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Venice, Italian Venezia, city, major seaport, and capital of both the provincia (province) of Venezia and the regione (region) of Veneto, northern Italy. An island city, it was once the centre of a maritime republic. It was the greatest seaport in late medieval Europe and the continent's commercial and cultural link with Asia. Venice is unique environmentally, architecturally, and historically, and in its days as a republic the city was styled la serenissima ("the most serene" or "sublime"). It remains a major Italian port in the northern Adriatic Sea and is one of the world's oldest tourist and cultural centres.
Since the fall of the Venetian republic in 1797, the city has held an unrivaled place in the Western imagination and has been endlessly described in prose and verse. The luminous spectacle of ornate marbled and frescoed palaces, bell towers, and domes reflected in the sparkling waters of the lagoon under a blue Adriatic sky has been painted, photographed, and filmed to such an extent that it is difficult to distinguish the real city from its romantic representations. The visitor arriving in Venice is still transported into another world, one whose atmosphere and beauty remain incomparable.
Today Venice is recognized as part of the artistic and architectural patrimony of all humanity, a fitting role for a city whose thousand-year economic and political independence was sustained by its role in global trading. The situation of the city on islands has limited modern suburban spread beyond the historic centre; its framework of canals and narrow streets has prevented the intrusion of automobiles; and its unmatched wealth of fine buildings and monuments dating from the period of commercial dominance has ensured a keen and almost universal desire for sensitive conservation. This concern for conservation is now extended not just to the city's monuments but to the very city itself, as rising water levels and subsidence of the land upon which Venice is built threaten the continued existence of the city in its present form. In 1987 Venice and its lagoon were collectively designated a UNESCO World Heritage site. Pop. (2009 est.) city, 59,984; (2011 est.) comune, 270,884.
Physical and human geography
The landscape
Situated at the northwestern end of the Adriatic Sea, Venice lies on an archipelago in the crescent-shaped Laguna Veneta (Venice Lagoon), which stretches some 32 miles (51 km) from the reclaimed marshes of Jesolo in the north to the drained lands beyond Chioggia at the southern end. The shallow waters of the lagoon are protected by a line of sandbanks, or lidi, whose three gaps, or porti, allow passage of the 3-foot (1-metre) tides and the city's maritime traffic. On the sandbanks are many small settlements, some of them centuries old. The best-known is the Lido itself, which has been a fashionable seaside resort since the 19th century.
Although Venice may aptly be regarded as an isolated sea city, it has always had close links with the surrounding marshlands and the mainland of northern Italy. The Venetian republic included the perimeter of the lagoon, the dogado, within its territory. In addition, from the early 15th century it amassed a large land empire known as terraferma ("dry land"), stretching from the Istrian Peninsula in the east to the borders of Milan in the west and from the Po River in the south to the high Alps in the north. From the 16th century onward, the Venetians invested heavily in the purchase, reclamation, and drainage of terraferma lands. The imprint of the republic may still be seen in former subject cities, such as Padua, Verona, and Vicenza, where Venetian Gothic palaces line the streets and the symbol of Venice, the lion of San Marco, stands over the city squares.
Today the administrative city, or comune, of Venice embraces the 90-mile (145-km) perimeter of the lagoon, taking in the urban and industrial areas of Mestre and Marghera and the Marco Polo International Airport at Tessera. The proportion of the population of the comune that lives in Venice itself has shrunk steadily. At the beginning of the 20th century the historic city centre contained three-fourths of the comune's population, and at mid-century it still contained more than half. By the beginning of the 21st century that fraction had shrunk to less than one-fourth.
Lagoon and tides
Originally formed by the interaction of Adriatic tidal currents and the waters of several Alpine rivers (Piave, Sile, Bacchiglione, and Brenta), the lagoon has always been crucial to the survival of Venice. Its mud banks, shallows, and channels are a source of income from marine and bird life and from salt pans. The lagoon has served as protection (the Venetians defeated the Genoese in 1380 through their superior knowledge of the navigable channels) and as a natural sewerage system, with the tides flushing out the city's canals twice daily.
But the lagoon requires careful husbandry to prevent it from threatening the very existence of Venice. The deepening of channels in the 20th century, the overextraction of fresh water from mainland aquifers, the rising of the Adriatic Sea, and the geologic sinking of the Po River basin have all combined to lower the land level, creating a serious flooding problem. On a regular basis, when high tides combine with winds from the south and east, the waters of the lagoon rise and flood the city, creating the acqua alta ("high water") so familiar to Venetians, and elaborate raised platforms are laid out in main squares to allow tourists and others to walk around the city. A particularly severe inundation struck in 1966, prompting a series of national and even international efforts to study the problem and propose solutions. A scheme to build a mechanical barrage that could be raised in times of flooding to close the lagoon was initiated in 1988, when engineers began testing a prototype. However, progress has been hampered by overlapping local, regional, and national bureaucratic concerns, as well as worries over the effects of ambitious engineering schemes on the ecological balance of the lagoon. Venice has its own city council with ultimate responsibility for the daily life of the city, but a regional authority administers the Veneto area, which has hydrographic and industrial concerns that bear heavily on the problems of the lagoon and city. Moreover, ministries of the national government have a direct stake in museums and galleries, in port activities, and in historic buildings. Finally, many of the great industries are nationalized or partly owned by the state, including the railways, the airport, and what remains of the oil and chemical industries located in Marghera. Such concurrent jurisdictions and conflicts of interest have produced administrative stalemate, and, as a result of this inaction, Venice is still vulnerable to floods and could even see a repetition of the disaster of 1966.
Most visitors experience Venice in summer, when average daytime temperatures are in the mid-70s to low 80s F (about 24 to 27 °C), with a haze caused by high humidity frequently obscuring the view of the Alps across the lagoon. Spring and autumn bring clear, bright light, especially when winds are northerly, giving relief from the exhausting heat of the southerly sirocco. In January the mean average temperature is mid-30s F (2.2 °C), and wintertime Venice is dulled and chilled by mists, lending the city an especially mysterious appearance. Annual rainfall averages about 34 inches (865 mm), of which more than 7 inches (185 mm) falls in October and November and about 6.5 inches (170 mm) in May and June.
Settlement in the lagoon predates Roman times, but the present urban structure took shape in the early 7th century, when migrants from the mainland swelled existing fishing communities on the higher mudflats and sandbanks. Among these early settlements, Rivo Alto, its name corrupted over time to Rialto, was the most central and became the heart of Venice, linking together 118 separate islands with bridges and canals and subordinating all other settlements to the rule of its elected doge (duke). In all these lagoonal settlements the characteristic plan, still detectable in the street patterns, was dominated by a navigable channel from which side channels branched at intervals.
More than 200 original canals have been linked together to form a dense urban network on either side of the curving Grand Canal, which describes a great backward S more than two miles long, from the railway station to San Marco Basin in front of the Doges' Palace. Its width varies from about 100 to 225 feet (30 to 70 metres), and it is lined by buildings that once were the palaces of great merchant families and the public warehouses, or fondaci, used in foreign trade.
The original pattern of separate islands surrounding the Rialto is evident in the parishes of Venice. In many respects they remain distinct communities, with life centred on the square, or campo (site of the community well), and its parish church. Perhaps the most clearly recognizable such area today is the Ghetto, the islet on which from 1516 to 1797 Venice's Jews were confined. (Indeed, the very word ghetto was first used with reference to Venice.) The Ghetto is located in the northwestern part of the city and is surrounded by canals whose bridges were once raised and guarded at night. Because this was the only area in which Jews could live in Venice, houses are densely packed and rise to seven stories; alleyways are almost too narrow for two people to pass.
Many parishes had their own minor guild or fraternity, and at festivals their representatives competed with one another to provide floats or oarsmen, a ritualized rivalry encouraged by the ruling patricians to promote civic stability. Over time the patchwork of local streets, canals, and quays has been modified to improve the overall structure of the city. Quayside paths have been widened to form canalside walkways, or fondamente, canals have been filled in (rio terà), and streets have been joined by passages under the houses. (For the visitor, trying to find an address in Venice is not made any easier by the practice of numbering houses consecutively through a whole district rather than along each street.)
Canal boats and bridges
The best-known form of transport on the waterways of Venice is the gondola. Today there are only several hundred of these unique, keelless boats left, and they have long been outnumbered by other vessels. But their elegant, sleek shape and gleaming black paintwork have made them a symbol of Venice. Many writers have described the romance of Venice by gondola, and many tourists are still willing to pay high prices to be rowed at twilight through the canals to the singing of a gondolier. But it is many years since gondoliers could recite verses from such Italian poets as Ariosto or Tasso while maneuvering their amazingly flexible craft around the sharp bends of the minor canals. A number of gondolas still serve as ferries across the Grand Canal, but the cost of maintenance makes their ultimate disappearance likely.
The canals are filled with a variety of motor-powered boats. They range from the vaporetti, public water buses run by the municipal transport system, to the private motor-launch taxis. Other specialized craft, such as the barges carrying fruits and vegetables, the garbage barges, ambulance and police launches, and the boats filled with tourists' baggage, make up a water scene of endless colour and variety.
Venice is a walking city. Other than at the great parking lots at Rome Square and on the Lido, automobiles are banned from the city. At the risk of encountering frequent detours and dead ends, one can reach any point in Venice by foot—along the banks of the canals, on the paved streets, through the neighbourhood squares, and over the 400 or so canal bridges (ponti). Many of the traditional arched marble bridges remain, but large numbers of old bridges were replaced by wrought iron structures in the 19th century.
The Grand Canal is spanned by four bridges. At its most dramatic bend is the famous Rialto Bridge, designed by the aptly named Antonio da Ponte (c. 1590). The other three bridges are of more recent origin. Accademia Bridge, a high-arched wooden structure with a temporary look, was built in the 1930s to replace a 19th-century bridge constructed by the Austrians and has withstood foot traffic by being reinforced with steel. The Scalzi Bridge, at the railway station, was built of marble in 1932. The newest of the Grand Canal's bridges is the Constitution Bridge, designed by Santiago Calatrava and opened in 2008. It connects the railway station to Rome Square.
The houses (case, or, in Venetian, ca') that line the streets and canals of the city range from the poorest blocks to the great palaces (palazzi). Ordinary houses generally rise three or four stories. They originally had external staircases and were grouped around a communal courtyard and well. Their simple rectangular doorways and window lights may be framed in unpolished marble; otherwise they are unornamented, their red brick or ochre-painted stucco walls giving a comfortable warmth to the townscape. But it is the palaces, not the ordinary dwellings, that front directly onto the larger canals, particularly the Grand Canal, with gaudily painted mooring posts marking their water entrances.
