text:
The Convention was opened with prayer by Rev. Joseph S. Pomeroy, member from Hancock.
Following the reading of the journal, Mr. Dering moved that $500 worth of the Amended Constitution be printed by the Executive Committee for distribution among the people. This was agreed to when
MR. VAN WINKLE reminded the Convention that the Constitution, as amended, had not yet been adopted by the Convention. He said:
We have voted on the amendment, and the question recurs now, according to parliamentary usage, on the adoption of the Constitution as amended. I therefore move it.
MR. BROWN of Kanawha. There is one thing that strikes me. It will be borne in mind that there are several provisions about the legislative department, the senate and the judiciary which embrace counties that have not come into the State. Therefore, there are clauses standing in those sections that have reference to counties under the apprehension that they would come in, and if they did the number of the house of delegates would be so much (42, 45 and soon). It occurs to me we ought to leave out those parts which really are no portion of the Constitution, just as the gentleman from Marion has suggested in regard to the 7th section for which we have substituted the Congressional section. We are not now adopting, as I understand, those clauses that relate to those counties that did not choose to come in with us, and to our people when they read it in its present shape it will create confusion. To those of us who understand it it does not. I should like to see it go out perfect, free from mistakes of matter.
MR. VAN WINKLE. I should think, Mr. President, it is still open for those counties to come in if they take a vote under the late act of the legislature, and as to those words remaining in the Constitution, it can do no harm, and if we take them out it might be said to be an alteration in the Constitution; and I think the matter had better remain as it is.
I would like to say my motion to adopt the Constitution as amended must not be understood to include the schedule. It is necessary that portions of that schedule be engrossed. It is only an ordinance. The motion is that the Constitution as amended be adopted, it being understood that the schedule is to be no part of the Constitution.
MR. LAMB. The gentleman from Kanawha will see in attempting to reduce his suggestion to practice that it will be impracticable. Let him look, for instance, at the last clause of the 14th section, page 10: "The number of the house of delegates shall be in the first case 57 and in the last 52." So if he will look at any other of the provisions he will see the alterations could not be introduced without a long explanation, which would tend to confuse the matter more than the Constitution as it is.
MR. BROWN of Kanawha. I must be content to take it as it is. I suppose the new schedule will be printed with the Constitution, as the one that puts it into operation.
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. I understand the motion to be that the printing committee be instructed to print as many copies as $500 will pay for.
MR. VAN WINKLE. That was passed.
THE PRESIDENT. The question is on the motion of the gentleman from Wood, to adopt the Constitution as amended by the substitution of a new section 7 of article XI for the old one.
Mr. Lamb asked for the yeas and nays; and the roll being called the votes on the motion to adopt resulted as follows:
YEAS - Messrs. Soper (President), Brown of Kanawha, Brown of Preston, Boggs, Brumfield, Chapman, Caldwell, Carskadon, Cook, Dering, Dille, Dolly, Griffith, Gibson, Hall, Harrison, Hervey, Hubbs, Hagar, Irvine, Lamb, Lauck, Montague, Mahon, McCutchen, Mann, O'Brien, Paxton, Parsons, Powell, Parker, Pomeroy, Pinnell, Ruffner, Ryan, Ross, Sinsel, Simmons, Stevenson of Wood, Stephenson of Clay, Stewart of Wirt, Stuart of Doddridge, Sheets, Smith, Taylor, Tichenell, Trainer, Van Winkle, Walker, Warder, Wilson, and Wheat - 52.
NAYS - None.
So the Amended Constitution was unanimously adopted.
MR. PARSONS. I move that this Convention adjourn Friday, 20th.
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. I was going to suggest that the absent members have liberty to record their votes at any time during the session.
MR. POWELL. I would like to take until Friday. I move to lay the resolution on the table for the present. We had better get through and then adjourn, whenever that may be.
The motion to lay on the table was agreed to.
MR. LAMB. Mr. President, a resolution was passed by the Convention instructing the Committee on Revision to report an address on behalf of the Convention to the people of West Virginia explaining the principal measures adopted and the reasons for the same and examining the objections made to the new State. The committee are ready to comply with the resolution. They have an address here which I will request Mr. Van Winkle to read. The address was accordingly read by Mr. Van Winkle as follows:
(See Appendix for Address Issued by the Convention)
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. I would offer a resolution in regard to the address and ask the Secretary to read it. The Secretary read as follows:
"RESOLVED, that the address reported by the Committee on Revision be adopted by the Convention and signed by the President and Secretary and ten thousand copies printed for distribution among the people of West Virginia."
The resolution was adopted.
Mr. Dering offered the following. I trust, he said, it will be considered a peace offering by our friends from the southwestern part of the State and will be unanimous:
"RESOLVED, That this Convention respectfully ask the Congress of the United States to appropriate two millions of dollars to aid West Virginia in emancipating her slaves."
MR. DERING. It seems to me, Mr. President, that resolution contemplates all that our friends from the Kanawha country could reasonably ask for. It instantly recognizes the doctrine that the State is bound to see her slaveholders compensated for the loss of property taken for public uses. It seems to me it is a fair compromise and one which gentlemen from all sections can properly and justly to their constituents and themselves adopt. It comes in and asks Congress to do what they are proposing to do in other directions. It obviates any difficulty on their part then that we might make a proposition of our own to provide compensation for our slaves; it asks Congress to do so. If the resolution before the Convention yesterday had been passed Congress, in my opinion, would not have given us any aid. They would have said this Convention has provided a mode by which the slaveholders of West Virginia can get aid from her own citizens. Then in justice, we ask Congress to do for us just what she will do for Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. It seems to me it is a reasonable request. Our representatives can meet it and do all they can to promote its object. I trust therefore this Convention will take this resolution, offered as a compromise and that it will be unanimously adopted by the whole Convention.
MR. CALDWELL. I trust, sir, with my friend we will adopt the suggestion; that he will strike out the sum designated and substitute something like this; request Congress to appropriate a sum adequate for the purpose without designating the sum. Some of the members of the Convention think the sum is too high, and there may be others who think it too small; and I think in the form I have suggested there is not a member but what would vote for it.
MR. DERING. I would suggest a modification. I do not know whether the word "aid" is in there; but it recognizes the doctrine that we are bound to see that they have compensation for their slaves. I acknowledged that in my few remarks the other day and every member of the Convention almost acknowledged it; and we understandingly put that fact in the resolution. It seems to me it is a proposition the gentleman from Marshall would very justly approbate. Gentlemen may vary the sum if they see proper. I have no objection to that; but it seems to me that is the proper form for the resolution. You may leave the sum blank if you see proper.
MR. CALDWELL. I change my suggestion then, sir, that the sum be stricken out and leave the amount blank, to be filled as Congress may please.
MR. WHEAT. On that question, I wish to make a few remarks.
MR. SINSEL. I would ask now that the former rules of this Convention be enforced in this discussion - only ten and five minutes speeches.
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. With the gentleman's permission, just a moment, I wish to suggest to the mover of the resolution whether it would not be better to alter the phraseology or language a little by instead of saying "...........dollars to aid West Virginia" say "to make an appropriation to aid West Virginia in providing compensation for the slaves," etc.
MR. SMITH. That will be better.
MR. DERING. I will accept the modification. Let it read "request Congress to make an appropriation to aid West Virginia in compensating the owners of slaves emancipated, etc."
