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CSS Problem-SolvingMarch 10, 2004
After spending an hour debugging CSS with Tim Bray this morning, it occurs to me that the most valuable skill to possess in the maddeningly complex minefield of today's browser landscape isn't, in fact, knowing which browsers do what to which properties. It's problem-solving.
Browsers are the wild card in CSS. If everything worked according to spec, the development process (once you've figured out the complexities of the box and float models) would be relatively straightforward. But we're not living in that perfect world, and most of the time what they do isn't quite so important as how you cope with what they actually do.
To that end, the CSS Crib Sheet was meant to aid the process of debugging, and it covers a few points, but I realized this morning that there are some tricks I use to diagnose a problem that don't show up on any resource guides. I figured I'd share.
- Turn on borders.
- One of the biggest problems I've faced is visualizing what exactly is happening, and why. Is that extra space a margin, or some padding? Is it the margin of the parent element, or the child? Is it even caused by either of the two elements, or something else? By applying an arbitrary bright-coloured and obvious border (#F00, #0F0, and #00F) to each element, parent and child(ren), the boxes reveal their constraints and spacing a lot more obviously. Background colours often help too.
- Check your selectors.
- Likewise, using the border trick or background colours to highlight the element you think you're working on can save a lot of frustration. Due to cascading and inheritance, your selector may not actually be applied properly. Do something to check when in doubt; make the element obvious by making it ugly. If the change doesn't take effect, then the selector is your cuplrit.
- Adjust values.
- Font size too small in Mozilla, but fine in IE? Bump it up a bit. Even the slightest bit helps. Going from 0.9em to 0.91em can make a world of difference. Similarily, adjusting margin and padding to wild values that you have no intention of keeping can often make a difference in how something renders, and frequently will squeeze out the root problem through process of elimination. You can always set them back after you've solved it.
- Hide selective elements.
- Speaking of process of elimination, how do you know that the element you're working with is the problem? Try hiding surrounding elements, and leaving parent elements (all the way up the chain, as far as the
bodyitself if necessary) as unstyled as possible. Comment them out, don't delete them, because you'll need them later. Sometimes widths and heights and floats and margins and so on can interact in ways that you don't expect. Reduce and isolate the problem as much as you can, to make sure other elements aren't having a deleterious effect.
- Get rid of unneeded CSS.
- If you have dummy properties that aren't contributing to the net styling, comment 'em out. Remove all possible variables by reducing your declarations to the bare minimum needed for the effect you're trying to achieve. Sometimes things you wouldn't suspect will be at fault.
- Set your margins to 0.
- When in doubt, specifically set the margins of your element(s) to 0. You can't always rely on a browser's default values.
- Validate.
- Good lord, nothing is going to work if you have improperly nested and unclosed elements! Always make sure your (X)HTML is kosher before even starting to think about your styling.
These are but a few; there are more I'll write up as I use them. Feel free to comment with your own problem-solving techniques. (This could very well end up an offshoot resource the way the Crib Sheet did.)
Remember, the key is to highlight the behaviour. Why the browser is displaying a quirky behaviour doesn't always make sense, but if you can work around the problem just by quick testing, it doesn't necessarily have to.
Reader Comments
Great post Dave.
Here's one, well two, I suppose, that have bit me in the past for some things and now I'm careful of…. Not really bug killing but bug avoiders…
1. Leave a space between your last selector and an opening curly brace.
i.e. don't do this this -> #mydiv{
2. Careful not to leave a comma between your last selector and an opening curly brace.
i.e. don't do this -> #mydiv, {
The first one bit me in IE, the second in Mozilla….
I'm with Chris Nott, background color is the best way to help debug complex css/html.
Also setting something to "!important" fixed what I thought to be bugs tons of times.
Borders definitely will screw up normal-flow layouts; however, I really just use that for situations where I'm getting display/ redraw issues due to boxes sitting on top of each other. It's more a way to disabuse myself of misconceptions about my code.
I'll 2nd (3rd, 4th, nth) the Moz/ Firefox Web Developer tool sets.
Another thing that will probably sound crazy, but it makes debugging so much easier for me: I use tabs/ indents to indicate elements exist inside of other elements. It makes CSS easier to scan and is a handy reminder that if I can't see why something is doing what it's doing, it might be an inheritance issue. You can see an example of what I mean here: http://www.cbeyond.net/
I've also found that copying the style sheet to a new one, making the page use that, and getting rid of the "cascading" in the style sheets helps me pinpoint. Only seeing things that I've explicitly declared, rather than allowed to cascade, often gets to the root of the problem. Many times a cascade that isn't working the way I thought has bit me.
And the DOM inspector in Moz/Firefox is the best tool I've seen for checking things out.
Great post.
I'll add to what Scott said about Moz's DOM inspector.
- Clicking around the DOM tree flashes borders on the elements, without messing up the layout.
- You can browse the style rules being applied to each element, including the browser defaults (great for catching typos in selectors and/or xhtml attributes)
- You can browse the computed style on the elements
The only real problem I have is that whenever I break it out (every time I hit a problem) I end up wishing I had a screen about 2048 by 1536 pixels, so I had enough room on the desktop…
Instead of using a border, you could add a background to the specific problematic areas. This doesn't affect the element's width (which borders do), yet you acheive a simular effect. Unfortunately, you can't use blanket selectors, or everything would get the styles, but everything has a trade-off.
P.S. Don't give away all your trick, or nobody will hire you! ;-)
If you're having a problem in IE Windows that seems to be unsolvable, and you're using the XHTML Strict DOCTYPE, try ripping out the DOCTYPE and see if this clears it up. This has worked for me (well, eventually, after several headfulls of hair have been torn out and Bill Gates' family have been cursed for several generations) on numerous occasions, for reasons I'm yet to get to the bottom of.
Yes, I know it's got to do with Quirks mode, but I haven't worked out a way to overcome the problem while leaving the DOCTYPE in there, so no, my pages don't validate - even though they are valid in every way but having the DOCTYPE, if that makes sense.
I've come across this in all sorts of instances, including funny positioning glitches and gaps, and to give a recent example, if you put the DOCTYPE back into the pages in my otherwise beautifully valid CSS tutorial
all the links in both the left navpanel and the horizontal one become "non-links".
So, in summary: ditch the DOCTYPE and see what happens.
Another common problem solving technique (which applies to more than just CSS) is the process of elimination…
Sometimes, for particuliar problems I'll save a copy of my CSS file and then delete the first half of all the CSS and see if this effects the problem. If it does then halve again; otherwise you know it's in the other half. Repeat and in a few steps you'll zoom in on the offending code.
Chris Pederick's toolbar rocks, but none of you have mentioned what I have found to be *the* best tool that is there…
Under the "Information" set of buttons, you need to toggle on "View Style Information"
Once you set that on, your cursor turns to a crosshair, and no matter what element of the page your cursor is over, it shows the DOM/inheritance path to that element in the status bar.
Then, when you click on an element – it pops open a new tab that has a list of all the style rules that apply to that element, along with the line number.
It is, quite simply, the sweetest debugging tool I've found…. better than the original Mozilla DOM inspector and its somewhat clumsy interface
I have a very useful bookmark in my 'Useful Stuff' folder, which basically generates a new stylesheet which marks out a load of the classes and ids:
javascript:(function(){var newSS; newSS=document.createElement('link');newSS.rel='stylesheet'; newSS.type='text/css';newSS.href='http://www.codepoetry.net/stuff/css-debug.css'; document.documentElement.childNodes[0].appendChild(newSS);})();
Hope that helps someone!
A simple one, learnt the hard way: double-check the spelling of all your elements. That DIV tag that is set as "active" in the HTML is actually "activated" in the CSS!
And I'll second the usage of colour tip. I always start with every element having a background color and border color set, garishly if need be.
I keep the following in all my CSS nowadays:
div {border: 1px solid red;} */
And uncomment whenever things go wrong.
Great piece of advice. I do the border thing countless times daily and comment values on and off/reload to see if there is any difference. Many times, this is the only accurate way to figure out what is going on. Being exposed to repeated issues from both IE and Mozilla has given me a good knowledge of what to expect of the behavior of a given CSS property in each browser and most importantly, how to fix it quickly. Another tip is to set parent element's padding to 0 at all times and mess around with the child elements' padding to compensate…
Good tips. And Tom, that little bit of code is genius; I think I'll start using that!
Something that I did recently on a client's site after a few maddening hours of debugging is what I've dubbed 'sketching.' After writing the HTML and before adding the images and actual content, I start styling with brightly-coloured blocks and obvious borders in place of where the images would usually be, to make sure everything is positioned properly in every browser. Big blocks are much easier to work with than images!
Instead of toggling a border (which can change the total width/height of an element and, thus, screw up a layout), use background colours.
If you're using Firefox, the Web Developer toolbar (http://www.chrispederick.com/work/firefox/webdeveloper/) has some nifty debugging tools; it'll outline elements for you, show you ID and class details, hide images, etc. It's exceedingly handy.
I find the Web Developer Toolbar for Mozilla/Firefox to be very useful when doing CSS problem solving. It has buttons for validating html/css, viewing source in new tab, turning off javascript, and putting borders around element, among other features. All of the techniques can be done manually, but it's great to have easy access to it in a toolbar.
The Web Developer Toolbar:
Your first tip is my favorite. Turning on borders has saved me so much time in the past. I usually color them #f00 for debugging visibility. It helps a lot to see just where the browser is putting that box.
That debugging stylesheet over at codepoetry looks promising as well, but I couldn't get it to work with Firefox on my pc.
When you first encounter a problem, try to get it fixed in the most standards-compliant browser you have. Then go back and try to get it looking right in IE^h^h^h the less standards compliant browser.
To test borders I include the link below in my footer during development. It turns on all the div borders with a click. It doesn't work in all browsers but it helps. I had to encode it for this forum.
<a href="javascript:d=document; el=d.getElementsByTagName('div'); for(i=0;i<el.length;i++) el[i].style.border='1px dashed red'; el=d.getElementsByTagName('span'); for (i=0;i<el.length;i++) el[i].style.border='1px solid black';void(0)">Show DIVs
Opera and Mozilla can both show outlines as well as borders, which don't take up space in the layout. (Opera's support is standard CSS, Mozilla's is valid custom CSS.)
Opera also has two user styles that might be useful. One shows structural elements by name, the other outlines everything for you.
I find another tip handy. Reduce the browser window smaller and smaller until the layout starts to break. Don't assume "if it works at full screen, it must be OK". I've two layouts now that break badly when IE6/Win goes a tiny few pixels below 1024 width. One was due to an overlong line of text in a blockquote, the other I solved last night by clearing a div below a line of floats. In both cases, my side menu was disappearing to the bottom when the window got too narrow.
This tip can also show what happens when images and text overlap. I found a background image on the right was covering my header graphic on the left, when reducing the window too small, yet only in IE6. By testing in the three common Windows browsers at once I was able to see this. The solution turned out to be z-index. IE6 required the background image to be -1! But that made it disappear in other browsers, which were happy with a z-index of 1. So this has required me to add a standard hack to supply the value needed to IE6.
Test your layout in all manner of screen shapes and sizes. Even ones beyond your current monitor size. Switch it to a higher size, even if it becomes too fuzzy to read, just to see what happens. The results may surprise you.
Good set of reminders Dave. I've done similar things in the past to solve CSS design issues, including and not limited to:
A) Apply a coloured border… (though "outline" is preferable if supported)
B) Set a background colour, which is sometimes preferable to A as it doesn't change the sizes of elements by adding a pixel.
C) Use a translucent coloured PNG/dithered transparent GIF as an element background… much like B but you'd still be able to "see through" it. Handy for browsers that don't support CSS3's RGBA/HSLA colour model (though the current CSS validator doesn't support CSS3 either)… and stops you putting non-validating CSS which may break rules when you least expect them.
But personally, I wouldn't wanrt to advocate:
"So, in summary: ditch the DOCTYPE and see what happens."
DOCTYPE switching, not ditching works… plus there's the minimal test-case CSS debugging method:
You can't always add a background image - if your layout problems stem from using one to start with!
Don't forget also that the DOM Inspector allows you to EDIT styles! So you can make an element stand out, or even delete it altogether, and the changes appear instantly, but without changing your actual file.
to: Maxine Sherrin
Ripping out the DOCTYPE isn't necessary, but having the directive at the begin of the page will put IE into quirksmode… I think I read it on Tantek's site but it solved my big 'Why isn't IE rendering the code right'-Mystery
http://club.studiant.be/translatio/test/ <- a revision of my site, finally with a decent css markup (the current has valid xhtml but looks like hell when run in compliant mode)
I find the border trick to be invaluable. But sometimes I want to see the the varying levels of containers which one color alone doesn't help. I like to use this:
div {border: solid 1px blue; padding: 2px;}
div div {border-color: red;}
div div div {border-color: green;}
div div div div {border-color: orange;}
div div div div div {border-color: purple;}
div div div div div div {border-color: yellow;}
If you use the border trick, somtimes adjacent borders of the same color can make hard to distinguish the boxes. If you however apply the border-style 'ridge' with a decent (2-4px) border-width, these adjacent borders become a lot clearer.
One of the things I sometimes do when i have trouble getting a style applied, is seeking for a parent element with an ID on it.
For example, if the following class doesn't work for one reason or the other that I cannot find out…
p { color: red; }
p.foo { color: green; }
I simply apply..
#parent p.foo { color: green; }
..to override it and be done with it.
Somewhat related - when checking a design in Firefox be aware that it doesn't compensate for the lack of a scroll bar - so no you aren't going mad your design does leap over 17 pixels or so when it doesn't require a scrollbar (on one page) and then leap back when the scrollbar reappears!
Sorry shouldn't be venting here!
I know there is a dislike for IE out there but I like using the IE Booster utility to help debug.
This web development bookmarklets make all the difference for me:
I specially like the edit and test styles, computed styles (let's you click on any part of the page to see what selectors and attributes are being applied) and show blocks.
Hope it helps
OK. It's 5 am so please forget misspellings.
Here's a funky favelet I use for debuggin. Forget red borders and DOM inspector.
Add to Favorites or copy and paste the following 4 lines on your address bar:
javascript:void(z=document.body.appendChild( document.createElement('script'))); void(z.language='javascript'); void(z.type='text/javascript'); void(z.src='http://ultimorender.com.ar/funkascript/beta/script/csswatcher.js');
DOUBLE CLICK to get background highlighting and AGAIN to lock highlight on an element.
(Actually I keep the script within the HTML while developing, so I don't have to click again and again on the favelet)
Do'h. It has turned my quotes into curly quotes. The preview didn't do that!
OK, here's a link to get the thing:
I would recommend instead od turning on borders, turning of the background - It's much more visible.
Also when in doubt or having bg image and want to have bg colour over, use background: #XXX; after specifying background-image.
To turn off, but not to delete property in CSS sheet, I prefer to do prepend 'a' character before properties to be turned off.
margin: 50px;
border: 1px;
font-size: medium;
amargin: 50px;
border: 1px;
font-size: medium;
And margin is turned off. Most of the browsers will just ignore it.
Excellent list, I use many of those myself. One that I came across recently was the apparently optional xml declaration that for certain pages, IE6 doesn't find optional with XHTML Strict. I was developing a complex Intranet application with the target browsers being IE5.0 and above. I deployed a beta and found that because of a different PHP installation, some things weren't quite right. I did some fixing and some random deleting of markup and found that although IE5.0 and 5.5 worked fine, my DIVs were all over the place in IE6.
Utterly confused, I took the bare markup of a page home to try it, and thankfully the first line that was different from my working page was the xml declaration. I stuck that in and my week-long pain was over! You could say I'm not the biggest fan of IE's quirks.
This also ties in with another tip - keep backups of the "last working version" of your site and do side-by-side, line-by-line markup comparisons. If something is different, it's most likely the problem. Hope this helps someone.
>comment 'em out.
That should be comment 'em out.
As posted by Gordon way up at the top:
I once had in my XHTML and in the syle #layout-counter. It took be a good ten minutes to actually realise what had gone wrong and by then I had a few bruises on my forehead and fists.
In Firefox at least, you can also do:
* {
border:1px solid red;
To get borders on everything. And Jesse's site at squarefree.com is great - there's a bookmarklet there called ancestors that shows the id and class of the element you hover over in the status bar.
Great advice and hints - many thanks.
Have to agree about the edit styles bookmarklet from Jesse Ruderman http://www.squarefree.com/bookmarklets/webdevel.html - it is a great time saver - it opens a window with the style sheet so that the effect of changes made in the css can be seen immediately without needing to save and refresh the page.
Nice one Dave!
Gota agree with that idea on borders. I have the web developer tool bar on firefox also, but using a border in your css really does help to only pick out one or two elements, and of course see what the hell IE is doing to my pages now.
About that Style Information option on the toolbar someone mentioned earlier …. How on earth do you get it to work??
Mine is always greyed out so that I never have that option. Does it not work with imported css?
I totally agree about the borders. Except, I have a favelet from http://www.accessify.com/tools-and-wizards/accessibility-checking-favelets.asp that automatically turns them on all divs and makes them red. A huge timesaver!
I'm in the middle of designing a site for a Thai NGO (http://www.jpthai.org/ - not yet in production), which will then be cut up into modules to be served by a CMS. As this is my first "real" web standards project, I jumped into researching a bunch of tools.
I really like Web Developer by Chris Pederick! Just awesome.
Also, from my background in software development, I find CVS a necessary tool to manage version differences - I'm using TortoiseCVS http://www.tortoisecvs.org/ on my WinXP box. For diffs (I manage to mess up working CSS files once in a while - and need to "revert") It calls up WinMerge http://winmerge.sourceforge.net/ to compare a CSS file between checked-in versions.
Yeah, I know this is more meta-development stuff. Just some more (good) tools to add to your mix. Lots of the tips above are great!
Phil Baines,
My "View Style Information" was greyed out also until i did …
Right click -> customize -> drag css into components box -> drag css back out of components box


