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January, 2009
A woman in a Boston suburb, "locked in" from a brain-stem stroke for more than a decade, checks her e-mail using thoughts alone to command the computer. In a laboratory in Pittsburgh, macaque monkeys learn to feed themselves marshmallows using a thought-controlled prosthetic arm, adapting and refining its movements as if it were their own appendage. In North Carolina, researchers capture the thoughts of a twelve-pound monkey and transmit them to Japan via high-speed Internet to make a twohundred- pound humanlike robot walk, apparently the first instance on record of such remote transmission.
Thought-controlled robotics and computers commanded by neural activity recorded directly from the cortex are no longer strictly the province of science fiction; they are here and now. Recent advances have propelled the young field of "neural prosthetics" forward. As researchers work on the details required to take "brain-computer interfaces" into clinical practice, they have an ambitious vision: to restore mobility or communication to patients with severe neurological damage from brain disease or injury.
To date, four human patients have been fitted with brain-computer interfaces—also variously called neural prosthetics, neural interfaces, or brain-machine interfaces. All four have participated in a pilot clinical trial investigating a neural interface called BrainGate. The system is being developed by Cyberkinetics, Inc., a small company founded by Brown University neuroscientist John P. Donoghue.
Scientists have shown that brain waves can move a robotic arm purposefully. In a study testing this concept, macaque monkeys learned to perform a self-feeding task. (Andrew B. Schwartz, Ph.D. / University of Pittsburgh)
Leigh R. Hochberg, a neurologist at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School and the trial's principal investigator, said in August that one person is currently enrolled, a 54-year-old woman who suffered a stroke in the brain stem twelve years ago, which left her immobilized from the neck down and unable to speak. Using the BrainGate interface, the woman, whose name has not been revealed publicly, has learned to control a computer cursor to conduct rudimentary functions, including opening her e-mail and turning on a television or lights. She has also successfully moved an electronic wheelchair, albeit not while in the chair, using only her intention to do so.
Hochberg said his team worked with her over a thirty-month period in weekly sessions lasting up to eight hours each. Even early in the process, he said, she had achieved "fairly reliable and rapid control of the cursor." The latest results from the trial were presented at the 2008 Society for Neuroscience meeting in November. "There are some things that we can only learn through regular feedback from the patient," Hochberg said. "This woman is teaching us a lot."
Of the three other patients who have been enrolled in the BrainGate trial, two had the device removed after a year—an option that is built into the trial. Both were quadriplegic (paralyzed in all four limbs) following spinal cord injuries at the cervical level. A fourth patient, who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), died after ten months with the interface, due to a ventilator problem apparently unrelated to the brain prosthetic, Hochberg said.
Studies in patients with severe disabilities have provided proof of principle that neural interfaces can work, even in people who have been completely immobilized for many years. But the BrainGate interface, while far and away the farthest along in clinical development, is a long way from the ideal. Even its lead developer, Donoghue, has conceded that the system as it exists now is cumbersome and impractical—primarily because of the large banks of equipment necessary to decode the neural signals into useful commands and the thick wad of cables tethered to the patient's skull that links the interface to the equipment. Still, by all accounts it is an impressive demonstration of what is possible.
"It's important to remember that these are individuals who are otherwise locked in," said William Heetderks, a National Institutes of Health scientist who headed the federal government's neural prosthetics research program for many years. "The neurons being recorded from have not been used to generate movement for many years, in most cases. When you think of it that way, it's kind of amazing that this works at all."
The first results of the BrainGate trial, from a 25-year-old quadriplegic man who has since had the device removed, were reported at the neuroscience meeting in 2004 and later published in Nature.1 When the early results were made public, many people balked at the notion of implanting electrodes in the cortex and questioned whether the technology had been adequately studied in animals before human experiments commenced. Such questions persist.
A monkey feeds itself during a three-dimensional brain control task. In this experiment the monkey controlled the velocity of the arm's endpoint. In subsequent experiments, the monkey also controlled the opening and closing of the arm's grip. (Andrew B. Schwartz, Ph.D. / University of Pittsburgh)
"There will always be this issue of when is it ready to go into humans," Heetderks said at the time. "If you waited until everyone agreed the time was right, it wouldn't happen for a long time. I think the data supporting putting electrodes into humans was strong and fairly convincing in terms of being safe and realistically having a very good chance of working. Obviously, the FDA was convinced," he added, since the agency approved the trial.
As the BrainGate trial continues to enroll patients, other researchers in the forefront of the field are focused on ever more elaborate demonstrations of the utility of neural prosthetics in nonhuman primates. One of the latest reports, published online in Nature in May 2008, came from the University of Pittsburgh laboratory of Andrew B. Schwartz, one of the field's pioneers.2 In what the New York Times called "the most striking demonstration to date of brain-machine interface technology," Schwartz's group trained two monkeys to control an advanced anthropomorphic robotic arm, complete with shoulder and elbow joints and a clawlike gripper serving as a hand.3
The researchers had implanted into the monkeys' primary motor cortex the same kind of electrode grid used in the BrainGate trial, which records signals from about one hundred neurons in the motor cortex. They then trained the animals to generate patterns of brain activity to move the robotic arm in three dimensions. With their own arms gently restrained and the prosthesis positioned near their shoulder, the monkeys learned, after only a few days, to smoothly and naturally reach the arm out to a piece of fruit or a marshmallow, open the gripper and remove the treat from its peg, return the treat to their mouths, and open the gripper to release the food. Even more remarkably, the monkeys learned to adapt the movements of the robotic arm, adjusting its movement, for example, when a marshmallow became stuck on the gripper or when the researchers changed the location of the treat.
In an editorial accompanying the Nature paper, John F. Kalaska, a neurophysiologist at the University of Montreal, called the work "the first reported demonstration of the use of [brain-machine interface] technology by subjects to perform a practical behavioral act—feeding themselves," and said it represents the "current state of the art in the development of neuroprosthetic controllers."4
To Schwartz, the primary significance of the report is that "the animal is working in the real world. Up until now, there have just been demonstrations of subjects moving a cursor on a computer screen. Our research shows that this can work in three dimensions, not just two." (Three-dimensional movement would enable a patient to have far greater capacity for performing basic functions of daily living, such as eating.)
The most recent reports build on previous research in primates, including a 2003 paper by Miguel Nicolelis's laboratory at Duke University demonstrating that a monkey could be taught to use brain activity to move a disembodied, rudimentary robotic arm, the first published report of a primate reaching and grasping with a robotic arm via a neural interface.5
In work not yet published but reported in January 2008 by the New York Times, Nicolelis's group demonstrated for the first time that a monkey's brain signals could make a robot located on the other side of the world walk.6 The researchers recorded the monkey's neural signals as it walked on a treadmill, then decoded the signals and transmitted them to a laboratory in Japan, where they were fed into an advanced robot that mimics human locomotion. When the monkey walked, so did the robot, and the monkey was able to see the effects on a large-screen video monitor placed in front of her, providing critical visual feedback. The robot's movement precisely mimicked the monkey's, according to the news report. After an hour or so, the researchers stopped the monkey's treadmill. The robot kept walking. Apparently, a subset of the monkey's neurons had "adopted" the robot's leg movements as the monkey's own movements, and encouraged by tasty rewards, the monkey had learned to keep the robot moving.
Miguel Nicolelis and colleagues at Duke University taught monkeys to use brain signals to control the movements of a robot on the other side of the world. The researchers trained some of the monkey's neurons to "adopt" the machine's locomotion as its own. (Miguel Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D. / Duke University)
Fantastical as it may seem, the concept behind such demonstrations is fairly straightforward: record electrical activity from the right set of neurons and translate the signals, via sophisticated mathematical algorithms, to power external devices—be it a computer cursor, a prosthetic limb, or a wheelchair. In reality, of course, executing the concept is anything but simple. It has taken decades of concerted effort by a small but growing group of researchers to advance neural interface technology from a pie-in-the-sky concept to here-and-now reality.
