeping at it. I once tried combusting some to convince myself that it was useless and I was quite convinced - never tried eating ABV but I suspect I wouldn't get much out of what I leave behind.
I'd recommend a small flashlight and a 20x glass magnifying loupe (10x works too but I prefer 20x) near your vaping station.
Shine the flashlight into the glass bulb of the whip (you can tell what I use - but this should work for anything with clear glass in the pathway) while inhaling - sure, you can see thick clouds without the flashlight, but you'll see early and late vapour much more clearly as it passes through the flashlight beam and you can use that visual feedback to work on making it as thick and swirly as possible - eg see the effects of 'sipping' - pausing between slow small volume draws. This is especially useful for teaching new vaporists but I still do it routinely when new varieties arrive.
Looking at the raw input through a loupe, while shining that flashlight on it before packing a bowl is very revealing. You can learn a lot about the raw material trichome abundance and fatness, and how effective the grinding or crumbling is. After no more obvious vapour is visible with the flashlight even after a long slow draw at operating temperature, repeat the process with the ABV after you knock it out - you want to see uniformly brownish toasted material with no burn marks and next to none of that shiny waxy good stuff that it started out with. If there are obvious chunks of still-greenish material and or fat shiny waxy trichomes, you probably didn't stir and recrush half way through or get all the material hot enough (eg inside big whole nugs) to vaporise all the goodness out.
As always, YMMV.
There's some great 'art' and personal experience distilled into this thread!
All true and agreed - but OTOH, the acid test for me is whether the material is generating vapour I can see and taste - if there's none or little after a long slow draw with air at around 180c or so, there's probably not much good stuff left. Once you're well out on the diminishing returns side of the extraction curve, you can always eat it or extract but I doubt that I'm tossing much useful material away - like I said, I've tried smoking it on an empty head and got nothing more than a headache for my trouble - but YMMV because of all the variations in equipment, plant material and technique.
mod note: Please do not post back-to-back. We have an Edit feature, use it. 2 posts merged.
The taste changes due to be so volatile, and boil at a low temperature, that if you use very dry herb it will lose taste quickly from not having water to keep everything cool, and intact. I explained it earlier so I won't go into that.
Also, the vapor gets thin because of whatever temperature you're using. If you were to vape at 300f, sure it will be thick in the beginning, but it will slowly get thing as you boiled off all the substances that release up to that 300f temperatures. It doesn't mean you boiled off everything you may want. Once you raise the temperature then the vapor will be thick again because now you are releasing other substances within their boiling range. This is why going up int temperature is important, because you may thing because you are high and the vapor is thin that you are done, but that isn't necessarily true.
It is taste, and sometimes harshness,that prevents people from going higher, which I can understand, but if you use the methods I posted earlier as well as a little water tool kit, it should help prevent this problem.
The reason why smoking abv won't work that great is because most of the thc will oxidize into cbn if you don't use it right away. This is because, when hot air touches the thc oil, the oxygen starts a process of degradation, and when you leave it out for a shitload of oxygen to do it's thing, the next day or later on in that day, most of your thc is now cbn, which is a lethargic type of high.
Also, the headaches can be from the plant cellulose breaking down into dangerous compounds when heated to high temperatures, which is why I don't recommend eating abv anymore. Once the moisture is gone, problems occur with plants when you heat them up. Thankfully for us we want oils that can tolerate these high temperatures and absorb oxygen well, and helps oxygenate our body. The fibers(carbohydrates), and some flavor substances we like, on the other hand need that water.
I am going to post the study that showed the effects of heated cellulose but I have to search for it.
mod note: Please do not post back-to-back. We have an Edit feature, use it. 2 posts merged.
maybe it's a personal thing and almost certainly strain/variety/cure/storage related too - but I definitely do not get much of the buzz I like out of the last 10% or so of the vapour that can be squeezed out of a nugget.
I've tried vaporizing (and even combusting) stored ABV on a relatively empty head (ie after 24 hours or more of no input) and I just don't seem to get much effect. It's interesting to know that some people do but I for one just don't seem to be one of them or maybe it doesn't happen so much with the sativa heavy varieties I prefer - yet another subtle variable in the fine art of vaporising.
I think the reason a lot of people don't like going higher in temperature is because the thc is too strong when it is released in high amounts, which it will be when you go in temperatures 396, and up. This has been shown is studies. When thc is concentrated, it tends to be overbearing for people who aren't used to it, and if someone always vapes at temperatures below 392 this will be the case. You can prevent this by using small loads at a time, until you can handle the concentrated thc.
Here's the cellulose study, they used cotton as the source for cellulose:
Aromatization of cellulose by heat
Here's the study showing thc release, and temperatures:https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:YUAyrwW7WwIJ:www.volcanomedic.co.il/sites/default/files/files_repo/Cannabis_smoke_condensate_III.pdf &hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjr7SHV_5qeYw_uQJBZzncO4ykzeullcXSzSBHx2aDI6vQkuvoa-bROBaAlZmyTmpRM88Lex8VPlVTBCsGgEQsPZZ0A8HkZm_Z1-ynJc8AvLZVB3zQQenlOGhMS6k8FC8inXC7R&sig=AHIEtbTnU-HVLSTlmn8oaytqQLxNxIGeFw
Notice how the cbn rate goes up the higher in temperature you go, and this is because of the hot air oxidizing the thc. This is why when people use high temps, they claim to get the pain relieving effects or body high they want from smoking. I think the reason why the higher temperature released so much thc as opposed to the others, is because thc doesn't start releasing efficiently until 392f, and if you start at 230c you will get all of the thc, but that is too high for me to start with. 392f-410 is good to get that thc with only a little cbn. Also, I wonder how they loaded the bowl, being that they used a good amount(200mg) as this can effect how much get's released efficiently as I explained already.
That is going to be some harsh hit at those temps which is why I don't do it. So if you both think that you have used up your herb sufficiently do you toss your ABV? If not what do you do with it?
Interesting - thanks.
Since it's an old chemistry paper, those temps are almost certainly celsius. I didn't pay to read it all but it looks like not much going on to the cellulose at 190c - there's hardly any change in composition in the 190c row of the table. OTOH, www.doctorfire.com/wood_ign.pdf suggests that hemicellulose will start burning at 250c so the rest of the table seems to be showing what happens when combustion would have happened if their bomb wasn't filled with pure nitrogen to prevent a fire from starting.
My reading of that page FWIW is that at the temps I tend to vape at (180c) there's probably very little change to the plant cellulose but if you go really hot you'll start getting combustion products. That makes sense to me.
I collect it in a little wooden box to keep my room tidy. Once it fills, I usually end up tossing it despite all my intentions of trying some abv recipes - I know for sure that it's not worth smoking but as discussed above, that doesn't mean it's lacking all medicinal qualities! I think if I ran out of fresh I'd be more strongly motivated to eat some...