MR. SMITH. I understand this to be offered as a peace offering, something for the southwestern portion of West Virginia. Now the suggestion made by the gentleman from Wood is much more acceptable to me than the original proposition: "to aid West Virginia in making compensation for the slaves emancipated."
MR. HERVEY. Let me appeal to the gentleman from Morgan to let the vote be taken on this question.
MR. POMEROY. He has not made a speech. He desires to do so.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. I want to inquire of the chairman of the committee whether he is prepared to report the ordinance in reference to the schedule? If so, I would be very glad if this Convention would take that up.
MR. LAMB. The committee have not acted on that subject. I intended to propose that when the Convention adjourns; they adjourn until tomorrow morning at eleven o'clock; that if the committee agreed upon an ordinance they should have authority to have it printed and laid on the members' seats tomorrow morning.
MR. WHEAT. I had the floor before this question was called.
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. I was under the impression the suggestion I was about to make would simply alter the phraseology and probably make it more acceptable. I do not know whether it will satisfy all parties, but I have fixed it so that I think the Clerk can read it as I would have it modified.
The Secretary read the modified resolution as follows:
"RESOLVED, That this Convention respectfully ask the Congress of the United States to make an appropriation to aid West Virginia in emancipating her slaves."
MR. DERING. I accept the modification.
MR. RYAN. It seems to me something ought to be said about whose slaves are to be compensated.
SEVERAL MEMBERS. No difficulty about that.
MR. TICHENELL. I hope you will put "loyal" in that resolution. I want to vote for it, and I don't want to vote anything to traitors.
MR. LAMB. I would suggest with that view that the expression in the resolution be altered in this way: "To aid West Virginia in making compensation to the owners of slaves who have not forfeited their rights to compensation by disloyal acts."
MR. IRVINE. I object to that.
MR. WHEAT. I move an amendment - that is, that it read "compensation for slaves emancipated under the operation of this Constitution." (Cries, No, No, No!); and upon that I intend to make a five minutes speech.
MR. SMITH. The mover accepts the amendment and suggests he be allowed to re-write the resolution.
The resolution, as perfected, was then read as follows:
"RESOLVED, That this Convention respectfully ask the Congress of the United States to make an appropriation to aid West Virginia in making compensation to the owners of slaves who have not forfeited their rights by disloyal acts."
MR. WHEAT. I have the floor, but I will forego it.
MR. SINSEL. We do not know about emancipating slaves. The word is left out.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. It strikes me the previous question ought not to be called on that resolution at present. I do not want to be captious, but I would like gentlemen to say whether they can possibly mature it. I suggest that the resolution lie upon the table.
MR. DERING. The Convention is drawing to its close. I think if we hold the resolution over, whenever you open Pandora's box and let the negro out, we will always have discussion. I desire to see this Convention come to a close. I must call the gentleman down. It is not debatable.
MR. STEVENSON of Wood. I would ask the gentleman from Doddridge whether it would not be better to make it a special order for some hour today. Say two o'clock.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. I have no objections in the world.
MR. LAMB. I beg leave, in reply to the suggestion to say it will be just postponing the adjournment of this Convention. We can never get through unless we have an opportunity of reconvening the Committee on Revision and deliberately considering the ordinance to be reported to this Convention. If I had full, unlimited power on the subject, I would not undertake to report it here on my responsibility without the deliberate examination of the committee.
MR. POMEROY. If the committee wants to meet, let us go on until the regular hour of recess without laying it on the table; and then let the committee have this afternoon.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. I must call the gentleman down.
MR. DERING. I withdraw the motion.
MR. HERVEY. Will the gentleman suspend his motion half a minute.
MR. DERING. Yes, sir.
MR. HERVEY. I propose this:
"RESOLVED, That the Congress of the United States be and hereby is respectfully asked to pass a bill to compensate loyal citizens of West Virginia for slaves owned by them, for the purpose of emancipating such slaves, etc."
MR. DERING. A very different resolution, sir.
MR. HERVEY. Would not the first part: "Resolved that the Congress of the United States be and hereby is respectfully requested to pass a bill to compensate loyal citizens for slaves owned by them, for the purpose of emancipating such slaves."
MR. DERING. No, sir, I do not accept it; it is a complicated resolution, and harder to understand than the simple form of my own.
MR. VAN WINKLE. I would suggest that the matter be referred to a special committee on the subject to report a proper form of resolution for the action of the Convention.
MR. POMEROY. Say a special committee of seven to be appointed by the Chair.
MR. TICHENELL. I move to lay the motion for a committee on the table.
The motion of Mr. Tichenell was rejected, and the motion of Mr. Van Winkle for a committee was agreed to.
Mr. Stevenson of Wood offered a resolution to go to the committee.
Mr. Brown of Kanawha said he supposed the resolution previously offered by him on the subject would also be considered by the committee.
Mr. Brown of Preston submitted the following:
"RESOLVED, That there be printed with the Amended Constitution the schedule adopted at the present session of this Convention providing for the election on the ratification of the said Amended Constitution, as well as such ordinances as may be adopted."
MR. VAN WINKLE. The committee has already directed the printing of a sufficient number of the ordinance already passed and the ordinance to accompany the poll-books is to come up tomorrow here. That will give them a thorough distribution throughout the State.
MR. BROWN of Preston. With that understanding, I withdraw the resolution.
The President announced the special committee to prepare a resolution addressed to Congress as follows: Dering, Stuart of Doddridge, Caldwell, Irvine and Ryan.
MR. SMITH. I merely remark that the parties most interested in this compromise are entirely ignored in that committee.
THE PRESIDENT. I thought of taking one of the gentlemen; but I had formed the impression that those gentlemen did not wish to take any active part in it.
MR. LAMB. I move that when the Convention adjourn, it adjourn to meet tomorrow morning at eleven o'clock.
The motion was agreed to.
Mr. Stuart of Doddridge offered the following:
"RESOLVED, That Joseph S. Wheat be allowed mileage from the county of Morgan for the last session of the Convention held on the 26th day of November, 1861, in the city of Wheeling."
MR. HERVEY. Other members of the Convention who attended here did not get, did not claim, any mileage; and further the Convention has no power to grant it.
MR. LAMB. There is another trouble about it. There is no appropriation made by the legislature for any such purpose. There is an appropriation for mileage for the present session but no appropriation to cover mileage for the former one.
THE PRESIDENT. I would like if some gentlemen would move that the special committee just appointed be increased in number.
Mr. Powell moved it be increased to seven. The motion was agreed to and the Chair added Messrs. McCutchen and Brown of Kanawha to the committee.
MR. SINSEL. I would remark in reference to that motion to allow mileage to the member from Morgan that no convention ever got mileage before, and the member from Morgan never appeared to my knowledge.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. It seems to strike the members with astonishment. It was not my motion. Some friends desired me to offer it. I had not specially looked into the correctness and propriety of the thing. There is, however, a reason for offering that resolution, that would strike every member of this body if they will reflect upon and consider it. The gentleman did appear here and asked a seat in this body. He was delegated here by citizens of Morgan county. For some cause or other his papers were mislaid and he could not get them before the committee. He was here in attendance several days - a considerable length of time, and aided very much in the business before the Convention; but since that time his papers have come to light; and I will say had his papers been before the committee at the former session there would have been no dissenting voice in the Convention to refuse him a seat. He attended here in good faith, and his papers show he was regularly delegated a member of this body. He incurred all the expense of coming here and was not able to draw one cent's per diem. I thought it nothing but a matter of right and justice he should receive at least his mileage. Now, if he had been received as a member he would have received the same pay as other members received. I say his papers prove conclusively they were mailed through the postoffice and did not reach here until after he had left. Had they got before the committee and before the Convention there would not have been a solitary scruple in receiving him as a member of this body. That is the motive and reason for offering this resolution. The papers are in my possession and subject to the investigation of any member.