The NIH neural prosthetics program, now in its fortieth year, nursed the young field along by funding many of the research groups now in the forefront. A piece of this program was aimed at doing precisely what has now been done: use neural signals recorded from the cortex to control an external device.
"When we started this, we asked what would constitute a minimum demonstration of feasibility," Heetderks said. "We decided that one-dimensional control was a reasonable place to start." The most recent results by Schwartz's group "are more elegant than we had imagined," Heetderks said, because they extend movement into three-dimensional space, which allows natural, fluid movement.
The latest advances build on decades of basic science research aimed at unraveling the function of the brain's motor cortex, where movements are initiated and carried out, and relating specific neuronal populations to movement direction and velocity. In the early 1970s, Eberhard Fetz, now at the University of Washington, Seattle, and colleagues demonstrated that monkeys could be trained to increase or decrease their cortical activity to move a device akin to a radio dial up or down, work that Hochberg called "instrumental" in proving the principles behind today's neural prosthetics. In addition, basic research in the 1980s by Schwartz and his mentor, Apostolos Georgopoulos, a cognitive neuroscientist now at the University of Minnesota, had demonstrated that it should be possible to get "good three-dimensional control" of external devices by recording from as few as fifty or sixty neurons in the motor cortex, Heetderks said.
Largely as a result of the strength of such basic research, Heetderks said, "There was never really any question that this was possible, in principle." Rather, the question was "how much information do you have to pull out of the brain to make precise movements?"
The advent of cochlear implants for the hearing-impaired, first developed in the 1960s and used today by more than 100,000 people, has provided critical proof of principle that it is possible to alter sensory function by targeting a relatively small number of neurons. The devices are composed of a tiny external headpiece and processor that pick up sound waves and convert them into digital signals that are then transmitted through the skin to the implant, which is attached to the skull inside the ear. The signals activate electrodes within the cochlea, a critical organ in the brain's hearing machinery, to stimulate neurons connected to dysfunctional inner-ear cells called "hair" cells, which normally transmit sounds to the brain.
"It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the cochlear implant to the development of neural prosthetics," said Heetderks, pointing out that early versions of the cochlear implant used only four stimulating electrodes, while modern models use about twenty. "Thirty years ago, I would have said it won't work: how could you possibly represent all the richness of sound with just a few stimulating electrodes?
"The fact that it worked shows how remarkable the brain is at interpreting scrambled information," Heetderks added. "It made believers out of doubters."
As the young field of neural prosthetics marches forward, several key challenges remain. In particular, experts cite the need to improve the long-term reliability of the implanted electrode arrays that are used to record neural signals. The current participant in the BrainGate trial has had her implant in place for nearly three years, and while it has continued to operate throughout that period, the researchers have seen fluctuations of unknown cause in the richness of the signals, according to Hochberg. Researchers are also concerned about the "foreign-body response" of immune cells to electrodes chronically implanted in the brain, he said. "It's clear that we have to improve the recording stability, either by changing the material or the surgical methods used for implanting the electrodes."
Richard A. Andersen, a neurobiologist at the California Institute of Technology with expertise in optimizing signal-recording methods for neural prosthetics, doesn't think that "recording longevity," as he terms it, is a significant limitation for the field. "If the electrodes are well-made and durable, it appears that they can last for years," he said.
Researchers also hope to make the neural interface systems more practical for human use. Development of a wireless interface is critical, to obviate the need for cables running from the brain implant to the decoding hardware. The challenge there, according to Andersen, is to develop an implant that has a built-in power source and is sufficiently low-powered that it will not heat up brain tissue, which could cause serious problems. A number of groups are working to overcome this hurdle, which requires developing a fully implantable electrode array with integrated electronics, a power source, and high-resolution signal transmission. Donoghue's group at Brown, for example, is developing a fully implantable neuromotor prosthetic "microsystem-on-a-chip," which incorporates advanced ultra-low power microelectronic circuits and processors. Fiber-optic technologies are also being exploited as a means to provide both a power source and efficient signal transmission.
Scientists continue to debate which neural signals to capture to achieve the best results. The BrainGate system and the systems used by Schwartz and Nicolelis in the most recent advances target a discrete population of neurons in the motor cortex—an appealing target because of the long history of solid basic research delineating the precise actions of these cortical motor neurons. But other targets may afford advantages also. Andersen's team has focused on a part of the parietal cortex involved in reaching movements.
Recording from neurons in this "reach region" of the parietal cortex provides higher-level signals related to the goals of movements—the stage just before a motor command is issued. Andersen said targeting these signals has the advantage of enabling the decoding of a wide variety of cognitive signals, which opens new possibilities for using neural prosthetics for a range of cognitive functions well beyond movement. For example, it might be possible to record thoughts from speech areas to facilitate communication in locked-in patients. In the distant future, electrodes may record from multiple regions of the cortex to drive a potentially unlimited range of cognitive functions.
Despite the challenges, researchers in the trenches of this field are optimistic. "I don't see any major insurmountable challenges to moving the field forward," said Andersen. Schwartz echoes this sentiment: "Most of the challenges that remain are not earth-shattering, but rather mundane problems. There is nothing here that a concerted effort can't address."
A concerted effort to take neural prosthetics to the next level is precisely what the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has in mind with its "Revolutionizing Prosthetics" initiative. With a budget of nearly $50 million over six years, the military-funded project focuses multiple research centers on the goal of producing an advanced neural-controlled prosthetic arm that allows the user the full function and capability of a normal human arm—ideally to allow the user enough fine-motor control to thread a needle or play a piano. DARPA expects to begin clinical trials to test the brain-to-arm interface system in 2009.
1. Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, Branner A, Chen D, Penn RD, and Donoghue JD. Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia. Nature 2006 442(13):164–170.
2. Velliste M, Perel S, Spalding MC, Whitford AS, and Schwartz AB. Cortical control of a prosthetic arm for self-feeding. Nature 2008 453(7198):1098–1101.
3. Carey B. Monkeys think, moving artificial arm as own. New York Times, May 29, 2008.
4. Kalaska JF. News and views: Brain control of a helping hand. Nature 2008 453:994–995.
5. Carmena JM, Lebedev MA, Crist RE, O'Doherty JE, Santucci DM, Dimitrov DF, Patil PG, Henriquez CS, and Nicolelis MA. Learning to control a brain-machine interface for reaching and grasping by primates. Public Library of Science–Biology 2003 1(2):E42.
6. Blakeslee S. Monkey's thoughts propel robot, a step that may help humans. New York Times, January 15, 2008.
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text:
Dolph Ziggler was interviewed by "Between the Ropes" radio show. Here are some highlights.
On wrestlers telling him his style will lead to serious injuries down the line: "I've been pulled aside by legends and guys backstage and being told that I put my body through too much sometimes. I understand that, but I'm out there in the ring trying to give the best possible performance I can. I can't not run into something as hard as I can. I can't not give my all. And one day that could be a problem, but so far I've never been injured to where I was out for weeks from anything I've done."
On why he wrestles the hard-nosed style that he does: "I got kicked in the head one time and, like you said, it was a fluke, and every other thing I've done I put my body on the line because I want to because I want this crowd to go 'ooh' and 'ahh' and 'Wow, we've got to get behind this guy.' I go there to prove to myself that I'm going to work harder than everyone else and I always will."
On losing momentum after suffering a concussion: "I feel like before the concussion we were finally starting to get some momentum. I was the only guy in this business who had a girlfriend and a giant bodyguard ringside with me and would still lose every night. As we were starting to work together and actually piece together some wins, I started to feel this is how a faction works. Just then, I got the concussion and I think that set back a few things and put in motion that maybe it's time everyone goes their separate ways."