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>>>full bracket [pdf]
MILLEDGEVILLE, Ga. - The No. 14 Georgia College & State University men's basketball team (22-5) and head coach Terry Sellers have a reason to head back to the practice courts. The Bobcats earned an at-large bid to the 2010 NCAA Southeast Regional Tournament in Augusta, Ga.
As the No. 3-seed, Georgia College will take on a familiar foe in fellow Peach Belt Conference (PBC) school USC Aiken Saturday, March 13. The winner of the USC Aiken and GCSU contest will play the winner of the No. 7 Montevallo-No. 2 Mount Olive contest in the semifinals on Sunday, March 14.
It will be a measure of revenge for the Bobcats, as the Pacers are one of two teams to defeat Georgia College in the Centennial Center this season. USCA edged the Bobcats 69-65 Feb. 13.
With a pair of All-PBC selections leading the way in senior guards Graham Martin (Marietta, Ga.) and Ty Rowland (Lilburn, Ga.) the Bobcats will play in the NCAA Tournament for the second-straight season.
Ticketing information will be made available later this week.
The GCSU Department of Athletics, winners of the 2008-09 PBC Commissioner's Cup, sponsors 10 varsity athletic programs at the NCAA Division II level. As a Division II program, GCSU prides itself on balancing the life of the student-athlete, evidenced by the Bobcats' multiple appearances in post-season competition as well as documented academic success and community-service involvement. Sign up at Twitter.com username GCSUSID for up-to-the-minute reports, and visit www.GCSUBobcats.com to nominate your favorite former Bobcats and Colonials to the GCSU Athletics Hall of Fame.

