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Food Science TechnologyPage address: http://www.mnsu.edu/programs/foodsciencetech.html
|Biological Sciences
|Science, Engineering & Technology
|Program Website
|Undergraduate Degree Type(s)
|Program Description
|With a decreasing population in agricultural areas and an increasing population in cities, the need to transport, process, and market food is increasing. Food scientists ensure that the food that arrives on a consumer's table is safe, nutritious, and enjoyable.
The food industry in the United States is highly competitive and innovative. There is an increasing need for degreed employees with a background in science and foods. There are many employment opportunities for food science technologists in Southern Minnesota. The Food Science Technology major is designed to prepare for future employment in several of the major aspects of the food industry: production, quality assurance and management; sanitation; research and development; and laboratory analysis.
Minnesota State University graduates in Food Science Technology have a good track record of successful placement in the food industry.
|Admission Requirements
|Admission to major is required for enrollment in upper level courses. Admission requirements are:
|Other Requirements
|All courses leading to a major must be taken for letter grades. Any exception to this policy must be approved by the chairperson of the department.
|Academic Bulletin
|A full description of the program including class listings and class descriptions are listed in the Academic Bulletin.
|Program Contact Information
|Department of Biological Sciences
242 Trafton Science Center South
Mankato, MN 56001
Phone: 507-389-2786
Fax: 507-389-2788
Email: Biology Department Chair
|College Advising
|All Food Science Technology majors are assigned to an academic advisor to assist in planning the major program. Additional advising support is available at:
College of Science, Engineering & Technology Advising Center
Ken Adams, Student Relations Coordinator
125 Trafton Science Center C.
Mankato, MN 56001
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OilCan Drive is the story of an outlaw rock and roll band traveling through the futuristic wastelands of America in a stolen airship. With an ex-hockey player as its lead singer, a former soldier playing lead guitar, a runaway girl on drums, and a giant gorilla playing bass guitar; it's a post-apocalyptic Western with a rock and roll soundtrack. It's Josie and the Pussycats meets Joss Whedon's Firefly. It's the story of a band that is, literally, on the run.
OilCan Drive - 24 Hour Comic Day 2014 - Page 20
April 24th, 2015, 12:50 pm
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Reply oilcandrive, April 24th, 2015, 12:50 pm
OilCan Drive, the 24 Hour Comic Day Challenge, with pages created in one 24 hour period on October 4th and 5th, 2014 at Time Warp Comics in Boulder, Colorado.
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subset: commoncrawl


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PWBTS.comYou've got to be kidding me. Really?
An inane storyline of a "power couple" (second or third time now this one's been done) that has gone on for what seems forever...babyfaces made to look like clowns...a build to a PPV with the main event being the filling of the vacant title, then a five minute power failure with the venue's video wall flashing green, the WWE set going dark (but lights in the venue staying on) and the InDemand feed going off for five minutes....power is restored...then finally an awkward beginning to the main event.
OK, so the power came back on. Still plenty of time for the match. Match begins slowly, as if Orton and Bryan knew...look, this is a no-finish ending...don't give it everything tonight.
Then, the inexcusable finish of the main event of the PPV. Bryan has Orton in the LaBelle, aka "yes" lock. Big Show lumbers out, does the run-in and pulls out referee John Cone. Big Show then knocks out Bryan. Lo and behold, GM for the night (we're supposed to believe that Stephanie and HHH have been called away from the PPV site...rrrrright) Brad Maddox brings out Scott Armstrong (shockers, he's back, as HHH's pet referee,which will presumably be confirmed tonight) to count the screwjob pin.
OK, this at least keeps up with the "HHH and Stephanie are screwing Daniel Bryan" storyline. At least Vince can come out tonight as the babyface to "get everything straight", chew out HHH and Stephanie and start this damned McMahon family war storyline.
Then, Big Show turns and punches out Scott Armstrong. Orton then screams at Big Show, as if to say "you screwed everything up" Big Show then knocked out Orton. So two referees "knocked out", both wrestlers in the main event "knocked out" and no finish to the main event.
$45-55 for a PPV, and the best you can do is to tell fans "tough shit, you'll have to watch RAW tomorrow night, instead of Monday Night Football, then spend $45-55 all over again in three weeks for Hell in the Cell to get the result you thought you paid for last night".
Fans online are pissed. There's a very real possibility that WWE has killed off Daniel Bryan. WWE will have to pull off a miracle tonight to make fans actually believe in the chase again, and Daniel Bryan and the babyfaces get over again.
On a much more pleasant note, with temperatures in the 80s this past weekend...soon to finally feel like fall tonight...we begin the second week of October here in southern New Jersey,
Christmas, Hanukkah, and New Year will soon be here. Your friendly not-so-local retail mega-store will soon be killing lots of trees to print advertisements to sell you and I all sorts of goodies. Holiday ads are already running on the shopping channels, and will soon be running on TV non-stop. People will maul each other to get this year's "must have" for their kids or themselves.
But more in keeping with the actual spirit of the season, the wrestling community will reach out to those in need. Independent promotions hold a wide variety of events to benefit various food pantries, shelters, Toys for Tots drives. Over the years, promotions in my area ranging from the family-friendly United Wrestling Coalition to the hardcore themed Combat Zone Wrestling to indies of various sizes and types trough the United States and Canada. Even if you don't have one in your own area this Holiday season, please take time to contribute to or volunteer with such organizations.
Three promotions have agreed so far to do Toys for Tots and related shows:
DJ Hyde has agreed and plans are underway for the annual Toys for Tots collection (in conjunction with the Marine Corps Reserve) to take place for the ninth year in a row to have Combat Zone Wrestling (and this year Women Supestars Unlimited), at the 15th annual Cage of Death at The Flyers Skate Zone, 601 Laurel Oak Road, Voorhees, NJ with a 7:30 pm bell time. Tickets can be purchased at the door, or online.
ECWA will be doing its second annual Toys for Tots show on Saturday, December 7 with Toys for Tots II in Newark, DE.
Slam Championship Wrestling presents WRESTLE FOR TOTS on Saturday, November 9 at Pinegrove Fire Hall, Gloucester City, NJ. Come out and see wrestling superstars, such as: The Patriot, Patch, Breaker Morant, Latin Connection, and Donnie Hart, and more...
Doors open 6:30/pm 7:30 pm. Tickets: Childreen under 12 and under $7, Adults $10. Bring a new unwrapped toy for a child, and get a FREE 8x10 picture of a WWE Superstar.
So as I ask promotions and readers each year, please e-mail any announcements about scheduled Holiday charitable-themed (fund-raisers for clothes, food pantries or Toys for Toys, etc.) wrestling or MMA events to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Until next time
If you have comments or questions, or if you'd like to add the AS I SEE IT column to your website, I can be reached by e-mail at the address above. If you'd like to add advertising on PWBTS.com (the flagship website of this column), banner ads are available for $400 for one year. These ads would appear on each newspage appearing on the newsboard. Cube ads are available for $200 for one year, which would be placed on the main newsboard page.
If you have comments/questions, or if you'd like to add the AS I SEE IT column to your website, I can be reached by e-mail at firstname.lastname@example.com)


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Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādā (flourished in the 11th-12th centuries in Baghdad) was a scholar of the Arabic-Islamic tradition. An original philosopher and respected medical authority, he is well known by his Al-Kitāb al-Mu'tabar, a philosophical essay in which he submitted some of the fundamental concepts of natural philosophy to a penetrating analysis. He suggested in it many interesting alternatives that found an echo in modern developments in physics, such as his ideas about the physics of motion and the concept of time.
This article is the result of a close collaboration between our colleague Lutfallah Gari (Yanbu, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia) and the editorial board of www.MuslimHeritage.com (the Chief Editor).
Table of Contents
4. Other Innovative Ideas on Motion
7. References and Further Reading
Figure 1: Front cover of the first volume of Abū 'l-Barakāt's Kitāb al-Mu'tabar (edited in Haydarabd, 1357/1938).
Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī was a scholar of the Arabic-Islamic tradition. Being of Jewish origin, he flourished in the 11th-12th centuries in Baghdad. An original philosopher and respected medical authority, he is well known by his Al-Kitāb al-Mu'tabar, a philosophical essay in which he submitted some of the fundamental concepts of natural philosophy to a penetrating analysis. He suggested in it many interesting alternatives that found an echo in modern developments in physics, such as his ideas about the physics of motion and the concept of time.
The attention to his work was drawn in modern scholarship by Shlomo Pines, a scholar who devoted as early as 1938 a great attention to Abū 'l-Barakāt's innovative ideas in natural philosophy, especially to his Al-Kitāb al-Mu'tabar. Pines proposed to translate this titles as "The book of what has been established by personal reflection" [1].
Figure 2: Shlomo Pines (1908–1990). (Source).
The following article is a concise presentation of Abū 'l-Barakāt's views in natural philosophy. A complete list of his extant works was generated from a number of partial lists mentioned in the modern scholarship. At the end, the article reflects ongoing debates on the issues and concepts of natural philosophy in the Arabic tradition.
Famed as Awhad al-Zamān (unique of his time), Hibat-Allāh ibn 'Alī ibn Malkā Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (ca.1077-1152) is an 11th-12th century physician and philosopher of Jewish origin. He was born in Balad, a town on the Tigris above Mosul. Precise biographical information is unavailable. We know that he was born into a Jewish family and later in life he converted to Islam. Early in his life, he had for master Abū 'l-Hasan Sa'īd b. Hibat Allāh and became a famous physician, serving in this quality the caliphs of Baghdad —where he resided— and the Seljuk sultans. The appellation Awhad al-Zamān, 'the singular [personage] of his time', probably reflects his medical rather than philosophical achievements. His formal teaching seems to have been limited to medicine, in which he had a number of students.