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The objectives of financial sector reform in Uganda were interest liberalisation, reducing directed credit, improving prudential regulation, privatisating financial intermediaries, reducing reserve requirements, liberalisation of securities markets and pro-competition measures. Interest rate liberalisation focused on positive interest rates, with rates linked to the weighted average of an auction-based treasury bill, followed by full liberalisation in 1994. To increase competition, entry barriers were lowered in 1991 but this was followed by a moratorium on new banks that was lifted only in 2005. Reserve requirements for commercial banks were raised in 2000 following collapses in the 1990s and in 2004. Directed credit and credit ceilings were gradually removed but re-introduced using European Union funding in the late 1990s to support selected sectors, emphasising export production. Other reforms included privatisation with government divesting its stake in commercial banks in the 1990s and early 2000s. In 1991, penalties were introduced for non-compliant banks and supervision was aligned with Basel 1. Legal and regulatory reforms to enhance the Bank of Uganda's authority started in 1993. Legislation governing microfinance institutions was introduced in 2003 followed by the Financial Institutions Act in 2004 with new regulations. In 1996 the Capital Markets Authority was established followed by the licensing of the Uganda Securities Exchange. Treasury bonds were introduced in 2004. Liberalising the exchange rate began in 1986 with a dual rate replacing the fixed rate, followed by a parallel foreign exchange market in 1992 marking the transition to a market-based system. This was followed by an inter-bank foreign exchange market, liberalisation of the current account and then capital account in 1997. Financial development can be assessed using the ratios of M2 money supply to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), M3 to GDP and domestic credit to GDP. From 1983 - 2008, M2 and M3 to GDP showed an initial sharp upwards trend followed by a decline and then a steady increase. Domestic credit to the private sector has not matched growth in the M2 and M3 shares of GDP. For instance from 1983-2008 M2 and M3 grew by 13% and 15% respectively while private sector credit grew by 11%. Deposit and lending rates rose from 9% and 15% in 1983 to 32% and 40% in 1989, with the spread widening to 15% in 1987. They then dipped, rose again and fell to about 8% and 20% in 1995, remaining at about those levels until the present. The inflation rate reflected these movements rising from about 25% in 1984 to a peak of 190% in 1998, driven by excess money supply, and then declining to single digit levels from 1994.
Session 2B: Inflation Dynamics
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Session 1A: Financial Development and Economic Growth
Session 1A: Financial Development and Economic Growth
Session 1A: Financial Development and Economic Growth
Session 1A: Financial Development and Economic Growth
This paper employs the Bernanke-Gertler-Gilchrist "financial accelerator" model to study current economic conditions in South Africa. Given the turbulent financial market conditions we investigate the optimal monetary policy response as well as the potential role fiscal policy might play.
As typical in the literature, we find that monetary policy should not deviate from a standard Taylor policy rule that principally targets inflation. The optimality of the Taylor, however, depends on the hypothesized degree of integration between the financial sector and the real economy. Finally, we find that fiscal policy plays a significant role in stabilizing the economy.
About the authors:
Nicola Viegi is associate professor in Economics at the University of Cape Town. A graduate from the Scottish Doctoral Programme in Economics, he has held positions at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, at the University of KwaZulu-Natal and he is currently Visiting Scholar at De Nederlashe Bank. His main areas of research are economic policy theory, macroeconomic modeling and regional macroeconomic integration. Current research includes inflation targeting under uncertainty, monetary policy and assets prices, macroeconomic integration in Southern Africa.
Michael Parusel is an Economics Master student at the University of Cape Town. After graduating with a Bachelor of Business Administration from the Berlin School of Economics he worked in the Semiconductor industry for two years. In 2007 he completed his Honours degree in Economics at the University of Cape Town. His main areas of research are monetary policy and asset prices and sustainability questions around the South African current account.
This study reviews the reforms undertaken in the financial sector with respect to regulation and access widening polices. The developments at the macro and micro level of the banking system are also assessed. Empirical analysis of the effects of financial liberalisation on growth by augmenting an aggregate production function with different measures of financial liberalisation. To account for the sources of the effects of financial liberalisation on growth, additional empirical analysis was conducted using panel data analysis of bank level data. Bank level data assists in investigating the effect of financial liberalisation on intermediation spreads, non-performing loans and non-financial costs. The empirical findings do not indicate a positive effect of financial liberalisation on growth. However, they suggest that there was improved efficiency among banks. The critical issue for Uganda appears to be that the efficiency improvements may not have been translated into increased credit to the private sector. There are possible policy choices to ensure that financial liberalisation exerts positive knock on effects to output and subsequently poverty reduction. Some of the proposed policies include the reduction of credit risk to banks through information availability via the credit reference bureau, promotion of further competition in the sector through increased bank entry and more robust loan recovery procedures in cases of default.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a relationship between export volumes and exchange rate volatility exists as suggested in the ASGISA document. It goes about this by first investigating the theoretical channels that predict the relationship between export volumes and exchange rate volatility. The theoretical prediction though, is ambiguous depending on the justification, model and factors taken into account in reaching the result. Furthermore, the paper provides evidence that the empirical results are ambiguous as well, as some countries tend to exhibit a negative relationship and others a positive relationship. Thus the paper goes on to estimate two measures of exchange rate volatility (a moving average standard deviation and the conditional volatility extracted from GARCH modelling) using the real effective exchange rate. These measures provide varied results in testing for stationarity. A cointegrated model for export volume using the Johansen estimation technique is then estimated with the volatility variables included in either the short or long run model, depending on the sensibility of the results produced.
NOTE: This I am currently revamping this paper, it was my mini-dissertation done toward the completion of my Masters in Economics at UCT. I am still estimating the cointegrated model, and so am not sure if any of my volatility variables will be able to enter in the long run model (in the previous paper this was not possible). I have not summarised the results yet for this reason. The model will be estimated with data ranging from the first quarter of 1961 to the first quarter of 2007 (the reason for the revamp is that this paper previously only considered data up until the first quarter of 2005). The model will also be estimated for the period starting 1972 (after the collapse of Bretton Woods) until the present, or a structural break at this period will be investigated (to see if the behaviour changed as a result of the introduction of the floating exchange rate in spite of the variability of the Real effective exchange rate before this time). The policy implication will be suggested at the end. Originally there was a negative effect of exchange rate volatility on the GROWTH of export volumes (so a significant negative short run effect), but not on the level of export volumes.
Finally, I may (time permitting) include a third estimation of a volatility variable that has been suggested in some of the international literature (a linear moment model/instrumental variable type approach) and the effects of this volatility measure on export volumes.
In this paper we analyze the relationships between exchange rates, inflation and competitiveness. We show that over the 1994-2006 sample period real exchange rate depreciations did not improve the trade balance and therefore had no positive effect on growth. One reason is that SA exports are priced to market (PTM instead of PCP). We also comment on the policy advice of the International Panel of Experts on Growth (The 'Harvard Team') on South Africa's Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative (ASGISA) with respect to the present architecture of SA's inflation targeting regime. Rodrik (2006) argues that since the health and vitality of the formal manufacturing sector has to be at the core of any strategy of shared growth, the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) should switch to a modified inflation targeting framework which allows considerations of competitiveness to affect its decisionmaking. We argue against this. Instead we show that if the monetary authorities would be interested in targeting competitiveness via the real exchange rate, a good way to do this is by narrowing the present inflation targeting band from the present 3- 6 percent, to say 1-3 percent.
