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Table of Contents
> Altitude sickness
Altitude sickness
Also listed as:
Acute mountain sickness (AMS), High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), High altitude cerebral edema (HACE), High altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH), Mountain sickness, AMS, HAPE, HACE, HARH
Related Terms
Signs and symptoms
Integrative therapies
Author information
Integrative Therapy Quick Links:
Vitamin E
Reishi mushroom
Related Terms
Acclimation, altitude, altitude sickness, AMS, cerebral edema, coma, CPAP, edema, Gamow bag, HACE, HAPE, HARH, high altitude sickness, hyperbaric chamber, hyperbaric therapy, mountain climbing, mountain sickness, ophthalmoscopy, oxygen, oxygen saturation, pulmonary edema, pulse oximetry, respiratory failure, retina, supplemental oxygen.
Altitude sickness, also called mountain sickness, is an illness that occurs when the body is unable to adjust to high elevations. Symptoms of mountain sickness range from a mild headache and fatigue to a life-threatening build-up of fluid in the lungs or brain.
People may be exposed to high altitudes when they go rock climbing, mountain climbing, or skiing. At higher altitudes, there is less oxygen in the air. If a patient does not allow the body sufficient time to adjust to changes in altitude, the body does not receive enough oxygen, and symptoms of mountain sickness develop. Individuals who live at high elevations generally do not experience mountain sickness because their bodies are adjusted to the altitude.
Most patients will experience a full recovery if they start to descend to lower elevations shortly after symptoms of mountain sickness develop.
There are four forms of mountain sickness: acute mountain sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema, high altitude cerebral edema, and high altitude retinal hemorrhage.
Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is the mildest and most common type of mountain sickness. Mountain sickness typically develops when patients travel to elevations higher than 8,000 feet above sea level at a rate that is faster than 1,000 feet per day. Researchers estimate that nearly 50% of people who start at or near sea level and climb to 14,000 feet without scheduling rest time develop this condition.
If patients with AMS continue to climb or travel to higher elevations despite their symptoms, their condition may progress to a more severe form, such as high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). This condition occurs when fluid builds up in the lungs, making breathing difficult. Additional treatments, such as supplemental oxygen, may help reduce symptoms. If left untreated, the condition can lead to respiratory failure and death. HAPE is the number one cause of death from mountain sickness.
AMS may also develop into a severe condition called high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). This condition occurs when fluids builds up inside the brain, causing the brain to swell. As the brain swells, the person begins to feel confused and coordination becomes impaired. Some patients may experience permanent mental impairment and loss of coordination. The severity of these impairments varies among patients. If HACE is not treated, patients will develop a coma and die. More than 50% of HACE patients who develop a coma die.
Some patients with AMS may develop high altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH). This condition occurs when there is bleeding in the eye(s). Bleeding may not be visible to the patient. A common symptom is blurred vision. Left untreated, HARH may lead to permanent eye damage or vision loss.
Patients with mountain sickness may develop HAPE, HACE, or HARH separately, or they may develop more than one of these conditions at the same time.
Signs and symptoms
Acute mountain sickness (AMS)
: Common symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) include fatigue, headache, dizziness, insomnia, shortness of breath, nausea, decreased appetite, swelling of the arms and/or legs, and social withdrawal.
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)
: AMS may progress to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) after more than one day spent at high altitude. Symptoms may develop gradually or suddenly. Common symptoms include shortness of breath (even when resting), gurgling sounds when breathing, wet cough with frothy sputum, and sometimes fever. If left untreated, this condition may lead to respiratory failure in which the lungs are unable to get enough oxygen. As a result, breathing is no longer possible. Without immediate treatment, the patient will die from respiratory failure.
High altitude cerebral edema (HACE)
: AMS may also progress to high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). The first symptom of HACE is usually confusion. As the condition worsens, the patient may have a difficult time keeping up with others. Then walking and coordination become impaired. As the brain continues to swell, the patient becomes more lethargic. If left untreated, the patient will go into a coma and eventually die.
High altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH)
: The most common symptom of high altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH) is blurred vision. Bleeding in the eye(s) may or may not be visible to the patient. Left untreated, HARH may lead to permanent eye damage or vision loss.
: Mountain sickness is typically diagnosed if the patient was exposed to high altitudes and experiences symptoms that are characteristic of the disorder. If the patient is dizzy, fatigued, has a headache, and decreased appetite, acute mountain sickness (AMS) is diagnosed. If the patient has difficulty breathing, has a wet cough with frothy sputum, and makes gurgling sounds when breathing, high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is diagnosed. If the patient has symptoms of an altered mental state, such as confusion and loss of coordination, high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is diagnosed. High altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH) is diagnosed if the patient has blurred vision or bleeding in the eyes. In some cases, tests may need to be performed to confirm a diagnosis or measure the severity of organ damage.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan
: If a patient has HACE, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the brain may be performed to confirm that the brain is swollen. During the procedure, which is performed at the hospital, a machine takes pictures of the brain.
: Patients who experience blurred vision should visit their eye doctors. The doctor will use a hand-help instrument, called an ophthalmoscope, to view the eye. If bleeding is present, high altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH) is diagnosed.
Physical examination
: The healthcare provider may hear crackling noises in the patient's lungs when he/she breathes. This indicates that there is fluid in the lungs and the patient has pulmonary edema.
Pulse oximetry
: A pulse oximetry test may be performed to determine how much oxygen is in the blood. During this painless procedure, a special clip is placed on the finger, earlobe, or toe. This clip passes two light waves through the skin to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood. Healthy individuals have oxygen saturation between 95% and 99%. Patients with oxygen levels lower than 95% are diagnosed with mountain sickness.
: A chest X-ray may show fluid filling in the lungs, which is characteristic of HAPE.
: Patients who have symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) should stop climbing to higher elevations. If possible, they should climb down the mountain. In most cases, symptoms of AMS will go away after two to three days of rest at a lower altitude. If descent is not possible, the patient should stop climbing and rest for several days at the current altitude.
Patients who experience symptoms of more serious forms of mountain sickness, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), or high altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH), should begin to descend to lower elevations immediately. In most cases, symptoms begin to improve once the patient reaches a healthcare facility. It may take patients several weeks to recover from severe types of mountain sickness.
Acetazolamide (Diamox®)
: Patients with AMS may benefit from treatment with a diuretic drug called acetazolamide (Diamox®). This drug increases the production of urine. As a result, the pH of the blood is decreased, stimulating the patient to breathe more. When patients breathe more, they have higher levels of oxygen in the blood. Therefore, acetazolamide is taken to help prevent or reduce symptoms of AMS. This drug has also been shown to improve symptoms of insomnia in AMS patients.
Antihypertensive drugs
: A drug called nifedipine (Procardia®), which is used to lower blood pressure, may help treat symptoms of HAPE. This drug decreases the pressure in the pulmonary artery, which is typically elevated in patients with HAPE. The pulmonary arteries become dilated, which improves oxygen transfer.
Anti-nausea drugs
: An anti-nausea drug called prochlorperazine (Compazine®) has been used to treat patients with AMS. The drug has been shown to decrease nausea, as well as increase breathing rate.
Breathing support
: If patients with HAPE are not responding to treatment, a breathing tube may be placed in the airway to help the patient breathe. Patients who develop respiratory failure often require a ventilator, which is a machine that helps the patient breathe.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask
: Severe cases of HAPE may be treated with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask. The mask does not breathe for the patient. Instead, it pushes air into the patient's mouth when he/she inhales.
Hyperbaric chamber
: If the patient cannot descend to a lower elevation, a portable hyperbaric chamber, called a Gamow bag, may be used. The Gamow bag is an inflatable bag. The patient lies inside the bag, and the air pressure inside simulates a lower altitude. The patient is then carried down the mountain while inside the hyperbaric chamber.
