text:
Pottery, one of the oldest and most widespread of the decorative arts, consisting of objects made of clay and hardened with heat. The objects made are commonly useful ones, such as vessels for holding liquids or plates or bowls from which food can be served.
Kinds, processes, and techniques
Clay, the basic material of pottery, has two distinctive characteristics: it is plastic (i.e., it can be molded and will retain the shape imposed upon it); and it hardens on firing to form a brittle but otherwise virtually indestructible material that is not attacked by any of the agents that corrode metals or organic materials. Firing also protects the clay body against the effects of water. If a sun-dried clay vessel is filled with water, it will eventually collapse, but, if it is heated, chemical changes that begin to take place at about 900 °F (500 °C) preclude a return to the plastic state no matter how much water is later in contact with it. Clay is a refractory substance; it will vitrify only at temperatures of about 2,900 °F (1,600 °C). If it is mixed with a substance that will vitrify at a lower temperature (about 2,200 °F, or 1,200 °C) and the mixture is subjected to heat of this order, the clay will hold the object in shape while the other substance vitrifies. This forms a nonporous opaque body known as stoneware. When feldspar or soapstone (steatite) is added to the clay and exposed to a temperature of 2,000 to 2,650 °F (1,100 to 1,450 °C), the product becomes translucent and is known as porcelain. In this section, earthenware is used to denote all pottery substances that are not vitrified and are therefore slightly porous and coarser than vitrified materials.
The line of demarcation between the two classes of vitrified materials—stoneware and porcelain—is extremely vague. In the Western world, porcelain is usually defined as a translucent substance—when held to the light most porcelain does have this property—and stoneware is regarded as partially vitrified material that is not translucent. The Chinese, on the other hand, define porcelain as any ceramic material that will give a ringing tone when tapped. None of these definitions is completely satisfactory; for instance, some thinly potted stonewares are slightly translucent if they have been fired at a high temperature, whereas some heavily potted porcelains are opaque. Therefore, the application of the terms is often a matter of personal preference and should be regarded as descriptive, not definitive.
Kinds of pottery
Earthenware was the first kind of pottery made, dating back about 9,000 years. In the 21st century, it is still widely used.
The earthenware body varies in colour from buff to dark red and from gray to black. The body can be covered or decorated with slip (a mixture of clay and water in a creamlike consistency, used for adhesive and casting as well as for decoration), with a clear glaze, or with an opaque tin glaze. Tin-glazed earthenware is usually called majolica, faience, or delft (see below Decorative glazing). If the clear-glazed earthenware body is a cream colour, it is called creamware. Much of the commercial earthenware produced beginning in the second half of the 20th century was heat- and cold-proof and could thus be used for cooking and freezing as well as for serving.
Stoneware is very hard and, although sometimes translucent, usually opaque. The colour of the body varies considerably; it can be red, brown, gray, white, or black.
Fine white stoneware was made in China as early as 1400 bce (Shang dynasty). In Korea, stoneware was first made during the Silla dynasty (57 bce–935 ce); in Japan, during the 13th century (Kamakura period). The first production of stoneware in Europe was in 16th-century Germany. When tea was first imported to Europe from China in the 17th century, each chest was accompanied by a red stoneware pot made at the Yixing kilns in Jiangsu province. This ware was copied in Germany, the Netherlands, and England. At the end of the 17th century, English potters made a salt-glazed white stoneware that was regarded by them as a substitute for porcelain (see below Decorative glazing). In the 18th century, the Englishman Josiah Wedgwood made a black stoneware called basaltes and a white stoneware (coloured with metallic oxides) called jasper. A fine white stoneware, called Ironstone china, was introduced in England early in the 19th century. In the 20th century, stoneware was used mostly by artist-potters, such as Bernard Leach and his followers.
Porcelain was first made in China during the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce). The kind most familiar in the West was not manufactured until the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368 ce). It was made from kaolin (white china clay) and petuntse (a feldspathic rock also called china stone), the latter being ground to powder and mixed with the clay. During the firing, which took place at a temperature of about 2,650 °F (1,450 °C), the petuntse vitrified, while the refractory clay ensured that the vessel retained its shape.
In medieval times isolated specimens of Chinese porcelain found their way to Europe, where they were much prized, principally because of their translucency. European potters made numerous attempts to imitate them, and, since at that time there was no exact body of chemical and physical knowledge whereby the porcelain could be analyzed and then synthesized, experiments proceeded strictly by analogy. The only manufactured translucent substance then known was glass, and it was perhaps inevitable that glass made opaque with tin oxide (the German Milchglas, or milk glass, for example) should have been used as a substitute for porcelain. The nature of glass, however, made it impossible to shape it by any of the means used by the potter, and a mixture of clay and ground glass was eventually tried. Porcelain made in this way resembles that of the Chinese only superficially and is always termed soft, or artificial, porcelain. The date and place of the first attempt to make soft porcelain are debatable, but some Middle Eastern pottery of the 12th century was made from glaze material mixed with clay and is occasionally translucent (see below Islamic: Egyptian). Much the same formula was employed with a measure of success in Florence about 1575 at workshops under the patronage of Duke Francesco de'Medici. No further attempts of any kind appear to have been made until the mid-17th century, when Claude and François Révérend, Paris importers of Dutch pottery, were granted a monopoly of porcelain manufacture in France. It is not known whether they succeeded in making it or not, but, certainly by the end of the 17th century, porcelain was being made in quantity, this time by a factory at Saint-Cloud, near Paris.
The secret of true, or hard, porcelain similar to that of China was not discovered until about 1707 in Saxony, when Ehrenfried Walter von Tschirnhaus, assisted by an alchemist called Johann Friedrich Böttger, substituted ground feldspathic rock for the ground glass in the soft porcelain formula. Soft porcelain, always regarded as a substitute for hard porcelain, was progressively discontinued because it was uneconomic; kiln wastage was excessive, occasionally rising to nine-tenths of the total.
The terms soft and hard porcelain refer to the soft firing (about 2,200 °F, or 1,200 °C) necessary for the first, and the hard firing (about 2,650 °F, or 1,450 °C) necessary for the second. By coincidence they apply also to the physical properties of the two substances: for example, soft porcelain can be cut with a file, whereas hard porcelain cannot. This is sometimes used as a test for the nature of the body.
In the course of experiments in England during the 18th century, a type of soft porcelain was made in which bone ash (a calcium phosphate made by roasting the bones of cattle and grinding them to a fine powder) was added to the ground glass. Josiah Spode the Second later added this bone ash to the true, hard porcelain formula, and the resulting body, known as bone china, has since become the standard English porcelain. Hard porcelain is strong, but its vitreous nature causes it to chip fairly easily and, unless especially treated, it is usually tinged slightly with blue or gray. Bone china is slightly easier to manufacture. It is strong, does not chip easily, and the bone ash confers an ivory-white appearance widely regarded as desirable. Generally, bone china is most popular for table services in England and the United States, while hard porcelain is preferred on the European continent.
Forming processes and techniques
Raw clay consists primarily of true clay particles and undecomposed feldspar mixed with other components of the igneous rocks from which it was derived, usually appreciable quantities of quartz and small quantities of mica, iron oxides, and other substances. The composition and thus the behaviour and plasticity of clays from different sources are therefore slightly different. Except for coarse earthenwares, which can be made from clay as it is found in the earth, pottery is made from special clays plus other materials mixed to achieve the desired results. The mixture is called the clay body, or batch.
To prepare the batch, the ingredients are combined with water and reduced to the desired degree of fineness. The surplus water is then removed.
Shaping the clay
The earliest vessels were modeled by hand, using the finger and thumb, a method employed still by the Japanese to make raku teabowls. Flat slabs of clay luted together (using clay slip as an adhesive) were employed to make square or oblong vessels, and the slabs could be formed into a cylinder and provided with a flat base by the same means. Coiled pottery was an early development. Long rolls of clay were coiled in a circle, layer upon layer, until the approximate shape had been attained; the walls of the vessel were then finished by scraping and smoothing. Some remarkably fine early pots were made in this way.
It is impossible to say when the potter's wheel, which is a difficult tool and needs long apprenticeship, was introduced. A pot cannot be made by hand modeling or coiling without the potter's either turning it or moving around it, and, as turning involves the least expenditure of human effort, it would obviously be preferred. The development of the slow, or hand-turned, wheel as an adjunct to pottery manufacture led eventually to the introduction of the kick wheel, rotated by foot, which became the potter's principal tool. The potter throws the clay onto a rapidly rotating disc and shapes his pot by manipulating it with both hands. This is a considerable feat of manual dexterity that leads to much greater exactness and symmetry of form. Perhaps the most skillful of all potters have been the Chinese. Excellent examples of their virtuosity are the double-gourd vases, made from the 16th century onward, which were turned in separate sections and afterward joined together. By the 18th century the wheel was no longer necessarily turned by the potter's foot but by small boys, and since the 19th century the motive power has been mechanical. Electrical power was common in the 20th century, but many artisans continued to prefer foot power.
Jollying, or jiggering, is the mechanical adaptation of wheel throwing and is used where mass production or duplication of the same shape—particularly cups and plates—is required. The jolly, or jigger, was introduced during the 18th century. It is similar to the wheel in appearance except that the head consists of a plaster mold shaped like the inside of an object, such as a plate. As it revolves, the interior of the plate is shaped by pressing the clay against the head, while the exterior, including the footring, is shaped by a profile (a flat piece of metal cut to the contour of the underside of the plate) brought into contact with the clay. Machines that make both cups and plates automatically on this principle were introduced in the 20th century. Small parts, such as cup handles, are made separately by pressing clay into molds and are subsequently attached to the vessel by luting.
One of the earliest methods of shaping clay was molding. Pots were made by smearing clay around the inside of a basket or coarsely woven sack. The matrix was consumed during firing, leaving the finished pot with the impression of the weave on the exterior. A more advanced method, used by the Greeks and others, is to press the pottery body into molds of fired clay. Though the early molds were comparatively simple, they later became more complex, a tendency best seen in those molds used for the manufacture of pottery figures. The unglazed earthenware figures of Tanagra (Boeotia, central Greece) were first modeled by hand, then molds of whole figures were used, and finally the components—arms, legs, heads, and torsos—were all molded separately. The parts were often regarded as interchangeable, so that a variety of models could be constructed from a limited number of components. No improvement on this method of manufacture had been devised by the 20th century: the European porcelain factories make their figures in precisely the same way.
Plaster of paris molds were introduced into Staffordshire about 1745. They enabled vessels to be cast in slip, for when the slip was poured into the mold the plaster absorbed the water from it, thus leaving a layer of clay on the surface of the mold. When this layer had reached a sufficient strength and thickness, the surplus slip was poured off, the cast removed and fired, and the mold used again. This method is still in common use.
Drying, turning, and firing
Newly shaped articles were formerly allowed to dry slowly in the atmosphere. In 20th century pottery factories, this stage was speeded up by the introduction of automatic dryers, often in the form of hot, dry tunnels through which the ware passes on a conveyor belt.
Turning is the process of finishing the greenware (unfired ware) after it has dried to leather hardness. The technique is used to smooth and finish footrings on wheel-thrown wares or undercut places on molded or jiggered pieces. It is usually done on the potter's wheel or jigger as the ware revolves. Lathe turning, like most hand operations, was tending to disappear in the mid-20th century except on the more ornamental and expensive objects.
The earliest vessels, which were sun-dried but not fired, could be used only for storing cereals and similar dry materials. If a sun-dried clay vessel is filled with water it absorbs the liquid, becomes very soft, and eventually collapses; but if it is heated, chemical changes that begin to take place at about 900 °F (500 °C) preclude a return to the plastic state.
After thorough drying, the pottery is fired in a kiln. In early pottery making, the objects were simply stacked in a shallow depression or hole in the ground, and a pyre of wood was built over them. Later, coal- or wood-fired ovens became almost universal. In the 20th century both gas and electricity were used as fuels. Many improvements were made in the design of intermittent kilns, in which the ware is stacked when cold and then raised to the desired temperature. These kilns were extravagant of fuel, however, and were awkward to fill or empty if they did not have time to cool completely. For these reasons they were replaced by continuous kilns, the most economical and successful of which is the tunnel kiln. In these kilns, the wares were conveyed slowly from a comparatively cool region at the entrance to the full heat in the centre. As they neared the exit after firing, they cooled gradually.
The atmosphere in the kiln at the time of firing, as well as the composition of the clay body, determines the colour of the fired earthenware pot. Iron is ubiquitous in earthenware clay, and under the usual firing conditions it oxidizes, giving a colour ranging from buff to dark red according to the amount present. In a reducing atmosphere (i.e., one where a limited supply of air causes the presence of carbon monoxide) the iron gives a colour varying from gray to black, although a dark colour may also occur as a result of the action of smoke. Both of the colours that result from iron in the clay can be seen in the black-topped vases of predynastic Egypt.
Decorating processes and techniques
Impressing and stamping
Even the earliest pottery was usually embellished in one way or another. One of the earliest methods of decoration was to make an impression in the raw clay. Finger marks were sometimes used, as well as impressions from rope (as in Japanese Jōmon ware) or from a beater bound with straw (used to shape the pot in conjunction with a pad held inside it). Basketwork patterns are found on pots molded over baskets and are sometimes imitated on pots made by other methods.
The addition of separately modeled decoration, known as applied ornament (or appliqué), such as knops (ornamental knobs) or the reliefs on Wedgwood jasperware, came somewhat later. The earliest known examples are found on Mediterranean pottery made at the beginning of the 1st millennium. Raised designs are also produced by pressing out the wall of the vessel from inside, as in the Roman pottery known as terra sigillata, a technique that resembles the repoussé method adopted by metalworkers. Relief ornament was also executed—by the Etruscans, for example—by rolling a cylinder with the design recessed in intaglio over the soft clay, the principle being the same as that used to make Babylonian cylinder seals.
Incising, sgraffito, carving, and piercing
The earliest decoration was incised into the raw clay with a pointed stick or with the thumbnail, chevrons (inverted v's) being a particularly common motif. Incised designs on a dark body were sometimes filled with lime, which effectively accents the decoration. Examples can be seen in some early work from Cyprus and in some comparatively modern work. Decoration engraved after firing is much less usual, but the skillful and accomplished engraving on one fine Egyptian pot of the predynastic period (i.e., before c. 3100 bce) suggests that the practice may have been more frequent than was previously suspected.
Originally, defects of body colour suggested the use of slip, either white or coloured, as a wash over the vessel before firing. A common mode of decoration is to incise a pattern through the slip, revealing the differently coloured body beneath, a technique called sgraffito ("scratched"). Sgraffito ware was produced by Islamic potters and became common throughout the Middle East. The 18th-century scratched-blue class of English white stoneware is decorated with sgraffito patterns usually touched with blue.
Related to the sgraffito technique is slip carving: the clay body is covered with a thick coating of slip, which is carved out with a knife, leaving a raised design in slip (champlevé technique). Slip carving was done by Islamic and Chinese potters (Song dynasty).
Much pierced work—executed by piercing the thrown pot before firing—was done in China during the Ming dynasty (reign of Wanli). It was sometimes called "demon's work" (guigong) because of the almost supernatural skill it was supposed to require. English white molded stoneware of the 18th century also has elaborate piercing.
Slip decorating
In addition to sgraffito and carving, slip can be used for painting, trailing, combining, and inlay. The earliest forms of decoration in ancient Egypt, for example, were animal and scenic motifs painted in white slip on a red body; and in the North American Indian cultures coloured slips provided the material for much of the painted freehand decoration.
Slip, too, is sometimes dotted and trailed in much the same way as a confectioner decorates a cake with icing sugar. The English slipwares of the 17th and 18th centuries are typical of this kind of work. Earthenware washed over with a white slip and covered with a colourless glaze is sometimes difficult to distinguish from ware covered with a tin glaze (see below Decorative glazing). In consequence it has sometimes been wrongly called faience. The term for French earthenware covered with a transparent glaze (in imitation of Wedgwood's creamware) is faience fine, and in Germany it is called Steingut. Mezza-Maiolica (Italy) and Halb fayence (Germany) refer to slip-covered earthenware with incised decoration.
Slip is also used for combed wares. The marbled effect on Chinese pottery of the Tang dynasty, for example, was sometimes achieved by mingling, with a comb, slips of contrasting colours after they had been put on the pot.
The Koreans used slip for their punch'ŏng (buncheong) inlay technique, which the Japanese called mishima. The designs were first incised into the clay, and the incisions were then filled with black and white slip.
Burnishing and polishing
When the clay used in early pottery was exceptionally fine, it was sometimes polished or burnished after firing. Such pottery—dating back to 6500 and 2000 bce—has been excavated in Turkey and the Banshan cemetery in Gansu province, China. Most Inca pottery is red polished ware.
Decorative glazing
Early fired earthenware vessels held water, but, because these vessels were still slightly porous, the liquid percolated slowly to the outside, where it evaporated, cooling the contents of the vessel. Thus, the porosity of earthenware was, and still is, sometimes an advantage in hot countries, and the principle still is utilized in the 21st century in the construction of domestic milk and butter coolers and some food-storage cupboards.
Porosity, however, had many disadvantages; e.g., the vessels could not be used for storing wine or milk. To overcome the porosity, some peoples applied varnishes of one kind or another. Varnished pots were made, for example, in Fiji. The more advanced technique is glazing. The fired object was covered with a finely ground glass powder often suspended in water and was then fired again. During the firing the fine particles covering the surface fused into an amorphous, glasslike layer, sealing the pores of the clay body.
The art of glazing earthenware for decorative as well as practical purposes followed speedily upon its introduction. On stoneware, hard porcelain, and some soft porcelain, which are fired to the point of vitrification and are therefore nonporous, glazing is used solely for decoration.
Except for tin-glazed wares (see below Painting), earthenware glaze was added to the biscuit clay body, which was then fired a second time at a lower temperature. Soft porcelain glaze was always applied in this way. Hard porcelain glaze was usually (and stoneware salt glaze, always) fired at the same time as the raw clay body at the same high temperature.
Basically, there are four principal kinds of glazes: feldspathic, lead, tin, and salt. (Modern technology has produced new glazes that fall into none of these categories while remaining a type of glass.) Feldspathic, lead, and salt glazes are transparent; tin glaze is an opaque white. Hard porcelain takes a feldspathic glaze, soft porcelain usually a kind of lead glaze and can be classified according to the kind of glaze used.
There are two main types of glazed earthenware: the one is covered with a transparent lead glaze, and the other with an opaque white tin glaze.
Tin glaze was no doubt employed in the first place to hide faults of colour in the body, for most clays contain a variable amount of iron that colours the body from buff to dark red. Tin-glazed wares look somewhat as though they have been covered with thick white paint. These wares are often referred to as "tin-enameled." As noted above, other terms in common use are maiolica, faience, and delft. Unfortunately, these are variously defined by various authorities. The art of tin-glazing was discovered by the Assyrians, who used it to cover courses of decorated brickwork. It was revived in Mesopotamia about the 9th century ce and spread to Moorish Spain, whence it was conveyed to Italy by way of the island of Majorca, or Majolica. In Italy, tin-glazed earthenware was called majolica after the place where it was mistakenly thought to have originated. The wares of Italy, particularly those of Faenza, were much prized abroad, and early in the 16th century the technique was imitated in southern France. The term faience, which is applied to French tin-glazed ware, is undoubtedly derived from Faenza. Wares made in Germany, Spain, and Scandinavia are known by the same name. Early in the 17th century a flourishing industry for the manufacture of tin-glazed ware was established at the town of Delft, the Netherlands, and Dutch potters brought the art of tin-glazing to England together with the name of delft, which now applies to ware manufactured in the Netherlands and England. Some misleading uses of these terms include that of applying majolica to wares made outside Italy but in the Italian style, and faience to Egyptian blue-glazed ware and certain kinds of Middle Eastern earthenware.
Although glazed stoneware does not fall into such definite categories as glazed earthenware, to some extent it can be classified according to the kind of glaze used. The fine Chinese stonewares of the Song dynasty (960–1279 ce) were covered with a glaze made from feldspar, the same vitrifiable material later used in both the body and glaze of porcelain. Stoneware covered with a lead glaze is sometimes seen, but perhaps the majority of extant glazed wares are salt-glazed. In this process a shovelful of common salt (sodium chloride) is thrown into the kiln when the temperature reaches its maximum. The salt splits into its components, the sodium combining with the silica in the clay to form a smear glaze of sodium silicate, the chlorine escaping through the kiln chimney. Salt glazes have a pitted appearance similar to that of orange peel. A little red lead is sometimes added to the salt, which gives the surface an appearance of being glazed by the more usual means.
Some fusion usually occurs between glaze and body, and it is therefore essential that both should shrink by the same proportion and at the same rate on cooling. If there is a discrepancy, the glaze will either develop a network of fine cracks or will peel off altogether. This crazing of the glaze was sometimes deliberately induced as a decorative device by the Chinese.
One method of applying colour to pottery is to add colouring oxides to the glaze itself. Coloured glazes have been widely used on earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain and have led to the development of special techniques in which patterns were incised, or outlined with clay threads (cloisonné technique), so that differently coloured glazes could be used in the same design without intermingling; for example, in the lakabi wares of the Middle East.
Earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain are all found in unglazed as well as glazed forms. Wares fired without a glaze are called biscuit. Early earthenware pottery, as discussed above, was unglazed and therefore slightly porous. Of the unglazed stonewares, the most familiar are the Chinese Ming dynasty teapots and similar wares from Yixing in Jiangsu province, the red stoneware body made at Meissen in Saxony during the first three decades of the 18th century and revived in modern times, and the ornamental basaltes and jaspers made by Josiah Wedgwood and Sons since the 18th century. Biscuit porcelain was introduced in Europe in the 18th century. It was largely confined to figures, most of which were made at the French factories of Vincennes and Sèvres. Unglazed porcelain must be perfect, for the flaws cannot be concealed with glaze or enamel. The fashion for porcelain biscuit was revived in the 19th century and called Parian ware.
Painted designs are an early development, some remarkably fine work made before 3000 bce coming from excavations at Ur and elsewhere in Mesopotamia, as well as urns from Banshan in Gansu that date back to 2000 bce.
The earliest pottery colours appear to have been achieved by using slips stained with various metallic oxides (see above Slip decorating). At first these were undoubtedly oxides that occurred naturally in the clay; later they were added from other sources. Until the 19th century, when pottery colours began to be manufactured on an industrial scale, the oxides commonly used were those of tin, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, and antimony. Tin oxide supplied a useful white, which was also used in making tin glaze (see above Decorative glazing) and occasionally for painting. Cobalt blue, ranging in colour from grayish blue to pure sapphire, was widely used in East Asia and Europe for blue-and-white porcelain wares. Cupric oxide gives a distinctive series of blues, cuprous oxide a series of greens, and, in the presence of an excess of carbon monoxide (which the Chinese achieved by throwing wet wood into the kiln), cupric oxide yields a bluish red. This particular colour is known as reduced copper, and the kiln is said to have a reducing atmosphere. (For the effect of this atmosphere on the colour of the biscuit body, see above Drying, turning, and firing).The colours obtained from ferric iron range from pale yellow to black, the most important being a slightly orange red, referred to as iron red. Ferrous iron yields a green that can be seen at its best on Chinese celadon wares. Manganese gives colours varying from the bright red purple similar to permanganate of potash to a dark purplish brown that can be almost black. The aubergine purple of the Chinese was derived from this oxide. Antimony provides an excellent yellow.
Pottery colours are used in two ways—under the glaze or over it. Overglaze painting is executed on a fired clay body covered with a fired glaze, underglaze painting, on a fired, unglazed body (which includes a body that has been coated with raw or unfired, glaze material).
Earthenware and stoneware are usually decorated with underglaze colours. After the body is manipulated into the desired shape it is fired. It is then painted, coated with glaze, and fired again. The second firing is at a lower temperature than the first, being just sufficient to fuse the glaze. In the case of most tin-glazed wares the fired object was first coated with the tin glaze, then painted, then fired again. The painting needed exceptional skill, since it was executed on the raw glaze and erasures were impossible. The addition of a transparent lead glaze over the painted decoration needed a third firing. In 18th-century Germany especially tin-glazed wares were decorated with colours applied over the fired glaze, as on porcelain. The wares were sometimes called Fayence-Porcellaine.
The body and glaze of most hard porcelain are fired in one operation, since the fusion temperature of body and glaze is roughly the same. Underglaze colours are limited because they must be fired at the same temperature as the body and glaze, which is so high that many colours would "fire away" and disappear. Although the Chinese made some use of copper red, underglaze painting on porcelain is more or less limited to cobalt blue, an extremely stable and reliable colour that yields satisfactory results under both high- and low-temperature firings. On soft porcelain, manganese was sometimes used under the glaze, but examples are rare. All other porcelain colours were painted over the fired glaze and fixed by a second firing that is much lower than the first.
Underglaze pigments are known as high-temperature colours, or colours of the grand feu. Similarly, overglaze colours are known as low-temperature colours, or colours of the petit feu. Other terms for overglaze colours are enamel colours and muffle colours, the latter name being derived from the type of kiln, known as a muffle kiln, in which they are fired. Overglaze colours consist of pigments mixed with glaze material suspended in a medium, such as gum arabic, with an alkaline flux added to lower the melting point below that of the glaze. They were first used in Persia on earthenware (minai painting) in the 12th century and perhaps at the same date on Chinese stoneware made at Cizhou.
Lustre decoration is carried out by applying a colloid suspension of finely powdered gold, silver, platinum, or copper to the glazed and fired object. On a further, gentle firing, gold yields a purplish colour, silver a pale straw colour, platinum retains its natural hue, and copper varies from lemonish yellow to gold and rich brown. Lustre painting was invented by early Islamic potters.
Pottery may be gilded or silvered. The earliest gilding was done with gold mixed with an oil base. The use of gold ground in honey may be seen on the finest porcelain from Sèvres during the 18th century, as well as on that from Chelsea. Toward the end of the same century, gold was applied as an amalgam, the mercury subsequently being volatilized by heating. Silver was used occasionally for the same purposes as gold but with time has nearly always turned black through oxidation.
Transfer printing
The transfer print made from a copper plate was first used in England in the 18th century. In the 20th century transfers from copper plates were in common use for commercial wares, as were lithographic and other processes, such as silkscreen printing, which consists of rubbing the colour through a patterned screen of textile material. Combinations of hand-painted and transfer decorations were often used. The outline or other part of the decoration was applied with a transfer print, then parts of the design, such as leaves, flowers, clothing, or water, were painted in.
Most porcelain and much earthenware bears marks or devices for the purpose of identification. Stonewares, apart from those of Wedgwood, are not so often marked. Chinese porcelain marks usually record the dynasty and the name of an emperor, but great caution is necessary before accepting them at their face value. In the past Chinese vendors frequently used the mark of an earlier reign as a sign of veneration for the products of antiquity and occasionally for financial gain.
The majority of European factories adopted a device—for example, the well-known crossed swords of Meissen taken from the electoral arms of Saxony, or the royal monogram on Sèvres porcelain—but these, also, cannot be regarded as a guarantee of authenticity. Not only are false marks added to contemporary forgeries but the smaller 18th-century factories often copied the marks of their more august competitors. If 18th-century European porcelain is signed with the artist's name, it generally means that the painting was done outside the factory. Permission to sign factory work was rarely given.
On earthenware, a factory mark is much less usual than on porcelain. Workmen's marks of one kind or another are frequently seen, but signatures are rare. There are a few on Greek vases.
It is often desirable to identify the provenance and the date of manufacture of specimens of pottery as closely as possible. Not only does such information add to the interest of the specimen in question and increase understanding of the pottery art as a whole but it also often throws fresh light on historical questions or the social habits and technical skills of the time it was made. Since ceramics are not affected by any of the agents that attack metal, wood, or textiles, they are often found virtually unchanged after being buried for thousands of years, while other artifacts from the same period are partially or completely destroyed. For this reason archaeologists use pottery extensively—for example, to trace contacts between peoples, since vessels were often widely distributed in course of trade, either by the people who made them or by such maritime nations as the Phoenicians.
Pottery making is not universal. It is rarely found among nomadic tribes, since potters must live within reach of their raw materials. Moreover, if there are gourds, skins, and similar natural materials that can be made into vessels without trouble, there is no incentive to make pottery. Yet pottery making is one of the most widespread and oldest of the crafts.