subset: commoncrawl


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> Atkins diet
Atkins diet
Also listed as:
Diet, Zone
Related terms
Author information
Diet outline
Related Terms
Adequate protein diet, Barry Sears, carbohydrate, diet, fat, low carbohydrate diet, protein.
The Zone diet is an unproven dietary regime, which has been popularized by Dr. Barry Sears through sales of his 1995 book,
The Zone
. Despite claims made in the book, there is little available research to support its overall benefit.
The Zone diet is a calorie-restricted diet that provides adequate protein, moderate levels of carbohydrates, essential fats and micronutrients spread through three meals and two snacks that approximately maintain the protein-to-carbohydrate ratio throughout the day.
Proponents believe that the Zone diet promotes optimal metabolic efficiency in the body by balancing the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin is responsible for converting, in the blood, incoming nutrients into cells. Glucagon regulates glucose in the liver. Overall, the Zone's food plan consists of a dietary intake of 40% carbohydrates, 30% protein and 30% fat.
Under this diet, recommended foods include fruits and vegetables (fresh or frozen), oatmeal (whole grain), protein powder (e.g. soybean isolate), chicken, turkey, lean beef, fish, low-fat cottage cheese, soy food, nuts (e.g. almonds, cashews, macademia, pistachios), extra virgin olive oil, natural sweeteners, such as fructose or stevia.
Theory / Evidence
Recent research seems to indicate that a low total caloric intake is associated with longer life expectancy. Based on animal studies, animals eating calorie-restricted diets may live 1.5 to 2 times as long as animals eating high-calorie diets. Theoretically, similar effects may occur in humans. The caloric restriction recommended by the Zone diet is below that of the average American and may be of benefit in weight loss and if maintained over decades in increasing life expectancy. On the other hand, athletes in training will likely suffer from decreased performance if restricted to the low calorie diet recommended by the Zone.
Despite proposed benefits, currently there are no high quality clinical trials available about the Zone diet or similar diets consisting of the recommended 40% carbohydrates, 30% fat, and 30% protein. The Zone diet is quite complex in terms of caloric restriction, ratio of carbohydrates/protein//fat, spacing of meals, preferential intake of certain fats, and avoidance or inclusion of a few specific foods.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
Cheuvront SN. The zone diet and athletic performance. Sports Med. 1999;27(4):213-228.
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine.
Sears B. The Zone Diet and athletic performance. Sports Med. 2000;29(4):289-294.
Diet outline
Following the wheat free diet involves eliminating all wheat products from the diet. This requires careful attention when reading food labels. Some manufacturers require provide information on their products indicating if contamination with wheat is possible, but this is not always the case.
Individuals are advised to read labels and be able to recognize wheat constituents as ingredients. Alternative food items exist for those wishing to exclude wheat from their diets and are available at most specialty and natural food stores.
Currently, the only effective method of managing a true wheat allergy is avoidance of any wheat-containing products. Some evidence suggests that certain antihistamine medications such as fexofenadine (Allergra) may prevent allergic symptoms when taken before ingestion of wheat in patients with a mild allergy.
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Even Zombies Need an Agent
While getting to the bottom of the zombie ant phenomenon, biologist David Hughes is taking calls from Hollywood—and gaining new insights into the role of behavior in the spread of disease.
It may sound like science fiction, but the body snatchers are for real. David Hughes has seen them, and trailed them from the jungles of Thailand to the woodlands of South Carolina. He has brought them back to his lab, and cultured them, and begun to unravel their secrets.
Hughes, an assistant professor of entomology and biology at Penn State, is a rainforest ecologist with a special interest in parasites. In particular, he is fascinated by that subset of parasites that accomplishes its ends by mind control: invading the brain of a hapless host and causing that creature to do its bidding. Zombie behavior, biologists call the phenomenon. And the woods, as they say, are full of it.
David Hughes has trailed zombie ants from the jungles of Thailand to the woodlands of South Carolina. He has brought them back to his lab, and begun to unravel their secrets.
A Case of Mind Control
Hughes has studied crickets compelled by parasitic worms to jump into swimming pools and drown themselves, whereupon the worm emerges wriggling and swims off to find a mate. He has looked at wasps that take orders from small parasitic insects sticking out of their backs, taxiing from flower to flower to spread the parasite's larvae. But the one subject of his research that has made the biggest splash—round-the-world headlines, CBC and BBC documentaries, consultant gigs for Hollywood movies and blockbuster video games—is the case of the zombie ants.
You may have heard the basic outlines. Infected by the fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis, a common denizen of the world's tropical forests, individuals of a certain species of tree-dwelling carpenter ant behave in a most peculiar manner. Wandering as if drunk, they leave their nest high in the canopy and stagger or fall to the understory below. There they mill about aimlessly until, at the appointed hour, they bite down hard with their mandibles onto the main vein on the underside of a leaf about 10 inches above the ground. Those jaws remain locked even as the ant dies, its body still clinging to the leaf. A few days later, the victorious fungus pushes a stalk through a hole in the dead ant's head, and the stalk drops spores to infect more unsuspecting ants.
Hughes and colleagues around the world have begun to show just how the fungus brainwashes its victim to accomplish a precise set of behaviors aimed at ensuring its own survival.
This creepy ritual is not new to science: It was first discovered in 1859 by the great British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace. But it's only in the last few years that researchers have uncovered its details. During that span, Hughes and colleagues around the world have begun to show just how the fungus brainwashes its victim to accomplish a precise set of behaviors aimed at insuring its own survival.
Evolutionary biologists call it an extended phenotype. In effect, the hijacked host's behavior becomes an expression of the parasite's genes. Or, as Hughes has written: "While the manipulated individual may look like an ant, it represents a fungal genome expressing fungal behavior through the body of an ant."
Parasites Rule
Hughes has been stuck fast on parasites since he was an honors zoology student at the University of Glasgow in the late 1990s. "Half of life on earth is parasitic," he says, "and parasites dominate biomass as well. We've only recently realized it, but most of the energy flowing through the environment is flowing through parasites."
The idea that some parasites control their hosts was long resisted in scientific circles. Its early champions—among them Richard Dawkins, the well-known evolutionary biologist—faced considerable opposition.
"There's a million other things as complex and as beautiful as the zombie ant phenomenon, but too few of us will get down on our hands and knees and spend months in the forest looking at them."--David Hughes
The difficulty, Hughes explains, has been that "in order to show that a parasite is controlling behavior, you have to show that that behavior is adaptive. That it's actually benefiting the parasite's fitness for survival." This was the task he set himself with the zombie-ant fungus.
Following in Sequence
At first, Hughes' studies involved combing the jungle for extended periods, locating ant "graveyards" where hundreds of ant carcasses pile up over time, and then finding and observing live ants. "It isn't rocket science," he says cheerily.
Working in a protected rainforest in Thailand in 2006 and 2007, he and his colleagues showed that fungal infection causes the drunken walking and convulsions suggestive of central nervous system impairment, and ultimately leads the ants to a precise location to die. They showed that that place, outside the nest but above the ground—and even the programmed time of death, solar noon—are optimal for the fungi's growth and reproduction. Examining thin sections of ants with powerful microscopes, they found heads packed with fungal cells, and also atrophy of the jaw muscles, a likely factor in the "death grip" that keeps the dead ant fixed to the leaf.
In the five years since Hughes' first discoveries, the study of mind-controlling parasites has boomed. "This has been mainly driven by our ability to understand the chemical evidence," he says. With the powerful gene-sequencing tools now available, he explains, investigators have moved from describing remarkable behaviors observed in the field to explaining their precise chemical mechanisms.
Using the resources of Penn State's Genomics Institute, a part of the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, he and his students are sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of two species of Ophiocordyceps that manipulate ant behavior, with the aim of comparing them to the genomes of species that don't.
A complementary tool is metabolomics: analyzing the bioactive chemicals a given genome produces. Ultimately, says Hughes, he hopes to move on to reverse genetics, where investigators determine the function of a given gene by inactivating it, then observing the resulting change in the organism.
Defensive Behavior
In addition to the latest technology, Hughes uses old-fashioned carpentry skills, recreating ant nests in the lab in order to better observe ant behavior.
This is the flip side of the parasite-host equation: Understanding how the host species defends itself against infection. "In the case of ants," he says, "things are set up to protect the queen, whose life is indispensable to the colony's survival."
He marvels at the ways in which the zombie-ant system has evolved. It's had ample time to do so: Hughes has identified the characteristic death-grip bite marks in a fossil leaf over 48 million years old. Through the millennia, the ants have developed a behavioral defense that forces the fungus to leave the colony to transmit its genes to the next generation. In response, the fungus has had to ramp up its own arsenal—the mind-altering chemicals that cause the ant itself to leave the nest.
Oh, and there's one more twist to these ongoing hostilities. The ants, it turns out, have an ally. Recently Hughes reported on a second type of fungus that lurks in the shadows, moving in to attack Ophiocordyceps as it emerges from the ant cadaver. This so-called hyperparasite—a parasite on another parasite—effectively castrates the zombie-ant fungus, preventing it from spreading its spores and infecting more ants.
In the end, of course, it's all part of a complicated ecological balance. The fact that the hyperparasite keeps Ophiocordyceps in check prevents that fungus from annihilating its host altogether, and thereby short-circuiting its own survival. Instead, Ophiocordyceps kills just enough individual ants to further its cause, while the larger colony on which it relies remains mostly intact.
It's a story of interdependence that, far from science fiction, is something Hughes has witnessed in the wild time and time again. "There's a million other things you could find out that are as complex and as beautiful as the zombie ant phenomenon," he says. "The problem is so few of us, even biologists, are willing to get down on our hands and knees and spend months in the forest looking at them."