Formal inflation targeting has been adopted as the monetary policy framework in South Africa since February 2000. Prior to that (since about 1990), the South African Reserve Bank has pursued implicit inflation targeting with no officially announced inflation target. Official inflation targeting frameworks are based on the premise that inflation targeting will deliver improved inflation performance and reduced inflation persistence, as well as contain inflationary expectations. Nevertheless, the international experience seems to suggest that countries that implement official inflation targeting (such as New Zealand, Australia and Canada) are not markedly more successful at maintaining price stability than the countries that do not explicitly target inflation (such as United States, Japan and the European Monetary Union). With regard to South Africa, the record is also ambiguous. During the 1990s, when South Africa had a system of implicit inflation targeting, the South African Reserve Bank was successful in reducing the inflation rate to single-digit figures. However, since the implementation of inflation targeting the CPIX exceeded its 6% upper bound in 31 of the 74 months between February 2002 (the first month that inflation had to be within its target range given a 24 month policy lag) and December 2007. This poses the question whether or not a regime of official inflation targeting is more effective in achieving better inflation performance than a regime with an unofficial (implicit) inflation target, such as the one in South Africa for the period 1990-2000. To answer this question, this paper employs a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and a state space model with intervention variables to capture the different monetary policy regimes.
To better understand why some currencies are more volatile than others, this paper considers the cross-country determinants of exchange rate volatility for a set of middle-income countries. Overall, the paper finds that higher levels of reserves reduce volatility, and it is estimated that an appropriate level of reserves is approximately 4 1 2 months of imports. Volatility is increased by increased uncertainty and loose fiscal policy. In addition, a volatile terms of trade spills over into a volatile currency. From a policy perspective, whilst it is clear that prudent macroeconomic policy is the best course of action to reduce exchange rate volatility, the influence of external volatility on the exchange rate (over which the authorities have no control) should not be underestimated.
The key objective of this paper is to construct a commodity export price series for South Africa (incorporating a wider range of commodities than those considered in the empirical literature on South Africa to date) and to determine its influence on real exchange rate movements in South Africa. Existing models of the determinants of the real exchange rate of the rand employed in the literature will facilitate the analysis. The paper will investigate the long-run relationship between the real exchange rate and commodity prices in South Africa. More specifically, the paper will attempt to determine whether commodity prices are an important source of persistent changes in the real exchange rate of South Africa.


text:
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text:
Viktor Troicki, the 15 seed in the French Open, nearly upset No. 4 Andy Murray today in Paris, in a five set match that took two days to complete. Murray won 4-6, 4-6, 6-3, 6-2, 7-5, but in a game in which any single point can swing the momentum of a match, Troicki will likely remember his interrupted winner at the start of the sixth game in the fifth set, when an overzealous ball boy galloped onto the court and forced a let. Troicki lost the ensuing point but won the game, and down 5-2 in the deciding set, Murray fought back (and through an ankle injury) to win the match.
Troicki reportedly had a few withering looks for the ball boy, and even gestured him on-court when Murray went ahead in the same game. In his only close-up of the day, the poor kid appears terrified for both his life and, more pressingly, his bowels. Middle school should be a breeze.


text:
TSMC begins making Apple A6 iDevice chips
Samples for now - volume output to follow?
Taiwanese chip foundry TSMC has started punching out Apple's ARM-based A6 processor.
The manufacturer, which specialises in producing silicon on behalf of so-called 'fabless' chip makers - such as Apple and Nvidia - and is the world's biggest such foundry, is initially producing test chips to verify the Apple's designs and its production line fit together smoothly.
The move, reported by newsagency Reuters, will be seen as an attempt by Apple to further the growing distance between itself and its current chip supplier, Samsung. Apple and Samsung are suing each other for alleged intellectual property infringement.
In fact, Apple's shift to TSMC may be purely pragmatic. Samsung produced Apple's A4 and A5 chips, the latter used in the iPad 2 and expected to be used in the upcoming iPhone 5 aka iPhone 4S. It's not clear how much of the A5 design is Apple and how much was dependent on Samsung expertise.
Apple's need for greater numbers of processors, coupled with its growing in-house chip design expertise, may have steered it from a chip supplier like Samsung to a company like TSMC which simply churns out the chips Apple is now designing itself.
It's a riskier option - Apple has to take greater responsibility for testing its designs and overseeing the production process, rather than simply buy and rebrand an existing, tested design - but potentially much cheaper.
It also allows Apple to bring in other chip factories, such as Taiwan's UMC, the world's second biggets foundry, to ensure it's not limited to a single supplier of such a crucial component.
To be sure of the deal, TSMC now has to show that it can deliver a decent yield of CPUs. Produced in batches on large, circular wafers, not all chips on a given wafer will be any good. Getting the ration of duff parts to working ones - the yield - right is a crucial stage of chipmaking. Chip makers continue to attempt to improve the yield throughout the lifetime of a product.
For that reason, Apple may not yet abandon Samsung. It still needs A5 chips, and will likely do so even once TSMC begins punching out A6s in volume. ®


text:
Transform your photos into one-of-a-kind, hand painted masterpieces!
Image Size
The image is near the edges of the product but doesn't cover the entire product. Some of the background color may appear around the outside edges of the image.
Background Color
Our shower curtains are made from 100% polyester fabric and include 12 holes at the top of the curtain for simple hanging from your own shower curtain rings. The total dimensions of each shower curtain are 71" wide x 74" tall.
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I love this. Good work. Nicely done! ~Tautvydas
Smart photography, valerin. Very simple and beautiful reflaction you have captured.
Average Rating (4.86 Stars):
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May 12th, 2019
The exceptional dress made of red feathers is drawing the photographers attention while the mirroring glass is giving away the location: 5th Avenue, New York.
Born in Slovakia Lives and works in Munich in Germany Painting is one of my preferred means of expression. I paint typically in the tradition of van Gogh to Kokoschka with occasional experiments. Currently I am mostly interested in capturing animal movement and portrait studies. Since I admire and appreciate the beauty of the nature, I try to capture the most impressive sights on my photographs, which are often also the basis for my paintings. Opportunities for new exhibition(s) are greatly appreciated. For more information please visit also my blog at http://valerieornstein.wordpress.com/.
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text:
See also: IRC log
-> http://www.w3.org/XML/XProc/2007/08/23-agenda
Amended with item 3, a advisory type attribute for p:option
-> http://www.w3.org/XML/XProc/2007/08/16-minutes
Murray and Alessandro give regrets for 30 Aug
-> http://www.w3.org/XML/XProc/docs/langspec.html
In particular, 5.7.3 and other recently changed areas per recent email.
Henry: I'm happy with it and I
think Jeni's suggestions are all good and not serious.
... I would say that when you've worked through the motivation, just above the tableau, there's the sentence "the p:namespaces option can be used to provide bindings"
... I think it should be made clear here that it can be used as an option of p:option or p:parameter.
... I got to this point and couldn't remember where it went.
Norm: I agree; I'll fix
... Any other comments?
... Anyone else willing to step up and commit to careful review before COB on Monday?
Mohamed, I'd like more annotations on the types for this review.
scribe: I think there are some
things about option types that are not clearly stated.
... In particular the distinction between XPath select and XSLT patterns.
Henry: I read Mohamed's recent
email suggesting that we ought to have a way of providing an
advisory type attribute on p:option.