text:
Southwest of Salzburg, the Kitzbuhel ski region has 60 pistes served by 56 lifts accessing 168km with a maximum vertical drop of 1,300m.Read More
East of Bregenz and northwest of Lech, the Warth / Schrocken ski area has 25 pistes served by 11 lifts with a maximum vertical descent of 800m.Read More
Northwest of Montreal, the Mont Tremblant Ski Resort is the largest ski area in eastern Canada.Read More
Southeast of Geneva and Martigny, the La Tzoumaz ski area has 8 lifts serving 55km of pistes with a maximum vertical drop of 850m.Read More
Telluride Ski Resort has greatly expanded its lift-accessed extreme terrain over the past few years. Extreme riders will want to check out Palmyra Peak and the Revelation Lift.Read More
Crested Butte is the home to epic freeriding in the continental US. In addition to the most lift-accessed double-black diamond terrain, there are exceptional backcountry lines to explore.Read More
Snowboarding in Courchevel, France, is ideal for the intermediate snowboarder. This expansive ski domaine offers numerous long shallow pistes.This family-friendly ski area has many repeat snowboarders coming back every year, especially from the UK. There are limited steeps and off-piste options.
Snowboarding at Titlis in Engelberg, Switzerland, offers plenty of freeriding routes to explore. South of Zurich and Luzerne, the Engelberg-Titlis ski area has 82km of runs served by 14 lifts from 1,000 to 3,000m above sea level. Engelberg is a high-altitude basin-shaped valley with a glacier on Mt Titlis. The snowboarding is divided between two distinct areas: Titlis and the family-oriented Brunni area.
As the locals kept telling us, we happened to arrive on the best pow-days of the 2015/2016 season. And, back-to-back powder days makes snowboarding in Telluride seem pretty epic. Telluride is a mix of cruisers, steeps and glades that meet everyone's shredding desires. It's spread out over 2,000 acres serviced by 14 lifts. The area offers untracked and groomed trails, open bowls and narrow chutes, as well as plunges and glades.
Snowboarding Orelle, France, offers the chance to enter the backdoor of Les 3 Vallees and have access to some of the best freeriding in the entire ski arena. Southeast of Chambery and northwest of Turin, the Orelle ski area has crazy big mountain freeriding routes when there's enough snow. The main lifts service 6 pistes with a maximum vertical descent of 880m. As the quieter side of Les Trois Vallees, you can expect to find fresh tracks in overnight snowfall throughout the entire day.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
MONDAY, Oct. 22 (HealthDay News) -- Cheerleading has become a competitive, year-round sport that features complex acrobatic stunts, which has led to an increase in the number and severity of injuries, experts say.
Latest Exercise & Fitness News
Now, new guidelines released by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) urge coaches, parents and school officials to follow injury prevention guidelines, develop emergency plans and provide cheerleading programs with the same level of qualified coaches, medical care and injury surveillance as other sports.
"Most serious injuries, including catastrophic ones, occur while performing complex stunts such as pyramids," guidelines co-author Dr. Jeffrey Mjaanes, a member of the AAP Council on Sports Medicine & Fitness, said in an academy news release. "Simple steps to improve safety during these stunts could significantly decrease the injury rate and protect young cheerleaders."
Since 2007, there have been 26,000 cheerleading injuries in the United States each year. Cheerleading accounts for 66 percent of all catastrophic injuries that have occurred in high school female athletes over the past 25 years, according to the AAP.
The most common types of cheerleading injuries are sprains and strains in the lower extremities, followed by head and neck injuries.
The AAP guidelines recommend that:
- Cheerleading should be designated as a sport in all states, allowing for benefits such as qualified coaches, better access to medical care and injury surveillance.
- All cheerleaders should have a preseason physical, and access to qualified strength and conditioning coaches.
- Cheerleaders should be trained in all spotting techniques and only attempt stunts after demonstrating appropriate skill progression.
- Pyramid and partner stunts should be performed only on a spring/foam floor or grass/turf. Never perform stunts on hard, wet or uneven surfaces. Pyramids should not be more than two people high.
- Coaches, parents and athletes should have access to a written emergency plan.
- Any cheerleader suspected of having a head injury should be removed from practice or competition, and not allowed to return until he or she has clearance from a health professional.
The guidelines appeared online Monday, to coincide with a presentation at the AAP annual meeting in New Orleans. They will also be published in the November print issue of the journal Pediatrics.
-- Robert Preidt
Copyright © 2012 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
SOURCE: American Academy of Pediatrics, news release, Oct. 22, 2012