Although architectural styles changed over time, the structure of these merchants' buildings remained fairly constant. The water story served as the merchant's offices and storerooms, while the floor above was occupied by the patrician family. This piano nobile has its principal room, or salone, overlooking the canal; it is lit by a central window group of five or six lights and, characteristically, two single lateral windows. This tripartite fenestration reflects the internal arrangement of rooms running back from the canal to a courtyard at the rear, which frequently contains gardens and greenery. Walls are often of brick faced with dressed stone. The most characteristic building stone is the brilliant white marble shipped cheaply into Venice from Istrian quarries. It is easy to carve but remarkably resistant to weathering, which is severe in the humid, saline—and now acidic—air of Venice.
The facades of the palaces evolved stylistically from their original Byzantine form, characterized by tall, narrow arches—those of the early Gothic period (13th to early 14th century) pointed and Moorish-looking and those of the 15th century adorned with fantastic trefoil and quatrefoil tracery. In the most ornate late Gothic palaces, such as the Ca' d'Oro (1425–c. 1440), the central panel extends across the whole facade and is repeated on two upper stories. In the late 15th century, Renaissance forms began to influence palace architecture, as in the Palazzo Corner, also called Ca' Grande (c. 1533–c. 1545, designed by Jacopo Sansovino), and the Palazzo Grimani (c. 1556, by Michele Sanmicheli, completed 1575). Buildings such as these introduced a measured proportion, tight symmetry, and Classical vocabulary to the facade. Mannerist and Baroque palaces built in the 17th century present a decorated Classical style with heavy moldings and grotesques, as in the Palazzo Pesaro (1659–1710, by Baldassare Longhena). The variety of styles along the larger canals, unified by the chiaroscuro of deep-set windows, decorative paneling, and building materials, provides much of the visual excitement of the Venetian landscape.
Legacy of maritime commerce
The landscape of Venice is as much a product of its economic activities, past and present, as of its physical environment. The enduring foundation of Venetian wealth was maritime commerce, initially in local products such as fish and salt from the lagoon, but rapidly expanding to include rich stores of merchandise as Venice became the entrepôt between Europe and the Middle East and Asia. The Rialto remains the core of Venetian commercial and mercantile activity. Fruit, fish, and other markets are concentrated under the open arcades of the Rialto New Building (1554, by Sansovino) and associated buildings. The Rialto Bridge and surrounding streets remain crowded with market stalls. Along the Merceria, the route from the Rialto Bridge to the Piazza San Marco (St. Mark's Square), are the offices of the major banks, still in the traditional banking quarter.
Venetian trade required well-constructed vessels both for transport and for protection from pirates, rivals, and Turkish military forces. Shipbuilding inevitably became a major industry. It occupied a whole sector in the northeast of the city, the Arsenal—a vast assemblage of basins, yards, and workshops for making sails, ropes, and ordnance. At its entrance is an elaborately decorated gateway with a fine group of stone lions guarding what was until the 18th century Europe's largest industrial complex. Parts of the Arsenal are still used for Italian military purposes, though other parts have been converted into beautiful spaces for art and architecture exhibitions or for theatrical productions.
The port of Venice
The main port and related activities have now shifted to the parish of Mendigola in the west. There the main cruise liners dock, and the offices of shipping lines occupy former palaces. But the real focus of commercial shipping today is Port Marghera, developed next to the suburb of Mestre on the mainland shore west of Venice. Marco Polo International Airport (1960) was built on reclaimed land at Tessera, to the northwest of the city. Although these areas are incorporated into the administration of Venice, the chief port activities are largely separate from the city proper. Their impact on the old city, however, has been considerable. Marghera was for 50 years the site of a huge oil-refining and petrochemical complex, easily visible from Venice and a source of air pollution that severely damaged its architecture. Although industrial activity at Marghera has declined, the long-term damage of pollution is still felt.
On the other hand, Venice and Mestre play a key market role within the hugely important economic system of the Veneto region. The so-called "northeastern miracle" in this previously agricultural zone is based upon the production of high-quality goods by small and family-owned businesses in sectors such as textiles, sunglasses, ski boots, and other exports. Venice has contributed to this extraordinary development through the promotion of the image of Italy abroad and through the provision of political planning and financial services.
Traditional industries
Scattered throughout Venice are small boatyards and other traditional luxury craft workshops producing lace, textiles, and furniture. One of Venice's oldest specialties is glassware. The finest products are of exquisite quality, but most of the present-day glass goods are trinkets for the tourist trade. In 1291 many of the glassworking furnaces were relocated on the island of Murano to the north as a precaution against fire. Murano remains the focus of present-day glass production, though the industry has declined considerably. Exhaust fumes from this ancient industry also have contributed to the corrosion of Venice's stonework.
Other small island settlements such as Burano, Caorle, Malamocco, and Torcello traditionally depended on the local economic activities of the lagoon: fishing and fowling, salt production, and horticulture. Some settlements are swamped by seaside tourist developments, but the ancient trades are still carried on, though they have declined significantly. Fishermen in small craft continue to be common sights in the lagoon.
Since the end of the 18th century, tourism has been at the heart of the Venetian economy. Luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the celebrated Caffè Florian were developed in the 19th century for wealthy foreigners. Small hotels and shops (particularly souvenir and carnival mask shops) line each major street and square along the routes from the station and parking lots to the Rialto and San Marco. Most of the city's workers find employment in tourism and its related industries, now continuous through all seasons.
The tourist industry has been actively encouraged by the authorities. In the early 1980s they revived the ancient Carnival during February, a complement to the round of events of the Biennale, an international gathering held every other year that includes art, architecture, film, dance, music, and theatre festivals. The Venice International Film Festival, part of the Biennale, is held on the Lido every September. Films are shown throughout the city, attracting thousands of actors, critics, and other members of the motion picture industry. These events, together with the promotion of Venice as an international conference centre, bind the city's economy ever more firmly to tourism.
Mass tourism, however, has also created problems for the city. The infrastructure is often close to collapse under the weight of literally millions of visitors every year, and residents have to deal with extremely high prices dictated by the tourist industry. Indeed, Venice seems to have transformed itself into a protected "museum-city" with very little in the way of real urban communities or a cultural life apart from that designed for outsiders.
Cultural heritage: the myth of Venice
Reacting to their physical environment and to a variety of cultural influences—from Italy, northern Europe, and the East—the Venetians consciously designed their city as an exceptional place. They regarded it as a divinely ordained centre of religious, civic, and commercial life, a community blessed by St. Mark, protected by its lagoon, and governed by a balanced constitution incorporating monarchy, aristocracy, and republican liberty. Historians refer to this perception as the "myth of Venice." The architecture of the city, especially in the Renaissance, purposely emulated republican Rome, and the great rituals of state—the doge's procession from his palace to the basilica or the annual Marriage with the Sea, when the doge cast a gold ring into the lagoon as a "sign of true and perpetual dominion"—publicly expressed the myth.
San Marco
The administrative heart of the Venetian republic was at San Marco, in the buildings surrounding the piazza and the piazzetta ("Little Square"). This spectacular piece of town planning depends for its impact on the articulation of paved open spaces, monumental buildings, carefully situated monuments, and the reflective waters of the lagoon.
The Molo
At the water entrance to the piazzetta is the Molo, a broad stone quay that was once the ceremonial landing spot for great officials and distinguished visitors. This "front door" to Venice is marked by two massive granite columns brought from the Orient in the 12th century; one supports the winged lion of St. Mark supporting a book and the other St. Theodore, Venice's first patron, standing on a crocodile.
The Doges' Palace
On the right-hand side of the Molo is the Doges' Palace (Palazzo Ducale), whose crenellated mass appears to float upon the waters of the lagoon. Its plan, typical of Venetian palaces, is centred on an internal courtyard with a great staircase (Scala dei Giganti), and it incorporates three great architectural traditions—Gothic, Moorish, and Renaissance. Erected over many years after the burning of the original 9th-century structure in 976, most of the present building dates from the 14th to the 16th century. The palace was the core of political life in Venice—not only the residence of the elected doge (duke) but also the meeting place of the republic's governing councils and ministries. Its chambers and staircases were richly decorated by a succession of Venetian painters and craftsmen. On the east side of the palace runs a narrow canal spanned by the Bridge of Sighs, which once led to the state prisons and is immortalized in Lord Byron's Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18).
San Marco Basilica
Sculptured lions such as that mounted on the column on the Molo are to be found at many points within the square and on its buildings. The key to Venetian political iconography, they symbolize the evangelist St. Mark, whose body was said to be buried in San Marco Basilica, attached to the Doges' Palace. This splendid church, begun in 829 and completed about 1071, was traditionally the private chapel of the doges and effectively a political building. Its architectural design is Byzantine, with five vaulted domes set in a Greek cross. The interior glows with light reflected from its undulating marbled pavements, its columns and polished stone panels, and its golden mosaics.
The Piazza San Marco
Before the five arched portals of the basilica lies the Piazza San Marco, a vast paved and arcaded square. Napoleon called the piazza the finest drawing room in Europe. The northern and southern wings of the square are formed by two official buildings, the Old Procurators' Offices and the New Procurators' Offices. The buildings now house fashionable shops and elegant cafés, whose string ensembles compete with each other in summer months to attract customers to their open-air tables. At the basilica end of the Old Procurators' building stands the Clock Tower, a late 14th-century structure where the hours are struck by two Moorish figures.
Tourists throng the square at all hours, outnumbered only by gluttonous pigeons. The Clock Tower rises over the entrance to the Merceria, the main shopping street leading to the Rialto, and stands in a direct line of sight to the columns on the Molo, at the end of the piazzetta. This sight line is emphasized by three flagpoles fronting the basilica and by Sansovino's Loggetta ("Small Loggia" or "Small Gallery") at the base of the Campanile.
The Campanile
The Campanile, the massive 324-foot (99-metre) bell tower of the basilica, is a free-standing, slightly rectangular structure sheathed in Venetian red-clay brick. Soaring above the pinnacles of San Marco, it dominates the townscape and is visible for miles across the lagoon. In 1902 it collapsed, making a fortune for the photographer who captured the event. The city council decided immediately to rebuild it around a core of reinforced concrete, and the work was completed by 1912. Today an elevator brings tourists to the belfry, which is made of white Istrian limestone and is open on all four sides, affording a spectacular panorama of the island, the mainland, and the sea.