The anecdotes related by the biographers reveal his often difficult relations with his various patrons and their courts. Having become blind at the end of his life, he died in Baghdad probably after 560 H/1164-65 CE. Rival of the Christian physician Ibn al-Tilmīdh, he had as his disciple and friend Ishāq b. Abraham b. Ezra, who composed on him a panegyric in Hebrew. Ibn Khallīkān's biographical dictionary describes him as 'very presumptuous', his hauteur being revealed in his many disputes with contemporary scholars. His involvement in philosophy seems to have been informal (even by the standards of the time) and tentative, although this led him to genial insights into natural philosophy, as it will be shown below.
A biographical compendium and complete list of the works attributed to Hibat Allāh Abū 'l-Barakāt is given by Ibn Abī Usaybi'a in 'Uyūn al-'anb ā' fī tabaqāt al-atibbā', where the author relates some anecdotes and sayings and lists several of al-Baghdādī's medical works.
Despite his conversion to Islam, al-Baghdādī's works continued to be studied at the yeshivah of Baghdad, then the centre of Jewish theology, into the 13th century. Al-Baghdādī's commentary to the Book of Ecclesiastes continued to be copied at the same yeshivah, with full acknowledgement of its authorship. Shmu'el ben Eli, head of the yeshivah and archrival of Moses Maimonides, cites the Mu'tabar in support of his contention that even 'the philosophers' are forced to admit the possibility of bodily resurrection. Ben Eli does not reveal his source; it appears to have been Maimonides' disciple Yosef ben Yehudah who tracked down the reference [3].
Abū 'l-Barakāt's extant works include:
1. A pharmacological treatise titled Sifat Barsha'thā (i.e. prescription of Barsha'thā); it is about an Indian compound drug. Three copies are preserved in Turkish libraries [4].
2. Another pharmacological treatise titled Tiryāq amīr al-arwāh (Prince of Souls' antidote); a manuscript copy of this text is held in Kitapsaray Library in Manisa, Turkey (MS 1781, folios 157b-159a) [5].
3. Maqāla fi'l-'aql is a treatise on the intellect, preserved in Tehran [6] and Leipzig [7].
4. A treatise on the cause of the visibility of the stars at night and their invisibility at daytime, Risāla fī sabab zuhūr al-kawākib laylan wa khafā'ihā nahāran, written in answer to a question of Sultan Muhammad Tapar. In some manuscripts it is wrongly ascribed to Ibn Sīnā [8]. It is preserved in Berlin [9], Hyderabad and Mashhad [10].
5. A treatise on using the universal (astronomical) plate (Risāla fī 'l-'amal bi-'l-safīha al-'āfāqiyyah), preserved in Niǧde, Turkey [11].
6. Largely unpublished is a lengthy detailed commentary on Ecclesiastes in Arabic, containing discussions of philosophical problems; it is of considerable philosophical interest. Abū 'l-Barakāt dictated it at an advanced age to his student, the Jewish poet Ishāq b. Ibrāhīm b. 'Azrā of Cordova [12]. It is almost entirely unpublished, except four selected passages with translation and analysis, in Hebrew [13].
7. The chief work of Abu 'l-Barakāt is undoubtedly the Kitāb al-mutabar, composed at a mature age on the basis of notes containing his philosophical reflections collected over a long period of time. Dealing with logic, physics, natural sciences, and metaphysics, it is patterned after Ibn Sīnā's Kitāb al-Shifā, which in some parts is copied almost literally. In other parts, however, Abū 'l-Barakāt refuted the theses of Ibn Sīnā and espoused radically different views [14].
Gunpowder, an invention imported from China, proved immensely popular with the warring princes of 15th-century Europe. These princes were using gunpowder in their frequent wars, to hurl large projectiles at or over the walls of towns and cities they were attacking. By the middle of the 16th century the casting and boring of cannons had progressed to a stage where serious consideration had to be given to aiming and firing of guns. All over Europe gunners began to look at ways of increasing the range and aim of their artillery.
But the path of the cannon ball made no sense within the context of Aristotelian doctrine. The Aristotelian laws of motion stated that the natural state of all 'earthly' objects was to be at rest. Motion away from the centre of the Earth was only possible with a 'mover' which had to be in contact with the object being moved. When the mover was removed, the object should fall straight down to Earth.
But cannon balls (or projectiles generally) did not fall straight down to Earth after they left the muzzle of the gun; they followed a curved path. Even the most ardent supporter of Aristotle could see that there was a flaw in the Aristotelian laws of motion. An alternative to the Aristotelian attempts to explain the motion of projectiles was the concept of the impressed force that gave rise to the famous impetus theory that was developed in Latin natural philosophy between the 14th and 16th centuries. This theory can be traced back to the critics addressed by Philoponus to the Aristotelian theory on this issue. Joannes Philoponus (ca. 490–ca. 570 CE) [15], also known as "John the Grammarian", is Yūhannā al-Nahwī for the Arabic tradition. His critics were developed by Arabic scholars, including Ibn Sīnā, Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī and Ibn Bājja in the 12th-century Andalus. According to the theory of impressed force, an incorporeal motive force that is imparted to the projectile causing it to continue moving [16].
Building on the views of Philoponus and Ibn Sīnā, Abū 'l-Barakāt accepts, though with modifications, the theory according to which the cause of this movement is a 'violent inclination', that is to say a force imparted by the projecting body to the projectile [17]. This type of force is similar to, or identical with, the one indicated by the term impetus that was coined by the French philosopher and scientific theorist Jean Buridan (1300-1358) [18]. Abū 'l-Barakāt, like Ibn Sīnā, subscribes to the doctrine positing a "violent inclination" (mayl qasrī in Arabic). "Violent inclination" is opposed to the "natural inclination" in virtue of which bodies removed from their natural place tend to return to it; it is regarded as having been imparted by the mover to a body in a state of violent motion (for instance, to a stone thrown upward or to an arrow shot from a bow). The notion of violent inclination is used to account for the continuation of violent motion after the separation of the projectile from the mover. Like Buridan, and contrary to Ibn Sīnā, Abū 'l-Barakāt regards "violent inclination" as self-expending; it is used up in the very process of violent motion [19].
The works of Ibn Sīnā, Abū al-Barakāt al-Baghdādi, Ibn Bājja and others led to the development of the idea of impetus and momentum in Galileo's physics in the 17th century [20].
The acceleration of the motion of falling bodies is attributed by Abū 'l-Barakāt to two causes:
(1) He holds that a violent and a natural inclination can simultaneously coexist in a projectile. Thus, when a body begins to fall, a residue of violent inclination still subsists in it and opposes the natural inclination that causes the body to descend, slowing down its fall. The acceleration of the fall is due to the gradual weakening of the violent inclination.
(2) The second cause of the acceleration of the motion of falling bodies is that the force (i.e., gravity) generating natural inclination resides in the falling body and produces a succession of natural inclinations in such a way that the strength of the inclination increases throughout the fall.
Abū 'l-Barakāt's conception of the second cause seems to anticipate the fundamental law of classical mechanics, according to which a continually applied force produces acceleration. This is contrary to the Aristotelian doctrine of natural philosophy which assumes that such a force produces a uniform motion [21].
He explains the acceleration in the fall of heavy objects by the fact that the principle of natural inclination (mayl tabī'ī, a philosophical term developing to a large extent the Greek famous rhope) [22] contained in them, furnishes them with successive inclinations. In the trend of the commentaries in natural philosophy inspired by Philoponus, it seems that the text of the Mu'tabar treating of this doctrine is the first one, as far as is known at present, where one finds implied this fundamental law of modern dynamics: a constant force gives rise to an accelerated movement [23].
4. Other Innovative Ideas on Motion
Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī had many new ideas concerning the physics of motion. In addition to the law of acceleration, he suggested that motion is relative, that is, that there is motion only if the relative positions of the bodies in question change. These ideas are highlighted here because of their resemblance to modern thoughts on the same subjects. The Kitāb al-Mu'tabar contains many other, no less innovative, ideas that have a modern counterpart; for example, the claim that each type of body has a characteristic velocity that reaches its maximum when its motion encounters no resistance. Although al-Mu'tabar is not a systematic work, comprising instead notes on various subjects that al-Baghdādī wrote for himself over the years, Pines showed that the paramountcy of a priori knowledge underlies many of the work's criticisms and innovations [24].
As mentioned above, Abū 'l-Barakāt has some quotations from al- Shifā' of Ibn Sīnā; but on the whole he differs from Ibn Sīnā in formulation and phrasing, often also in opinion. He says that phenomena such as shooting stars, comets, the halo and the rainbow cannot be explained by terrestrial causes only, but that in fact they are caused and maintained by celestial forces [25]. The same holds for wind: it is air moved by celestial forces [26]. Furthermore, he disagrees with Ibn Sīnā and Aristotle about the explanations of the formation of hail [27], rivers [28] and thunder [29]. The Milky Way is a phenomenon of the celestial world, not of the upper atmosphere, as Aristotle thinks [30]. On the whole, as pointed out by researchers, the account of Abū 'l-Barakāt is quite original and independent [31].
The interplay between words and concepts is given particular attention in the al-Mu'tabar. For example, al-Baghdādī developed his strikingly innovative theory of time after reaching the conclusion that the word "time" as used in everyday speech stands for a very fundamental concept, the true nature of which has been obscured by scholastic analysis. According to Langermann, perhaps most interesting among al-Baghdādī's achievements is his reappraisal of the idea of time. Dissatisfied with the regnant approach, which treated time as an accident of the cosmos, he drew the conclusion that time is an entity whose conception (ma'qūl al-zamān) is a priori and almost as general as that of being, encompassing the sensible and the non-sensible, that which moves and that which is at rest. Our idea of time results not from abstraction, stripping accidents from perceived objects, but from a mental representation based on an innate idea. Al-Baghdādī stops short of offering a precise definition of time, stating only that "were it to be said that time is the measure of being (miqdār al-wujūd), that would be better than saying [as Aristotle does] that it is the measure of motion". His reclassification of time as a subject for metaphysics rather than for physics represents a major conceptual shift, not a mere formalistic correction. It also breaks the traditional linkage between time and space. Concerning space, al-Baghdādī held unconventional views as well, but he did not remove its investigation from the domain of physics [32].