text:
Randy's suggestions for this week's entertainment are:
1) We're going to do a little bit of Semi-Random Research tonight...
2) Go to your family tree database of choice (you know, like RootsMagic, Reunion, Ancestry Member Tree), and determine who the very last person on your list of names is.
3) What do you know about this person based on your research? It's OK to do more if you need to - in fact, it's encouraged!
4) How are you related to this person, and why is s/he in your family tree?
5) Tell us about it in a blog post of your own, in a comment to this blogpost, or in a Facebook Status post or Google+ Stream post.
The last person on my name list is Mary Zotnorn who is person number 928 in my data base of 3132 individuals. Mary was born about 1858 in Bohemia and her mother's name was Katharina. That is all I knew about Mary except that she was one of my son-in-law's Great-great-grandmothers. Since doing a little more research on her at ancestry.com today, I know a lot more about her. Mary Kotorour (not Zotnorn) was born 26 May 1860 to Frantisek Kotorour and Katarina Kubat. She married Jan (John F) Bozovsky 2 Sep 1877 in Chicago, Cook, Illinois.
In the 1900 census she is listed with husband John and children John, Mary, Rose, and Antonia. Mary and John's daughter Rose married Frank Krbec in Chicago on 25 April 1904. Rose and Frank had a son Frank Valentine who married Anna Angeline Franke Mann and in turn had a son John who with his wife Pamela Coan adopted Scott Allen. Her widowed mother Katrina was also living in the household at the time of the 1900 census. Mary died in Chicago on 18 Feb 1911 and is buried in St Adelbert's Cemetery. I'm sure there is more to be found and corrected.
Mary is in my tree because my son-in-law is adopted and we are tracing his adoptive parents trees for the grandchildren. Actually the grandchildren have visited the little village in the Czech Republic that their Krbec ancestors came from.
Saturday, January 12, 2013
Saturday Night Genealogy Fun - Semi-Random Research
2 comments:
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