: Oxygen may help treat patients who are experiencing symptoms of mountain sickness. Patients typically inhale two to four liters of oxygen per minute to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
: A steroid called dexamethasone (Decadron®) may help treat mountain sickness. This drug increases the amount of alkali (bicarbonate) that is excreted in the urine, making the blood more acidic. Acidifying the blood helps the patient's body acclimate to the altitude change. Some patients may experience a drastic improvement in symptoms with dexamethasone, and they may want to continue climbing. However, patients should continue to climb down.
Integrative therapies
: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) may develop into life-threatening conditions. Individuals with symptoms of mountain sickness should seek proper medical attention immediately. Individuals who are planning on climbing high altitude mountains should bring proper medical equipment. Patients who experience symptoms of more serious forms of mountain sickness, including high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), high altitude cerebral edema (HACE), or high altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH), should begin to descend to lower elevations immediately and seek proper medical attention.
Good scientific evidence
: Yoga uses controlled breathing patterns to increase respiratory efficiency. Clinical study has found that at high altitude, subjects practicing yoga had improved oxygen use and ventilation and reduced changes in their blood that resembled Himalayan natives. More research is needed to further clarify the use of yoga in treatment of altitude sickness.
Yoga is generally considered to be safe in healthy individuals when practiced appropriately. Avoid some inverted poses with disc disease of the spine, fragile or atherosclerotic neck arteries, risk for blood clots, extremely high or low blood pressure, glaucoma, detachment of the retina, ear problems, severe osteoporosis, or cervical spondylitis. Certain yoga breathing techniques should be avoided in people with heart or lung disease. Use cautiously with a history of psychotic disorders. Yoga techniques are believed to be safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding when practiced under the guidance of expert instruction (the popular Lamaze techniques are based on yogic breathing). However, poses that put pressure on the uterus, such as abdominal twists, should be avoided in pregnancy.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
Ginkgo biloba
has been used to treat medical conditions for thousands of years. Today, it is one of the top selling herbs in the United States. A small amount of poorly designed research reports benefits of
Ginkgo biloba
for the treatment of altitude sickness. Additional study is needed before a recommendation can be made.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to members of the Ginkgoaceae
family. If allergic to mango rind, sumac, poison ivy or oak, or cashews, then allergy to
Ginkgo biloba
is possible. Avoid with blood-thinners (such as aspirin or warfarin) due to an increased risk of bleeding.
Ginkgo biloba
should be stopped two weeks before and immediately after surgical procedures.
Ginkgo biloba
seeds are dangerous and should be avoided. Skin irritation and itching may also occur due to
Ginkgo biloba
allergies. Do not use
Ginkgo biloba
in supplemental doses if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Vitamin E
: Vitamin E may offer some benefits in exposure to high altitude. Antioxidant supplementation (vitamin E with beta carotene, vitamin C, selenium, and zinc) may improve ventilatory threshold at high altitudes; however, antioxidants may not reduce inflammation after exercise at high altitudes. More research is needed before conclusions can be drawn on the effectiveness of Vitamin E for altitude sickness.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin E. Avoid with retinitis pigmentosa (loss of peripheral vision). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners. Avoid above the recommended daily level in pregnant women and breastfeeding women.
Fair negative scientific evidence
: Based on early research, L-arginine supplementation has not been shown to be an effective therapy in prevention of altitude sickness.
Avoid if allergic to arginine, or with a history of stroke, or liver or kidney disease. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding. Use caution if taking blood-thinning drugs (like warfarin or Coumadin®) or blood pressure drugs or herbs or supplements with similar effects. Blood potassium levels should be monitored. L-arginine may worsen symptoms of sickle cell disease. Caution is advised in patients taking prescription drugs to control blood sugar levels.
Traditional or theoretical uses lacking sufficient evidence
Reishi mushroom
: Reishi mushroom (
Ganoderma lucidum
), also known as Ling Zhi in China, grows wild on decaying logs and tree stumps. It has been suggested that reishi mushroom may help with treatment and prevention of altitude sickness. However, studies have not been performed to test the safety and effectiveness of this therapy.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to any constituents of
Ganoderma lucidum
or any member of its family. Use cautiously with diabetes, blood disorders (including hemophilia), low blood pressure, or ulcers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Rhodiola has been used traditionally in Eastern Europe and Asia for increasing resistance to physical stress, enhancing work performance, reducing fatigue, and preventing altitude sickness. Rhodiola has been suggested to protect against hypoxia (reduction of oxygen supply in the body), however there is a lack of evidence for this use in available human study. Well-designed clinical studies are required in this area.
Avoid if allergic or sensitive to
. Use cautiously in people with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or neurological or psychiatric disorders.
is not recommended for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
: Selenium is a mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. Although selenium has been suggested as a possible treatment for altitude sickness, studies are lacking. Research is needed in order to determine if this treatment is safe and effective in humans.
Avoid if allergic or sensitive to products containing selenium. Avoid with a history of non-melanoma skin cancer. Selenium is generally regarded as safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women. However, animal research reports that large doses of selenium may lead to birth defects.
Patients who ascend or descend slowly are less likely to develop mountain sickness than patients who ascend or descend quickly. This is because the body has time to adjust to altitude changes.
If patients are traveling to areas, such as ski resorts, that are higher than 8,250 feet above sea level, they should spend one to two days at an intermediate elevation.
Patients should not increase the altitude at which they sleep by more than 1,000 feet every 24 hours.
Patients with a history of mountain sickness may receive the prescription drug acetazolamide (Diamox®). This medication may help reduce the risk of mountain sickness because it helps the body adjust to elevation changes.
Patients with a history of mountain sickness, especially HAPE, may receive the prescription drug nifedipine (Procardia®). This drug is normally used to treat high blood pressure. However, it may also help prevent mountain sickness by stabilizing the blood flow to the lungs.
Patients should avoid physical exertion for the first 24 hours of climbing.
Patients should drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcoholic beverages while they are traveling or climbing to high altitudes.
Patients are encouraged to consume a high-carbohydrate diet during climbs.
Patients who are planning on climbing high mountains that are more than 8,000 feet above sea level should bring proper medical equipment, such as a Gamow bag or supplemental oxygen, with them.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
American Heart Association. .
Basnyat B. High altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2005 Nov;3(4):199-211. .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). .
Committee to Advise on Tropical Medicine and Travel (CATMAT). Statement on high-altitude illnesses. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS). Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007 Apr 1;33(ACS-5):1-20. .
Maakestad K. Advice for travelers to high altitude. Mo Med. 2006 Nov-Dec;103(6):623-7. .
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
Serrano-Duenas M. High-altitude headache. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007 Mar;7(3):245-8. .
Vuyk J, Van Den Bos J, Terhell K, et al. Acetazolamide improves cerebral oxygenation during exercise at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol. 2006 Winter;7(4):290-301. .
Mountain sickness develops when the body cannot adjust to high elevations. At higher elevations the air pressure decreases, which means there is less oxygen in the air. The body needs time to adjust to lower oxygen levels.
Individuals who climb or travel to altitudes higher than 8,000 feet above sea level at a rate that is faster than 1,000 feet per day are at risk of developing mountain sickness.
Other factors may also influence a person's risk of developing mountain sickness. If the body is overworked within the first 24 hours of the climb, patients have an increased risk of developing the condition because the body requires more oxygen. Individuals who are dehydrated or hypothermic have an increased risk of developing the condition. Also, consuming alcohol or other sedatives increases the risk of the mountain sickness because these drugs slow breathing.
Flying in a plane cannot cause mountain sickness because the oxygen level in the plane does not decrease.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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"Coming into Spain, we've selected a really strong team," said Alana Nichols (Farmington, N.M.), a women's sit skier who won four medals at the previous world championships. "Team USA won overall last year and think we can do that again with the athletes competing. The men's ski team has used the Europe trips as a solid warm up, and I think they are going to bring a surprise no one saw coming to Spain."