In his physics, Abū 'l-Barakāt employs a method similar to the one he utilized in his psychology. Like his 10th-century predecessor al-Rāzī (by whom he may have been influenced, although there is no evidence either way) and in contrast with the Aristotelians, he relies in his physical theories, just as he does in his doctrine of the soul, on what he regards as self-evident, i.e., immediately perceived truths that are not dependent upon empirical data. Applying this method, he rejects the Aristotelian contention that time is the measure of movement. He denies the Aristotelian theory of space, the existence of a three-dimensional space. With John Philoponus he refutes the proposition denying the possibility of movement in the void. Having demonstrated the fallacy of the peripatetic arguments to the contrary, he proves the infinity of space by the impossibility for man to conceive a limited space. In effect, he shows that the apperception of time, of being, and of self, is anterior in the soul to any other apperception the soul might have, and that the nature of being and that of time are closely linked. According to his definition, time is the measure of being (not, as the peripatetics held, that of movement). He does not admit the diversity of the various levels of time, the gradations of zamān, dahr, sarmad assumed by Ibn Sīnā and other philosophers. In his opinion, time characterizes the being of the Creator as well as that of created things. He identifies prime matter with the body considered merely from the point of view of corporality, apart from any other characteristic; corporality being an extension susceptible of being measured. Among the four elements, earth alone is, in his view, constituted of corpuscles, indivisible because of their solidity [33].
According to him, the notion of time is ontologically prior to the notion of movement. Nor does he regard time as being merely a subjective phenomenon. It is in fact the measure of Being, and as such it should not be regarded as external to Being. Comparisons between the lengths of two or more durations are, however, due to a mental comparison between the two [34].
7. References and Further Reading
- [Bīrūnī, al- & Ibn Sīnā] 1995. Al-As'ilah wa-'l-ajwibah.Questions and Answers.Including the Further Answers of al-Bīrūnī and al-Ma'sumī's Defense of Ibn Sīnā. Edited with English and Persian introduction by Seyyed Hossein Nasr and Mehdi Mohaghegh. Kuala Lampur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization.
- Dhanani, Alnoor 1994. The Physical Theory of Kalām: Atoms, Space, and Void in Basrian Mu'tazilī Cosmology. Leiden: Brill. [Initially a PhD dissertation, Kalām and Hellenistic Cosmology. Minimal Parts in Basrian Mu'tazilī Atomism, Harvard University, 1991].
- Daiber, Hans, "Qostā Ibn Lūqā (9. Jh.) über die Einteilung der Wissenschaften." Zeitshrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften vol. 6 (1990): pp. 93-129.
- Daiber, Hans 1993. "Farabis Abhandlung über das Vakuum: Quellen und Stellung in der islamischen Wissenschaftsgeschichte." Der Islam. Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter) vol. 69: pp. 37-47.
- Endress, Gerhard, "Averroes' De caelo: Ibn Rushd's Cosmology in his Commentaries on Aristotle's On the Heavens." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy vol. 5 (1995): pp. 9-49.
- Endress, Gerhard, "L'Aristote arabe: réception, autorité et transformation du Premier Maître." In: Medioevo. Rivista di storia della filosofia medieval (Padoue) vol. 23 (1997): pp. 1-42.
- Endress, Gerhard & Aertsen, Jan A. (editors), Averroes and the Aristotelian Tradition: Sources, Constitution and Reception of the Philosophy of Ibn Rushd (1126-1198). Proceedings of the fourth Symposium Averroicum (Cologne, 1996). Leiden: Brill, 1999.
- Filius, L.S., The Problemata Physica Attributed to Aristotle. The Arabic Version of Hunayn Ibn Ishāq and the Hebrew Version of Moses Ibn Tibbon. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
- Giannakis, Elias, "Yahyā ibn 'Adī against John Philoponus on Place and Void." Zeitshrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften vol. 12 (1998): pp. 245-302.
- Glasner, Ruth, "The Hebrew Version of De caelo et mundo attributed to Ibn Sīnā." Arabic Science and Philosophy vol. 6 (1996): pp. 89-112.
- Gutas, Dimitri, "Certainty, Doubt, Error. Comments on the Epistemological Foundations of Medieval Arabic Science." Early Science and Medicine vol. 7 (2002): pp. 276-289.
- Hasnawi, Ahmad, "La Dynamique d'Ibn Sīnā: la notion d'inclination' (mayl)." In: Etudes sur Avicenne. Dirigées par Jean Jolivet et Roshdi Rashed. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1984, pp. 103-123.
- Hasnawi, Ahmad, "Le mouvement et les catégories selon Avicenne et Averroès: l'arrière-fond grec et les prolongements latins médiévaux." Oriens-Occidens. Sciences, mathématiques et philosophie de l'Antiquité à l'Âge classique (Paris) no. 2 (1998): pp. 119-122.
- Hasnawi, Ahmad, "Commentaire et démonstration. Brèves remarques sur la Physique du Shifā d'Avicenne." In: Le Commentaire entre tradition et innovation. Actes du Colloque international de l'Institut des traditions textuelles. Edité par Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé et al. Paris: Vrin, 2000, pp. 509-519.
- Hasnawi, Ahmad, "La Physique du Shifā: aperçus sur sa structure et son contenu." In: Avicenna and his Heritage. Edité par J. Janssens et D. De Smet. Louvain: Publications de l'Université de Louvain, 2002, pp. 67-80.
- Hasnawi, Ahmad, "The Definition of Motion in Avicenna's Physics." Arabic Science and Philosophy vol. 11 (2001): pp. 219-255.
- Ibn Bājja, Abū Bakr, Shurūhāt al-samā' al-tabī''ī. Beirut: Dār al-fikr/Dār al-kindī, 1978 [the Arabic text of Ibn Bājja's commentary on Aristotle's Physics].
- Ibn Rushd, Aristoteles opera cum Averrois commentariis. Frankfurt: Minerva, 1962 [Reprint of the 8 volumes of the edition of the 16th century (Venice: Iunctae, 1562-74)].
- Ibn Rushd, Averroes. Epitome in Physicorum Libros. Edidit Josep Puig. (Corpus philosophorum Medii Aevi, Series Arabica-Averrois opera). Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, 1983.
- Ibn Rushd, Commentary on Aristotle's Book on the Heaven and the Universe. With an Introduction by Gerhard Endress. Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 1994 [Facsimile edition of the manuscript held at the Tunisian National lIbrary, Ahmadiyya Collection, MS 11821].
- Ibn Sīnā, Kitāb al-ishārāt wa al-tanbīhāt. Edited by J. Forget. Leiden: Brill, 1892.
- Ibn Sīnā, Le livre des directives et des remarques (Kitāb al-ishārāt wa 'l-tanbīhāt). French translation with introduction and notes by A.-M. Goichon. Paris: Vrin, 1951.
- Ibn Sīnā, Kitāb al-ishārāt wa al-tanbīhāt. With the commentary of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Edited by Sulayman Dunia. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1957-58.
- Ibn Sīnā, Le Livre de science. French traduction of the Dānesh nāmeh by Mohammad Achena and Henri Massé. 2 vols. Paris: Les belles Lettres, 1959 [Vol. 1: physics, logic and metaphysics; vol. 2: arithmetics, geometry, astronomy, music].
- Ibn Sīnā, Kitāb al-Shifā. Al-Tabī'iyāt [physics]. Edited by S. Zāyd and I. Madhkūr. Cairo, 1983.
- 'Irāqī, al-, 'Ātif, Al-falsafa al-tabī'iya 'inda Ibn Sīnā [Natural philosophy in Ibn Sīnā]. Cairo: Dār al-ma'ārif, 1971.
- Ivry Alfred L. 1974. Al-Kindī's Metaphysics (Falsafah al-'ūl ā: On First Philosophy). Albany: State University of New York Press.
- Lettinck, Paul, "Problems in Aristotle's Physics I.1 and their Discussion by Arabic Commentators." Journal for the History of Arabic Science vol. 10 (1992-93-94): pp. 91-110.
- Lettinck, Paul, Aristotle's Physics and its Reception in the Arabic World. With an Edition of the Unpublished Parts of Ibn Bājja's Commentary on the Physics. Leiden: Brill, 1994. [Fundamental study of the Arabic tradition of translation and commentary on the Physics of Aristotle, with a special focus on the commentaries of the Andalusian school (Ibn Bājja et Ibn Rushd). Note also the Epilogue on "The influence of Arabic philosophers on the development of dynamics in the Middle Ages" (pp. 665-673), and the publication of an unpublished part of Ibn Bājja's commentary on Aristotle's Physics].
- Lettinck, Paul, Aristotle's Meteorology and its Reception in the Arab World. With an Edition and Translation of Ibn Suwār's Treatise on Meteorological Phenomena and Ibn Bājja's Commentary on the Meteorology. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
- Lettinck, Paul, "Aristotle's 'Physical' Works in the Arabic World." Medioevo. Rivista di storia della filosofia medievale (Padova, Italy) vol. 27 (2002): pp. 22-52.
- Mahdi, Muhsin, "Science, Philosophy and Religion in al-Fārābī's Enumeration of the Sciences." In: The Cultural Context of Medieval Learning. Edited by John E. Murdoch and Edith D. Sylla. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975, pp. 45-113. [On Ihsā' al-'ulūm, the major book of classification of sciences by al-Fārābī].