text:
Thank goodness, because this is what Instagram Stories didn't have that Snapchat does.
Starting today, December 5, Instagram will be adding every story you post to a section of the archive feature. It is coming for both iOS and Android, and there's some features that will far surpass what Snapchat offers in this area.
Instagram shared this instruction VIA their blog:
"To access the stories in your archive, tap the Archive icon on your profile. From there, you can easily switch between your Posts Archive and your new Stories Archive. In your Stories Archive, your stories will appear in a grid with the most recent stories at the bottom. The first story from each day will show a date indicator to help you navigate your archive as you scroll."
Amy Cooper AKA ACRONYM on Twitter
How to get to your #Instagram Stories Archive: https://t.co/8jHKCmCZOS
According to The Verge, Instagram will also let you post old stories to your profile in a feature called "Highlights," and you will be able to "package" old stories together and share them to your profile.
Instagram's Blog says the following:
"Stories Highlights appear in a new section on your profile below your bio. To create a highlight, tap the "New" circle at the far left. From there, you can choose any stories from your archive, select a cover for your highlight and give it a name. Once you're done, your highlight will appear as a circle on your profile that plays as a stand-alone story when someone taps it. Highlights stay on your profile until you remove them, and you can have as many highlights as you'd like. To edit or remove a highlight, just tap and hold that highlight on your profile."
Many people use Instagram more so now to showcase themselves and their personality, artwork, day-to-day activities, and more, so it's no surprise that Instagram would like to catch up so we can hold onto those memories for more than just 24 hours. Though we did have the option to pick and choose which stories to download (and still do), this will make it easier and not something that you have to moderate yourself.
Of course, if you don't want to save those moments, you can opt out, according to Instagram. Still trying to locate this prompt.
Amy Cooper is one with the force and the force is with her.


text:
Insurance Restoration Contractors in Duluth MN
Over the past 30 plus years, Vesel Construction has become one of the most respected general contractors in Duluth / Superior and surrounding communities. We are devoted to satisfying each and every one of our valued customers. Our enthusiasm, expertise, and attention to detail are what make our projects such a success. We are committed to producing only the finest quality projects.
We understand that beginning a new project, although exciting when planned, can be very stressful. We strive to make the process easier for you through careful planning, scheduling, efficient job site supervision, assistance with selections, and ensuring that all work performed is of the highest quality.
We pride ourselves on great customer relations. Our goal is to keep your project running smoothly from start to finish. Whether your next project is an insurance claim repair, a new home, an addition to your existing home, a remodeling project, or commercial building remodeling or buildout , we are here for you.
We would appreciate the opportunity to work with you!


text:
follow the fork
fork on the road
recent posts
recent comments
friends of the fork
- Alexandra Forbes
- Beans and Water
- Chez Ptipois
- ChuckEats
- Docsconz
- Eatmecookme
- Food Intelligence
- Food Studio
- Fool Magazine
- Heritage Radio Network
- Kari Ceramics
- Katie Parla
- Lingered Upon
- Luxeat
- Marchi di Gola
- Mariana Cotlear
- Passione Gourmet
- QLI Web
- Spanish Hipster
- Sternefresser
- The Bad Deal
- The Perennial Plate
- Ulterior Epicure
- Very Good Food
Tag Archives: maida mercuri
Al Pont de Ferr
I've missed many a plane, train and automobile in my day for reasons both significant and not. In matters both personal and work-related, I am a professional only at being late, a fact I was grimly reminded of last month when our train from Florence to Milan nearly scooted off into the sunset without us.
Thanks, of course, to me. I bought a pair of Italian-made sneakers on the way to the station. (Yes, I have a picture of them, and no, I'm not going to show you. We just met.) Because of my poor judgment — or because of my impeccable taste in footwear — we literally had to run to make a dinner reservation in Milan with my buddy from Genoa.
This man is approximately two and a half times my age, a father-figure, friend, and mentor in one. He's also part of the reason that, though I'm not actually Italian, I'm awfully good at faking it.
He and I are a dangerous, demented duo. We sat down and got right to business. No menus — just the chef's choice on our plates and champagne in our glasses.
The first thing we ate at Al Pont de Ferr was not a chestnut. Continue reading
Posted in Italy Tagged amphora, anfora, biodinamico, biologico, champagne, gambero rosso, josko gravner, lombardia, maida mercuri, matias perdomo, michelin 1*, milan, milano, natural wine, navigli, pascal mazet, ripa di porta ticinese 4 Comments