"Andrew Kurka is crazy good," said Nichols. "You never know what he'll do next. And our other new skier, Stephen Lawler is young, and he is hungry."
Kurka is a native of Palmer, Alaska, while Lawler is from Burlington, Vt., showing the geographic reach of Team USA. They'll be joined by Heath Calhoun (Clarksville, Tenn.), Ralph Green (Brooklyn, N.Y.) and Jon Lujan (Littleton, Colo.).
Nichols also praised Tyler Walker (Franconia, N.H.), who is No. 1 in super-combined, and Chris Devlin-Young (Campton, N.H.), ret., Coast Guard into the spotlight for their successful ski seasons. Young, a defending world champion, has new equipment he has been training on, which he hopes will give him an advantage.
Mark Bathum (Seattle, Wash.), guided by Jessica Smith (Colorado Springs, Colo.), rounds out the men's squad for Team USA. He is the only visually impaired man competing for the red, white and blue.
While the men are eyeing the podium, Nichols is also poised for podium performances.
Nichols, a 2011 gold medalist in downhill and super G, aims for three golds this time around: downhill, super g and giant slalom. Having won two gold and two bronze medals at the last world championships, Nichols has made a priority of improving her performance in slalom.
Nichols has had some adjustments in her training since the summer, spending the beginning of the season patiently playing "catch-up". She says she is at a great place in her regime for worlds as well as the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup Finals in Sochi next month.
But what she does in Spain and Russia is what matters more than the lead-up training.
"Every race is new and every time you have to prove yourself," said Nichols. "I think any race we compete in will be just as good as any for practice and training for Sochi. We all just have to concentrate and push our hardest."
She expects as much of herself as she does from her teammates.
"Allison Jones has made a great transition from competing in London to now," Nichols said. "She's improved her overall skiing and she's really going to do well."
Nichols also said the standing events have a lot of talent coming from France, who has Marie Bochet currently ranked No. 1 in women's slalom standing, and Germany, who has Anna Schaffelhuber as a top ranked sit skier.
"It's all up for grabs at this point. Competition is pretty stiff. I think the French have strong components in most categories, so they will definitely be ones to look out for."
Austrian Claudia Loesch is also a threat in sit skiing.
"Claudia has taught me a lot about tightening up my form and has made me ski more aggressively," Nichols said.
The United States' Laurie Stephens (Wenham, Mass.) collected three medals, silver in women's sitting super G and downhill and a bronze in women's sitting super combined at last year's world championships. She hopes to appear on the podium in La Molina as does Stephani Victor (Park City, Utah), a medalist in sit skiing in Vancouver.
Danelle Umstead (Park City, Utah), along with her guide and husband Rob, has consistently improved since winning two bronze medals at the Vancouver 2010 Paralympic Winter Games. The Umstead's aggressive skiing landed them two gold medals in a recent NorAm competition.
Like the United States, France and Germany also have top ranked men.
"The men's skiing has a lot of athletic talent too," Nichols said. "France's Vincent Gauthier-Manuel is No. 4 right now for men's standing. Thomas Nolte from Germany is No. 1 and will be someone to concentrate on for men's sit ski."
Despite the competition, Nichols has faith in Team USA, which ended the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships in Sestriere, Italy with three golds, two silvers and three bronze medals. Team USA also won the overall team title at the 2011 IPC World Cup Finals with 4,657 points.
"Team USA is generally stronger in speed skiing, so I think downhill and super G are the events to get excited about and really look forward to gaining podiums," Nichols said.
The first medals will be handed out Feb. 20 in the downhill.
For more information on the 2013 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships in La Molina, Spain, visit www.paralympic.org/Events/LaMolina2013/.


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WorldNetDaily Exclusive
Senator says Obama's birth location doesn't matter
Tim Johnson: He's natural born citizen 'regardless' of place
In a new twist to the Washington arguments against questioning President Obama's birthplace, the senior senator from South Dakota says it just doesn't matter.
Ann Dunham and Barack Obama Jr.
In a letter responding to an inquiry from a constituent, Sen. Tim Johnson, D-S.D., says Barack Obama "is a natural born citizen of the United States regardless of the location of his birth."
"President Obama's mother was a citizen of the United States, and children of American citizens are conferred citizenship at birth, meaning that Barack Obama was born a citizen of this country regardless of the location of his birth," Johnson's letter, dated earlier this month, said.
The citizen who had inquired, who blogs as "Constitutionallyspeaking" in the state, was outraged.
"In ALL of my correspondence, I supplied Sen. Johnson and his staff with congressional records and numerous historical documents along with Supreme Court … opinions and commentary and this is what they come back at me with," wrote the blogger, Linda.
"Citizenship at birth can never be changed. History and research are very clear on this point. However, the actions of the person once they become of age, come into play as to qualifications for any elected office, thus the reason for the 14-year requirement in Article II, Section 1, Clause V," she wrote.
"According to the U.S. Legislature, the definition of 'subject to the jurisdiction thereof' was defined as 'Not owing allegiance to anybody else.' Therefore, that rule prevents us from interpreting 'natural born' under the 14th Amendment because it eliminates the possibility of a child being born with more than one allegiance. Remember, BHO aka BHS held dual allegiances at birth. He, himself has publicly acknowledged the fact that his father was a British subject at the time of BHO's birth, therefore he, himself was also a British subject at birth," she said.
"How can a United States natural born citizen's citizenship status be governed by the British Crown at birth?" the constituent continued. "The Constitution is very clear as to the qualifications for POTUS, and there is no birth certificate of Barack Obama that would make any difference. The fact that he had dual citizenship at birth proves he was not a 'natural born' citizen. He is a citizen under the 14th amendment which defines citizens born to parents when one parent is not a U.S. citizen."
She then cites the Department of State's Foreign Affairs Manual and states, "It has never been determined definitively by a court whether a person who acquired U.S. citizenship by birth abroad to U.S. citizens is a natural born citizen within the meaning of Article II of the Constitution, and, therefore, eligible for the presidency."
The fact that Obama's mother was a citizen doesn't really matter, she wrote. "At the time of his birth, Obama's mother was not old enough to confer her American citizenship to her newborn son had he been born abroad."
She cites a 1952 law that required a U.S. citizen married to an alien to have been physically present in the United States for 10 years, including five after reaching the age of 14, to transmit citizenship to foreign-born children. Obama's mother was 18 when he was born.
A WND message left with the senator's Washington office seeking comment was not returned.
WND has reported on dozens of legal challenges to Obama's status as a "natural born citizen." The Constitution, Article 2, Section 1, states, "No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President."
Some of the lawsuits question whether he was actually born in Hawaii, as he insists. If he was born out of the country, Obama's American mother, the suits contend, was too young at the time of his birth to confer American citizenship to her son under the law at the time.
Other challenges have focused on Obama's citizenship through his father, a Kenyan subject to the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom at the time of his birth, thus making him a dual citizen. The cases contend the framers of the Constitution excluded dual citizens from qualifying as natural born.
Complicating the situation is Obama's decision to spend sums estimated in the hundreds of thousands of dollars to avoid releasing a state birth certificate that would put to rest all of the questions.
WND has reported that among the documentation not yet available for Obama includes kindergarten records, Punahou school records, Occidental College records, Columbia University records, Columbia thesis, Harvard Law School records, Harvard Law Review articles, scholarly articles from the University of Chicago, passport, medical records, his files from his years as an Illinois state senator, his Illinois State Bar Association records, any baptism records, and his adoption records.
"Where's The Birth Certificate?" billboard helps light up the night at the Mandalay Bay resort on the Las Vegas Strip.
Because of the dearth of information about Obama's eligibility, WND founder Joseph Farah has launched a campaign to raise contributions to post billboards asking a simple question: "Where's the birth certificate?"
