text:
HOAPS-3.2 Climatological Freshwater Flux 1988-2005.
(Click figure for more images.)
The Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Data (HOAPS) set is a completely satellite based climatology of precipitation, evaporation and freshwater budget (evaporation minus precipitation) as well as related turbulent heat fluxes and atmospheric state variables over the global ice free oceans. All variables are derived from SSM/I passive microwave radiometers, except for the SST, which is taken from AVHRR measurements.
The latest release, HOAPS-3.2, includes the entire SSM/I record from 1987-2008.
The products are available as monthly averages and 6-hourly composites on a regular latitude/longitude grid with a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° degrees. For detailed information, see the ››Documentation section.
The current version - HOAPS-3.2 - is available via the CM SAF web user interface: ››CM SAF: HOAPS-3.2.
Please check the ››Data Access page on how to download HOAPS-3.2 data.
Terms Of Use
All intellectual property rights of the CM SAF products belong to EUMETSAT. The use of these products is granted to every interested user, free of charge. If you wish to use these products, EUMETSAT's copyright credit must be shown by displaying the words "copyright (year) EUMETSAT" on each of the products used.
The current operational release of HOAPS-3.2 from CM SAF does not include all of the parameters from the previous version HOAPS-3, but a selected subset. In order to make the remaining and ancillary HOAPS parameters easily available to the research community, it has been agreed between CM SAF and the HOAPS group at the MPI-M / UHH to
distribute these parameters also via the CM SAF Web User Interface. Support is provided by the HOAPS group at
MPI-M / UHH and thus any request regarding these parameters should be sent to email@example.com.
See the ››Data Access page for details.
We would appreciate to receive a short notice if you use HOAPS for your research objectives and/or used HOAPS data in your publications.We kindly encourage any kind of suggestions from the research community on possible improvements of the HOAPS dataset.


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Being Mocked: The Essence of Christ's Work, Not Mohammed's - Desiring God - Week of 3/25
Being Mocked: The Essence of Christ's Work, Not Mohammed's
by John Piper
What we saw in the Islamic demonstrations over the Danish cartoons of Muhammad was another vivid depiction of the difference between Muhammad and Christ, and what it means to follow each. Not all Muslims approve the violence. But a deep lesson remains: The work of Muhammad is based on being honored and the work of Christ is based on being insulted. This produces two very different reactions to mockery.
If Christ had not been insulted, there would be no salvation. This was his saving work: to be insulted and die to rescue sinners from the wrath of God. Already in the Psalms the path of mockery was promised: "All who see me mock me; they make mouths at me; they wag their heads" (Psalm 22:7). "He was despised and rejected by men . . . as one from whom men hide their faces . . . and we esteemed him not" (Isaiah 53:3).
When it actually happened it was worse than expected. "They stripped him and put a scarlet robe on him, and twisting together a crown of thorns, they put it on his head. . . . And kneeling before him, they mocked him, saying, 'Hail, King of the Jews!' And they spit on him" (Matthew 27:28-30). His response to all this was patient endurance. This was the work he came to do. "Like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and like a sheep that before its shearers is silent, so he opened not his mouth" (Isaiah 53:7).
This was not true of Muhammad. And Muslims do not believe it is true of Jesus. Most Muslims have been taught that Jesus was not crucified. One Sunni Muslim writes, "Muslims believe that Allah saved the Messiah from the ignominy of crucifixion."1[1] Another adds, "We honor [Jesus] more than you [Christians] do... We refuse to believe that God would permit him to suffer death on the cross."2[2] An essential Muslim impulse is to avoid the "ignominy" of the cross.
That's the most basic difference between Christ and Muhammad and between a Muslim and a follower of Christ. For Christ, enduring the mockery of the cross was the essence of his mission. And for a true follower of Christ enduring suffering patiently for the glory of Christ is the essence of obedience. "Blessed are you when others revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely on my account" (Matthew 5:11). During his life on earth Jesus was called a bastard (John 8:41), a drunkard (Matthew 11:19), a blasphemer (Matthew 26:65), a devil (Matthew 10:25); and he promised his followers the same: "If they have called the master of the house Beelzebul, how much more will they malign those of his household" (Matthew 10:25).
The caricature and mockery of Christ has continued to this day. Martin Scorsese portrayed Jesus in The Last Temptation of Christ as wracked with doubt and beset with sexual lust. Andres Serrano was funded by the National Endowment for the Arts to portray Jesus on a cross sunk in a bottle of urine. The Da Vinci Code portrays Jesus as a mere mortal who married and fathered children.
How should his followers respond? On the one hand, we are grieved and angered. On the other hand, we identify with Christ, and embrace his suffering, and rejoice in our afflictions, and say with the apostle Paul that vengeance belongs to the Lord, let us love our enemies and win them with the gospel. If Christ did his work by being insulted, we must do ours likewise.
When Muhammad was portrayed in twelve cartoons in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, the uproar across the Muslim world was intense and sometimes violent. Flags were burned, embassies were torched, and at least one Christian church was stoned. The cartoonists went into hiding in fear for their lives, like Salman Rushdie before them. What does this mean?
It means that a religion with no insulted Savior will not endure insults to win the scoffers. It means that this religion is destined to bear the impossible load of upholding the honor of one who did not die and rise again to make that possible. It means that Jesus Christ is still the only hope of peace with God and peace with man. And it means that his followers must be willing to "share his sufferings, becoming like him in his death" (Philippians 3:10).
1[1] Badru D. Kateregga and David W. Shenk, Islam and Christianity: A Muslim and a Christian in Dialogue (Nairobi: Usima Press, 1980), p. 141.
2[2] Quoted from The Muslim World in J. Dudley Woodberry, editor, Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road (Monrovia, CA: MARC, 1989), p.164.
By John Piper. © Desiring God. Website: www.desiringGod.org. Email: email@example.com. Toll Free: 1.888.346.4700.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Nov. 29, 2005
SANTA BARBARA, Calif. - UCSB coaches will be taking nine of the Gaucho's finest men and nine of the finest women to the Texas Invitational hosted in Austin, Texas December 1-3, 2005. There they will compete against fifteen to twenty of the top collegiate teams. "We feel that we will have a significant presence in this meet" Coach Gregg Wilson predicts. Two Juniors that have made their names known at the Big West Conference for their outstanding achievements in the world of butterfly are Pat Cary and Jen Schwalb. They will be accompanied by a commanding group of men and women. Last year for the Gauchos this was an excellent meet. This year, taking three times as many swimmers as last year, should prove to be the same. While this meet will be a test for the Gauchos they should be able to be a visible presence.


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Did You Watch the ALCS or the Presidential Debate? — Sports Survey of the Day
As much as we would like to believe that the world revolves around sports, there are other issues at hand. The 2012 presidential election might even be bigger than the baseball playoffs. Might.As of last night, the New York Yankees are on the brink of elimination after losing game three of the ALCS 2-1. The Tigers now have nearly insurmountable a 3-0 series lead.
But while a lot of us were checking that out, many others were watching a different fall classic: the second presidential debate between Barack Obama and Mitt Romney. In the future, it would be nice if whoever plans these things would do a better job. We don't want to be bad citizens, but we also can't be bad fans. Don't make us choose!