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Reading seatwork series illustrated by Ethel Hays
In our one-room school, our teachers taught several classes for every subject. The number of classes depended on the grade levels of the current students. Sometimes there were half a dozen grades or more for ten or twelve students.
Usually, the teacher called the classes in order from youngest to oldest. "First grade Reading," she might announce, and the first grader/s went to the bench beside the teacher's desk with appropriate books and papers. After a few minutes of oral reading, the teacher assigned some seatwork and called the next class.
In the primary grades, we always had a page or two to do in the reading workbook, a few pages of practice reading from the textbook, a page in the phonics workbook, and the next page of Puzzle Pages.
Read and write, cut and paste
Puzzle Pages was a reading seatwork series. Besides the part of every page that had to be read, the work usually required some writing and some cut-and-pasted words or pictures from the back of the book. This kept our hands busy with pencils, round-tipped scissors, and globs of white paste. We were also expected to color all the pictures on the pages.
The cover of this Puzzle Pages workbook is exactly like the ones I remember. Just look how busy those children are. And so were we! My husband remembers this workbook, also.
One day, the children in the Puzzle Pages story went to the circus, so we had pictures of circus animals to cut and paste. When the teacher checked my page, she marked the elephant wrong, even though I had pasted it in the right place. She said it was colored wrong. Not having gray in my box of 16 crayons, I had made the elephant purple. Maybe she would have preferred light black.
Ethel Hays, artist and illustrator
ThePuzzle Pages workbooks were published by McCormick-Mathers of Wichita, Kansas -- a publishing company which appears to have gone out of business. Internet searches for "McCormick-Mathers" yield used books from the 1930s through the 1980s, but no website for the company.
Ethel Hays. Her other work included a comic strip, Flapper Fanny, during the 1920s and magazine illustrations and comic strips during the 1930s. During the 1940s, she illustrated a number of well-knownl children's books, including The Little Red Hen (1942), Little Black Sambo (1942), The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1942), The Town and The Country Mouse (1942), and others. She also illustrated the popular Raggedy Ann books of the same era.


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P.S. And thanks for bumping this thread. Those links are long dead. I have refreshed them with attachments.
P.S. And thanks for bumping this thread. Those links are long dead. I have refreshed them with attachments.
The federal district court is located in a little enclave called "mailbox". The Complaint in the LoR is simply, "Did the US Governor for the (UN) International Monetary Fund file in the district court?" The Treasury/DoJ will never Answer, revealing that the Postal Process Server (USPS) is a field scout for the belligerent Noachide/pagan/idolater/slave residing within the (e)state of Israel.
Service of Process on China and Israel.
Answer: YOU ALREADY UNDERSTAND.
You just cannot believe your eyes. This is why the Senate pretends to have removed the Trading with the Enemy Act from the Bankers' CODE.
And yet, I found it published as always!
But elsewhere in the split mind of the blatantly malfeasant trustee:
Pretending to lay down the sword is not the same thing. When one bases conflict in delusion, they lay down Free Will. There is no qualifying it by size - so what? So What, if the whole world thinks debt has substance or value? The law follows truth, and equity follows the law...
The World in delusion has become like the two who hurt themselves, struggling in anger to find individuality. NO STANDING. The law is written for "individuals". The master heals out of love. The student with the pony tail had no stance and so was already "flying". He almost got a punch in and the Master had to contort his muscles too quickly, pulling a muscle. That is what I am doing to the world. The BoE was issued in the Name - Jesus Christ of Nazareth. Paul knew Jesus while teaching the Noachide Law in Asia Minor. Paul was "Field Scout" like the USPS carrier, shock testing how a Resurrection Myth would fly in his pagan homeland of Celicia - City of Tarsus.
P.S. I looked closer. Pause and click quickly about that pony tail attacker. The master lightly kicks Pony Tail's left arm! - After he falls. But he does it while controlling the next attacker, causing Pony Tail's arm to flinch intensely.
This is similar to my job description in the Olympus Ordeal. As found at Lawful Money Trust and Bishop Castle websites:
Update: In August of 2016 David Merrill finished a complete record – Rectification of Judiciary. He addresses the mechanics of a global attack on trust law. Simply put the ability to contract is being privatized into the Bar, for attorneys only. Attorneys at bench (judges) are intentionally fudging their oaths of office so to protect attacks on trusts, as lawsuits against the trustees named as individuals; instead of naming the trust or trustee. David Merrill has made the entire evidence repository available to students here and will be dedicating himself to edifying discussions on these forums.
I am David Merrill. Jim and Phoebe sold Bishop Castle to me in February of 2015 after nearly a year of careful consideration and planning. Fundamental to corporate and trust law is that CASTLE CHURCH TRUST can sue and be sued in its name, CASTLE CHURCH - For the Redemption of the Office BISHOP. Therefore the alleged court action has had no effect on the Trust. Also, there is a criminal syndicalism in effect with virtually all judges in collusion to avoid proper bonding by removing the Name of God from their oaths of office. What you will find on this website, what you are encouraged to learn here is crucial for securing private property. Please visit www.savingtosuitorsclub.net and www.lawfulmoneytrust.com for exploring Bishop Castle - CASTLE CHURCH TRUST.I reverse-engineer reproducible mental models (mathematics). A prominent transform has been misused for commercial purposes - religion. My job is to carefully regulate the release valves on highly compressed information infrastructures to assure the most stability during the implosion or paradigm shift as people realize that debt (debt/death/doubt) holds no value or substance, and therefore is an absurdity behind any currency. Today (since 1976) gold has been replaced for stabilizing the exchange rate of the US Dollar domestic and foreign with Special Drawing Rights (SDR's). This really marks the stage in removal from lawful money where humans became chattel.
Look up SDR or Special Drawing Rights (Paper Gold) for yourself; but my definition has been: "The measure of a society's conditioning to blindly endorse private credit from the local central bank."
Last edited by David Merrill; 09-15-16 at 11:03 AM.
P.S. The United States Postal Service became process server for the Post Office under NIXON, while instating the SDR system, in the Amendments to the Bretton Woods Agreements:
This photo explains it better:
In other words, the Libel of Review is simply a question about the authority - The Author. Who authors law? The Truth? Or deception?
This is an interesting question while moving to New Zealand - remedy is global; we all know it. Men and women are bestowed with a dignity and inherent chance to live without all the violence. The Trading with the Enemy Act was implemented apparently after a murder and then a verbal consultation, where FDR probably neglects to say that the new AG probably "verbally" advised it was illegal, and implemented his "war" anyway - or maybe just that the new AG replacing the one who "died suddenly" advised it was legal, upon the threat of being murdered...
Where do you want to be?
Last edited by David Merrill; 09-15-16 at 03:44 PM.


text: with every collection that comes out i find myself focusing more on the details. the hair & lips at galliano, the geometric prints at hermes, retro wood at celine, everything seventies at chloé, chunky knits at stella mccartney, playful sunnies & ice cream colours at tsumori chisato and the dark jungle cat vibes of givenchy. all images courtesy of vogue.


