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I am slowly recovering from the Frenzy of Fair we were involved in last week. I am sitting here trying to think of how to explain what lead me to the fair, not once, but TWICE, in one week. Really, I have nothing to say for myself. Mostly I blame Rosie, my housekeeper.
Rosie cleans my house twice a month on Wednesday mornings, in order to keep me from
divorcing my husband arguing with Mark about the division of labor in our home. I love Rosie but I have some weird quirks about having a housekeeper. For one, I often feel like she and her crew are talking about me in Spanish. I have paranoid thoughts about them saying things like "Why can't she pick up these toys before we come?" Or "How many liquids can one person spill in the fridge in fourteen days?" Pretty much everything they say to each other, I assume they are saying about me. I'm not really sure why I am telling you this, because it has nothing to do with how I got to the fair. I'm just saying, if you talk in front of me in another language, NAIL SALON LADIES, I will assume it is about me. Me me me.
My other, slightly-relevant-to-this-story quirk about Rosie coming, is that I absolutely hate being home while she is cleaning. It just makes me feel really lazy to sit on the sofa while she cleans around me. So I always try to leave as soon as she gets here. (And when I was pregnant and sick, I would just pretend to be really, really busy while I was laying there. And also I tried to lift my feet up when she needed to sweep under my spot on the couch. Not at all awkward).
So. It's Wednesday. Rosie week. I am trying to figure out where to take the kids after I pick them up for preschool. We need a destination so we don't arrive home before she's done. I remember that it is a book drive day at the fair, and if there is one thing I have no shortage of in my house, it is books. So I pick out a few and stock up the diaper bag, thinking we can just make a quick appearance at the fair. At this point, I'm feeling fun and spontaneous and invincible. I'm actually a little giddy, because this kind of off-the-cuff decision is so unlike me. One might even describe my state as manic. If one were a mental health professional. (Good thing I don't know any of those).
I went to pick up the kids, and I let them know that I had a fun surprise to tell them in the car. They both lit up with excitement! We hurried to the car, where I sat them down, buckled them in, and then turned to give them the big news. "Kids, we are going to the fair!"
Blank stares. And then,
JAFTA: But what's the surprise?
INDIA: Where is my present?
ME: We're going to the fair! THAT's the surprise!
INDIA: But no! I want a surprise! Where is my new thing? I want a new something.
JAFTA: Are we getting a giant spongebob toy at the fair?
INDIA: I wanted a present! A present!! WAHHHHHHHH!
ME: Um . . . this isn't going how I planned . . .
I probably could have switched the plan up and given them both a Happy Meal Toy and they would have been satisfied, but I was determined to shine in my Oscar-nominated role as Fun, Spontaneous Mom Who Takes Her Children To The Fair On A Whim. I drove around my neighborhood looking for a place to park and decided on a spot about a quarter mile from my house. This put us at about a quarter mile from the fairgrounds.
The part of this story I failed to anticipate is that once you are on the fairgrounds property, there is still about a mile of parking lot until you get to the actual fair entrance. The other minor detail I forgot is that I have a double stroller and THREE CHILDREN. It's been a while since I made this walk, and it literally slipped my mind that Jafta would have to hoof it on this mile-long trek, too. (Incidentally, it was about 100 degrees that day, and we were walking across a mile of black asphalt). About halfway across the parking lot, I actually thought that it might be a good idea to turn around. Jafta was so tired that he was begging me to call a taxi. Had that been an option, I would have.
Once we got into the actual fair, I explained to the kids that this would just be a short fair trip, and that we wouldn't be riding any rides. Then we passed by a huge booth of spiderman toys, and I explained that we wouldn't be buying any toys. Then we passed by a row of food vendors and I explained that we already ate lunch. Then we passed by the midway and I explained that we wouldn't be spending $40 to try to win a Hannah Montana bedazzled pillow.
Just to clarify, in case you are taking notes on my parenting genius: in the course of five minutes I categorically outlawed the entire fair to a two-year-old and four-year-old. Jafta looked like someone had just told him there was no Santa Claus. I tried to act like this was all still a big, huge party, and made a beeline for the "Fun Zone".