The campaign followed a petition that has collected about 475,000 signatures demanding proof of his eligibility, the availability of yard signs raising the question and the production of permanent, detachable magnetic bumper stickers asking the question.
The "certification of live birth" posted online and widely touted as "Obama's birth certificate" does not in any way prove he was born in Hawaii, since the same "short-form" document is easily obtainable for children not born in Hawaii. The true "long-form" birth certificate – which includes information such as the name of the birth hospital and attending physician – is the only document that can prove Obama was born in Hawaii, but to date he has not permitted its release for public or press scrutiny.
Oddly, though congressional hearings were held to determine whether Sen. John McCain was constitutionally eligible to be president as a "natural born citizen," no controlling legal authority ever sought to verify Obama's claim to a Hawaiian birth.
Your donation – from as little as $5 to as much as $1,000 – can be made online at the WND SuperStore. (Donations are not tax-deductible. Donations of amounts greater than $1,000 can be arranged by calling either 541-474-1776 or 1-800-4WND.COM. If you would prefer to mail in your contributions, they should be directed to WND, P.O. Box 1627, Medford, Oregon, 97501. Be sure to specify the purpose of the donation by writing "billboard" on the check. In addition, donations of billboard space will be accepted, as will significant contributions specifically targeted for geographic locations.)
If you are a member of the media and would like to interview Joseph Farah about this campaign, e-mail WND.


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Academic Calendar
Bradley University's academic calendar consists of two fifteen-week semesters (fall and spring). A three-week interim (mid-May to mid-June), an eight-week summer session, and two five-week summer sessions (early June to mid-July and mid-July to mid-August) are also offered. A three-week January interim is also offered. (See "Academic Calendar.")
Schedule of Classes
Bradley's Schedule of Classes lists specific registration information on the courses to be offered and is available on the Bradley University Web site at bradley.edu/classes/.
Bradley University uses a web-based registration system. Using their BUnetID available upon admission, students may register by visiting webster.bradley.edu. Instructions for online registration are included in the Schedule of Classes each semester (bradley.edu/classes).
Schedule Change After Registration
- Once a student has registered, changes to that schedule (additions and deletions) may be made by using the online system. Instructions are outlined in the Schedule of Classes.
- For all schedule changes after the deadlines for online registration, students must obtain the Late Add Request from the Registrar's Office and follow the procedures outlined below.
- To add a class(es), the signatures of the graduate coordinator (or, for business only, the associate dean of the College), the instructor of the added class, the department chair for the added class, and the dean of the Graduate School must be obtained.
- Partial drops may be done online up until the last day for dropping classes outlined in the Schedule of Classes.
- Graduate students who wish to withdraw from all classes in which they are registered must contact the Graduate School, 200 Bradley Hall.
This Catalog represents the University's best effort to communicate information on academic programs, policies, rules, and regulations that were in effect at the time of its publication. Students should be aware that the University reserves the right to modify these programs, policies, rules, and regulations at any time within a student's term of residence. The University's policy is to provide notice of any such modifications sufficiently in advance of their implementation to ensure adjustments without undue inconvenience. Before pre-registering for any academic term, students should contact the administrative office of their academic department or college to verify the most current information.


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Who is Erica Lucero? Well, she's a sophomore at the University of Southern California, she's an opinion columnist at the Daily Trojan and, apparently, the newest writer for Page 2. The site's 19-year-old "Gal on campus" is filing reports all season about what it's like to be at USC during the Matt Leinart era. (And she's also making every frustrated senior sports reporter at the Daily Trojan bash their heads against their desks.)
So how is she? Well, for a college student, she's not inherently awful, considering how difficult her assignment is; namely, sound like a giggly college girl without sounding too much like a giggly college girl. The real pissed-off folks are the UCLA bloggers:
ESPN.com's Page 2 reached out to a SUC female sophomore to be a special contributor to the site so she can write about how cute Matt Leinart is. Great use of bandwidth.
ESPN has offically become the standard bearer for MSM drivel.
Talkin' About Matt Leinart [Page 2]
Take a Break and Take In Los Angeles [Daily Trojan]
ESPN Appeals To Lowest Common Denominator [Bruins Nation]


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Mobile web application
To access our live soccer tennis hockey basketball cricket scores from your mobile device wherever you are:
LiveScore Mobile Web Application is an optimized mini-website. This version was designed for the majority of mobile devices like Windows 8 mobile, BlackBerry, Kindle. If you cannot see our mobile LiveScore application on your mobile phone, please contact us.
WAP old mobile application
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text:
NCHRA necesitaba un nuevo diseño de impreso o envases y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 35 diseños de 4 diseñadores freelance.
Northern California HR Association
The Northern California HR Association (NCHRA) has been advancing organizations through human resources since 1960.
Facts about NCHRA
--3,200 members strong
--Serving an HR community of more than 20,000
--2nd largest HR Association in the country
--Showcases more than 200 educational events a year—more than any other association in the nation—priced 30–60% below other comparable offerings
--Nationally recognized for providing the highest quality continuing education
HR professionals and Managers. Take continuing education and their jobs very seriously. Have a broad range of responsibities and duties, love nuts & bolts courses. Usually looking for a solution to a specific problem.
Design a self-mailing postcard. Here are the specs:
--5 1/2" tall x 9 1/2" long -- trimmed
--2-color front / black & white back (mailing panel)
-Ok to have some text on mailing panel, but leave room for address, return address logo and indicia. See sample mailing panel attached in file(LegalConf2010.pdf)
Specific design requests:
--Front of postcard contains an eye-catching image or a graphic, has to be 2-color
--Includes copy provided (June_Sept Metrics Series+Seminars attached)
--Includes NCHRA 50th Anniversary logo (attached)
File types required:
1. Adobe Ilustrator file
2. PDF file


text:
You Are Here:
Home > News And The Champion > Champion Magazine
Search the Champion Looking for something specific?
Access to The Champion archive is restricted to NACDL members. However, this page and others deemed to serve the public interest - as opposed to a narrower benefit to the criminal defense profession - are left unprotected for access by all interested persons.
By Timothy P. O'Toole
this digital age, computers are everywhere, from the time people wake up in the morning until the moment they fall asleep at night. And for defense lawyers, the predominance of computers has extended not only to their day-to-day practices but even to the cases they handle, which increasingly involve allegations brought under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). This law, codified at 18 U.S.C. § 1030, was originally a narrow one, focused on the computer "hacking" that targeted important long-standing federal interests, such as national security, financial records, and government property.1 But Congress has broadened the statute five times in the past 30 years, with the result being an expansive and vague law that "potentially regulates every use of every computer in the United States and even many millions of computers abroad."2
The ever-broadening scope of this law has given rise to the two classic problems associated with vague statutes: (1) arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement; and (2) difficulty for ordinary people to understand what conduct the statute forbids.3 This article examines the ways in which these two issues often arise in CFAA prosecutions, and how a defense lawyer can prepare to address them.
On its face, the CFAA creates a variety of separate criminal offenses. Some of these seem relatively straightforward and obviously targeted at important federal interests — one provision makes it a felony, for example, to access a computer in order to obtain national security information or to trespass on a government computer.4 Other provisions of the statute, however, make it a federal offense to access any computer "without authorization" or to "exceed authorized access" to any computer.5 And still other provisions impose increased sentences — turning misdemeanors into felonies — when the unauthorized or excessive computer access creates a "loss" greater than a certain threshold6 or is committed in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or of any state.7 As the cases discussed in this article demonstrate, these latter, open-ended provisions have fostered a culture of arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement. Interpreting them has also posed significant challenges for the courts and defense lawyers alike.