MR. HALL. Was he not here as a member of the legislature at that time?
MR. STUART of Doddridge. No, sir; not until this winter. I have simply stated the facts.
Mr. Stuart's resolution was rejected.
MR. VAN WINKLE. I have been trying to get up for an hour. It has come to my knowledge, sir, that Mr. Hall, reporter at the table there has taken notes in short-hand of all the proceedings of this Convention - all the debates of this Convention, since the beginning. Of course, nobody else could write them out. It seems to me it would be interesting to every member of the Convention and to a great many of our constituents if those were to be preserved. At the beginning of the first session, I think I proposed, or somebody did, that there should be a regular report of the debates, taken with a view of publication; but the uncertainty we were then placed in as to what funds would be accorded us, and the several monitions to economy we were daily receiving from the general assembly, I suppose induced members to forego it. It has been usual in all bodies of this kind that the debates should be preserved. They may serve as that "contemporaneous exposition" of which my friend from Logan spoke the other day, as the true spirit of our Constitution. It will be gratifying and hereafter when questions may arise in reference to constitutional provisions it will be useful to have these debates for reference. The proposition I have to offer is that the Executive Committee should be authorized to contract for the purchase of the manuscript when it is written out and that they be authorized to publish it if they deem it expedient. I presume this second branch of the proposition will depend on the fact that until their functions are about closed it will not be known whether there is money for the purpose or not; but I think if there is a balance sufficient, if it is only to purchase the manuscript, every member would think it would be making a good application of the money. It is certainly no unusual thing; on the contrary, I have never known a constitutional convention assembled that did not provide for the publishing of its debates. The debates of the convention of 1850 were lost by the failure of the publishers, and there is not a copy extant except in abridged form. That Convention sat eight months, and there was a corps of eight reporters constantly on duty. They took turns of note-taking of fifteen minutes each; and it would take about an hour to write out what was spoken in fifteen minutes.
This, of course, must be considered for reporting and writing out. The question for the Convention is whether they desire to have it. This resolution has been drawn up and I think is perhaps in proper form. I will send it to the table. The question may be divided between the publishing and simply preparing the matter.
The resolution was read by the Secretary as follows:
RESOLVED, That the Executive Committee be authorized to contract with Granville D. Hall, who has reported all the debates and proceedings of this Convention, for the transcribing of the same, with a view to publication hereafter; and that said committee be also authorized to publish the same if they deem it expedient at this time or at any subsequent period.
MR. STUART of Doddridge. That question was considered fully before us in our last sitting, and I reckon was argued in extenso and was voted down; and I hope it will be voted down again. If Mr. Hall is entitled to compensation from this body for taking down the speeches, I am willing to pay him for it. But I see nothing to be gained by transcribing this thing and then having it printed which will cost several thousand dollars more. Every member of this body will subscribe to one copy, which would be only a drop in the bucket towards the expense incurred. We have a journal, sir, which gives every motion, every resolution and every vote; and now I don't believe we are going to be very much enlightened by printing what we said on those things. I believe it will be an expense, sir, that will not be compensated by any advantages that will accrue from it. It will require an expense of several thousand dollars, and it will be only for the advantage perhaps of bestowing on the members of this Convention, sir, part of these copies. I talked a good deal in that Convention, and I have not the least disposition to look at it. I am satisfied with it. It may be as a dead letter. I succeeded in getting some of my views incorporated in that Constitution, it is true, and I am willing to accept it; but I have no disposition to refer back to anything I have said; and I don't believe there has been very much said on the subject that will be of any great interest to future generations. Well, the gentleman from Monongalia suggested that there may have been something said that I would not want to see, or want anybody else to see. I am rather inclined to that opinion. But in all deliberative bodies, when the discussions are to be published it has been the practice, invariably the practice that the parties who addressed the Convention have the privilege of revising their speeches. Let me say to the gentlemen of this Convention there has been very few speeches made here in a situation to be published. And in all other bodies - I recollect in the convention which met in Richmond, and of which my friend from Wood was a member, the debates were published; but those debates were never published until revised by the parties who made them. Now, sir, here is a promiscuous bundle - some worth publishing, some that never ought to be. Some might be worth paying for while the majority is not worth it; and I hope it will not be the pleasure of this Convention to incur an expense of several thousand dollars here for a purpose that would result in no good.
MR. SMITH. I do not propose that any action should be taken now towards printing these debates; but the preservation of the debates I think is of the last importance. The only publication we have of the debates of the Convention that formed the Constitution of the United States is the short notes of Mr. Madison. But they have been ever eagerly sought for, and there has been much regret that the notes are so brief as they are. They have been sought for with avidity, and afterwards published by Congress. Now, you preserve these debates, lodge them in the archives of the State; at some future time when the legislature have more means they may permit a publication of them. But if they are not published, they are lodged in. the archives for reference. They give us the body and character of the Convention there. It is a portion of the history of the country and as such it is of some importance. I would like to see them in the archives of the State; and if hereafter the legislature should deem them of sufficient importance to publish them, it can be done. They are there ready for publication. The cost of transcribing is small compared to the value they will be hereafter to the State. I hope, therefore, it will be the pleasure of the Convention at least to contract with the reporter for writing out from his shorthand notes the discussions of the Convention. We will all be benefited by it. We will all know on what motions we acted and the reasons; and although gentlemen may laugh at it, it is of great value to them. The cotemporaneous view of those who form a constitution - 1 know it is the fashion of the people to laugh at it, although the supreme court don't. The supreme court do look to cotemporaneous construction of anything done by the legislature or Convention. The Federalist was the cotemporaneous construction given by the distinguished men and it is now a work of the very highest authority. It is quoted in discussion before courts, and it is referred to as the highest exposition, given by Hamilton, Jay and Madison. And Madison's short notes are referred to by the courts as giving a history of the times and circumstances that existed, which induced the adoption of the particular provision; and although it is not law it is a species of authority that has been respected by the courts and by legislatures, by all deliberative bodies. I think we would be wanting in duty to ourselves to pass this by and not make provision to have this record preserved. It may not be worth much; it may exhibit a poor debate; I do not undertake to say whether that is true or not; but whether it is meager and poor, and a great deal of it worthless and trashy, but get it all together and you get the sense of the Convention and the reasons for the provisions in the Constitution and its adoption. It will aid very much when questions of difficulty in giving it interpretation arise.
I hope it will be the pleasure of the house to adopt the proposition - at least the first branch of it, as far as it relates to the transcribing of it, and then vote down the other if you choose; and the resolution directing when prepared to be delivered to the legislature to be lodged among the archives of the State.
MR. VAN WINKLE. I will in the proper time take a division of the question.