The Fun Zone is a huge sauna of a tent that has kid's activities inside. It is pretty much the only free offering at the entire fair. It consists of a huge sand pile, surrounded by stations of toys that most kids own at home (legos, tinker toys, blocks, etc). Fortunately, my kids bought it and they played in there for hours. I was bored so I started taking photos of weird people. This family wins, hands down:
The whole family was wearing matching tye-died shirts, and matching batik-print shorts. You can see some of the family in this picture. Unfortunately two preteen sons were outside of the shot, and I was trying to pretend to take a picture of India, so calling them over was not an option. But may I point out that their youngest son is wearing a girl's bonnet that appears to be straight off the set of Little House on the Prairie.
And then there was this moron who left her purse wide open on top of her stroller while she walked around taking photos of strangers.
Oh wait, that was me.
I have not seen a lot of circus shows, but even with my limited experience I feel qualified to say that this was the WORST CIRCUS EVER. First of all, the M.C. was very old and very frail. He could barely walk. Either this guy really really loves his job or the circus does not have a great 401k plan. He was struggling to get through any of the acts. I should also mention that I believe the props and soundtrack of the show have not changed since the invention of the locomotive. The whole thing was, ahem, vintage. Then another guy comes out to do some juggling, but dropped his props several times during fairly simple moves. So suffice it to say, when he brought out the knives, I was not feeling confident in his juggling abilities. Especially sitting in the front row. Then this same guy, who does not look especially physically fit, does a little trick where he balances himself on chairs, which Jafta thought was the coolest thing in the world. I might have said a few prayers for this man in those five minutes. I also might have had a very small panic attack.
Once the freak show was finally over (and the circus finished up), I let the kids have some ice cream and we again headed for the exit, but this time we were sidetracked by the petting zoo. Now, if you know me at all, you know how much I love animals. From a distance. A very, very safe distance.
That was my final cue to leave the fair.


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Having a focal point for memorializing the deceased is a natural human need. Throughout human history, memorialization of the dead has been a key component of almost every culture. The Washington Monument, Tomb of the Unknowns and Vietnam "Wall" in Washington, D.C., are examples of memorialization demonstrating that throughout our history, we have always honored our dead.
Psychologists say that remembrance practices serve an important emotional function by helping bring closure and allowing the healing process to begin. Providing a permanent resting place for the deceased is a dignified treatment for a loved one's mortal remains.
Yes, there are many options for final placement of cremated remains, including beautiful cremation gardens with estates, columbarium, niches, monuments, benches, custom pedestals, and ground burial spaces.
A columbarium is constructed of numerous small compartments (niches) designed to hold urns containing cremated remains. It's often located inside a mausoleum or chapel but can be free-standing, either indoor or outdoor.
In most cases you'll find that an "outer burial container" is a cemetery requirement. Its use protects the casket from the weight of the earth and heavy maintenance equipment. It also helps resist water and preserves the beauty of the cemetery by preventing the ground from settling.
Essentially, yes. A burial vault is a lined and sealed outer receptacle that houses the casket and protects the casket from the intrusion of water and elements. We offer three categories of vaults, with differences in the level of protection, warranty, beauty, and personalization. Your funeral directors can explain all these differences.
Although a hearse or casket coach is most commonly used, other options are often appropriate. Families might consider more personalized and meaningful options — for example, a firefighter may be transported on a fire truck. We can often arrange for a motorcycle hearse, caisson or horse-drawn hearse, depending upon availability.
If the burial is out of state, we will coordinate the transportation of the deceased and work with a funeral home that can help in the out-of-town cemetery. We strongly encourage you to call us and let us make all the arrangements for your family.
Cremation is just one step in the commemorative process. Memorialization is a time-honored tradition that serves as a tribute to a life lived and provides a focal point for remembrance as well as a record for future generations.
Choosing a memorial is a completely personal decision with the limit set only by your imagination. You might prefer ground burial of the urn, and can choose either a bronze memorial or monument. You could choose a cremation niche in a columbarium, which offers the beauty of a mausoleum setting with the benefits of above-ground placement of remains. Many cemeteries also offer scattering gardens, which provide a serene setting where family and friends can gather to reflect.
Your options are numerous. Cremated remains can be interred in a cemetery plot, retained by a family member in an urn, or scattered on private property or a place that was significant to the deceased. We always recommend that you check local regulations before scattering in a public place.