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From WikiGallery
Miss Margouin - Henri De Toulouse-Lautrec - WikiGallery.org, the largest gallery in the world
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class lets you group related items together in a menu. This allows similar menu items to share properties, such as callbacks, and to be visually separated from other items in the menus. Menu components are actually choices.
Here is a simple example of a menu component. This creates a menu called Items , which has four items. Menu 1 and Menu 2 are ordinary menu items, but Item 1 and Item 2 are created from a menu component, and are therefore grouped together on the menu bar.
(setq component (make-instance 'menu-component
:items '("item 1" "item2")
:print-function 'string-capitalize
:callback 'test-callback))
(contain (make-instance 'menu
:title "Items"
(list "menu 1" component "menu 2")
:print-function 'string-capitalize
:callback 'hello))
Figure 7.1 A menu
Menu components allow you to specify, via the
keyword, selectable menu items -- either as multiple-selection or single-selection items. This is like having radio buttons or check boxes as items in a menu, and is a popular technique among many GUI-based applications.
The following example shows you how to include a panel of radio buttons in a menu.
(setq radio (make-instance 'menu-component
:interaction :single-selection
:items '("This" "That")
:callback 'hello))
(setq commands (make-instance 'menu
:title "Commands"
(list "Command 1" radio "Command 2")
:callback 'test-callback))
(contain commands)
Figure 7.2 Radio buttons included in a menu
The menu items This and That are radio buttons, only one of which may be selected at a time. The other menu items are just ordinary commands, as you saw in the previous examples. Note that the CAPI automatically groups the items which are parts of a menu component so that they are separated from other items in the menu.
This example also illustrates the use of more than one callback in a menu, which of course is the usual case when you are developing real applications. Choosing either of the radio buttons displays one message on the screen, and choosing either Command1 or Command2 returns the arguments of the callback.
Checked menu items can be created by specifying
to the
keyword, as illustrated below.
(setq letters (make-instance 'menu-component
:interaction :multiple-selection
:items (list "Alpha" "Beta")))
(contain (make-instance 'menu
:title "Greek"
:items (list letters)
:callback 'test-callback))
Figure 7.3 An example of checked menu items
Note how the items in the menu component inherit the callback given to the parent, eliminating the need to specify a separate callback for each item or component in the menu.


text:
Featured News - Current News - Archived News - News Categories
The Lewiston Police Department's family-fun fundraiser is Saturday, June 15, starting at 11 a.m. at De La Casa Authentic Mexican Restaurant, 1437 Ridge Road, Lewiston.
The event features food, soft drinks, and a basket raffle/silent auction. A dunk tank will also be on site for participants to dunk their favorite officer.
Donation is $20. All monies raised from this event will go toward updating existing LPD equipment and to purchase gear for the department's "active shooter" training.
For more information, call LPD at 716-754-8477.


text:
The first from Jodie who sent me the very arduous task of pattern testing the lovely Baxter (woohoo! can't wait to get started!) along with this gorgeous make-your-own-bunting panel
Thursday, 3 February 2011
Poor photos but lovely presents
The first from Jodie who sent me the very arduous task of pattern testing the lovely Baxter (woohoo! can't wait to get started!) along with this gorgeous make-your-own-bunting panel
17 comments:
- periwinkle said...
lovely pressies Lucy , not surprised they cheered you up . I recently got diagnosed with an under active thyroid , have you had yours checked? Hope you've got your knitting bag out, would be a crying shame to have just one of those lovely socks x
- 3 February 2011 at 15:14
- trash said...
A second sock Locket?? *swoon* I wait with bated breath.
(Jodie? HA! ;-)
- 3 February 2011 at 15:14
- dottycookie said...
More socks! More socks! We need to see more socks!
Glad the knitting is helping :-)
- 3 February 2011 at 15:19
- Gina said...
You can't beat a bit of knitting therapy... especially with socks that gorgeous. Gosh Lucy... you might even end up with a pair!
- 3 February 2011 at 15:24
Yes!!!! Your beautiful sock needs a sock friend - only one sock would be a very lonely sock indeed (they are much happier when they are paired up with their 'sock for life' and you don't want to come home and find current sock on the computer at confusedsock.com.... knit.... quickly :0) Plus one foot would get very cold :0/
- 3 February 2011 at 15:36
- loulee said...
I lurve that sock.
Good to see you having an up day. :-)
- 3 February 2011 at 18:07
- The List Writer said...
Oh, I've been looking for a good cowl pattern for ages, and I LOVE that one!
Knitting certainly calms the mind. I find it almost meditative. Good work! xx
- 3 February 2011 at 18:41
- French Knots said...
The printed bunting is wonderful, what a super idea. Keep knitting!xx
- 3 February 2011 at 21:17
- silverpebble said...
That is one of the prettiest socks in the entire WORLD. Cabely, pinky, purply, perfect. Now quick, knit the other one!
Bum about the continued need for hankies Locket. I'm thinking of you x
OK, word verif is SOCKING. So, if you don't knit that other sock I'm socking well going to come up there and give you a dead leg.
- 3 February 2011 at 21:53
- Moogsmum said...
Lovely goodies you've got there Locket - can't wait to see that bunting all made up!
I love that sock! Especially as I know you're already well on the way with its partner. Keep knitting Lucy :o)
- 3 February 2011 at 22:47
- quinn said...
Knitting a second sock is the only sure way to prevent extreme fatigue. From all the hopping. :)
- 4 February 2011 at 01:30
- Thimbleanna said...
Ah, see, you're well loved Ms. Locket! Such pretty and fun gifties and very well deserved. Gorgeous socks too!!!
- 4 February 2011 at 02:32
- wonderwoman said...
gorgeous sock Lucy - all my fav colours - brilliant. What lovely pressies too.
- 4 February 2011 at 21:17
- Jackie said...
Glad you managed to get something done, and I hope you improved daily. Anyway who needs tissues when you have a nice wooly sock to wipe your eyes with!
- 4 February 2011 at 23:18
- Kitty said...
That is one beautiful sock - if you can make something that lovely feeling like a pile of poo, then there's still a big dollop of 'bright and cheery Lucy' inside. Good luck with the other one, and the cowl. Love the stuff you received, and can't wait to see your Baxter! :) x
- 5 February 2011 at 15:09
- Wasabi Honey Bee said...
I just came across your blog, LOVE the socks : )
- 7 February 2011 at 06:02
- ladydi said...
I love love love your sock! What gorgeous colors - like the prettiest sunrise. Although I have now knit 9 1/3 socks I have never tried a beautiful pattern like you have made, I just knit the plainest of plain, counting on the yarn to give it a pattern. Was it difficult?
- 7 February 2011 at 11:42


text:
From inside the book
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100 fathoms alongside anchorage auxiliary cruiser Azores ballast trim Barge tugs berth bridle buoy capstan cargo carried confined waters connected crew deck disabled ship disabled vessel disconnected dredger dredging engines fairlead fast gob rope hawse pipe head tug heavy weather hopper barges hove inches knots large vessel length lifebuoy mainmast manilla master messenger mooring wire nylon ocean-going tugs port position prevent chafing propeller re-connect rescue of disabled rescue tug River Tees River Thames rope spring ropes and wires rough weather round rudder sailing salvage vessel sets of bollards shackled sheer ship's Single-screw tugs sisal slack slip wire steam hoppers strong wire taken tanker tide tow hook tow proceeded tow rope tow-line tow-rope tow's Towage towing gear towing vessel towing winch towing wire transhipped tug and tow TUG TOWING tug-master tug's anchors turn twin-screw United Kingdom vessel's anchor cable voyage wind windlass wire hawser wire lashings


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I am really pleased add another hand to the Nonjatta boat today. I've been rowing for all my worth but with the help of Daniel, and anybody else who is interested, I think we can row this thing faster. Daniel begins his Nonjatta career with a coup - Togouchi 18 years old. I knew nothing about this whisky before Daniel discovered it. Not only is this a new label for me but it appears to be a completely new distillery that I have never heard of. I will post Daniel's review separately but below is a bit of a bio for Daniel:
Daniel works as an English teacher on the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program (JET) in Gifu prefecture in the heart of Japan's main island (a happy coincidence because I too once worked as a JET in Gifu). He says: "I've been in Japan for 2 years already and will stay till at least August 2008. I have 5 years of various bar tending, bar managment, and alcohol retail experience. Once in Japan, I immediately noticed the difference in liquor prices; almost all retail liquor in Japan is cheaper than wholesale in the US! I'd never been much interested in whisky before, but decided this was my chance to explore. So I've committed myself to trying at least one single malt whisky a week until I leave Japan. I hope to work my way through at least all of Liquor Mountain's ~65 single malt's by next August."
He rates his whiskies on a 100 point scale, something I have never had the guts to do:
90 points or more (= Top of the bill, it doesn't get any better than this)
85 to 89 points (= Highly Recommendable)
80 to 84 points (= Recommendable)
70 to 79 points (= An 'average' single malt)
60 to 69 points (= Below average)
50 to 59 points (= Questionable)
49 points or less (= Avoidable)


text:
Buddy Guy, 'Live at Legends'
He may be 76, but Buddy Guy never gets old. "Live at Legends" is a crackling display of blues-guitar work Guy performed in 2010 at his original Chicago nightclub. Guy's tone is brash, his attitude is bold, and his playing is raw, making this album sound almost like a surreptitious bootleg rather than polished label release (perhaps something quickly cooked up upon learning Guy would be one of this year's Kennedy Center Honors recipients?). Along with seven live tracks there are three studio cuts originally from the "Living Proof" sessions. Guy stretches out most on "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (with "Chicken Heads" spliced in), steering it between funky and rocked out. Guy acknowledges the support Eric Clapton has shown over the years by incorporating Cream's "Strange Brew" and "Sunshine of Your Love" into medleys with John Lee Hooker's "Boom Boom" and Jimi Hendrix's "Voodoo Chile." The studio tracks run from the sleek "Coming for You" to the slow-burn come-ons "Country Boy" and "Polka Dot Love." (Out now)
Essential "I Just Want to Make Love to You"