MR. BROWN of Kanawha. I would make one remark. Mr. President, I voted against the proposition to publish when the question was up before. But I never knew until day before yesterday that Mr. Hall had continued to take down the debates. I suppose they had all gone to the winds. Now, I learn that he had kept a complete short-hand record of them. I fully concur in the remarks of the gentleman from Logan in the importance of preserving all that has been done as part of the self-digested Constitution we are forming; and I would instance another idea. I suppose in the State of West Virginia, if we live any time - and I hope we shall live forever - we will have in this State, like every other state in the Union, a historical society. Of all things the historical society more in each of the states to get back to our foundation and preserve the facts and records that are of a character that people generally don't read and therefore are lost. Even the Legislature of Virginia have sent historical agents to London to there root around among old colonial records to find anything that might throw light on our colonial history. Well, here is origin of a great state that has just commenced to make its political history; and it does seem to me when it is now within our power, contrary to our expectations, to preserve this record of our first State body, which has been for months framing our fundamental law, that we should make provision here while we have it in our power to prevent this record from going to destruction. I am confident any historical society that may be formed to gather and preserve a knowledge of our history would regard it as the first step to secure these very notes. But where more justly could it be done than by the State itself? I am sure the State of West Virginia would take pride and pleasure in publishing these debates, although they may not do it now. Not for the purpose of seeing what good or what poor speeches any gentleman made, for I confess I would rather not be obliged to see mine - but that is not the object. It is a record of part of the facts and incidents transpiring in the very origin and construction of your organic law. There it is, and it is important. And as this gentleman has labored faithfully and assiduously, it seems to me an act of justice to him and at the same time a wise provision for those to come after us that we secure this record and copyright that it may be published hereafter if you have occasion. A hundred years hence - a thousand years hence - the citizens of this State may recur to this first organic law and see what was said and done when it was constructed. I hope therefore it will be the pleasure of the Convention, and I shall vote for it, although I voted very decidedly against the publication in the beginning, to preserve the record that has been made without our expectation.
MR. HALL. I would say, in addition to the remarks last made, I, too, voted against the publication of the proceedings; but I did so because I was under the impression that if it was understood all the remarks made here were to be published it would very much prolong the session by set speeches; that it would favor the idea of gentlemen making a record for themselves - a thing which I had no disposition to contribute to. It is, however, a matter of the greatest interest and of the first importance that we should have this record; and whether this Convention will take the necessary steps to preserve it or not, I know that the country and posterity will say to him who has preserved it that he is a public benefactor; and if we refuse to compensate, I know that posterity will compensate. That is a long credit. They will not have to wait, however, for it to be done by posterity.
In addition to the remark made that the beginning of every state is a period of historical interest, there never has been a state that has started under just the circumstances that we have; and the very movement in the reorganization of this government - with which this is indispensably connected - is a matter not only of state but of national interest. There is no page in the history of the times - however rapidly we have made interesting history in the last few years - there is no part of that history of more interest to the statesmen throughout the whole world than will be the history of the peculiar movement of our people here in the reorganization of the government and the formation of the State of West Virginia. I know that was the sentiment expressed by those with whom I mingled at Washington. It was the universal expression. There was an interest felt in this, and you will find it is so throughout the whole country. And whilst that is a fact, it has been looked to as an example; and in history you will find that notwithstanding that this is the interest manifested throughout the country, there is a general ignorance of what were our operations and movements in this matter. It may be said that a great deal of this matter would not appear necessarily in the proceedings of this Convention, yet I believe without the proceedings of this Convention you will be at a loss to get a correct history of a great part of this movement that will be of the highest interest. I am not disposed to lavish the public funds unnecessarily. We should economize. But there may be economy that is extravagance we all know; and I think that we should take such steps, such measures as will secure and make this a public property that we may have the benefit of it.
MR. POMEROY. When this matter was up before I advocated printing these debates, not because the gentleman from Doddridge wanted to see in print any remarks he had made in this Convention; but because I believed it would be a matter of great interest not only to ourselves but to the people of the State; not only to those now on the stage of action but to those that would come after. I believe also it had been customary for the debates of every constitutional convention with which I was at all conversant to publish their debates. Now, as the President very well knows, the debates of the convention which amended the Constitution of the State of New York, were published, and so also the State of Pennsylvania and the State of Ohio. There are very important provisions made in this Constitution that I do claim the honor of having some feeble part in advocating placed in there that J think will be an honor to us all in after days. Now, I could not see any great propriety or benefit if it was well ascertained that no subsequent body, the legislature, would publish these debates of simply preserving them written out. They might be of some benefit in that form, but I would not feel very much like supporting that if we should fail in the other. I would vote to compensate this gentleman, who with so much care and labor has taken down these debates and preserving them, but I do hope we will also leave it discretionary with our Executive Committee to publish. If they find there are not funds enough to publish they can join in a request to the first legislature that will assemble that these debates be published, and it may influence us some in getting good men into the first legislature to go for publishing these debates.
MR. PINNELL. I am inclined, with due deference to the opinion of the gentlemen who have spoken on this resolution, to oppose it. I cannot see any particular practical good that is to grow out of this expenditure. It was not my pleasure to hear the debates that have gone before in the preceding sittings of this Convention; but I have paid some attention to the debates that have taken place here in the last few days. But I can see nothing at all, I have heard nothing that warrants me in the belief that my constituents would desire to have as a part of their library the debates of this Convention. They have the sittings of the debates in the form of a constitution. Each delegate has the journal of the proceedings of this Convention to take home to look at and peruse at his leisure; but, sir, the project now on foot to impose a tax on this infant new State of West Virginia and burden it to print the debates of this Convention, I conceive impolitic. I do not think it is warranted either on the principle of present or future expediency. I cannot conceive, sir, that there is any cotemporaneous circumstances connected with the occasion to warrant it. I know there is a common and prevailing sentiment that there is too much expenditure at the city of Wheeling in reference to this new State; that there is a strong effort to glean from the hard earnings of the taxes that are collected by the officers of West Virginia from individuals whose only crop, whose only means of support have buckled on their arms and are now standing defending the frontier. Here, sir, we have very necessarily made an appropriation to distribute among the people the Constitution. That is wise. The people want to know what has been the result of our debate; but in addition to that, there is a disposition, with due respect to entail another burden on our constituents by publishing to the world a heterogeneous mass of controversies, of impulsive debate, which sifted down amounts, with due respect to all - not the most important volume that has ever been published. There is great propriety sometimes in individuals taking a retrospective of their defects. That had better be done in a spirit of solemn meditation. But to make their defects a matter of public record, and let the children see the defects of the parent. I know there is something sad here. A man would hate very much for his children to read and say: Father delivered that speech in the Convention of West Virginia (Laughter). Let us do something that he at least will not be ashamed of: pass over the consideration of the expense of publishing these debates for the present. I am glad I have had the privilege at least to vote against that, or hope I will.
MR. MAHON. The time for recess has arrived.