At the base of the Campanile is the Loggetta, a colonnaded portico designed by Sansovino. Constructed of red Verona marble and embellished with white marble of Carrara, verde antique (a mottled green marble), and white Istrian limestone, the Loggetta was intended to serve as a suitable backdrop for Venetian noblemen to gather before processing in state to the Doges' Palace. It was crushed by the collapse of the Campanile in 1902 but was meticulously restored using its original materials. The Loggetta now serves as a foyer for tourists waiting to use the bell tower's elevator.
The Old Library
The Campanile stands close to the 21 bays of the Old Library (1529, also called the National Marcian Library or the Library of St. Mark), on the western side of the piazzetta. The library was designed by Sansovino to house a great collection of humanist texts and manuscripts bequeathed in 1468 to the republic by Bessarion, Latin patriarch of Constantinople. Now a major research library, it numbers among its treasures Marco Polo's will, a manuscript in Petrarch's hand, and many books and maps printed when Venice was a great publishing and cartographic centre.
Trade guild buildings
The oligarchic form of government during the republic excluded from power all non-noble Venetian families. There were, however, other ways in which ordinary Venetians could participate in public life. One of these was through the scuole, six major and numerous minor philanthropic confraternities and guilds that originated in the 13th century. Each school had a two-story meeting hall used for gatherings of its members and for discharging its charitable functions. The six great schools became enormously wealthy, enriching their buildings with splendid architectural decoration, as at the Great School of San Marco (founded c. 1260, rebuilt after a fire 1487–95; now a hospital), with its trompe l'oeil marble panels. The painted panels and ceilings of the Great School of San Rocco (instituted 1478, completed 1560) are masterpieces by Tintoretto. The School of San Giorgio degli Schiavoni (for Slavic merchants) has the finest collection of Vittore Carpaccio's works outside Venice's chief gallery, the Academy of Fine Arts, whose own collection came in part from a confraternity of flagellants, the school of San Giovanni Evangelista (founded 1261).
San Marco Basilica was the focus of public religious life, but the scores of other Venetian churches are an essential element of the city's landscape. Their campaniles, rarely perpendicular, punctuate the skyline; their ornate facades grace the squares, from the delicate Gothic of Madonna dell'Orto (c. 1350, rebuilt in the early 15th century) and the restrained elegance of the early Renaissance at Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1481–89) to the Baroque flamboyance of San Moisè (1668).
The most impressive churches are those of the medieval mendicant orders, the Dominicans and Franciscans. The Dominican church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo (San Zanipolo in the Venetian dialect; founded in 1246 and consecrated in 1430) is of rose-coloured stone, its vast interior designed for the large congregations of urban poor whom it served. As a burial place, it was favoured by noble families; a number of doges lie there, commemorated by richly wrought sepulchral monuments. The church's altarpieces, painted by Titian and Giovanni Bellini, were partially destroyed in a fire in 1867, and for masterworks it can no longer rival the Franciscan Santa Maria dei Frari (founded c. 1250, completed c. 1443), whose enormous Gothic mass rises in the densely settled area west of the Rialto. Titian's Assumption (1516–18) stands over its high altar, and the church and sacristy display a magnificent collection of Venetian religious paintings from the High Renaissance.
In contrast to these great Gothic churches, and indeed to the small parish churches enmeshed in the urban fabric, are the church of La Salute and the Palladian churches seen across the water from San Marco. All serve a monumental as much as a religious function. Santa Maria della Salute (begun in 1631/32 under Baldassare Longhena and consecrated in 1687), erected in thanksgiving for release from plague, occupies a spectacular site where the Grand Canal opens into the San Marco Basin. Its mass of brilliant white marble rises majestically above the Gothic palaces of the Grand Canal. The churches of San Giorgio Maggiore (1566, completed in 1610), Il Redentore (1577–92), and Le Zitelle (1582–86) were all designed by Andrea Palladio; their Roman Classical facades were intended to be seen across the waters of the Giudecca Canal. San Giorgio and La Salute turn the open lagoon in front of San Marco into an aquatic extension of the piazza. Il Redentore is linked to Venice proper by a temporary bridge every July on the Feast of the Redeemer, when illuminated boats fill the Giudecca Canal and there is a display of fireworks.
Just as the city's architecture reflects notions of Venice as a place for public ritual, so too Venetian painting evokes the "myth of Venice." The magnificent art treasures of the republic now grace churches, palaces, and galleries throughout the city. Early paintings were heavily influenced by Byzantine traditions, as can be seen in the religious icons of Lorenzo and Paolo Veneziano and in the taste for mosaic patternings and vibrant colour and the love of light that are characteristic of the Venetian school. Painting styles evolved in concert with broader European tastes, and in the 18th century much of the work became more frivolous, even voluptuous, no longer addressing serious themes. Nonetheless, the sense of sparkling colour, the contrasts of light and shade, and the reflective intensity of sky, stone, and water so immediately apparent on the streets and canals of Venice reverberate through all its artistic productions.
The enduring theme of Venetian culture is Venice itself. From the late 15th-century townscape paintings by Vittore Carpaccio and Gentile Bellini to the High Renaissance Madonnas and saints in landscapes by Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, and Titian, the Mannerist canvases of Paolo Veronese and Tintoretto, and the rich early 18th-century townscapes of Canaletto, G.B. Piazzetta, and Francesco Guardi, Venetian painting returned constantly to themes celebrating the city, its great families, its legends, its saints, and its victories. Venetian art was more often than not political art; like all cultural life in Venice, it was subordinated to the interests of the state.
Colour and splendour reflecting civic pride are evident in Venetian music too. The works written for several separate choirs by Giovanni Gabrieli and Claudio Monteverdi for San Marco Basilica echoed around its Byzantine interior with stirring effect. After the opening in 1637 of the San Cassiano Theatre (Europe's first public opera house), the commercial flair of Venice's patricians, allied to the secular ambitions of choirmasters of San Marco such as Monteverdi and Francesco Cavalli (both noted opera composers) and Giovanni Legrenzi, made Venice the operatic capital of Europe.
Vocal and instrumental traditions were strengthened in the 18th century when four ospedali, orphanages run by churches, incorporated conservatories of music. Antonio Vivaldi was master of music at the Santa Maria della Pietà Hospice between 1703 and 1741. Venice's opera house, La Fenice Theatre, built in 1792, became a major Italian music centre. The structure was severely damaged by fire in 1996. The premieres of Gioachino Rossini's Tancredi (1813) and Guiseppe Verdi's Rigoletto (1851) and La Traviata (1853) at La Fenice were witnessed by their composers. Many foreign composers also developed a special attachment to the city.
Motion pictures
Venice has had a strong attachment to the cinema since 1937, when the Venice International Film Festival, held annually in the Palazzo del Cinema on the Lido, was established. Motion-picture directors have often used Venice as a ready-made set for their films, from Luchino Visconti (Senso, 1954; Morte a Venezia [Death in Venice], 1971) to Nicolas Roeg (Don't Look Now, 1973) to Woody Allen (Everyone Says I Love You, 1996).
Contemporary life
For Venice, adaptation to the demands of the modern world is often a painful process. While the era of vast refining and petrochemical development along the lagoon shore may be over, its damage to Venice in visual and environmental terms has been immense. After the disastrous floods of 1966, UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) began coordinating an international effort to preserve the city. A number of national committees too now exist to save Venice and its art treasures from the combined effects of corrosive air pollution, rising damp, flooding in high-water periods, sheer age, and even defacement by pigeons. The completion of an aqueduct from the nearby Alps to Marghera has prevented further aquifer exhaustion, and the effects of international funding are increasingly visible in renovated buildings and monuments.
Venice still sustains a distinct urban life. Away from the main tourist routes, children use the squares as playing fields, a poor substitute for city parks, playgrounds, and modern school amenities, all of which are in short supply. The university at Ca' Foscari, a modern foundation, has important schools of architecture and planning and strong programs in languages and linguistics. The renovated State Archives is an international centre of scholarship, its documentary collections covering a thousand years of the Venetian republic. It is complemented by other scholarly centres such as the National Marcian Library, the Correr Civic Museum, and the Cini Foundation.
Although planning regulations severely restrict alterations to buildings, there are examples of modern additions and structures. The fire station of Foscari Canal makes use of the traditional architectural vocabulary; other buildings, such as the headquarters of the Venetian Savings Bank in the Campo Manin, are uncompromisingly modern. Ignazio Gardella's house on the Zattere (1957) is a fine example of contemporary design that nonetheless blends in with the Venetian environment. Some of the industrial architecture of the city is also interesting, such as the stunning Mulino Stucky flour mill and warehouse, built on the Giudecca in the 19th century and closed in 1954. Stunning examples of Belle Époque-style architecture can be found on the Lido, such as the famous Hôtel des Bains (1900).
A growing problem for Venice is the loss of population from the city core. Faced with poor social amenities and old, decaying, often damp buildings with rents inflated by the costs of renovation, demands of the tourist industry, and wealthy foreign residents (who are often absent from their houses), Venetians have elected in ever-increasing numbers to move into modern apartments in the mainland boroughs of Mestre and Marghera or on the Lido. This exodus has produced a daily commuting problem and has left the city of Venice with a smaller resident population than many of its formerly subject towns. It threatens to turn Venice into a museum city—a glorious spectacle whose architectural and artistic heritage is preserved, as it should be, but whose daily life is almost a parody of the vital unity of commerce, piety, politics, and ritual that was the pride of la serenissima.Denis E. Cosgrove John Foot


text: Dakotas Ranchers to get Federal Blizzard Help Soon February 14, 2014 06:00 AM Tweet TAGS: Marketing, Overseas December 18, 2014 By Associated Press Email Congressional delegation members from the Dakotas say the U.S. Department of Agriculture has agreed to expedite implementation of a farm bill provision that will help ranchers in the Dakotas hurt by an early October blizzard. The farm bill passed by Congress last week restarts a livestock disaster program that had expired. Federal lawmakers from the Dakotas have been pressing USDA to expedite implementation of the provision. Sen. Heidi Heitkamp and Rep. Kristi Noem say USDA has agreed and will begin accepting applications in mid-April. Western South Dakota ranchers lost an estimated 43,000 cattle and other livestock in the Oct. 4-5 blizzard. North Dakota losses have not officially been tabulated but are believed to be more than 1,000 animals. Source: Associated Press Back to news

subset: commoncrawl


text:
NYC Talk Set!