- Peters, Francis E., Aristoteles and the Arabs: the Aristotelian Tradition in Islam. New York/London: New York University Press, 1968.
- Pinès, Salomon, "Les précurseurs musulmans de la théorie de l'impetus"
Archeion vol. 21 (1938): pp. 298-306.
- Pinès, Salomon, "Etudes sur Awhad az-Zamān Abū l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī." Revue des Etudes Juives vol. 3 (1938), pp. 3-64; vol. 4 (1938): pp. 1-33.
- Pinès, Salomon, "Quelques tendances anti-péripatéticiennes de la pensée scientifique islamique." Thalès (Paris) vol. 24 (1940): pp. 210-219.
- Pinès, Salomon, "Un précurseur Baghdadien de la théorie de l'impetus." Isis vol. 44 (1953): pp. 247-251.
- Pinès, Salomon, "La dynamique d'Ibn Bājja." In: L'Aventure de la science: Mélanges Alexandre Koyré. Edited by I.B. Cohen and R. Taton. Paris: Hermann, 1964, vol. 1, pp. 442-468.
- Pinès, Salomon, Collected Works. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1979-86. Vol. 1: Studies in Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī. Physics and Metaphysics; vol. 2: Studies in Arabic Versions of Greek Texts and in Mediaeval Science. [Reprint of the works of Pinès, including "Etudes sur Awhad az-Zamān Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī" (1938), "La théorie de la rotation de la terre à l'époque d'al-Bīrūnī" (1956), etc.]
- Pinès, Salomon, Studies in Islamic Atomism. Translated from German by Michael Schwarz, edited by Tzvi Langermann. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1997.
- Rashed, Marwan, "De Cordoue a Byzance. Sur une 'prothéorie' inédite de la Physique d'Aristote." Arabic Science and Philosophy vol. 6 (1996): pp. 215-262.
- Rashed, Roshdi, "La Philosophie des mathématiques d'Ibn al-Haytham." Mélanges de l'Institut Dominicain d'Études Orientales du Caire vol. 21 (1993): pp. 87-151.
- Rashed, Roshdi, "Al-Qūhī contre Aristote: sur le mouvement." Oriens-occidens No. 2 (1998): pp. 95-117.
- Rashed, Roshdi, "Al-Qūhī vs. Aristotle: On Motion." Arabic Science and Philosophy vol. 9 (1999): pp. 7-24.
- Rosenthal, Franz 1943. Ahmad b. at-Tayyib as-Sarakhsī. New Haven: Publications of the American Oriental Society.
- Sabra, A. I., "Science and Philosophy in Medieval Islamic Theology: The Evidence of the Fourteenth Century." Zeitshrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften vol. 9 (1994): pp. 1-42.
- Sabra, A. I., "Thābit Ibn Qurra on the Infinite and other Puzzles: Edition and Translation of his Discussions with Ibn Usayyid." Zeitshrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften vol. 11 (1997): pp. 1-34.
- Sayili, Aydin. "Ibn Sina and Buridan on the Motion of the Projectile." In: From Deferent to Equant, edited by David A. King and George Saliba. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1987, pp. 477-482.
- Suhaimi Wan, Abdullah Wan, "Ibn Sina and Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi on the origination of the soul and the invalidation of its transmigration", Islam & Science, Winter, 2007.
- Tayib, al-, Ahmad, Al-Jānib al-naqdī fī falsafat Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī [the critical side in the philosophy of Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī]. Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, 2005 407 pp.
- Tūsī, al-, Nasīr a l-Dīn Abū Ja'far Muhammed, Sharh al-ishārāt wa-'l-tanbīhāt. Edited by Hassan Zadeh al-Āmilī. 2 vol.s. Qom: 1425 H [2004].
- Van Ess, Josef. Theologie und Geselschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam. 6 vols. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1991-97. [Monumental work on the interaction between theoretical debates and Islamic society in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of Hijra].
- Zimmermann, F., "Philoponus's Impetus Theory in the Arabic Tradition."
In: Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science. Edité par Richard Sorabji. London: Duckworth, 1987, pp. 121-129.
- Ziyāda, Ma'n, The Theory of Motion in Ibn Bājja's Philosophy. PhD dissertation, Montreal: McGill University, 1972.
- Ziyāda, Ma'n, Al-Haraka min al-tabī'a ilā mā-ba'da al-tabī'a. Beirut: Dār Iqra', 1985.
End Notes
[1] Pinès Salomon [Shlomo Pines], "Les précurseurs musulmans de la théorie de l'impetus", Archeion (Paris), vol. 21 (1938): pp. 298-306; "Etudes sur Awhad az-Zamān Abū l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī ", Revue des Etudes Juives vol. 3 (1938), pp. 3-64; vol. 4 (1938): pp. 1-33; "Quelques tendances anti-péripatéticiennes de la pensée scientifique islamique" Thalès (Paris) vol. 24 (1940): pp. 210-219; "Un précurseur Baghdadien de la théorie de l'impetus", Isis vol. 44 (1953): pp. 247-251. Those studies were reprinted in Shlomo Pines, Collected Works. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1979-86.
[2] Khayr al-Dīn Al-Ziriklī, "Awhad al-Zamān" in Al-A'lām, Beirut, vol. 8; Wilferd Madelung, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Bagdādī", Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 1, pp. 226-228; Shlomo Pines, "Abu 'l- Barakāt Hibat Allāh b. Malkā al-Baghdādī al-Baladī", Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), vol. 1, p. 111; Y. Tzvi Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: Routledge Publishers, 1998, reproduced on www.muslimphilosophy.com (accessed 17 June 2008); Jon McGinnis, "Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science", on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (first published 19 December, 2006, accessed online 17 June 2008).
[3] Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", op. cit.
[4] Albert Dietrich: Medicinalia Arabica: Studien über arabische medizinische Handschriften in türkischen und syrischen Bibliotheken, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1966, ss. 217, 228-229; Ahmed Ateş: "Arabic Manuscripts in the Libraries of Anatolia" (in Arabic), Revue de l'institut des manuscrits arabes, tome 4, 1958, pp. 33-35; Ramadan Şeşen et al., Catalogue of Islamic Medical Manuscripts in the Libraries of Turkey, Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 1984, pp. 90-91.
[5] Dietrich, op.cit., pp. 229-230; A. Ateş: "Arabic Manuscripts in the Libraries of Anatolia", op. cit.
[6] M. T. Dānešpažūh, Fehrest-e mīkrūfilmhā-ye Ketābkāna-ye Markazī-e Dānešgāh-e Tehrān, Tehran, 1348 Š./1969, p. 609, cited by Wilferd Madelung, 'Abū'l-Barakāt al-Bagdādī', Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 1 (1987), pp. 226-228.
[7] Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, the Arabic translation, Cairo: The Egyptian General Organization of Books, vol.9 (Section 5), 1995, pp. 72-73.
[8] Translated by E. Wiedemannn in Eders Jahrbuch für Photographie 1909, pp. 49-54; see W. Madelung, op. cit. See also S. Pines, "Abū 'l- Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.), op. cit.
[9] Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur, op. cit.
[10] Boris A. Rosenfeld & Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Mathematicians, Astronomers, and Other Scholars of Islamic Civilization and their Works (7th-19th Centuries), Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2003, p. 184.
[11] Ibid.
[12] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakat Al-Baghdadi", Encyclopaedia of Islam, op. cit.; W. Madelung, op. cit.
[13] Y. Tzvi Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", op. cit.
[14] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakat Al-Baghdadi", Encyclopaedia of Islam, op. cit.; W. Madelung, op. cit.; Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abū 'l-Barakat", op. cit. Kitāb al-Mu'tabar is edited in three volumes by Şerefettin Yaltkaya, Hyderabad: Osmania Publication Bureau, 1357-58/1939-40.
[15] Christian Wildberg, "John Philoponus", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (first published 11 March, 2003, substantive revision 8 June 2007, accessed online 17 June 2008).
[16] Prabhakar Gondhalekar, The Grip of Gravity: The Quest to Understand the Laws of Motion and Gravitation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 51-52. See also the works of Pines quoted in footnote 1. The most up-to-date source on this issue is Paul Lettinck, Aristotle's Physics and its Reception in the Arabic World. With an Edition of the Unpublished Parts of Ibn Bājja's Commentary on the Physics. Leiden: Brill, 1994.
[17] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Encyclopaedia of Islam, op. cit.
[18] P. Gondhalekar, The Grip of Gravity, op. cit.
[19] Shlomo Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādi", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, New York: Scribners Publishers, vol. 1 (1970), pp. 26-28.
[20] The classical study tracing the fate of the Arabic contributions to the genesis of the impetus theory is Ernest A. Moody, "Galileo and Avempace: The Dynamics of the Leaning Tower Experiment", Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 12 (2) (April 1951), pp. 163-193; vol. 12 (3), pp. 375-422. See also Paul Lettinck, Aristotle's Physics and its Reception in the Arabic World, op. cit., "Epilogue": "The influence of Arabic philosophers on the development of dynamics in the Middle Ages", pp. 665-673; and Abel B. Franco, "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and Impetus Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas vol. 64, No. 4 (October 2003), pp. 521-546.
[21] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, op. cit.
[22] On this important subject, see M. Abattouy, "Greek Mechanics in Arabic Context: Thābit ibn Qurra, al-Isfizārī and the Arabic Traditions of Aristotelian and Euclidean Mechanics", Science in Context (Cambridge University Press) vol. 14, No. 1-2, (2001): pp. 179–247; pp. 203-205.
[23] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Encyclopaedia of Islam, op. cit.
[24] Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", op. cit.
[25] Paul Lettinck: Aristotle's Meteorology and its Reception in the Arab World, Leiden: Brill, 1999, pp. 83-85.
[26] Ibid, pp. 183-184.
[27] Ibid, pp. 114-115.