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Here we go, this may spur a conversation...I am a disabled vet and am offended at constantly hearing "No athiests in foxholes" .....
Views: 190
I recently received from the Disabled American Veterans (DAV), an organization in which I am a Life Member (40 yrs.) asking me to donate again in 2012 to the Commander's Club. In the paperwork there was a prayer card asking god to protect and heal all disabled american veterans and current service men and woman. I was asked to sign it and return it so that it could be presented to a wounded service person. I immediately terminated my membership in the "Commander's Club" and advised it's leader that I was an atheist and also considered myself to be a "Foxhole Atheist" and that I was insulted by his taking for granted that I was some sought of god believer. I have not heard back from him. If I do, I will attempt to have him admonished from continuing this practice by the DAV.
I am also a life member of the Disabled American Veterans. Perhaps a letter-writing campaign to the DAV from atheist/agnostic/non-Christian members of the organisation might help here.
As for the American Legion, the Legion Hall here wouldn't have me.
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text:
Melosi to Present History of Nuclear Energy as Environmental Studies Scholar in Residence at Morris
Professor and author Martin V. Melosi will deliver a public lecture on the history of nuclear energy in the United States on Wednesday, April 11, 2012 at the University of Minnesota, Morris. Melosi's lecture, entitled Too Cheap to Meter, Too Tempting to Ignore: Civilian Nuclear Power in American History, will delve into the intriguing and expansive history of nuclear-generated power that emerged in the 1950's and continued to develop over the next six, tumultuous, energy-driven decades.
Although nuclear-generated electricity did not become viable until the 1960's, its origins can be traced back to the period immediately following World War II, when the United States and its allies were searching for peaceful uses of atomic energy. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" speech, delivered to the United Nations in 1953, launched a U.S. led program to promote nuclear power.
According to Melosi, civilian nuclear power emerged as one of the most promising aspects of "Atoms for Peace" as it gained momentum in the 1960's. However, its upward trajectory did not last long. The decades to follow would be a rollercoaster ride for the emerging technology as forces against it such as economic woes, environmental challenges, and an energy crisis, continually derailed its momentum. Serious incidents such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima also served to restrain and threaten the development of the emerging energy source. Melosi's lecture will trace this dramatic, six decade history of nuclear energy, while shedding contemporary perspective on its place and relevance in the 21st century world.
Melosi, a Professor of Environmental History at the University of Houston in Texas, will be visiting the Morris campus from April 10 - 13 as Morris' 2012 Environmental Studies Scholar in Residence.
"[Melosi] is one of the most prominent scholars of environmental history in the U.S. right now," said Ed Brands, assistant professor of environmental studies at Morris. "Nuclear energy has been discussed nationally as a potential carbon-free source of energy. It's important to understand its history and the implications of its use."
While serving as Scholar in Residence, Melosi will hold office hours and conduct informational meetings with students and faculty. Melosi will also visit university classrooms as a guest lecturer and tour the alternative energy research programs underway at Morris.
"We have experiments with alternative energy forms going on here on campus, and this helps round out our discussions about our energy future," said Brands.
Melosi's lecture will be held at 7pm on April 11 in room 109 of Imholte Hall on the Morris campus. The lecture is free and open to the public.
Through personal and academic discovery, the University of Minnesota, Morris provides opportunities for students to grow intellectually, engage in community, experience environmental stewardship and celebrate diversity. A renewable and sustainable educational experience, Morris prepares graduates for careers, for advanced degrees, for lifelong learning, for work world flexibility in the future, and for global citizenship. Learn more about Morris at morris.umn.edu or call 888-866-3382.


text:
Raz-B on Life Support in a China Hospital After Bottle Attack
A day after Raz-B was viciously attack after trying to be a good Samaritan, the former B2K singer is now clinging to life.
TMZ is reporting that the singer is currently on life support in a China hospital. "He is in a coma and needs as many prayers as possible, said Raz's publicist Toy Jones.
As we previously reported, Raz-B was hit in the face with a glass bottle after trying to break up a fight inside a China nightclub. The 28-year-old artist had several cuts on his face and a huge gash on his lip.
Although he was arrested, Raz-B was eventually released while his attacker was ordered to pay the singer's $5,000 medical expenses.
However, Raz's injuries appeared to be more serious than initially thought. A backup dancer discovered the singer unconscious and rushed him to a hospital.
Doctors in China say the situation is dire after tests show no brain activity. Raz is breathing from a ventilator and has been slipping in and out of consciousness.
We are sending our prayers to Raz-B and his family.


text:
Our Vision
When it comes to autonomous vehicles (AV) it is a question of when and in what form - not if.
Autonomous vehicles will quite simply remake our nation's roads in the coming decade and their adoption means meaningful safety, environmental, and economic benefits as well as mobility for the transportation disadvantaged. And significantly for Beverly Hills, a city-run AV service will reduce traffic congestion and lessen demand for parking.
Much of the national conversation to date has been around autonomous vehicles for personal use, but Beverly Hills has signaled its intent to develop a municipal fleet of driverless vehicles.
|Mayor John Mirisch was an early and vocal public champion of autonomous vehicles and is leading the charge to make this emerging technology a reality.
|The Beverly Hills City Council voted unanimously to adopt a resolution that commits the city to create a program to test and deploy a fleet of driverless municipal vehicles.
|The city's Technology Committee is comprised of tech-savvy resident representatives, is helping to inform Beverly Hill's autonomous vehicle efforts.
|Beverly Hills' population is tech savvy. The city boasts a well-educated resident and visitor base who are nimble adopters of new technologies.
In addition to active engagement with key AV thought leaders, the City of Beverly Hills will host a symposium for the study of this topic in Spring of 2017 at the Wallis Annenberg Center for the Arts to which the public will be invited. Called Driven by Innovation this event will convene important stakeholders who are shaping the autonomous vehicle sector including legislators, regulators, automakers, government agencies and academics.
|Beverly Hills is right-sized. At 5.7 square miles, Beverly Hills is large enough to be statistically significant yet small enough to be manageable.
|Beverly Hills is ready. Beverly Hills' infrastructure is tailor-made for autonomous vehicles. The city's roads are superb and a sophisticated fiber optic cable network is currently being designed to bring high-speed internet to every business and resident. This system will allow the sensor technology that powers autonomous vehicles to be quickly and cost-effectively added, permitting vehicles to communicate with the city's electronic grid and with each other.
|Beverly Hills is scalable. Autonomous vehicles serve as a platform for the addition of other sensors that aid in public safety. An AV program will allow the city to leverage our robust CCTV program, license plate recognition system and traffic monitoring applications.
|Beverly Hills is poised to connect. An on-demand, autonomous vehicle shuttle service will bridge the critical 'first/last mile' gap with the planned extension of the Los Angeles Metro Rail system.
|Information Technology Department- City of Beverly Hills
|For more info contact: (310) 285-2590