"CBS This Morning" co-anchors Gayle King, Charlie Rose and Norah O'Donnell drop by the set of THE TALK while the show broadcasts from New York City, Monday, December 10, 2012 on the CBS Television Network. Sheryl Underwood, from left, Sara Gilbert, Norah O'Donnell, Charlie Rose, Gayle King, Sharon Osbourne, Aisha Tyler and Julie Chen, shown. Photo: John Paul Filo/CBS ©2012 CBS Broadcasting, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
VIDEO: Chris Bosh stays put in Miami and assumes the No. 1 spot?
HANG TIME HEADQUARTERS — Chris Bosh has been saying it for a while now. He believes in his heart of (basketball) hearts that he is already a sure-fire Hall of Famer, not only one of the greatest players of his generation, but of all time.
With the free-agent dust finally settled a bit — LeBron James heading to Cleveland, Carmelo Anthony sticking around in New York and many other moves — Bosh will get a chance to prove his point.
Bosh could have slipped off to Houston for their max offer and continued his career as the No. 2 or No. 3 option with the Rockets alongside All-Stars James Harden and Dwight Howard. But Pat Riley convinced him to stick around and keep it going in Miami to the tune of five years and $118 million, not to mention the challenge of proving to folks that he's more than the third wheel he was for much of the Big 3 era.
As crazy as it sounds to some who didn't pay attention to Bosh before he donned a Heat jersey, he is the man now like he once was in Toronto. And like everyone else in the post- LeBron era in Miami, he'll get a chance to prove that the Heat was more than just a one-man show.
We all asked the same question when word of LeBron's coming home letter spread. What's next for the Heat? Will they fold up and head for the lottery the way Cleveland did in 2010 when the decision was made for James, Bosh and Dwyane Wade to join forces in Miami?
Riley, laying flat on his back after LeBron's latest decision, quickly dusted himself off and saved the Heat from disaster. Wade and Udonis Haslem, who also opted out of their deals along with LeBron and Bosh to give Riley the flexibility to retool the Heat this summer, were never going anywhere. But Bosh had one foot out the door headed to Houston.
Riley, armed with $30 million more in cash than Houston was offering and the challenge of being "The Man," went to work on Bosh and got the deal done. Free agents Josh McRoberts and Danny Granger had already agreed to join the party. He locked up Luol Deng on a two-year deal, not to mention Chris "Birdman" Andersen and Mario Chalmers, before the weekend ended, keeping the Heat in the thick of what should be a wide-open Eastern Conference race next season.
"He saved that franchise from who knows how many tough years," said an executive from one of the Heat's Southeast Division rivals. "They were on fumes Friday night after the LeBron news. Everybody goes into free agency with contingency plans. But that's a death-blow, losing the best player in the game. But you have to give [Riley] credit, he didn't flinch. He had to pay Bosh more than he probably wanted to or should have. But he held it together. He had to or else they were done for at least a year or two."
Where this Heat team ranks in the Eastern Conference now is hard to tell. Chicago, with Pau Gasol on the way, suddenly looks a while lot better, provided Derrick Rose returns to form. The Indiana Pacers aren't going anywhere. And the Washington Wizards, Toronto Raptors, Charlotte Hornets, Brooklyn Nets, Atlanta Hawks and New York Knicks all plan on being in the playoff mix. Throw in LeBron and the Cavaliers and the field is suddenly as crowded as ever … and lacks a clear-cut favorite.
And that's why Riley should be lauded for the work he did over the weekend.
The Heat aren't going to be anyone's favorite to win the East. But they'll certainly be a viable playoff team and it wouldn't surprise me if they climb into that top four, too. Especially if Bosh lives up to his own Hall-of-Fame hype and Wade plays with a chip on his shoulder (and through whatever pain is in his knees).
They've both carried teams before, with varying degrees of success.
It's been a while, of course. And they won't have that 6-foot-8, 250-pound security blanket they've relied on the past four years.
But Riley, defiant to the end, believes in the culture and crew, including coach Erik Spoelstra, that remains. He made that clear in the wake of LeBron's departure.
"Over the last 19 years, since Micky (Arison) and I teamed together, The Miami Heat has always been a championship organization; we've won multiple championships and competed for many others," Riley said in a statement released by the Heat. "Micky, Erik and I remain committed to doing whatever it takes to win and compete for championships for many years to come. We've proven that we can do it and we'll do it again."
Rumors of the Heat's demise might have been greatly exaggerated.
Only time will tell.


text:
Notice: This theme is not compatible with Gutenberg editor yet and requires Classic Editor plugin active in WordPress 5.0 and above.
BigCity is a Personal and Blog WordPress Theme. Packed with powerful features to suit almost every needs and yet so simple to use.
Works with latest WordPress versions.
Check out some great sites already running on BigCity theme:
Inside preview
- Unlimited Colors for Almost Every Element With Big City you can easily make theme truly yours, we give you full freedom changing theme style as you like.
- User-defined Text Color and Font Size Define text colors for content or headings in every area.
- Custom Bacgrounds Upload any backgrond you want, you can upload it easily in two levels or just set color with colorpicker.
- Customizable content area background If you really want something different it is up to you, customize everything like we promissed.
- Custom Notification Settings Customize notification messages for pages like 404 error, contact page and others.
- Custom Text or Translation in Option Panel We understand how multinational our community is and we give possibility to enter custom text or translation for WordPress strings in our Option Panel.
- Everything Done Easily in Theme Options Panel Everything you need can be accessed and customized in our Option Panel. We made it really simple and understandable to end user. Our Option Panel is made to make things easy for you and not to make it difficult to navigate through tons of unnecessary options.
- 12 page layouts plus special pages like 404 and search Layouts include:
- Default – full width page with no header
- Full width+ Header – full width page with header
- Left sidebar+ Header – page with left sidebar and header
- Right sidebar+ Header – page with left sidebar and header
- Left sidebar – page with left sidebar and no header
- Right sidebar – page with right sidebar and no header
- Portfolio one column
- Portfolio two column
- Portfolio three column
- Portfolio four column
- Contacts – page with integrated Google maps and right sidebar
- Blog – blog page with sidebar and post slider
also availible.
selected page.
access your messages directly from dashboard.
social profiles in easy way.
upload panel.
the theme.
Updates v.3.2 Shortcode panel overhaul for new TinyMCE 4.0 starting with WP 3.9. (Files to update: whole bigcity/panel folder ) v.3.1 1.WordPress 3.5.2 compatibility update v.3.0 1.Responsive layout 2.Speed increase 3.Font uploader 4.Header choice for every page and post 5.Any content in headers now possible 6.Updated theme options 7.New portfolio features 8.Orbit slider added 9.Post slider update 10.Updated contact form 11.Many bug fixes v.2.0 1. BigCity Child Theme added for customisations. 2. Post slider now also displays headings in excerpt mode. 3. Left sidebar bug from v.1.4 fixed. v.1.4 1. Comments enabled for portfolio items. 2. Main content is now placed before sidebar in the code to allow Search Engines and social network applications read it first. 3. Preview style main slider buttons added as default. 4. Tag page displays full content. 5.. Bug fixes: submenu hover fix for active items; Google Maps script fix and couple of minor bugs fixed. v.1.3 1. Now guests can publish posts, without registration - achieved with only one shortcode. Choose from various post statuses e.g. published, pending etc. 2. Horizontal menu option added. Just move custom menu widget into header widget area. 3. Search, category, archives pages improved. 4. Minor pager bug fixed when having large amount of posts on page. 5. Some widget improvements. v.1.2 1. Improved user manual and troubleshooting section added. 2. New post shortcodes added. Now you can have selected category post excerpts with full formatting and read more buttons. 3. One click slider settings. 4. New category page, with primary sidebar. 5. Post slider now works with empty excerpt value. 6. Author box bug fixed when changing box colors. 7. Widget header pattern remains when color is changed. 8. Comments widget in footer is now displayed properly 9. More tweaks to logo scaling 10. Next previous buttons fix for home slider 11. Updated content XML file 12. Sortable portfolio, choose categories to show on your portfolio page, just enter category name. v.1.1 1. Author box added to the blog post. 2. Visually improved category,archive and search page results and paging added. 3. Improved logo and header section positioning and scaling, now logo of any size is located right way. 4. Bug fixed that caused problems with some plugins which created own dashboard menus.
Preview photos:
The Metropolitan, Warsaw
A New York morning
Busway in Sepia
Caught in the Act
Flickr CC photo
Icon packs inculded:
Munich icon pack
Dortmund icon pack
Duesseldorf icon pack
Hamburg icon pack
Cologne icon pack
Vector social media icons


text:
The Jets won't be cooperating with the league's policy requiring the head coach to be made available to the media within one week after the last game of the season. The Professional Football Writers of America won't be pushing the issue when it comes to the obvious violation of the rules.
"The PFWA is satisfied that the New York Jets are following the spirit of the rules in making their executives available on Tuesday," PFWA Mark Gaughan said in a release that was forwarded to PFT. "There is good reason for the NFLs rule requiring teams to make a top executive available to communicate with the fans through the media within seven days after the end of the season. After discussing the circumstances with the Jets, we look forward to hearing from owner Woody Johnson and coach Rex Ryan on Tuesday."
So, basically, the rule has now been adjusted as a practical matter from one week to nine days. That's good news for any future team that hopes to avoid the heat until the kitchen is better under control.
Meanwhile, the PFWA has essentially withdrawn its complaint without saying that the complaint has been withdrawn.


text:
Our Lansing, MI community is staffed by a team of committed individuals who are focused on providing quality care to our senior living residents.
Our people make the difference. We come together with a wide range of experiences and the common goal of creating a home-like environment where individuality, respect, and dignity are at the center of what we do. Our people are trained to assist residents with a variety of continuing care needs, allowing as much independence as possible.


text:
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text:
Welcome to the CRG Discussion Forum!Forum registration problems: Make sure you enter your email correctly and you check your spam box first. *Then* email KurtS2@gmail for help.Classified ads are not allowed on the forum.