subset: commoncrawl


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Friends, it had been many months since I, the Duke of DVD, had last set about on an adventure to procure some forgotten fragment of cinematic lore. Growing corpulent and pasty in my indolence, I decided that once again I should set forth, to risk life and limb, in order to bring the gospel back down from the mount. A missive from an old friend spurred me on, having mentioned that a particularly nasty morsel of film had recently been located, using a rather ribald form of scapulimancy involving the shoulder blades of a heretic priest.
Needless to say, with this kind of confirmation, how could I not go looking? Very quickly my retinue was ready, the necessary spells and cantrips protecting my carriage as it rumbled forth. I won't bore you with the details of the journey itself, except to say that if you ever find yourself in the lower foothills of northern Romania, you could do a lot worse than to stay at Wilhelm's Runny Gutter Bed & Breakfast.
Soon, I found myself in a dark crypt underneath the remains of a druid cairn field. The very air was electric with energies, and reeked of mouse pee. Without warning, the cave collapsed behind us, leaving myself and three faithful mute servants. Again, I skip the details, but suffice it to say they did not mind my using their femurs to fashion a crude shovel to dig myself out later. Luckily, the prize I sought was not too much further in, nestled in a small chest bound with human flesh and etched with powerful runes.
As you probably already expect, inside this protected box (which one of my servants graciously opened for me, his body twisting and finally disappearing into that region beyond time after he laid hands upon it) was an object of immense value, a film that I had long sought after but had not yet watched…
Sleepaway Camp 2: Unhappy Campers!
I'm just going to get this out of the way: Sleepaway Camp 2 is not a good movie. In fact, it fairly sucks. However! Stay your hand, sir or madam. I see your pocked appendage, sliding over towards the mouse, your sausage-like fingers itching to surf away from MMMMMovies, your mind already turning towards what new donkey porn that might have been released since you last checked. Do not go gentle into that good night!
Yes, Sleepaway Camp 2 is hideous, but that doesn't mean we can't derive some form of enjoyment from it. Perhaps we shall count the number of mullets, or the number of times 80s hair band music plays. Perhaps we'll see how many teats are displayed in a 5-minute span, and then see if the movie can break that record. The possibilities are endless!
It's hard to talk about SC2 without ruining the surprise ending to the first Sleepaway Camp, so before I tread into spoiler territory, I suggest you stop reading now if you haven't seen the first one and go watch it, then come back! It's a good movie, so it's worth your time.
*spoilers ahoy!*
So, as we know from the first movie, Angela was really a dude, the scary image of "her" standing naked, teeth bared in a snarl, was fairly shocking, and made a movie full of guys wearing short-shorts worthwhile. In the sequel, we still have guys wearing short-shorts, but gone is the creatively and aplomb which made the first film so righteous.
Instead, we are left with a hollow shell of a movie that exists only to make a buck off the good name of the first one. Sleepaway Camp 2 also tries its hardest to steal some viewership off the backs of A Nightmare on Elm Street and the Friday the 13th series. I mean, just look at the front cover/movie poster! The producers didn't stop there, though. Not content to try and piggyback on better movies, they also somehow got Pamela Springsteen (yes, that Springsteen, she's his sister) to star in their film. Did they stop there?
Fuck no, madam! They also got Renee Estevez, sister to Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen! With their cast now set, failure was no longer an option. The movie opens with, of course, a campfire. A mulletted jock-type with an affectation for short-shorts and with the awesome moniker of "TC" (not to be confused with the godlike TP of 1982's MADMAN fame!) is recounting a story about something or other. The kids sitting around the fire are not in the least impressed.
One of them, the only girl present, then tells the story of Camp Arawak, the camp from the first movie. We learn that Angela, transsexual lunatic, has since gotten a sex change, courtesy of the insane asylum where she was being kept. (That's right: not content with the feeding and care of insane people, the state has determined that expensive and controversial sex changes are also needed to help their patients. That's a health care plan the Duke fully endorses!)
Naturally, no one has seen or heard from Angela since. And with that, Angela the Counselor (hmmm, could it be? Naw, surely not!) comes walking up, reprimanding the lone girl in the bunch for running off and hanging with the boys. She escorts the girl back to the cabin, or starts to anyway, before grabbing a nearby log and beating the girl's brains out! Obviously, the movie has to end here, because how could she cover up such a horrid crime!
But wait! Angela has the perfect alibi. An elderly gent that everyone calls Uncle John (the reason is never clear) is the grant overseer of the camp. He believes Angela instantly when she tells him that the girl she offed has had to be sent home, due to "improper goings on" with the men-folk. Uncle John takes this at face value, shaking his head in a "Oh, that silly Angela, what we she do next!" fashion, a motion we see him go through many times over.
In fact, here is the main problem with the movie. What we got in the first 15 minutes is endlessly repeated: Angela kills someone for the tiniest of infractions (ok, exposing your tits to the boys isn't tiny per se), kills them in a gruesome fashion, and then explains away their disappearance by saying that she had to send the offending kid home. No one ever witnesses these leave-takings, but no one really ever questions her response. The head count keeps going down and down, but no one really cares to notice.
Let's run things down, shall we. First off, we have the girls, every one of them sluts except for the chaste Molly, who is in love with the main hunky dude of the film. The lesser hunky dude gets Ally, the most free with her tits girl I've seen in the slasher genre. She has long conversations topless, and is pretty much the center of any sex scene in the movie. Valerie Hartman makes shows your tits off look easy, be it through the use of wet t-shirts, or receiving some of the most sloppy cunnilingus this side of the Vicar's Birthday Fete.
I mentioned the dudes of the movie already, and they really just exist to be killed or pine after the women-folk. TC, though, steals any scene he's in, with his powerful mullet and ability to radiate manliness and dorkery simultaneously. Uncle John exists merely to shake his head ruefully at Angela and mutter vaguely coherent things at the morning breakfast.
The murders actually work fairly well, and are generally gruesome, but not overly gory. Blood sprays, but not in mass quantities. Angela employs a wide range of deadly implements, including chainsaws, electric drills, handy tree limbs, burning people alive with gasoline, and numerous stabby things. In one notable scene, two teen punks attempt to scare Angela by dressing up like Freddy from A Nightmare on Elm Street and the other dressing up as Jason. Their plot goes slightly awry when Angela steals the Freddy glove and uses it to cut the throat of one of the kids! The other she offs with a chainsaw. She kills and kills until finally the mousey Molly gets her boyfriend and convinces him that something's rotten in the Camp of Rolling Hills.
The two of them eventually stumble upon the remains of Camp Arawak, and discover, in one of the dilapidated cabins, Angela's house of horrors. Every victim she has reaped throughout the film is situated here, bleeding and rotting. She has a few candles burning as well, I can only assume in some vain attempt to mask the unholy smell. No sooner have the teens discovered this mess than Angela barges in, catching them in the act, and beats the boyfriend with a stick.
After tying them up, she proceeds to decapitate the boyfriend, and then somehow bungles up and lets the girl Molly escape. Running for her life, with Angela in hot pursuit, Molly makes it a little ways through the woods before Angela finally catches her and shoves her off a cliff, leaving her for dead. Back at the camp, darkness has fallen, and Angela proceeds to tie up loose ends: Meaning, killing everyone left at the camp!
She hangs TC, cuts Uncle John's throat (and his hand off, for some reason) and stabs the other female counselor whose name escapes me. The rest of the kids aren't shown. Molly wakes up, not dead after all, and flees through the dark, finally finding a road. A car comes up and, of course, it's Angela driving. The film ends on a freeze-frame of Molly's terrified face.
In the end, this movie is a pale shadow of the first Sleepaway Camp, which itself wasn't the greatest slasher ever, not by a long shot. Sleepaway Camp 2 just seemed rudderless, adrift on a sea of its own greed. Sure, it has some gratuitous nudity, and some decent sex scenes, but that's about it. Special mention goes to the rockin' hair band music (including fucking ANVIL!) as well as obvious music product placement in the form of a Poison poster on one of the girl's dorm walls, and a Flotsam & Jetsam album placed in-between two corpses in Angela's hidey-hole.
In the end, friends, the journey didn't live up to the hype. If it had been obvious to me that the creators of this film had really tried, really fought to make their vision realized, I could have forgiven a lot.
Unfortunately, Sleepaway Camp 2 isn't a glorious failure… it is simply a failure.
1 Thumb Up.
Monday, April 5, 2010
Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers (1988)
Posted by The Duke of DVD at 7:00 AM
Labels: '80s, 0-1 Thumbs, Psycho Killer, Slasher Movie Ripoffs
11 comments:
- The Vicar of VHS said...
Ah, my friend, I must respectfully disagree with you a bit on this one. I actually liked it okay, though of course it can't possibly live up to the awesomeness of the first (which you should retroactively review, imo!). Still, I remember enjoying the mullets, the short-shorts, the snottyness of the main "villain" girl--who has a pretty awesome woodland romp in this one, IIRC. (Bonus trivia--her partner in this scene was only 17, thus underage, and as a result a stunt pony was brought in for her to simulate riding).
Part 3, though--now THAT was a waste of time!
- April 5, 2010 at 8:43 AM
- TimTE01 said...
I see someone else has Chiller too, huh? They just played Part 2 and 3 last week, but I only caught part of it.
The parts I saw were not that good, but I'm still looking forward to doing future reviews on them.
Can they possibly be worse than 'Prom Night 3?'
- April 5, 2010 at 11:56 AM
- Richard of DM said...
I love Sleepaway Camp II. It is one of those cheap pieces of shit that somehow manages to be utterly charming. I have a (sort of) crush on Angela, the villainess (who used to have a penis). (I'm conflicted.)
- April 5, 2010 at 1:10 PM
- Inspector Winship said...
Duke I have to disagree with your piddly 1 thumb rating. This is at least a 2.5. It has it all - campy acting, impossibly gorey murders done on the fly, T&A and an offspring of Martin Sheen. My God man, what else do you want?
On the other hand, the next two films were Utter. Crap.
- April 5, 2010 at 2:02 PM
- The Duke of DVD said...
Fellows, gentlemen, simmer down now! Please, I beseech you... Winship, put down that musket!
Now, everyone back to their seats... yes, quiet please...
Ok, now. Let me explain. SC2 just came off as a cheap insult to the first movie to me, which I love dearly. Sure, it was campy, which we all love, but it just felt hollow to me.
Ok, I admit, Ms. Springsteen did wacky wierdo killer fairly well, cheerfully smiling as she employed a drill to someone's skull. I also admit open love for TC and his mullet.
However, I just felt, in the end, that the director/producers tried too much on the cheap knockoff front and not enough on the "Hey, let's do more than string a bunch of kills together!" front.
Perhaps it was because I ran out of bourbon, or perhaps I'm simply on my period, but the movie just falls flat, for me.
Now, I'm going to review part III and IV, and we'll see what true horror is...
- April 5, 2010 at 2:35 PM
- The Vicar of VHS said...
If you're going to go on through 3 and 4, you should bolster yourself (and all of us!) with a retroactive review on part 1!
- April 5, 2010 at 3:01 PM
- The Duke of DVD said...
You are correct, Vicar. I didn't start there because I figured I'd bring word of the lesser-known sequels, but it will give more perspective.
Ok, I'll attempt to contact dark forces and arrange a delivery. Wish me luck!
- April 5, 2010 at 3:30 PM
- JamiSings said...
I didn't even know Bruce or Charlie had sisters! I thought Bruce was an only child and there was nothing but boys in the other family! Leave it to the Duke to teach me something new!
- April 5, 2010 at 6:01 PM
- The Duke of DVD said...
@JamiSings - Oh, I'm a very good teacher! You should attend my next seminar entitled "Red Asses: Get Spanked And Lose Weight". My last one is available on tape, "Cannib-yes! Smoke Yourself To Happiness."
- April 5, 2010 at 6:10 PM
- JamiSings said...
I can get spanked AND lose weight? SIGN ME UP! Only thing better is if you threw in some tickle with that slap! LOL
- April 7, 2010 at 4:11 PM
- J.T. said...
Just wanted to point out one thing, TC isn't hanged. TC gets the battery acid thrown on his face up in the cabin.
- April 7, 2010 at 5:57 PM