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text:
It's time for our Friday Elektor wrap up. Our Elektor colleagues were hard at work during this first week of April. Here's quick review.
Elektor Preamplifier 2012: The Sound of Silence
Elektor has a 40-year history of high-end audio (tube and solid state) coverage: projects, books, circuit boards, and even DVDs. The latest project is the Preamplifier 2012, which was designed by renowned audio specialist Douglas Self, with Elektor audio staffer Ton Giesberts doing the board designs and testing on Elektor's $50,000 audio precision analyzer! It achieves incredibly low noise figures using low impedance design techniques throughout, but still based on an affordable and easy-to-find opamp: the NE5532. The Preamplifier 2012's most notable characteristics are its ultra low noise MC/MD section (get out your vinyl records) and the remarkably low-value pots in the Baxandall tone control (like 1-kΩ).Douglas Self and Elektor Audio Labs already stunned the audio community with their NE5532 Op-amplifier a while ago with 32 NE5532 op-amps basically paralleled on a board producing 10 W of extremely high-quality sound. Simply put: they know what they're doing!You can read about the seven-board design in the April 2012 edition. In fact, why not follow the series?
Part 1: www.elektor.com/110650
Part 2: www.elektor.com/110651
Part 3: currently in editing for June 2012 edition.
NE5532 Opamplifier: www.elektor.com/100124
Pico C Webinar Announcement
Elektor announced this week that it will run a new webinar via element14 on the Elektor Pico C meter, which was featured in the April 2011 editions. The Pico C meter can measure small capacitances. In February 2012 the device was upgraded with new firmware.
According to an Elektor news item, UK-based author/designer Jon Drury will run the webinar slated for Thursday, April 19, 2012. He'll cover a unique way of giving the original instrument a much wider range while also extending its functionality, all with new software and practically no changes to the existing Pico C hardware. Microcontroller fans, including AVR enthusiasts, can also learn how to adapt the software for different calibration capacitors. Elektor staffers are reporting that Jon may also give a sneak preview of his PicoLO oscilloscope and Pico DDS generator. You can register at element14.
"E" Hunt!
In other news, Elektor is challenging you to find hidden Easter eggs in its webshop. Find eggs, get a discount. Click here to get started.


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NCAA Tournament 2013 South Region — Day 3
The South Region of the NCAA Tournament featured only one game on Saturday.
Michigan shook off an injury from star Trey Burke to handle South Dakota State in its second-round game, while VCU absolutely put the hammer down in its dismantling of Akron. Burke was okay for the tilt against the Rams, but the Wolverines didn't need his help against the battle-tested Atlantic 10 squad.
(4) Michigan 78, (5) Virginia Commonwealth 53
Mitch McGary scored 21 points and grabbed 13 rebounds, as Michigan blew out VCU, 78-53 in a third round game of the 2013 NCAA tournament's South Region in Auburn Hills, Mich. on Saturday. The Rams were out-rebounded, out-hustled and out-classed by the Wolverines, who started out quickly and led by 15 at halftime. Trey Burke added 18 points and eight assists for Michigan, which advanced to the round of 16 in Arlington, Tex. next Friday. Juvonte Reddic led VCU with 16 points. His team shot just 19 percent from 3-point range.
UPDATED SCORES: East Region | Midwest Region | South Region | West Region