Have an original 68 BB SS/RS drive shaft with original injected u-jointsYokes are in-line.Centers are 50".Bolt straps on diff. yoke.No visible paint strips but would like to clean to see if there are any.What are you cleaning your driveshafts with and will it affect my original joints?Bob


text:
Debut : November 6th 2005
Members : Leeteuk (leader), Heechul, Han Geng, Yesung, Kangin, Shindong, Sungmin, Eunhyuk, Donghae, Siwon, Ryeowook, Kibum, and Kyuhyun. Henry and Zhoumi (Super Junior M)
Official Fanclub : E.L.F (Ever Lasting Friend)
Official Color : Sapphire Blue
Official Web :
- www.super-junior.co.kr
- http://t.super-junior.co.kr
- http://superjunior-happy.iple.com
- www.avex.com.tw/superjunior
- http://www.avexnet.or.jp/superjunior
Super Junior (Korean: 슈퍼주니어), often referred to as SJ or SuJu (슈주), is a boy band from Seoul, South Korea formed by SM Entertainment in 2005. With a total of thirteen members, Super Junior is the largest boy band in the world. The group consists of Leeteuk (leader), Heechul, Han Geng, Yesung, Kangin, Shindong, Sungmin, Eunhyuk, Donghae, Siwon, Ryeowook, Kibum, and Kyuhyun.
Super Junior has released and contributed in 19 different kinds of records with varying degrees of success. Over the years, they have been divided into smaller sub groups, simultaneously targeting different music industries and audiences. Largely due to Super Junior's success as entertainers, other Korean entertainment managements began to train their music groups in other areas of entertainment, such as acting and hosting. In addition to their commercial success, Super Junior has earned seven music awards from the M.net Asian Music Awards, eleven from the Golden Disk Awards (including Album of the Year and Daesang), and is the second singing group to win Favorite Artist Korea at the MTV Asia Awards after JTL in 2003.
Leeteuk and Eunhyuk were the first two members of the group to be recruited in 2000 under SM's Starlight Casting System in Seoul.
In 2001, the company held their first overseas casting auditions and discovered Han Geng in Beijing, who was chosen among three thousand applicants. That same year, Yesung was discovered under Seoul's casting system with his friend HeeChul. Sungmin and Donghae were also selected to be trainees after their appearance in an SM-sponsored contest. In 2002, Heechul and Kangin was recruited along with Kibum, who was discovered in Los Angeles. Siwon was casted in 2003 and Ryeowook in 2004, in which the latter was discovered through the Chinchin Youth Festival singing competition. In 2005, Shindong was selected.
In early 2005, Lee Sooman confirmed the news and announced that an all-boy project group of twelve members would debut near the end of the year, promoting this singing group to be "The Gateway to Stardom of Asia." Lee announced that that most members in this group were chosen because of their performing experiences as actors, MCs, models, and radio hosts prior debut. Heechul and Kibum were already established entertainers, and most of the other members had already made various kinds of appearances on television and media.
For a while the group was rumored to be called O.V.E.R, the acronym for "Obey the Voice for Each Rhythm." However, before the group settled with their current name, SM simply referred to them as Junior, a representation of the members' young ages when they first became SM trainees. After the members' showcased their different talents to the company at a picnic, the company finalized their concept name to Super Junior. The group thereafter became officially Super Junior 05, the first generation of Super Junior.
Super Junior 05 made their pre-debut on the Korean channel Mnet on September 11, 2005. At the showcase, they performed various styles of hip hop dancing. The group danced to B2K's "Take It To The Floor." Han Geng, Eunhyuk, and Donghae also performed a separate dance away from the group, dancing to Usher's "Caught Up." However, the performance did not air on television until May 16, 2006 as a segment in the Super Junior Show, the group's first television documentary.
CD singles
Live Albums
- 2008: "Super Show Tour Concert Album"
- 2009: "Super Show 2 Tour Concert Album"
Extended plays
- 2007: U (Special Taiwan release)
- 2007: 2007 SMTOWN Summer Concert
- 2008: The 1st ASIA TOUR, Super Show
- 2008: SMTown Live '08
- 2009: The 2nd ASIA TOUR, Super Show 2
- 2009: SMTown Live '09
Since debut, SM Entertainment has created four subgroups for Super Junior. Every member was put into different subgroups excluding Kibum, due to his busy acting schedule. The intentions of the subgroups were part of SM's strategy to not limit Super Junior's activities, and the goal was to show that the group could accommodate different musical genres.
Super Junior-K.R.Y
established in November 2006, is a trio formed by
- Kyuhyun
- Ryeowook
- Yesung
Super Junior-T
The trot-singing group released their first single "Rokkugo" in February 23, 2007 and made a debut performance on Popular Songs two days later. This second sub-unit arrived in February 2007, formed by
Super Junior-M
a subgroup designated for the Chinese market. Formed On October 2, 2007 by
Super Junior Happy
released the Cooking? Cooking! on June 5, 2008, and promotions ended on September 7, lasting for four months. This subunit is formed by
Birth Name : Park Jungsoo
Stage Name : Leeteuk (Official), Eeteuk
Chinese Name : Li Te
Nickname : Angel Without Wings, Teukie Teukie Eeteukie. Angel Teuk, Lida Park, Peterpan (by Heechul), Mr. Park, Park Baram
Height : 178 cm
Weight : 59 kg
Blood type : A
Born : July 1st 1983 at Seoul Yeonshinnae
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Leader, sub vocal, main dancer
Siblings : Park Inyoung (1982, older sister)
Hobby : Playing piano, composition, listening to music, singing, and online
Education :
- Shinsa ES
- Soongshil JHS
- Soongshil SHS
- Baekjae Institute of Arts and then transferred to Inha Univ
Ideal Girl : Pretty, outgoing, 163 cm tall with thin ankles and wrists. (Ideal Boy: Kyuhyun ^^')
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/jsplus
Car : BMW New 3
Religion : Christian
Casting : Starlight Casting System 2000
First Appearance : 2000 MBC "All About Eve" as movie goers
Music Instrument : Piano
Favorite Color : White
Fans club : Angelleeteuk
Motto : "Speed!"
Shoe Size : 265 mm
Trivia :
- Leader Super Junior
- His old name was "kangsu" then changed into "Eeteuk" (special person in the world)
- He has MCed with Kangin and Shindong for M!Countdown
- To be member who interest with the opposite sex the most
- He got laser eye surgery, now he wears lensless glasses for fashion
- A girl ever took his minihompy and his father asked for it
- Has dimple on his left cheek
- He doesn't want to grow up. LOL
- He was put into a five-member boy band. The names were OK, Pricor, and Smile
- A DJ with Eunhyuk for Super Junior Kiss The Radio since August 21th 2006
Birth Name : Kim Heechul
Stage Name : Heechul
Chinese Name : Xi Che
Nickname : Heenim, Cinderella, Sachawon, Kim Cherry, Petals
Height : 179 cm
Weight : 60 kg
Blood Type : AB
Born : July 10th 1983 at Hoengseong, Kangwondo
Grew up in Wonju, Kangwondo
Voice Type : Tenor
Posisition : Sub leader, rapper, and sub vocal
Siblings : Kim Heejin (1982, older sister)
Hobby : Writing poems, writing fairy tale, playing computer games, drawing comics
Education :
- Myungduk Preschool
- Shinwoo ES
- Jinkwang JHS
- Wonjoogonguo SHS
- Sangji Univ (graduated in 2008, Computer Data Analysis Major)
Ideal Girl : Single- eyelid girl with a pretty neck, looks good in mini skirt and with her tied up, sexy, and smart
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/yuri9doo
Car : Peugeot 206
Religion : Atheist
Casting : Starlight Casting Systm 2002
First appearance : February 2005, KBS "Banolim 2"
Music Instrument : Piano and violin
Favorite color : Red, Pink, and Black
Fans club : Petals
Motto : "I am me, you are you"
Pet :
- Han J. Heebum (Russian Blue cat, since 06.11.11)
- Champagne (Siamese cat, since 08.7.26)
- Yamchae (Russian Blue cat, 05.7.13-05.11.3)
Shoe Size : 260~270 mm
Movie :
- Loveholic (as chef)
- Banolim 2 (2005)
- Nonstop (2005)
- Bad Family (2006, as Gong Min)
- Golden Bride (2007,as Kim Young-soo)
- Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007, as one of 3 chipmunks with Kangin and Shindong)
Trivia :
- He used to share an apartment with Jay Kim (vocalist TRAX)
- He MCed for Youngstreet with Park Heebon
- He used to live with Kibum and Hangeng in separate dorm with other members
- He knew seasoning from Hankyung
- He can't wait more than 10 minutes
- He paid his college fee by himself
- Love to kiss anyone
- He was put into a group with Kangin, Hero, and Yunho called "Four Seasons
Birth Name : Hangeng
Stage Name : Hankyung, Hangeng (in China)
Chinese Name : Hangeng
Nickname : Eagle, The Miracle of 1,3 Million, Angel of Heilung Jiang
Height : 181 cm
Weight : 66 kg
Blood type : B
Born : February 9th 1984 at Mudanjiang in Hei Long Jiang Province, China.
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Leader Super Junior-M, main dancer, sub vocal
Siblings : None
Hobby : Playing computer games
Education :
- Beijing Dance Academy
- Central Ethnical Univ
Ideal Girl : Quite and cute girl who respects his parents and loves him the way he is (I do~)
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/superhangeng and http://www.cyworld.com.cn/superhangeng
Car : Benz SLR McLaren
Religion : Christian
Casting : H.O.T China Audition Casting 2001
First Appearance : May 2005, Fashion Show F/W
Music Instrument : Piano
Favorite Color : Black
Motto : "Try Your Best Everyday"
Pet :
- Rong-Rong
- Mao-Mao
- Rider
Speciality : Chinese Traditional Dance (56 minority ethnic dances), ballet, martial arts
Foot size : 260~270 mm or 42
Movie : Stage of Youth (as Xia Lei)
Trivia :
- He is Chinese
- He used to live with Kibum and Heechul in separate dorm with other members
- His idols are Andy Lau, Wang Leehom, Jang Donggun, Jaychou, Fan Yichen and director Lee An.
- He learned Traditional Chinese Dance (55 of them), Ballet, and martial art.
- He won 2nd place of Traditional Chinese Dance
- The scariest member for him is Kangin. LOL
- The most thankful member is Siwon.