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text:
Subject: Liquidity
Date: June 8, 2012
To: Chief Executive Officers of All National Banks and Federal Savings Associations, Department and Division Heads, All Examining Personnel, and Other Interested Parties
Description: Comptroller's Handbook Revisions and Rescissions
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) recently revised the "Liquidity" booklet of the Comptroller's Handbook, which replaces a similarly titled booklet issued in February 2001. This revised booklet provides updated guidance to examiners and bankers on assessing the quantity of liquidity risk exposure and the quality of liquidity risk management. The major revisions to this booklet include the following:
In accordance with the OCC's supervision-by-risk approach, examiners will generally use the liquidity core examination procedures, which can be found in the 2010 "Community Bank Supervision" booklet and the 2010 "Large Bank Supervision" booklet in the Comptroller's Handbook. Examiners will supplement the procedures listed in these booklets, as appropriate, with the updated procedures detailed in the "Liquidity" booklet, for additional analysis of liquidity risk. With the issuance of this guidance, the following Office of Thrift Supervision guidance pertaining to liquidity risk is hereby rescinded:
The OCC's "Funds Management" booklet of the Comptroller's Handbook has also been rescinded, effective immediately. OCC Advisory Letter 2001-5, "Brokered and Rate-Sensitive Deposits," has been rescinded, while the "Joint Agency Advisory on Brokered and Rate-Sensitive Deposits" has been incorporated into the "Liquidity" booklet as an appendix.
Further Information
John Lyons
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Pierre's Airport Tops 10,000 Passengers for Year
PIERRE, S.D. (AP) - Pierre Regional Airport has topped 10,000 passengers for the year, allowing the facility to receive its $1 million in federal funding for airport improvement projects.
KCCR radio reports that some city officials were concerned earlier this year that the number may be hard to reach. But monthly boarding numbers for each of the past six months were close to or above 1,000 passengers.
City Commissioner Jamie Huizenga says the numbers show that the city's air service is moving in the right direction.
Nearly 1,300 passengers boarded at Pierre Regional in November.
Huizenga says the extra flights offered by Great Lakes Airlines to Minneapolis and Denver that started Saturday should help increase the December total.
Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All rights reserved. Material may not be redistributed.


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The Waitress
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|There are no guarantees in this short life though every accomplishment adds to our legacy of production. We are compounding our boodle and improving our returns. We generate wealth by making original things people need or want. Just good old fashioned capitalism. Time tested and true. Come join our growing society of productive means.
|© 2016-2017 Verboten Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.


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GREENVILLE, N.C. (AP) Miguel Paul scored 24 points and Maurice Kemp put up 16 points and 10 rebounds to lead East Carolina to a 76-73 victory over UNC Greensboro on Friday night.
Akeem Richmond also scored 16 points.
The Pirates' 3-0 start is their first since the 2008-09 season, and Kemp has scored in double figures in all three games.
Trevis Simpson scored 19, Korey Van Dussen had 18, and and Kayel Locke added 14 points for the Spartans (1-2).
Miguel shot 7 of 12 from the field, including 3 of 5 from beyond the arc, and he made 7 of 8 free throws. Kemp was 8 of 10 on foul shots as the Pirates outscored the Spartans 21-10 from the free-throw line.
East Carolina trailed 62-59 with 8:06 left, but a dunk by Kemp and Richmond's 3-pointer put the Pirates ahead to stay.


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Smarter endpoints and smarter network: An end to end Medianet becomes a reality!
Finally it's here. Cisco has been working on integrating the Media Services Interface (MSI) into the WebEx Meeting Client.
For those unfamiliar with the MSI, it's an SDK developed to enable applications to interact with a Cisco Medianet. One of the long standing challenges IT organizations have faced has been to harmonize the needs of applications and endpoints with the network services required to meet those needs. It's been a case of ships in the night as network administrators have done their best to deliver services while having limited interaction with the endpoints and applications that leverage those services. Asking endpoints and applications to consistently implement all the networking protocols to enable them to leverage the network has often led to mixed results; inconsistent or incomplete protocol stack implementations led to interoperability issues with the burden usually falling on the end customer.
What we've managed to do here is take brand new technology like media monitoring that includes features such as performance monitor and mediatrace through the MSI enabled an application like the WebEx meeting client to fully participate in the Cisco medianet architecture. We've pushed the boundary of the network right out to the endpoint application enabling them to analyze the same network performance metrics as the network devices. In fact, it goes beyond that. With automated, inbuilt thresholds the WebEx Meeting client will be the first application that can dynamically retrieve diagnostic information from the network for the flows it's generating and receiving. For the rich media applications, the network is no longer a cloud or some sort of black hole, through mediatrace the applications are given real visibility into what is going on and what is affecting the quality of experience which is going to be a major factor in enabling customers to transition to a pervasive video environment where users default to video rather than voice calls. It's not just good for the application admin; imagine being a network administrator and having the applications participating in an end to end system that enables them to troubleshoot an application and not just an endpoint with an IP address.
An IT/conference manager can identify where a problem occurred using Mediatrace in real time during a WebEx session.
What makes this special is that at the outset we have applications that are actively talking to the network and leveraging leading edge services that will make deployment and operations easier for the end customers. Although the main focus is for video applications, this could just as easily be applied to voice or indeed data applications. With Medianet and this integration by the WebEx meeting client, this heralds a new era of integration between client and network. Networks can be laser focused in their applications of services and applications such as WebEx, traditionally a cloud service, can be more relevant to the enterprise network than ever before.
Meet the medianet team at Interop, Las Vegas, May8-12, 2011 to learn more and see a demo of the solution.
In an effort to keep conversations fresh, Cisco Blogs closes comments after 60 days. Please visit the Cisco Blogs hub page for the latest content.


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Patient care is our most important job. We want to make sure your experience is as pleasant as possible. This section contains information about the services and resources available to the patients and visitors of Oak Hill Hospital.View Our Patient Guide
For Patients
- Clinical Services
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- Patient Guide
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Lupus Nocte is a down and out kid who likes to help others so they can be happy, but doesn't actually find happiness because he lives at an orphanage. But when he saves someone from a Hit and Run Driver, a rift from the digital world opens up and brings him inside. Once inside, he becomes part of something bigger than what he knew and must save a world that is part of the one he calls home. Updates are now whenever I'm not lazy. Please make sure to leave a comment and a fave because that provides me motivation to continue. Credits to everything and everyone that appear in the comic pages.
Page 68: I got a bad feeling about this
September 23rd, 2014, 9:34 pm
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five bits its a bounty
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It's such a natural it leaves us wondering why this hasn't been going on long before this premier event. The Coker Tire/Honest Charley complex in Chattanooga is the perfect place for a cruise night. There are two restaurants on the same block and several more within easy walking distance. The buildings that house Coker Tire, Honest Charley and the Honest Charley Garage (a full service rod and restoration shop) provide the perfect backdrop to a couple hundred cars parked around the entire block. With all three of the businesses also holding an open house the event gets even better. Inside the Coker building, which is a wonderfully restored old building, you were able tour the museum of vintage cars, hot rods and a large collection of early motorcycles. Outside the band was playing and people were kicked back having a great time in perfect 75 degree temperatures. But wait, there's more.
This is also the weekend of the Coker Tire Challenge, a time and distance rally that covers hundreds of miles of some of the most scenic roads in the country. This year nearly fifty cars entered and they ranged from 1920's open wheel racers to fifties sedans. The "Challenge Cars" returned from a day on the rally roads to a great cruise night. All the way around it was just a great evening and we look forward to more cruise nights at this great location.


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Call us 7 days a week
Correll Horseshoe Activity Tables With Standard And Juvenile Height Are Used For Schools, Pre-Schools, Nurseries, Kindergartens, Churches And Other Interactive Group Activity Environments And Applications.
Correll Horseshoe Activity Tables With Standard And Juvenile Height are constructed with solid steel black and chrome finished legs and frames and 1/4 inch thick high pressure laminate tops for long lasting durability and dependability. Pre-attached leg brackets for fast assembly. Oversize hairpin brace on legs and shouldered set screw for added safety and strength. SpeedWrench for fast and easy height adjustments. Standard Height tables adjust from 21 to 30 inches in 1 inch increments for Elementary School to Adult applications. Juvenile Height tables adjust from 16 to 25 inches in 1 inch increments for Pre-School through Elementary applications. Each height table measures 66 inches in length and 60 inches in width and is available in Blue, Fusion Maple, Gray Granite, Green, Medium Oak, Red, Walnut, White and Yellow color finishes. NOTE: Standard Height units will ship if no preference is indicated.
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From burning Birkin bags to Barbies in Bondage or a clad Lindsay Lohan playing with guns, Tyler Shields' subjects are as Hollywood as the photographer himself. Even his Tate Modern acquisition was documented on Mrs. Eastwood And Company, an E! reality television show.
Like Andy Warhol, Shields' famous connections and brazen use of them, make his work ripe for the picking, for better or worse.
His most captivating imagery, to us, however, has less obvious celebrity shock value, depicting instead more theatrical situations where subjects are posed, mid-action, falling from rooftops or engaged in colorful night fights.