text:
UiM/EJU subscribers are now provided with a mobile digital issue of their journal. The eRef app enables you to comfortably read the latest journal issues on your tablet.
Find out more about the eRef app here
Use UiM/EJU offline • optimal reading experience • scalable font size • one click to download UiM/EJU
Ultrasound International Open
New open-access journal!
For author instructions and further information about publishing in UIO, visit www.thieme.com/uio
Impact Factor 2017
The Impact Factor 2017 for the EJU is 4,389
EFSUMB on FACEBOOK
DEGUM, ÖGUM, SGUM and FMF Germany Recommendations for the Implementation of First-Trimester Screening, Detailed Ultrasound, Cell-Free DNA Screening and Diagnostic Procedures
43rd Dreiländertreffen 2019 in Mainz, Germany
More information on all EUROSON Schools can be found on www.efsumb.org >>
Ultraschall in der Medizin / European Journal of Ultrasound publishes scientific papers and contributions from a variety of disciplines on the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of ultrasound with an emphasis on clinical application. Technical papers with a physiological theme as well as the interaction between ultrasound and biological systems might also occasionally be considered for peer review and publication, provided that the translational relevance is high and the link with clinical applications is tight. The editors and the publishers reserve the right to publish selected articles online only. Authors are welcome to submit supplementary video material. Letters and comments are also accepted, promoting a vivid exchange of opinions and scientific discussions.
All articles submitted to the European Journal of Ultrasound undergo rigorous peer review. With web-based manuscript submission and expedited turn-around, rapid electronic and print publication is guaranteed.
Impact Factor 2014: 4.924
Publication language is German or English.
In order to submit manuscripts please visit http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/eju and follow the instructions for authors under "Instructions & Forms".
Manuscripts may no longer be submitted per post or e-mail!


text:
Teen Talk
About Us
Knowing When to Let Go
Tracy Anglada
25 Sep, 2018
Back to School with Bipolar Disorder
Many children have already headed back to school – that place educator's call fun but occasionally think of as jail and kids call jail but occasionally think of as fun. As our kids walk into their classrooms each day, they carry much more than backpacks and pencils. They bring their amazing talents, gifts, personalities, hopes and dreams … and yes, their diagnoses. How can you help them shine despite their challenges? Here are some tips to help your child with bipolar disorder have a good
Knowing What You Know
You know your child. You even know that you know your child. Why? Because- you have years of experience in caring for this little life. No matter how sure you are in this knowledge, however, there may be times when someone makes you doubt what you know to be true. Maybe it's a medical professional, a family member, a teacher or even a close friend. Why does this doubt creep in? Sometimes it's because we trust the person who is questioning what we know. There is nothing wrong with considering
'Friends of Emmet' Raises Suicide Awareness through Music
What kills more people than war, more people than homicides, and more people than accidents – in fact, more people than all three of these combined? Suicide! Conversation about suicide is not only good, it's vital. It brings the topic into public awareness and has the potential to reach out to those who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts. One vehicle to raising awareness is popular media. Some of you may be familiar with the music of Friends of Emmet. Their song, Coming Apart, and its


text:
your bag
Your bag is empty.
Sorry, this product has sold out!
If you would like ARCHFASHION to try to and find it for you complete the form below.
Talulah t98d forest maxi. Fabric: 100% silk. Care label: dry clean only. Occasion: cocktail,formal style: party girl,label lover suits shape: pear,hourglass,curvy,rectangle,apple
The on trend Forest Maxi from Talulah has sold out. We did have it inPrint / S & Print / M.
Start a "Find It For Me" to notify hundreds of Australian Boutiques that you're looking for it and then be notified if it comes back in stock.


text: Usually the word 'debt' raises fear in the hearts of people everywhere. It is often associated with maxed out credit cards and other financial woes. Sometimes it is associated with those freakishly kind people who, for one reason or another, we constantly feel indebted. However, there can be positive connotations to this four letter word. Debt is the title of an exhibition that features two[…..]


