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Michelle Ingrid Williams (born September 9, 1980) is an American actress. She first achieved recognition for her role as Jen Lindley on The WB television teen drama, Dawson's Creek, from 1998 to 2003. Williams later graduated to full-length features, including Prozac Nation (2001), Brokeback Mountain (2005), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, as well as I'm Not There (2007), Shutter Island (2010) and Blue Valentine (2010), for which she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.
Williams was born in Kalispell, Montana, the daughter of Carla Ingrid (née Swenson), a homemaker, and Larry Richard Williams, a stock and commodities trader. When Williams was nine, her family moved to San Diego, California, and, at an early age, she became interested in acting. At age 15, faced with her parents' disapproval, she emancipated herself from them. After completing the ninth grade at the Upper School of Santa Fe Christian Schools, in Solana Beach, California, she left school in order to pursue her acting career in Dawson's Creek.
In 1997, she won the Robbins World Cup Trading Championship, as her father had done 10 years earlier. She won after turning $10,000 into $110,000 over the course of a year and that gain (as of 2006) is the fourth highest in the history of that competition (her father has the highest).

subset: commoncrawl


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William and Elizabeth Swinfield, my great-grandparents, married in
Aldershot church, Hampshire, just before the end of his lengthy service of nearly 20 years in the 60th Rifles. He had now to settled down to life as a civilian which must have been a very different experience to that as an active soldier.
1881 census of the Staff Hotel
By 1881, we find them at the Staff Hotel, Camberley, Surrey. They lived in a cottage adjacent to his place of work. He described himself as a gentleman's servant and pensioner of 40. His wife was recorded as "Edith". By then, she had produced two sons. The elder, William Thomas, was then 2. The second, Joseph, was born and died in 1880. Was this occasioned by the diseases contracted by the father during his army career?
|From "The Story of Camberley 1798-1992" by Gordon Wellard
|1891 census of Camberley
By the time of the 1901 enumeration, a double tragedy had befallen William! Firstly, his oldest son, William Thomas, then aged about 20, was severely wounded at the Battle of Glencoe,
Secondly, just over a year later, on 21st November 1900, his wife died in the Farnham Union Workhouse in
Surrey . She was just 55 and died of "morbus cordis". William was then a gardener of Frimley. It appears that this double loss had a profound effect on William.
By the time of the 1901 census, William and his sole surviving son had moved back to Earl Shilton in Leicestershire where they were lodging with his married sister, Sarah Raven. However, shortly afterwards he was on his own as Arthur left home.
In 1905, William had returned to Camberley where he had spent most of his married life. In very early January, he was found homeless by an acquaintance, Albert Smith, who took him back to spend the night at his home at 55 Park Street. Albert's mother was awakened in the night by a noise and found William lying dead at the foot of the stairs. The report of the inquest in the Camberley News describes how William had fallen and broken his neck.
So ended the very dramatic and sad life of my favourite ancestor.


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There we will be buried
FRI, May 18, 2012
7 pm
Fourth Floor
A play by Yair Oelbaum, featuring
Yedidya Oelbaum, Jessica Polaniecki,
Kai Althoff, Daniel Cowen, and Alex Beth
Along with Biennial artist Kai Althoff, Yair Oelbaum has been developing this dramatic play since 2010. They debuted it together in 2011 at the Dixon Studio in Southend-on-Sea in Essex, England. For their U.S.- premiere performance of There we will be buried, the pair will perform the show's main characters, Orpah and Lydia, two single mothers who are searching for a lost daughter. All of the characters in There we will be buried are represented not only through the presence of each actor on stage, but also via prerecorded dialogue and video. For each character, the composite of these elements is varied and unique. Therefore, the play presents an inherently broken narrative, incapable of telling a single authoritative concrete story.
Free with Museum admission. Admittance is on a first-come, first-served basis until capacity is reached. Admittance is not permitted while scheduled performances are in progress, so please arrive early.
View a complete schedule of There we will be buried.
The Museum building is accessible and has elevator access to all floors. Service animals are welcome. Learn more about access services and amenities.