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Soil classification system of England and Wales
The National Soil Map and Soil Classification Copyright © Cranfield University, 2007
This document is designed to accompany the national soil map legend and briefly describes the constituent soil associations of the 1:250 000 (quarter inch to 1 mile) soil map of England and Wales held by Cranfield University. The soil classification, outlined briefly below, is treated more fully in Avery (1980) and in the revised classification of soil series by Clayden and Hollis (1984). The national soil map (or 'Natmap') is based on published soil maps which cover a quarter of the land at scales of 1:25 000, 1:63 360 or 1:100 000 and on reconnaissance mapping of previously unsurveyed areas.
The legend shows geographic soil associations identified by the most frequently occurring soil series and by combinations of ancillary series. The map units are further identified by number codes and are coloured by dominant soil subgroups (or groups), of which sixty seven are recognised. The numbers of each code indicate the predominant major soil group, group and subgroup Thus, association 651a is dominated by soils of the Belmont series belonging to subgroup 6.51, the Ironpan subdivision of soil group 6.5, Stagnopodzols which are part of major group 6, Podzolic soils.
The legend also lists for each unit:
- The geological materials influencing soil characteristics;
- Important soil properties and conditions affecting rooting depth cultivations and Drainage;
- Cropping and other information;
- Percentage and area of England and Wales covered by the soil associations.
Soil Classification and the Map Legend
The soils of England and Wales are differentiated by observable or measurable characteristics of the soil profile: this is a sample of the soil mantle extending from the ground surface to about 1.50m, and formed of several layers or soil horizons. Details of the profile characteristics used to classify soils are given by Avery (1980), but brief definitions of the more important ones used to characterize the soils in this legend are given below. They can be divided into two broad types:
Characteristics inherited from the soil parent material
These soils comprise:
a) Particle-size and organic composition. Soil materials with more than 20 to 30 percent organic matter, depend ing on clay content, are classed as Organic and those with less are classed as Mineral. The latter are divided into three particle-size groups according to the proportions of sand, silt and clay sized particles in the inorganic fraction <2mm, as follows:
- Sandy: Percentage silt and twice percentage clay is less than 30;
- Clays: More than 11 percent clay;
- Loamy: Other materials of intermediate composition.
Sandy, loamy and clayey materials can also be called Humose if they contain >8-12 percent organic matter depending on clay content, and very stony if they contain >35 percent stones. Where necessary loamy materials are subdivided into particle-size subgroups as follows:
- Coarse loamy: >20 percent sand and <18 percent clay;
- Fine loamy: >20 percent sand and >18 percent clay;
- Silty: < 20 percent sand with a further subdivision into:
- Coarse silty: <18 percent clay;
- Fine silty: >18 percent clay.
b) Calcium Carbonate Content. Materials are divided into three broad groups as follows:
- Non-calcareous: <1 percent CaCO3;
- Calcareous: 1 to 40 percent CaCO3;
- Extremely calcareous (Carbonatic): >40 percent CaCO3.
c) Mineralogy. Materials containing distinctive mineralogy affecting nutrient supply, acidity or structural stability are distinguished as follows:
- Ferruginous: A large amount of iron oxides relative to the clay content;
- Glauconitic: At least 5 percent glauconite present as greenish grains;
- Serpentinitic: Sand fraction dominated by serpentine minerals or their weathering products;
- Sulphuric: Extremely acid (dry pH <4) with significant amounts of yellow jarosite crystals and mottles.
Characteristics resulting from alteration of the original parent material by soil forming (pedogenic) processes
These soils are expressed as distinctive surface and subsurface horizons:
a) Organic or organo-mineral surface horizons resulting from the accumulation and/or incorporation of decaying plant residues. They are subdivided into Peaty topsoils which are composed of organic material at least 7.5cm thick; Humose topsoils which are composed of humose material at least 15cm thick and Distinct topsoils which contain at least one percent organic matter over a thickness of at least 15cm.
b) Brownish or reddish 'weathered' subsurface horizons resulting from weathering and leaching of the original material and us ually accompanied by the formation of soil structure.
c) Prominently mottled greyish (gleyed) subsurface horizons resulting from the reduction and partial re-oxidization of iron oxides as a consequence of periodic waterlogging.
d) Clay enriched subsurface horizons (argillic horizons) resulting from the deposition of clay particles washed down in suspension from overlying horizons.
e) 'Bleached' horizons from which iron, aluminium and organic matter have been removed in solution or suspension.
f) Black, dark brown or ochreous horizons enriched in iron and aluminium or humus or both.
Soil profile characteristics are used to define soils at four levels in a hierarchical system, general characteristics being used at the highest level to give broad separations and more specific ones at lower levels to give increasingly precise subdivisions. The four categories are, in descending order, major group, group, subgroup, and series; the lower the category, the more precise is its definition. At major group level, divisions are based on the predominant pedogenic characteristics of the soil profile Soil groups and subgroups are subdivisons based on features which further define the inherent characteristics of the soil material, or modify the basic pedogenic characteristics recognized at major group level. A soil series, the lowest category in the system, is a subdivision of a subgroup based on precisely defined particle-size subgroups, parent material (substrate) type, colour and mineralogical characteristics (Clayden and Hollis, 1984).
Major groups, groups and subgroups are named using words which describe the features used to distinguish them. At the lowest level of delineation however, such a nomenclature becomes unwieldy and soil series take their names from the places where they were first described, (e.g. the Sherborne and Wickham series). Soil 'series' may also sometimes be referred to as soil 'types'.
The complete system, including definitive characteristics of major groups, groups and subgroups is described by Avery (1980), but brief definitions of the classes appearing in the national soil map legend are given below:
- 1. Terrestrial raw soils: These occur in very recently formed material not significantly altered by soil forming processes They have no pedogenic horizons other than a superficial organic or organo-mineral layer less than 5cm thick, or a buried horizon below 30cm depth. Five groups are distinguished, but only one occurs in the legend. It is not subdivided into subgroups.
- 1.1Raw sands are predominantly sandy and found mainly on unvegetated or sparsely vegetated coastal sand dunes.
- 2. Raw gley soils: These occur in mineral material that has remained waterlogged since deposition. They may be unvegetated and are chiefly confined to intertidal flats or saltings that represent stages in the development of mature salt marshes. Two groups are recognised, but only one has been distinguished in the legend. It is not subdivided into subgroups.
- 2.1 Unripened gley soils are formed in waterlogged loamy or clayey material (soft mud).
- 3. Lithomorphic Soils: These are shallow soils in which the only significant pedogenic process has been the formation of an organic or organic-enriched mineral surface horizon. They are formed over bed-rock, or little altered, soft unconsolidated material at or within 30cm depth. Seven groups are separated, five of which appear in the legend. They are fur ther subdivided into typical (unmottled); humic (humose or peaty topsoil); brown (distinct, brownish coloured topsoil); grey (distinct, greyish coloured topsoil); colluvial (in colluvium more than 40cm thick) and gleyic (faintly mottled) subgroups only those appearing in the legend are ind icated below.
- 3.1 Rankers are non-calcareous soils over non-calcareous rock or massive limestone.
- 3.1.1 Humic rankers
- 3.1.3 Brown rankers
- 3.2 Sand-rankers are soils formed in non-calcareous soft, unconsolidated sandy deposits other than alluvium.
- 3.2.1 Typical sand-rankers
- 3.4 Rendzinas are calcareous soils over chalk limestone, or extremely calcareous unconsolidated material.
- 3.4.1 Humic rendzinas
- 3.4.2 Grey rendzinas
- 3.4.3 Brown rendzinas
- 3.4.4 Colluvial rendzinas
- 3.4.5 Gleyic rendzinas
- 3.4.6 Humic gleyic rendzinas
- 3.6 Sand-pararendzinas are soils formed in little altered calcareous soft, unconsolidated sandy deposits other than alluvium.
- 3.6.1 Typical sand-pararendzinas
- 3.7 Rendzina-like alluvial soils are formed in little altered calcareous alluvium, lake marl or tufa.
- 3.7.2 Gleyic rendzina-like alluvial soils
- 3.7.3 Humic gleyic rendzina-like alluvial soils
- 3.1 Rankers are non-calcareous soils over non-calcareous rock or massive limestone.
- 4. Pelosols: These are slowly permeable clayey soils with no prominently mottled (gleyed) subsurface horizon at or above 40cm depth. They crack deeply in dry seasons and have a coarse blocky or prismatic structure. Pelosols are divided into three groups, all of which occur in the legend.
- 4.1 Calcareous pelosols have a calcareous subsurface horizon and no clay-enriched subsoil.
- 4.1.1 Typical calcareous pelosols
- 4.2 Non-calcareous pelosols are non-calcareous to at least 80cm and have no clay-enriched subsoil.
- 4.2.1 Typical non-calcareous pelosols
- 4.3 Argillic pelosols have a clay-enriched subsoil
- 4.3.1 Typical argillic pelosols
- 4.1 Calcareous pelosols have a calcareous subsurface horizon and no clay-enriched subsoil.
- 5. Brown soils: These are soils in which pedogenic processes have produced dominantly brownish or reddish subsurface horizons with no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40cm depth. They are widespread, mainly on permeable materials, at elevations below about 300m and are mostly in agricultural use. Brown soils are divided into eight groups in which the following subgroups are recognised: typical (with unmottled subsoil); gleyic (mottled, permeable subsoil); stagnogleyic (mottled, slowly permeable subsoil); colluvial (in colluvium male than 40cm thick); ferritic (ferruginous subsoil); pelogleyic (clayey, with a mottled slowly permeable subsoil) and argillic (clay-enriched subsoil). Only those appearing on the legend are referred to below.
- 5.1 Brown calcareous earths are non-alluvial loamy or clayey soils with a weathered calcareous subsoil.
- 5.1.1 Typical brown calcareous earths
- 5.1.2 Gleyic brown calcare ous earths
- 5.1.3 Stagnogleyic brown calcareous earths
- 5.1.4 Colluvial brown calcareous earths
- 5.2 Brown calcareous sands are non-alluvial sandy soils with a weathered calcareous subsurface horizon.
- 5.2.1 Typical brown calcareous sands
- 5.2.2 Gleyic brown calcareous sands
- 5.3 Brown calcareous alluvial soils are alluvial soils with a calcareous subsurface horizon.
- 5.3.2 Gleyic brown calcareous alluvial soils
- 5.3.3 Pelogleyic brown calcareous alluvial soils
- 5.4 Brown earths are non-alluvial loamy soils with a non-calcareous subsoil without significant clay enrichment.
- 5.4.1 Typical brown earths
- 5.4.2 Stagnogleyic brown earths
- 5 4.3 Gleyic brown earths
- 5.4.4 Ferritic brown earths
- 5.4.5 Stagnogleyic ferritic brown earths
- 5.4.6 Gleyic ferritic brown earths
- 5.5 Brown sands are non-calcareous sandy soils
- 5.5.1 Typical brown sands
- 5.5.2 Gleyic brown sands
- 5 5.3 Stagnogleyic brown sands
- 5.5.4 Argillic brown sands
- 5.5.5 Gleyic argillic brown sands
- 5.6 Brown alluvial soils are loamy or clayey soils with a non-calcareous subsurface horizon developed in alluvium.
- 5.6.1 Typical brown alluvial soils
- 5.6.2 Gleyic brown alluvial soils
- 5.6.3 Pelogleyic brown alluvial soils
- 5.7 Argillic brown earths are loamy or loamy over clayey soils with a subsurface ho rizon showing significant clay enrichment.
- 5.7.1 Typical argillic brown earths
- 5.7.2 Stagnogleyic argillic brown earths
- 5.7.3 Gleyic argillic brown earths
- 5.8 Paleo-argillic brown earths are loamy or clayey soils with a reddish or reddish mottled clay-enriched subsoil that reflects pedogenic processes occurring before the last (Devensian) glacial period.
- 5.8.1 Typical paleo-argillic brown earths
- 5.8.2 Stagnogleyic paleo-argillic brown earths
- 5.1 Brown calcareous earths are non-alluvial loamy or clayey soils with a weathered calcareous subsoil.
- 6. Podzolic soils: These are soils with a black, dark brown or ochreous subsurface horizon resulting from pedogenic accumulation of iron and aluminium or organic matter or some combination of these. They normally form as a result of acid weathering conditions and, under natural or semi- natural vegetation, have an unincorporated acid organic layer at the surface. Of five groups recognized only four are included in the legend. They are divided into humic, (humose or peaty topsoil); humo-ferric (dark coloured humus and iron enriched subsoil); humus (dark coloured humus-enriched subsoil with relatively little iron); ferric (dark brown or ochreous iron-enriched subsoil with relatively little humus); ironpan (ironpan <1cm thick cemented by iron and humus); paleo-argillic (reddish or reddish mottled, clay-enriched subsoil - see paleo-argillic brown earths); stagno- (mottled slowly permeable subsoil) and typical subgroups. Only those appearing in the legend are indicated below.
- 6.1 Brown podzolic soils have a dark brown or ochreous subsoil with no overlying 'bleached' layer.
- 6.1.1 Typical brown podzolic soils
- 6.1.2 Humic brown podzolic soils
- 6.3 Podzols are well drained soils with a black or dark brown, compact subsurface horizon enriched in humus and normally overlain by a 'bleached' layer, but with no greyish or mottled (gleyed) horizon immediately below.
- 6.3.1 Humo-ferric podzols
- 6.3.2 Humus podzols
- 6.3.3 Ferric podzols
- 6.3.4 Paleo-argillic podzols
- 6.4 Gley podzols have characteristic 'bleached' and dark humus-enriched subsoil horizons directly underlain by a greyish or prominently mottled horizon resulting from periodic waterlogging.
- 6.4.1 Typical gley-podzols
- 6.4.2 Humo-ferric gley-podzols
- 6.4.3 Stagnogley-podzols
- 6.5 Stagnopodzols are mainly upland soils with a peaty topsoil and/or a periodically wet, faintly mottled bleached subsurface horizon, overlying an iron-enriched layer.
- 6.5.1 Ironpan stagnopodzols
- 6.5.2 Humus-ironpan stagnopodzols
- 6.5.4 Ferric stagnopodzols
- 6.1 Brown podzolic soils have a dark brown or ochreous subsoil with no overlying 'bleached' layer.
- 7. Surface-water gley soils. These are seasonally waterlogged slowly permeable soils, prominently mottled above 40cm depth. There are only two groups and both occur in the legend. The groups are further subdivided into typical (clay-enriched subsoil); pelo- (clayey), cambic (no clay-enriched subsoil) and paleo-argillic (reddish or reddish mottled clay-enriched subsoil - see paleo-argillic brown earths) sub groups.
- 7.1 Stagnogley soils have a distinct topsoil. They occur widely in lowland Britain, on tills and soft argillaceous rocks.
- 7.1.1 Typical stagnogley soils
- 7.1.2 Pelo-stagnogley soils
- 7.1.3 Cambic stagnogley soils
- 7.1.4 Paleo-argillic stagnogley soils
- 7.2 Stagnohumic gley soils have a humose or peaty topsoil. They are mainly upland soils intermediate between stagnogleys and peats.
- 7.2.1 Cambic stagnohumic gley soils
- 7.2.3 Paleo-argillic stagnohumic gley soils
- 7.1 Stagnogley soils have a distinct topsoil. They occur widely in lowland Britain, on tills and soft argillaceous rocks.
- 8. Ground-water gley soils: These are soils, normally developed within or over permeable materials, that have prominently mottled or uniformly grey subsoils resulting from periodic waterlogging by a fluctuating groundwater-table. There are seven groups and all are included the legend; within them are typical (non-calcareous subsoils); calcareous or calcaro- (calcareous subsoil horizon within 40cm depth); pelo- (clayey), argillic (with clay-enriched subsoil) and sulphuric (sulphuric subsoil within 80cm - see above) subgroups.
- 8.1 Alluvial gley soils are developed in loamy or clayey alluvium at least 30cm thick.
- 8.1.1 Typical alluvial gley soils
- 8.1.2 Calcareous alluvial gley soils
- 8.1.3 Pelo-alluvial gley soils
- 8.1.4 Pelo-calcareous alluvial gley soils
- 8.1.5 Sulphuric alluvial gley soils
- 8.2 Sandy gley soils are predominantly sandy and developed chiefly in aeolian or glaciofluvial deposits.
- 8.2.1 Typical sandy gley soils
- 8.3 Cambic gley soils are loamy or clayey, with no significantly clay-enriched subsoil.
- 8.3.1 Typical cambic gley soils
- 8.3.2 Calcaro-cambic gley soils
- 8.3.3 Pelo-cambic gley soils
- 8.4 Argillic gley soils have a clay-enriched subsoil
- 8.4.1 Typical argillic gley soils
- 8.5 Humic-alluvial gley soils are loamy or clayey alluvial soils with a humose or peaty topsoil.
- 8.5.1 Typical humic-alluvial gley soils
- 8.5.2 Calcareous humic-alluvial gley soils
- 8.6 Humic-sandy gley soils are similar to sandy gley soils but have a humose or peaty topsoil; they occupy low- lying sites or depressions and are intermediate between sandy gley soils and peats.
- 8.6.1 Typical humic-sandy gley soils
- 8.7 Humic gley soils are loamy or clayey, with a humose or peaty topsoil; they also occupy low- lying sites or depressions and are intermediate between cambic and argillic clay soils and peats.
- 8.7.1 Typical humic gley soils
- 8.7.2 Calcareous humic gley soils
- 8.7.3 Argillic humic gley soils
- 8.1 Alluvial gley soils are developed in loamy or clayey alluvium at least 30cm thick.
- 9. Man made soils. These are soils formed in material modified or created by human activity. They result from abnormal management practices such as the addition of earth containing manures or refuse, unusually deep cultivation, or the restoration of soil material following mining or quarrying. The soils are not subdivided below group level and of the two groups delineated, only one is not included in the legend.
- 9.2 Disturbed soils are mineral soils with a distinct surface horizo n formed in at least 40cm of artificially displaced material.
- 10. Peat soils: These are predominantly organic soils derived from partially decomposed plant remains that accumulated under waterlogged conditions. Only two groups are distinguished and both appear in the legend. They are subdivided into Oligo- (moist pH<4.0); Eutro- or Eu- (pH>4.0 in some part); fibrous (mainly fibrous or semi- fibrous ); -amorphous (mainly humified) and sulphuric (sulphuric subsoil within 80cm depth - see above) subgroups.
- 10.1 Raw peat soils are undrained organic soils that have remained wet to within 20cm of the surface, since their formation.
- 10.1.1 Raw oligo-fibrous peat soils
- 10.1.3 Raw oligo-amorphous peat soils
- 10.2 Earthy peat soils are organic soils, normally drained, with a well aerated and structured, relatively firm surface horizon containing few or no recognizable plant remains.
- 10.2.1 Earthy oligo-fibrous peat soils
- 10.2.2 Earthy eu-fibrous peat soils
- 10.2.4 Earthy eutro-amorphous peat soils
- 10.2.5 Earthy sulphuric peat soils
- 10.1 Raw peat soils are undrained organic soils that have remained wet to within 20cm of the surface, since their formation.
- Avery, B.W. (1980) Soil Classification for England and Wales (Higher Categories). Soil Survey Technical Monograph No. 14. Harpenden.
- Clayden, B. and Hollis, J.M. (1984) Criteria for Differentiating Soil Series. Soil Survey Technical Monograph No. 17. Harpenden.
Notes on national soil map legend
Certain soil associations are listed in capital letters. These are named after the soil series or groups that, with similar soils, form extensive, often dominant, components of most delineations. More variable associations are shown in lower case letters; they have a number of inextensive and dissimilar soils and are named after the series which characterise them best. Estimated percentage values are given, relating soil associations to the total surface of England and Wales, including principal urban and industrial areas, (as shown on the soil map), and inland water. The total area of England and Wales is 151,207km2.