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Corrections Department #2: The TV Writer and the Playboy Bunny
March 31, 2008
Finally, I've solved – or at least made some headway on – a minor mystery about The Fugitive that's nagged at me ever since Jonathan Etter's book Quinn Martin, Producer: A Behind-the-Scenes History of QM Productions and Its Founder came out in 2003.
Citing The Fugitive's original producer, Alan A. Armer, as his source, Etter wrote that the writer Jack Laird "moonlighted under his wife's name for a few scripts on The Fugitive during the Armer years." Laird was a major talent, the author of some of the finest Ben Caseys, the primary creative force behind Night Gallery, a key contributor to Kojak, and on and on. To confirm his uncredited creative involvement in The Fugitive would be something of a scoop, at least among classic tele-philes.
A while ago I checked with Etter, and he had no further details. Since then I'd been thinking now and again about the pseudonym Laird might have used. Armer's hint about Laird's "wife's name" wasn't much help, since there were no Fugitive writers whose names related obviously to Laird's. Whittling the list down to just the show's women writers, who were very much in the minority at that point in TV history, still left several possibilities. Betty Langdon, who wrote the "When the Wind Blows" (a bland episode about a single mother and her troubled runaway boy), was an obvious candidate: she has no credits on any other American TV series, at least not according to any reference book or database I've come across. Or what about Joy Dexter, the author of "Coralee," a familiar Jonah story with Antoinette Bower as the tragic girl who thinks she's the town jinx? Dexter had a smattering of credits on The Virginian and a couple of other westerns, but few enough that her name could've been an alias someone used for a while. But I couldn't find any information to support my guesses about either of them.
Meanwhile, I'd always been curious about another Fugitive writer, a woman named Jeri Emmett, mostly because the four episodes on which she shared a teleplay credit during the series' fourth year were all pretty good: "The Devil's Disciples," with Diana Hyland as a sultry biker chick; "Concrete Evidence," about the paths of guilt that follow in the wake of a shoddily constructed schoolhouse's collapse; "Dossier on a Diplomat," with Kimble holing up on the foreign soil of an African embassy; and "The Savage Street," a routine juvenile delinquency story. (Well, three out of four isn't bad.)
Emmett's television work seemed to stop abruptly after a brief burst of productivity between 1966 and 1968. I'd ruled out Emmett as a candidate for the Jack Laird pseudonym, though, because she was clearly a real person, listed in the Writer's Guild database and with credits on a handful of other TV shows from the same era (including Mannix and Iron Horse).
But this week I did some more checking, and discovered that Jeri Emmett was married to Jack Laird in the late '60s and had to be the woman to whom Armer was referring. (I had jumped to a conclusion, assuming that Laird had registered his wife's name as a pseudonym with the WGA, and that this identity would've died when he did in 1991.) The minor error in Etter's book was that Laird (if he was in fact writing under Emmett's name) didn't work on The Fugitive during Alan Armer's stint as producer, but during the show's final season, after Armer had departed to oversee another Quinn Martin series, The Invaders.
That made perfect sense, because the producer who succeeded Armer on The Fugitive's fourth season was a man named Wilton Schiller. Schiller had been, until they'd split up to pursue separate careers about five years previously, Jack Laird's old writing partner on shows like M Squad and The Millionaire. The year after The Fugitive went off the air, Schiller moved over to produce the first year of Mannix – and that's where Jeri Emmett has her final produced credit that I can find, on the episode "Turn Every Stone."
But what became of Jeri Emmett after her brief spate of '60s writing? Beginning in 1977, she entered into a three-decade legal battle with Aaron Spelling over the authorship of the TV series Family, which is often regarded as the only worthwhile program Spelling was ever associated with. Emmett won a $1.69 million jury award but, through a series of complex legal setbacks, the verdict was reversed. (The sole credited creator of Family is the distinguished screenwriter Jay Presson Allen, although in his insipid autobiography, Spelling hogs a lot of Allen's glory for himself, too.)
The most intriguing tidbit I unearthed about Jeri Emmett was what appears to be her debut as a professional writer – this tell-all account of working as a Bunny at Hugh Hefner's Playboy Club during its mid-'60s heyday:
(I'm guessing that's not really Jeri on the cover – although she does write that she was a dead ringer for Connie Stevens.)
The book is a fascinating read, the story of a smart, naive farm girl from Grant's Pass, Oregon, who drifts into working as a Bunny while at loose ends in L.A. She's bemused by the casual vulgarity and sex she encounters at the Club and among her fellow Bunnies. Some passages feel genuine, and have a mildly proto-feminist point of view, while others feel ghost-written or punched up, as if an editor stuck in some sleaze before the manuscript went to press.
At the end of the book Bunny Jeri pulls off her tail and resolves to return to Grant's Pass. In real life, within the same year of the book's publication (it covers the span of about 1964-65 and came out in 1966), Emmett apparently met and married Jack Laird and achieved her first television credit.
Aha: an ex-Bunny turned prime-time television writer? Now that's a story! But, the question remained: was Jeri Emmett really a television writer at all? Did she really write those Fugitive and Mannix scripts, or was she just a front for Jack Laird, writing under the table for his old buddy Wilton Schiller? Laird was at that time under exclusive contract to Universal, producing pilots and TV movies, so it made sense that he'd have needed to use an assumed name to do any writing on the side. The fact that all of Emmett's Fugitive credits were shared with other writers suggests that Schiller was using Emmett as a script doctor, an unusual situation for a fledgling writer. I'm inclined to believe the "Laird touch" is what Schiller was seeking to punch up those scripts.
But mightn't the Lairds also have collaborated, if Emmett was an aspiring writer, and Laird wanted to help his new bride get started in the business? And officially, of course, the credits are Emmett's alone. It seems unfair to deprive her of any credit based on one offhand remark, especially given that Emmett had a byline of her own before she ever met Jack Laird.
It occurred to me that a certain sexist assumption common to the era may have been at work here. In other words, the idea that since Jeri Emmett was an attractive young blonde, and married to a prominent television writer, any scripts issued under her name must surely have sprung forth from the prolific brain of Jack Laird. Perhaps that rumor might have dogged Emmett's nascent career, and had something to do with its early demise?
That might sound far-fetched – impossibly patronizing – by today's standards. But this is the same era when the executive producer of a hit Fox serial kept an apartment across the street from the lot to "audition" prospective actresses, and having an affair with Gene Roddenberry was evidently a qualification for becoming a female series regular on Star Trek. Sexism was omnipresent in the television industry.
Ultimately, there were many talented women writers who came to be taken seriously on their own merits during the '60s. But who's to say that there weren't just as many who got shut out? If they couldn't get a foot in the door and gave up in frustration, then they're not around to tell their stories. That's the peril in my kind of research. Screen credits and production files provide a finite pool of leads, and those leads yield only a certain kind of truth.
I thought that when I made the connection between Laird and Emmett I'd solved a mystery, but instead I'd only uncovered a much knottier conundrum. It seemed that the only way to find out who really wrote what might be to ask Jeri Emmett Laird herself. So last week I tracked Ms. Laird down and put to her some of the questions I've been ruminating about above.
Unfortunately, Jeri wouldn't comment for the record about anything (not even whether that's her on the cover of Point Your Tail in the Right Direction), because she's working on writing her own memoir. We chatted on the phone for a while and, off the record, Jeri gave me a partial answer to my basic question about the authorship of those Fugitive scripts. For the time being, though, that part of the story will have to remain a mystery.
And in the meantime, I can't figure out whether I'm pleased or discouraged that, with three books in print about The Fugitive (plus that Quinn Martin bio), puzzle pieces like these still remain for the historians to fit together.
23 Responses to "Corrections Department #2: The TV Writer and the Playboy Bunny"
May 27, 2009 at 6:27 pm
That's definetly her in the picture…
I know her well.
She also claims that Spelling stole the Charlie's Angels concept from her as well.
December 26, 2009 at 12:22 am
I knew her well too. She was my wife for five years. A great lady!I would like to here from here.
August 25, 2012 at 8:03 pm
Jeri Emmett was still writing with Jack Laird as late as 1975. There is a Kojak script on Ebay called A Wind From Corsica in which they were credited as participating writers with Matthew Rapf. The strange thing is though that this episode was actually taken from an episode of The Bold Ones: The Protectors called Carrier. Both episodes of The Bold Ones and Kojak credit the teleplay on screen to Mark Rodgers and Barry Trivers and the story to Paul Stein and Charles Watts.
December 23, 2013 at 12:28 am
Wow, a lot of incorrect info here. Jack never married Jeri. Jack was amrried to Peggy Laird. He met Jeri when she was a playboy bunny during the marriage. He was the talent and writer. Who knows how long they were even together.
January 2, 2014 at 12:58 pm
Stephen, here is a link to a 1973 newspaper article about Jeri Emmett and Jack Laird being involved in an embezzlement case. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19730125&id=R2wzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ITIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3323,3378184
April 7, 2014 at 6:17 pm
Your comment about Betty Langdon's script being bland is way off. It received a nomination for writing that year & was the first example of a show regarding autism / asperger that I've seen. Fugitive was a fantastic series as were many of Martin's works. Seems to be a worthy man to study.
July 20, 2014 at 2:08 am
Did Jack Laird write The Fugitive scripts credited to Jeri Emmett? I found on Ebay an auction of Fugitive scripts bound as a book that belonged to Jack Laird. The title of the bound book says Series- Free Lance. It has the four scripts credited to Emmett bound with A Man from Shenandoah script credited to a writer with very few credits named Kevin DeCourcey. Could DeCourcey be a pen name for Laird? here is the link:
July 20, 2014 at 11:55 am
About DeCourcey, he also wrote 2 scripts of The Wild Wild West during that show's first season. The night the Dragon Screamed for producer John Mantley, and The night of the Druid's Blood for producer Gene Coon. Before John Mantley and Gene Coon came in, The Wild Wild West was produced by Fred Freiberger. Freiberger was fired from the show in early November 1965. Could Mantley and Coon have used some of the scripts commissioned by Freiberger before he was fired? I know the last episode Freiberger produced which was The night of the Torture Chamber was actually produced uncredited by John Mantley.
July 20, 2014 at 12:36 pm
Fred Freiberger worked on Shenandoah first. He was fired because of disagreements with the star Robert Horton according to Variety. Freiberger's episodes of The Wild Wild West started filming in August 1965. He came in to replace Collier Young who had produced 3 episodes before he was let go in July 1965. You said that Jeri Emmett also worked on the Iron Horse series. After the Wild Wild West, Freiberger went on to do that series. Matthew Rapf also worked on the Iron Horse series as well.
January 8, 2018 at 1:05 am
Yes, in fact Jeri & Jack were never married and she fabricated a lot of the hearsay. He was brilliant and wrote LOT Under a few names.
October 8, 2018 at 6:10 pm
Jeri wrote that book and shes on the cover. Sweet sweet lady she lived across the hall from me and I always think about her. I wonder where she is maybe she went to live with her daughter I dont know but I wish her thee very best. Aaron spelling was a dirtbag and shouldve paid Her whatever she wanted. Nothing worse than a rich old ass cheapskate. He didnt take the money with him so why not pay people you owe to get some use out of it other than more bullshit and a new face for your wife every year so she can pay some young boy to plow her crypt keeper looking ass. Couldnt even give his kids any money. Tight bastard.