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Lockhart, SC
Best Fishing Holes around Lockhart, SC
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A.H. Stephens State Park
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Crawfordville, GA
This pretty park west of Augusta is best known for its equestrian facilities, Confederate museum and lakeside group camp. Horseback riders can expl...
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Located in Aiken County, Aiken State Park sits nestled along the South Edisto River in an outdoor-lover's paradise. Aiken's most notabl...
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Amicalola Falls State Park and Lodge
280 Amicalola Falls State Park Road
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863 Baker Creek RD
McCormick, SC
Operated seasonally, Baker Creek caters to those looking for fun on Lake Thurmond, a wild ride on South Carolina mountain bike trails or a quick ca...
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Barnwell State Park
223 State Park RD
Blackville, SC
Barnwell State Park is a community favorite among the residents of Blackville, South Carolina. One of 16 state parks built by the Civilian Con...
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403-A Beech Mountain Parkway
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Beech Mountain is the highest town in Eastern America and an ideal vacation spot in North Carolina's Blue Ridge Mountains. Our elevation (5,506 fee...
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Big Ridge State Park
1015 Big Ridge Road
Maynardville, TN
The heavily forested, 3,687-acre park is located in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley range, characterized by narrow ridges flanked by fertile strea...
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Black Rock Mountain State Park
3085 Black Rock Mountain Parkway
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Georgia's highest state park encompasses some of the most outstanding scenery in Georgia's Blue Ridge Mountains. Roadside overlooks pro...
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Bobby Brown Park
2509 Bobby Brown State Park
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This pretty park offers water sport enthusiasts easy access to Clarks Hill Lake, the second-largest man-made lake east of the Mississippi River.&nb...
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Calhoun Falls State Park sits along several pine-covered points extending out into sparsely-developed Lake Russell. The Calhoun Falls cam...
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History:Authorized by the General Assembly in 2005, Carvers Creek State Park in Cumberland County is in the early stages of development for public ...
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Cheraw State Park
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Cheraw State Park takes traditional recreational park activities to a new level of fun. The 18-hole, championship Cheraw State Park Golf Course win...
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Chester State Park
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Since opening in the 1930s, Chester State Park near Chester, South Carolinahas been a haven for hiking, picnicking, boating and fishing for th...
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Ideal for swimming, camping, hiking and picnicking, Claytor Lake is known for sport fishing and boating. The park has a full-service marina with do...
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Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, (born November 17, 1717, Paris, France—died October 29, 1783, Paris), French mathematician, philosopher, and writer, who achieved fame as a mathematician and scientist before acquiring a considerable reputation as a contributor to and editor of the famous Encyclopédie.
Early life
The illegitimate son of a famous hostess, Mme de Tencin, and one of her lovers, the chevalier Destouches-Canon, d'Alembert was abandoned on the steps of the Parisian church of Saint-Jean-le-Rond, from which he derived his Christian name. Although Mme de Tencin never recognized her son, Destouches eventually sought out the child and entrusted him to a glazier's wife, whom d'Alembert always treated as his mother. Through his father's influence, he was admitted to a prestigious Jansenist school, enrolling first as Jean-Baptiste Daremberg and subsequently changing his name, perhaps for reasons of euphony, to d'Alembert. Although Destouches never disclosed his identity as father of the child, he left his son an annuity of 1,200 livres. D'Alembert's teachers at first hoped to train him for theology, being perhaps encouraged by a commentary he wrote on St. Paul's Letter to the Romans, but they inspired in him only a lifelong aversion to the subject. He spent two years studying law and became an advocate in 1738, although he never practiced. After taking up medicine for a year, he finally devoted himself to mathematics—"the only occupation," he said later, "which really interested me." Apart from some private lessons, d'Alembert was almost entirely self-taught.
In 1739 he read his first paper to the Academy of Sciences, of which he became a member in 1741. In 1743, at the age of 26, he published his important Traité de dynamique, a fundamental treatise on dynamics containing the famous "d'Alembert's principle," which states that Newton's third law of motion (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction) is true for bodies that are free to move as well as for bodies rigidly fixed. Other mathematical works followed very rapidly; in 1744 he applied his principle to the theory of equilibrium and motion of fluids, in his Traité de l'équilibre et du mouvement des fluides. This discovery was followed by the development of partial differential equations, a branch of the theory of calculus, the first papers on which were published in his Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents (1747). It won him a prize at the Berlin Academy, to which he was elected the same year. In 1747 he applied his new calculus to the problem of vibrating strings, in his Recherches sur les cordes vibrantes; in 1749 he furnished a method of applying his principles to the motion of any body of a given shape; and in 1749 he found an explanation of the precession of the equinoxes (a gradual change in the position of the Earth's orbit), determined its characteristics, and explained the phenomenon of the nutation (nodding) of the Earth's axis, in Recherches sur la précession des équinoxes et sur la nutation de l'axe de la terre. In 1752 he published Essai d'une nouvelle théorie de la résistance des fluides, an essay containing various original ideas and new observations. In it he considered air as an incompressible elastic fluid composed of small particles and, carrying over from the principles of solid body mechanics the view that resistance is related to loss of momentum on impact of moving bodies, he produced the surprising result that the resistance of the particles was zero. D'Alembert was himself dissatisfied with the result; the conclusion is known as "d'Alembert's paradox" and is not accepted by modern physicists. In the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy he published findings of his research on integral calculus—which devises relationships of variables by means of rates of change of their numerical value—a branch of mathematical science that is greatly indebted to him. In his Recherches sur différents points importants du système du monde (1754–56) he perfected the solution of the problem of the perturbations (variations of orbit) of the planets that he had presented to the academy some years before. From 1761 to 1780 he published eight volumes of his Opuscules mathématiques.
The Encyclopédie
Meanwhile, d'Alembert began an active social life and frequented well-known salons, where he acquired a considerable reputation as a witty conversationalist and mimic. Like his fellow Philosophes—those thinkers, writers, and scientists who believed in the sovereignty of reason and nature (as opposed to authority and revelation) and rebelled against old dogmas and institutions—he turned to the improvement of society. A rationalist thinker in the free-thinking tradition, he opposed religion and stood for tolerance and free discussion; in politics the Philosophes sought a liberal monarchy with an "enlightened" king who would supplant the old aristocracy with a new, intellectual aristocracy. Believing in man's need to rely on his own powers, they promulgated a new social morality to replace Christian ethics. Science, the only real source of knowledge, had to be popularized for the benefit of the people, and it was in this tradition that he became associated with the Encyclopédie about 1746. When the original idea of a translation into French of Ephraim Chambers' English Cyclopædia was replaced by that of a new work under the general editorship of the Philosophe Denis Diderot, d'Alembert was made editor of the mathematical and scientific articles. In fact, he not only helped with the general editorship and contributed articles on other subjects but also tried to secure support for the enterprise in influential circles. He wrote the Discours préliminaire that introduced the first volume of the work in 1751. This was a remarkable attempt to present a unified view of contemporary knowledge, tracing the development and interrelationship of its various branches and showing how they formed coherent parts of a single structure; the second section of the Discours was devoted to the intellectual history of Europe from the time of the Renaissance. In 1752 d'Alembert wrote a preface to Volume III, which was a vigorous rejoinder to the Encyclopédie's critics, while an Éloge de Montesquieu, which served as the preface to Volume V (1755), skillfully but somewhat disingenuously presented Montesquieu as one of the Encyclopédie's supporters. Montesquieu had, in fact, refused an invitation to write the articles "Democracy" and "Despotism," and the promised article on "Taste" remained unfinished at his death in 1755.
In 1756 d'Alembert went to stay with Voltaire at Geneva, where he also collected information for an Encyclopédie article, "Genève," which praised the doctrines and practices of the Genevan pastors. When it appeared in 1757, it aroused angry protests in Geneva because it affirmed that many of the ministers no longer believed in Christ's divinity and also advocated (probably at Voltaire's instigation) the establishment of a theatre. This article prompted Rousseau, who had contributed the articles on music to the Encyclopédie, to argue in his Lettre à d'Alembert sur les spectacles (1758) that the theatre is invariably a corrupting influence. D'Alembert himself replied with an incisive but not unfriendly Lettre à J.-J. Rousseau, citoyen de Genève. Gradually discouraged by the growing difficulties of the enterprise, d'Alembert gave up his share of the editorship at the beginning of 1758, thereafter limiting his commitment to the production of mathematical and scientific articles.
Later literary, scientific, and philosophical work
His earlier literary and philosophical activity, however, led to the publication of his Mélanges de littérature, d'histoire et de philosophie (1753). This work contained the impressive Essai sur les gens de lettres, which exhorted writers to pursue "liberty, truth and poverty" and also urged aristocratic patrons to respect the talents and independence of such writers.
Largely as a result of the persistent campaigning of Mme du Deffand, a prominent hostess to writers and scientists, d'Alembert was elected to the French Academy in 1754; he proved himself to be a zealous member, working hard to enhance the dignity of the institution in the eyes of the public and striving steadfastly for the election of members sympathetic to the cause of the Philosophes. His personal position became even more influential in 1772 when he was made permanent secretary. One of his functions was the continuation of the Histoire des membres de l'Académie; this involved writing the biographies of all the members who had died between 1700 and 1772. He paid tribute to his predecessors by means of Éloges that were delivered at public sessions of the academy. Though of limited literary value, they throw interesting light on his attitude toward many contemporary problems and also reveal his desire to establish a link between the Academy and the public.
From 1752 onward, Frederick II of Prussia repeatedly tried to persuade d'Alembert to become president of the Berlin Academy, but the philosopher contented himself with a brief visit to the King at the Rhine village of Wesel in 1755 and a longer stay at Potsdam in 1763. For many years he gave the King advice on the running of the academy and the appointment of new members. In 1762 another monarch, the empress Catherine II of Russia, invited d'Alembert to become tutor to her son, the grand duke Paul; this offer also was refused. Apart from fearing the harmful effects of foreign residence upon his health and personal position, d'Alembert did not wish to be separated from the intellectual life of Paris.
Although as a skeptic, d'Alembert willingly supported the Philosophes' hostility to Christianity, he was too cautious to become openly aggressive. The expulsion of the Jesuits from France, however, prompted him to publish "by a disinterested author," at first anonymously, and then in his own name, Sur la destruction des Jésuites en France (1765; An Account of the Destruction of the Jesuits in France, 1766). He there tried to show that the Jesuits, in spite of their qualities as scholars and educators, had destroyed themselves through their inordinate love of power.
During these years d'Alembert's interests included musical theory. His Éléments de musique of 1752 was an attempt to expound the principles of the composer Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764), who had consolidated contemporary musical development into a harmonic system that dominated Western music until about 1900. In 1754 d'Alembert published an essay expressing his thoughts on music in general—and French music in particular—entitled Réflexions sur la musique en général et sur la musique française en particulier. He also published in his mathematical opuscules treatises on acoustics, the physics of sound, and he contributed several articles on music to the Encyclopédie. In 1765 a serious illness compelled him to leave his foster-mother's house, and he eventually went to live in the house of Julie de Lespinasse, with whom he fell in love. He was the leading intellectual figure in her salon, which became an important recruiting centre for the French Academy. Although they may have been intimate for a short time, d'Alembert soon had to be satisfied with the role of steadfast friend. He discovered the extent of her passionate involvement with other men only after Julie's death in 1776. He transferred his home to an apartment at the Louvre—to which he was entitled as secretary to the Academy—where he died.
Posterity has not confirmed the judgment of those contemporaries who placed d'Alembert's reputation next to Voltaire's. In spite of his original contributions to the mathematical sciences, intellectual timidity prevented his literary and philosophical work from attaining true greatness. Nevertheless, his scientific background enabled him to elaborate a philosophy of science that, inspired by the rationalist ideal of the ultimate unity of all knowledge, established "principles" making possible the interconnection of the various branches of science. Moreover, d'Alembert was a typical 18th-century Philosophe, for in both his life and his work he tried to invest the name with dignity and serious meaning. In his personal life he was simple and frugal, never seeking wealth and dispensing charity whenever possible, always watchful of his integrity and independence, and constantly using his influence, both at home and abroad, to encourage the advance of "enlightenment."Ronald Grimsley
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
history of Europe: The EncyclopédieDiderot's coeditor, the mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert, had, in his preface, presented history as the record of progress through learning. The title page proclaimed the authors' intention to outline the present state of knowledge about the sciences, arts, and crafts. Among its contributors were craftsmen who provided the…
Western philosophy: Materialism and scientific discovery>Jean d'Alembert (1717–83), which was almost a complete compendium of the scientific and humanistic accomplishments of the 18th century.…
encyclopaedia: The contemporary world…Diderot, the mathematician and philosopher Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, and their friends set out to reject much of the heritage of the past in favour of the scientific discoveries and the more advanced thought of their own age. Their decision in this respect was both intellectually and commercially successful. Since…
encyclopaedia: The development of the modern encyclopaedia (17th–18th centuries)…the hands of Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert the concept changed. The
Encyclopédie(1751–65) was a philosophical undertaking carried out on a gigantic scale, and much of the writing was of a high standard. To the orthodox, it appeared that the project had got out of hand, but there…
d'Alembert's principle
D'Alembert's principle, alternative form of Newton's second law of motion, stated by the 18th-century French polymath Jean le Rond d'Alembert. In effect, the principle reduces a problem in dynamics to a problem in statics. The second law states that the force Facting on a body is equal to the…
More About Jean Le Rond d'Alembert16 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- calculations of mathematical expectation
- professionalization of philosophy
- relation to Tencin
association with
- Buffon
- Diderot
- Lespinasse
- Voltaire
contribution to
- acoustics
- analysis