- He always carry Chinese-Korean dictionary
- He is an ethnic Nanai from Northeast China
Birth Name : Kim Jong Woon
Stage Name : Yesung
Chinese Name : Yi Xing
Nickname : Cloud, Artistic Vocal Cords, Cheonan Uljjang, Yeneung
Height : 178 cm
Weight : 64 kg
Blood type : AB
Born : August 24st 1984 at Cheonan in Southern Choongchung Province
Voice Type : Baritone
Position : Lead vocal
Siblings : Kim Jongjin (1987, Younger brother)
Hobby : Singing, listening to music, exercise
Education :
- Boochunduksan Preschool
- Cheonanchungsoo ES
- Boosung JHS
- Byungchun SHS
- Chungwoon Univ and then transferred to Sunmoon Univ (Graduated in 2009, Broadcast Music Major)
Ideal Girl : Girl who looks like Moon Geungyoung
Cyworld : http://www.cyworld.com/ys1106ys
Car : Samsung SM5
Religion : Catolic
Casting : Starlight Casting System 2001
First Appearance : November 1999, Cheonan Gayoge Gold Statue
Music Instrument : Piano
Favorite Color : Red
Pet :
- Ddangkkoma (a turtle, $150)
- Morajima
Shoe Size : 260~270 mm
Favorite Season : Autumn
Favorite Subject : Physical or sport
Least Fav Subject : Math
Church : Chunjoo
Trivia :
- He even can't drink 1 bottle of alcohol
- He had his first kiss in 2nd year of SHS
- The highest rank in school was 2nd and the lowest was 22nd
- He would like to go to Canada
- He has small finger
- He has a big mole like Jeju island on his stomach
Birth Name : Kim Youngwoon
Stage Name : Kangin
Chinese Name : Jiang Ren
Nickname : Bear Kangin, Strength Kangin, Raccoon, Korea No.1 Handsome Guy, The Real Leader, Kim Gundal (by his grandma), Cheongwoon
Height : 180 cm
Weight : 70 kg
Blood type : O
Born : January 17th 1985 at Seoul Seodaemoongoo, Hangeundong
Voice Type : Baritone
Position : Main Vocal
Siblings : None
Hobby : Acting, singing, exersice, boxing, and swimming
Education :
- Hongeun ES
- Shinyun JHS
- Hankwang SHS
- Sangmyung English Toturing
- Baekjae Institute of Arts (Theater Arts major)
- Kyunghee Univ (Cultural Arts Management major)
Ideal Girl : Rich, pretty girl with pretty feet and long straight hair
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/superkangin (owned by another person)
Car : Ranger Rover
Religion : Atheist
Casting : 4th SM Youth Best Selection and Best Award Appearance 1st place 2002
First Appearance : May 2002, SBS "A Man and A Woman"
Music Instrument : Piano
Favorite Color : White
Fans club : Camomile
Pet : Gongju "Princess" (Female Japanese Spitz)
Pants : 34 inch
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Movie :
- The Secret Lovers (2002)
- Billie Jean, Look At Me (as cameo)
- Romance Zero (2009, as Na Ho-tae)
- Hello Schoolgirl (2008)
- Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007, as one of 3 chipmunks with Heechul and Shindong)
Trivia :
- Has tattoo "Actions are more precious than words" but the word "Precious" misprounced with "Prection"
- He has MCed with Leeteuk and Shindong for M!Countdown
- He had been the DJ of Chunbangjichuk Radio and replaced by Sungmin
- He is the DJ of Chinhan Chingu Radio after taking over Tablo's position
- Has been swimming for 7 years
- He ever skipped an important surgery to continue standing on stage
- He was put into a group with Heechul, Hero, and Yunho called "Four Seasons
Birth Name : Shin Donghee
Stage Name : Shindong
Chinese Name : Shendong
Nickname : Dolpan Ogyupsal
Height : 178 cm
Weight : 90 kg
Blood type : O
Born : September 28 1985 at Moonkyung in Northern Kyunggi Province
Voice Type : Bass
Position : Rapper, Main dancer
Siblings : None
Hobby : Making facial expression, making jokes, dancing, and eating
Education :
- Dukee ES
- Ilsan JHS
- Saewon SHS
- Baekjae Institute of Arts (Dance major)
Ideal Girl : Cute, short girl
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/jrsd (Owned by another person)
Car : Benz New SLR Classic
Religion : Christian
Casting :
- 9th SM Youth Best Selection
- 1st Place Best Comedian
- Wholeness Compensation 2005
First Appearance : July 2002, Goyangsi Youth Dance Part Daesang Compensation
Favorite Color : Purple
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Favorite food : Samgyupsal (Streaky Pork)
Least Fav. Food : Raw fish
Movie :
- Alvin and the Chipmunks (2007, as one of 3 chipmunks with Kangin and Heechul)
Trivia :
- Has tattoo "A friend in need is a friend indeed"
- Can not swim
- He has MCed with Kangin and Leeteuk for M!Countdown
- Confessed that he cheated on his girlfriend. LOL
- Out of all the Super Junior members, he got his first kiss first
- He took only 27 seconds of Super Junior's shower competition, breaking Siwon's Record 30 seconds
- #1 treasure: Cell phone, video games
- When he was 8, he traveled to China for about 6 months
- In middle school, he was a team leader for a group called D.R.I
- In high school, he created a group named Friendship
- Made a group called T.N Family
- He makes the dance moving for Super Junior
- His nick name in high school were "Doing it again" and "sleeping again". Haha. Lol
- His leg was burdened by the heater when sleeping in the class during high school.
- He liked Math subject during high school and the result was good.
- On April's Fool Day, he fooled ELF by showing his photo like doing a plastic surgery.
Birth Name : Lee Sungmin
Stage Name : Sungmin
Chinese Name : Chengmin
Nickname : Pumpkin guy, cute guy, Mr. Pinky, Mr. Bunny
Height : 175 cm
Weight : 57 kg
Blood type : A
Born : January 1st 1986 at Ilsan in Kyunggi Province
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Main vocal, main dancer
Siblings : Lee Sungjin (Younger Brother)
Hobby : Acting, watching movies, playing piano and guitar
Speciality : Martial arts
Education : Seoul Arts Univ then transferred to Myongji Univ (Theater Musical major)
Ideal Girl : Cute, short, nice girl
Cyworld : http://www.cyworld.com/HaveANoTime
Car : Honda Civic
Religion : Christian
Casting :
- 1st SM Youth Best Selection
- Best Award Appearance 1st place 2001
First Appearance : August 2005, MBC "Sea of Sisters"
Music Instrument : Piano and guitar
Favorite Color : Pink
Shoe Size : 250 mm
Pet :
- Ari (means "Fighting", Yorkshire Terrier)
- Hyaku (named Hyaku because he got it when it was 100 days)
Movie : Sisters of the Sea (as young Kang Dong-shin)
Trivia :
- He is very precise when cooking
- His first kiss was Eunhyuk
- Appointed to be a member who would definitely get caught while two-timing his girlfriend
- Sungmin can do nunchucks
- He has told his noona fans to call him "oppa"
- He is anemic
- He did martial art
- For him, Super Junior is "Theme Park"
- He was going to change his wardrobe once, but there were to much pink, so he decided not to change
- He can sleep in the count of 3
Birth Name : Lee Hyukjae
Stage Name : Eunhyuk (He changed his name stage because his name is same as comedian "Lee Hyukjae")
Chinese Name : En He
Nickname : Monkey, gem Adonis, little mermaid, cockroach, hallyu star, hyojjae, hyukgoo, myeolchi (Anchovy)
Height : 176 cm
Weight : 58 kg
Blood type : O
Born : April 4th 1986 at Goyangshi Neunggok
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Rapper, Main dancer
Siblings : Lee Sora (1984, older sister)
Hobby : Dancing, exercising, listening to music
Education :
- Sungsangyooahwon Preschool
- Byungsuhl Kindergarten
- Neunggok ES
- Hwahsoh JHS
- Hwahsoh SHS
- Paichai Univ (Drama and Cinema major)
Ideal Girl : Pale skinned, cute, short girl (Ideal boy: Shindong )
Cyworld : http://www.cyworld.com/allrise0404
Car : Hyundai
Religion : Christian
Casting : Starlight Casting System 2000
First Appearance : 2000 Goyangsi Youth Dance Business Contest Gold Statue
Music Instrument : Piano
Fans club : My Eunhyuk
Shoe Size : 265 mm
Pet : Choco
Favorite color : White, blue, beige, grey
Favorite country : Australia, Egypt, Japan
Trivia :
- He is close friend with Xiah Junsu (TVXQ)
- Never forget to bow 90 degrees to his fans before leaving stage
- He is the dancing machine
- He is a crybaby
- A DJ with Leeteuk for Super Junior Kiss The Radio since August 21th 2006
Birth Name : Lee Donghae
Stage Name : Donghae
Chinese Name : Donghai
Nickname : Fish, sushi, hweh, Ryeowook's #1 fan, Bada's Dad (Cute!!), East Sea, Mokpo Uljjang
Height : 176 cm
Weight : 60 kg
Blood type : A
Born : October 15th 1986 at Mokpo in Southern Jeolla Province
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Main Dancer, Main Vocal
Siblings : Lee Donghwa (older brother)
Hobby : Dancing, exercising, singing, watching movies
Education : Myongji Univ (Performance Art major)
Ideal Girl : Caring, motherly girl with pretty collarbones, has big eyes, pale skinned, and cute
Cyworld : http://www.cyworld.com/dhharu510
Car : Samsung SM3
Religion : Christian
Casting :
- 3rd SM Youth Best Selection
- Best Award Appearance 1st place
- Wholeness compensation 2001
First Appearance : November 2005, SBS Shin Dong Yup's "Itta Obtta" panel
Favorite Color : Sea blue
Favorite food : Kimchi
Fans club : Fishy
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Pet :
- Bada (means "Sea", Bichon Maltese)
- Meo ("Romeo", Bichon Maltese)
Trivia :
- He loves Christmas
- He comes from the same hometown as Yunho (TVXQ)
- He wants to get married at the age of 32
- He is afraid of ghost (admitted on Hello Chat)
- He prefers brown rice tea to soft drink
- He has habit of taking any memos. LOL
- Loves children, loves puppies, loves seafood
- He used to be a part of group named "O-Kay" with Eunhyuk, Sungmin, and Xiah Junsu
- He likes Song Hyegyo
- He likes being called "Prince"
- He does not like drinking
- Donghae resides on the 4th storey of a small apartment. Everyday after school, he would press the bell of his neighbor's house and run away until he got caught once. Lol
- He often forgets his hat, cellphone, and the similar things like that. He would look high and low for his hat, when he already wore it.