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Car Deals
Coupe and Convertible Deals: June 2014
If you're interested in an exciting new car, our list of coupe and convertible deals is a great place to start your search. We've listed several of our favorite new coupes and convertibles and a few of today's top incentives that are available this month on each one.
BMW 4 Series
BMW's new 4 Series is essentially a newly redesigned, renamed version of the outgoing 3 Series Coupe and Convertible. In June, the 2014 4 Series is offered with several enticing deals for shoppers eager to pick out a sporty new BMW. For drivers looking to finance, BMW is offering 3.19 percent interest on all 4 Series models for up to 36 months -- a good deal on a brand-new model. But the 4 Series is offered with even better lease deals: The 428i Coupe can be had with payments from $399 per month for 36 months after $4,124 down, while the 428i Convertible is available with payments from $479 per month for 36 months after $4,204 down.
Chevrolet Camaro
The Chevrolet Camaro is a retro-themed muscle car that was recently updated for the 2014 model year. Despite the recent changes, Chevrolet is offering some strong incentives on the Camaro in June to help entice car-loving shoppers to check out its rear-drive 2-door. For instance, through the end of the month, shoppers can get up to $1,500 cash back on all 2014 Camaro Coupe and Convertible models. Qualified drivers can also get 3.9 percent interest for up to 72 months on all 2014 Camaros, which is a strong deal on a newly updated vehicle.
Find a Chevrolet Camaro for sale
FIAT 500c
The unique FIAT 500c combines fuel-efficient compact-car economics with the driving enjoyment of a convertible, all for an impressive starting price of around $20,000 with shipping. In June, that figure is even better thanks to two alluring incentives from FIAT. For qualified shoppers interested in financing, the automaker is offering 0 percent interest for up to 36 months on all 500c models. For those who would rather lease, FIAT has another deal available: a base-level 500c Pop for 36 months with payments from $299 per month after $1,499 down at lease signing.
Infiniti Q60
The Infiniti Q60, formerly known as the G37 Coupe or Convertible, is a rear- or all-wheel-drive performance car with four seats and a long list of standard and optional technology. In June, lease incentives from Infiniti on the 2014 Q60 are especially impressive. Through the end of the month, the automaker is offering a 39-month term on the Q60 Coupe with payments from $299 per month after $3,849 down at lease signing. For shoppers who want to add all-wheel drive, Infiniti is offering payments from $309 per month for 39 months. Finally, drivers interested in the Q60 Convertible can get the retractable hardtop model for 39 months with payments from $499 per month after $4,999 down at lease signing.
Volkswagen Beetle Convertible
The Volkswagen Beetle Convertible is a 4-seat soft-top convertible that emphasizes its unique look above all else. For shoppers who love that look, Volkswagen is offering the drop-top Beetle in June with two special offers. The best deal is a low-interest offer of 0.9 percent for up to 36 months on all 2014 Beetle Convertible models. For drivers who would rather lease a Beetle Convertible, Volkswagen has another deal available: a 36-month term with payments from $309 per month after $2,349 down at lease signing on the fuel-efficient Beetle Convertible TDI.
Find a VW Beetle Convertible for sale
What it means to you: Our list of coupe and convertible deals proves that you don't need to spend a fortune this month to get a good price on a cool new car.


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Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra ready for Celebration of Music Education
Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra is all set offer the Celebration of Music Education at the Kleinhans Music Hall tonight. A reception as well as an awards ceremony open to music educators, honorees, supporters of music education and administrators, will take place at 6:30 pm. At the start of 8 pm gig, the honorees would be recognized before BPO audience.
Belfast-based Ulster Orchestra Temporarily Reprieved
This past week it has been reported that Ulster Orchestra has finally managed to assemble enough money to secure its existence for the near future.
Due to the disastrous situations last year, it seemed as if the orchestra would exist for few weeks. However, the latest reports should bring some kind of hope and cheer in Irish music-lovers, and, of course, the 17 staff and 63 musicians in the orchestra.
Is Chris Brown, Rihanna Back Together?
There're rumors that the controversy-surrounded and ill-tempered singer Chris Brown is trying to patch up with Rihanna.
Chris has been in a conflicting relationship with Karreuche Tran (a model). Although some confusion regarding their relationship surfaced after some tweets were posted by Tran, Fashion and Style accounted that the couple is still happy. Earlier on 26 November, a tweet from Tran said that she's a single lady.
Traditional music twist at the Sound Festival
As Sound Fest comes back for their 10th anniversary, you would be able to set your mind to all new music collaborations and combinations as this year's theme concentrates on new borders on to traditional music.
At Aberdeen Art Gallery, from pop up performances to night piano sessions at the Musa, the fest would host over fifty workshops, performances, events and exhibitions till 10th November. Fiona Robertson, the Director of the festival, stated that the events started ten years earlier with a pilot venture as well as expanded mainly of local music bands getting on board.
Rihanna's sexy videos are too much for Mel C's kid
Mel C, the former Spice Girl member, has stated that her 5 year old daughter is a great Rihanna fan, still; she does not let her watch her raunchy music videos. Mel C, who is now forty, believes that the R'n'B star reveals too much flesh in the video clips and she really wants to deal with Scarlet's innocence in a great way.