[28] Ibid, pp. 146-147.
[29] Ibid, p. 237.
[30] Ibid, p. 85.
[31] Ibid, p. 11.
[32] Langermann, "Al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", op. cit.
[33] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, op. cit.; S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Encyclopaedia of Islam, op. cit.
[34] S. Pines, "Abū 'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, op. cit.


text: All Profits to Charity: Profits from the sale of the art in this series go to the EndLocalHunger™ program: www.endlocalhunger.org Though I started my working life as a civil engineer, and then morphed into a management consultant, my 'off screen' focus has been on creative ways to address the deep seated phenomenon of hunger and poor nutrition among the under-served communities in USA. Ironically, 1 in 7 Americans face hunger. The hungry person could be a neighbor, a friend, a co-worker; many are veterans. Unfortunately, the most convenient, most advertised, most familiar foods promote obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. To address this problem, we created the EndLocalHunger™ program which donates delicious, nutritious, and easy to cook BagOfLife® meals to the under-served community through food banks, community service organizations, and college/university food pantries. Along with cooking, photography is a enjoyable hobby. I try to capture messages in the photos I take and each has its own story. None of the photos in this series have been "photo shopped." Thank you.


text:
There has been much publicity in the last few days about the Royal Navy ships sailing to the rescue of the thousands of Brits stranded in Spain. The BBC website even compared it to Dunkirk. Whilst its great that the Navy is able to help, lets try and get a few things in perspective.
HMS Albion is a 13,000 ton Landing Platforn Dock, commissioned in 2004. She is designed to land a military force, using Landing Craft and Helicopters. She can carry 300 troops over a long period, and 650 for short emergency situations. She has been deployed to Santander in northern France to bring home military personnel on their way home from Afghanistan, and a number of civilians. In 2006 her sister ship HMS Bulwark evacuated 1,300 people in one day. As civilians will take up much less space than soldiers and their equipment,
HMS Ocean is a 20,000 Landing Platform Helicopter, or Heliopter Carrier. She entered service in 1998. She has a very similar role to Albion, only using Helicopters more than Landing Craft. She can normally carry up to 800 me for short periods. This, however, is while the air group is embarked, so potentially with more space in her hangar more could possibly be accomadated.
HMS Ark Royal is the current Flagship of the Royal Navy. An Invincible Class Aircraft Carrier, she weighs in at 20,000 tons. Her primary role is to operate Harriers, but she can also act as a Helicopter Carrier in a similar manner to HMS Ocean. Ark Royal is currently at sea off the west cost of Scotland, with her air group embarked. Therefore to use her to evacuate civilians from Spain will take her – the UK's only active aircraft carrier – away from an important exercise.
Between the three ships we are looking at a lift capacity of somewhere in the region of 3,000 people. However according to the BBC, there are somewhere in the region of 150,000 British nationals stranded around the world – a drop in the ocean indeed. Given that a run from northern Spain to the south of England will take the best part of a day, the three ships will make an almost microscopic dent in the backlog of Brits needing help.
Not only that, but the three ships represent almost all of the Royal Navy's large assets – having them removed from duties dents the capability of the Royal Navy. They are not designed to carry large amounts of people, in the same manner as a roll-on-roll-off ferry or a cruise liner. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary does possess four Bay Class Landing Ships which would be ideal, but they are very stretched indeed.
Its great that the Royal Navy is able to assist in this kind of a crisis, but in this particular example it is hard to argue that their contribution is important. If, for example, thousands of Briton's needed evacuating from a far-away country with little infrastructure, such as Lebanon, the Landing Craft and Helicopters would be absolutely invaluable. That would be exactly the kind of job the Navy is there for.


text:
Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
US Secretary of State John Kerry on Thursday said it was wrong for Israel to insist upon being recognized by the Palestinians as a "Jewish state" as a condition for peace.
"I think it's a mistake for some people to be, you know, raising it again and again as the critical decider of their attitude towards the possibility of a state and peace, and we've obviously made that clear," Kerry told the congressional House Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Kerry's remarks would seem to be an about face from Washington's position on the matter just over a month ago.
In late January, New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, who is close to the White House, wrote that Kerry's Middle East peace proposal would call on the Palestinians to "recognize Israel as the nation state of the Jewish people" as one of the core concessions necessary for a final status peace agreement.
The discrepancy suggests that the Obama Administration could be succumbing to Palestinian pressure and altering its proposal to lean more toward the Arab agenda.
Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas has repeatedly stated that he will never recognize Israel as the Jewish state, and threatened to quit the peace talks over that and other US-backed Israeli conditions. On Sunday, Arab League head Nabil Elaraby told Al-Arabiya that he fully backs Abbas' position, and is calling for all Arab countries to take a "firm stand" against Israel's demand to be recognized as the Jewish state.
For Israel, the condition is a critical one because official recognition of a Jewish state by the Palestinian Authority would mean that the Arabs finally accept Israel's right to exist in the region as the national homeland of the Jewish people, thereby precluding (presumably) any future attempts to destroy it.
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text:
notes: Mandarinfish live in coral rubble and come out to mate at dusk. Those in the Solomons are even more elusive than elsewhere. I had to prefocus my camera and although this picture isn't sharp, I was lucky to find him in the frame.
photographer: Linda Cline | shooting date: 2000-11-04 | camera: Nikonos RS | lens: 50mm + 2X Teleconverter | light source: Ikelite SS200 | media: Fujichrome Sensia II 100 | shooting mode: Av | metering: Multi | country: Solomon Islands | location: White Beach, Russell Islands | categories: All, Fish
SLIDESHOW | 4s | 7s | 10s | 15s | 20s


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Hey all just found this site and think its awesome. My current math ability is embarrassing but for some reason find math fascinating i want to learn more about it.
Curious though was everyone here a young math prodigy as a child or did some members get involved in math at a later age like me (im 26).
Last edited by bronxsystem (2013-06-26 20:06:13)
Hi bronxsystem;
Welcome to the forum!
a child or did some members get involved in math in later age like me (im 26).
Although I had a love - hate relationship with it all my life, I only began to really need it much later in life. I would say in my early seventies is when I started getting serious.
In mathematics, you don't understand things. You just get used to them.
If it ain't broke, fix it until it is.
Always satisfy the Prime Directive of getting the right answer above all else.
Hi bronysystem
Welcome to the forum!
Hi bobbym
Although I had a love - hate relationship with it all my life
More hate than love.
Last edited by anonimnystefy (2013-06-26 20:40:48)
Here lies the reader who will never open this book. He is forever dead.
Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most. ― Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment
The knowledge of some things as a function of age is a delta function.
I was in love with maths only after I was 25, when I got I stable job I start thinking of other things to do.
Anyway @bobbym I'll be away to Bulgaria and France from June 29 - July 10 without being able to bring the computer so I'm not likely to visit the forum during the mean time.
Hi bronxsystem
welcome to the forum
There are 10 kinds of people in the world,people who understand binary and people who don't.
HI bronxsystem....
Welcome to this forum...
Jake is Alice's father, Jake is the ________ of Alice's father?
Why is T called island letter?
think, think, think and don't get up with a solution...
thanks all ^^
Hi bronxsystem, welcome.
Mathaholic | 10th most active poster | Maker of the 350,000th post | Person | rrr's classmate
Hi bronxsystem, I hope you learn a lot from here and overcome your anxieties.
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Tuesday, September 8th 2009, 9:43am
This post has been edited 1 times, last edit by "t1021ru" (Sep 14th 2009, 12:28pm)
Location: USA
Tuesday, September 8th 2009, 11:14am
Supreme Member
Tuesday, September 8th 2009, 12:59pm
Monday, September 14th 2009, 12:31pm
Friday, September 25th 2009, 8:19pm
Supreme Member
Location: Houston, Texas
Saturday, September 26th 2009, 6:26pm
newbie bob
Thursday, May 27th 2010, 6:33pm
Will new caps fit on older model 1800s? I thought there was a change made a while back (15+ yrs) that prevented this?The seal on the Rainbird 1800 will start to go bad after about 10 years depending how much sunlight it gets. The seal it the white part on the top of the sprinkler. Best bet is to buy new 1800's. Unscrew the guts and replace if this is the problem. You can buy just the cap but they cost as much if not more than the whole sprinkler. Try pulling on the stems while the sprinklers are running and see if they seal and spray better. If so look for bad seals.
Location: USA
Thursday, May 27th 2010, 7:23pm
Supreme Member
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> Allergen immunotherapy
Allergen immunotherapy
Also listed as:
Immunotherapy, Allergy shots
Related terms
Author information
Integrative therapies
How it is performed
Side effects
Who should receive immunotherapy
Response to immunotherapy
New therapies
Related Terms
Allergen, allergen extract, allergic, allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, allergies, allergy, anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, antibodies, antibody, antigen, build-up dose, chemical mediators, conjunctivitis, desensitization, desensitized, hay fever, histamine, hypersensitive reaction, hypersensitivity, Ig, IgE, immune, immune defense system, immune system, immunoglobulin, immunoglobulin E, inflammation, intranasal immunotherapy, maintenance dose, oral immunotherapy, pinkeye, rush immunotherapy, sensitized, therapeutic dose.
Allergen immunotherapy, also known as allergy shots, is often used to treat patients who suffer from severe allergies or who experience allergy symptoms more than three months a year. Allergen immunotherapy involves injecting increasing amounts of a diluted allergen into a patient over several months.
Rather than treating the symptoms of allergies, immunotherapy treats the immune system, which is responsible for an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction occurs when the body is exposed to an antigen (foreign substance like pollen, dust mites, mold and pet dander) that is mistakenly identified as a harmful invader. The white blood cells produce an antibody (immunoglobulin E) to the antigen. This process is called sensitization.