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Easter: Fresh DIY Ideas for Egg Decorating
Did you know Easter is in March this year? When this little gem of information came my way last week, I almost fell off my seat! My arty side went into overdrive: what crafty things do we want to do this year in the weeks before our annual Easter Egg Hunt?
Sometimes I dream big, then end up doing the old Paas dyes in a last-minute kerfluffle. But maybe this year we'll get it right, and start earlier! However, even if we do wait until the day before, the black and white eggs I've included here would take hardly any time at all - just find your Sharpie!
- Mustachioed Easter Eggs, from Oh What Fun!
- How to Make Hard-Boiled Eggs, from Bon Appetit
- Glitter Easter Eggs, from Create Craft Love
- Black and White Easter Eggs, from Obviously Sweet
- Washi Tape Eggs, from Lovely Indeed
(Images as linked above)


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While he will be missed by his family and friends, and his myriad of associates in the bicycle industry, Howie's warm, generous spirit and tenacious love for life will be remembered by all who loved him and received his help and guidance over the years.
This site will be maintained in memoriam to Howie's dedication and positive influence to the bicycle industry, as well as to his passion for everything bicycles. Howie was uniquely qualified to run and contribute to this site. Though the site will remain, we are unable to sell from the site and we will not be able to answer most
inquiries. The collection will be sold at auction in late 2013 or early 2014. We will post information about the auction when dates become firm. Thank you for your support and interest and we appreciate your understanding going forward. Enjoy the history and information Howie so enjoyed collecting in this site.
May the wind be always at your back, and may the sun shine warm upon your face, Kay Cohen and Family
To share a message with his family please contact: email@example.com
[About Howie Cohen]
[Contact Us]
[Howie's Stories]
[My Lists]
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Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial life, life that may exist or may have existed in the universe outside of Earth. The search for extraterrestrial life encompasses many fundamental scientific questions. What are the basic requirements for life? Could life have arisen elsewhere in the solar system? Are there other planets like Earth? How likely is the evolution of intelligent life?
Universal criteria
No one knows which aspects of living systems are necessary, in the sense that living systems everywhere must have them, and which are contingent, in the sense that they are the result of evolutionary accidents such that elsewhere a different sequence of events might have led to different properties of life. In this respect the discovery of even a single example of extraterrestrial life, no matter how elementary in form or substance, would represent a fundamental revolution in science. Do a vast array of biological themes and counterpoints exist in the universe, or are there places with living fugues, compared with which Earth's one tune is a bit thin and reedy? Or is Earth's the only tune around?
Life on Earth, structurally based on carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other elements, uses water as its interaction medium. Phosphorus, as phosphate bound to an organic residue, is required for energy storage and transport; sulfur is involved in the three-dimensional configuration of protein molecules; and other elements are present in smaller concentrations. Must these particular atoms be the atoms of life everywhere, or might there be a wide range of atomic possibilities in extraterrestrial organisms? What are the general physical constraints on extraterrestrial life?
In approaching these questions, several criteria can be used. The major atoms should tend to have a high cosmic abundance. Structural molecules of organisms at the temperature of the planet in question should not be so extremely stable that chemical reactions are impossible, but neither should they be extremely unstable, or else the organism would fall to pieces. A medium for molecular interaction must be present. Solids are inappropriate because of their inertness. The medium, most likely a liquid but possibly a very dense gas, must be stable in a number of respects. It should have a large temperature range (for a liquid, the temperature difference between freezing point and boiling point should be large). The liquid should be difficult to vaporize and to freeze; in general, it should be difficult to change its temperature. The interaction medium needs to be an excellent solvent. A fluid phase must be present on the planet in question, for material must cycle to the organism as food and away from the organism as waste.
The planet should therefore have an atmosphere and some liquid near the surface, although not necessarily a water ocean. If the intensity of ultraviolet light or charged particles from its sun is intense at the planetary surface, then some area, perhaps below the surface, should be shielded from this radiation (although some forms or intensity of radiation might permit useful chemical reactions to occur). Finally, it is imperative that conditions allow the existence of autotrophy (the ability of an organism to synthesize at least some of its own nutrients) or other means of net production of necessary compounds.
Thermodynamically, photosynthesis based on stellar radiation may be the optimal source of energy for extraterrestrial life. Photosynthetic organisms and the radiation they receive are not in thermodynamic equilibrium. On Earth, for example, a green plant may have a temperature of about 300 K (23 °C, or 73 °F); the Sun's temperature is about 6,000 K. (K = kelvin. On the Kelvin temperature scale, in which 0 K [−273 °C, or −460 °F] is absolute zero, 273 K [0 °C, or 32 °F] is the freezing point of water, and 373 K [100 °C, or 212 °F] is the boiling point of water at one atmosphere pressure.) Photosynthetic processes are possible because energy is transported from a hotter object (the Sun) to a cooler object (Earth). Were the source of radiation at the same or at a colder temperature than the photosynthesizer, no photosynthetic activity would be possible. For this reason, the idea that a subterranean green plant will photosynthesize by use of thermal infrared radiation emitted by its surroundings is untenable. Equally unfeasible is the idea that a cold star, with a surface temperature similar to that of Earth, could sustain photosynthetic organisms.
One can use these conditions to establish the limits for the chemical requirements of life. When atoms chemically combine, the energy necessary to separate them is called the bond energy, and the measure of this energy determines how tightly the two atoms are bound to each other. Bond energies generally vary from about 10 electron volts (eV) to about 0.03 eV. Covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between atoms, tend to be more energetic than hydrogen bonds, where a hydrogen atom is shared between atoms, and hydrogen bonds in turn are more energetic than van der Waals forces, which arise from the attraction of the electrons of one atom for the nucleus of another. Atoms, free or bound, move with an average kinetic energy corresponding to about 0.02 eV. The higher the temperature, the more atoms move with energy sufficient to break a given bond spontaneously.
Specific atoms have circumscribed functions in modern biology, but, aside from structure and the need for the liquid interaction medium, they may not be fundamental. The energy-rich phosphate bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), about as energetic as the hydrogen bonds, are in fact of relatively low energy. Cells store large numbers of these bonds to drive a molecular degradation or synthesis. One expects the energy currency on high-temperature worlds to be much more energetic per bond and on low-temperature worlds to be much less energetic per bond.
In The Fitness of the Environment (1913), American biochemist Lawrence Joseph Henderson first stressed the advantages of carbon and water for life in terms of comparative chemistry. Henderson was struck by the fact that the very atoms needed are exactly those that are around. It remains a remarkable fact that the atoms most useful for life have very high cosmic abundances.
The search for extraterrestrial life
Astrobiology, a term coined for the study of all life anywhere in the universe (including Earth), has replaced exobiology, the study of extraterrestrial life exclusively and therefore criticizable as "a science that lacks a subject matter." Unlike exobiology, astrobiology respects the scientific possibility that life beyond Earth may never be found. Indeed, no evidence for life beyond Earth has been adduced. However, the design of astrobiological experiments forces critical examination of the generality of assumptions derived from Earth life.
There is an entire spectrum of possibilities for life on another planet. A planet may be lifeless and lack any vestiges of organic matter or fossils. Alternatively, it may be lifeless but contain organic matter or fossils. There may be life having simple or quite complex biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour. Even intelligent life with a technical civilization may be found. Confirmation of any of these possibilities would be of great scientific importance.
The search for extraterrestrial life is most clearly grasped by imagining the reverse situation. For example, if humans were on Mars, examination of Earth for life with the full armoury of contemporary scientific instrumentation and knowledge would be illuminating. Both remote and in situ testing might be attempted. In remote testing, light of any wavelength reflected from or emitted by the target planet can be examined. Remote-sensing methods seek thermodynamic disequilibrium, especially in the fluid phases (atmosphere and hydrosphere) of the planet. With in situ studies, samples of a planet must be acquired by instrumentation that lands there and performs experiments.
Chemical, mechanical, or spectral disequilibria may also be sought. Earth's atmosphere contains large amounts of molecular oxygen and about 1.7–2 parts per million (106) of methane, but in thermodynamic equilibrium the abundance of methane should be less than one part in 1035. This huge discrepancy implies that some process continuously and rapidly generates methane on Earth such that methane increases to a very large steady-state abundance before it can be oxidized. Although the methane disequilibrium mechanism need not be biological (e.g., relatively stable aromatic hydrocarbons could have been produced nonbiologically early in Earth's history, and slow degradation may then have led to a continuous loss of methane from the planetary subsurface), a biological explanation seems more likely. As seen from Mars, the methane discrepancy could be considered as a preliminary positive test for life on Earth. Indeed, the methane abundance on Earth is due to bacteria. Some methanogenic bacteria live in wetlands (hence the term marsh gas for methane), and others live in the intestinal tracts of cows and other ruminants. Similarly, the large amount of free oxygen gas might be considered a sign of life. The possibility that the photodissociation of water and the subsequent escape to space of hydrogen are the source of oxygen would need to be excluded. Also, spectroscopic detection of such relatively complex reduced organic molecules as terpenes (hydrocarbons given off by plants and found over forests) could be used as a test for life.
By contrast, photographic observations of the daytime Earth from Mars would not necessarily detect life. Even at a resolution of 100 metres (330 feet)—that is, an ability to discriminate fine detail at high contrast only if its components are more than 100 metres apart—cities, canals, bridges, the Great Wall of China (long erroneously believed to be visible from the Moon), highways, and other large-scale accoutrements of Earth's technical civilization would be extremely difficult to discern. As resolution progressively improves, it becomes increasingly easy to distinguish the regular geometric patterns of cultivated fields, highways, and airports. However, these are products of recent civilization; thus, only 100,000 years ago no clear sign of life would have been visible with remote-sensing techniques. Today lights of the largest cities are detectable from Mars, as are seasonal changes in the colour of plants.
Scanning of the electromagnetic spectrum offers another technique for detecting life. Domestic television transmissions, the high-frequency end of the AM broadcast band, and radar defense networks make up some of the enormous amount of energy put out by Earth into space at certain radio frequencies. According to an estimate made by the Russian astrophysicist Iosif S. Shklovskii, if this radiation were to be interpreted as ordinary thermal emission, the implied temperature of Earth would be hundreds of millions of degrees. This radio "brightness temperature" of Earth would have steadily increased over the last several decades. The frequency and the time variation of these signals are not purely random noise.