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From the book Totally Vegetarian by Toni Fiore. Reprinted by arrangement with the Perseus Books Group. Copyright 2008
4 to 6
3/4 cup white basmati rice
1 1/2 teaspoons fine sea salt
4 1/2 cups soy milk
1/2 cup organic cane sugar
1 slightly heaping tablespoon cornstarch
1 1/2 tablespoons vanilla extract
1/4 teaspoon ground cardamom
pinch of fine sea salt
1. Combine 1 1/2 cups water, the rice, and the salt in a saucepan and bring to a boil. Cover and simmer over very low heat 8 to 9 minutes, until most of the water is absorbed. Check frequently and stir to make sure it doesn't stick. Add 3 1/2 cups of the soy milk and the sugar. Continue simmering on very low heat for an additional 20 to 25 minutes, until the rice is soft and most of the milk absorbed. You want a spongy texture, with no bite. Remove the rice from the heat.
2. Pour 1/4 cup of the remaining soy milk into a bowl and whisk in the cornstarch to dissolve. Add the vanilla extract and cardamom. Pour the cornstarch-milk mixture along with the remaining 3/4 cup soy milk into the hot pudding and stir to combine. Add a pinch of salt. Serve warm or at room temperature.


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if you haven't yet tasted a french macaron (not to be confused with overly sweet coconut passover macaroon), i'm sorry. these delectable sanwich-like-cookies pack so much flavor, moisture + punch – they are like secret french treasure troves. not just taste and texture (buttercream center, what) but macarons are so gosh darn pretty too! i've rounded up some macaron inspired favorites to get your palette watering. and once you decide it's time to taste the magic, my favorite bisous, ciao just opened at 101 stanton st so you are in luck! bon appétit!
sweet tooth happy? (click on images for more info) and nommsss away!


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Penn State Uplifting Athletes' Lift For Life events set for July 9 to 12
Penn State Uplifting Athletes' Lift For Life events set for July 9 to 12
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. – Activities related to the 12th annual Penn State Penn State Uplifting Athletes "Lift For Life" will begin on July 9, with a more fan interactive Lift For Life set for Saturday, July 12.
Penn State Uplifting Athletes President Ben Kline (Seven Valleys) announced the schedule for the events that will benefit the Kidney Cancer Association and kidney cancer patients. During the 11 years of the Penn State Lift For Life, members of the Penn State football team have raised in excess of $825,000 for the Kidney Cancer Association, including a record totals above $100,000 in each of the past three years.
Activities related to the Penn State Lift For Life will again take place on the same weekend as the Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts, more commonly referred to as Arts Fest.
On Wednesday, July 9, members of the Nittany Lion football team will be a part of the Arts Fest Children and Youth Day. The players will be helping children draw posters of the Lift For Life event from 10 a.m.-3 p.m. at the Sidney Friedman Park near Memorial Field in downtown State College.
On Friday, July 11, the State College Spikes will join the fight against kidney cancer when they host Uplifting Athletes Night at Medlar Field at Lubrano Park. The Spikes will be hosting Brooklyn at 7 p.m. and a portion of the tickets sold will go to Uplifting Athletes. Additional details will be announced soon.
On Saturday, July 12, a modified Penn State Lift For Life will be held from 11 a.m.-2 p.m. at the Penn State Lacrosse Field on University Drive. Football team members will be available for autographs and photos and compete in the tug of war and tire flip events similar to previous Lift For Life events.
Football squad members will conduct two kids clinics from 11 a.m.-1 p.m. and all the players will be available from 1-2 p.m. for autographs and photos. The participants also will receive a Lift For Life T-shirt.
Admission to the Penn State Lift For Life is $10 for adults; children 12 and younger are admitted for free. There is a $10 fee for youth who want to participate in one of the clinics with the players. All proceeds from the Penn State Lift For Life will benefit kidney cancer patients and their families.
Fans can make a Lift For Life donation by visiting the Penn State Uplifting Athletes website at http://www.upliftingathletes.org/ua-chapter/penn-state.
Penn State football teammates serving as 2014 Uplifting Athletes officers are: president – linebacker Ben Kline; vice president – running back Deron Thompson (Lititz); secretary – tight end Adam Breneman (Mechanicsburg); director of marketing – tight end Jesse James (Glassport); compliance manager – running back Akeel Lynch (Toronto); and director of fundraising – tight end Brent Wilkerson (Clinton, Md.). Former football squad members and current Penn State students Joe Marvin (Treasurer) and Bryce Wilson (director of operations) also are officers.
Uplifting Athletes is a full-service national nonprofit organization aligning college football with rare diseases and raising them as a national priority through research, outreach, education and advocacy. What makes Uplifting Athletes unique is that the university chapters are run by current football student-athletes, providing them with an opportunity to gain management and leadership skills while learning how to leverage their assets and abilities to make a positive and lasting impact.
The Uplifting Athletes Chapters are Penn State, Nebraska, Ohio State, Kent State, North Carolina State, Fordham, St. Francis, Notre Dame, Maryland, Illinois, Northwestern, Princeton and Colgate. Each chapter adopts one out of approximately 7,000 rare diseases (such as ALS, Aplastic Anemia, CMT, cystic fibrosis, Ehlers-Danlos, Ewing's Sarcoma, Kidney Cancer, Leukemia, MS, Neimann Pick Type-C, Neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, etc.).