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HARARE: Mitchell Johnson's path of inadvertent destruction has continued in Harare with a Zimbabwean cricketer sacked - apparently for posting a video of the Australian bowling fast.
In what must rank as one of the harshest firings in cricket history, Zimbabwe fast bowler Tinashe Panyangara has paid the price for sharing a video with teammates on social media app, Whatsapp chat, of Johnson in action against England during the last Ashes series.
Sending around the video of Johnson's bouncers, and implying Zimbabwe's batsmen might be in for a tough time against the quickest man in world cricket, has been deemed worthy of a $US1000 ($A1082) fine and being stood down for the rest of the tri-series.
This is the video Panyangara is rumoured to have sent to his teammates.
Panyangara allegedly shared the video on Sunday night, on the eve of Zimbabwe's opening ODI clash with Australia.
Several media outlets reported its distribution cost him his place in the side and the fine.
The bizarre news comes two days after Johnson smashed the window of the Harare Sports Club commentary box with a straight six, sending callers flying.
Zimbabwe Cricket issued an official statement which made no mention of the reasons for Panyangara's punishment, however it said the team's disciplinary committee had found the side's most experienced seamer "disruptive in the build-up to the first ODI of the triangular series".
Johnson took one wicket and struck Zimbabwe captain Elton Chigumbura on the helmet, in a match Australia won by 198 runs.
It's not the first iron-fisted decision made by Zimbabwe coach Steve Mangongo in recent times.
He dropped Luke Jongwe for breaching team curfew and the team's best player Brendan Taylor for an unexplained reason.
Mangongo reportedly sets a tight 9.30pm curfew for Zimbabwe players and doesn't let them consume alcohol.


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Winter Manure Spreading Ban Ends on April 1 – But Should You Begin Spreading Manure?
Jim Leland
Director, Ag Resource Management Division
Agency of Agriculture, Food, and Markets 802-828-2431
Winter Manure Spreading Ban Ends on April 1 – But Should You Begin Spreading Manure?
While April 1st signals the end of the Winter Manure Spreading Ban imposed by the Accepted Agricultural Practice Regulations (AAPs), the continued presence of snow pack on farm fields will present a challenge to farmers who wish to start spreading manure as soon as the ban is over. The AAPs require that all agricultural wastes be managed in order to prevent adverse impacts to water quality. That means that while it is legal to spread manure once the Winter Ban is over, manure must still be applied in a way that does not result in runoff of manure to surface water or across property boundaries. Once the snow begins to melt, manure can be carried away to the low points in the landscape.
To help you remain in compliance with the AAPs, the Agency of Agriculture strongly recommends the following:
▪ If you still have room in your manure pit, wait until snow is off the fields before you spread manure.
▪ If you must spread manure before snow is off the fields:
- choose fields that are relatively flat and far away from rivers and streams
- if you must spread on fields near rivers and streams, do not apply manure within 150 feet of the top of the bank
- if you are spreading in fields with ditches, do not apply manure within 150 feet of the ditch
- do not apply manure within 100 feet of property lines and roads.
- Utilize reduced rates of application
In addition, those farms operating under an NRCS 590 compliant nutrient management plan are advised that application of manure to frozen ground or snow covered ground or in conditions where offsite losses of nutrients are likely is prohibited unless the above criteria are considered when selecting sites for application.
If you observe these added safety precautions while land applying manure in the presence of snow, you will help to minimize any runoff of manure that could occur during snow melt. The Agency urges all those considering applying manure at this time of year to operate with the utmost of care so that water quality is best protected.
For questions about the AAPs and how to manage your manure application operations to prevent impacts to water quality, please call the Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets at 802-828-2431.


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View Event Center Membership information here.
The Event Center has a comprehensive Wellness Center. A large weight room on the main floor features a wide array of free weights and machines. The Cybex equipment is the best available and staff is here to develop personalized training plans for patrons. See rates and fitness center hours below.
The upper level of the building has a cardiovascular work-out area. Full of cycles, cross trainers, treadmills, additional weight machines and numerous specialized fitness tools, this area overlooks the main arena and has overhead televisions.
The auxiliary gym, located at the opposite end of the building, provides a second area for varied activity. Day to day it is used for practice and play, but easily converts into a two-court tournament area with or without a center drape. It is ideal for team warm-up space, special program accommodations or a convention exhibit hall. Again, notice the large overhead door which allows large items to be moved into this area.
A batting cage for indoor baseball and softball practice may be lowered from the ceiling as needed. This gym floor, which also moves with motion, is striped for basketball, badminton, and indoor tennis play. Volleyball is frequently played here as well.
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CHERRY POINT � The departing commander of Fleet Readiness Center East thanked managers and a legion of professionals for �chasing perfection� at the Cherry Point aircraft repair and maintenance facility.
CHERRY POINT � The departing commander of Fleet Readiness Center East thanked managers and a legion of professionals for �chasing perfection� at the Cherry Point aircraft repair and maintenance facility.
�You did it. Not me. You did it,� said Col. Mitchell Bauman, 54, who retired after 32 years in the Marine Corps and two years leading the depot at Cherry Point.
Bauman handed over the colors to his successor, Col. Blayne H. Spratlin, at a change of command ceremony in the 70-year-old facility on Thursday.
�The F-35 is going to show up here in your back yard this summer. You can�t get much better than this,� Bauman told a large portion of the 3,300 employees of the facility that sprawls on 150 acres at the Marine Corps air station.
�You have set the bar high,� said Rear Admiral Cindy L. Jaynes, commander of Fleet Readiness Centers, in congratulating Bauman on his time at FRC East. �You have shown a tremendous will to win. You have made a difference.�
Guest speaker George J. Trautman III, a retired Marine lieutenant general, described Bauman as a �fiercely compassionate leader� with �incredible insight and skill� who is �solid, practical and still a farm boy at heart.�
Trautman said two of the most important contributions Bauman made to Marine Corps aviation were the ongoing transition from the CH-46 Frog to the MV-22 Osprey and from the AV-8B Harrier to the Joint Strike Fighter.
�He�s a data-driven problem-solver who knows how to ask the right questions and then follow through to ensure success,� Trautman said. �He has a distinct disdain for the status quo.�
Bauman was credited with improving safety, shortening turnaround times and lowering costs at the facility.
Bauman told those at Thursday�s ceremony that FRC East workers compared him to Captain Ahab from the novel �Moby Dick� at a recent retirement party.
�It�s time to hand it over to my trusty confidant, Ishmael,� he said of Spratlin. �It�s time to give him the boat. He�s ready, willing and able to sustain the gains we�ve made.�
The employees gave Bauman a standing ovation.
�Captain Ahab is going to be a hard act to follow,� Spratlin said.
Jaynes said Spratlin was the right man to lead FRC East into the future.
�You understand the needs of the warfighter because you are one,� Jaynes said. �What a fine man to lead FRC East. Keep it steady and remain balanced.�
Troutman said he had followed Spratlin�s career closely.
�I know him as a person who can get things done,� he said. �The upward trend will continue.�
Spratlin said he challenged FRC East workers to always do the right thing with honor, courage and commitment, and to treat other people like you want to be treated.
�I�m here for one reason only and that�s to support the warfighter, to support Naval and Marine Corps aviation, and to continue this tradition of excellence at FRC East and hopefully get us a little better and turn it over to the next guy,� Spratlin said.
Spratlin enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1980 and is a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. He reported to FRC East in 2011 as executive officer. A native of Athens, Ga., Spratlin is married and has two children.
In retirement, Bauman, married with six children, will be splitting time between Maryland and Missouri.


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Born De. 17, 1886
Died Aug. 2, 1905
Wall Family Cemetery is located off the end of the cul-de-sac on Hamilton Court in Blacksburg, Montgomery, VA
Contributed on 2/27/06
Record #: 278
Thank you for visiting the Virginia Gravestone Photo Project. On this site you can upload gravestone photos, locate ancestors and perform genealogy research. If you have a relative buried in Virginia, we encourage you to upload a digital image using our Submit a Photo page. Contributing to this genealogy archive helps family historians and genealogy researchers locate their relatives and complete their family tree.
Submitted: 2/27/06 • Approved: 4/12/06 • Last Updated: 10/31/12 • R278-G0


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As we wave goodbye to Halloween, let's take a minute to mediate on the innately striking work of Diane Arbus and her unbiased approach to documenting not just the spookier side of humanity, but even more so, the masks or costumes we present to the world as a species, as human beings, as ourselves . . . year-round.
Now, when I use the word "unbiased" here I am not suggesting Arbus's eye is roaming and invisible. Quite the contrary. Her eye is always distinctly there: focused, from one frame to the next. This "unbiased" quality has more to do with her indiscriminate examination of each subject in the same oddly intimate and unflinching way– regardless of class, age, gender, sexual preference, or race. In other words, a child with a toy hand grenade in the park looks equally as strange as the a woman lounging next to a toy poodle or a handful of residents dressed up on Halloween at a home for the mentally retarded. No one person, group, or act is more privileged. No one is all the more beautiful. We are all playing dress-up as far as identity and image is concerned.
By seeking out each individual's innate desire to present him or herself and critically or creatively twisting that into her own perception of costume in each person's presentation, Arbus became not just a photographer, but an alchemist, shifting our ideas of self, reality, and personal intention. Whether you are a part of celebrity culture or a more marginalized society spread out along the fringe, Arbus's certain way of looking did not glorify one way of living over the other.