It's completely a matter of preference. When a family is split regarding the decision to cremate, a compromise may be achieved by having a traditional service first, followed by cremation.
Yes, cremation is a form of disposition just like burial, and families selecting cremation have plenty of choice.
No, cremation is simply a method of preparing human remains for final disposition.
Arrangements can usually be made for relatives or representatives of the deceased to witness the cremation.
The cost depends on the type of permanent memorial, location of the memorial, the urn, and placement selected.
Cremation is a choice for final disposition. It doesn't mean that family and friends can't gather for a time of viewing and reflection.
We encourage you to consider the benefits of embalming and restorative procedures, viewings, and ceremonies. Many families choose cremation and still want to have the benefits of memorialization with both ceremony and final placement in a cemetery. Always allow yourself enough time and space to make these important decisions, remembering to consider the feelings of close friends and other family members. Ultimately the best choice is what best suits the needs of your family.
Many funeral homes offer a hardwood ceremonial casket for viewing or funeral services prior to cremation. The ceremonial (or rental) casket provides an aesthetically pleasing, affordable, environmentally prudent alternative to buying a casket for a cremation service.
There are several affordable cremation caskets that are completely combustible, including simple pine, cloth-covered, or hardwood.
No. We offer a wide variety of options from very simple to elaborate. For sanitary reasons, ease of placement and dignity, many crematories require that the deceased be cremated in a leak-proof, rigid, covered container made of wood or other combustible material to allow for the dignified handling of human remains. This does not need to be a casket as such.
No. In most cases, it's your choice. It may depend on whether the family has chosen a service with a public viewing, whether there is to be a funeral service, or whether refrigeration is available. Embalming may be necessary if the body is to be transported by air or rail, or because of the length of time prior to the cremation.
Each veteran will have different benefits, so we strongly recommend that families visit with us to be sure they fully understand what benefits can be applied for. Although Veterans Administration doesn't pay for full funerals, it does provide certain merchandise, services, and reimbursements. Honorably discharged veterans are entitled to be buried in an accepting national cemetery. He or she may also receive a free grave liner, bronze marker, and a flag holder appropriately marked with the veteran's rank, war served, and religious icon.
Children grieve just as adults do. In fact, any child old enough to form a relationship will experience some form of grief when a relationship is severed. As adults we may not view a child's behavior as grief as it often demonstrated in ways we misunderstand, such as moodiness or withdrawal. When a death occurs, children need to be able to feel accepted and understood.
The casket or container holding the body of the deceased is placed in the cremation chamber, where the temperature is raised to 1400° to 1800° Fahrenheit. After about 2 to 2 ½ hours, all organic matter is consumed by heat or evaporation. The remaining bone fragments, known as cremated remains, are carefully removed from the chamber. Any metal is removed with a magnet and later disposed of in an approved manner, and the remains are then processed into fine particles and placed either in a temporary container or an urn purchased by the family.
Cremation takes about 2 to 2 ½ hours. Several more hours may be required before the remains are available to the family.
It is essential that pacemakers and other medical devices be removed. Otherwise, they may explode when subjected to high temperatures, which can be hazardous to crematory staff and equipment. In addition, any special mementos such as jewelry will be destroyed during cremation, so anything you wish to keep should be removed by the funeral director before the casket or container is transferred to the crematory.
Because cremation is an irreversible process that will eliminate the ability to determine exact cause of death, many states require that each cremation be authorized by the coroner or medical examiner. Some states have specific minimum time limits that must elapse before cremation takes place. We can advise you of other local regulations, if any.
Yes. Cremation is performed by placing the deceased in a casket or other container and then into a cremation chamber where the body is subjected to intense heat and flame.
Yes. State law provides that only one body may be cremated at a time.
The optimum temperature range is 1400° to 1800° Fahrenheit.
This is a completely personal choice. Although most newspapers control the editorial format, you have the right to limit the amount of information provided. Many newspapers charge by the word or line, and the cost can be surprisingly high. We encourage families to use our complimentary online obituary. There's no limit to the text length or the number of photos, and the site has an area where visitors can share memories with the family.