... I have mixed feelings because what point is there in having something advisory in the language
... I can imagine harvesting from someone's declarations and producing a schema.
... I wonder what the downside is?
... Of offering a type attribute on p:option and p:parameter?
Norm: And c:parameter?
Henry: Uhm, I haven't thought that one through; yeah, I suppose so.
Norm: Are implementations required to test the types?
Henry: Absolutely not.
Norm: So they're just strings of any sort.
Henry: They're a privileged kind of documentation
Mohamed: It's just like the core steps in the language.
Norm: ok
Alex: Are you expecting these to be QName values?
Henry: I'll probably use QNames, but I don't think we should require them.
Alex: So then, don't we have a namespaces problem?
Henry: These types aren't going
... What this enables me to do is derive a schema from a set of declarations which I can use to check pipeline documents that use the short name form of options.
Richard: These appear in the pipeline document
Alex: The most likely thing is XML Schema simple types.
Henry: Alas, there's no normative name for XPath expressions.
Norm: If we don't say what these things are, then we can't check for valid bindings. A string with a colon isn't necessarily a QName.
Alex: Since the namespaces stuff is all there, you're assuming that a program would use in-scope namespaces to find the value.
Henry: The type is being specified by the pipeline author, not the caller. So the author knows what the namespaces are.
Norm: It's just documentation
Henry: It's not part of the enviroment
Alex: Then I'm totally against this.
Henry: It's only available for options during option declaration.
Alex: Ok, then it should become part of the declaration.
Norm: Pipeline processors are not supposed to check.
Alex: That doesn't make any
... We'd provide a facility that has an obvious interpretation and then not allow you to check that.
... That seems weird.
Murray: I sort of agree with
Alex, but perhaps not as vehemently.
... Why isn't this an attribute in your names/ace?
Henry: Because I think it'll be common enough that we might want to standardize it.
Norm: The other point is that it could then appear in the spec (in the declarations of the builtin steps)
Henry: If we're going to define a prefix that we'll use in the canonical declare-steps for all the builtins, should we make that facility available to users?
Murray: What I'm hearing is that this isn't a facility of the specification, it's just an extra thing that some tools might use but not implementations.
Henry: It is interesting to note
that in 7.1.1, it says "the attribute-name is a QName
... What it does not say is "it is a dynamic error if the attribute name is not a QName".
Norm: Yeah, it probably should
Henry: We could sure simplify the spec by providing types and enforcing them.
Norm: We could do that, what bothers me is that it wouldn't check xpath expressions and match patterns.
Henry: I have regular expressions
that could do the job.
... at least without false negatives.
Alex: We could just special-case
... I'm just not sure that this is really the way we should go. It's really easy for the language of the step to say the type of the thing is string but it's an XPath expression and must be valid.
... My point is that the type stuff is valuable, but not for checking additional constraints like XPath
... I'm not sure we want to special case that.
Henry: There are three possibilities: 1. do nothing; 2. add type and say it must be XSD simple type and must be enforced; 3. add an advisory type attribute (perhaps as a documentation convention)
Alex: I'd be interested in 2, but I wouldn't want it to be required.
Henry: Not required, but it would
have to be checked.
... So what's changed is we started saying it was documentation now we're saying that you can check it.
Norm: I come back to the fact that what we started with was select vs. match and what we've just proposed *doesn't* address that case.
Richard: Checking against a schema type when you have to check them *anyway* in order to implement them, seems redundant.
Henry: I don't see a problem there. You can produce a schema document that has two types for match patterns and expressions that are unconstrained subtypes of xs:string.
Richard: Schema validation is only optional in the whole implementation, I certainly don't want to sneak it in just to deal with this.
Henry: I think the strongest position anyone has taken so far is "you may" check against these.
Richard: I wouldn't want people to be able to declare a component that took a restriction of XPath using regex.
Alex: Implementors can do that if
they want
... If the original motivation was distinguishing types of XPath expressions, I don't think we've come anywhere near that.
Norm: I'm tempted to do this with an XML comment!
Henry: I think it's a huge value add if the tableau says "<p:option name="attribute-name" type='xs:QName' required='true'/>"
Alex: I agree, but I think we need to take this further.
Henry: I can live with that, I
think the interesting question is, do we say that it's got to
be a QName?
... that references a type declared in W3C XML Schema, or, ...
... is it impl. defined how definitions for these types are found? Or are you not allowed?
Alex: If we're going to put a type attribute there, why didn't you use it on your own steps? And so we'd have to pick a library.
<MoZ> DTLL
Alex: The obvious candidate is simple types. We'd have to agree that that makes sense. I don't see a proliferation of other data type libraries.
Norm: There's DTLL from DSDL.
Straw poll: Should we persue some sort of type attribute for options or parameters?
Henry: String, boolean, and integer exhaust the types we'd need to do the builtins.
Alex: There are a handful of token values too.
Henry: If we said the declarations in section 7 must be enforced, it doesn't require a processor to implement XML Schema, just a handful of types that they have to implement anyway.
Results: Yes: 3; No: 1; Abstain: 4; Concur: 2
Murray: Couldn't we declare the
names of the types we're using and provide a URI to the
definition. Then it's up to the processor to decide whatever
needs to be done.
... That way a processor could decide that it doesn't care, or it can go do all the type checking.
Henry: I think that's helpful; the ones that we need in order to do a reasonable job on our on types don't have to be declared, they're already declared as used.
Scribe isn't sure he captured that.
<scribe> ACTION: Henry to make a concrete proposal in email [recorded in http://www.w3.org/2007/08/23-xproc-minutes.html#action01]
Richard: Whatever we decide, it should say somewhere that it's a dynamic error for steps to be given options of incorrect types.
Norm: Yes, we could do that globally.
Mohamed: Is it possible to have the comments next to each option for the moment?
Henry: Let's settle the question first.
Richard: For the case of QNames, we have our own namespace binding mechanism. Does XML schema say that they have to be the in-scope namespaces?
Henry: Yes, it says that.
Richard: That's not what we do.
Some further discussion of what this means
<p:option name="attribute-name" value="x:foo" xmlns:x="">
<p:namespaces xmlns:x="..."/>
Henry: The question that arises is, does this type attribute apply to values computed by a select.
Some more discussion
Henry: I didn't realize that this
applied to value attributes, only select.
... I think it's just wrong to apply it to value. The value of 'value' is not a QName in this case.
Richard: The Schema spec says that the mapping must be in scope in the "context in which the value is used". And it's not clear how abstract that's meant to be.
Henry: It meant the element.
Alex: In this case, we have a
special kind of context for in-scope namespaces and I think we
should be consistent.
... I don't think we should have one way to interpret it for value and one for select.
Henry: I disagree.
Norm: Henry, do you think value='x:foo' and select="'x:foo'"' should be different?
Henry: Yes, that's the implication.
Norm: I suggest we take the rest of this back to email
Henry: If this is the case, my inclination is to say we shouldn't be calling these things QNames.
Norm: They may not be xs:QNames, but they're QNames.
None heard


text:
Suncamper Motorhomes manufacture and sell a range of high quality motorhomes and campervans in Sydney and throughout Australia. Building rectreational vehicles for almost 40 years, Suncamper have experience and expertise in design, construction and ongoing motorhome support.