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Shouldn't "House" be capitalised? I think it is in the books (when referring to Gryffindor, etc.) Hermione1980 23:59, 22 Dec 2005 (UTC)
- Yeah, it should. I changed it to lowercase in the 'see also' section, then changed it back... Lachatdelarue 00:34, 23 Dec 2005 (UTC)
So this article is pretty huge, I was wondering if we should split off the physical school from the entity the school. I.e. leave this article with all the information about the shcool and move all the location type articles preferably to their own articles, or if not then to something like "Hogwarts Castle." Also any general info about the location Hogwarts could go under that. -- DarkJedi613 (Talk) 17:28, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
- I saw your talk entry and looked at the article. I found a bit of repeat info, and condensed certain things. I also took out some of the sectioning so it's much shorter in length but not content. There's still a bit to do along those lines, particularly in the History section but it's 2:30 am ;p Mafalda Hopkirk 06:30, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
I think having the whole 'Hogwarts Castle' thing is a good idea. Snoops619
- I split it off to Hogwarts Castle and fixed it up a bit too. -- DarkJedi613 (Talk) 19:28, 6 October 2007 (UTC)
Add a History of Magic lesson in "teachers" section. Luke
Head of House
When was Rolanda Hooch head of Ravenclaw? Mafalda Hopkirk 16:44, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- I don't believe its ever been said - the only Ravenclaw heads I know of are Rowena Ravenclaw and Filius Flitwick. - Cavalier One(Wizarding Wireless Network) 17:09, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
- I don't see how she could have been, if Flitwick was Head during James' time at Hogwarts and Rolanda went to school with him? Mafalda Hopkirk 17:26, 21 November 2007 (UTC)
Magic School Article
I just would like to sugest that the creation of a "generic" magic school article to give a quick description that we known about all the magical schools, including mentions of unnamed schools. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 18.104.22.168 (talk • contribs).
Daily routine
the daily routine section needs to be fixed abit. i wrote about bed times for different years but cant remember what the different times are - can anyone help? i know 5th years are 9 o'clock Professor dumbledore 13:29, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
Is there any particular order to the way the headmasters and headmistresses are listed in the info box? ShirleyA(The Quibbler) 08:03, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
- Looks like it's alphabetical by surname until it gets to Snape and McGonagall. That's presumably because the list predates the release of Deathly Hallows, which revealed Snape to be a headmaster, and The Tales of Beedle the Bard, which revealed McGonagall to be a headmistress. Whoever added Snape and McGonagall must not have realized that the list was alphabetic and simply put them at the end. I'll fix that. ★ Starstuff (Owl me!) 08:39, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
I think it should be done chronologically. Jayce •Avada Kedavra•Crucio•Imperio• 08:56, 6 June 2009 (UTC)
As I re-read the series from the beginning, it is becoming apparent that the number of students attending Hogwarts can be approximated. A passage in the second book describes Dean, Seamus, and Neville as the other second-year boys, aside from Harry and Ron. This means there are five boys in Gryffindor. It therefore seems reasonable to assume that there are also five girls in Gryffindor, for a total of ten in the year. If the Sorting Hat's criteria for House selection result in approximate equal division of the continuum of wizard personalities into four parts, then we can also extrapolate that there are about ten students in each house. Further, if we assume negligible attrition and transfer rates, we can also say that there are forty students in each year, for a final figure of 280 in the whole school. I wonder (but do not have the time to investigate) whether this is corroborated in the Great Hall scenes from the films. Ultimately, while I think my conclusions are reasonable as an approximation, I worry that they're founded too much on flimsy assumptions. What does the community think? Would a wording like "approximately 280" or "approximately 250-300" be appropriate for the main article? 18.104.22.168 14:52, 4 July 2009 (UTC)
- I agree with you. There are always twenty things when two houses have class together (twenty brooms, twenty earmuffs, etc.) meaning each house has only ten kids per year as there is no reason to split up a house only to intermingle them with other houses. The actual statement of 1000 comes directly from JKR herself as an estimate she once made. However, I do recall that she once saw the movie and said the Great Hall looked perfect despite the Great Hall having closer to the 280 amount than the 1000 amount. Furthermore, JKR admits math is not her strong suit, meaning the 1000 figure could be off. I personally believed it should be changed to either "approximately 300" --SilverDrama 17:44, 11 August 2009 (UTC)
- Under this site's policy, "Rowling's Word is Law," so the number of students given directly by her is the figure that carries the most weight. This is not a case in which we can easily conclude that Rowling has made a mistake and thus disregard her word in favour of our own deductions. Examples of such cases would be how, on his Wizard of the Month entry, Dumbledore's year of death is given as 1996, or how Fred's is given as 1997 on the Weasley family tree JKR released on her site.
- The forty students in Harry's year probably don't represent the average. 1979 to 1981 was the height of the First War, so less children may have been born during that time, and some of those who were born may have been killed by Death Eaters (Susan Bones' cousins being a possible example).
- I also don't see how a quota of ten students per House per year could be maintained unless the Ministry of Magic enforced a strict population control policy. Even with such a policy in place, there would be no guarantee that the forty children would be sorted evenly, unless further measures were taken. Would the Ministry selectively issue forty "parenthood permits" each year — ten to Gryffindor families, ten to Ravenclaw families, etc. — in the hope of creating the desired crop of students? This policy couldn't possibly account for Muggle-borns, twins, and children who end up being sorted into a different House than their families. I suppose they could also make the Sorting Hat start sorting children based on secondary personality traits once all ten spots in a House are filled. But I doubt the Ministry/Hogwarts staff have that much control over the Hat, and I've always assumed the founders must have taken into consideration the need to keep the number of students in each House per year roughly even when they made the Hat, otherwise, statistically, you'd eventually have a year with only one, say, Slytherin.
- I didn't sat that Hogwarts would have a ten student per house quote, merely JKR does. In JKR's mind, a school would have a rough number of students at en even number, and in her mind, they would get sorted equally.
And actually, the kids in Harry's year would represent the normal year. The killings of families would equally fit with the amount of elopements and pregnancies that would happen in scary times of war. JKR once estimated that Hogwarts had a thousand kids. But JKR knows she has bad math and makes these mistakes a lot. There is no further evidence of any other years having more than about 40 kids. It should be changed to approximately 300 --SilverDrama 02:56, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
- "They walked out onto the field to a tidal wave of noise, Three-quarters of the crowd was wearing scarlet rosettes, [...] Behind the Slytherin goal posts, however, two hundred people were wearing green; [...]"
- —PoA, Scholastic ed., ch.15, p.305[src]
- Nick O'Demus 03:26, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
is there any reason we can't just mention a note in the behind the scenes section that says that JKR has stated about 1000 students but that there is evidence that supports both that figure and also the figure of about 300 and JKR has admitted that math is not her strong point? i see no reason not to put that directly into the article and mention that there is no conclusive proof of either figure 126.96.36.199 09:39, September 7, 2009 (UTC)
How could it be that the school in every movie changes?--Station7 17:37, September 25, 2009 (UTC)
Just curious ... how do we know that the recent history, such as the major events in the books/movies, takes place in the early and mid 90's? 1994, 1999, etc? Wouldn't it be in the late 90's into the 2000's? 18.104.22.168 10:14, December 20, 2009 (UTC)
- In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Nearly Headless Nick celebrated his 500th Deathday, where it was established he died on October 31st, 1492. 500 years puts later establishes the events of that book as the 1992–1993 school year. This was further supported by the dates on Harry's parents' grave in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. - Nick O'Demus 10:38, December 21, 2009 (UTC)
Albus Dumbledore
Wasn't he deputy hea i put it on yesterday why has someone taken it off---- Hogwarts09 Contact Me 19:06, December 31, 2009 (UTC)
Because there is no proof for him being one.--Rodolphus 19:09, December 31, 2009 (UTC)
- We used to think he was, but no one's been able to find anything to verify it, so it removed a while ago. If someone can find a source that states he was Deputy-Headmaster, it can be added then. The same goes for Head of Gryffindor House. - Nick O'Demus 19:17, December 31, 2009 (UTC)
- For the record I don't think he was. Voldemort's line "I heard you had become headmaster. A worthy choice" seems to imply that he was interviewed for the job, rather than inhereting the mantle from his prececessor as McGonagall did. Dippet's deputy could have died or resigned around the same the as the headmaster. Jayden Matthews 20:17, December 31, 2009 (UTC)
- Dumbledore did say that he advised Dippet against hiring Tom Riddle. Butterfly the rabbit 13:40, May 11, 2010 (UTC)
- For the record I don't think he was. Voldemort's line "I heard you had become headmaster. A worthy choice" seems to imply that he was interviewed for the job, rather than inhereting the mantle from his prececessor as McGonagall did. Dippet's deputy could have died or resigned around the same the as the headmaster. Jayden Matthews 20:17, December 31, 2009 (UTC)
When was Hogwarts founded? Do we have any clue? --220.127.116.11 13:39, February 2, 2010 (UTC)
- I always thought that Dumbledore was in Ravenclaw, because isn't that where all of the smart wizards go - and he was the best for his generation.
- Hermione mentioned in book 1 that Dumbledore was in Gryffindor, though the Sorting Hat likely at least considered Ravenclaw for him.
- I always thought that Dumbledore was in Ravenclaw, because isn't that where all of the smart wizards go - and he was the best for his generation.
Okay, Thanks
Slytherins and Ravenclaws
Wasn't it stated that Slytherins had a nack for breaking the rules and that Ravenclaws embody beauty? 188.8.131.52 20:32, April 11, 2010 (UTC)
- Nowhere in the books.
- For Slytherin, maybe you're pertaining to the 2nd-to-the-last chapter in Book 2 wherein Dumbledore was talking to Harry about the latter's doubts whether he should've belonged to Slytherin as the Sorting Hat mentioned. If my Scholastica-version memory serves me right, Dumbledore said, "You possess many qualities that Slytherin's hand-picked students possess. [...] and a certain disregard for rules."
- For Ravenclaw, maybe you're pertaining to Ravenclaw's busts (Lovegood and Ravenclaw dorm versions alike), wherein Harry's subjective description of the Foundress as "beautiful with a certain haughtiness".
- Hope this clears up your doubt. R.rnce.villegas (talk) 11:09, April 8, 2016 (UTC)
How do Hogwarts get light in the rooms?? Do they have lamps??? And how do they get a radio and a grammophone?? --Danniesen 9 June 2010 13:50
- At Hogwarts, electricity doesn't work because there's too much magic in the air. Illumination is provided by fire (fire torches, candles, fireplaces, etc.). Wizards have their own kinds of radios (presumably powered by magic), as the majority doesn't even know what electricity/plugs/batteries are. -- Seth Cooper owl post! 20:19, June 11, 2010 (UTC)
I know. But if you see Prisoner of Azkaban and look at Professor Lupin's first Defense Against the Dark Arts class for Third Years you see a grammophone. And in Order of the Phoenix in a clip in Gryffindor Common Room you see a radio where Fudge's voice is talking. --Danniesen 12 June 2010 20:06