MR. ROSS. I desire to say a few words. I do not presume any gentleman who advocates this resolution is influenced by any kind of sentiment of vanity on the subject whatever. I had not the pleasure and privilege to participate in any of the debates of this Convention in its preceding session. I do not know what their merits may be one way or the other. I presume they are very much like the debates of all similar bodies. You may find the enunciation and advocacy and elucidation of great principles embodied in these debates. Yet there is a great deal connected with it that in that point of view has no very especial interest or value. But I advocate the passage of this resolution on other and far different grounds. These are acts connected with the origin of a state. They are acts connected with the origin of a state under very peculiar circumstances. Mr. President, in the act connected with the origin of this State we have performed what may probably with great propriety be called a revolution. These acts we have to vindicate before the world; and whatever will show the animus of the Convention that formed that Constitution; whatever will show the spirit with which all this has been conducted; whatever will tend to vindicate our action before the world - ought to be preserved. It is in that point of view that I was pleased this morning to vote for the publication of ten thousand copies of the address which is to accompany our Constitution. I believe it to be a vindication of the efforts of the people of West Virginia in establishing for themselves a government and in securing for themselves a new State. And precisely for a like reason I shall vote for the present resolution, because no matter how worthless these speeches may be as specimens of forensic eloquence, how little they may contain of principle either in politics or morality - and I do not judge them so, especially after what I have heard in the debates in this session - they will show the spirit of this Convention; they will record the spirit of this people in the action which they have taken; they will prove a vindication of the action of the people of West Virginia in all the movements they have taken. And let me tell you likewise, they will be no worthless body of witness as to the meaning and interpretation of that Constitution which you have formed. I believe in cotemporaneous interpretation; and I believe that those debates should be written out and preserved, as advocated by the gentleman from Logan.
(Cries of "Question! Question! Question!".)
The question was put on the first branch of the resolution authorizing the committee to contract for the transcription of the debates, and it was agreed to.
The question was then taken on the second branch, to authorize the committee to have the debates published in their discretion, and it was rejected.
Mr. Mahon moved to adjourn.
MR. LAMB. I understand this hall will be appropriated this afternoon to another committee. I would request the Committee on Revision, if agreeable to them, to meet at my house this afternoon at half past two.
And thereupon, Mr. Mahon's motion was put and adopted and the Convention adjourned to 11 A. M. tomorrow.
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Chapter Eleven: First Constitutional Convention of West Virginia


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text: In the Yakima Valley, resources are plentiful for teens and low-income women who find themselves pregnant without a plan.For a county with the third-highest teen birth rate in the state, providers say access to information and care during pregnancy is crucial. But they also say some women still fall through the cracks. That's what makes the recent announcement by state and local public health officials about a sudden spike in a fatal birth defect in the county last year so troubling to medical professionals involved in maternal care and prenatal health. Without adequate health information, women are at higher risk of missing out on important prenatal and even pre-conception care that could help avoid such defects. "Because the state will provide insurance coverage for most low-income women who are pregnant, almost everybody who needs care can get it. So that's a good thing," said Dr. Anita Showalter, who was an obstetrician at the Yakima Valley Farm Workers Clinic for four years before joining the faculty at Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, where she's also assistant dean of clinical sciences. "When somebody slips through the cracks, it's generally because they didn't avail themselves to those things that are there for them," or because of barriers to access such as lack of transportation, Showalter said. Citing state Department of Health statistics, the Yakima Health District issued a news release Jan. 30 announcing that eight cases of anencephaly had occurred in Yakima County in 2012. Typically, public health officials expect only one all year. The state has begun an investigation to find if the number is a trend or a random spike. Anencephaly, which is uniformly fatal, is caused when the protective neural tube doesn't close completely around the spine at the base of the brain. The result is the absence of a large part of the brain and skull. The most conclusive studies show a direct link between neural tube defects and a lack of folic acid, which is found in leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits and legumes, among other foods. Taking vitamins with folic acid is an easy way to help prevent anencephaly -- if women know to do so. The tricky thing, experts say, is that anencephaly occurs by the fourth or sixth week of pregnancy, before many women may even know they're pregnant. So providers recommend that all women of childbearing age take at least 0.4 miligrams of folic acid daily. "You can't wait until you go, 'Oh, I'm pregnant,' and then take (folic acid); it's too late," said Susie Ball, genetic counselor at Yakima Valley Memorial Hospital's maternal health office. For effective prevention, "You have to do it all the time." Ball meets with families when any kind of birth defect is detected in prenatal screening. With anencephaly, there is a genetic predisposition for the defect -- women who have it in their families are at higher risk -- but no test before conception to determine if the parents have that predisposition. There also seems to be a slightly higher predisposition for the condition among Hispanics, Ball said. The high rate of diabetes in the Valley is concerning, too, as the disease puts pregnant women at higher risk for birth defects of any kind, Ball said. A healthy diet that includes folic acid is sometimes harder for low-income women, Showalter said. "Where we run into problems is the people who are doing a lot of fast food or already-prepared food that alters that mix," she said, adding that families who do a lot of home-cooking have a better chance of having a balanced diet. Diet is a problem for teen moms too, says Heather Bulfinch, who teaches teen moms at Davis High School as part of Yakima's program for student parents. Teens don't always worry much about what they're eating, she said, so nutrition is a big part of their instruction. "Folic acid is not in Hot Cheetos," Bulfinch said. "We revisit nutrition multiple times throughout our curriculum; you need reminders." Lori Gibbons runs Memorial's childbirth education program and says teens have a sense of invincibility. "They don't think anything will happen to them," she said, so they may not think they need to take folic acid. Both health educators and providers say they discuss folic acid and prenatal vitamins as early as possible when pregnant women first seek care. In its investigation, the Health Department will also look at environmental factors that could have contributed to the increase in the defect last year. For example, medical doctors from the state Health Department and the Yakima Health District say a few small studies have shown an increased rate of anencephaly in women who drink from private well water where nitrates exceed the federal safety limit. "The first thing I ask, because the demographics of our city haven't changed significantly ... is what environmental thing might have happened that could've been a factor that we don't know or understand yet?" Showalter said. There are medications, including some antibiotics, that can block absorption of folic acid in the body, and she wonders if there might be chemicals present in the Valley that could do the same thing. Studies show that anencephaly is often caused by multiple factors, so providers and health officials have to be aware of all possibilities. And there's a chance that Yakima's high number in 2012 was just a fluke. "It's such a detective game because there are different things that can cause it, and sometimes in the end, we don't know," Showalter said. "It comes and it goes and you pray it doesn't happen again." --Molly Rosbach can be reached at 509-577-7728 or firstname.lastname@example.com. (c)2013 Yakima Herald-Republic (Yakima, Wash.) Visit Yakima Herald-Republic (Yakima, Wash.) at www.yakima-herald.com Distributed by MCT Information Services


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The more I read the more I learn.
I knew it wasn't good for her and that is why I am so concerned. I was just confused on how I thought I was feeding her so little and she was still gaining weight. But I found out now that I can feed even less and she wont starve. She will still be getting the right nutrional value. Plus, it was my fault on the peanut butter stuffed kongs. Too much to give her along with her food.


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Yup. You read correctly. I'm an Official Blogger for FGS2011!
The Federation of Genealogical Societies Conference this year ~ Pathways to the Heartland ~ is being held in Springfield, Illinois September 7-10. That's right 4 jam-packed FAN-tabulous days of genealogy fun! Seriously? I was going over all the sessions last night that are available for this conference. And? My head hurts [in a good way] with all the opportunities for learning and networking. This is a must-see-must-attend-absolutely-gotta-be-there conference.
And if that doesn't get you there, then maybe this will. I will be there. Reporting. Interviewing. Dining. Networking. You know, the usual hard work.
BUT, what if you can't make it? Don't worry. I and this outstanding list of esteemed Official FGS Bloggers will be blogging about the vendors, the food [Apparently, Amy Coffin over on her blog, We Tree, will be scoring and blogging about some ~from what I hear~ fantastic bacon from a particular vendor.], the socials, the lectures, and, well, everything.