- Once when he was chatting with another member on the phone, he said, "I forget where is my phone. I'm gonna go up and take it."
- He's a crybaby, soft-hearted, and thinks a lot
- The best place he likes to keep his savings in is the water dispenser bottle
- If someone tells him that he's short, he'll definitely go online and search for ways to grow taller and drinks only milk and soy milk
- He is the stage breaker
- He used to play at public bath house with his friends and using the bath house like a swimming pool, thus making all the ahjussi there got angry
- When 3rd year in ES, his teacher wrongly accused him for taking away attendance book and punished him in the teacher's office
- He was afraid of taking airplane, so he never went to any school trip to Jeju Island
Birth Name : Choi Siwon
Stage Name : Siwon
Chinese Name : Shi Yuan
Nickname : Simba, The Lord's #1 fan, bodyguard, gentleman, ma siwon (horse siwon)
Height : 183 cm
Weight : 65 kg
Blood type : B
Born : February 10 1987 (Official), April 7 1986 (Fact) at Seoul Kangnam
Voice Type : Baritone
Position : Sub Vocal, Sub Dancer
Siblings : Choi Jiwon (Younger Sister)
Hobby : Singing Dancing, Acting, and playing drum
Speciality : Taekwondo, Chinese Language
Education :
- Gujung SHS
- Inha Univ (Physical Education major)
Ideal Girl : Christian girl with wavy hair and abs
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/gigantic_dream (Owned by another person)
Car : Audi TT
Religion : Christian
Casting : Starlight Casting System 2003
First Appearance : October 2003, Dana MV "What is Love"
Music Instrument : Drum
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Movie :
- Precious Family (2004, as cameo)
- Eighteen, Twenty-Nine (2005, as the young Kang Bong-man)
- Spring Waltz (2006)
- Legend of Hyang Dan (as Lee Mong-ryong)
- A Battle of Wits (2006, as Prince Liang)
Trivia :
- Always does hand gesture
- He got award as sexiest guy in Korea
- His father is the owner of second biggest supermarket in Korea with 18 branches
- His mom is a diplomat
- He ever had a job in gas station, then when he greeted, unfortunately it was his father's car. Then he didn't come anymore on the next day
Birth Name : Kim Ryeowook
Stage Name : Ryeowook
Chinese Name : Li Xu
Nickname : Ryeonggoo, eternak magne, rank #1, ryeowook on top, ex-magnae
Height : 173 cm
Weight : 58 kg
Blood type : O
Born : June 21st 1987 at Incheon Bupyung Sanggokdong
Voice Type : Tenor
Position : Lead Vocal
Siblings : None
Hobby : Composition and singing
Education :
- Dukwon Arts SHS
- Inha Univ (Theater Arts major)
Ideal Girl : Short girl who can sing and has cute smile
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/ryeowook (Owned by another person)
Car : None
Religion : Christian
Casting : CMB Youth Chinchin Festival Popular Reward 2004
First Appearance : June 2004, MBC "Starry Night"
Music Instrument : Piano
Favorite Color : Purple
Favorite Food : Ice cream, Kimchi fried rice, Strawberry, Chocolate
Shoe Size : 260 mm
Trivia :
- He has his first kiss at 7
- He was featured in a video titled "Hello Summer" with other Chinchin Idol
- He was a member of S.E.S 5th official fanclub
- He loves ice cream
- He likes to try free make-up sample
- He never carries an umbrella
- He cries easily
- He lost his shoe during Miracle performance
- He can sleep up to 18 hours a day
- He never irons newly bought jeans
- He has a mole on his right cheek
- He wrote Kangin and Yesung's radio logo song
- He is the 4th heaviest drinker in Super Junior
- He's the 2nd outgoing member after Kangin
- He replaced Kang Junyoung to be part of Super Junior
Birth Name : Kim Kibum
Stage Name : Kibum
Chinese Name : Ji Fan
Nickname : Snow White, Killer Smile, The natural one
Height : 179 cm
Weight : 58 kg
Blood type : A
Born : August 21st 1987 at Seoul
Voice Type : Bass
Position : Rapper
Siblings : Kim Saehee (older sister)
Education :
- Santa Monica California JHS
- Santa Monica California SHS
- Inha Univ
Ideal Girl : Han Gain
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/superkibum (Owned by another person)
Car : Matiz
Religion : Christian
Casting : Starlight Casting System 2002
First Appearance : April 2004, KBS "April Kiss" TV Series
Music Instrument : Piano
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Motto : Let's live with bible.
Movie :
- April Kiss (2005, as young Han Jung-woo)
- Sharp 2 (2005, as the main role Joo Yeo-myung)
- Nonstop (2005)
- Marrying a Millionaire (2005, as young Kim Young-hoon)
- Snow Flower (as Ha Yeongchan)
- Chunja's Happy Events (2008, as Park Jung-woo)
- Jumunjin (2010)
Trivia :
- He used to live with Heechul and Hangeng in separate dorm with other members
- He lived in California when he was 10 years old for 3 years
- His IQ is 138
- He attended School in LA
- He likes cats, rabbits, and oranges
- He dislike apple, mice, summer, winter, and number 9
- Used to participate in Runaway modeling with BoA
- His first love is a pianist
Birth Name : Cho Kyuhyun
Stage Name : Kyuhyun
Chinese Name : Zhao Kuixian
Nickname : Game Kyu, Dra Kyu, Choding, Magnae on top, Lord Kyu, Excellent Plastic Surgery Result, Allien, Baby Kyu, Terror Kyu, SkiKyu, Lucky (by Thai fans), Xiao Shi San (Little 13) (He has more than 900 nicknames)
Height : 180 cm
Weight : 68 kg
Blood type : A
Born : February 3rd 1988 at Seoul Nohwon
Voice Type : Bass
Position : Lead vocal
Siblings : Cho Ahra (1985, older sister)
Hobby : Gaming, singing, watching movie, reading, listening to music
Education :
- Shinchung JHS
- Yumkwang SHS
- Kyunghee Univ (Modern Music major)
Ideal Girl : Pretty, Christian, has pretty legs, long hair, big eyes, and care about him
Cyworld : www.cyworld.com/snezees
Fancafe : Aekyu
Car : Hyundai NF Sonata
Religion : Christian
Casting : Chinchin Singing Competition (3rd place) 2005
First Appearance : "New Single Jacket Photoshoot" news on TV
Music Instrument : Piano, Clarinet
Favorite Color : White, blue, black
Fans club : Prince Kyu
Shoe Size : 270 mm
Favorite brand : Doublesice
Favorite movie : The Big Swindle, Jumong, Lovers in Paris, The Constitution of Crime, Romeo & Juliet
Favorite singer : Sung Sikyung and Lee Sokra
Favorite actress : Kim Taehee and Jun Jihyun
Favorite food : Pork chops and seafood
Trivia :
- Member since May 23rd 2006 (TV), May 24th 2006 (Official News), May 27th 2006 (Official debut)
- He featured on MV "Hi Ya Ya" with Chinchin Idol
- Members said in SS501 Youngstreet radio that he cooks tasteless and bland ramyun called "Han gang Ramyun"
- He is very smart and was a Math Olympiad Grand Prize Winner
- He used to be vocalist of Yumkwang High School named "Sound Flavah"
- He has recorded some Christmas Carols for his church when he was 8, his sister was on the album too.
- He would like to be professional gamers
- Used to share room with Sungmin and Donghae with no bed, then when he got bed, he shared room with Leeteuk and Ryeowook
- Loves to imitate other members
- He loves to bully Ryeowook, Kangin, and Yesung even though he is the youngest
- He wears soft lenses and can be seen wearing glasses in practices and performances
- He suffered a middle ear infection and his hearing on his left ear is impaired
- He was supposed to play basketball on Attack onThe Pin-up Boys, replaced by Hangeng
- His favorite Chinese phrases are Wo Bu Hui Han Yu (I don't speak mandarin) and Fu Yuar (Waiter)
- His favorite songs are Believe, Disco Drive, and Miracle
- Ryeowook said the he has the biggest butt in Super Junior
- Owns a headphones necklace given to him by Yesung
- He fought with his friend and ended up with breaking his friend's nose and having his own tooth broken
- Likes the snow and is a good skier and snowboarder
- Known for his less-than-stellar driving skills. #1 day he parked his car nicely coz there was no car around. #2 day he parked too close to the next car on the driver's side, so he had to squeeze out of the door. #3 day he took parking lots for 2 cars. #4day he almost hit the tree behind his car. LOL
- Has wish to go to Hollywood
- Family has owned a very large college entrance preparation academy
- Favorite Shinwa member is Shin Hyesung coz he is able to Introduce Kyu to professional gamer
- Premiered his Dalkkangjeong version of Sorry-Sorry on 3/29/09 at Inkigayo Encore after posting something on his minihompy.
[09.03.26 at 9.09 pm]
Weather: Snow
Mood : Bored
Wherever you go, smiling superbly, you are fried chicken
A good girl being a matchless beauty is thought of fried chicken
Hard to get, unstoppable, you're truly fried chicken
If you're envious me, then they're fried chicken
Then Leeteuk was claiming the copyright of the song. These two dorks battled trough their cyworld sidebar:
Leeteuk : Ring the bell!! So who do you think have won?
Kyuhyun: "Frid Chicken is mine!"
- His father is the Country's Revision/ Review Association Chairman
- He said that when he sleeps, he snore really loud and even drooling. LOL
- He isn't good at cooking. When he tried to fry some Ham, he added sesame oil instead cooking oil, even with Kangin's reminder.
- He said that children always put their socks at their bed in Christmas, but because he wanted a bigger present, he hung his pants at the bed. LOL
- He has a glib tongue which no one can beat. Even Kangin.
- He hates flower because he was rejected when he confessed his love with flower.
- He poured water to Sungmin's mouth while Sungmin's sleeping.
- He has a mole on his right cheek
- Notorious by his witty and unforgivable replies to fans on MTV UFO
- His first single song was Smile-Hyena OST.
- After April 19 accident, he lost 20 kg.
- He didn't suffer from pneumothorax directly from the accident, when he was in his 3rd year of college, he had it and went trough the operation.
- He knows when to emphasize his vocal strength, and when to let the others shine.
- He mentioned on his cyworld that when he was 3rd yeas high school, he was supposed to prepare for an important exam, but because he was so drawn to play, he was not able to study well.