The Supreme Court has long identified the potential for arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement as the primary harm caused by vague statutes. The Court explained long ago:
The more important aspect of the vagueness doctrine [is] … the requirement that a legislature establish minimal guidelines to govern law enforcement. Where the legislature fails to provide such minimal guidelines, a criminal statute may permit "a standardless sweep that allows policemen, prosecutors, and juries to pursue their personal predilections."8
The CFAA has proved, repeatedly, the wisdom of this protection. Its vague terms have created a culture of arbitrary enforcement, in which prosecutors focus their resources on headline-grabbing cases that seem to bear no meaningful relationship to the harms the statute was designed to target. Moreover, frequently these cases involve foolish conduct that, but for the use of a computer, would have been dealt with in previous eras with warnings by police officers or, at most, by state misdemeanor courts, often through informal proceedings. Prosecutors also have often used the CFAA to target business and domestic conduct that would previously have been the exclusive realm of the civil law by attempting to criminalize violations of website user policies and using the open-ended "loss" provisions to turn what would have previously been civil lawsuits into felony prosecutions with potentially staggering sentences.
Some of the specifics of these prosecutions will be discussed below, but at the outset, it is important to note that this aggressive culture of arbitrary enforcement appears to be systemic. The manual the Department of Justice prepared to guide prosecutors in their application of the statute lists the following example of conduct as "illustrative" of what the law prohibits:
Prior to the annual football game between rival schools, an intruder from one high school gains access to the computer system of a rival school and defaces the football team's website with graffiti announcing that the intruder's school was going to win the game. In this example, the intruder has caused damage — the integrity of the information on the website has been impaired because viewers of the site will not see the information that the site's designers put there.9
In other words, the DOJ manual uses a prank by high school children to guide prosecutors in what conduct is prohibited by the federal criminal law. While it is hard to imagine that this is what Congress was targeting, as will be discussed more fully below, it explains a lot about the types of CFAA prosecutions the Department of Justice chooses to pursue.
The DOJ manual also sheds some light on one other feature of these cases, in which prosecutors take advantage of the sometimes overlapping provisions to pursue the harshest punishments — without regard to whether such conduct is warranted by the particular circumstances of the case. Thus, the DOJ manual explains:
Prosecutors rarely charge Section 1030(a)(3) (trespassing in a government computer) and few cases interpret it, probably because Section 1030(a)(2) applies in many of the same cases in which Section 1030(a)(3) could be charged. In such cases, Section 1030(a)(2) may be the preferred charge because statutory sentencing enhancements may allow Section 1030(a)(2) to be charged as a felony on the first offense. A violation of Section 1030(a)(3), on the other hand, is only a misdemeanor for a first offense.10
Once again, it is hard to imagine that Congress created overlapping misdemeanor and felony provisions in the hopes that prosecutors would consider the felony provision to be the "preferred charge" in all instances. But, as discussed below, this statement seems to accurately summarize DOJ charging decisions — with often heart-rending outcomes for the individuals caught in the crosshairs.
Perhaps the most tragic and widely known recent CFAA prosecution involved Aaron Swartz. He was a childhood prodigy and Internet pioneer who, in 2010, was serving as a fellow in the Harvard School of Ethics. In September 2010, Swartz allegedly plugged his laptop into the MIT computer network, from a closet on campus, hiding the laptop under a box and running a script to discover and download articles continuously from JSTOR (Journal Storage), a database of academic articles. His purpose in doing so appears to have been to carry forward the agenda of the Open Access movement, which protested the locking away behind a paywall of academic articles. There was no dispute that the MIT computer network was open to all and that Swartz had not "hacked" it, and there was also no dispute that once he gained access to the MIT network, any user would have full access to the JSTOR database. After the incident, Swartz made peace with JSTOR when he returned the data, and the organization publicly announced it had no wish to see him prosecuted.
Nonetheless, Swartz was prosecuted. On Jan. 6, 2011, two MIT police officers and a U.S. Secret Service agent arrested Swartz near the Harvard campus, and he was soon arraigned in state court on two charges of breaking and entering with intent to commit a felony. It has been reported that lawyers familiar with the original case expected these charges to be dismissed after a "'continuance without a finding.' … The charge [would be] held in abeyance … without any verdict … for a period of a few months up to maybe a couple of years." But as Harvey Silverglate later wrote, "Tragedy intervened when [U.S. Attorney Carmen] Ortiz's office took over the case to send 'a message.'"11
Federal authorities indicted Swartz in July 2011, charging him under the CFAA and wire fraud laws.12 "If convicted on these charges," said U.S. Attorney Ortiz, "Swartz faces up to 35 years in prison, to be followed by three years of supervised release, restitution, forfeiture, and a fine of up to $1 million."13
As the trial approached, federal prosecutors demanded that any plea bargain include both jail time and a felony conviction. Federal prosecutors also are reported to have threatened that, if Swartz did not plead guilty and was convicted at trial, prosecutors would seek a seven-year jail sentence.14 Two days after these plea discussions, Swartz hanged himself in his apartment. Shortly before his death, JSTOR announced that it would make "more than 4.5 million articles" available to the public for free.15
Another questionable use of the CFAA has arisen in the case of Andrew Aurenheimer, a widely known Internet "troll" whose nickname is "Weev." In June 2010, Aurenheimer and a friend wrote a computer script that queried AT&T servers in a way that allowed them to find the email addresses of 110,000 iPad users. No passwords or firewalls were obtained or bypassed. After obtaining the addresses, Aurenheimer and his friend provided them to the Internet magazine Gawker, which then published them in redacted form. After it learned its website was leaking email addresses, AT&T closed the hole and sent an email to its customers, notifying them about what happened. That email notice was very effective; it reached 98 percent of all affected customers. But AT&T decided to also send the same notice through the postal mail at a cost of $73,000.
Although Aurenheimer's actions helped motivate AT&T to fix the hole, he was indicted in New Jersey for violating the CFAA. Federal prosecutors in New Jersey claimed that Aurenheimer and his friend accessed data — the email addresses — without authorization under the CFAA despite the fact AT&T made the information publicly available over the Internet. In November 2012, he was convicted of these charges, and in March 2013, he was sentenced to 41 months in prison — a sentence premised in large part on the unnecessary $73,000 mailing. The case is currently on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, where NACDL has filed a brief in support of Aurenheimer.16
Apart from demonstrating just how far the CFAA has been used as a sledgehammer directed toward youthful indiscretions, the Swartz and Aurenheimer cases each demonstrate the manner in which prosecutors can exploit ambiguities in the statute. Each case involved individuals who accessed information that was either open to the public, was not behind a firewall, was not password protected, or (in the Swartz case) that the accused had permission to access. In each case, any direct harm from the access — whether authorized or not — was minimal, and in the Swartz case, the purported "victim" did not want prosecution at all. And yet, in each case, the government was able to argue that the accused committed a colorable violation of the CFAA's felony provisions by arguing for expansive interpretations of the CFAA's "without authorization" or "exceeded authorized access" provisions. To make matters worse, in each case the government was able to creatively count the "loss" caused by the violation to increase the penalty, and to take advantage of the CFAA's expansive "in furtherance of" provision to argue that a felony occurred because the "unauthorized access" was "in furtherance of" state law violations that arose from precisely the same conduct.17 Unfortunately, the breadth of the CFAA has fostered precisely the sort of abuses that the vagueness doctrine was designed to prevent.
Another consequence of the CFAA has been to expand the use of the criminal law toward conduct that had previously been the province of civil law. Perhaps the best example is the recent prosecution of David Nosal, which arose out of an employer-employee dispute that would, in earlier times, have likely been the subject of a civil action. The dispute arose in 2004, when Nosal left his employer, executive search firm Korn/Ferry. Shortly afterwards, he convinced some of his former colleagues who were still working for Korn/Ferry to help him start a competing business. The employees used their log-in credentials to download source lists, names and contact information from a confidential database on the company's computer, and then transferred that information to Nosal. The employees were authorized to access the database, but Korn/Ferry had a policy that forbade disclosing confidential information. The government indicted Nosal on 20 counts, including a number of CFAA counts charging him with violations of 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(4), for aiding and abetting the Korn/Ferry employees in "exceed[ing their] authorized access" with intent to defraud.18
The district court dismissed a number of the CFAA charges, finding that an employee did not "exceed authorized access" by visiting a computer site they were authorized to visit, but then using that site in violation of corporate policies governing use of information. The government appealed.