The traditional number of pallbearers is six, primarily due to the length of the standard casket, although most caskets have extra handles at each end that can accommodate two more bearers. If the family would like to honor more people, a funeral director can make them honorary pallbearers who walk in front of or behind the casket.
In most cases, embalming is not required by law, but it is typically the preferred method to prepare the body for viewing. There are many variables, including the presence of disease and trauma. It may be necessary to perform a variety of additional procedures, similar to plastic surgery, in order to achieve an acceptable appearance. Your funeral director can provide as much detail as you'd like regarding the process and benefits of embalming.
Just as with other life rituals such as weddings, the cost depends on whether the family's choices are elaborate or simple. A funeral director will provide a description of the options available and what they cost at the first family meeting or during the preplanning process.
Talking with friends who have used the services of a funeral home is an excellent method of comparison. You might also consider stopping by a funeral home unannounced to experience how you are treated. You can read online reviews, randomly contact various firms by telephone, or ask the Better Business Bureau if any complaints have been filed against a local funeral director home.
Unless a body is embalmed, refrigeration is the only alternative that will retard tissue decomposition. Refrigeration protects family and friends, the crematory operator and the general public from potential health hazards.
The most prudent decision would be to call the funeral service provider in your home town. The director will be able to make the necessary arrangements to transfer the deceased, relieving the family of the burden of dealing with unfamiliar people, places, and related issues.
Funeral directors are caregivers who safeguard the deceased until final disposition. They make arrangements for transportation of the body, complete the necessary paperwork, and implement the family's choices. They have the experience to help the bereaved cope with the death of a loved one, and are trained to recognize when a person is having difficulty with the grieving process. They can also recommend sources of professional help.
Visitation is a part of many cultural and ethnic traditions, and grief specialists believe it helps the bereaved recognize the reality of death. Viewing is encouraged for children, as long as the ritual is explained and the activity is voluntary. Many families find great comfort in the public visitation, which allows for fellowship, conversation, and reflection — all of which are very important steps in the grieving journey.
As the customary way to acknowledge death and its finality, funerals are recognized rituals for the living to show respect for the dead. For those who are left behind, a funeral provides a place for family and friends to gather for support and to reminisce, an opportunity to celebrate the life of a loved one, and a chance to say goodbye. A funeral is also the focal point from which the healing process can begin.
Contact Us or call us to talk to a licensed expert today.

subset: commoncrawl


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Thanks for stopping by! The Nov 6 midterm elections are over, but our team is busy collecting the results and preparing for 2019. Sign up to be notified when we're live with information on elected officials, upcoming elections, and more.
Below are the candidates running for open positions in the 2018 general election. Election Day is Tuesday, November 6th. Get out and vote!
The Office of the Commonwealth's Attorney occupies a critical position in the criminal justice system. Commonly referred to as the District Attorney in most states, the Commonwealth's Attorney must focus the power of the state on those who defy its laws. As legal representative for the people, the Commonwealth's Attorney has the duty to seek justice for all.
The county judge/executive shall be the chief executive of the county and shall have all the powers and perform all the duties of an executive and administrative nature vested in, or imposed upon, the county or its fiscal county by law, or by agreement with any municipality or other subdivision of government, and such additional powers as are granted by the fiscal court. The county judge/executive shall be responsible for the proper administration of the affairs of the county placed in his charge.
The duties of the county clerk fall into the general categories of clerical duties of the fiscal court: issuing and registering, recording and keeping various legal records, registering and purging voter rolls, conducting election duties, and conducting tax duties.
Circuit court clerks are responsible for managing the records of Circuit and District courts, Kentucky's trial courts. Circuit court clerks receive lawsuits and court documents, record legal documents, provide legal documents and other legal materials, are present during trials, schedule juries, receive and disburse money, maintain the jury system, administer oaths, handle affidavits, and issue driver licenses and non-driver identification cards. One circuit court clerk is elected in each Kentucky county. They serve for a term of six years.
The county attorney must attend the District Court in his or her county and prosecute all violations of criminal and penal law in the court's jurisdiction. Further, the county attorney and the commonwealth's attorney must cooperate in the enforcement of laws and, when necessary, assist each other in prosecution within their respective courts. They may agree to share or redistribute their prosecutorial duties in the Circuit and District Courts (KRS 15.725).