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Looking to buy a Property in a Auction but want to know how much you can borrow and how you can complete in less then 30 days. One of the most fundamental things you need to put in place before you go to a property auction is finance as most auctions will require you to complete on a purchase within 30 days. Below I discuss the pitfalls of using conventional mortgages for auction finance and … [Read more...]
You are here: Home / Archives for tips in getting fast finance


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I will be great-full for someone's help with the following text I wrote:
Thank you!!!Last summer I have had a great vacation. I traveled with my family to Barcelona and it was my first time abroad. I had a lot of fun seeing another country. We stayed there for a short time - only a week. But we saw many things in that short time.
The most noticeable thing there were the unique buildings and the hot weather. I think the buildings are the result of a famous architect and the culture.
While we were there we watched a football game in a great stadium. We also have been in the museum of Picasso.
overall, it was a great experience and I am very glad I have been there. I wish to see other places in the world in the future.


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Not sure where to start? See the Hello World in 10 minutes tutorial to install .NET and build your first app.
Before installing .NET, you'll need to register the Microsoft key, register the product repository, and install required dependencies. This only needs to be done once per machine.
Open a terminal and run the following commands:
sudo rpm -Uvh https://packages.microsoft.com/config/rhel/7/packages-microsoft-prod.rpm
Update the products available for installation, then install the .NET Runtime.
In your terminal, run the following commands:
sudo yum update
sudo yum install aspnetcore-runtime-2.2
The previous command will install the .NET Core Runtime Bundle, which includes the .NET Core runtime and the ASP.NET Core runtime. To install just the .NET Core runtime, use the
dotnet-runtime-2.2 package.
Our step-by-step tutorial will help you get .NET running on your computer.
Supported on Windows, Linux, and macOS


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Ethical Pet Fur Mice-Cat Toys (Assorted Colors)
**imitation fur**
A delightfully smooth paté with tantalizing turkey, specially formulated for your kitten. Ingredients Turkey, liver, meat by-products, poultry brot...View full details
ORIJEN Regional Red Dry Cat Food is an unmatched diversity of red meats that mirror the freshness and variety that your cat is evolved to eat. Brim...View full details
ORIJEN Cat and Kitten Grain Free recipe is 90% meat, fish and eggs, and 100% grain and potato free so you'll know your feline friend is eating the ...View full details
Succulent slow-cooked feast with chicken and a delightful cheddar cheese flavor. Ingredients Poultry broth, chicken, liver, wheat gluten, meat by-p...View full details
Complete Cat Food for All Life Stages. Farmina N&D Grain-Free Chicken Recipe is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the...View full details
Orders placed after 6pm on Friday won't have guaranteed 1-2 day shipping.


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Vista Detention Facility
Disclaimer: The video visits feature of the app ONLY pertains to FAC 8 and the Las Colinas Detention and Reentry Facility.
325 S. Melrose Dr., #200
Vista, CA 92081
Public: (760) 936-0014
Locate on Map
Visit Schedule
- Opened in 1978
- Expanded in 1989 adding 576 beds
- Rated Capacity: 825
- Annual New Bookings: 22,382
- Facility Size: 170,000 sq. ft.
The Vista Detention Facility (VDF) is classified as a Type II Facility by the Board of State and Community Corrections (BSCC). VDF serves as the primary point of intake for male and female arrestees in northern San Diego County.
Opened in 1978, VDF sits on several acres of developed land which is owned and operated by the County of San Diego. The facility has been remodeled twice. In 1989, VDF expanded an additional 576 beds, bringing its total to 886. The current BSCC rated capacity is 825 beds. VDF is just one building in the massive North County Regional Center complex (NCRC). Other buildings include the North County Superior Courts, Vista Sheriff's Station, and the North County Law Library. All buildings with the exception of the Law Library are physically connected.
The population at VDF consists primarily of inmates awaiting court proceedings for North County cases. Our special handling inmate population consists of those with medical challenges, those under psychiatric care, an administrative segregation unit, as well as defendants facing high-publicity trials.
VDF provides a wide range of medical and psychiatric services, including infectious disease control, X-ray and dental care. Services are provided by physicians, psychiatrists, dentists, nurses, and clinical social workers.
Veteran Moving Forward Program
In collaboration with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the Vista Detention Facility opened the first ever Veteran's Module in the San Diego jail system on November 1, 2013. The Veterans Moving Forward Program is dedicated to assisting our incarcerated veterans by providing them the necessary in-custody programs, services and community resources to reduce their rate of recidivism. The Veteran Moving Forward Program promotes an environment of responsibility and accountability. Participants are expected to demonstrate positive actions and work proactively toward their own success. Participants are required to participate in all assessments and all programming. The veteran's module comes with privileges and incentives not available in standard housing units and therefore, compliance with facility rules and regulations is required. Veterans are assigned to the module under certain custody conditions and on a voluntary basis. Participants can expect significant involvement from Correctional Counselors, VA Social Workers, and Sheriff's sworn staff in the day to day operation of the module and programs to facilitate participant goals.


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There are 263 stories in the Crisis Pregnancy Stories category.
You're viewing page 7 of 11 — to view a different page of stories please use the buttons at the bottom Jump to bottom .
To read the whole story — just click it!
The information submitted in the stories section is generated solely by the public.
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Discovery to Delivery
Topic Committee
February 2015 D2D-commissioned white paper on The Future of Library Resource Discovery
Committee Description
The NISO Discovery to Delivery Topic Committee was formed in early 2007 in response to a strategic restructuring. As part of NISO's organizational structure, topic committees that bring together leaders in specific subjects have been created to provide direction to the organization for standards development in those umbrella topic areas. The Discovery to Delivery Topic Committee focuses on issues regarding the finding and distribution of information by and to users, including OpenURL, Metasearch, interface design, web services, etc.
The topic committee is charged with the following tasks:
- Track standards development within NISO and in other standards organizations related to the topic.
- Identify where new standards may provide solutions in their specific area.
- Convene Thought Leader meetings to incubate new standards activities.
- Create and provide guidance and oversight to standards working groups under their purview.
- Manage the five-year reaffirmation process for approved standards.
The work of this group is complemented by NISO's Business Information Topic Committee, Content & Collection Management Topic Committee, and Architecture Committee.
Committee Roster
Committee Co-chairs
|Pascal Calarco
University Librarian
University of Windsor Library
Chair Term: 1/1/13-1/1/15; extended to 1/1/17
Peter Murray
Committee Members
Kristin Antelman
Scott Bernier
Bob Boissy
John Dove
Lucy Harrison
Christine Stohn
Julie Zhu
Ex Officio Members
- Todd Carpenter
Executive Director
- Nettie Lagace
Associate Director for Programs


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WND ON THE AIRWorldNetDaily Exclusive
Alabama radio gets 'Shocked by the Bible'
Listen online today as Joe Kovacs shatters misconceptions about Scripture
Joe Kovacs
Joe Kovacs, author of "Shocked by the Bible: The Most Astonishing Facts You've Never Been Told" will be a guest on the radio today talking about the real truth of
Scripture, shattering misconceptions many people have about the Bible.
At 7:05 p.m. Eastern, Kovacs will join Pamela Furr for half an hour on WVNN Radio (770 AM and 92.5 FM) in Huntsville, Ala. The program can be heard live online.
the executive news editor of WND, has been stunning readers with
amazing facts from the Bible in his brand-new best-seller, which hit
No. 1 in three categories on Amazon.com, as well as the No. 1 spot in Shop.WND.com.
yourself, your friends and relatives with an autographed copy of "Shocked by the
Bible," exclusively from WND's online store. If you prefer ordering by phone,
call our toll-free order line: 1-800-4-WND-COM (1-800-496-3266).
Simply put, "Shocked by the Bible" is an educational juggernaut that not only reveals what the Bible
really says, but also what it doesn't say. It's a massive news report
exposing common misconceptions and answering questions that have
endured for centuries.
Just a few of the issues explored include:
- The Bible doesn't say Jesus died on a Friday or rose at sunrise Sunday morning
- The practice of decorating a tree with silver and gold is actually condemned by God
- "Easter" has vanished from modern translations of the Bible
- "Three Wise Men" appear nowhere in the story of Jesus' birth, and none are ever
mentioned visiting baby Jesus in a Bethlehem manger
- The Bible does not say Eve bit into an apple
- There were not just two of each animal aboard Noah's Ark
- The Bible doesn't say Noah's Ark landed on "Mount Ararat"
- Jesus did not come to make everyone understand His message
The book even delves into "lighter" facts that just never seem to be brought up in church.
Did you know …
- God ran lotteries
- Nagging wives are mentioned in Scripture
- Women's breasts are celebrated in the Bible
- There's a character in the Bible called a "dumb ass"
- Underwear didn't disintegrate despite 40 years of heavy use
- The worst case of hemorrhoids in history is recorded
While this eye-opening blockbuster is now on sale everywhere, WND is the only place
that has copies personally autographed by the author.
Kovacs has
written countless reports in his 25-year news career. Many have focused on
biblical issues such as chariot wheels
said to be found in the Red Sea, searches for Noah's Ark and
the Ark of the
Covenant, and controversies over Christmas and
Easter holidays as well as the Saturday-vs.-Sunday
Kovacs has received many awards for news excellence from the
Associated Press and United Press International. He's run television, radio and
print newsrooms in the U.S., as well as Budapest, Hungary. Kovacs is also
regarded as one of the premier creative headline writers in the news business
Find out what
you've been missing. Get "Shocked by the Bible: The Most Astonishing Facts
You've Never Been Told" personally autographed by the author. It also makes a
brilliant gift that will be remembered for a lifetime.
To interview Joe Kovacs, author of "Shocked by the Bible," please
contact him.


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