The flagship model, the Sherwood 4x4 Motorhome, is Australia's most popular four-wheel drive motorhome. It is built tough for Australian conditions and off-road.
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This video was not scripted and Bev & Harry are not actors.


text:
Add to Cart Add to Lightbox Download
The Kurt Music Event Benefit Concert featuring Jason Isbell and James McMurtry with Cannonball. The Majestic Theater, Madison Wi. June 13, 2014
- Filename
- 20140613-TheKURT8259.jpg
- Copyright
- David T. Kindler
- Image Size
- 2143x3000 / 1.8MB
- Contained in galleries


text:
HILO, Hawaii (AP) - A 25-year-old Ocean View woman suspected of using a hatchet in a robbery attempt has pleaded not guilty to robbery and assault charges.
The Hawaii Tribune-Herald reports Trinety Crapser entered the pleas Tuesday in Hilo and is being held on $72,000 bail.
Prosecutors say Crapser on Jan. 26 attempted to take a Corvette belonging to a woman who had stopped to place signs along South Point Road. The driver was able to gain control of the hatchet.
During the struggle, a man from Crapser's car took a bag from the Corvette that contained the owner's wallet and other items.
Crapser was arrested Jan. 27 and 23-year-old Kainoa Kahele-Bishop was arrested Jan. 30 in the incident. He is to be arraigned Feb. 19 on robbery and other charges.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Hubble Monitors Jupiter in Support of the New Horizons Flyby
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has recently taken images of Jupiter in support of the New Horizons Mission. The images were taken with Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and the Advanced Camera for Surveys. Hubble will continue to photograph Jupiter, as well as its volcanically active moon, Io, over the next month as the New Horizons spacecraft flies past Jupiter. New Horizons is en route to Pluto, and made its closest approach to Jupiter on February 28, 2007. Through combined remote imaging by Hubble and in situ measurements by New Horizons, the two missions will enhance each other scientifically, allowing scientists to learn more about the Jovian atmosphere, the aurorae, and the charged-particle environment of Jupiter and its interaction with the solar wind.
For this photo, the combined ultraviolet- and visible-light images of Jupiter were taken with Hubble from February 17-21. The image segments in the boxes, obtained using the Advanced Camera for Surveys's ultraviolet camera, show auroral emissions that are always present in Jupiter's polar regions. The equatorial regions of Jupiter were imaged in blue light by the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2. Cloud features in Jupiter's main atmosphere are revealed. In the ultraviolet views, the atmosphere looks more hazy because sunlight is reflected from higher in the atmosphere.
Hubble Follows Jupiter Aurorae
NASA, ESA, J. Clarke (Boston University), The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), and J. Spencer (Southwest Research Institute)


text:
The plight of the artist
It is a commonly recognized phenomenon…
That many of the most reputable artists across any number of genre have had to deal with some serious personal demons. This notion continues to remain as true today as it ever has.
In terms of literature, we need only refer to people like Edgar Allen Poe, Sylvia Plath and Ernest Hemingway. When it comes to painting a case in point is Vincent Van Gogh. And more recently in the world of music we've seen the untimely demises of such talents as Michael Jackson, Amy Winehouse and Whitney Houston.
For some reason many, many artists seem to struggle with addiction, depression, bi-polar disorder or some other major issue.
While of course I cannot even dream of comparing myself to the likes of the folks mentioned above, I myself suffer from a mid-grade combination of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder, not to mention off and on bouts of depression.
As sad as all of this can be, perhaps in some ways it can be useful. Artists can channel these negatives into their work to create deep, intoxicating works and relate to their audience on a very personal level. In a very simplistic way of putting it, perhaps one can take the lemons life gives them and make lemonade.
Perhaps these challenges will always be with us but if that is to remain the case, maybe we can somehow at least make use of them.


text:
Changed Apache CommonName advice since CN is ignored if you have SAN records
|Deletions are marked like this.
|Additions are marked like this.
|Line 487:
|Line 487:
|There is a screenshot of this error here: https://en.wiki.aktivix.org/CAcert
|Line 497:
|Line 499:
|If you don't repeat the CommonName as a SubjectAltName then you get the Domain Name Mismatch error message.
|The CommonName is ignored if you have any SubjectAltName's so the best thing to do it to repeat the CommonName as a SubjectAltName. If you don't do this then a VirtualHost set up with the ServerName the same as the CommonName will result in a Domain Name Mismatch error message.
Currently the different browsers, servers and CA´s all implement different and incompatible ways to use SSL certificates for several VHosts on the same server.
The VHost SSL Taskforce tries to find an agreement between those ways, and publish that as an RFC afterwards, so that all the software vendors can agree on one way.
1. Way: SubjectAltName Only
- This is the official way, according to the RFC 2818. This was my discussion with Eric Rescorla (the author of the RFC) on the topic:
> Hi Eric, > > I would like to know your position regarding Multiple SSL/TLS Vhosts on the > same machine with the same IP Adress. (Name-based). > > In RFC 2818 you have written: > > Matching is performed using the matching rules specified by > [RFC2459]. If more than one identity of a given type is present in > the certificate (e.g., more than one dNSName name, a match in any one > of the set is considered acceptable.) Names may contain the wildcard > character * which is considered to match any single domain name > component or component fragment. E.g., *.a.com matches foo.a.com but > not bar.foo.a.com. f*.com matches foo.com but not bar.com. > > I would interpret it as if the solution for the problem is to have several > identities (dNSName lines) in one certificate for the different DNS Names, > and that the Browser has to accept any of them: > > dNSName: www.customer1.at > dNSName: www.customer2.com > dNSName: www.customer3.de > > Is that a correct interpretation? That's certainly one possibility, and it's the only one that will work with Name Based Virtual Hosts without the domain name extension (not yet widely deployed)
How can I generate a certificate for that?
Add the following into your openssl.cnf:
[ req_distinguished_name ] 0.subjectAltName =Alternativer Name 1 0.subjectAltName_default =DNS:www.welservice.com 1.subjectAltName =Alternativer Name 2 1.subjectAltName_default =DNS:sig.cacert.at
This example will generate a Subject like this:
Subject: C=CH, ST=Zurich, L=Zurich, CN=www.example.com/subjectAltName=DNS:www.example.com
which will IMHO not work.
After studing of "RFC 2459 - Section 126.96.36.199: Subject Alternative Name" and crossreferencing to the result of isakmpd's certpatch(8) the following should work:
Subject: C=CH, ST=Zurich, L=Zurich, CN=www.example.com ... Requested Extensions: X509v3 Subject Alternative Name: DNS:www.example.com
To accomplish such an CSR the following entries are needed in the openssl.cnf (please note: I only added the relevant parts for this Attribute)
[ req ] req_extensions = v3_req [ v3_req ] subjectAltName = DNS:www.example.com
There's also the possibility to mark this Extension "critical" by
subjectAltName = critical,DNS:www.example.com
IMHO multiple alternative Names are accomplished by
subjectAltName = DNS:www.example.com, DNS:www2.example.com
Currently, CSRs created in this way, will not show a subjectAltName on the cacert.org confirmation page to submit the CSR, so it is assumed that the CA will not honor the Extension Request
The following text should explain the meaning of "critical"
- When an implementation processing a certificate does not recognize an extension, if the criticality flag is FALSE, it may ignore that extension. If the criticality flag is TRUE, unrecognized extensions shall cause the structure to be considered invalid, i.e. in a certificate, an unrecognized critical extension would cause validation of a signature using that certificate to fail. When a certificate-using implementation recognizes and is able to process an extension, then the certificate-using implementation shall process the extension regardless of the value of the criticality flag. Note that any extension that is flagged non-critical will cause inconsistent behaviour between certificate-using systems that will process the extension and certificate-using systems that do not recognize the extension and will ignore it.