Sitting en banc, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the dismissal. Writing for the majority, Chief Judge Kozinski's opinion examined at length what it meant, within the meaning of the CFAA, for a user to "exceed authorized access." As the court of appeals observed, the statutory phrase could be read in two ways. First, "it could refer to someone who's authorized to access only certain data or files but accesses unauthorized data or files –what is colloquially known as "hacking." Or, the court continued, "The language could refer to someone who has unrestricted physical access to a computer, but is limited in the use to which he can put the information."
Applying the rule of lenity, the court of appeals adopted the former interpretation. In so ruling, the court explained:
Employer-employee and company-consumer relationships are traditionally governed by tort and contract law; the government's proposed interpretation of the CFAA allows private parties to manipulate their computer-use and personnel policies so as to turn these relationships into ones policed by the criminal law. Significant notice problems arise if we allow criminal liability to turn on the vagaries of private polices that are lengthy, opaque, subject to change, and seldom read.***Basing criminal liability on violations of private computer-use polices can transform whole categories of otherwise innocuous behavior into federal crimes simply because a computer is involved. Employees who call family members from their work phones will become criminals if they send an email instead. Employees can sneak in the sports section of the New York Times to read at work, but they'd better not visit ESPN.com. And Sudoku enthusiasts should stick to the printed puzzles, because visiting www.dailysudoku.com from their work computers might give them more than enough time to hone their Sudoku skills behind bars.19
Employer-employee and company-consumer relationships are traditionally governed by tort and contract law; the government's proposed interpretation of the CFAA allows private parties to manipulate their computer-use and personnel policies so as to turn these relationships into ones policed by the criminal law. Significant notice problems arise if we allow criminal liability to turn on the vagaries of private polices that are lengthy, opaque, subject to change, and seldom read.
Basing criminal liability on violations of private computer-use polices can transform whole categories of otherwise innocuous behavior into federal crimes simply because a computer is involved. Employees who call family members from their work phones will become criminals if they send an email instead. Employees can sneak in the sports section of the New York Times to read at work, but they'd better not visit ESPN.com. And Sudoku enthusiasts should stick to the printed puzzles, because visiting www.dailysudoku.com from their work computers might give them more than enough time to hone their Sudoku skills behind bars.19
The court then went on to note that the consequences of the government's broad construction were even more far reaching, as they would likely impose criminal liability on individuals who used a computer website in violation of the site's terms of use. The use of these sites, however, is governed by user agreements that are constantly changing and "that most people are only dimly aware of and virtually no one reads or understands." Attaching criminal consequences to the violations of these polices would mean that "behavior that wasn't criminal yesterday can become criminal today without an act of Congress, and without any notice whatsoever."
In rejecting the government's proposed interpretation of the statute, the court also rejected its assurances that "whatever the scope of the CFAA, it won't prosecute minor violations."20 After first noting that "we shouldn't have to live at the mercy of our local prosecutor," the court explained:
It's not clear we can trust the government when a tempting target comes along. Take the case of the mom who posed as a 17-year-old boy and cyber-bullied her daughter's classmate. The Justice Department prosecuted her under 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(2)(C) for violating MySpace's terms of service, which prohibited lying about identifying information, including age. See United States v. Drew, 259 F.R.D. 449 (C.D. Cal. 2009). Lying on social media websites is common: People shave years off their age, add inches to their height and drop pounds from their weight. The difference between puffery and prosecution may depend on whether you happen to be someone an AUSA has reason to go after.21
What does all this mean in terms of defending a CFAA case? Perhaps the most important lesson is that, as Nosal shows, it is important to challenge the government's expansive interpretation of this vague statute. These challenges are important to make, even if they will not always be successful. Although the trend of authority is moving in the direction of the Ninth Circuit's opinion on the "exceeding authorized access" issue,22Nosal cites (and expressly disagrees with) a number of federal decisions that have adopted the government's interpretation of that provision.23 But even when they are not successful in individual cases, these challenges to the ever-expanding reach of this law will likely be heard by the Supreme Court at some point, where it will be important to have as many examples of government overreach as possible.
The statutory interpretation challenged in Nosal is far from the only vulnerable CFAA section. The provisions of 18 U.S.C. § 1030(c)(2)(B)(ii), which transform a misdemeanor into a felony if "the offense was committed in furtherance of any criminal or tortious act in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States or of any state," create expansive liability on their face, but particularly if the crime used to elevate the offense level results from the unauthorized access itself. The rule of lenity should be urged here as a means of preventing double-counting, especially since a broad interpretation renders the misdemeanor provision superfluous. Whether such arguments succeed or not,24 it is again important to raise and extensively litigate them.
Another important pressure point in these cases is the government's loss figures. Experienced white collar defense lawyers are used to challenging the government's claims of loss; these amounts are critical factors under the sentencing guidelines in white collar cases. Under the CFAA, the loss amount can itself transform a misdemeanor into a felony, and thus it is particularly important to challenge the government's loss figures using both the language of the statute and other traditional means of disputed inflated loss numbers. The trend of authority is moving in the right direction on this issue.25
Finally, the technology itself can pose a critical challenge in these cases, many of which will present significant factual disputes about whether access to a particular computer was "authorized." Resolving these disputes will often require lay jurors to understand sophisticated technologies, and then determine whether their use violates provisions of the CFAA. Counsel litigating these cases will need to work hard to make the technology, as well as the legal principles that apply to it, as comprehensible as possible. This often makes these cases complicated and expensive to defend because they will involve the use of consulting and testifying expert witnesses. These witnesses can teach the jurors about what was being done with the technology as well as give case-specific, plain language instructions that will help lay jurors apply that technical knowledge to determine that the law has not been violated.
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Brooke's Bright & Happy Room
Like this entry? Favorite it below!
- Name:
- Brooke
- Location:
- Bel Aire, KS
- Division:
- United States
- What do you love about your bedroom?:
- This room is bright, happy and cozy! My daughter loves her room and I think we were able to capture her sweet and cheerful personality perfectly!
- What are your tips for creating a beautiful, healthy and organized bedroom?:
- I strongly believe in collecting a room, rather than decorating a room. This bedroom is the result of many trips to antique/thrift stores.
- In modern homes, bedrooms have become more than just a place to sleep; they can be a retreat, a home office, a library, a relaxation zone. What are some ways you make the most of your bedroom?:
- This room is comfortable enough for a mid-day nap and happy enough for a play date with her friends.


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- You are here:
- Home
- Government
- Departments
- Leisure Services
- Parks
- Park Sites and Pavilion Rentals
Park Sites and Pavilion Rentals
Rentals: Pavilion, Gazebo, Community Events & Large Rentals, and Athletic Fields
Canton Leisure Services invites residents and guests to rent park pavilions and the gazebo. Several rental spaces are available in Heritage Park and Freedom Park.
Pavilion Rentals
Pavilions and the Amphitheater are available for rent at Heritage Park and Freedom Park. All guests must adhere to park and pavilion rules.
IMPORTANT 2019 Heritage Park Pavilion Rental Information: Please note that construction projects may be underway from mid-June to the end of August on parking lots, paths, and roads in and around Heritage Park.
- Online Reservations for residents for all pavilions will begin at 9:00 am, Monday, February 4, 2019.
- All reservations are final; no refunds, cancellations or changes to pavilion bookings can be made.
- Phone-in reservations for residents can be made starting at 9:00 am, March 1, 2019 by calling 734/394-5310.