Now, in the months, weeks, and days leading up to FGS2011, I will be spotlighting on this blog and on my official How-To Blog For Newbies, For Your Family Story, any conference news, interviews with planned conference lecturers & vendors, historical places to visit near the conference, and local resources for opportunities to research in and around Springfield.
At the conference, I will be Tweeting [ @FamilyStories ] and blogging conference news, interviews, photos, etc.
After the conference, I will be blogging my thoughts, meditations, and the like of the FGS2011 Conference. [And definitely more pics.]
Oh my. I'm gonna busy. [A good kinda busy.] I am so very excited and honored to have been chosen to be an Official Blogger for the FGS2011 Conference!
Now for the "legal business." In exchange for all of the above listed tasks, I am receiving the following from FGS:
- One full complimentary registration to the conference
- Media credentials
- Complimentary admission to the Old-Fashioned Prairie Social on Wednesday evening
- Off-Hour admission to the Exhibit Hall
- Use of space at the Media Hub
So, will I see you there? Goodness, I hope so.
Until then, keep an eye out for all the FGS2011 Conference news via my blogs, Family Stories and/or For Your Family Story, via Twitter, and via Facebook.


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Upton brothers go back-to-back as Braves sweep DH
Upton brothers go back-to-back as Braves sweep DHAtlanta Braves left fielder Justin Upton rounds the bases after hitting a home run off Colorado Rockies' starting pitcher Jon Garland during the fifth inning of the second game of a doubleheader Tuesday, April 23, 2013 in Denver. (AP Photo/Barry Gutierrez)
DENVER (AP) -- In their first season with the Atlanta Braves, Justin and B.J. Upton have become the new bash brothers.
The power-hitting siblings cracked back-to-back homers for the first time, leading Atlanta past the Colorado Rockies 10-2 Tuesday night to complete a doubleheader sweep that began with the coldest game at Coors Field.
''It's always cool when you can see him have success before you and then you go up and do the same thing,'' said Justin Upton, acquired as part of a seven-player trade with Arizona in January. ''It was definitely cool for us to tack on those runs when we needed them. That was nice.''
It was the 27th time in major league history that brothers homered in the same game, but only the second time they went deep in consecutive at-bats. Lloyd and Paul Waner of the Pittsburgh Pirates also accomplished the feat on Sept. 15, 1938.
Atlanta manager Fredi Gonzalez said the Uptons were displaying the kind of 1-2 punch that the Braves were hoping for when they acquired them. B.J. Upton was signed as a free agent last winter.
''It makes your lineup a lot better when you've got B.J. going and you've got Justin, too,'' Gonzalez said. ''For me, Justin is your No. 3 hitter and it doesn't matter who is on the mound that night.''
Or what the weather is like, for that matter.
In the first game, Justin Upton, Dan Uggla and rookie Evan Gattis homered in support of a solid outing by Mike Minor as the Braves won 4-3 in a game that began with a temperature of 23 degrees.
The weather warmed up for the night game - but only a bit. It was 30 degrees at first pitch.
In the nightcap, B.J. Upton homered to left field off Jon Garland to start the fifth inning, his third of the season. Justin Upton drove Garland's next pitch to center for his major league-leading 11th home run.
''Mistakes,'' Garland said. ''Maybe a wrong choice of pitches. When you miss with pitches, good hitters will get you.''
Said Justin Upton: ''I'm just trying to be part of a team that was already good. I can't put my thumb as to why I have hit the way I have; just got to continue to work and try to keep it up.''
B.J. Upton was getting treatment and not available to reporters after the nightcap.
The Uptons have homered in the same game three times this season. They each added another RBI later in the game, B.J. on a sixth-inning sacrifice fly and Justin on a ninth-inning double that was part of a four-run burst.
The Braves outhomered the Rockies 6-0 in taking both games from Colorado, which entered the twinbill tied with Atlanta for the best record in baseball at 13-5.
''This Atlanta team, you have to try to keep them in the yard. We had a tough time doing that today,'' Rockies manager Walt Weiss said. ''Six homers in two games. That is what they do if it's for a strike and they are locked in.''
Julio Teheran (1-0) made the most of his offensive support in the nightcap, allowing one run over seven innings to quiet the Rockies, who have lost three in a row at Coors Field since an 8-0 start at home.
The Braves also got a home run and run-scoring double from Juan Francisco. His two-run shot in the fourth came after Freddie Freeman drew a one-out walk. Colorado had broken on top with an RBI single by Michael Cuddyer in the third.
Garland (2-1) went six innings and allowed six runs on 10 hits.
Reed Johnson, playing right field for Atlanta in the opener because Jason Heyward underwent an appendectomy Monday night, went 4 for 4 with three doubles. Heyward was put on the 15-day disabled list.
The matchup featured baseball's hottest teams - and the coldest game-time temperature in the majors since such data collection began in 1991, according to STATS. The Rockies said the previous low at Coors Field was 28 degrees.
Donning a short-sleeve jersey with his standard T-shirt underneath while many other players were bundled up, Minor (3-1) allowed three runs and five hits in six innings. He said he decided against warmer attire because he wanted the same freedom of movement he feels with his arms uncovered.
''I don't know what it is, but with (long) sleeves on, I feel restricted,'' he said. ''It's just a feeling and you want to feel comfortable out there.''
To a degree, anyway.
''It was all right,'' Minor said. ''The biggest thing was grip, just being cold and dry. I pretty much just battled through it.''
At one point, Minor acknowledged he got so cold that he had a trainer rub his back, arms and thighs with a heating ointment.
''I was burning up there,'' he said with a smile.
By the time Craig Kimbrel pitched a one-hit ninth for his eighth save in eight chances, the temperature had warmed up to 27.
Gattis hit a tiebreaking home run in the fourth and ended the game by throwing out Wilin Rosario trying to steal second.
Jeff Francis (1-2) gave up four runs and six hits in four innings, leaving him with an 8.44 ERA.
Ground crews began working around 6 a.m. to clear several inches of snow from the playing surface at Coors Field, which opened in 1995. While there was no sign of snow on the field when the game started, some parts of the ballpark remained closed, including the snow-filled Rockpile section in center.
Workers hosed off the snow on the stand of evergreen trees beyond the center-field wall. It was important that the trees be cleared because they're part of the green batters' eye background.
It's been a wintry April for Denver, which has been hit by a wave of snowy weather over the past nine days that forced postponements of games three times. The delays led to two doubleheaders within a week.
NOTES: Justin Upton's 11 homers in April are the most by a Braves player. ... Gattis leads all major league rookies with six home runs and has homered in every park he's played in so far (Colorado, Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Washington and Miami). ... The Rockies were 0-3 at home against the Braves last year and 1-6 overall. ... It isn't always freezing at Coors Field. According to the Rockies, the hottest game played here was 100 degrees last June 25 when Colorado hosted Washington.


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Drink of the Week: The Dominicana 1888
If you're going to build a cocktail around a distinctive, high end spirit, I think it's definitely better if you can still distinctly taste that spirit. Sure, a lot of cocktails benefit from a sort of alchemical reaction where flavors in various ingredients unite to create an entirely new experience, but it's nice to leave room for the unique flavors of a particular product — especially if the drink was created largely to promote that product.