text:
We oppose Islam, not Muslims. We are against hate, not faith
As part of #NHCAW we have launched our British Muslims video aimed at tackling misconceptions. Watch it here
Police heavily criticised on social media after posting video on better understanding of British Muslims
A social media backlash has been launched at Lincolnshire Police after they posted a video on better understanding British Muslims.
The 12-minute long film touches on the history of Islam, its values, its followers' journey to British shores and reminded people of hate crime laws.
But a barrage of negative online comments have been posted in response, with some accusing the police of producing a "propaganda" video and telling people what to think….
"Are we now not allowed to think our own thoughts!?" asked one. "We don't require any indoctrination. Police should deal with law not religion."
"How do Lincolnshire Police view the ordinary, decent, Christian people of this country?" wrote another.
"The answer, most unfortunately, is all too plain. Continue to alienate the rest of us, and you'll be facing some pretty huge problems further down the line, won't you?
"NOBODY should be getting special treatment and if you're going to promote videos like this, then you need to do it for every faith and nationality in Britain. Looking forward very much to your video wishing us all a wonderful Christmas."
Others wanted police to address response times and questioned the making of the video.
But social media users also sprung up in defence of it too.
"No-one, anywhere is telling you to convert or respect or even like a certain religion!" said one.
"They are reminding you that committing abuse or assault on an other human being BASED on differing races or beliefs is a crime. That's it!"
Another wrote: "They're not claiming it's a priority, they're simply using this week to raise awareness of hate crime which unfortunately is a growing issue at the moment whether it be against a person because of their religion or sexuality etc."
The police also robustly defended the move.
Deputy Chief Constable Craig Naylor, speaking to the BBC, said: "I'm really disappointed by some of these responses.
"I'm very committed to reducing hate crime. During National Hate Crime Awareness Week one of the things we're trying to do is show a different side to Islam and to understand that Muslims here are British and are entitled to the same respect and legislation and protection of the law that anyone else is."
Mr Naylor added that the force will look into any online abuse aimed at the police and said that neither he nor the force regretted the video being made public.
Fernando wrote:Or don't they count, being at the wrong end of Allah's shade card?
Or is it just that the "hatred" doesn't exist but Islamophilia does?
What will be the next police campaign ? Now it's high heels! Policemen don women's shoes to highlight cause of domestic violence - just a day after officers painted their nails in the fight against slavery. Are there no more criminals to be caught ?
Schools have been told what and how to teach for decades, and nobody cares that millions of children get brainwashed about certain things and that teachers are forced to tell lies in class.
Example: All religions are equivalent, government edict. So, don't mention certain facts about the "religion of peace" that teaches that converting from it means you must be killed, that women are property, that gays should be killed, that Jews are dogs and pigs, that people who follow a different religion are "the worst of animals" and so on...
Even the moderators of this paper are so brain-washed that merely mention simple facts like that, provable facts, from the source texts and the teachings, means the comment gets deleted.
So, to me, complaining about the government doing this in a much smaller scale to universities, but remaining silent about what is done to every child in the country, when they are young and impressionable, is the hight of hypocrisy.
So go ahead, delete this too, I will post it again. Because I believe in free speech even if you don't.
manfred wrote:
Also they tell me that my comment will be reported to "tell mama" as a "hate crime", and they "consider" involving the police.... This I have to see...
manfred wrote:I have not yet come across a policeman in high heels... I doubt I could keep a straight face...
I have however, just today, come across a limit of free speech in the comment section in the Guardian newspaper....
It reported, twice even, how "outraged" universities are for being asked what they teach students about brexit...
So I posted this in the comment section.... (the first comment was deletes within 10 seconds, so this is the second one)Schools have been told what and how to teach for decades, and nobody cares that millions of children get brainwashed about certain things and that teachers are forced to tell lies in class.
Example: All religions are equivalent, government edict. So, don't mention certain facts about the "religion of peace" that teaches that converting from it means you must be killed, that women are property, that gays should be killed, that Jews are dogs and pigs, that people who follow a different religion are "the worst of animals" and so on...
Even the moderators of this paper are so brain-washed that merely mention simple facts like that, provable facts, from the source texts and the teachings, means the comment gets deleted.
So, to me, complaining about the government doing this in a much smaller scale to universities, but remaining silent about what is done to every child in the country, when they are young and impressionable, is the hight of hypocrisy.
So go ahead, delete this too, I will post it again. Because I believe in free speech even if you don't.
That got deleted too, and three more copies after that. And now I am banned from posting comments...
Also they tell me that my comment will be reported to "tell mama" as a "hate crime", and they "consider" involving the police.... This I have to see...
Talking of the Guarian, I've just listened to a stupid left-wing woman saying how wonderful the projected increase in the UK's population is and that the UK is UNDER-populated.Fernando wrote:Hardly surprising Manfred. Didn't the Guardian drop its "Comment is Free" section when it got a few comments it didn't like?
Ariel: maybe we could make Manfred a durian cake: then he might not need s file!
Extremists and returning jihadists 'offered council house bribes to reintegrate'
Proposals to offer extremists including returning jihadists taxpayer-funded housing and help into work are a "fundamental error" amounting to bribes to potential terrorists, it has been claimed.
The Home Office is looking at a new strategy to reintegrate extremists that could even see them propelled to the top of council house waiting lists if needed.
Under pilot schemes being looked at, police and local authorities would assess extremists formerly investigated as suspects by the security services to see what danger they pose and what it would take to help reintegrate them into society.
Extremists who had nowhere suitable to live could be put in social housing by the local council and could have their rent paid if necessary, according to reports.
They could also be given priority on waiting lists and helped into education and training or found a job with public bodies or charities.
Up to 20,000 extremists who have been previously investigated by MI5 will be targeted in the scheme called Operation Constrain, the Mail on Sunday reported.
Whitehall sources confirmed the scheme could also apply to Britons returning from Islamic State group territory in Syria.
A source said: "We are planning a number of pilots to explore the best way to diverting such people from terrorism and extremist activity."
Col Richard Kemp, a former Government counter terrorism adviser, last night questioned whether would-be terrorists were driven by deprivation. Opening the policy to people who had gone to fight in Syria would be "obscene", he said.
He said: "I think it's a very much mistaken policy. When you look at the profile of many of the people who have been involved in terrorist attacks in the UK, or travelled overseas, they do not come from deprived backgrounds.
He went on: "If someone is inclined to be an extremist, you are not going to bribe them into not being a terrorist. It's not going to change them."
Andrew Bridgen, Conservative MP for north west Leicestershire, added: "This sounds like a reward for being on a list of potential terrorists. You can't buy people's loyalty to this country."
The debate over what to do with Britons returning from Syria has intensified as the caliphate of Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (Isil) collapses.
Around 850 Britons are thought to have travelled to Syria in recent years and around 350 are thought to have returned. So far only a small proportion have been prosecuted and counter terrorism officials have said it can be difficult to find evidence that they committed crimes in the war zones of Syria and Iraq.
Max Hill QC, the government's terrorism law watchdog, earlier this month suggested those who had travelled out of naivety might need to be reintegrated rather than prosecuted.
MI5 earlier this year confirmed that some 20,000 people had been "persons of interest" in counter terrorism investigations in the past.
The Home Office said: "We are reviewing our counter-terrorism strategy to make sure we respond to the evolving threat in the most effective way we can."
This is getting so ridiculous that I'm beginning to wonder if it's a sort of false-flag thing: by drawing attention to the few Muslims in Lincolnshire, they're distracting it from the new under-class, the poor victimised Eastern European migrant workers who far outnumber the Muslims. They must, of course, be "poor, victimised" by definition, since LIncolnshire came out strongly for Brexit.Ariel wrote:And the Lincolnshire Police are giving a workshop on Muslims in Britain to students at William Farr school.
First it was a Muslim video, Now its a Muslim Workshop in schools. Did they include the dangers Islam poses to non-Muslims, women, gays, Jews, children?
I bet not.
However, it was not just oppotunistic trouble-making: it was the BBC that dug up the "dirt" in the first place:BBC accused of timing Priti Patel report for 'maximum embarrassment'
THE BBC's decision to report on Priti Patel's unofficial meetings with senior Israelis within hours of the 100th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration was done to cause "maximum embarrassment" to the Prime Minister, it has been claimed.
Of course, it's not just the BBC's corner of the Establishment that's at it: there are claims that Arabists in the Foreign Office might have had a had in it too:BBC diplomatic editor James Lansdale had been working on the expose for weeks beforehand.
It wouldn't, of course, be a surprise if it's an unholy alliance between Leftists, Arabists and Remainers: they do, after all, between them constitute the bulk of the UK's Establishment.Supporters of Ms Patel have accused pro-Palestinian colleagues, such as Foreign Office minister Sir Alan Duncan, of fanning the flames.
They said Sir Alan had the "means and motivation" to brief details of the meetings to the press.
The claims have been vigorously denied by his friends.
Muslim school receives 'inadequate' Ofsted rating after loos did not have toilet paper for 'cultural reasons'
A Muslim girls' school has received the lowest Ofsted rating available after inspectors discovered that pupils were not provided with lavatory paper for "cultural reasons".
Staff at the fee-paying Park Avenue Girls' High School, in Stoke-on-Trent, said paper was available from the school office, but because most of the students were Asian, they preferred to wash rather than wipe.
But some of the girls told inspectors they were so unhappy about the situation that they avoided using the lavatory all day.
The school, which was visited by inspectors October, was rated "inadequate", with the report identifying a range of concerns, including safeguarding problems and the discovery of sectarian material on the premises.
The Ofsted report stated: "At the time of the inspection, it was not the school's common practice to provide soap for pupils' hand-washing, toilet roll in the toilets or suitable drinking water.
"Toilet paper is available from the school office when pupils request it. Pupils told inspectors that they sometimes avoided using toilets for the whole school day because of this."
But headteacher Abdul Ghafoor Salloo defended the policy, insisting the school catered for the cultural needs of the pupils.
"The children they do use the toilets and traditionally, because we are Asian, we wash, not only wipe. There are facilities for pupils to clean themselves," he said.
"Some pupils, they avoid using toilets because they don't like going in there.
"There are facilities for cleaning yourself in the toilet - it might be hard for someone who doesn't traditionally wash to understand and washing is better than wiping clean.
"The Ofsted inspector said there has to be toilet rolls, we said there are always toilet rolls but they are not always out - so what?"
Inspectors also criticised the fact there were no shower facilities available at the school, which has 34 pupils aged between 11 and 16.
In addition the report stated: "Safeguarding is ineffective. Leaders have not ensured that the school premises are a safe place for pupils, and some checks on staff's suitability to work with children are incomplete
"Leaders' checks on attendance and safeguarding issues are not robust. Their checks lack detail and do not contribute strongly to keeping pupils safe. Therefore, pupils' welfare is not assured."
The report went on: "Inspectors found published sectarian material in a storeroom behind the school office. They made the headteacher aware of this.
"The headteacher explained that he was not aware of how the materials came to be in school.
"At the end of the inspection the headteacher confirmed that he planned to destroy the material and suitably vet all remaining published material in the school.
"Inspectors did not find any evidence that this sectarian material had influenced teaching or learning in school.
"However, material of this kind has no place in schools and leaders have not ensured that systems are in place to prevent such literature from entering the school and being accessible in a storeroom."
The inspectors said the playground was also not appropriate because it presented too many dangers to pupils.
"Currently, pupils are not safe in this school. Leaders have not identified the range of risks present on the school site.
"For example, inspectors found windows, both single- and double-glazed, that were broken, sharp and accessible to pupils."
But despite the various problems inspectors noted that the relationships between staff and pupils were strong and this had a positive impact on pupils' behaviour.
They added: "Pupils' behaviour is good. They follow instructions willingly and are well behaved at all times while on the school premises."
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-5268853/Home-Office-worker-accused-faking-immigration-papers.html#ixzz54Gx4K01xHome Office worker 'was lynchpin of plot to let illegal migrants stay': Employee is accused of falsifying records that could have seen hundreds benefit
Shamsu Iqbal, 61, allegedly used his position in the Home Office to falsify papers
Investigators identified potential 437 cases of faking documents over five years
Home Office worker helped by Usman, 45, Hussain, 49, and Ali, 47, a court heard
Group changed records to give new identities to people who were in UK illegally
A gang including a Home Office worker masterminded a conspiracy to allow illegal immigrants to stay in the country, a court has heard.
Shamsu Iqbal was allegedly the lynchpin of the group that used his 'trusted' Home Office position to falsify documents – with investigators identifying 437 potential cases over five years.
The 61-year-old changed the records of migrants who had permission to stay in the UK, giving their identities to people who were in Britain illegally, jurors heard.
Shamsu Iqbal was allegedly the lynchpin of the group that used his 'trusted' Home Office position to falsify documents – with investigators identifying 437 potential cases over five years
Iqbal's co-accused – lawyers Sheikh Muhammad Usman, 45, Mohammad Khawar Aftab Hussain, 49, and Mohammad Ibrahim Ali, 47 – would then allegedly contact the Home Office to 'straighten out' the status of 'impostors' who had taken on another identity.
Users browsing this forum: Google [Bot] and 8 guests


text:
Taylor K. Vecsey returned to The East Hampton Star in 2014. She was the founding editor of East Hampton Patch news site and also ran Southampton Patch. Ms. Vecsey is a member of the Bridgehampton Fire Department, where she volunteers as an emergency medical technician.
desk: 631.324.0002 ext. 120/mobile: 631.702.3199
Twitter: @TaylorVecsey
631-324-0002 ext. 120
Jackie Pape joined The East Hampton Star as a reporter in May 2017. She is a native of Southampton and a graduate of Wake Forest University, where she studied communications and journalism.


text:
>>>Full list
CLEVELAND – The Division 2 Athletics Directors Association (D2ADA) announced the 2012-13 recipients of the D2ADA Academic Achievement Awards Wednesday, with 12 Georgia College student-athletes making the list. The Academic Achievement Awards is a program that recognizes the academic accomplishments of student-athletes at the Division 2 level.
A record number of institutions (171) and student-athletes (6,881) are being recognized for the 2012-13 Academic Achievement Awards. The Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference had 759 student-athletes honored, a record-high for the program, followed by the Great Lakes Valley Conference (GLVC) with 653 student-athletes being recognized and the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) with 635 student-athletes being acknowledged with this award.
For Georgia College, baseball's John Welborn (Locust Grove, Ga.) and Christian Wonders (Stuart, Fla.) both earned the honor, as well as a pair of softball players in Erica Bell (Fayetteville, Ga.) and Kristen Humphries (Columbus, Ga.).
Women's soccer's Anna Barrow (St. Simons, Ga.) and Lindsey Knott (Macon, Ga.) added to their academic accolades, with three each coming from women's cross country and women's tennis. Victoria Dobson (New Hamburg, Ontario), Catie Tinker (Dallas, Ga.) and Andrea Byrnes (Snellville, Ga.) were the women's harriers, while May Johnson (Sydney, Australia), Michelle Lingner (Dunwoody, Ga.) and Ivana Marevic (Rottweil, Germany) were named from tennis.
In order for a student-athlete to receive an Academic Achievement Award, the athletics director of the Division 2 institution must be a current dues-paying member of the D2ADA.
Also, the student-athlete must: have a cumulative grade point average of 3.5 or higher on a 4.0 scale, have attended a minimum of two years (four semesters) of college level work and have been an active member of an intercollegiate team during his/her last academic year
The Georgia College Department of Athletics, two-time winners of the PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 11 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, Bobcat Athletics prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the teams' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at @GCBobcats on Twitter and Facebook for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCBobcats.com for more information, and to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GC Athletics Hall of Fame.