In situ studies by vehicles that enter Earth's atmosphere and land on the surface could detect life at many places on Earth. However, there are many other places where large organisms are infrequent such that life-detection attempts based solely on television searches for large animals would be inconclusive. Of course, if such an experiment were successful—for example, if the camera recorded a cavorting dolphin, a strolling camel, or a flying peacock—it would provide quite convincing evidence of life.
Although the open ocean, the Gobi Desert, and Antarctica are relatively devoid of large life-forms, they are—like other, less-barren ecosystems—replete with microorganisms. A television camera coupled to an optical or electron microscope might be an optimal life detector. The 17th-century Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek had no difficulty in identifying as alive the little "animalcules" he found in a drop of water, even though nothing similar had been seen before in human history.
Metabolic and chemical criteria might be used for detecting life with in situ studies. The fixation of gas (such as carbon dioxide) when illuminated might be due to photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Direct tests of soil or water for optical activity might be made. Organic molecules could certainly be sought with gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, or remote analytic chemistry. The detection of organic matter would then lead to experiments that would determine if it was biological in origin.
In general, many tests for life are intrinsically ambiguous. There remains the omnipresent problem of contamination. Any spacecraft might carry living organisms from the home planet and report them as detected on the target planet. Great care must be taken to ensure that the spacecraft is rigorously sterilized and travels without life from home.
Even the detection of significant quantities of extraterrestrial organic matter can be misleading. Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites fall on Earth from the asteroid belt. They contain up to 4 percent organic matter by mass. This matter has been ascertained to be of nonbiological origin. Microscopic inclusions also have been detected. The most abundant of these inclusions are mineralogical in origin. Highly structured inclusions, such as filaments or microspheres with central dots, are rare and sometimes the result of obvious contamination (one inclusion contained ragweed pollen). Claims of the extraction of viable microorganisms from the interiors of carbonaceous chondrites were not supported by subsequent evidence. These meteorites are porous and "breathe" air in and out during their entry into the atmosphere and during their storage prior to study. Significant opportunities exist for contamination after their arrival on Earth because of the ubiquity of microorganisms. Some bacteria extracted from a meteorite were facultative aerobes. As no planet in the solar system except Earth harbours significant quantities of oxygen gas, it is unlikely that the electron-transfer multienzyme pathways required for oxygen respiration evolved in the asteroid belt. Nevertheless, the large amounts of organic matter found in carbonaceous chondrites suggest that organic molecule production occurs with great efficiency in certain extraterrestrial locations. This production may serve as a natural precursor to life elsewhere.
No single unambiguous "life detector" exists. Instruments of great generality that make few ambiguous assumptions about the nature of extraterrestrial life require luck (e.g., an animal or protist must walk or swim by during the operating lifetime of the camera) or the solution of difficult instrumental problems (e.g., the acquisition and preparation of samples for remote electron microscopic examination). Highly sensitive instruments, such as metabolism detectors, are directed at organisms presumably vastly more abundant than animals. These instruments critically depend on assumptions that are basically informed guesses (e.g., that extraterrestrial organisms eat sugars). Therefore, an array of both very general and very specific instruments is recommended to establish, or preclude, the existence of extraterrestrial life in the solar system.
Life in the solar system
A brief survey of life's prospects on the moons and planets of the solar system follows. In the solar system there are many different environments that could contain significant clues to the origin of life and perhaps even life itself. However, there is not yet definitive evidence for or against extraterrestrial life on these planets.
The Moon and Mercury
The Moon's surface is inhospitable to life of any sort. Diurnal temperatures range from about 100 K (−173 °C, or −279 °F) to about 400 K (127 °C, or 261 °F). In the absence of either an atmosphere or a magnetic field, ultraviolet light and charged particles from the Sun penetrate unimpeded to the lunar surface. In less than an hour, they deliver a dose lethal to the most radiation-resistant bacteria known. The subsurface environment of the Moon is not nearly so inclement. Ultraviolet light and solar protons do not penetrate more than 1 metre (3.3 feet) below the surface, and the temperature is maintained at a relatively constant value of about 230 K (−43 °C, or −45 °F). Nevertheless, the absence of any surface fluid, atmosphere, or liquid to cycle matter and energy makes prospects for life dim.
The environment of Mercury is rather like that of the Moon. Its surface temperatures range from about 100 K to about 620 K (347 °C, or 657 °F), but, about 1 metre below the surface, the temperature is constant at roughly room temperature. However, the absence of any significant atmosphere, the unlikelihood of bodies of liquid, and the intense solar radiation make the prospect for life on Mercury remote.
Martian "vegetation" and "canals"
Evidence for life on Mars has been claimed for more than a century. The first such argument was posed by a French astronomer, Étienne L. Trouvelot, in 1884:
Judging from the changes that I have seen to occur from year to year in these spots, one could believe that these changing grayish areas are due to Martian vegetation undergoing seasonal changes.
The seasonal changes on Mars have been reliably observed, not only visually but also photometrically. There is a conspicuous springtime increase in the contrast between the bright and dark areas of Mars. Colour changes with season have also been reported. Space probes have found no vegetation on Mars, but seasonally variable dust storms provide a convincing explanation of the colour changes.
Historically, life on Mars was argued for on the basis of the "canals." This apparent set of thin straight lines across the Martian bright areas extends for hundreds, even thousands, of kilometres and changes seasonally. First systematically observed in 1887 by Italian astronomer Giovanni V. Schiaparelli, the lines were further catalogued and popularized about the turn of the 20th century by American astronomer Percival Lowell. From the unerring straightness of the lines, Lowell argued they could not be natural in origin. Instead he interpreted them as artificial constructs built by intelligent Martians. Lowell suggested they might be channels that carry water from the melting polar caps to the parched equatorial cities. However, many other astronomers were not able to see the canals, and the canals are now believed to be an optical illusion. Approximately rectilinear features do exist on the Martian surface, but these are natural features such as crater chains, terrain contour boundaries, faults, mountain chains, and ridges analogous to the suboceanic ridge features of Earth.
In July and August 1976 two U.S. probes, Viking 1 and 2, successfully landed on Mars with equipment designed to detect the presence or remains of organic material. Analyses of atmospheric and soil samples yielded conclusive results; the data were interpreted as negative. At least in the vicinity of these probes, no evidence for life exists. In 1996 analysis of the Allan Hills Martian meteorite (ALH84001) yielded structures and sedimentary magnetite that some have interpreted as direct evidence for extremely small microbial life on Mars. However, most scientists are very skeptical that the Allan Hills meteorite actually contains traces of past Martian life. The culprits are more likely to be tiny carbonate crystals and abiogenic magnetite. The search for past and current life on Mars continues.
The average surface temperature of Venus is approximately 750 K (477 °C, or 891 °F). Even at the poles or on the tops of the highest Venusian mountains, surface temperatures do not fall below 400 K (127 °C, or 261 °F). The temperatures on Venus are too hot for Earth-style life. However, carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water (according to the results of the Venera space vehicles) are found in the clouds of Venus. These three are the prerequisites for photosynthesis. Molecular nitrogen also is expected at the cloud level, and some minerals are likely convectively raised to the cloud level from surface dust. The cloud pressures are about the same as those on the surface of Earth, and the temperatures in the lower clouds also are quite Earth-like. Although highly acidic by virtue of their sulfur, the lower clouds of Venus are the most Earth-like extraterrestrial environment known. No organisms on Earth lead a completely airborne existence, so most scientists dispute the possibility that organisms exist buoyed in the clouds of Venus.
Jovian planets
The atmosphere of Jupiter is composed of hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia, some neon, and water vapour. These are exactly the gases used in experiments that simulate the early Earth. Laboratory and computer experiments have been performed on the application of energy to simulated Jovian atmospheres. Immediate gas-phase products include significant quantities of hydrogen cyanide and acetylene. More-complex organic molecules, including aromatic hydrocarbons, are formed in lower yields. The clouds of Jupiter are vividly coloured, and their hue may be attributable to organic compounds. An apparent absorption feature near 260 nanometres in Jupiter's ultraviolet spectrum may be due to aromatic hydrocarbons or even due to nucleotide bases. Jupiter may be a vast planetary brew that has operated for 4.5 billion years as a laboratory of organic chemistry.
The other Jovian planets, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, resemble Jupiter, although less is known about them. Their cloud-top temperatures progressively decrease with distance from the Sun. Microwave studies of Saturn indicate that the atmospheric temperature increases with depth below the clouds. A similar situation is expected to exist on Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune. These planets of the solar system are associated with many natural satellites. Some, such as Titan, a satellite of Saturn, and Io, a satellite of Jupiter, have atmospheres. Despite the relative suitability for life's preconditions, no evidence is known for life on the outer planets or their satellites.
Europa, other Jovian moons, comets, and asteroids
Europa, the fourth largest satellite of Jupiter, may be the best candidate for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. The Galileo orbiter revealed a crust of water ice and a complex surface on this moon. Optical imaging, thermographic temperature probes, and magnetic field measurements support the strong inference that a liquid saltwater ocean surges beneath the frozen crust. A wisp of an oxygen atmosphere has also been detected by spectrographic techniques. Furthermore, since organic molecules including methane and nitrogen-rich gases such as ammonia abound on Jupiter and some of its other moons, such "prebiotic chemicals" are highly likely to be present on Europa. The Galileo flyby also detected abundant sulfuric acid, a potential chemical power source, on the surface of Europa. (Such discoveries in the Jovian planets inspire further investigation of the limits to diversity of life on Earth. Lakes such as Vostok in Antarctica reside under more than 3 km [2 miles] of ice. Studies of bacteria in these lakes and of water seeps within cavities in granitic and carbonate rocks provide models for the viability of possible Earth-like life-forms on Europa and other Jovian moons.)
Io is the most volcanically active place in the solar system, and Ganymede and Callisto may also have water ice under their surfaces. The immense tidal influence of Jupiter regularly pumps energy into these planetary systems. Now that it has become clear that chemoautotrophic life-forms do not require sunlight as sources of energy, some scientists argue that a shift of focus from Mars and the other inner planets is in order. The outer planets' satellites, especially Europa and Saturn's Titan, promise new insights into the search for extraterrestrial life in the solar system. In 2008, for example, the Cassini spacecraft reported several hundred lakes and seas of organic materials on Titan, dozens of which contain more liquid hydrocarbon (such as methane and ethane) than all of Earth's oil and gas reserves combined.
Tens of thousands of comets, as well as some thousands of asteroids and asteroidal fragments revolving about the Sun between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, contain organic molecules. The asteroids are the presumed sources of the carbonaceous chondrites' organic matter. Pluto has a predominantly nitrogen atmosphere covering a surface of frozen nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane. The intense cold and paucity of solar radiation on Pluto and the lack of atmosphere and liquid waters on the asteroids argue against the likelihood of finding life on these bodies.