- On August 2008, he was shown on MBC Game- It's Cool, supporting his friend, So Kyung Jung, who is a pro gamer.
- He won after playing games against Donghae, Siwon, and Henry.
- He sang Kyu's Bed Song on Sukira [070110] with Believe tone. Translation:
I was so lucky to able to meet bed
Because bed would make me smile by just being near me~
I could find the bed even if it goes far away
Because bed is smiling inside of me
- One time Kangin came back from his schedule and found Kyuhyun sleeping in his dunkin donut tent. They said he got upset when they threw it away. Lol
- Late one night, Leeteuk was woken up from his sleep because he heard Kyu's voice and Leeteuk asked why he was crying. And Kyu said, "Hyung, this is so sad. The third panel shows a tv ad for a bed that costs 199.990 won and the ad said to call now for this great deal.
- He was singing Japanese song "Tears" by X-Japan to get 100 yen in Mini Drama
- He won on Song Battle [09.04.02] after singing Shabang-Shabang (Park Hyunbin), Nest (Nam Jin), Couple (Sechskies), and Left-hander (Panic) and was chosen as Super Voice. He practiced with Sungmin the night before.
- He was selected as TOP 10 members of kpop groups who are most likely to succeed if they have debut solo in Sonyeon Sonyeo Gayo Baekseo [April 2008]
- He was the only member who included in the 2008 Mnet Top 20 lists of Best Male Vocalist in Korea [June 2008]
- On occasion, has been known for enjoying drink wine with Sungmin.
- He was invited to sing 7 Years of Love on Yoo Youngsuk's 20th anniversary album.
- He sang Listen to You-Pasta OST [January 2010]


text:
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Sunday, January 29, 2012
Sunday, January 29, 2012
Sarah Parsons is Associate Professor in the Department of Visual Arts at York University where she teaches the history and theory of photography.
Event run: January 29, 2012
New Music Concerts presents Legends
Sunday, January 29, 2012
New Music Concerts has commissioned Jeffrey Ryan to compose an extended vocal cycle based on The Whitening of the Ox (Inside the Zen Ox Pictures) by Canadian poet K.V. Skene for solo baritone voice (Tyler Duncan) and large chamber ensemble.
Event run: January 29, 2012
For details inquire at the Info Desk or call 416-973-4000.


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adult content
Trex World, Part 40Submitted by kelson.philo on Tue, 12/18/2007 - 12:37.
They left the bank by tubewerx, peristalting their way to a node that was local to Paul's borough. It was a casual stroll though avenues that Paul was instinctively familiar with. What was extra nice was not having to go home to say goodbye to it. What remained to be seen though was what exactly the taster's where planning on doing with it. Extension office? Holy shight, what was that supposed to mean? What was in store for him now?
"So," started Paul as they got to his door. "Does extension office mean anything like HR office?"
"We'll be seeing about that, mainline, now why don't you get around to trexing that door open."


text:
Miley Cyrus Dishes on VMAs, Justin Bieber and Being a "Semi-Nudist"
Sep 24, 2013 11:27 AM EDT
She's just being Miley. That seems the theme of the singer's new interview with Rolling Stone, which chronicles Cyrus getting tattoos, jumping out of a plane and partying all night by drinking Malibu. Interspersed within the adventures… Read more


text:
Typically, each new version of the Python programming language has been gentle on users, more or less maintaining backward compatibility with previous versions. But in 2000, when Python creator Guido van Rossum announced that he was embarking on a new version of Python, he did not sugar coat his plan: Version 3.0 would not be backward-compatible. Now that the first release candidate of Python 3.0 is out, with final release planned for later this month, developers must grapple with the issue of whether to maintain older code or modify it to use the new interpreter.
Developers hate it when a new version of a language doesn't work with the code written for older versions of that language, but for van Rossum, the radical upgrade was necessary. The language was becoming ever more weighed down by multiple ways of doing the same task, and ways of doing tasks no one ever actually did.
"The motivation for 3.0 was to have one specific event where we did as much of the backward incompatibility all at once," van Rossum says. The idea is to "give the language a better foundation for going forward."
Naturally, some stirrings of discontent can be felt across the Python community.
"Python is pretty much determined to remove itself from consideration from various kinds of international projects like the one I work on. We're already catching flak from people due to a few things that were valid in 2.2 that are not valid in 2.3," bemoaned one developer in the comp.lang.python newsgroup.
"For an operating system distributor, Python 3.0 represents a large potential change in their repository of packages for relatively little benefit in terms of resulting functionality," says UK Python developer Paul Boddie.
What changes?
In a way, Python has been a victim of its own success. "The original idea for the language had a much smaller scope. I really hadn't expected it to be so successful and being used in a wide variety of applications, from Web applications to scientific calculations, and everything in between," van Rossum says.
Van Rossum first created Python in 1990, as an open source, extensible, high-level language that he needed to handle some system administration duties. Today, Python is one of the most popular languages used world-wide. In March 2008, Austrian researcher Anton Ertl ranked programming languages in terms of their popularity as gauged by the number of postings in Usenet newsgroups. Python proved to be the third most-discussed language on Usenet, right after C and Java, ahead of such stalwarts as C++ and Perl.
When it comes time to teach someone how to program, often the easiest programming language to use is Python. It is the Basic of today, though more elegant to work with than Basic ever was.
Yet Python's simplicity was being threatened by the unchecked growth of the language, van Rossum says. Throughout the '90s, new functions and features were bolted onto the language, and inconsistencies started popping up across the platform. "We were slowly losing the advantage" of simplicity. "We had to break backward compatibility. The alternative was unchecked bloat of the language definition, which happens very slowly and almost unnoticeable."
Python.org has a list of changes to the language. Some are small, and will go unnoticed by most programmers. Others can be relearned quickly.
"Most of the differences are in the details; the general gist of the language, how people think about the language and the capabilities are pretty much unchanged," van Rossum says.
For instance, the print statement got turned into a print function; you must now put parentheses around what you want to print to the screen. The change allows developers to work with print in a more flexible and uniform way. If someone needs to replace the print function with some other action, it can be done with a universal search and replace, rather than rewriting each print statement by hand.
Another change: The language only has one integer type, instead of the former distinction between long and short integers, which van Rossum characterizes as worthless.
Another tangle of cruft that has been pruned back is something called "classic classes." Python version 2 has two sets of classes, each with its own format. "There was a lot of machinery in the Python virtual machine that was either special-casing classic classes or double implementations with version for classic classes and another version for new-style classes. This was implementation bloat," van Rossum says. So, after six years of campaigning to get people to move to the new classes, the developers of Python 3 have put their collective foot down and are doing away with the classic classes.
Perhaps the biggest change that takes place with Python -- and the one that will require the most rewriting of existing code -- is the new way Python deals with bytes and strings. Originally, Python represented all input and output as strings. When Python was used more in casual settings, most strings that went through the interpreter could easily be represented by the standard ASCII character set. But as the language's use grew to global proportions, more and more users started using Unicode to support a wider array of language characters. To Python, Unicode looked a lot like 8-bit binary byte strings, which could be passed along to the interpreter as part of the output from another program. In some cases, the interpreter would confuse binary data with Unicode-encoded strings, and it would choke, big-time.
The answer? Define a new object class for handling bytes -- a first for Python. Also, redefine strings as Unicode. And then keep the two clear of one another. In other words, the byte type and string type are not compatible in Python 3.0.
"If you ever make the mistake of passing bytes around where you think they are text, your code will raise an exception almost immediately," van Rossum said.
Conversion and converts
van Rossum admits now that he didn't think much of the transition difficulties when he first started thinking about Python 3.0. "In 2000, the community was small enough that I thought that I would just release a new version and people would fix their code and that is that."
In the feedback process with the user community though, the core developers started hearing more clamor for a smooth transition process. They needed tools.
This is the role of the recently released version 2.6 of Python, which will serve as a transition version of the language. Users can easily upgrade their code from earlier versions of Python to version 2.6. The 2.6 interpreter will offer warning messages about aspects of the program that will no longer fly with version 3.0.
"We're encouraging people to upgrade to Python 2.6," van Rossum says. "2.6 can help you find the anachronisms in your code that you will need to change to be prepared for 3.0."
The development team also created a transition tool called 2to3 that converts Python 2.6 code into Python 3.0 code. You can then run your older code in 2.6, rewriting it until all the warning messages have been eliminated, then use 2to3 to convert the code into Python 3.0 specs.
Of course, since Python is a dynamic language, where types are not explicitly declared, there are a lot of cases where a translation tool will not help much, but it should help with the mundane tasks, such as changing print statements into print functions.
Even with this tools in place, van Rossum admits that the migration of the user community will be a slow haul, and not all Python shops will make the transition.
For instance, the printing preparation company Aahz Maruch works for, Page DNA, relies on 200,000 lines of Python code in its core revenue-generating operations. "It would be a huge job" to translate this code into Python 3.0, Maruch says. He says the company will wait for a few years for the automatic translation tools to improve. "We haven't even talked about 3.0 -- it's at least two or three years away."
Others are more skeptical about the necessity of the upgrade.
The "implementation of Python 3.0 gives relatively little attention to [current] issues [modern programming languages face], such as performance, pervasive concurrency, or the provision of a renewed, coherent bundled library," Boddie says.
He says there is a danger that Python 3.0 may not be seen as a necessary upgrade for most developers and, as a result, it could lose its status as the de facto Python in much the same way Windows Vista hasn't become the de facto Windows over its predecessor Windows XP.
Today, the chief implementation of Python is CPython, which is a Python interpreter written in C. However, Boddie notes that other implementations exist, such as JPython (Python in Java), IronPython (Python written in Microsoft .Net's Common Runtime Language), and PyPy (a Python interpreter written in Python).
"I think that Python 3.0 may actually focus attention on other Python implementations, particularly if these do not pursue Python 3.0 compatibility as a priority," Boddie suggests.
Nonetheless, the core development team is confident the tide will turn their way, eventually. "I expect that most people will be using 2.6 a year from now. Only bleeding edge people will be using 3.0," van Rossum says. However, "if you're starting a brand new thing, you should use 3.0."


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This is a 32P 14T pinion gear from Traxxas. This gear is a 32 pitch and is used on the Traxxas E-Maxx.
Note: The Traxxas E-Maxx uses two motors, and therefore needs two pinion gears in the stock configuration.
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