The sheriff's duties fall into four categories: tax collection, election duties, services to courts, and law enforcement. A sheriff spends the most time on civil duties, as opposed to criminal or law enforcement duties.118
A coroner is a public official, appointed or elected, in a particular geographic jurisdiction, whose official duty is to investigate deaths under circumstances specified by statute (KRS 72).
Constables may execute warrants, summons, subpoenas, attachments, notices, rules and orders of court in all criminal, penal and civil cases, and shall return all process placed in his hands to the courts or persons issuing them, on or before the return day, noting the time of execution on them. A constable may exercise the duties of his office in any part of the county, but shall not execute any process in which he is personally interested except fee-bills for his own service. He shall not levy on or sell land, or any interest therein
In counties with a magisterial form of fiscal court, the most important function of the justice of the peace or magistrate is service on the fiscal court. The terms justice of the peace and magistrate are synonymous (OAG 85-30). However, the office of justice of the peace or magistrate, unlike that of county commissioner, is a constitutionally required office that must be filled regardless of the form of the fiscal court. Although the constitution mandates their election, justices in counties with a commissioner form of fiscal court have few duties. Before 1978, magistrates possessed important judicial duties, but the Judicial Amendment to the constitution abolished the magisterial courts and stripped magistrates of their judicial duties. In counties with a county commissioner form of fiscal court, magistrates' few remaining duties include the solemnization of marriages and the acceptance of applications for notaries public. Justices of the peace or magistrates may perform marriages if so authorized by the governor or the county judge/executive.
Each county jailer has "custody, rule and charge of the jail in his county" and "all persons in the jail."
Subject to the direction, instruction, and supervision of the Department of Revenue, a property valuation administrator must make the assessment of all property in the county, prepare property assessment records, and perform other duties relating to assessment as the law or the Department of Revenue may prescribe (KRS 132.420). The property valuation administrator assesses property for the state, the county, and other districts. Any city may elect to use the annual county assessment for property situated in the city, except for levying and collecting ad valorem taxes on motor vehicles, in which case cities must use the assessment completed under the supervision of the Department of Revenue pursuant to KRS 132.487 (KRS 132.285)


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No. 79,1161
1. As a general rule, statutes are construed to avoid unreasonable results.
2. Judicial interpretation of statutes must be reasonable and sensible to effect legislative design and intent.
3. The county provision under review which lists various acts constituting cruelty to animals does not require that all enumerated acts of cruelty occur before there can be an action under the provision.
Appeal from Sedgwick District Court; REBECCA L. PILSHAW, judge. Opinion filed July 24, 1998. Affirmed.
Peter John Orsi II, of Wichita, for the appellant.
Clarence D. Holeman, assistant county counselor, for the appellee.
Before PIERRON, P.J., RULON, J., and WILLIAM F. LYLE, JR., District Judge, assigned.
PIERRON, J.: Dee Winter appeals her convictions of seven counts of cruelty to animals pursuant to Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3). Winter argues there was insufficient evidence to support her convictions. She also argues the use of the word "and" in Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) requires proof of failure to provide food, potable water, protection from the elements, opportunity for exercise and other needed care in order for someone to be convicted of cruelty to animals.
Due to the nature of this appeal, we will set out the underlying facts in detail.
On August 22, 1996, Sherdeill Breathett, Director of the Sedgwick County Animal Control, inspected a dog kennel operated by Winter. Breathett found 7 dogs housed in outdoor dog pens and 17 dogs living inside Winter's house. Winter was not present during the inspection and the dogs were in the care of Winter's mother. Breathett's inspection lasted approximately 45 minutes, of which approximately 10 minutes were captured on videotape.
Breathett testified the drinking water in the outdoor dog pens was not clean. This conclusion was based on the color of the water and bugs in the water thought to be maggots. Breathett concluded the water was not drinkable for the dogs. He also testified the pens were unclean and had fecal matter built up inside. He indicated there was high grass surrounding the dog pens and no pathway to the pens. He stated that if the animals were being given proper care, there would be a pathway due to the traffic.