I raved here a few weeks ago about Brugal 1888, a high end darkish rum that mysteriously arrived at my house via the booze-promoting powers that be. It unites the appeal of a really good bourbon or Scotch with hints of the exotic sweetness of a more conventional quality rum. In some ways, though, I think I might like today's recipe a bit more than the Old Fashioned variation we tried earlier. It's a very simple drink that's delicious and sweet, while letting the most intriguing aspects of this somewhat pricey-but-worth-it booze really come to the fore.
I did, however, rename today's choice as there's another rum-based cocktail called the Dominicana. I modified the name in honor of its outstanding base spirit. One more thing, I didn't get quite the amount of froth you see on the picture — you probably need egg whites to get anything remotely like that in real life — but this is still a very delightful drink, presentation issues notwithstanding.
The Domincana 1888
2 ounces Brugal 1888 Rum
1/2 ounce fresh squeezed lime juice
1/2 ounce fresh squeezed orange juice
1/2 ounce pineapple juice
1 teaspoon turbinado or brown sugar
1 cocktail cherry (desirable garnish)
Add the three juices and, especially if you're using turbinado sugar (aka, "raw sugar"), you can muddle it into the liquid to ensure it mixes properly. Next, add the Brugal and lots of ice. Shake very vigorously and strain it into a cocktail glass. Add the cocktail cherry, which really does seem to add a little extra something to this drink.
Sip and salute the power of sugar, both processed and naturally occurring. Rum might be the only drink made directly from sugar or it's byproduct, molasses, but without some kind of sugar we'd have no liquor at all!
I shared the brown sugar version of the Dominica 1888 with a couple of test subjects and I can tell you that, apart from the fact that I like it a lot myself, it's possible that it's one of your more sophisticated crowd pleasers. Certainly with the combination of three great fresh juices — I even used fresh pineapple juice this time around, which is not always the case with me — and just a little bit of additional brown sugar/turbinado sweetness, it mellows out the Brugal 1888 about as far as it can be mellowed. At the same time, it leaves plenty of room for the high end rum to have its say, and that's a very good thing. You're paying for this stuff; presumably, you want to taste it.
Re: brown sugar and turbinado. I basically stuck to the original recipe, created by some clever but unnamed mixologist at Brugal, on all of my successful attempts at this drink. The only variation I tried turned out to be something of a happy accident. The first time I made this, I didn't have any actual brown sugar around but did have plenty of turbinado, aka raw sugar. Since both brown sugar and turbinado share the same basic trait — they contain the molasses which is usually removed from conventional, processed sugar — using it as a substitute made sense; the results bore me out.
The next night, I went out and bought some regular C&H Dark Brown sugar (it was either that or "golden brown" which seemed lighter than the, er, classic brown sugar I remember from a few years back). I used that version on my test subjects and it worked extremely well, don't get me wrong. On the other hand, the overall effect, strangely enough, was to make the Brugal's sharper, almost leathery edges just slightly more obvious. I thought the turbinado sugar gentled the booze in a way I found to be almost perfect. I tried it again and found I really liked my original version best, but purists especially might prefer the regular brown sugar version best. Try it both ways.
Related Posts
Posted in: Food & Drink, Lifestyle, Vices
Tags: Brugal 1888, C&H Dark Brown Sugar, cocktails, Drink of the Week, Happy Hour, raw sugar, The Dominicana 1888, turbinado sugar


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SOCORRO, N.M., January 4, 2002 -- Longtime New Mexico Tech lightning researchers Charles B. Moore and William Rison recently were named winners of the National Lightning Safety Institute's (NLSI) annual lightning safety recognition award in the category of U.S. academia.
The NLSI awards honor individuals and organizations who best exemplify a professional understanding of lightning safety issues and who provide leadership as role models for others involved in lightning safety.
Both Moore and Rison have long been associated with New Mexico Tech's Irving Langmuir Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, an internationally recognized research facility for lightning and cloud physics research, located atop the Magdalena Mountains in south-central New Mexico.
The NLSI award citation states that Moore and Rison were chosen as this year's recipients " . . . for their defense of the scientific approach that supposed improvements in lightning protection must be verifiable through the independent third-party peer-reviewed process with supportable technical evidence."
The awards are accompanied by full scholarships of $895 each for recipients to attend NLSI's intensive two-day Lightning Safety Workshop at the organization's headquarters in Louisville, Colo.
Moore, a professor emeritus of atmospheric physics at New Mexico Tech, has worked at the research university's Langmuir Laboratory for more than 35 years.
Rison, a professor of electrical engineering and research physicist at New Mexico Tech, has been a faculty member and researcher at Tech since 1984.


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Developing a marketing plan
Your marketing plan is an essential part of your overall business plan. Bankers and lenders will want to see how you plan on making money. When you start a business or decide to introduce new products or concepts, your marketing plan will help you:
- Assess customer needs and develop a suitable product or service
- Convey product or service features to your target audience (potential customers)
- Establish distribution channels
- Determine the most effective ways to promote yourself
- Pinpoint the best advertising venues
You can buy software to help you write your marketing plan, or use word processing or spreadsheet tools you already own. Some specialized software includes sample plans, marketing scenarios, and auto-calculations.
Before writing your marketing plan
Market research
Before you develop your marketing plan, you must first research the potential market for your product or service. Use the market research findings to back up statements in your marketing plan. Learn more about how to conduct your research.
- Guide to market research and analysis
Discover how market research can help your business succeed and learn how to conduct a variety of market research activities.
- Designing a questionnaire
A well-designed survey questionnaire can help you gather market research data.
- Types of survey questions
Examine different kinds of closed-ended and open-ended questions that can be used in surveys.
- Market research methods
Find out how to use popular research methods to do market research for your business.
Sections of a marketing plan
Executive summary — "What is my overall plan?"
Your executive summary should contain the key points of your marketing plan and, although it is written last, should be positioned at the front of the plan. This summary is usually the first section a potential investor or lender will read. Polish it to perfection. The executive summary should:
- Include highlights from each section
- Be interesting enough to motivate the reader
- Be concise
Identify yourself — "Who am I and what are my values?"
Describe who you are, what your business is about. Share your goals, and what inspired you to start your business or make changes. For example:
- Company name, address, phone number, and names of owners or partners
- Business vision, mission statement and beliefs (in line with your target market)
- Core values and goals of the business and its owner(s)
Describe the product or service — "What need do I meet?"
Detail how your product or service is unique, and superior to the competition. Be prepared to back up your statements.
Identify your target market — "Who are my customers?"
Through research, identify the age group, gender, lifestyle and other demographic characteristics of the people who have shown interest in your product or service. Avoid trying to sell to everyone. Provide statistics and analysis that show the reader there is a demand for your product or service.
You can define customers by demographic characteristics, such as:
- Age, usually in ranges
- Gender
- Marital status
- Location of household
- Family size and description
- Income
- Education level, usually to last level completed
- Occupation
- Interests, purchasing profile
- Cultural or ethnic background
For example, a clothing manufacturer may consider a number of possible target markets — toddlers, athletes, grandparents, teenagers and tourists. A test market survey of the most likely target groups, or those who buy for them, such as parents for toddlers, can help you separate real target markets from unlikely possibilities.
Once you have defined your target customers, you must learn about their needs and preferences.
- Which of their challenges can you solve?
- What are their needs and expectations regarding this product or service?