- Non-residents can begin making reservations starting at 9:00 am March 26, 2019.
- Full payment for the Pavilion is required at the time of reservation. Staff will not be able to hold a Pavilion without payment.
- Please keep in mind that weekend and prime dates fill up quickly, additionally, there are some dates that have been reserved for community-wide special events.
- Canton Township Ordinances: a complete list of park rules is listed in Chapter 50 Leisure Services.
Additional Pavilion Rental Guidelines
- Reservations are available 10:00 a.m.-3:00 pm and 4:00 -9:00 pm Guests wishing to reserve the entire day must reserve both the morning and evening time-slot.
- Reservation times include guest's set-up/clean-up time and must be followed by all guests; please plan your party times accordingly. The 3 pm hour in-between reservation time-slots is reserved for staff to be able to properly clean the pavilion prior to the next reservation.
- When completing the reservation, guests must list the maximum number in attendance. If your attendance will possibly exceed the maximum capacity, you are required to reserve an additional pavilion and contact the Parks Office.
- As a courtesy to other guests in the area, reservation hosts are required to clean-up after themselves: all trash, confetti, water balloon pieces, and other items must be placed in the provided trash receptacles. In addition, sidewalk chalk and other decorations need to be cleaned up by the end of the reservation.
- Pavilion reservations that include the renter bringing any added amenity on to the park property, such as: tents, bounce houses, inflatables, animals, dunk tanks or other added amenities are required to provide additional Certificates of Insurance. All current insurance requirements can be obtained from the parks office at 734/394-5310 or email@example.com. Proof of all required insurance must be met no later than two weeks prior to the reservation or added amenities will not be permitted during the reservation.
Heritage Park Map (PDF) - pavilion locations
Rent a Pavilion Now
Gazebo Rentals
The Gazebo in Heritage Park is an excellent setting for weddings, photo shoots and other events. Please contact Katherine's Catering at the Summit on the Park to reserve the Gazebo; visit Katherine's website or 734/394-5487.
Community Events and Large Rentals
Businesses, non-profit groups, organizations and individuals can request to host an event in a Canton park or facility. All interested parties must submit a completed Community Event Application to the Canton Leisure Services Parks Division at least 21 days prior to the event date.
Community Event Application (PDF)
Park Rental Rates (PDF)
Athletic Field Request
Athletic fields are available throughout Canton Parks for Community residents to use during the outdoor season. The turf fields are ideal for baseball, softball, soccer, cricket, football, lacrosse, kickball, ultimate Frisbee and more. Visit Canton Sports Center website or call 734/483-5600 for complete details on how to complete the required Field Request Form on Canton Leisure Services athletic field usage.
Park Sites and Pavilion Locations
Canton Township Park
|Barchester Park
|Canton Dog Park
|Flodin Park
|Freedom Park
|Griffin Park
|Heritage Park
|Independence Park
|Preservation Park
|Victory Park
2019 Pavilion Rental Rates
Resident Fee
|Non-Resident Fee
|Weekdays 10 am - 3 pm
|Weekdays 4 pm - 9 pm
|Weekends Fri-Sun 10 am - 3 pm
|Weekends Fri-Sun 4 pm - 9 pm
Future Park Planning
Canton Leisure Services continues to seek ways to create optimal park and trail experiences for Canton residents. Through extensive planning, with residents, advisory committees, user groups and the Township Board, several plans have been recently updated. The Leisure Services 5-Year Master Plan was revised in 2016 and will be used to guide future development of Canton's parks and facilities.
Patriot Park Master Plan
Patriot Park, located at the northwest corner of Ford Road and Ridge Road, is passive parcel that underwent a Master Plan revision in 2014. Currently there is not a designated date for development. However, as funding opportunities and community benefit projects become available, portions will be developed.
- Patriot Park Master Plan
- Patriot Park Maps


text:
Rear deck of Chrysler Imperial Parade Phaeton (1952) used by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at Petersen Automotive Museum. Los Angeles, CA.
Photo by Jim Steinhart © 2015, all rights reserved. (Ref: CABMV133)
Click an index below to see this photo among related images:
Petersen Automotive Museum, Los Angeles
Transportation used by US Presidents
Captions List for Hollywood, Beverly Hills, Westwood, Santa Monica, CA


text:
Spring has arrived and Julia has the cleaning bug. The day was so warm and sunny she just couldn't help herself. It was spring-cleaning time! She dusted and washed, moved furniture, shook out rugs, scrubbed windows, and waxed woodwork. She got into a routine where she would clean two rooms, then take a break, then she'd clean two more rooms, and then take a break, until she was done (the start times were every two hours from 9:00AM to 7:00PM). By the end of the day, she was exhausted…but the house sparkled with cleanliness! Determine what time she started working in each room (one room was the bedroom) and how long it took her to clean each room (one room took 1-1/2 hours).
1. The first two rooms she cleaned did not include the living room.
2. The kitchen was cleaned at 3:00PM, but it didn't taker her 1-3/4 hours.
3. The last room took her 1-1/4 hours to clean, but it wasn't the bathroom.
4. The dining room only took her one hour to clean.
5. At 9:00AM, the room she tackled took her 1-3/4 hours to clean. The kitchen took her longer to clean than the bathroom.
6. The last two rooms she cleaned, in no particular order, were the playroom and the bathroom.
If you enjoyed
this puzzle and want to play another one online, go
here for another online logic problem.
Last Update
May 16,


text: Each year, there are over 7,000 students who are employed on the RIT campus. We here at the SEO would like to make the process of hiring student employees as easy as possible. If you are a new on-campus employer, or if you would like to refresh your memory on student employment, please view the Training Presentation. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact the SEO


text:
Plumbing is more than just pipes! Its the sink that you wash your hands in, the bath that you relax in and the fixtures that you can't live without. The plumbing, water appliances and fixtures in your home should not be overlooked.
The plumbing specialists at Clifton's of Wrexham can deal with any type of plumbing. Listed below are some of the more common areas we deal with, but do not hesitate to contact us with any plumbing problems.
- General plumbing
- Leaks
- Burst pipes
- Shower fitting
- Pump
- Toilets
- Taps
- Replacement ball valves
- Samflo
- Tanks
- Cylinders
- Immersion heaters
- Hot water problems
- Thermostatic radiator valves
- Replacement radiators
- Unvented hot water system
Call us today to arrange a call on 01978 263900


text:
Video: "The 'I' In Lie" (Live) by Patrick Stump
HD Video by G.
Last night Fall Out Boy front man Patrick Stump played a very sold out solo show at New York's Studio at Webster Hall on November 16, 2011. I would like to point out that the security at the door practically molested my friend and I on the way in – and laughed about it when I straight up told the security guard that I felt violated just to enter a freakin' concert (which was unnecessary, uncool and if the legal system in this country wasn't so ridiculous, I'd press charges!), so BEWARE when setting foot inside that venue.
In other news, here's "The 'I' in Lie" live by Patrick Stump!
I met Patrick after the show and he was extremely cool. You can see a photo from that moment after the jump.
Gail said,
Stump Rock!!


text:
Information by Country
Thailand: Press releases
UNGEI in East Asia and Pacific region to meet in August
7 August 2006 - The United Nations Girls Education Initiative (UNGEI) for East Asia and the Pacific will hold its next meeting on 8 August 2006 at ESCAP, UN Building in Bangkok.
Among the items to be discussed during the meeting are developments on the project to document best practices in girls education, and UNESCO and UNGEIs policy and advocacy briefs.
UNESCO and UNICEF will also share updates on the EFA Mid-Decade Assessment process and results of the 27 July Thematic Working Group on EFA meeting.
The planned training of journalists on education and a joint research on boys performance will also be discussed during the meeting, the fourth for the group this year.