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You don't want to buy that special transmission fluid? Guess again! Pat Goss has the low down.
Sandpaper is a lot like transmission fluid. Did you know that? It's true. Your transmission fluid is super important.
So don't pour water in there, you dummy! Get the right fluid, you doofus!


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Especially as 2015 nears. I think the OT's only going to get much love because of its relative proximity timeline-wise to what the new films are probably going to be about. The PT seems like something Disney's willing to distance itself from too, at least for the time being. Hasbro wasn't the only license told to refocus too.
how many more slots can the EU fill before we're right on Top of the next movie? If E7 re-writes the EU, then of course we wouldn't see any of those "future" characters again. Even if they did follow the existing EU, I'm guessing they'd go with newer movie renditions of any characters versus falling back on older molds. Between the movie and Rebels, I'm not expecting to see much of any previous lines.
But it' seems clear that Lucasfilm Licensing is looking at the big picture and trying to steer things towards a greater goal. That means working towards a successful launch for the REBELS animated series and a ramp up towards the release of Episode VII. This move away from established EU figures et al really seems to have been inevitable given the overall change in direction for Star Wars.
To the segment of collectors out there claiming this was a bad Toy Fair, I couldn't disagree more. If you take the foreknowledge of the entire list of product scrubbed from Hasbro's database out of the equation, this show had a ton of reveals. I can't say I'm disappointed with anything other than the huge x-wing "sibling maimer" or the Command line and the fact that there was no reveal of The Ghost or female SWR action figures.
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|Antoni Bulak, August 1938
My Apologies to Shakespeare
I love the U.S. Census. I love other sources too, but whenever I look at a census record I feel like I'm looking through a window back in time, one that offers a glimpse of life on one particular day in my ancestors' lives. You know what's really cool? I even know which day! The census tells me. I can see who was living in my ancestors' home, who their neighbors were, where they were living, where they worked, how many children were still at home, and so on. I'm also amazed at how much information is, for lack of a better word, wrong.
"A Comedy of Errors: A Play in Four Acts"
A Comedy of Errors: My Family in the Census (Part 2 of 3)
Other Posts You Might Like:


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We live and work in a cold, cruel world where our laptops take a lot of abuse. Regardless of how gentle we try to be, it's inevitable that sooner or later our notebooks will get dropped, spilled on and worse.
While many people think that notebook damage can be repaired only by the manufacturer or a computer shop, there are some problems that can be inexpensively and easily fixed with common tools, spare parts and a little effort. Many of these repairs are no harder than high school art projects.
Using a couple of old, beat-up notebooks, I'll show you how to fix everything from a broken case and frayed charger cord to a bad fan and scratched screen. Each restoration project has time and cost estimates as well as what materials you'll need to do the trick. Just follow the directions I've outlined for each repair -- but be warned, your system might be a little different or require special parts and a slightly different approach.
One additional note: While I generally applaud improvisation and recycling old parts for repairs, there's nothing like having the right part to do the repair. In fact, while fans and notebook keyboards may all look alike, they are very different, and chances are the wrong one won't fit right and work properly. Each repair has links to where you can get the right parts, but they are just a sample of what's available. If all else fails, try eBay to get what you need.
Follow along and soon your system will be good as new and ready for its next mishap.
Problem: Frayed charger cord
Cost: $5 to $15
Time: 1 to 2 hours
Materials: Silicone sealant, painter's tape (which is less sticky than regular masking tape), protective gloves (optional)
Because a notebook that travels needs to be plugged in and unplugged several times a day, the cord and connector can take a beating, leading to a frayed power cord. If this happens, it's important to get a new cord or fix it right away, because it not only can damage the system's battery through intermittent charging, but it can also be a fire hazard.
Fortunately, most power adapters have removable AC power cords, which cost a few dollars and are available at stores like Radio Shack. On the other hand, if the connector that plugs into the computer is the problem, it can cost $50 to $75 to replace because you have to find the exact AC adapter for your laptop from your notebook manufacturer or an online retailer such as Shop For Battery, LaptopTraveller.com or Notebook AC Adapter (search for your make and model name followed by "AC adapter").
Or you can just fix it yourself.
There's a quick-and-dirty repair for a frayed cord: Just roll electrical or duct tape over the damage and hope for the best. A better way is to make a more permanent repair with silicone sealant, available at any hardware store and many supermarkets, which will insulate and protect it. It's best to use black to match the cord's color, but clear sealant works just as well.
To protect the surface you're working on, lay down a wide strip of painter's tape, sticky side down, and place the frayed area of the cord on top of it. The sealant won't stick to the back of the painter's tape the way it might to other barriers made out of paper or plastic, and the painter's tape should peel right off the table when you're done. (Note, however, that you shouldn't be doing any kind of computer repairs on your good furniture.)
Next, squeeze out a gob of sealant onto the area that needs fixing. Work the gooey sealant into place, covering the damage with a liberal coating. If you have sensitive skin, it's a good idea to wear thin protective gloves for this part.
Let the sealant cure for an hour or two until it is firm. Gently remove the cord from the tape (and the tape from the table), and you have the equivalent of a new power cord that's flexible and ready for years of road work.


text: Mass. Eye and Ear and Mass General Enter Formal Relationship to Provide Top Eye and ENT Care Mass. Eye and Ear and Mass General Enter Formal Relationship to Provide Top Eye and ENT Care Contact: Mary Leach Mass. Eye and Ear Public Affairs (617) 573-4170 Boston – (Oct. 19, 2009) – The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital have formalized and enhanced their long history of clinical and academic collaboration and outstanding patient care. On Friday, Oct. 16, Mass General formally created departments of Ophthalmology (eye) and Otolaryngology (ear, nose, throat, head and neck). These new clinical services are led by the respective department chiefs at Mass. Eye and Ear, who now also serve as chiefs at Mass General. These chiefs are Drs. Joan W. Miller and Joseph B. Nadol, Jr. The new MGH departments are staffed by Mass. Eye and Ear physicians, who maintain appointments at both institutions. Patients will continue to see ophthalmology and otolaryngology physicians at Mass. Eye and Ear, which is physically connected to the main Mass General campus. The new relationship enables more coordination and collaboration between the two institutions, as the chiefs of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology will become integrated into Mass General's leadership groups and be part of the planning and decision-making processes. Patients in particular will benefit from the closer connection as they continue to receive world-class coordinated care at the institutions they know and trust. The result of this enhanced relationship will be deeper collaboration and joint programmatic planning to achieve highest quality of care, research and teaching. Contact Us Today! 617-523-7900


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Fred, of Learn You Some Erlang for Great Good, today posted on his blog about the problems around how rebar handles releases, Rebar Releases and Being Wrong. The problems he mentions and a few others are why, despite giving it a legitimate shot, I have found rebar unusable for my workflow to be efficient and stable while adhering to OTP standards at the same time.
I suggest first reading his post, if you already use rebar, and then continuing on with the rest of this.
I'll start with an example on the generation of a project containing two applications and a dependency from one of those applications of cowboy. Next, I'll create a release (and in the process a deployable target system) to show the difference in how sinan handles this process.
TL;DR Sinan does OTP the right way, rebar does not.
First, you can download the latest version sinan from this link, it is simply an executable escript, so 'chmod +x sinan' and put it in your PATH and you are good to go.
Sinan provides a 'gen' command to create your project. I include the output of the steps I took to build this project. Sinan assumes this is a multiple application project, but if you give "y" instead it will create a directory structure similar to rebars default structure with a src/ directory instead of a lib/ directory.
$ sinan gen Please specify your name your name> Tristan Sloughter Please specify your email address your email> [email protected] Please specify the copyright holder copyright holder ("Tristan Sloughter")> Please specify name of your project project name> rel_example Please specify version of your project project version> 0.0.1 Please specify the ERTS version ("5.9")> Is this a single application project ("n")> Please specify the names of the OTP apps that will be developed under this project. One application to a line. Finish with a blank line. app> app_1 app ("")> app_2 app ("")> Would you like a build config? ("y")> y Project was created, you should be good to go!
We now have a project named rel_example and can see the generated contents.
$ cd rel_example/ $ ls config doc lib sinan.config
Before going further I add the line {include_erts, true}. to sinan.config so that a generated tarball of the release contains erts and can be booted on a machine without Erlang installed.
$ cat sinan.config {project_name, rel_example}. {project_vsn, "0.0.1"}. {build_dir, "_build"}. {ignore_dirs, ["_", "."]}. {ignore_apps, []}. {include_erts, true}.
A tree structure view of the generated project is below:
. ├── config │ └── sys.config ├── doc ├── lib │ ├── app_1 │ │ ├── doc │ │ ├── ebin │ │ │ └── overview.edoc │ │ ├── include │ │ └── src │ │ ├── app_1_app.erl │ │ ├── app_1.app.src │ │ └── app_1_sup.erl │ └── app_2 │ ├── doc │ ├── ebin │ │ └── overview.edoc │ ├── include │ └── src │ ├── app_2_app.erl │ ├── app_2.app.src │ └── app_2_sup.erl └── sinan.config
You'll see we have a lib directory with two applications containing their source files under a src directory. Now in order to boot the release we'll create, we need to remove a couple tings from each supervisor. Instead of creating something for them to supervise just remove the variable AChild and replace [AChild] with [].
Next, so we have a third party dependency in the example, add cowboy to the applications in nano lib/app_1/src/app_1.app.src:
{applications, [kernel, stdlib, cowboy]},
Sinan provides a depends command to show the depenedencies of the project and where they are located:
$ sinan depends -v starting: depends Using the following lib directories to show resolved dependencies and where it found them: /home/tristan/.kerl/installs/r15b/lib /home/tristan/Devel/rel_example/_build/rel_example/lib compile time dependencies: runtime dependencies: kernel 2.15 : /home/tristan/.kerl/installs/r15b/lib/kernel-2.15 stdlib 1.18 : /home/tristan/.kerl/installs/r15b/lib/stdlib-1.18 cowboy 0.5.0 : /home/tristan/.kerl/installs/r15b/lib/cowboy-0.5.0 project applications: app_1 0.1.0 : /home/tristan/Devel/rel_example/_build/rel_example/lib/app_1-0.1.0 app_2 0.1.0 : /home/tristan/Devel/rel_example/_build/rel_example/lib/app_2-0.1.0
Now lets build a release and target system.
$ sinan dist
After running the dist command we have a _build directory that we find the following structure. I removed the files/dirs under each app to shorten the listing.
├── rel_example
│ ├── bin
│ │ ├── rel_example
│ │ └── rel_example-0.0.1
│ ├── erts-5.9
│ │ ├──
│ ├── lib
│ │ ├── app_1-0.1.0
│ │ │ ├──
│ │ ├── app_2-0.1.0
│ │ │ ├──
│ │ ├── cowboy-0.5.0
│ │ │ ├──
│ │ ├── kernel-2.15
│ │ │ ├──
│ │ └── stdlib-1.18
│ │ ├──
│ └── releases
│ └── 0.0.1
│ ├── rel_example.boot
│ ├── rel_example.rel
│ ├── rel_example.script
│ └── sys.config
└── tar
└── rel_example-0.0.1.tar.gz
Sinan has created a lib directory containing all necessary applications for our release as well as the needed files for booting the release. Additionally the dist command creates a tar.gz for easy deployment. But if we simply want to run our release where we are we can:
$ _build/rel_example/bin/rel_example Erlang R15B (erts-5.9) [64-bit] [smp:4:4] [async-threads:0] [hipe] [kernel-poll:false] Eshell V5.9 (abort with ^G) 1>
This is only the tip of the iceberg of what sinan is capable of. I can't go into all of it here but I'll mention that you are able to define multiple releases for a project to generate and which of your project apps to include in each. Additionally you are able to provide a custom rel file if you require tweaks.
The important part to take away from this post is the structure of what you are working with when using sinan and how it is based on OTP standards, both for the source you work on and the results of the build process under _build/.