Based on the condition of the water in the drinking bowls, the fecal matter in the pens, and the high grass surrounding the pens, Breathett opined that Winter did not make proper provisions for the care of the dogs. Winter was charged with 24 counts of cruelty to animals, 15 counts of failure to show a dog license, and 15 counts of failure to show a dog vaccination certificate or veterinarian's confirmation. Winter was convicted of 20 counts of cruelty to animals and all the other charges. She only appealed the convictions for cruelty to animals to the district court.
The district court held a trial de novo. Breathett testified about his inspection of the kennel and the videotape. Winter testified she had raised and shown dogs for 20 years. She has also held various positions in the South Central Kansas Kennel Club.
Winter testified that in August 1996, there had been unusually heavy rain and she had trouble keeping the grass mowed around the outdoor pens. She said it was very muddy, the grass grew extremely fast, and she had trouble with her lawn mower. Winter stated she normally cleans the outdoor kennels three times a week and during those times, the dogs are allowed to run loose in her fenced-in back yard. She said she had not cleaned the pens before the inspection because the rain and humidity had given her an asthma attack.
Winter said she normally gives the dogs fresh water every day. But, again because of the rains and her health problems, she was unable to water the dogs every day. However, she claimed she checked to make sure that all of the dogs had water. Winter said the only problem she has had with insects in the drinking bowls has been with mosquito larvae, never maggots.
Joyce Reed testified she breeds and sells dogs and had known Winter for 15 years. She testified that during summer, she also had problems with grass and mosquito larvae getting into the dogs' drinking water. Patty Sthole testified she had known Winter for 5 years and had purchased a crate-trained puppy from her. Sthole said the dog showed no signs of mistreatment.
Dr. Reed Harrison, a veterinarian, testified that Winter had been his client for several years. Harrison had previously reviewed the videotape of Breathett's inspection and concluded there was no evidence the dogs had been abandoned, neglected, or not provided food, water, and adequate shelter. Harrison testified that the insects in the drinking water were probably mosquito larvae and that the water had been there for 24 - 48 hours. He stated that mosquitos can carry heartworms to dogs; however, the mosquito larvae do not present an immediate threat. He opined that all the conditions relied on by Breathett did not indicate that the dogs had been neglected or not properly cared for.
The district court upheld Winter's convictions for seven counts of cruelty to animals for the seven dogs in the outside pens. The court found the dogs did not have potable water and did not have adequate opportunity for exercise. The court stated the water was under no circumstances adequate for the dogs to drink.
Winter argues there was insufficient evidence to support her convictions for cruelty to animals.
When the sufficiency of the evidence is challenged in a criminal case, the standard of review is whether, after review of all the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the appellate court is convinced that a rational factfinder could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Claiborne, 262 Kan. 416, Syl. ¶ 5, 940 P.2d 27 (1997).
Winter contends there was no expert testimony presented at trial that established the water in the dogs' drinking dishes was not suitable for drinking. There were no scientific tests conducted, and the only evidence was the visual observations of Breathett. Winter argues she presented expert testimony from a veterinarian that the bugs in the water were mosquito larvae which presented no immediate threat. She also contends there was no evidence the dogs were dehydrated or denied water. Winter claims the law requires the county to present proof that the drinking water was not potable, rather than merely offering evidence of an inspection by a county animal control official.
Winter also contends there was no evidence the dogs in the outside pens did not have adequate exercise. She cites the veterinarian's testimony that it is not harmful for the dogs to remain in kennels for 3 continuous days. Winter claims the county's charge of inadequate exercise only applied to the dogs in the inside pens.
Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) defines cruelty to animals in the following manner: "Having physical custody of any animal and failing to provide such food, potable water, protection from the elements, opportunity for exercise and other care as is needed for the health or well-being of such kind of animal."
The district court weighed the testimony of Breathett and Harrison. The court gave greater weight to Breathett's testimony because he did the inspection and he observed the conditions in person. Winter would have us reweigh this testimony and side with Harrison that the evidence did not indicate the dogs had been neglected. We are prohibited from doing so.
"An appellate court does not reweigh the testimony or pass on the credibility of witnesses but accepts as true the evidence and all inferences to be drawn therefrom to support the findings of the trial court and disregards any conflicting evidence or other inferences that might be drawn therefrom." State v. Orr, 262 Kan. 312, Syl. ¶ 5, 940 P.2d 42 (1997).