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Your favorite writing instruments are like those treasured pairs of lucky socks you used to own: adept at swift and dexterous disappearing acts that leave you scratching your head and questioning the moral integrity of your co-workers and roommates. Keep your beloved possessions in your possession with Pen Zen, a deceptively simple device that ensures that pens, pencils, paintbrushes, and more remain within arm's reach.
I originally bought the Quircky Pen Zen for myself and a few girls at work for our desks. However, we all quickly realized how useful it would be for our make-up brushes. It easlily holds all make-up brushes, eyeliners, mascara etc. The magnetic side is great for bobbi pins. I'm sure it'd be helpful at work as well.5
Another great idea... This is one of those things that I just keep finding new ways of using it.. It's like a third hand ...last night I was me using it to hold my paint brushes while I was painting ...right now I'm using it to hold my nail polish bottles while I do my nails and later I'm going to use it to hold my hair pens while I fix my hair .. It's just the handset little thing I have right now so much more then a pen holder... Thanks5
I ordered the Quirky Pen Zen with my points for my desk. Its a little smaller than I had pictured but I still love it. I read another review where someone said that the wood was splitting apart on one end and mine is doing the same thing. I sat it in my desk in a way that you don't notice and I get compliments on it a lot. This is a great stocking stuffer/small gift for anyone - it would look great for make up or toothbrushes too!5