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Log in
Kalamazoo, MI –
Kalamazoo Public Library is proud to bring 2014 Reading Together author, Tracie McMillan to Kalamazoo to discuss her best-selling novel: The American Way of Eating: Undercover at Walmart, Applebee's, Farm Fields and the Dinner Table. Tracie will speak at Kalamazoo Central High School's Auditorium on Wednesday, March 5 at 7 pm. This event is free. Seating is limited.
Michigan News Agency will sell copies of The American Way of Eating at the event. McMillan will sign books after the presentation.
Award-winning journalist and Michigan native Tracie McMillan will share her experiences in California farm fields, the produce aisle of a Detroit Walmart, and the kitchen of a New York City Applebee's on her path to discovering the origins of the food on our plates.
From McMillan's website: McMillan mixes immersive reporting, undercover investigative techniques and "moving first-person narrative" (Wall Street Journal), McMillan's book argues for thinking of fresh, healthy food as a public and social good—a stance that inspired The New York Times to call her "a voice the food world needs" and Rush Limbaugh to single her out as an "overeducated" "authorette" and "threat to liberty." In 2012, Whole Living magazine named her a "Food Visionary," building on her numerous appearances on radio and television programs, which range from the liberal "The Rachel Maddow Show" to the "tea-party favorite" Peter Schiff Show. She has written about food and class for a variety of publications, including The New York Times, the Washington Post, O, The Oprah Magazine, Harper's Magazine, Saveur, and Slate.
In 2013, The American Way of Eating was awarded the prestigious Sidney Hillman Prize for Book Journalism in recognition of her work's commitment to the public interest, and a Books for a Better Life Award, a publishing industry touchstone which recognizes excellence in books that carry uplifting messages. AWE was also named a finalist for a Goodreads Reader's Choice Award; an International Association of Culinary Professionals Food Matters award; an Investigative Reporters and Editors Award; and a James Beard Journalism Award (considered "the Oscars of the food world"). The same year, McMillan won a James Beard Journalism Award as for a feature on farm labor she wrote for The American Prospect; she is a sought-after lecturer, speaking across the country about her work and the topics it covers, from farm labor to cooking, America's growing class divide to eating on a budget.
In 2013, she was named a Knight-Wallace Journalism Fellow at the University of Michigan, a year after she was named a Senior Fellow at the Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism. She currently serves on the awards committee for the James Beard Journalism Awards, and is the 2014 Koeppel Journalism Fellow at Wesleyan University, where she teaches a course on writing about inequality.
Tracie's website is TracieMcMillan.com.
For more information about this and other 2014 Reading Together events, please visit readingtogether.us.
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See? Ain't it perty?
Photo sources: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
This color combo exists in my bedroom and I adore it!! And love Bailey's blog design of course!ReplyDelete
love love the color combo. so dreamy! xoxo jillian:: cornflake dreamsReplyDelete
Love this colorway, so bright and fresh. Pinterest is seriously the best website for finding everything. And obviously PB is pretty much the prettiest blog ever.ReplyDelete
Love this colour pairing so much and PB is one of my absolute favourites too look at- gorgeous design lady!!!ReplyDelete
My absolute favorite color! Just got a delicious minty necklace from oliphant in fact!ReplyDelete
gorgeous! love this combo too! and such pretty pics!
see you so soon!
The images and the colors are all sweet. Certainly does remind me of my favorite childhood ice cream, which happened to be mint chocolate chip :)ReplyDelete
A gorgeous combination...love the images!!ReplyDelete
Lovely lovely post!!! So perfect for spring!!ReplyDelete
I love the inspiration board cork board above the desk! I am going to make a new one for Spring for my desk this week! I want it to look like that! Thanks for the inspiration. And the colors are so sweet, and fun.ReplyDelete


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Sports Birthdays for August 2 — Tim Wakefield and More
Here are some of the people in the sports world celebrating birthdays on August 2:
Tim Wakefield
Age: 46
Profession: Retired MLB Player
Best Known For: An All-Star pitcher, Tim Wakefield used the knuckleball to win 200 games during his major league career from 1992 to 2011 with the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Boston Red Sox . In 1992, Wakefield went 8-1 for the Pirates, adding two more wins in the National League Championship Series. After a few mediocre seasons, Wakefield landed in Boston where he became the 1995 American League Comeback Player of the Year. He became a mainstay on the Red Sox pitching staff and was on both the 2004 and 2007 World Series-winning teams. Wakefield finished his Red Sox career in third place on the club's all-time wins list behind only Roger Clemens and Cy Young.
Tony Amonte
Age: 42
Profession: Retired NHL Player
Best Known For: A five-time All-Star right wing, Tony Amonte played in the NHL from 1991 to 2007 with the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers and Calgary Flames. He was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1992. Amonte scored the game-winning goal in the gold medal game of the 1996 World Cup tournament, allowing Team USA to defeat Team Canada.
Paul Grasmanis
Age: 38
Profession: Retired NFL Player
Best Known For: A reliable defensive tackle, Paul Grasmanis played in the NFL from 1996 to 2005 with the Chicago Bears, St. Louis Rams, Denver Broncos and Philadelphia Eagles.
Kerry Rhodes
Age: 30
Profession: NFL Player
Best Known For: An All-Pro safety, Kerry Rhodes has played in the NFL since 2005 for the New York Jets and Arizona Cardinals. In 2010, Rhodes was the NFC interception return yards leader, returning four picks for 174 yards. He has been a guest on several national TV shows, including 'The Martha Stewart Show,' 'Late Night with Jimmy Fallon,' ' The Biggest Loser' and more.
Grady Sizemore
Age: 30
Profession: MLB PLayer
Best Known For: A three-time All-Star outfielder, Grady Sizemore has played for the Cleveland Indians since 2004. A winner of Gold Glove awards in 2007 and 2008, Sizemore also hit 30 home runs and stole 30 bases in 2008. Since 2009, injuries have prevented Sizemore from playing a full major league season.