Once the body is sensitized, the immune cells will release chemical mediators like histamine when the antigen enters the body. These mediators cause inflammation, as well as allergy symptoms, such as sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes and hives.
Allergy shots desensitize the patient's immune system so it will not react to the antigen. After therapy, the white blood cells produce less immunoglobulin E when the antigen enters the body. The lower amounts of immunoglobulin E mean that a patient's body is not as sensitive to the antigen and allergy symptoms are reduced.
According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, immunotherapy is only recommended for patients who have allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever, an allergic reaction that causes inflammation of the nose), conjunctivitis (pinkeye) and stinging insect allergies. Immunotherapy is not recommended for patients who have food allergies. There is conflicting scientific evidence of the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Immunotherapy does not cure allergies, but it may help reduce the body's sensitivity to certain substances. During therapy, some patients may not experience any allergy symptoms. Immunotherapy has shown to prevent the development of new allergies and, in children, it can prevent the progression of allergic rhinitis to asthma. However, the effectiveness of immunotherapy depends on how severe the patient's allergies are, as well as how many substances the patient is allergic to.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology. Allergic Conditions: Immunotherapy. .
American Academy of Family Physicians. Allergy Shots: Could They Help Your Allergies? .
eMedicineHealth. Allergy Shots. .
MayoClinic.com. Allergy shots: Hope for long-term allergy relief. .
Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
WebMD. Allergies: Allergy Shots. .
Integrative therapies
: It is proposed that bromelain may be a useful addition to other therapies that are used to treat sinusitis (such as antibiotics). Bromelain is thought to reduce inflammation and swelling caused by allergens. Studies report mixed results, although overall bromelain appears to be beneficial for reducing swelling and improving breathing. Better studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.
Avoid if allergic to bromelain, pineapple, honeybee, venom, latex, birth pollen, carrots, celery, fennel, cypress pollen, grass pollen, papain, rye flour, wheat flour or other members of the Bromeliaceae
family. Use cautiously with history of bleeding disorders, stomach ulcers, heart disease, liver disease or kidney disease. Use cautiously before dental or surgical procedures or while driving or operating machinery. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Comparisons of butterbur to prescription drugs, such as fexofenadine (Allegra®) and cetirizine (Zyrtec®), have reported similar efficacy. These results suggest benefits of butterbur for prevention of allergic rhinitis. Additional research is warranted before a strong recommendation can be made.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to
Petasites hybridus
or other plants from the Asteraceae/Compositae family (like ragweed, marigolds, daisies and chrysanthemums). Raw, unprocessed butterbur plant should not be eaten due to the risk of liver or kidney, damage or cancer. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Nasal irrigation
: There is good evidence from randomized controlled and equivalence trials, and case series, to recommend the use of nasal irrigation in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. One study demonstrated reflexology massage as being equally effective. However the advantage of irrigation (i.e. inexpensive, performed at home, minimal side effects) makes the technique beneficial. Methodological and statistical reporting are lacking in some of these trials. A well-conducted randomized controlled trial fully reporting data would make the case for allergic rhinitis stronger.
There is good evidence from randomized controlled trials, case series, and equivalence trials to recommend the use of nasal irrigation in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. A large, randomized, double-blinded study would lend strong support to the usage of nasal irrigation for the treatment of chronic sinusitis.
There are three forms of nasal irrigation therapies. Saline lavage uses a warm liquid solution, while large-particle nebulized aerosol therapy uses aerosolized saline solution. A humidified warm air lavage (hyperthermia) is also used. Occasionally, antibiotics are added to the solution. Nasal saline irrigation is still the main treatment for acute rhinitis in infants since excessive usage of vasoconstrictor nose drops is not recommended in early childhood.
: More studies are needed of stronger design to determine whether or not acupuncture can effectively treat chronic sinusitis.
Acupuncture plus point-injection has been found beneficial for hives, although more research is needed to confirm these findings.
Cat's claw
: There is insufficient evidence to recommend cat's claw for allergic respiratory diseases at this time.
: Oral tricholine citrate (TRI) effectively relieved allergic rhinitis symptoms of in one study. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
: Preliminary study suggests that ephedrine nasal spray, which is made from a chemical in ephedra, may help treat symptoms of nasal allergies. Additional research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
A randomized, controlled trial has shown promising results of a 1% ephedrine saline nasal wash in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Results from further randomized, controlled trials are warranted before recommending for or against the use of ephedrine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Although effects in this study reportedly lasted for 2-4 weeks, there is a theoretical a concern that tolerance might develop. Notably, saline nasal washes alone have been demonstrated as effective. Further research is warranted in this area, with a long-term comparison to saline monotherapy and nasally inhaled corticosteroids.
Eucalyptus oil
: Although commonly used in non-prescription products, there is inconclusive scientific study of eucalyptus oil or eucalyptol. Better research is necessary before a recommendation can be made.
: Currently, there is insufficient human evidence to recommend honey for the treatment of rhinoconjunctivitis. One poor quality trial reported no benefit of the use of honey for the treatment of rhinoconjunctivitis.
: Preliminary research has provided inconclusive evidence on the use of hypnotherapy for the treatment of hay fever. More well-designed clinical trials are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
Lactobacillus acidophilus
: A small study was conducted to evaluate the effects of
Lactobacillus acidophilus
strain L-92 (L-92) on the symptoms of Japanese cedar-pollen allergy with positive results. Further research is needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
: Preliminary evidence suggests some benefit of perilla extract for seasonal allergies. Further clinical trials are required before recommendations can be made.
: Probiotics show promise for reducing or preventing atopic dermatitis (eczema) in children. Infants benefit when their mothers take probiotics during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Direct supplementation for infants may reduce incidence of atopic eczema by as much as half. It may also reduce cow's milk allergy and other allergic reactions during weaning. Probiotics may stabilize the intestinal barrier function and decrease gastrointestinal symptoms in children with atopic dermatitis. Children do differ, however, in their responsiveness to specific probiotics.
: There is no reliable human evidence evaluating sorrel monotherapy as a treatment for sinusitis. However, it is an ingredient contained in combination formulas marketed for sinusitis, including Sinupret® (a combination product including cowslip flower, European elderflower, gentian root and verbena, which is available in Europe) and Quanterra
Sinus Defense (the U.S. equivalent of Sinupret®, not manufactured since 2000). Although there is promising early evidence for this formula in patients with sinusitis, better quality research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Stinging nettle
: For many years, a freeze-dried preparation of
Urtica dioica
has been prescribed by physicians and sold over-the-counter for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Clinical trials demonstrating statistical significance over placebo, and/or equivalence with other available treatments, are needed to support the use of nettle in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
Vitamin E
: Although vitamin E is commonly thought to help reduce the nasal symptoms of allergies, it may not be effective. Current evidence is limited, however, and more studies are needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
How it is performed
Allergen immunotherapy works like a vaccine. A diluted extract of the allergen that the patient is allergic to is injected into the patient. The patient responds to the treatment by developing an immunity or tolerance to the allergen. As a result of these immune changes, immunotherapy can lead to decreased, minimal or no allergy symptoms when the patient is exposed to the particular allergen again.
There are two phases of immunotherapy - the build-up phase and the maintenance phase. During the build-up phase, allergy shots are injected into the upper arm once or twice a week for several months (typically three to six months). The dose is gradually increased until the maintenance dose is reached.
The maintenance phase begins once the effective therapeutic dose is reached. This dose is different for each patient because it depends on the patient's level of allergen sensitivity and their response to immunotherapy during the build-up phase. Once the maintenance dose is reached, the patient will continue therapy every two to four weeks for two to five years or more.
Side effects
There are two types of side effects associated with immunotherapy - local and systemic (occurring in many areas throughout the body).
Local reactions are relatively common and may include redness and swelling at the injection site. This can occur immediately after treatment or several hours later.
Systemic reactions are much less common, and they are usually mild and responsive to medications. Symptoms typically develop within 30 minutes of treatment and require immediate treatment. Symptoms may include increased allergy symptoms like nasal congestion, hives or sneezing. A rare, but life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis has also been reported. Symptoms of anaphylaxis can vary from mild to severe The most dangerous symptoms are low blood pressure, breathing difficulties, shock and loss of consciousness, all of which can be fatal. Anaphylaxis is an emergency condition that requires immediate medical attention. Epinephrine is a medication used to treat severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis. Administering the epinephrine as soon as possible improves the patient's chance of survival and a quick recovery.
Before receiving immunotherapy, patients should tell their healthcare providers if they are taking any drugs (prescription or over-the-counter), herb or supplements.
Patients should not engage in any vigorous physical activity two hours before and after treatment. Exercise may increase the blood flow to the tissues and promote faster release of antigens from the allergy shot into the bloodstream.
Patients should consult their healthcare providers about the safety of immunotherapy if they are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. If a pregnant woman experiences anaphylaxis in response to immunotherapy, the fetus may be harmed.
Who should receive immunotherapy
According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology, immunotherapy is only recommended for patients who have allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis (hay fever, allergic reaction that causes inflammation of the nose), conjunctivitis (pinkeye) and stinging insect allergies. Immunotherapy is not recommended for patients who have food allergies. There is conflicting scientific evidence of the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Once a patient is diagnosed with one of the conditions that are frequently treated with immunotherapy, the healthcare provider assesses the patient to determine the best treatment option. The physician will evaluate the duration and severity of allergy symptoms, how well medications and/or environmental controls manage allergy symptoms, as well as the patient's ability to commit to long-term treatment.
Children who are five years old and older can receive immunotherapy in the United States. Recent studies have indicated that immunotherapy may prevent the development of new allergies in children, and they may also prevent the development of asthma in patients who are diagnosed with rhinitis.
There is no upper age limit for patients who receive immunotherapy. However, since there is a slight chance of severe allergic reactions to immunotherapy, healthcare providers should consider other medical conditions (like heart disease) that may make immunotherapy riskier.