- The grammophone probably runs on magic just like the radio. The radio is the Wizard Wireless Network, its not a muggle radio. Gryffindor1991 18:50, October 14, 2010 (UTC)
- Early grammophones were wound with a crank-activated spring like a music box and the audio was amplified naturally with a flared horn. No electricity (or magic) was required. Regardless, this was not in the books anyway, I think. Oftenl8 19:59, July 27, 2011 (UTC)
Heads from an unknown time period
I know when Dexter Fortescue, Everard, Vulpus, Heliotrope Wilkins and Amberose Swott was Heads of Hogwarts. Why can't you accept that?? --Danniesen 11 June 2010 21:31
- What's your source for it? 126.96.36.199 19:57, June 11, 2010 (UTC)
It stands everywhere except here. --Danniesen 12 June 2010 19:43
- I'm sorry, I did not understand that. You claim to know when they were Heads, so can you tell us HOW do you know that or WHERE did you learn that from? -- Seth Cooper owl post! 17:47, June 12, 2010 (UTC)
it can happen that the time when they where Heads was wrong but Dexter, Everard, Vulpus, Heliotrope and Amberose was placed in th right order. --Danniesen 12 June 2010 20:12
I have to agree with Seth here. HOW do you know that this is the right order?--Rodolphus 18:13, June 12, 2010 (UTC)
I agree also, we know at least that Fortescue, Everard, and Derwent were Heads, but the dates are not given anywhere. As for Vulpus, Wilkins, and Swott, I am not sure about them. Has JK Rowling confirmed them? Gryffindor1991 18:55, October 14, 2010 (UTC)
Vulpus, Wilkins, and Swott appear in portraits hanging in the headmaster's office in the Chamber of Secrets movie. --BachLynn(Accio!) 19:19, October 14, 2010 (UTC)
Was it ever mentioned when the school was founded? --TheBook — (talk | contribs) 13:32, July 14, 2010 (UTC)
- The school was founded in circa 993, according to the official timeline included in the DVDs. -- Seth Cooper owl post! 15:04, July 14, 2010 (UTC)
- Every one from Chamber of Secrets to Order of the Phoenix. It's only acessible on the PC. I'm not sure about Half-Blood Prince, though. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Seth Cooper (talk • contribs).
I think "Hogwarts" came from the word Warthog since we can see the depiction of a pig on nameplates from Hogsmeade. It's also an African wild pig, and J. K. Rowling might possibly have bumped on the name while researching African magic and mythology. I think this should be mentioned, and maybe state that this the most likely reason of them all. --TheBook — (talk | contribs) 21:09, July 14, 2010 (UTC)
Coat of Arms Blazon
I recently saw a very amateurish blazon (the formal description of a coat of arms in the language of heraldry) of the Hogwarts Coat of Arms on another site. Can't remember which. It was pretty terrible, and it was the only one I could find. So if you guys think it pertinent, I've composed a proper (or at least much better) blazon for Hogwarts, using correct phrasing, grammar and conventions from heraldic texts.
The first blazon is for the version of the arms that is currently displayed on the article, ie. it has a helmet and NOT the word "Hogwarts" above the shield:
- Quarterly; I Gules a lion rampant to sinister Or, II Vert a serpent erect Argent langued of the First, III Or a badger statant regardant Sable, IV Azure an eagle wings displayed and elevated of the Second beaked of the Fourth; and over all an escutcheon of the Second charged with the letter 'H' of the Fifth. Atop the shield, a knight's helm mantled Or doubled Sable from a wreath Sanguine. The motto, "draco dormiens nunquam titillandus" to be carried in an escroll beneath the shield.
The second blazon is for the version that DOES have "Hogwarts", and not the helm and mantling:
- Quarterly; I Gules a lion rampant to sinister Or, II Vert a serpent erect Argent langued of the First, III Or a badger statant regardant Sable, IV Azure an eagle wings displayed and elevated of the Second beaked of the Fourth; and over all a billet in fesse of the Second charged with the letter 'H' of the Fifth. The name "Hogwarts" to be carried in an escroll above the shield, and the motto "draco dormiens nunquam titillandus" in an escroll below the shield.
I think a blazon should be included in the article so we have a proper description of the arms.
Le0jay 18:10, August 3, 2010 (UTC)
One quibble: A badger statant is on all fours, while the one in the movie-issue coat of arms is a badger sejant erect regardant. (Which is slightly confusing, as a badger, unless otherwise specified, is always statant, and our beloved author made no such specification.) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 220.127.116.11 (talk • contribs) 04:17, June 25, 2011.
I agree that a blazon would be a good addition to the article; but I also agree with the article I read a few months ago (I think it was on the Royal College of Heralds website, and was originally written in the 1930s) that in long or complicated blazons (such as these two) tincture names should be repeated instead of using all this "of the first/second/third etc." nonsense, as it can be too confusing (and disrupt the flow of comprehension) to have to go back and work out which particular tincture was "the fourth".
I nwould also question the phrase "an eagle wings displayed". From the little I know of heraldry, this appears tautologous; surely "an eagle displayed" is sufficient. — RobertATfm (talk) 12:06, November 15, 2012 (UTC)
Who became Headmaster after Snape? 184.108.40.206 02:02, January 18, 2011 (UTC) That's right i'm 184.108.40.206 02:02, January 18, 2011 (UTC)
- Minerva McGonagall, but her successor is unknown.
Harry granger Talk contribs 13:39, November 15, 2012 (UTC)
Disciplinary Action
There's nothing about punishment/detentions in Hogwarts.
enchantments cover hogsmead?
does the hogwarts protective spells cover hogsmead? people seem to know where hogsmead is so surely if its right by hogwarts then people would be able to find the school easily? if its the only wizard town in the uk surely it would get alot of visitors? it even mentions people go the hogs head and three broomsticks from all over 22.214.171.124 03:15, February 9, 2011 (UTC)
Hogwarts student population . . .
This article states that at any given time there are about 1000 students at Hogwarts. In Harry's first year, sorted into Gryffindor, there were 5 boys, and five girls--if that held true to balance the school, then Harry's class would have had only 40 students, times 7 years that only makes 280 students, give or take . . . 18.104.22.168 03:37, May 9, 2011 (UTC)Jeffrey Smith
- See the "Population" discussion further up. 126.96.36.199 03:44, May 9, 2011 (UTC)
- You got that wrong Jeffrey. You see, Harry only had 5 boys in his dormitory and 5 girls in the girls' dormitory. In other words, 5 fifth-year students in the fifth year gyffindor boys dormitory and 5 fifth year students in the fifth year gryffindor girls dormitory (in the fifth book in this case). Each year get their dormitory and when Harry got in, ony 5 boys and 5 girls were sorted into gryffindor but there were still tons of other studens older than him, Ron, and Hermione such as Fred and George who had their own year's dormitory. Hope you understood what I meant. — Firefox1095 — 21:48, May 9, 2011 (UTC)
Im sorry but where did it say that Hogwarts was in Scotland? Could someone tell me? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 18.104.22.168 (talk • contribs).
- "Hogwarts ... Logically it had to be set in a secluded place, and pretty soon I settled on Scotland in my mind." Fraser, L., An interview with J.K.Rowling, Mammoth, London, 2000
- Nick O'Demus 03:15, July 7, 2011 (UTC)
Can´t we use a more neutral top quote? That's Hagrid's opinion. Fleur thinks Beauxbatons is better, and I highly doubt Durmstrangs, the Salem witches and others who didn´t attend it would say Hogwarts is the best school. Rodolphus 13:10, August 1, 2011 (UTC)
- I agree. Do people think that the school motto would be a good idea? Tom Marvolo Octopus 12:33, October 30, 2011 (UTC)
- Either that or the first-years' first sight of the school, unless the second one has already been used, in my opinion. --This is an automatically sent message. (You can reply here) 16:31, November 24, 2012 (UTC)
I think that we should use the school motto.--Rodolphus (talk) 11:50, February 22, 2014 (UTC)
Constant vandalism
This article seems to be a target for vandalism and I think it should be protected against anons. -HoboHunter28- (Leave me an owl!) 03:51, August 14, 2011 (UTC)
After the war, do you think (if every survivor) casts Reparo over the castle that it will return to its normal state? I would like to think so but another part makes me wonder whether it is too severe. --KhanWiz - Guardian ~ (talk) ~ (email) 15:47, September 19, 2011 (UTC)
- No. Hogwarts is too complicated a magical structure that a simple Reparo would accomplish, however many the survivors might be. I mean, this is not the Colosseum. R.rnce.villegas (talk) 11:15, April 8, 2016 (UTC)
School Year
RE the paragraph
"Term begins on 1 September. Students usually reach Hogwarts via the Hogwarts Express, which leaves from Platform 9 3/4 of London's King's Cross Station at 11 a.m. sharp. There seemed to be other ways of entering the school, such as via brooms or Floo powder, or simply Apparating to a nearby location such as Hogsmeade. Missing the Hogwarts Express for any reason is a very serious problem but will not cost the student points, because the term has not officially started."
This may be really anal-retentive of me. IF points cannot be lost on 9-1, shouldn't the first lines read
"Term officially begins on 2 September. Students usually reach Hogwarts via the Hogwarts Express, which leaves from Platform 9 3/4 of London's King's Cross Station at 11 a.m. sharp on 1 September."
(I had to go back to book2, I would have swore Snape took points off when they flew the car but he didn't. However, I did spot a passage I hadn't noticed before.....'This wasn't the first time Snape had given Harry the impression of being able to read minds")
- Does the term always start on September 2nd? What if that landed on a Saturday, like it would in 2017 when Albus is leaving to go to Hogwarts? I'm not even sure if Hogwarts classes are only held on weekdays. Has this ever been stated or hinted at in the books? Don't feel like rereading to find out :P - StainlessX 02:05, December 8, 2011 (UTC)
House crests in Section Houses
Shall we use the new Pottermore house crests for the section "Houses" in this article, too? Harry granger 12:51, October 30, 2011 (UTC)
Frog choir
Why is the frog choir refered to just as "a choir"? On it's page it is the frog choir. I tried to change it, but my edit was undone.
|Tom Marvolo Octopus
The problem has now been resolved :)
|Tom Marvolo Octopus
Deputy Head / Head of House
I'm fairly sure (I think I got this impression from Book 6) that Albus Dumbledore was Deputy Headmaster during Armando Dippet's tenure, which is why he was entrusted with the task of visiting Tom Riddle at the orphanage to inform him of his magical heritage. I think he was also Head of Gryffindor House at this time (I probably got that idea from an earlier book).
It would be good if sources could be found for this. — RobertATfm (talk) 12:15, November 15, 2012 (UTC)
School Year
I'm not sure about the statement that the second (spring) term begins "shortly after January 1st"; when I went to school (40 years ago), the (UK) custom was that the spring term began as soon as possible after Twelfth Night, January 6th. — RobertATfm (talk) 12:24, November 15, 2012 (UTC)
Hogwart's is Fictional <not real> — —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 18.104.22.168 (talk • contribs).
- And what relevance does that have to my post? Besides, it's Hogwarts not "hogwart's", and we sign our posts here. — RobertATfm (talk) 01:08, December 18, 2012 (UTC)
- I think, in view of the semi-literate reply to my post, that I should point out that if a return to school takes place on or before January 6th, it occurs during the festive part of the Christmas season (the "Twelve Days of Christmas" which traditionally start on December 26th), thus is not likely to be popular with children or parents. Hogwarts seems to follow the practices of British Muggle schools as regards terms fairly closely (such as the school year beginning with an autumn/winter term, and further having spring and summer terms), so I think that "after January 6" is a far more likely start to the spring term than "after January 1". — RobertATfm (talk) 01:17, December 18, 2012 (UTC)
Last day of Hogwarts?
Well every year it starts on 1 September, so would that mean it ends on the same last day? If so which day?
Would Hogwarts allow cell phones? I think the first cell phone was invented in 1974, and this is in the '90s. The phones may not work, since there's a ton of magic filling the very air. Llama llama llama! (talk) 05:18, June 8, 2016 (UTC)