How does such a certificate look like?
Host: 188.8.131.52 (provided by jcl) [https://host1.way1.vhosts.cacert.org/] [https://host2.way1.vhosts.cacert.org/]
Robert Trebula: The hosts above have only subjectAltName set in their certificates. They do not have any Common Name. To make this work in Mozilla Firefox, just add one of the domain names as Common Name. For example see https://hq.sk/ = https://hq.alert.sk/
2. Way: Multiple CommonName´s in the same certificate
How can I generate a certificate for that?
Add the following into your openssl.cnf:
[ req_distinguished_name ] 0.commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 0.commonName_default = www.domain1.com 0.commonName_max = 64 1.commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 1.commonName_default = www.domain2.org 1.commonName_max = 64
How does such a certificate look like?
openssl x509 -in server.crt -text Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 63209 (0xf6e9) Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption Issuer: O=Root CA, OU=http://www.cacert.org, CN=CA Cert Signing firstname.lastname@example.com Validity Not Before: Mar 6 03:06:42 2005 GMT Not After : Mar 6 03:06:42 2007 GMT Subject: CN=www.domain1.com, CN=www.domain2.com
Host: 22.214.171.124 (provided by jcl) [https://host1.way2.vhosts.cacert.org/] [https://host2.way2.vhosts.cacert.org/]
3. Way: Certificate with 1 Common Name + 2 Subject Alt Names
Host: 188.8.131.52 (provided by jcl) [https://host1.way3.vhosts.cacert.org/] [https://host2.way3.vhosts.cacert.org/]
4. Way: Multiple certificates in the certificate chain/graph
Host: 126.96.36.199 (provided by jcl) [https://host1.way4.vhosts.cacert.org/] [https://host2.way4.vhosts.cacert.org/]
5. Way: TLS "server name indication".
- There is a TLS extension called "server name indication". It is currently not implemented by NSS . There are RFEs, you can search bugzilla. I'm not aware of any client or server that implements this extension at this time, but if you are, that might provide an incentive to add it to NSS .
There is another testing plattform for that way here: [https://sni.corelands.com/]
Host: 220.127.116.11 (provided by jcl) [https://host1.way5.vhosts.cacert.org/] [https://host2.way5.vhosts.cacert.org/]
mod_gnutls now supports TLS Server Name Indication: [https://sni.corelands.com/]
It seems that openssl could soon gain support for TLS SNI: [http://email@example.com/msg20260.html]
Now we only need the browsers to adapt:
[https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=116168 Mozilla Bug for this]
[http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2005/10/22/483795.aspx IE will support it in IE7]
Here, all related parties (Software vendors, ...) are invited to comment on pros/cons of the different ways.
A message from our legal department: In the situation of ISP´s hosting WebShops of their customers, it is necessary to have a bind the Vhosts to the different customers, so that they are liable for what they do. Having one certificate with all the names in it would give legal problems to the ISP. (author can be contacted through sourcerer)
Interoperability Test
Several CN´s
Several Cert
[https://host1.way1.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host1/1]
[https://host1.way2.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host1/2]
[https://host1.way4.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host1/4]
[https://host1.way5.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host1/5]
[https://host1.way3.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host1/3]
[https://host2.way1.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host2/1]
[https://host2.way2.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host2/2]
[https://host2.way4.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host2/4]
[https://host2.way5.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host2/5]
[https://host2.way3.vhosts.cacert.org/ Host2/3]
Patch 2
2 - Patch attached to https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=116169
Useless ways
Multiple CommonName´s and a wildcard first CommonName in the same certificate
How can I generate a certificate for that?
Add the following into your openssl.cnf:
[ req_distinguished_name ] 0.commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 0.commonName_default = *.*.* 0.commonName_max = 64 1.commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 1.commonName_default = www.domain1.com 1.commonName_max = 64 2.commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) 2.commonName_default = www.domain2.org 2.commonName_max = 64
How does such a certificate look like?
openssl x509 -in server.crt -text Certificate: Data: Version: 3 (0x2) Serial Number: 63209 (0xf6e9) Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption Issuer: O=Root CA, OU=http://www.cacert.org, CN=CA Cert Signing email@example.com Validity Not Before: Mar 6 03:06:42 2005 GMT Not After : Mar 6 03:06:42 2007 GMT Subject: CN=*.*.*, CN=www.domain1.com, CN=www.domain2.org
Why is that way useless?
Because it is insecure. With a *.*.* wildcard certificate, you could impersonate www.amazon.com, www.paypal.com and everyone else you want with one certificate.