- What types of things do they desire?
- What do they spend their money on?
- Where do they shop?
- How do they make spending decisions?
To develop a profile of your customers and to understand their needs, you will have to do some market research.
- Conducting market research
Learn more about market research, how it can improve your business decisions, and how to conduct a market research campaign.
Know your competitor — "Who else can woo my customers?"
Most businesses face competition at every stage of their life cycle. Competition can be good; the trick is to know with whom you are competing, and what it is that you do better. You can compare your own strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (sometimes called a "SWOT analysis") to those of your competitors, and make sure your customers know why you should be their preferred choice.
Define your distribution and delivery channels — "How will I deliver my product to my customers?"
Traditionally, customers shop at stores to find the products they want, or visit one specific location for services such as a massage or a haircut. More and more, people are shopping online. Where will customers find your products? Define your delivery channels, including who the middle players are, and how much that process will cost. For example, you could decide to:
- Sell through a retailer, wholesaler, or professional sales agent
- Sell through kiosks in schools, offices, public places, or at events
- Go to the customer's home or place of business
- Take orders from a catalogue or through the Web
- Sell solely online
Group your activities — "How will I reach my customers?"
Map out your budget for each medium you want to use, and detail how much time you plan to spend on each. A few suggestions:
- Advertising (online ads, TV, radio, print publications, online publications, websites, billboards, business cards)
- Publicity (signs, stationery, branding, testimonials, referrals)
- Listings (business directories, telephone directories, online listings, association listings)
- Sponsoring (research, community events, local charities, sports)
- Networking (get feedback from existing and potential customers and other industry players; reach out to the public through online social networks; provide advice on blogs and by speaking at public events; meet industry players at business events)
- Promotions (mailouts, samples, freebies, discount coupons, sales, displays)
- Internal marketing (employee rebates, sales incentives, referral incentives)
- Public relations and media relations
Learn how to spread the word about your business.
Outline a plan to deal with challenges — "How will I handle the unexpected?"
Like any aspect of running a business, preparation helps you face challenges and sometimes prevent them. Think about potential challenges, and write down what you could do to prevent them or deal with them when they happen.
The following are some marketing challenges for which you could plan:
- New regulations for packaging/labelling/claims
- Shift in trends and buyer preferences
- Environmental issues related to your business
- Negative business image or perceptions
- Changes in the economy
- New competition
- Marketing, advertising and sales regulations
Attracting new customers to your business is essential, but you need to follow a few rules.
Indicate your pricing strategy — "How much should I charge?"
Pricing is another aspect of marketing that requires careful attention. If your price is too high, you may alienate customers; if it's too low, you may give the impression that your product or service is cheap and below standard. Some businesses purposely charge a very high price so that their customers feel that they are getting a better product or service. Some sell at a slightly higher than average price in order to be able to offer exceptional customer service.
Project where you will be in five years — "What are my long-term goals?"
If you start out small and want to remain small, be clear about this in your plan. If your long term goal is to expand over the years, to gain an international market, or to sell franchising rights, be clear about this as well. Define the steps you plan to take in order to grow your business and how you will adjust your marketing activities to reach these goals.
- Planning for business growth
You've decided it's time to expand your business, but there's plenty to consider before you begin.
Provide a review date — "When will I revisit my plan?"
Remember that styles, markets, and goals change, and therefore so should your plan. You will likely want to update it at least once a year, or more often as needed.
- Interactive marketing plan – Desjardins
Use this tool to set your strategic business goals, build a market research report, and develop your marketing strategies.
- Marketing plan template
Build your road map for finding and keeping customers with this free marketing plan template.
- Date modified:


text:
[Verse 1]
This is a letter to my older self
Do you remember how our shoulders felt
When she said she couldn't live without us
Or when our dad left the crib without us?
Same shock to the system, but a different outlet
Now you the champ like Hogan with the golden belt
Premium octane grade to make the motor melt
In other words, you the rap Franklin Roosevelt
Portfolio sick as polio corroded cells
This is a letter to the man that I'll be one day
You're worth more than what your IRS refund pay
Tax bracket got you acting like you athsmatic, coughin' it up
God damn doesn't mass transit cost you enough?
Did you have a child, what'd you name him or her?
For their mother's sake, I hope you ain't similar
Just playing, you the perfect mold
To turn a soul into what it needs to be when you up in the dirt
This is a letter to soul khan
The shepherd of protons
You beat the game but never with codes on
Summer's on its way and the album approaches
So please let me welcome all y'all to the Soulstice
[Hook x 2]
From month to month, and moon to sun
Now the winds of change move through your lungs
It's a force of nature you've become
The soulstice is here
[Verse 2]
I'm from the home of one season, they take warmth for granted
It's a beautiful morning in the great north Atlantic
This is your life now, so please claim your baggage
Sorta like peter north, I came for the cabbage
That's real talk to the A-L-K
I've had people lie to me when they say they'll stay
Til I snapped at the seams, and I packed all my dreams
And traveled to the capital to pave the way
I am the truth, unequivocal, no motive to lie
I am the answer without even proposing a "why"
I am the filament that charges the bulb in the sky
I've touched lives so I'll never be alone when I die
Now this a little more simple than I usually spit
So I scribbled this soon as an opportunity hit
Sometimes I feel like maybe I'm too stupid to quit
But I ain't following whereever they been moving this shit
[Hook x 2]


text:
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this is my journey as a wife, mom, woman and child of Christ step by step and day by day through life.
Now stand here and see the great thing the Lord is about to do. ~ 1 Samuel 12:16
Showing posts from January, 2012


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text:
Sentara Heart transplant program celebrates 25 years
Sentara recently brought together more than 30 patients who are part of a very special club. They are all heart transplant recipients and as the program marked 25 years of existence, patients ranging from a few years post-transplant, to as many as 24 years of survival, came together to share experiences and count blessings.
"Once something like this happens, you have to do something good with your life," said Richard Siff, the 200th recipient in the Sentara Heart® program 12 years ago, who started a non-profit organization that mentors students in the Chesapeake public schools. "I've been having a blessed life," Siff said.
The words 'blessed' and 'blessing' were heard often in conversations at a reception for recipients and families at Sentara Heart Hospital who came to enjoy the camaraderie of a select group of individuals enjoying extended lives due to the generosity of organ donors.
"I've made friends with other patients through the program and I've been able to offer some words of encouragement," said Brooke Briggs, the 300th recipient who's fifth anniversary is in May. "I meet people when I come for clinic visits and we connect just sitting there in the waiting room."
John Herre, M.D., a cardiologist in the Sentara Heart® transplant program, enjoys the lifelong relationships he develops with heart recipients, who require periodic clinic visits to monitor their progress. But he worries about the growing list of transplant candidates for whom donors may never be found, including 13 patients so sick they are at the highest priority level for transplant.
"Our list is three times as long as it was a few years ago," said Dr. Herre. "There's a huge shortage of donors that may not get any better, so mechanical circulatory support may have to be the solution for many patients in the future."
Sentara Heart® offers mechanical support including left ventricular-assist devices known as L-VADs, and the SynCardia® total artificial heart, which can serve as a bridge to transplant, or, potentially, as lifelong therapy.
"I would not be surprised if, in a few years, mechanical support is found to be as good, or better, than transplant for some patients," Dr. Herre said. "It may become an option patients choose."