The UNGEI for East Asia and the Pacific is a partnership of the United Nations agencies, NGOs, and professional and academic bodies with the common goal of achieving the EFA targets and Millennium Development Goals of universal primary education, the elimination of gender disparity at all levels of education, and the achievement of gender equality in education.
Partner organizations in the region include the Bahai International Community, the Education Development Centre, Inc. (EDC), International Labour Organization, Oxfam, Plan International, the Save the Children Alliance/UK, SEAMEO, UNAIDS, UNESCAP, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WFP and World Vision.
For more information, e-mail email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com or visit the UNGEI web page at UNESCO Bangkok.


text:
The Hadoop certification landscape
The Apache Hadoop organization provides tutorials on Hadoop technology but does not offer certifications or endorse any certification programs. Hadoop distribution vendors have taken on the professional development by creating their own education, testing, and certification programs. These programs are specific to the distribution environment, but the fundamental education about core Hadoop components like HDFS, YARN, Hive, Pig, Spark, etc. is transferrable to other environments. The following sections provide an overview of the certification programs from the three leading Hadoop distribution vendors.
Cloudera University provides certification training and other courses in tracks for administrators, data analysts, and developers. Certifications currently available through the Cloudera Certified Professional (CCP) Program include:
- CCP Data Engineer: Focuses on how to build the "pipelines" to produce data sets that are optimized for different types of workloads.
- CCP Data Scientist: Teaches how to develop production-ready, scalable solutions.
Cloudera also offers exams for Cloudera Certified Associate (CCA) which provide the technical knowledge foundation for the Cloudera Hadoop environment.
- CA Spark and Hadoop Developer: To earn this certification individuals must demonstrate competency in writing Python and Scala code to run on Hadoop clusters.
- Cloudera Certified Administrator for Apache Hadoop (CCAH): Certification of competency in configuring, deploying, securing, and maintaining Hadoop clusters.
Hortonworks University is the company's training and certification program. Some of the certification programs offered by Hortonworks include:
- HDP Certified Developer (HDPCD): for Hadoop developers using frameworks like Pig, Hive, Sqoop and Flume.
- HDP Certified Administrator (HDPCA): for administrators who deploy and manage Hadoop clusters.
- HDP Certified Java Developer (HDPCD:Java): for developers who design, develop and architect Hadoop-based solutions written in the Java programming language.
In addition to the certification programs, Hortonworks offers self-paced and classroom training designed for developers, systems administrators, and data analysts.
MapR Academy is MapR's training and certification program. It currently offers four different certifications:
- MCHA - MapR Certified Hadoop Administrator: This certification demonstrates proficiency in the administration of Hadoop Clusters and MapR administration tools.
- MCHD - MapR Certified Hadoop Developer: This certification exam demonstrates proficiency in the design and development MapReduce/YARN programs.
- MCHBD - MapR Certified HBase Developer: This certification reflects proficiency in the HBase development programs that use HBase as a distributed NoSQL datastore.
- MCSD - MapR Certified Spark Developer: This certification demonstrates proficiency in Apache Spark programming to work with large datasets.
MapR Academy also offers numerous on-demand courses and other resources in addition to the certification courses.
Note there are other big data training and certification programs that are not Hadoop specific. For example, Microsoft, Oracle, and SAS Institute are among the technology companies that have their own big data education programs.
Complete Guide to Hadoop
- Table of Contents
- Hadoop Tutorial for Beginners ›
- Hadoop Examples & Use Cases ›
- Hadoop Advantages ›
- Hadoop Ecosystem ›
- Hadoop Security ›
- Hadoop Hiring & Careers ›
- Hadoop Certifications ›
- Hadoop Resources ›
- Apache Pig ›
- Apache Spark ›
- Apache Yarn ›
- Cassandra ›
- Flume ›
- Hadoop Analytics ›
- Hadoop Architecture ›
- Hbase ›
- Hive ›
- Hadoop Administration ›
- Hadoop Clusters ›
- Hadoop Interview Questions ›
Complete Guide To Hadoop
- Hadoop Basics: An Introduction to Hadoop
- Hadoop Examples: 5 Real-World Use Cases
- Hadoop Benefits & Business Case
- Hadoop Ecosystem and Components
- Hadoop Security: An Introduction
- Hadoop Careers: Getting Hired
- Hadoop Certifications
- Hadoop Training and Resources
- Apache Pig: An Introduction
- Apache Spark: An Introduction
- Apache Yarn: An Introduction
- Apache Cassandra: An Introduction
- Apache Flume: An Introduction
- Hadoop Analytics: An Introduction
- Hadoop Architecture: An Introduction
- Hbase: An Introduction
- HDFS: An Introduction
- Hive: An Introduction
- Hadoop Administration: An Introduction
- Hadoop Clusters : An Introduction
- Hadoop Interview Questions
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Google is a company, or even a whole topic, that all librarians seem to have an opinion upon. Held up as the shining example of the way search should be presented, or the death of guided search dragging eyes away from the 'quality' resources held in libraries - a possible answer to the confused mess of eJournal aggregation - the organisation wanting to scan in all the books and then either replace, or facilitate greater access to, the worlds libraries - a wonderful resource to add value to library holdings. Just some of many, often contradictory, opinions. The constant being that the majority of librarians have an opinion on the subject.
Our guest this month, Frances Haugen product manager from the team behind Google Book Search, joins us to discuss a couple of the recent announcements from that team, and the wider issues around making books and libraries more visible on the web.
The day before the recording, Google had announced the launch of a version of Book Search for mobile devices. Frances describes the need for a mobile specific version, and the challenges behind delivering it. Next on the agenda was the agreement between Google and American authors and publishers which has led to the creation of a Book Rights Registry. As we are in the period of legal stuff still going on around this, Frances could not comment on the detail, but it was clear that it colours their approach to books and libraries.
We touched on how embedding services such as the Google Book Search previewer in to a library interface could add value for library users. Coincidentally making this, and other simple extensions to an OPAC easy to implement is a task I'm working on at the moment. Checkout the Panlibus blog for a screenshot of the kind of thing we were discussing.
The conversation then moved on to how to make libraries, and more importantly their holdings, visible and usefully searchable with Google, Yahoo!, and their competitors. It became clear in the conversation that all agreed that there was a role to be played by libraries, vendors, the open source community and the search engine companies to agree upon and promote a way of solving this problem. Maybe such a cooperation would result in a standard that I christened the Open Catalogue Crawling Protocol.
In addition we spent a sort time discussing Summon, the new search interface that Gang Member Andrew Nagy is working on, after his move to Serials Solutions. He was joined on the Gang for this month's show by Talin Bingham from SirsiDynix, Marshall Breeding and Ex Libris' Carl Grant.
Library 2.0 Gang 02/09 [00:52m]:Download


text: WILLIAMS-VA-1813 The information below is abstracted from the Virginia Acts of Assembly for the session beginning in December 1813 (bound volumes will probably be labeled "1814" which was the year of publication). The actual books are available in many libraries, as well as on microfilm from the Library of Congress (Records of the States series; about 1949). Most of this information is from what are called "private acts" -- acts that do not apply to everyone but allow a particular person or group to do something not ordinarily allowed under state law. The county is the county of residence, if given; "probably" means someone else mentioned in the Act lived there, and is only used (as a clue for the researcher) if no county of residence is given for that individual. Most of the terminogy is just as it appeared in the act, with one exception. "Slave owner" has been added in the listing for each person meeting that description. , JAMES free man of colour; previous master Richard Williams freed him upon his payment of $600; allowed to remain free. Petersburg, town of 1813 Dec Virginia Acts of Assembly; page 154 Williams, Richard slave owner; his former slave JAMES allowed to remain free Petersburg, town of (probably) 1813 Dec Virginia Acts of Assembly; page 154 Contributed by: firstname.lastname@example.com "Rosanna Bencoach" -- Richmond VA