Response to immunotherapy
Patients may begin to experience reduced allergy symptoms during the build-up phase of treatment. However, other patients may not experience reduced symptoms for as long as 12 months on the maintenance dose. Allergic responses may improve progressively with immunotherapy. The effectiveness of immunotherapy seems to be related to both the length of treatment and the dose of the allergen.
Some patients may not respond to treatment at all. This may occur if the injections contain inadequate doses of the allergen, if additional allergens were not identified during the allergy evaluation, if the patient is exposed to high levels of non-allergic triggers (like tobacco smoke) or if there are high levels of the allergen in the home or work environment that cannot be avoided.
New therapies
In addition to traditional allergy shots, several new immunotherapy techniques have been suggested. These therapies are currently undergoing trials to determine their effectiveness for the treatment of allergies.
Rush immunotherapy
: Rush immunotherapy involves a more rapid build-up phase. The patient receives increasing doses of the allergen every few hours rather than every few days. However, patients who receive rush immunotherapy have an increased risk of developing systemic side effects such as anaphylaxis. Therefore, patients undergoing this therapy should receive treatment in a hospital, under close medical supervision.
Oral immunotherapy
: Oral immunotherapy works similarly to traditional immunotherapy, except the allergen extract is administered as an oral droplet. Doses and treatment duration are generally the same as traditional immunotherapy. Oral immunotherapy has shown to be beneficial in some patients. However, this therapy is not approved for use in the United States.
Intranasal immunotherapy
: Several controlled, well-designed studies suggest that intranasal (inside the nose) administration of birch tree, grass and dust mite allergen extracts may effectively reduce nasal symptoms of rhinitis, such as nasal congestion and sneezing. The main side effect associated with intranasal immunotherapy is irritation of the tissues inside the nose. However, this therapy may not produce the same long-lasting effects that have been associated with traditional immunotherapy. Intranasal immunotherapy is not currently available for use in the United States.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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Welcome to Nevada, the Silver state! You can find almost anything to do here, from gambling and entertainment to golfing and outdoor activities. A Nevada vacation is a great choice no matter what you like to do. Nevada has great accommodations, guided tours and trip planners to help you experience the ultimate vacation.
Start your Nevada travels in Las Vegas. Hundreds of Nevada casinos, hotels and resorts, shows, bars and nightclubs, restaurants, and stores await you in this city of bright lights. There is never a dull moment in Vegas, and if you are looking for a fast paced, fun and entertaining vacation, Vegas is the ultimate hotspot. There is so much to see and do during a Vegas vacation, it is a truly unique and unforgettable way to spend your Nevada travels.
Next stop, one of Nevada's 25 state parks, where you can hike rocky trails, go mountain climbing or bike along a forested path. Nevada is home to some of the most spectacular views and sunsets in the nation and a truly beautiful place to vacation. Head to the Great Basin National Park in the east or Lake Tahoe State Park in the west for a Nevada beach vacation. Here you can swim, fish and water ski! Soak up the hot Nevada sun in the summer along the shores of famous Lake Tahoe or Lake Mead.
In the winter enjoy a different yet equally exciting Nevada vacation. In Lake Tahoe, one of the top ski resort destinations in the world, there are 18 resorts, with trails for all ages and all skill levels. You can ski, snowboard, snow shoe or snowmobile almost anywhere in Lake Tahoe. This is a great Nevada family vacation idea! However, if you're looking to get away from the kids for a while there is a vibrant and thriving night life and live music scene in this city after dark.
Nevada is a golf lover's paradise, with over 100 golf courses, catering to all different skill sets and budgets. These courses are spread throughout the state and range from high end luxurious resorts, complete with 5 star accommodations, spas and dining to small courses where you can spend the afternoon with friends and grab a drink at the club house after.
There is so much more happening in the Silver State, including festivals, outdoor markets, eco tours and great outdoor activities all across the state. Visit one of Nevada's many unique small towns or cities. Take an American Indian culture tour or visit a dude ranch and go horseback riding for the day! Check out the unique vacation packages we offer on RealAdventures.com and start planning your Nevada vacation today!
Jeanine Kutil


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Seahawks quarterback Russell Wilson might not have set a new record for passing yardage like Andrew Luck on Sunday, but the Seahawks were plenty happy with Wilson's performance all the same.
Wilson threw for 173 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions in Seattle's 30-20 win over the Vikings. The win leaves the Seahawks with a 5-4 record with a home date against the Jets to come before they go on their bye week and we'll get a chance to find out what Wilson thinks about the current state of affairs on PFT Live Monday. Wilson will join Mike Florio to discuss how his rookie season is unfolding and what he needs to do better in order to keep the Seahawks on the path to a winning record.
Rich Tandler of CSNWashington.com will also be on hand to talk about the Redskins after their loss to the Panthers dropped them to 3-6 on the season. They'll be on their bye this week, which should give coach Mike Shanahan plenty of time to figure out which players need evaluation in the final weeks of the season. We'll hear from Tandler about the reaction to Shanahan's shift of modes after Sunday's loss.
You can watch it all live at noon ET.


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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) can convert hydrogen (but also other fuels like methane, biogas etc.) with high efficiency into electricity at very low emissions. Thus on the short term SOFC can contribute to a more efficient use of existing fuels and on the slightly longer term SOFC can contribute to a CO2 neutral energy production.
SOFC can also be operated in a combined fuel cell and electrolysis mode to generate fuel from surplus electricity when this is available and to convert fuel back into electricity when needed. This will be a key function for power-grid load-balancing and hence help the large scale introduction of sustainable energy sources like wind- and solar power.
However, SOFCs with today's technology have not the reliability and long-term stability that would make a large scale use feasible. A number of degradation mechanisms are related to the steel parts of the fuel cell in combination with a high operating temperature of 700-900°C.
This project investigates the use of nano-coatings to prevent these degradation mechanisms. E.g. by the application of thin films of cerium the corrosion rates of the material can be reduced substantially. Other coatings (or combinations of coatings) can be used to improve chemical stability or electronic properties. In the course of the project the coatings will be applied by a large scale industrial process at Sandvik Materials Technology (Sandviken, Sweden). The properties of the coated materials are then studied at University of Oslo (Oslo, Norway)and Chalmers University of Technology (Göteborg, Sweden) under various conditions. Topsoe Fuel Cells (Lyngby, Denmark) will use coated components in their Fuel Cell stacks and evaluate their benefits under real life conditions.
Jan-Erik Svensson
Chalmers University of Technology
University of Oslo
Sandvik Materials Technology
Topsoe Fuel Cell
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Very Long Baseline Array
The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is an interferometer consisting of 10 identical antennas on transcontinental baselines up to 8000 km (Mauna Kea, Hawaii to St. Croix, Virgin Islands). The VLBA is controlled remotely from the Science Operations Center in Socorro, New Mexico. Each VLBA station consists of a 25 m antenna and an adjacent control building. The received signals are amplified, digitized, and recorded on fast, high capacity recorders. The recorded data are sent from the individual VLBA stations to the correlator in Socorro.
The VLBA observes at wavelengths of 28 cm to 3 mm (1.2 GHz to 96 GHz) in eight discrete bands plus two narrow sub-gigahertz bands, including the primary spectral lines that produce high-brightness maser emission. The array can be scheduled dynamically, and its continuum sensitivity can be improved by a factor of 5 or more by adding the GBT and the phased VLA to the VLBA.
The Guide to Using the VLBA provides an introduction to all aspects of using the Very Long Baseline Array for astronomical research.
A virtual VLBA tour briefly describes and provides a near real-time image of each of the ten VLBA antenna sites.
Science with the VLBA
Precision astrometry is a VLBA science centerpiece. The relative astrometric accuracy of ~ 10 micro-arcseconds achievable with the VLBA is better than what the Gaia satellite is designed to achieve for most stars in its catalog (scheduled for release after 2015).
In 2010, the VLBA will begin a long-term program to determine the complete 3D structure of the Milky Way by measuring parallaxes with 10 mas accuracy or better to ~ 400 high-mass star-formation regions. This program is expected to eventually measure the fundamental galactic rotation parameters with 1% accuracy, helping to quantify the detailed distribution of luminous and dark matter in the Milky Way.
The VLBA is also expected to anchor High Sensitivity Array observations of the center of M31 in an effort to detect the galaxy's nucleus with significant signal-to-noise and enable a first-epoch position measurement. The ultimate goal is to measure the proper motion of M31 relative to the Milky Way, which should help distinguish between scenarios proposed for the formation of the Local Group and provide a measurement of the mass of M31 and its dark-matter halo.
The NASA Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope released its first gamma-ray source catalog in early 2009. In 2010, the VLBA will participate in several observational programs as part of a continuing coordinated effort with Fermi.
A long-term, continuing VLBA program to study Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) containing central H2O megamasers has 2 primary scientific goals: (1) acquire geometric distance measurements that enable an accurate determination of the Hubble Constant and related dark-energy parameters; and (2) directly measure the masses of central black holes with accuracies of at least 10%, much better than any other technique used for sources outside the Milky Way. The megamaser program requires considerable integration time because of the weakness of most maser sources and will benefit from an increase in VLBA bandwidth that will be made available via the VLBA Sensitivity Enhancement Program.


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Any playing card is selected and signed, returned to the deck and the cards are shuffled, cut and placed face down on the table. The performer tells the spectator that their signed card is now on the bottom of the shuffled deck of cards. The deck is turned face up to reveal the bottom card is the Joker. At this time the performer explains that Jokers are wild and it represents their signed selection. After a bit of "Joking around" the performer then picks up the card box and taps the deck. Instantly and visually the Joker changes into the signed selection. He then opens the card box to reveal the magical wild card has ended up inside the closed box. WOW! JOKERS ARE INDEED WILD!