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I'm taking one post off from blogging about baseball — today I'm still in shock from after what happened last night in East Lansing, Mich. Well I'm not in shock, considering Michigan State has let me down multiple times over the years, but that was a horrible defeat to Notre Dame. For those of you who haven't read my profile, I went to Michigan State.
Anyway, I don't have much to say today. On the Blue Jays front, it looks like Dustin McGowan will be starting on Tuesday in Detroit. Jays manager John Gibbons also said the pitcher might take part in the Arizona Fall League. It's still up in the air what role he might fill next season — starter or reliever. If he doesn't make the club out of Spring Training, he'd have to clear waivers to go to Triple-A. I personally think another club wouldn't mind picking him up. That being said, the Jays need to determine how he best fits in with the team.
2 Comments
Jays have to figure where to put McGowan. They didn't NOT trade him or groom him as their best pitching prospect all these years just to lose him to waivers for nothing. Either #5 or relief, he could be a cheap alternative to plug a hole in the pitching.
I think it's fair to say that he lost his title as top prospect after the Tommy John surgery. He's still plenty talented and can hopefully get a spot in the bullpen next year. A middle relief righty could be a good place to start.


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Mercy Hospital Gaining, Losing Under ER Plan
Valley City's Mercy Hospital is losing all its physicians assistants at the same time it has reached an arrangement so that a physician will be in the building at all times to ensure full care in the Emergency Room, said Keith Heuser, hospital administrator, Tuesday.
Heuser said that Mercy has decided to contract with a specialty ER coverage service. This service will provide doctors trained in emergency services in the Mercy ER 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. This, in conjunction with the electronic/video system that links the Mercy ER with emergency room specialists in Avera Health, Sioux Falls S.D., will provide a more updated response in the ER.
Heuser said that few people realize that Mercy hospital is a Level IV trauma center. This designation places greater responsibility on the facility to ensure that specific trauma treatment training of all the Emergency Room nurses takes place, that the ER is staffed by physicians and that specific response times in the ER are met. Until recently, the level IV physician requirements have been filled and met by the local medical staff.
"The residents of Barnes County and surrounding areas do not realize how fortunate they have been to have as committed a group of physicians as we have in Valley City. They have sacrificed their personal and family time to provide top notch care in our Emergency Room at no cost to the hospital or community," Heuser said.
Heuser said things are changing partially in response to the demands of emergency room coverage on a smaller medical staff. He said the change will give the medical staff time away from worrying about ER coverage and to ensure that there is 100 percent coverage of the ER by a physician. The move is also a reflection of the responses received as part of Mercy's patient satisfaction system. "Patients in the ER have expressed a desire to see the physician more quickly and to better understand the care they receive in our ER. This is a major step to meeting and exceeding those expectations."
Heuser said moving away from the model that allowed the hospital to use physician assistants is the most difficult part of the change. "These midlevel providers were a great asset to the hospital and very highly regarded health care providers in the community. Their commitment to this community and to exceptional healthcare services was invaluable. They were the core of our Emergency Room treatment team and we are extremely grateful for their service here."
However, said Heuser, "In the long run it (the change) will be very positive for the medical staff."
The target date for getting the new arrangement into to operation is May 1. Heuser said all Mercy physician assistants were told about the plans early, and all were offered other employment within the CHI system, the corporate parent of Mercy Hospital. Heuser said no Mercy physician assistants decided to accept the offer.
"By providing the ER coverage using a contract service it allows the local physicians to spend more time in their clinics seeing their regular patients. This improves their responsiveness to their own patients and patient satisfaction. It also improves the quality of life for the local physicians and improves recruitment of outside physicians to our community because they don't have to take call. This is a major source of dissatisfaction for physicians in smaller communities that cannot afford the more expensive ER contract services. Physicians who are looking to make career changes often look for communities that do not have an ER call commitment. This is a very exciting change for the hospital and demonstrates its commitment to the medical staff and to improving services and responsiveness to the community."


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Moderators: Three Stars, dagny, pfim, netwolf
columbia wrote:Wait....what?
That's really surprising.
Mike Vogel @VogsCaps
#Caps knew this was a possibility in November when Hunter was hired. Hoped he would return, knew it was possible he wouldn't.
columbia wrote:Wait....what?
That's really surprising.
shmenguin wrote:not surprising. there were rumblings that hunter was never that enthused about the job to begin with and wanted to stay with his junior team.
When asked if he might come back to the NHL down the road, Dale Hunter simply said "I'm going home."
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 2 guests


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South Carolina taxpayers are about to save $50,000 in one week.
They'll do it thanks to a one-week furlough the member S.C. House plans to take this week, in which the 124 members will stay home except for a few sparsely scheduled committee meetings. The House will return to normal session on Feb. 21.
The state Senate, meanwhile, will come back to work as usual on Valentines Day. The Senate Judiciary will meet to consider the appointment of Barnwell native Mark Keel as the chief of the S.C. State Law Enforcement Division, along with a handful of other bills, such as S. 732.
The bill, introduced by Sen. Clementa Pinckney, a Jasper County Democrat, is aimed at preventing the rash of copper thefts, a nationwide problem. The proposal would require someone selling copper to obtain a permit from the county sheriff.
On Wednesday, a Senate subcommittee will consider ways to help municipalities address the problem of crumbling buildings, structures that have been used as a meth lab, or industrial properties where illegal dumping occurs -- and hold owners of accountable.
Under S. 117, named the Rehabilitation of Abandoned and Dilapidated Buildings Act," a municipality could bring an action against someone who owns property that could be dangerous to the public's health and safety or violate building or sanitary codes.
Advocates say local governments need more than just condemnation as recourse, since that route ends up costing taxpayers more.
The bill would also let a court give permission to a court-appointed receiver to demolish a structure if it doesn't make economic sense to bring it into compliance with local codes and ordinances.


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Oregon Football Could be Facing Punishment for NCAA Violations
In a move that didn't really surprise college football insiders, the University of Oregon in the last 24 hours has released hundreds of pages of documents, and admitted at least one "major violation" related to recruiting between 2008 and 2011.
This was the period when former Coach Chip Kelly was building the Ducks into a major NCAA power. Rumors had begun to surface last year over violations in Eugene.
The school released over 500 pages of documents to the NCAA over an alleged payment of $25,000 to a Houston-based high school recruiting service, Complete Scouting Services.
KATU-TV in Portland reports Willie Lyles, who runs the service, had a connection to at least one Oregon recruit. These services help track the progress and expose high school prospects to major colleges for potential scholarships, but NCAA rules prevent schools from paying these organizations to get blue-chip players to sign.
The school has proposed a self-imposed punishment of a two-year probation, and a loss of one scholarship each year for three years for the alleged violations. According to reports, numerous other violations have allegedly been uncovered.
The NCAA will not comment on an ongoing investigation. In some situations schools have been hit with post-season bowl bans, big scholarship losses and even suspensions of coaches.
Adding fuel to the fire was the abrupt departure of Coach Kelly to the Philadelphia Eagles -- especially after he just committed to staying at Oregon. Critics compare it to Seahawks Coach Pete Carroll bolting from USC just before a slew of NCAA penalties hit the school -- some of which the Trojans are still recovering from.
Kelly has refused to comment on the issue until the NCAA gives its decision.


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If you were able to plan the wedding of your dreams, what would it include? Where would you hold the wedding? What kind of decorations would you use? How would you make the guest's experience one that they would remember? With the help & planning from Weddings By Nancy, Maria & Mark's wedding provided this and so much more.
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text: The Morton Arboretum in the western suburb of Lisle covers 1,700 acres and features a variety of trees and plants from all over the world. The park includes paths for walking, paved roads and places to engage with and learn about nature like a native prairie, a research center, a children's garden and an outdoor maze. The arboretum holds seasonal events, including festivals and outdoor art installations. The Morton Arboretum was founded by Joy Morton in 1922. His father, J. Sterling Morton, established the first Arbor Day. Joy Morton also founded the Morton Salt Co. in Chicago in 1885. Today, the arboretum is recognized globally for its plant collection and the research and education that take place there.