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Fox Claims That Feeding Seniors In Need Is An Effort To Buy Their Vote
Blog ››› ››› REMINGTON SHEPARD
Fox News continued its campaign to demonize programs that provide necessary food assistance to millions of Americans by attacking the AARP's effort to enroll eligible seniors in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps, baselessly claiming the program was an effort to buy their vote and change "what America really is" and dismissing the fact that many eligible seniors find it difficult to enroll in the food assistance program they need.
A July 27 Tribune-Democrat article reported that the Pennsylvania chapter of the AARP "has launched an effort to use the organization's volunteers to encourage seniors to apply for food stamps." According to the AARP, nearly 350,000 Pennsylvania seniors "do not always have enough money to buy food."
On Fox & Friends, co-host Steve Doocy asked why the AARP would want to enroll eligible seniors in the program and "encourage a welfare state." Fox Business host Stuart Varney responded by dismissing the need to feed seniors -- even those in extreme poverty -- and claiming that the effort in Pennsylvania was about buying votes. He expanded:
VARNEY: Now the AARP, huge supporters of President Obama politically and financially. Big supporters of Obamacare. And now they're out there signing people up for food stamps. This is part of the buy the vote campaign. They're really shifting America, changing what America really is.
Outside of the 350,000 Pennsylvania seniors who lack food security, millions of seniors nationwide are food insecure and do not know how to access programs to assuage their food security concerns. According to Feeding America, a domestic hunger relief charity, "In 2011, 4.8 million Americans over the age of 60 were food insecure. This constitutes 8.4% of all seniors." Additionally, only 35 percent of eligible seniors are enrolled in SNAP. The Food Research and Action Center noted that the low enrollment rate can be attributed to things like a lack of mobility and technology allowing for seniors to enroll in the program.
Fox has previously demonized government SNAP outreach efforts and the program itself. On the March 15 edition Fox & Friends, Stuart Varney attacked SNAP, calling it a "feel good" program that creates "an entitlement nation," and added that SNAP outreach was an effort to secure votes for Obama during the 2012 presidential election. Varney has not limited his attacks to food security for the elderly. On July 9, Varney attacked the government for feeding children through initiatives like the free school lunch program, suggesting that food assistance programs that keep millions out of poverty were a sign of economic failure.
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Lithuania, country of northeastern Europe, the southernmost and largest of the three Baltic states. Lithuania was a powerful empire that dominated much of eastern Europe in the 14th–16th centuries before becoming part of the Polish-Lithuanian confederation for the next two centuries.
Aside from a brief period of independence from 1918 to 1940, Lithuania was occupied by Russia beginning in 1795, was controlled by Germany for a brief period during World War II, and was incorporated into the U.S.S.R. in 1944 as one of its constituent republics. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared its independence by a unanimous vote of its newly elected parliament. The new Soviet parliament acknowledged Lithuania's independence on September 6, 1991. Lithuania was admitted into the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 2004. The capital is Vilnius.
Lithuania is bounded by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland and the detached Russian oblast of Kaliningrad to the southwest, and the Baltic Sea to the west.
Underlying rock structures are of little significance for the contemporary Lithuanian terrain, which basically is a low-lying plain scraped by Ice Age glaciers that left behind thick, ridgelike terminal deposits known as moraines. The Baltic coastal area is fringed by a region characterized by geographers as the maritime depression, which rises gradually eastward. Sand dunes line an attractive coast; the Curonian Lagoon (Lithuanian: Kuršiu Marios), almost cut off from the sea by the Curonian Spit, a thin 60-mile (100-km) sandspit, forms a distinctive feature. It is bounded by the Žemaičiai Upland to the east, which gives way to the flat expanses of the Middle Lithuanian Lowland.
The lowland, consisting of glacial lake clays and boulder-studded loams, stretches in a wide band across the country from north to south; some portions of it are heavily waterlogged. The elevated Baltic Highlands, adjacent to the central lowland, thrust into the eastern and southeastern portions of the country; their rumpled glacial relief includes a host of small hills and numerous small lakes. The Švenčioniai and the Ašmena highlands—the latter containing Mount Juozapinė, at 957 feet (292 metres) above sea level the highest point in Lithuania—are located in the extreme east and southeast.
Lithuanian rivers drain to the Baltic and generally have the slow, meandering characteristics of lowland rivers. The Neman River (Nemunas), cutting north and then west through the heart of the country, is the largest. Its main tributaries are the Merkys, Neris, Nevėžis, Dubysa, Jūra, Minija, and Šešupė. A distinctive feature of the Lithuanian landscape is the presence of about 3,000 lakes, mostly in the east and southeast. The boggy regions produce large quantities of peat that, dried by air, is used in both industry and agriculture.
Lithuanian soils range from sands to heavy clays. In the northwest the soil is either loamy or sandy (and sometimes marshy) and is quite heavily podzolized, or leached out. In the central region, weakly podzolized loamy peats predominate, and it is there that the most fertile, and hence most cultivated, soils are found. In the southeast there are sandy soils, somewhat loamy and moderately podzolized. Sandy soils in fact cover one-fourth of Lithuania, and most of these are blanketed by woodlands.
The climate of the country is transitional between the maritime type of western Europe and the continental type found farther east. As a result, damp air masses of Atlantic origin predominate, alternating with continental Eurasian and, more rarely, colder Arctic air or air with a southern, tropical origin. Baltic Sea influences dominate a comparatively narrow coastal zone. The mean temperature for January, the coldest month, is in the low 20s F (about −5 °C), while July, the warmest month, has an average temperature in the 60s F (about 17 °C). Average annual rainfall usually exceeds 30 inches (about 800 mm), diminishing inland. Rainfall reaches a peak in August, except in the maritime strip, where the maximum is reached two to three months later.
Plant and animal life
Lithuanian vegetation falls into three separate regions. In the maritime regions, pine forests predominate, and wild rye and various bushy plants grow on the sand dunes. Spruce trees are prevalent in the hilly eastern portion. The central region is characterized by large tracts of oak trees, with elegant birch forests in the northern portions, as well as distinctive black alder and aspen groves. Pine forests prevail in the south. Indeed, about one-third of the country is forested, and about another one-fifth is taken up by meadowlands. Swamps and marshlands account for only a small percentage of the total land.
Wildlife is very diverse and includes numerous mammalian species. There are wolves, foxes, otters, badgers, ermine, wild boars, and many rodents. The deep forests harbour elk, stags, deer, beavers, mink, and water rats. Lithuania is also home to hundreds of species of birds, including white storks, ducks, geese, swans, cormorants, herons, hawks, and even an occasional bald eagle. There are many types of grouse and partridge as well.
Ethnic groups, languages, and religion
Ethnic Lithuanians make up more than four-fifths of the country's population; there are also Russians and Poles and lesser numbers of Belarusians, Ukrainians, Latvians, Tatars, Roma (Gypsies), and others. There was a significant Jewish community in Lithuania prior to World War II, and an influx of Jews from German-controlled Poland in 1941 boosted this population to nearly 250,000. By 1944, however, the majority of the population had been murdered, deported, or sent to concentration camps (see Holocaust).
The official language of Lithuania is Lithuanian. Russian, Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, and other languages are spoken in the larger cities. Yiddish is commonly spoken by members of the tiny remaining Jewish community in Lithuania.
Lithuania was the last pagan country in Europe, accepting Roman Catholicism in the late 14th century. About four-fifths of the population is Roman Catholic; there are smaller groups of Evangelical Lutherans and other Protestants, as well as people of other faiths. Elements of the pagan religion have survived in the countryside.
Settlement patterns
There has been a modest but steady movement of people to the cities since the 1990s, encouraged by the planning of regional centres, such as Alytus, Marijampolė, Utena, Plungė, and Mažeikiai. By the early 21st century about two-thirds of the total population lived in urban areas.
The largest city is Vilnius, followed by Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, and Panevėžys.
Demographic trends
Natural increase, rather than immigration, has accounted for most of Lithuania's population growth in the early 21st century. The high birth rate distinguishes Lithuania from its Baltic neighbours, which have struggled to offset the aging of their populations. The comparatively high level of ethnic homogeneity in Lithuania and the persistence of Roman Catholicism in the face of decades of Soviet promulgation of atheism as the official state ideology further distinguish Lithuania from Latvia and Estonia, where historically German-Scandinavian religious and cultural values have predominated.
Even before independence from the U.S.S.R. was formally established, the Lithuanian government had embarked on a program of dismantling the Soviet economic system. Beginning in February 1991, laws were passed to facilitate privatization. Complications marred the government's aspirations, however. Foremost, the bulk of Lithuania's trade was still closely linked to the former republics of the U.S.S.R., which were themselves in the throes of economic collapse. Second, Lithuania was dependent on critically important foreign oil and natural gas and industrial raw materials. Finally, the transition to a market economy had caused high rates of inflation and unemployment. Nevertheless, the succeeding governments continued to implement stringent stabilization policies; by 1995 inflation had been reduced, and the country's trade balance was positive for the first time since independence. Lithuania was admitted to the EU in 2004.
The development of agriculture since 1991 has been closely linked to land reclamation and swamp-drainage schemes. By the early 21st century agriculture contributed only a small percentage to the gross national product (GNP) and employed only about one-tenth of the economically active population. The chief trend is toward the production of meat and milk and the cultivation of flax, sugar beets, potatoes, and vegetables. A significant portion of total production is made up of fodder crops, grain (barley and rye), and leguminous crops; most of the rest consists of potatoes and vegetables. Livestock breeding is still the leading branch of agriculture, with an emphasis on dairy cattle and pigs. Most crop cultivation is mechanized, though during the autumn harvest large amounts of manual labour are still required.
Lithuania has long been a small net exporter of food products. The privatization of farming in the early 1990s began with the decision to liquidate all former collective and state farms. Some private farms emerged in the period immediately following independence, but the process was slow. Not only were there problems of financing, but equipment appropriate to smaller-scale farming operations was not readily available. By the late 1990s private farms had begun to outnumber state farms. The majority of these farms are not specialized and are involved in mixed production based on crops and livestock.
Resources and power
Lithuania possesses a range of useful mineral resources, including sulfates, notably gypsum; chalk and chalky marl; limestones; dolomites; various clays, sands, and gravels; peat; some iron ore and phosphorites; and mineral waters. Amber, which is a fossil tree resin, is found along the shore of the Baltic Sea.
Oil deposits have been detected in the offshore regions. A pipeline carries gas from Ukraine, and an oil pipeline transports crude oil from fields in western Siberia to the refinery at Mažeikiai, which was modernized in 2003. In 1999 a crude oil terminal at Būtingė was opened on the Baltic Sea. Almost all the oil that is exported through Būtingė comes from Russia.
Lithuania's rivers have the potential to generate electricity. Major power plants include a hydroelectric station on the Neman River and a thermal station at the town of Elektrėnai. After 1961 the country's power system became part of the unified network that also served the northwestern U.S.S.R. Upon entering the EU in 2004, Lithuania agreed to close its Soviet-era nuclear facility at Ignalina. The facility, which had been the country's only nuclear power plant as well as its largest domestic source of electricity, ceased operations in 2009.
During the Soviet period Lithuanian economic policy emphasized manufacturing. After World War II the country's machinery, shipbuilding, electronic, electrical and radio engineering, chemical, cement, and fish-processing industries were overhauled. Traditional industries such as food processing and various branches of light industry also expanded significantly. Following independence in 1991, the textile, chemical, and food-processing sectors were the first to adapt to new market conditions. The manufacturing of communications equipment became a dominant economic activity. By the late 1990s much of Lithuania's manufacturing sector had been privatized.
During the Soviet occupation, Lithuania used the Russian ruble as its currency. The litas, the national currency, which had been introduced to Lithuania in 1922, was restored in 1993. In January 2015 Lithuania became the 19th country to adopt the euro as its official currency. The country's central bank is the Bank of Lithuania. All state-owned banks in Lithuania had been privatized by 2002. A stock exchange opened in Vilnius in 1993.