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RTC Conference Primers: #16 – Southern ConferencePosted by Brian Goodman on October 20th, 2010
Justin Glover is the RTC correspondent for the Southern Conference, but he is moving on and therefore we are seeking a skilled, knowledgeable writer familiar with this conference.
Predicted Order of Finish
North Division:
- Appalachian State: 21-11 (13-5)
- Chattanooga: 17-14 (11-7)
- Western Carolina: 16-15 (9-9)
- Samford: 14-18 (9-9)
- UNC Greensboro: 9-23 (7-11)
- Elon: 8-23 (5-13)
South Division:
- Wofford: 25-10 (14-4)
- College of Charleston: 21-13 (13-5)
- Furman: 17-15 (10-8)
- Davidson: 16-17 (8-10)
- Georgia Southern: 13-19 (6-12)
- Citadel: 10-21 (3-15)
All-Conference Team (key stats from last season in parentheses)
- Andrew Goudelock (G) – College of Charleston (19.4 PPG)
- Donald Sims (G) – Appalachian State (20.4 PPG)
- Amu Saaka (F) – Furman (15.8 PPG, 7.2 RPG)
- Tim Johnson (F) – Wofford (6.1 PPG, 8.0 RPG)
- Noah Dahlman (C) – Wofford (16.6 PPG, 6.3 RPG)
6th Man
Omar Carter – Appalachian State: The Charleston Southern transfer will look to contribute early on as a junior. While in the Big South, he was freshman of the year in 2007-08.
Impact Newcomer
James Carlton – College of Charleston: One of the top prospects out of the state of North Carolina, Carlton played in the 2010 NCCA East-West All-Star Game and Carolinas All-Star Basketball Classic. Carlton averaged 15 points, 14 rebounds, four assists and four blocks per game as a senior at South Central High School and is rated as a three-star power forward by Rivals.
What You Need to Know
- Not surprisingly, the losses of Stephen Curry and Andrew Lovedale from Davidson led to a slide from the Wildcats, who made major strides under Bob McKillop in the latter part of the decade.
- All 24 men's and women's teams will take part in the annual SoCon Tournament, the longest-running conference tournament in the nation. McKenzie Arena in Chattanooga, Tennessee, will serve as host during March 3-7.
- The Southern Conference ranks as the fourth oldest major college athletic conference in the United States. Only the Big Ten (1896), Missouri Valley (1907), and Southwestern Athletic (1920) are older.


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Rory McIlroy nearly aced his final hole Friday, striping a 153-yard approach on No. 9 to a hot dog's length. The closing birdie amounted to whipped cream on a pile of trash.
Playing partner Jason Day finished with a bogey, and the two major champions strolled off together.
"Get 'em next time, boys!" a spectator hollered.
As Day arrived at the Erin Hills scoring area, 4-year-old Dash jumped into his father's arms.
"Daddy, are we going home?" he asked.
Shockingly enough, the answer was yes.
The world's No. 2- and No. 3-ranked players, McIlroy and Day, headed home before moving day.
Fellow major champions Danny Willett, Jason...


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Paris Agreement Historic
Pretoria - President Jacob Zuma has congratulated the delegation representing South Africa at the 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) to ...Read more...
National Marine Week Launched
Environmental Affairs Minister Edna Molewa launched the annual National Marine Week Campaign, in Cape Town, on Monday.
Human Error Blamed For Aviation Accidents
Human error has proved to be the main contributor towards aviation accidents, Transport Minister Dipuo Peters said on Monday.
Dewani Expected To Land In SA Tomorrow
Honeymoon murder accused Shrien Dewani is expected to arrive in the country on Tuesday morning before making a brief appearance ...Read more...
Brics Membership Boosts SA's Global Standing
Cape Town - For a young adult, South Africa has definitely left its mark in the world. In December 2010, the ...Read more...
CCMA To Facilitate Amplats Talks
Pretoria – The Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) will from Friday facilitate negotiations between Anglo American Platinum (Amplats), the ...Read more...
Statement By Minister Donald Grant On The Preparations For 2010 Academic Year
In order to improve education outcomes in the province, as made clear in our strategic plan, the Western Cape Education ...Read more...


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Southern TAP represents ENC in national championship tournament in Chicago.
Having not even reached its third birthday, a local pool league has represented Eastern North Carolina twice on a national stage that�s been around 22 years.
Southern TAP, a branch of TAP Pool�s Amateur Tour league, started in February of 2011.
Nine teams totaling 78 players shoot at various businesses throughout Lenoir County on Tuesday nights, preparing for cycles of 16-week pool seasons. Nearly a dozen league members recently returned from playing in the national tournament in Chicago, as team STR8-N finished ninth out of 78 8-ball teams in the country.
�We�ve got a lot of talent and a lot of players on my team who really care about what they�re doing,� STR8-N Capitan Jared Boone said. �We wanted to do our best; it takes heart and talent.�
He admitted the team was going for the top spot at nationals, which were held last week.
Last year, the Southern TAP team finished at No. 17.
�It�s a great accomplishment,� said Chad Bostic, Southern TAP owner, �especially for this area � to actually be able to represent Lenoir County and Eastern North Carolina in a national championship.�
Bostic finished seventh in his division and his wife, Joy Bostic, came in fifth place in the nation for 8-ball singles. Southern TAP member Oscar Barker finished seventh in the 8-ball singles. Joy said she wanted to advance further than last year, which was a goal she achieved.
�To be able to go and finish the way I did was a big accomplishment for me,� said Bostic, who didn�t place last year.
�When we went to Chicago, there weren�t a lot of people or teams from North Carolina,� she said. �We were able to go, get our name out there, meet new people, market the league and get some ideas about how to help us grow.�
She and Chad are on team CLEAN-SL8 which currently has a 26-14 record.
Having a slot in the �fastest-growing amateur pool league in North America,� according to Bostic, Southern TAP is looking to expand into at least 13 teams.
Local perspective on sport of pool
Chad Bostic has been shooting pool 25 years, with an 8-ball inked on his hand to show for it.
He said to become successful at pool, one must practice the game.
�(It takes) practice and watching players that are better than you and learning from players that are the best in the area,� said Bostic, noting playing both offense and defense is essential in pool as it is any other sport.
His wife, Joy, had the best individual record among the league members during the championship run.
�It�s a good time for us to get together, have time together and do something that we enjoy doing,� said Joy Bostic, who is the captain of CLEAN SL8.
And while negative stereotypes may be associated with the sport of pool because billiards are mostly found in bars, Southern TAP members say the location is simply that � a location.
�Unfortunately (pool) is around bars,� Chad Bostic said, �but that�s because that�s where pool tables are. We have a lot of Christian players who play with us that don�t drink. I for one don�t drink.�
Bostic said you can find a lot of sportsmanship and enjoyment within pool.
�It�s a dying sport,� he said. �I really love it, and I�m trying to get people back into it because it�s a lot of fun.�
Jessika Morgan can be reached at 252-559-1078 and firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @JessikaMorgan.


text: If you know the signs to look for, it becomes clear that the Earth itself is breathing. Reto Stockli/Alan Nelson/Fritz Hasler/NASA hide caption toggle caption Reto Stockli/Alan Nelson/Fritz Hasler/NASA Opinion 13.7: Cosmos And Culture Is The Earth Alive? That Depends On Your Definition Of Life March 6, 2013 As scientists advance their understanding of how the Earth has changed through billions of years, it becomes increasingly clear that the Earth and the life on it are entwined in unique ways. Commentator Marcelo Gleiser goes in search of the origins of life in a meeting of the minds at CERN.


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Cary News: Sports
Green Hope softball stuns Apex with late rally
With a riveting five-run sixth inning, Green Hope pulled off a stunning 9-8 win over Apex in a Southwest Wake Athletic Conference softball game Thursday afternoon for one of the biggest wins in the program's history.
Ali Then capped the rally with a run-scoring single, helping the Falcons improve to 9-1 overall, 4-1 in the SWAC. Shae Condon, Kamron Phillips and Shelby Scott preceded Then's heroics with run-scoring hits of their own as Green Hope recorded its second straight win over Apex dating back to last season.
Green Hope coach Morgan Caddell could barely contain her excitement over the home field conquest of the Cougars (7-1, 4-1) and her pride in the Falcons' achievement.
"I'm so proud of our team. We never once gave up," Caddell said. "When we got down, we battled and were so mentally strong."
Green Hope had several chances to display its toughness, as Apex scored a pair of runs in the first inning on Kaitlyn Long's two-run double. The Cougars extended their lead to 6-0 in the third sparked by Alexis Overdiep's two-run triple.
Emily Wynne rapped a two-run single in the bottom of the frame, and Maddison Clifford added a RBI single in the fourth to help Green Hope cut the lead to 6-4.
Apex appeared to get ahead comfortably at 8-4 in the fifth as Jordan Smith contributed a key infield hit, swiped a base and later scored on an error.
That only served to set the stage for the Falcons' remarkable comeback, which left the Cougars stunned heading into spring break.
Apex coach Bonnie Hodge, whose daughter Lindsay took the loss on the hill, was disappointed in her team's effort in a game the Cougars seemed to have command of throughout.
Apex was undefeated entering the game. Now it is part of a four-way tie for first in the loss column with Middle Creek, Fuquay-Varina and the Falcons.
"We didn't come to play," Hodge said. "Green Hope did its job and we didn't."
Condon, who got on base three times and has 15 hits in 29 at-bats on the season, said remaining cool under pressure helped her and her teammates notch the impressive win. She expects the performance will also help the Falcons succeed going forward.
"It was intense out there, but I just wanted to stay calm and hit the ball," said Condon, normally a slap-hitter who changed her style to a more typical batting stance for the game. "I now know I have the ability to do it."
That could be said for the entire Green Hope softball team, as well.