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|Jepson Flora Project: Jepson Interchange
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Jepson Interchange (more information)
©Copyright 1993 by the Regents of the University of California
Annual to tree
Leaves basal or cauline, alternate to whorled, simple to compound
Inflorescence: 1° inflorescence a head, each resembling a flower, 1many, generally arrayed in cymes, generally subtended by ± calyx-like involucre; flowers 1many per head
Flowers bisexual, unisexual, or sterile, ± small, of several types; calyx 0 or modified into pappus of bristles, scales, or awns, which is generally persistent in fruit; corolla radial or bilateral (rarely 0), lobes generally (0)45; stamens 45, anthers generally fused into cylinder around style, often appendaged at tips, bases, or both, filaments generally free, generally attached to corolla near throat; pistil 1, ovary inferior, 1-chambered, 1-seeded, style 1, branches 2, generally hair-tufted at tip, stigmas 2, generally on inside of style branches
Fruit: achene, cylindric to ovoid, generally deciduous with pappus attached
Genera in family: ± 1300 genera, 21,000 species (largest family of dicots): worldwide. Largest family in CA. Also see tribal key to CA genera: Strother 1997 Madroño 44(1):128. See glossary p. 25 for illustrations of general family characteristics.
Annual to subshrubs, generally ± hairy
Leaves alternate or basal, generally petioled, reduced upward, entire and linear or generally elliptic to ovate or obovate and 14-pinnately lobed; 1° lobes longest near middle or base of blade
Inflorescence: heads discoid (but outer flowers often enlarged, ± ray-like), 1many per stem, generally in terminal cymes; peduncle generally hairy like phyllary bases; involucre generally < 15 mm diam, cylindric to obconic or hemispheric; phyllaries in 12 ± equal series, generally linear to lanceolate, tips generally ± flat, generally ± green; receptacle flat to rounded, generally naked
Flowers 10many; corollas radial (outer, if enlarged, ± bilateral), generally white to pinkish or yellow, generally opening in daytime; anthers generally exserted
Fruit club-shaped, generally not compressed, stiffly hairy; pappus 0 or of 420 fringed scales in 1few series
Species in genus: 18 species: w North America
Etymology: (Greek: gaping ray, from enlarged outer corollas of some)
Reference: [Mooring 1980 Amer J Bot 67:13041309]
Spp. of sect. Chaenactis hybridize.
Subshrub, branched below middleSee the CNPS Inventory for information about endangerment and rarity.
Stems several, erect, 2060 cm; hairs near base dense, felt-like, white, persistent
Leaves < 6 cm, finely tomentose, not fleshy; basal rosette 0 or withering; largest blades 1-pinnately lobed, lobes generally 25 pairs, ± well separated, longest near base, tips ± flat
Inflorescence: heads 1few per stem; peduncles < 20 cm; involucre obconic, thinly tomentose, not or obscurely glandular; longest phyllaries 1013 mm, tips erect, ± rigid, blunt
Flowers: corollas all radial, 78.5 mm, ± equal, white to pinkish
Fruit 68.5 mm; pappus scales 1016 in indistinct series, ± equal, longest 68 mm
Chromosomes: 2n=12
Ecology: UNCOMMON. Open but vegetated slopes
Elevation: 13002500 m.
Bioregional distribution: Peninsular Ranges
Distribution outside California: n Baja California


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|PWM Adaptor Cable for VGA Cooler Fans
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