Lithuania's chief trading partners include Russia, Latvia, Germany, Poland, and Estonia. Imports include crude petroleum, machinery, foodstuffs, chemical products, and metals. Lithuania exports refined petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery, textiles, and transport equipment (mainly automotive parts). Lithuania joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.
By the early 21st century the service sector was the largest component of the Lithuanian economy, employing about half the workforce and contributing about two-fifths of the annual GNP. Tourism has grown in importance, and popular attractions in Lithuania include the Baroque-, Renaissance-, and Gothic-style mansions and castles in the historic centres of Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, and Kėdainiai, as well as in the former capitals of Kernavė and Trakai. The Kernavė archaeological site in eastern Lithuania, which dates from the Middle Ages, encompasses forts, settlements, and other historical monuments. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2004. The countryside's lakes and forests, and the Baltic coastline's dune-covered Curonian Spit, which was added to the World Heritage list in 2000, are popular recreational areas.
Labour and taxation
Lithuanians' salaries have generally been lower than those of workers in other EU member countries. For this reason, and because of high income taxes, many Lithuanian nationals were motivated to seek work in other EU countries after Lithuania joined the EU in 2004. Some of these emigrants started to return in 2007, however, when the government reduced income taxes and raised the minimum wage. More than half of Lithuania's women are economically active. Trade union membership is low, with only about 10 percent of the workforce participating in organized labour confederations.
Transportation and telecommunications
Lithuania's geographic location has created favourable conditions for transit development. Railways are the main means of transport in Lithuania. Two major rail routes run through Lithuania—a north-south highway that connects Scandinavia with central Europe, as well as an east-west route linking Lithuania to the rest of Europe. Moreover, after independence Lithuania emerged as a critical land bridge to Kaliningrad oblast, the region of the Russian Federation on the Baltic coast. A major rail route between Russia and the Kaliningrad region passes through Lithuania.
Sea transport is an important sector, with freight transportation showing a rapid increase since World War II. Klaipėda is the country's largest and most important port. River transport also is significant, and the country's hundreds of miles of waterways, which are navigable year-round, are used for internal shipping. Kaunas is a chief inland port.
Lithuania has international airports at Vilnius, Kaunas, and Palanga. Vilnius is the main air transportation centre, with links to many foreign cities. The independent Lithuanian Airlines began operating in 1991.
Lithuania's telecommunications sector is privatized. Fixed-line telephone use has decreased in Lithuania, but newer technologies were adopted quickly. The degree of cellular phone penetration is among the highest in the EU, and many Lithuanians have access to the Internet through their mobile phones. Roughly two-thirds of households have access to broadband Internet connections, and download speeds—particularly in urban areas—are among the fastest in Europe.
Government and society
Constitutional framework
Lithuania's current constitution was approved by national referendum in 1992. The Republic of Lithuania, formerly the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, is administered by a president and a legislature, the Seimas, under a parliamentary system. The Seimas consists of 141 members, who are elected to four-year terms. The prime minister, formally appointed by the president, oversees the country's day-to-day affairs and is generally the leader of the Seimas's majority party. The president is popularly elected for a five-year term (with a maximum of two consecutive terms).
Local government
Lithuania is divided into apskritys (counties), which are then divided into rajonas (districts). The districts are further divided into savivalbyde (regional towns, urban settlements, and localities). The governor of each county is appointed by the national government. The districts are self-governing and elect local councils, which in turn elect the mayors.
Justice and security
Lithuania's judicial system is headed by a Supreme Court and a Constitutional Court, whose judges are selected by the parliament. There are also district and local courts whose judges are appointed by the president for five-year terms. Lithuania has an army, navy, and air force. Military service is mandatory for men and women ages 19 to 45 for one year and voluntary at age 18.
Political process
All Lithuanians age 18 and older are eligible to vote. During the Soviet period the Lithuanian Communist Party (Lietuvos Komunistu Partija; LKP) was the country's only political party. Its members and candidates for membership were supported by the activities of the Komsomol youth movement. In 1989, however, the legislature ended the Communist Party's monopoly on power by legalizing other political parties. The LKP began to lose power in spite of the fact that it voted to disassociate itself from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In August 1991 the Lithuanian legislature voted to remove legal rights from the party and to seize its property.
The political landscape in the early 1990s was complex. Factionalism was predominant, and coalition governments were the norm. The principal political parties after independence were the Lithuanian Reform Movement (Sąjūdis) and the Lithuanian Democratic Labour Party (Lietuvos Demokratinė Darbo Partija; LDDP), which broke away from the Communist Party of Lithuania. The role of national minorities, especially the Poles, further complicated the political arena. By the early 21st century dozens of parties and coalitions had formed. The Homeland Union (Tėvynės Sąjunga; TS), which became one of the country's largest political parties in the early 21st century, was founded in 1993 as a successor to the Lithuanian independence movement.
Other parties include the Labour Party (Darbo Partija; DP), which advocates for workers' rights, and the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party (Lietuvos Socialdemokratų Partija; LSDP), which supports the nationalization of industry, higher taxes for the wealthy, and increased rights for labour unions. There are other parties representing minority groups, nationalists, conservatives, and other interests.
Health and welfare
Lithuania has significantly improved its social service system since independence. The government provides free medical care to Lithuanian nationals as well as a range of ancillary services, including pension payments and funding for kindergartens and day care.
A new national educational system was introduced in 1990. Primary and secondary education is free and compulsory beginning at age six. More than nine-tenths of the population age 15 and older are literate. Notable institutions of higher education include Vilnius University (1579), Vytautas Magnus University (founded 1922; reopened 1989) in Kaunas, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (1956), and the Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre (1933), which specializes in music, theatre, and multimedia arts. The Lithuanian Academy of Sciences was founded in 1941.
Cultural life
Cultural milieu
In Lithuania there is a high level of interest in various aspects of cultural life. In spite of modern influences, Lithuanian folklore continues to be a significant part of national heritage. Lithuanian songs and a remarkable collection of fairy tales, legends, proverbs, and aphorisms have roots deep in a language and culture that are among the oldest in Europe. In the 20th century, however, war and Soviet occupation stifled the works of many Lithuanian artists, writers, poets, and playwrights.
Daily life and social customs
As a predominantly Roman Catholic country, Lithuania celebrates all the major Christian holidays. The traditional Christmas Eve feast consists of 12 vegetarian dishes served on a straw-covered table, meat being saved for Christmas Day. Cabbages and potatoes form a considerable part of the Lithuanian diet, as do dairy products. Traditional dishes include cepelinai, a large, zeppelin-shaped, stuffed potato dumpling; cabbage rolls; cold beet soup; and potato pancakes.
The arts
Lithuanian folk art is mainly embodied in ceramics, leatherwork, wood carving, and textiles; its colouring and its original geometric or floral patterns are characteristic features. Lithuanian drawing, noted for the use of natural colour and a highly refined technique, has won international acclaim. The Vilnius Drawing School, founded in 1866, has had a strong influence on the country's fine arts traditions. The composer and painter Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis (1875–1911), considered one of Lithuania's most outstanding artists of the early 20th century, was actively involved with the school. Moreover, some of the Lithuanian artists who opposed Soviet ideological constraints produced theatre and art of lasting significance. After the second Soviet occupation in 1944, many Lithuanian artists emigrated and founded art galleries and schools, mainly in other parts of Europe and in North America.
Lithuania's musical traditions did not develop until the late 19th century. From 1918 to 1940 cultural societies, choirs, and orchestras were formed. In 1924 the first all-Lithuanian song festival was held in Kaunas. Romantic songs combined with Lithuanian folk music became a popular style. One of the most well-known composers and the founder of the Kaunas Conservatory (1933), Lithuania's first university-level music school, was Juozas Gruodis (1884–1948). Lithuanians are especially proud of their sutartinės, an ancient and unique form of typically two- and three-voiced polyphony notable for its parallel seconds. Song and dance festivals are held every summer throughout the country. Vilnius hosts the National Song and Dance Festival, the International M.K. Čiurlionis Piano and Organ Competition, and the International Balys Dvarionas Competition for Young Pianists and Violinists. Music festivals are also held in Šiauliai, Birštonas, and Panevėžys. Jazz has a strong following, and many jazz clubs can be found in Vilnius.
Until the 18th century most Lithuanian literature was religious in nature. During the 19th century there arose a new movement to create a Lithuanian literary language and foster interest in the early history of the country. The literature of this era sought to rally Lithuanians against the political control of Russia and the cultural influence of Poland. Following independence in 1918, writers began to concentrate on developing national culture and a greater degree of sophistication in literature. Foremost among this group was Vincas Krėvė-Mickievičius, a novelist and dramatist who often used traditional folk songs and legends in his works, and he is regarded by many as one of the greatest Lithuanian writers.
Cultural institutions
The Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet (1920) in Vilnius is of international renown. Museums of note include the National Museum of Lithuania in Vilnius, the Trakai Historical Museum (featuring artifacts discovered at the island castle at Trakai), and a war museum in Kaunas dedicated to Vytautas the Great. The Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis National Art Museum, also in Kaunas, displays the works of the distinguished artist, as well as Lithuanian folk art and other national art. The open-air Rumšiškės Museum of Folk Art, located between Kaunas and Vilnius, includes re-created villages depicting 19th-century Lithuanian life in different regions of the country. Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania in Vilnius (founded 1919) includes documents dating from the 15th century. Vilnius University's Yiddish Institute (founded 2001) was created to preserve and enrich Yiddish and East European Jewish culture.
Sports and recreation
Football (soccer) is Lithuania's most popular sport, and the country boasts several professional leagues. Basketball has grown in popularity, and Lithuania's team has excelled in international competitions. Several of the country's leading players, including ydrunas Ilgauskas, Šarunas Marciulionis, and Arvydas Sabonis, have plied their trade in North America's National Basketball Association. Cross-country skiing, ice skating, ice hockey, and ice fishing on Curonian Lagoon are favourite winter pastimes. Bicycling and canoeing are popular in the summer.
Lithuania's first Olympic appearance was at the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix, France. After World War II, Lithuanian athletes competed for the Soviet Olympic team. Lithuania was able to again contend as an independent country at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. Lithuanian discus throwers have been especially successful in Olympic competition, including gold medalists Romas Ubartas (1992) and Virgilijus Alekna (2000, 2004). Lithuania has also fared well in Olympic basketball.
Media and publishing
Prior to independence the media were state-owned and controlled by the Communist Party, mainly through state censors. Media censorship was abolished in 1989, and much of the media flourished as the economy became more liberalized. By the 21st century all newspapers were privately owned, though the Lithuanian Telegraph Agency (ELTA), a wire service that serves the local media in Lithuanian and Russian, was state-owned. Several daily newspapers are published in Vilnius, including Lietuvos Rytas ("Lithuania's Morning," also published in Russian), Kurier Wileński ("Vilnius Courier," published in Polish), and Lietuvos Aidas ("Echo of Lithuania," also published in Russian). There are no government-owned newspapers. Both radio and television stations are a mixture of private and state-owned. The languages of broadcast for both media are Lithuanian, Russian, Polish, Belarusian, and Ukrainian, and there are also some Yiddish radio broadcasts.
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More About Lithuania7 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- major reference
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- physical geography
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