Easy way to generate CSRs with subjectAltNames
A few contributed scripts:
Shell Script
# csr.sh: Certificate Signing Request Generator # Copyright(c) 2005 Evaldo Gardenali <firstname.lastname@example.com> # All rights reserved. # # Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without # modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions # are met: # 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. # 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright # notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the # documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. # THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" # AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE # IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE # ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE # LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR # CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF # SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS # INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN # CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) # ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE # POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. # # ChangeLog: # Mon May 23 00:14:37 BRT 2005 - evaldo - Initial Release # be safe about permissions LASTUMASK=`umask` umask 077 # OpenSSL for HPUX needs a random file RANDOMFILE=$HOME/.rnd # create a config file for openssl CONFIG=`mktemp -q /tmp/openssl-conf.XXXXXXXX` if [ ! $? -eq 0 ]; then echo "Could not create temporary config file. exiting" exit 1 fi echo "Private Key and Certificate Signing Request Generator" echo "This script was designed to suit the request format needed by" echo "the CAcert Certificate Authority. www.CAcert.org" echo printf "Short Hostname (ie. imap big_srv www2): " read HOST printf "FQDN/CommonName (ie. www.example.com) : " read COMMONNAME echo "Type SubjectAltNames for the certificate, one per line. Enter a blank line to finish" SAN=1 # bogus value to begin the loop SANAMES="" # sanitize while [ ! "$SAN" = "" ]; do printf "SubjectAltName: DNS:" read SAN if [ "$SAN" = "" ]; then break; fi # end of input if [ "$SANAMES" = "" ]; then SANAMES="DNS:$SAN" else SANAMES="$SANAMES,DNS:$SAN" fi done # Config File Generation cat <<EOF > $CONFIG # -------------- BEGIN custom openssl.cnf ----- HOME = $HOME EOF if [ "`uname -s`" = "HP-UX" ]; then echo " RANDFILE = $RANDOMFILE" >> $CONFIG fi cat <<EOF >> $CONFIG oid_section = new_oids [ new_oids ] [ req ] default_days = 730 # how long to certify for default_keyfile = $HOME/${HOST}_privatekey.pem distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name encrypt_key = no string_mask = nombstr EOF if [ ! "$SANAMES" = "" ]; then echo "req_extensions = v3_req # Extensions to add to certificate request" >> $CONFIG fi cat <<EOF >> $CONFIG [ req_distinguished_name ] commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name) commonName_default = $COMMONNAME commonName_max = 64 [ v3_req ] EOF if [ ! "$SANAMES" = "" ]; then echo "subjectAltName=$SANAMES" >> $CONFIG fi echo "# -------------- END custom openssl.cnf -----" >> $CONFIG echo "Running OpenSSL..." openssl req -batch -config $CONFIG -newkey rsa:2048 -out $HOME/${HOST}_csr.pem echo "Copy the following Certificate Request and paste into CAcert website to obtain a Certificate." echo "When you receive your certificate, you 'should' name it something like ${HOST}_server.pem" echo cat $HOME/${HOST}_csr.pem echo echo The Certificate request is also available in $HOME/${HOST}_csr.pem echo The Private Key is stored in $HOME/${HOST}_privatekey.pem echo rm $CONFIG #restore umask umask $LASTUMASK
pt_BR version of this script can be found on br.cacert.org
Perl version
use strict; my $config_file = "/tmp/openssl.cnf.$$"; #Where to write the config file my $keyname; #Generally, the primary FQDN my $org_unit; #Organisational unit for csr, ie Web Services my @altnames; #Alternate dns names for csr, ie www1.example.com, www1.example.net etc my $altname; #Alternate dns names for csr, ie www1.example.com, www1.example.net etc my $altcount = 1; #Can only have 16 or less alts (when submitting to Verisign) my $altflag = 1; #flag for my while loop my @config_out; #Populate with all info for the config file. my $email_address; #email address to be tagged on the certificate my $proc_base_name; #basename of the process, simply for naming conventions my $mutual_tls = "y"; #flag for mutual tls for client app stuff my $home = `echo \$HOME`; #Get user's home directory to store files in. chomp $home; my $random_file = "$home/.rnd"; #openssl for hpux needs a .rnd file to work # If config file exists, exit and alert user if (-e $config_file) { `rm $config_file`; } if (!-e $random_file) { `dd bs=512 count=4 if=/dev/null of=$random_file` ##die ("Random file couldn't be found at $random_file\n"); } # Open config file to write ssl stuff out to open (CONFIG, ">$config_file")||die "Can't open $config_file for writing\n"; # Start getting info from user print ("Generate SSL Cert stuff for SAPI\n"); print ("FQDN/Keyname for Cert \(ie www.example.com\)\t\t:"); chomp ($keyname=<STDIN>); while ($altflag) { print ("Alt Names (ie www1.example.com or <return> for none)\t\t\t:"); chomp($altname=<STDIN>); if ($altcount < 16) { if ($altname eq $keyname) { print (" ****** Alternate name can not equal main keyname ******\n"); } elsif ($altname ne "") { push (@altnames, "DNS:$altname"); $altcount++; } else { $altflag=0; } } else { $altflag=0; } } print ("Host short name (ie imap big_srv etc)\t\t\t\t:"); chomp ($proc_base_name=<STDIN>); # Start building the config file push (@config_out, "# -------------- BEGIN custom openssl.cnf -----\n"); push (@config_out, "HOME = $home\n"); push (@config_out, "RANDFILE = $random_file\n"); push (@config_out, "oid_section = new_oids\n"); push (@config_out, "[ new_oids ]\n"); push (@config_out, "[ req ]\n"); push (@config_out, "default_bits = 2048\n"); push (@config_out, "default_days = 730 # how long to certify for\n"); push (@config_out, "default_keyfile = $home/${proc_base_name}_privatekey.pem\n"); push (@config_out, "distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name\n"); push (@config_out, "encrypt_key = no\n"); push (@config_out, "string_mask = nombstr\n"); push (@config_out, "req_extensions = v3_req # Extensions to add to certificate request\n"); push (@config_out, "[ req_distinguished_name ]\n"); push (@config_out, "commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name)\n"); push (@config_out, "commonName_default = $keyname\n"); push (@config_out, "commonName_max = 64\n"); push (@config_out, "[ v3_req ]\n"); if (@altnames[0] ne "") { $altname=join(',', @altnames); push (@config_out, "subjectAltName=$altname\n"); } push (@config_out, "# -------------- END OpsSec-provided openssl.cnf -----\n"); # Write shit to file print (CONFIG "@config_out"); close CONFIG; # Generate ssl stuff print ("\nAttempting openssl...\n"); system ("openssl req -batch -config $config_file -newkey rsa -out $home/${proc_base_name}_csr.pem"); print ("\nwriting csr to $home/${proc_base_name}_csr.pem...\n\n"); print ("Take the contents of $home/${proc_base_name}_csr.pem and go submit them to receive an SSL ID. When you receive your public key back, you 'should' name it something like '${proc_base_name}_server.pem'. "); `rm $config_file`;
Web server configuration
There seems to be various ways to get a Domain Name Mismatch error when setting up Apache to do multiple HTTPS VirtualHosts.
There is a screenshot of this error here: https://en.wiki.aktivix.org/CAcert
Apache has UseCanonicalName On by default and when it is on you can use one VirtualHost with multiple ServerAlias' with all these ServerAlias' and the ServerName in the cert.
If however you have UseCanonicalName Off the you can't use any ServerAlias' and you have to have one VirtualHost per ServerName and then set all the VirtualHost's to use the same cert.
See the Apache docs for more info: http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/core.html#usecanonicalname
Repeating the CommonName as a SubjectAltName
The CommonName is ignored if you have any SubjectAltName's so the best thing to do it to repeat the CommonName as a SubjectAltName. If you don't do this then a VirtualHost set up with the ServerName the same as the CommonName will result in a Domain Name Mismatch error message.
Non IP based VirtualHosts
Also you might get the same Domain Name Mismatch error message if you use wild card or name based https VirtualHosts - you seem to need to specify the IP address for each VirtualHost.
See Also
Upgrading to TLS Within HTTP/1.1 - This memo explains how to use the Upgrade mechanism in HTTP/1.1 to initiate Transport Layer Security (TLS) over an existing TCP connection. This allows unsecured and secured HTTP traffic to share the same well known port (in this case, http: at 80 rather than https: at 443). It also enables "virtual hosting", so a single HTTP + TLS server can disambiguate traffic intended for several hostnames at a single IP address.
However there doesn't seem to be any plans to support RFC2817 in browsers such as Mozilla... *link to bugzilla discussion on this to be added here*
Taken from [https://www.financialcryptography.com/mt/archives/000463.html]:
... "so far the work-around seems to be that you issue a cert that includes all the names of all the sites. Which means there is now no certificate-based independence between administrative sites - definately a kludge."
Has anyone try wild card SSL certificate with Microsoft Internet Explorer and form submission ? It does not work for me, and I am using Explorer 5 or later.


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text:
Henry Aldrich
© National Portrait Gallery, London
Henry Aldrich
by and published by John Smith, after Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt
mezzotint, 1699 (1696)
13 3/8 in. x 9 3/4 in. (340 mm x 248 mm) paper size
Given by the daughter of compiler William Fleming MD, Mary Elizabeth Stopford (née Fleming), 1931
Reference Collection
Sitterback to top
- Henry Aldrich (1647-1710), Dean of Christ Church. Sitter in 6 portraits.