There is sufficient evidence to support Winter's convictions. The evidence established that the dogs' drinking water was unclean and discolored, and one bowl contained some form of insect or parasite. The pens had not been cleaned for quite some time and the grass around the pens indicated that no one had regularly checked on the dogs. As the State points out, Winter's testimony also supports her convictions in that she admits that due to rainy conditions and poor health, she had been unable to clean the kennels, water the dogs, or mow the grass.
Last, Winter argues that in order to be convicted of cruelty to animals under Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3), it is necessary to prove all the items listed in the statutes. The district court held to the contrary.
"Interpretation of a statute is a question of law, and our review is unlimited." In re Tax Appeal of Boeing Co., 261 Kan. 508, Syl. ¶ 1, 930 P.2d 1366 (1997).
Again, Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) defines cruelty to animals in the following manner: "Having physical custody of any animal and failing to provide such food, potable water, protection from the elements, opportunity for exercise and other care as is needed for the health or well-being of such kind of animal." (Emphasis added.)
Through a simple application of the dictionary definition of the words "and" and "or," Winter argues the State is required to prove all the items listed in Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3).
Winter relies on several principles of statutory interpretation to support her argument that the "and" in Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) is used in a conjunctive manner. First, when interpreting a statute, we must give effect to its plain and unambiguous language, without determining what, in our view, the law should be. See State v. Reed, 23 Kan. App. 2d 661, 663, 934 P.2d 157, rev. denied 262 Kan. ____ (1997). Second, it is the function of the court to interpret a statute to give it the effect intended by the legislature. See In re Application of Zivanovic, 261 Kan. 191, Syl. ¶ 1, 929 P.2d 1377 (1996). Last, penal statutes must be strictly construed in favor of the accused. See State v. Cole, 238 Kan. 370, Syl. ¶ 2, 710 P.2d 25 (1985).
We are not persuaded by Winter's argument. Her application of Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) would lead to unreasonable or absurd results such as individuals avoiding prosecutions by providing an animal with water, protection, and exercise, but withholding food. "As a general rule, statutes are construed to avoid unreasonable results. [Citations omitted.] There is a presumption that the legislature does not intend to enact useless or meaningless legislation. [Citation omitted.]" City of Olathe v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 10 Kan. App. 2d 218, 221, 696 P.2d 409 (1985); see State v. Le, 260 Kan. 845, Syl. ¶ 4, 926 P.2d 638 (1996).
Furthermore, the rule that a criminal statute must be strictly construed in favor of the accused is subordinate to the rule that "judicial interpretation must be reasonable and sensible to effect legislative design and intent." State v. Taylor, 262 Kan. 471, Syl. ¶ 5, 939 P.2d 904 (1997). Consequently, Winter's interpretation of Sedgwick County Code § 5-191(a)(3) is rejected.
1REPORTER'S NOTE: Previously filed as an unpublished opinion, the Supreme Court granted a motion to publish by an order dated September 16, 1998, pursuant to Rule 7.04 (1997 Kan. Ct. R. Annot. 44).


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It's time to get ready for the 2018-2019 school year! Below you will find information to help make your start to the new school year simpler.
Student Registration:
Students new to Mansfield ISD can be enrolled online at anytime. Once your online registration is complete, you can bring your required paperwork to the school starting July 26 from 9-11 and 1-3. Our school office is open Monday - Thursday. For more information about registration and requirements, you can visit the registration page of the district's website.
Returning students will need to provide proof of residency prior to schedule pick up. It may be dropped off in the office starting on July 26 from 9-11 and 1-3 (Monday - Thursday).
School Supplies:
Parents may order prepackaged school supplies online before June 1. These school supplies will be delivered to your child's classroom. A school supply list can found on the For Parents page of the school website.
Schedule Pick Up/Class Assignments
Pre-K and Kindergarten students may pick up their class assignments on August 9 from 2-3:30.
Grades 1-4 will pick up schedules/class assignments on August 13 from 3:30-5:00.
Meet the Teacher Night
On August 13 from 5:00- 6:00 you can come to school and meet your teacher for the new school year and drop off your school supplies.
Kindergarten orientation will be on August 13 from 5:00-5:30. 4th grade orientation will be on August 13 from 5:30-6:00.