text:
New Car Review
2014 Audi Q7: New Car Review
It would be understandable if the 2014 Audi Q7 felt a little miffed. After all, its former platform mates, the Porsche Cayenne and Volkswagen Touareg, have been thoroughly reworked for their second generations, whereas the Audi's essentials date back to the George W. Bush era.
But Audi got a lot right about the Q7 in the first place, and thoughtful updates through the years have maintained this luxurious 3-row crossover's competitiveness.
Notably, Audi's stellar supercharged 3.0-liter V6 keeps the Q7 youthful under the hood, providing smooth acceleration and fuel economy that, while not exactly stellar, at least beat what the old V8 could manage. There's also the capable TDI turbodiesel V6, overhauled last year with improved mileage and 15 additional horsepower.
As ever, the Q7's sleek yet sensible cabin with standard 3-row seating makes it a desirable solution for soccer moms and dads, especially with the available dual-screen rear entertainment system. Throw in the Audi connect infotainment suite and you have a rolling Wi-Fi hot spot with Google integration.
As good as the Q7 is, there's no ignoring that its underpinnings are now a generation behind. Whereas the Cayenne and Touareg have lost hundreds of pounds with their redesigns, improving both fuel economy and performance, the lightest Q7 still weighs almost 5,300 pounds.
But if you're looking for a premium 3-row crossover, Audi's workhorse continues to be a compelling option. The Q7 may not be pleased that its siblings are getting all the attention, but we think it still has good years left.
What's New for 2014?
Every Q7 gets adaptive xenon headlights and LED running lights, while keyless entry/ignition is newly standard on Premium Plus.
What We Like
Standard 3-row seating; satisfying 3.0T V6 offered in two strengths; capable and efficient turbodiesel V6; lovely interior
What We Don't
Mediocre fuel economy with 3.0T; surprisingly small third row and cargo bay; aging and needlessly heavy underpinnings
How Much?
Fuel Economy
All Q7 models roll with quattro all-wheel drive and an 8-speed automatic transmission. The 3.0T starts with a supercharged 3.0-liter V6 rated at 280 hp and 295 lb-ft of torque, while the 3.0T Prestige gets an amped-up version of the same engine with 333 hp and 325 lb-ft. The TDI offers a turbodiesel 3.0-liter V6 rated at 240 hp and 406 lb-ft. Towing capacity is 6,600 pounds, a healthy figure that's a testament to the Q7's robust architecture.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the 3.0T slurps up fuel at a rate of 16 miles per gallon city/22 mpg hwy, but the TDI is much better, returning an exceptional 19 mpg city/28 mpg hwy.
Standard Features & Options
Audi Q7 is offered in three trim levels: Premium, Premium Plus and Prestige. Note that the supercharged 3.0T engine comes in two states of tune. The milder one is featured in the Premium and Premium Plus, while the spicier tune comes standard with the Prestige. The turbodiesel V6 -- TDI -- is available in all three trim levels, with only minor variations from the 3.0T formula.
The 3.0T Premium ($48,595) and TDI Premium ($53,795) come standard with three rows of seating, 18-inch alloy wheels (19s for the TDI), fog lights, adaptive xenon headlights, LED running lights and taillights, a power lift gate, leather upholstery, power front seats with adjustable lumbar, a tilt-telescopic steering wheel, dual-zone automatic climate control, the Multi-Media Interface (MMI) system, iPod and Bluetooth connectivity and an 11-speaker audio system with an auxiliary input, dual SD-card slots and satellite radio.
The 3.0T Premium Plus ($54,595) and TDI Premium Plus ($59,795) add a panoramic sunroof, keyless entry and ignition, a rearview camera, auto-dimming mirrors, driver memory functions, Audi connect telematics with mobile Wi-Fi, a 14-speaker Bose audio system and an enhanced version of MMI with a navigation system.
The 3.0T Prestige ($61,795) and TDI Prestige ($65,795) tack on 20-in wheels, a power tilt-telescopic steering wheel, quad-zone automatic climate control, cooled front seats and a blind spot warning system. The 3.0T Prestige also includes the S line sport appearance package; a similar package is optional on the TDI Prestige.
Many of the higher trims' features are available on lower trims as options. The Prestige is eligible for exclusive upgrades, including an adaptive air suspension and a 14-speaker, 1,001-watt Bang & Olufsen sound system. Notable options across the lineup include heated rear seats, a trailer-hitch package, rear side airbags and a dual-screen rear-entertainment system.
The 2014 Audi Q7 features standard stability control, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes and six airbags (front, front side, full-length side curtain). Rear side airbags are optional.
The government has not crash-tested the Q7, but the independent Insurance Institute for Highway Safety gave the Q7 its highest rating of Good in every tested category.
Behind the Wheel
The Q7's cabin is clearly older than Audi's latest interiors -- look at a picture of the A7 hatchback's dashboard to see what we mean. Nonetheless, it's a very nice place to spend time. We especially like the driving position, as its cockpit-like confines belie the Q7's imposing dimensions, making it feel more like an oversized luxury sedan than a heavy SUV.
The gauges are classic Audi: two no-nonsense circles for the tachometer and speedometer, with numerals rendered in Audi's distinctive font. As in most Audis, however, the ergonomics are hit-or-miss, and that includes frequently used features such as the fan-speed knob. On the bright side, Audi has made numerous user-friendly improvements to MMI in recent years, to the point that it's now one of our favorite infotainment systems. The Q7 isn't a technological tour-de-force like Audi's newer models, but it still has plenty of gadgets to keep you occupied.
The Q7's second-row seat has plenty of legroom, but the bottom cushions are a bit low. We prefer the higher rear bench in the Touareg. Of course, the Q7's trump card is the standard 2-person third row, which neither the Touareg nor the Cayenne offers. Given the Q7's considerable footprint, the third row is surprisingly cramped, but it'll work for kids.
Cargo space is also strangely modest in the Q7, measuring 10.9 cu ft behind the third row, 42 cu ft behind the second row and 72.5 cu ft with both the second and third rows folded down.
Under the hood, we've never felt the need for more gusto from the base 3.0T engine. It gets the massive Q7 up to speed without drama, and it's very smooth. Still, who wouldn't want a little more power if they could get it? So Audi obliges with the 333-hp 3.0T Prestige, which uses the same engine to better effect. You'll notice more urgency at full throttle with the Prestige, but the difference isn't enormous. As for the TDI V6, it's been around for a while now, but the recent introduction of the 8-speed automatic has really woken it up, not to mention the addition of 15 hp last year. We also like that you can hardly tell it's a diesel in normal operation. That's how quiet it is.
On the road, watch out. The Q7's sedanlike cockpit can fool you into thinking this monumentally heavy SUV is a sporty thing. That illusion should fall by the wayside the first time you attempt to take a corner with any enthusiasm. Still, the Q7 drives with that typical Germanic sense of solidity and precision, making you feel like a better driver than you really are. We find the ride to be pleasantly hushed but decidedly firm over bumps unless the optional (and pricey) air suspension is specified.
Other Cars to Consider
BMW X5 -- BMW's midsize crossover has been redesigned, making it a shiny new alternative to the Q7.
Ford Flex -- The Flex may seem like a dark-horse contender, but if you load one up and specify the 365-hp EcoBoost V6, crossovers don't get much better.
Volkswagen Touareg -- Do you really need the Q7's back seat? If not, we suggest a test-drive in the cheaper Touareg, one of the most engaging crossovers around.
AutoTrader's Advice
The TDI's combination of sedanlike fuel economy and dump-truck torque makes it our no-brainer choice. It's a lot of crossover for your money.


text:
Next Episode of Miss Universe Pageant is
Since it's inception in 1952, the Miss Universe Pageant has given the world's most beautiful women from more than 80 countries something to vie for. Usually held in a different city each year, the live event spotlights contestants' performances in three categories: swimsuit, evening gown and interview. Along with the coveted title, one lucky winner wins a contract with the Miss Universe Organisation and the use of an apartment in Trump Tower in New York City. For one year Miss Universe travels the world to raise awareness of AIDS, stress the importance of disease control, and to spread a general message of peace. The 64th Annual Miss Universe Pageant will air this year on FOX TV on Sunday, 20 December 2015.
Tracy Scoggins(Host)
Ali Landry(Host)
Julie Moran(Host)
Carlos Ponce(Host)
Vanessa Lachey(Host)
Roselyn Sánchez(Host)
June Lockhart(Host)
Joan Van Ark(Host)
Charles Collingwood(Host)
Jack Wagner(Host)
George Hamilton(Host)
Angela Visser(Host)
Looks like something went completely wrong!
But don't worry - it can happen to the best of us,
- and it just happened to you.
Please try again later or contact us.


text:
I recently moved Poco to a new PC, and downloaded the newest release of Poco. I tried setting up my "old" "Remove Yahoo Ads" script (that I got from Austin in the old forums), but I cannot get it to work.
I'm trying to set it up as an OnDisplay event, but the ads are still there when I display the message.
Is anyone using the "remove yahoo ads" script, and if you are, can you point me to the correct setup of this script?
Mark W


text:
Swiss leading Jerry 5-3 if the Beeb website is correct.
ITSTL as they say round here.
Cricket Web's current Premier League Tipping Champion
- As featured in The Independent.
"Brexit is the Tory party's baby; it's been a long and painful labour and, at the very last minute, they've sh@t all over it.'" - Frankie Boyle
The whole of Europe bracing themselves for England v Norway then.
World Scrabble Champion 2014. National Scrabble Champion 2009, 2015.
Author of Word Addict
Countdown Series 57 Champion
King of the Arcade
ECB - you are a complete ****ing disgrace, #FTECB
That was pretty close to a sitter for Carroll.
Lovely bit of skill and a better finish from Young.
Comedy defending, but well taken yea.
Hilariously soft goal. Well taken, mind.
Trouble is everyone one of these challenges by Carroll will be a free kick to the defending side come the competitive matches, because the game is glorified netball.
Green still looking
Trademark Milner there. That's why he's just not good enough at international level. Gets a great position to pick a cross and just floats it chest high to the first defender. He'll do the same thing over and over again.
Jagielka looking the best defender in the team.
One call Woy got right.
No, wait...
And there's a red card tackle from Gerrard.
Parker's been light years ahead of the rest of the midfield. Milner simply isn't good enough, but he is still better than Downing.
And I hadn't realised how poor Jones' control is nowadays.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
Here's a report of jazz musician and composer Joe Zawinul being hospitalized in Vienna, possibly in the oncology department. The Joe Zawinul Unofficial Italian Fans site also reports of his ill health at a recent albeit well-played concert.
In a new article on Weather Report bandmate, the late Jaco Pastorius, the group's place in jazz was thusly described:
Yet now it becomes clear that Weather Report was never trying to predict the future, at least not in the long-term sense of the idea. It was simply indicating the way the wind was blowing at the time and, like any good meteorologist, correctly anticipated the short-term future. For a dozen or so years, a lot of bands tried to sound like Weather Report, proving that Messrs. Zawinul and Shorter had deftly forecasted tomorrow.
And on classic albums like these, Joe Zawinul has left a lasting mark on this listener:


text:
We're on a trip to Japan on May (yes... maybe I post this too soon but I'm oh-so-excited about this!! yay!) we're probably going to tokyo and kyoto and somewhere else we are still discussing.
I'd love to know if I can buy bento gear anywhere (i mean combinis) or if there are specific places to buy, like malls or places like that.
By bento gear i mean things different than the ones appearing on on-line shops or e-bay. I'm very sick of anime-decorated or childish bentos, I'd love to buy cute yet "adult" boxes.
Any advice will be very appreciated :D
Thanks in advance!!! *n_n*
My bento blog: http://justbento.com/blog/1305 [1]
My art blog: http://jizaacaso.deviantart.com [2]
[1] http://justbento.com/blog/1305
[2] http://jizaacaso.deviantart.com


text:
24Option Review
24Option Bous:
Visit Broker
24Option – recommended and one of the leading binary option brokers in the world.Read Full Review
|Website URL
|English, Français, Deutsch, Italiano, Español, Русский, العربية, Português, Svenska, Nederlands, Norwegian, Polski
|Minimum 1st Deposit
|Minimum Trade Amount
|Maximum Trade Amount
|$ 200 000
|Additional information
|24Option Bous:
|Free Demo Account
|Open Demo
|CySEC LICENSE NUMBER 207/13
|Deposit Methods
|credit card, bank transfer, PerfectMoney, cashU, Skrill, Qiwi, Webmoney, Sofort, Giropay, Astropay, OkPay, Neteller, China Union Pay
|Withdrawal Methods
|credit card, bank transfer, PerfectMoney, Skrill, Qiwi, CashU, Giropay, Webmoney, Neteller, AstroPay, OkPay, China Union Pay
|Number of Assets
|Types of Assets
|stocks, commodities, currencies, indices
|Option Types
|High/Low, 60 seconds, Boundary, Long term, Touch options
|Account Currency
|US Traders Allowed
|Mobile Trading
|Tablet Trading
|Overall Score
Full Review
24Option – Broker/Platform – Binary options – Opinions / Testimonials / Reviews
24Option is one of the most recognizable platform on the binary option market. The enterprise was established in 2009. Importantly 24Option is also an official sponsor of FV Juventus (football team). The name of the enterprise is the commercial name of Rodler Limited company with its registered office in Cyprus. It is governed by the regulations of the Cyprian office – CySEc – identified with a number 207/13. The enterprise was rewarded twice in a row as the best binary option broker in the world.
24Option – Basic information:
Minimum deposit: To start investing on 24Option platform, you need to paid in a minimum amount of 250 dollars. The minimum rate is 24 dollars, which means you must have some funds to start investing in 24Option.
Demo account: It is a common knowledge that all beginnings are difficult and it is hard to make a decision to invest your capital in something you are not a specialist in. And here comes a demo account. Once you have paid in a minimum amount, you can gain access to a demo account on which you can start with investing virtual cash only. Demo account provides you with 100 virtual dollars which you can use to test your strategies and investment ideas. The demo account helps you gain experience in investing in binary options, as well as acquire knowledge required to achieve success on the market. Do not wait any longer, just use the demo account and start learning how to earn cash of your dreams.
24OPTION – Main advantages:
It is good to know that the platform is available in 17 languages. It is also user-friendly and transparent. Regardless of whether you are a new user or advanced investor, you will not have any difficulties in using it. All functions are intuitive and content is well-distributed. This is to make sure the investor can learn how to navigate on the platform easily and can start doing the most important part – that is investing and trading. If you have any questions or doubts, or if you cannot understand anything, contact customer service of 24Option broker. The assistance is provided in various languages. You can consult the experts around the clock and for the entire week. The support given by 24Option will surely help you develop and acquire new skills.
Types of accounts in 24option:
Broker 24Option is known to assure a high return on investments, which may be as many as 89% for Premium account. Aside from the standard account, you can also choose VIP account which has been divided into Gold and Platinum. If you open VIP account, you must deposit more cash but benefits are numerous. If you deposit 5 thousand dollars, you can gain Gold status, thanks to which you can have a return of 2% from the lost transactions. Plus you can be trained by one of the enterprise's experts. In turn, Platinum variant allows you to have an unlimited contact and assistance from brokers. It is essential that you gain experience and learn from the best specialists on the market. We are sure that such trainings will make your transactions a way more effective.
24Option platform has been translated into numerous languages – English, Polish, Arabic, Russian, Korean, Japanese, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Portuguese, Romanian, Danish, Chinese, Turkish, Indonesian, Latvian, Swedish. As you can see, everyone has an opportunity to earn with 24Option. 24Option enterprise provides the educational platform, which is its strong point. On the website you can find dictionaries with basic terms related to binary options, handbooks, e-books, video tutorials and special online trainings. Sometimes web conferencing is organized and attendance in such events is crucial. This is when you have an opportunity to consult experts, in case of any doubts. The educational platform has been divided into three categories: basic level, intermediate level and advanced level. We need to emphasize customized tutorials available on the chat. You can also be provided with bonuses which will satisfy beginners.
Remember that knowledge and experience are a key to success. At present it is also possible to install the platform on mobile devices, such as smartphones or tablets. Thanks to this application, there are no limits. You can invest anytime you wish. You don't have to wait until you go to work or come back home. Now you can act whenever you feel like to. You control the situation and you are on the ball.
I'd like to discuss another important issue which is surely one of the greatest advantages of 24Option. The broker assures top safety standards and protection of your capital. The company respects top inspection standards and belongs to the group of the best brokers in the world. All your funds are protected by the European law. Additionally, 24Option is authorized to act on the territory of 12 countries.
I do hope that I have convinced you to earn with 24Option broker. As you can see, the company offers a demo account which can help you acquire knowledge and gain experience. If you have any doubts, you can ask the best experts in business. Besides a perfect educational platform will guarantee that that your knowledge will expand and your earnings will exceed your expectations. Do not wait any longer, open a demo account and start investing to earn amounts of your dreams with 24Option.
Visit Broker
Вашият коментар
Трябва да влезете, за да публикувате коментар.


text:
Fox News Whitewashes American Family Association's Record Of Hate
October 15, 2013 10:13 am ET by Hannah Groch-Begley
Fox News whitewashed the record of the anti-gay hate group the American Family Association (AFA), falsely claiming an army training that highlighted the group's attacks on gay marriage was targeting Christians and "traditional" values.
On October 15, Fox News Radio reporter Todd Starnes attacked a military training session in Mississippi on domestic hate groups that included the AFA, calling the training "anti-Christian activity." Co-host Steve Doocy claimed the AFA was a "well-established, traditional Christian ministry," that simply "opposes gay marriage." Starnes concluded by falsely claiming that the military was targeting Christian groups exclusively, despite the fact that an on-air graphic identified the Nation of Islam as one of several groups the military presentation identified.
The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) designated AFA as a hate group for promoting anti-gay attacks that harm individuals and threaten human rights. According to the SPLC (emphasis added):
The AFA has declared that "homosexuality gave us Adolph Hitler ... the Nazi war machine and six million dead Jews," suggested that gay sex be punished like heroin use, and said that the "homosexual agenda" endangers "every fundamental right" in the Constitution, including religious freedom. Both [the AFA and the Family Research Council] have enthusiastically promoted "reparative therapy," which claims against the bulk of the evidence that it can "cure" gay men and lesbians and make them heterosexual, but in fact has left a string of people behind who were badly hurt by the process.
Bryan Fischer, the American Family Association's unofficial spokesman and the group's director of issues analysis, has previously called on the government to prohibit mosques from being built anywhere in the United States, suggested "the most compassionate thing" America can do is deport all Muslims, and wrote that "gay sex is a form of domestic terrorism."
The American Family Association has also enthusiastically endorsed Russian President Vladimir Putin'sdraconian anti-gay laws, with Fischer stating that the country isn't being homophobic but "homorealistic."
Fox News Contributor Sandy Rios: Matthew Shepard Murder Was "A Total Fraud"
Longtime Fox News Producer Testified In Support Of Russia's Anti-Gay Laws
Fox News Reports On The Fake Military Controversy It Helped Invent


text:
Login to rate it!
LIFE FRAMER - Photography competition
Life Framer is a monthly photography award and curated exhibition for the present day.
1 Comment
amaury robert said (26 Feb 2013):
Life Framer is a monthly photography award and curated exhibition for the present day. It's a platform designed to source creative work and showcase outstanding photography. Our aim is to bring exposure to talented photographers from all over the world: your talent, your vision, your life.
Every month we make a call to arms to the photographic community to provide us with their photographs that best capture our theme. We shortlist our favourites, ask a guest judge to select their winners.
In it for you is the chance to be exhibited in a gallery space in central London, to win cash prizes in total and to receive some great recognition and online presence along the way.
The current theme is "A Modern Lifeâ€. We want to find beautiful photographs that capture life at its broadest and most diverse – from the mundane to the magical, all over the world.
To find out more, and to enter online, visit www.life-framer.com