Artistsback to top
- Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt (1646-1723), Portrait painter. Artist associated with 1683 portraits, Sitter associated with 30 portraits.
- John Smith (1652-1743), Engraver. Artist associated with 1180 portraits, Sitter in 4 portraits.
Subject/Themeback to top
Events of 1699back to top
Current affairsArchbishop Thomas Tenison in his circular letter to the bishops, emphasises their duty to instruct and guide parishioners away from sinful practises and encourage a moral reformation.
Resignation of leading Whigs, opposed to a peacetime standing army, results in the disintegration and removal of the Whig Junto administration.
Art and scienceNicholas Hawksmoor meets playwright, Sir Jonathan Vanbrugh, the latter having just taken up architecture. The two architects would go on to collaborate on designs for Blenheim Palace and Castle Howard.
InternationalA second expedition from Scotland arrives at its newly established colony, Darien, south of Panama. Financed by the Company of Scotland, backed by John Hay, Scotland's Lord Chancellor, the disastrous Darien venture was Scotland's attempt in mercantilism to alleviate the country from a period rife with famine.
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text:
Hey LIVE fans:
I want to share some important updates on what's next for NBA LIVE and give you an overview of where we're going with the franchise over the course of this year.
It's important that you know that we are committed to NBA LIVE in the console space. While we won't be shipping a product this Fall, we will be back on the courts with something new and exciting for you to experience in early 2017.
Our focus this year is to deliver an amazing, high-quality basketball game to a global audience. The best way to do that is through the fastest growing, largest, and most accessible gaming platform…mobile. As a team, we're really excited about taking the franchise to new places with the worldwide release of our mobile game later this year.
More details to follow in the coming months!
Sean O'Brien
Executive Producer, NBA LIVE
Certainly not the news I was hoping for, but I'd also like to remain optimistic that it's going to benefit the series in the long run. If the game is up to scratch, then the timing may actually be beneficial, with the game coming at a time when people are looking for something new to play, and in some cases, growing weary of NBA 2K17.
If this year's version of NBA Live mobile is anything to go by, I'm probably not going to be able to play it, because my device isn't compatible. That's a shame, but as long as the series isn't going completely mobile, as I said, I remain optimistic. Hey, maybe that extra time could open up the possibility of a PC release, too. Probably not, but that's always going to be something we'll throw out there.


text:
Fiscal cliff-avoiding agreement a charade
Everyone said Congress would go to the brink of the fiscal cliff before agreeing on a last-minute compromise that would avert the worst consequences of inaction, and that is what happened. It was clear all along that the drama of negotiations under a self-imposed sword of Damocles was a charade devised for political reasons and far removed from rational lawmaking.
There is something for everyone to be disgusted with in the bill that emerged. Dairy farmers were among those outraged by Congress' methods. Instead of passing the five-year farm bill, which had been approved by the Senate and the House Agriculture Committee, Congress extended present farm law, which killed dairy reforms that would have helped dairy farmers, and provided a boon to monopoly processors such as Dean Foods.
Rich people will have to pay more in income and capital gains taxes, which helps to ease the federal deficit in a modest way and to redress growing economic inequality. But working people will have to pay higher payroll taxes because the payroll tax cut that was part of President Obama's stimulus program was not renewed. Meanwhile, the long-term challenge of addressing the cost of federal social insurance programs — Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security — was left for another day.
Also left for another day was the problem of the debt ceiling, which will have to be raised in a couple of months and which Republicans have employed as a weapon to gouge out further cuts in federal spending. Obama let it be known that he was not going to succumb to Republican blackmail over the debt ceiling. It is Congress' job to approve the money to pay the bills it has incurred, he said. He would not play games with the creditworthiness of the United States.
But there is much still to be decided, which leaves the onlooker with a sense of dread. And yet it needn't be that way.
In a rational world, members of Congress would sit down and reason together. What do we need for the Pentagon? What do we need for health care and how can we save? What do we need to support farmers (rather than monopolist middle men)? What do we need for disaster relief?
Instead of a rational process, Congress has become habituated to a pattern of power politics, whereby the overriding issue for Republicans is how to cut — irrespective of the need. Given Republican intransigence, the overriding issue for Democrats is how to protect programs from cuts. Thus, reasonable modifications to Social Security or Medicare have a hard time winning Democratic adherents because Democrats have become convinced they must defend those programs at all costs against Republican attack.
Perhaps the most noteworthy circumstance surrounding the fiscal cliff was the fact that a significant minority of Republicans broke with orthodoxy and voted for a bill that included tax increases. One reason for the charade at the New Year's deadline was to create sufficient pressure that Republicans could say that, though they held out to the last, they had no choice. That charade requires them to hold out to the last.
Some liberals, meanwhile, complained that Obama had surrendered too much in compromising with Republicans. Previously, Obama has been too willing to make concessions, but this time he realized that waiting to the last minute was part of the game and that if he did so he would not have to sell out the people too egregiously. As a result, the Democrats got some of what they wanted.
Now the Democrats face a fractured Republican Party, the leadership of which is learning that to participate in the governing process it must learn to stiff the radical elements of the tea party. Thus, the winning coalition that pushed through the fiscal cliff-averting bill, comprising most Democrats and a minority of Republicans, is likely to be the coalition that prevails in the coming months. Muddling through may be all that such a coalition is capable of, though we can hope that shrewd leadership can find a way toward the large-scale reforms that are still needed on taxes, entitlements, defense, immigration, guns and other issues.
— The Rutland (Vt.) Herald


text:
H3 Solutions, Inc. is a start-up based in the DC area that provides SharePoint consulting services and integrated SharePoint mobile solutions to both public sector and private sector customers.
In this interview with Zhiming Xue "Z", Mick Herres, VP of Technology, Joe Herres, VP of Product, and Lisa Ruff, business development manager, discussed what they had done to extend SharePoint capabilities to the mobile platform beyond what SharePoint 2007 and 2010 provide out of the box. Using the SharePoint's solution framework, they created custom APIs and browser-based applications for smart phones and packaged them into a deployable and customizable solution called "Mobile Entrée". As a result, users can experience rich and interactive SharePoint capabilities such as document management, tasks and lists, and Excel Services on their smart phones including the newly released Windows Phone 7 devices. And developers can use their licensed APIs to further customize or create browser-based applications for supported smart phones.


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Etching Burnisher
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For smoothing, pushing and polishing metal surfaces. Precision finished smooth sides.
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Any questions?
The Dolphins announced this morning that Chad Ochocinco will wear No. 85, which had been worn by rookie Rishard Matthews previously this spring. I don't know if there was any money, goods or services exchanged, but I think you kind of get buffalo'ed out of your number when you're a seventh-round pick who hasn't made an NFL roster yet.
The Dolphins also signed fullback Ryan Mahaffey, roster filler for Indianapolis last season after they got him off Baltimore's practice squad. The franchise waived undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Derek Moye. Save your money, guys.


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Cornflower and Chartreuse Mug- Round Handle
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