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Using cartoon characters in cigarette advertising attracts young smokers! I remember reading an article that detailed how, after the introduction of the Joe Camel character, teens started smoking Camels like crazy - a brand they had typically ignored.
But Joe was hardly the first Camels cartoon character. Back in 1955 Camels added these cartoon headers to their long-running series of "famous-people-who-smoke-Camels" ads.Whether this was actually a marketing strategy to attract young people to the brand is open to debate - but I doubt that was the case. Cartoon characters were being used for a great variety of adult-targeted products (much more so than they are today) and the Camels people probably thought these clever and colourful cartoons would contemporize their ads.There was certainly nothing appealing to youths about the old fogeys and generally grown up people featured in the much larger photo/endorsement section of the ads.
What I love about these Camels cartoons is the "radical" quality of the irate person who needs a good smoke: they really remind me of the work of retro-illustrator extraordinaire, Mitch O'Connell's work. If you want a closer look at all these ads, go to my Smoking Flickr set.
Celebrating illustration, design, cartoon and comic art of the mid-20th century.
Wednesday, September 27, 2006
Its A Psychological Fact:
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EUNIC – European Union National Institutes for Culture's mission is to promote European values and to contribute to cultural diversity inside and outside of the EU through collaboration between European cultural institutes. EUNIC's aim is to expand the role of culture in Europe and to strengthen cultural dialogue, exchange and sustainable cooperation worldwide.
Main objectives of the EUNIC Romania cluster are:
- To develop common cultural projects and other adequate forms of collaboration in cultural project activities, such as sharing of premises and data for cultural events
- To provide a forum for discussion on issues of common interest, including EU cultural policies and strategies
- To facilitate sharing of best practices and expertise among cluster members on projects, cultural policies of the host country, organisational and administrative issues
- To act as interlocutor for the local public and private institutions on European cultural issues of common interest
- To create opportunities for staff exchange
- To be an active partner to EU Representation / EU Delegation in the host country and act as facilitators to bid for EU funded projects


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Klinsmann Names 22 Players to MNT Roster for Important November Friendlies Against France and Slovenia
Team Begins Gathering Nov. 7 in Paris for Final Two Matches of 2011
CHICAGO (Nov. 3, 2011) — U.S. Men's National Team head coach Jurgen Klinsmann has named a squad of 22 players to prepare for the upcoming friendlies against France and Slovenia. The U.S. will first face France on Nov. 11 in Paris. Kickoff at the famed Stade de France is set for 3 p.m. ET (9 p.m. local time), and the match will be broadcast live on ESPN2, ESPN3, Univision and Univision.com.
Four days later, the U.S. plays Slovenia for the first time since the 2-2 draw in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Coverage from Stozice Stadium in Ljubljana begins at 1 p.m. ET (6 p.m. local) on ESPN2, ESPN3 and Galavision. Fans can follow both matches live on ussoccer.com's MatchTracker and Twitter @ussoccer.
The team will begin gathering Nov. 7 in Paris for the final matches for the U.S. Men's National Team this year. There is only one further international fixture date between now and the training camp in May of 2012, which begins final preparations for the start of World Cup qualifying. Should any MLS-based players on the roster be involved in the 2011 MLS Cup that takes place Nov. 20 in Carson, Calif., they will be released following the match against France.


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Finance » Retirement
1 thru 10 of 87 Stories
In 10 Years, Half Of Middle-Income Elders Won't Be Able To Afford Housing, Medical Care
In 10 years, more than half of middle-income Americans age 75 or older will not be able to afford to pay for yearly assisted living rent or medical expenses, according to a study published Wednesday in Health Affairs.
Medicaid Cut in GOP Health Bill Worries the Nursing Home Set
The Senate Republicans' plan to repeal and replace President Barack Obama's Affordable Care Act would cut projected Medicaid spending over the next decade by 25 percent.
Margaritaville King Jimmy Buffet Launches Retirement Village
You can't get any more laid back than retirement. So perhaps it's fitting that the king of laid-back music, Jimmy Buffet, is lending his vibe to a retirement community.
Happy and Healthy: New Options for LGBT Senior Living
Major initiatives are underway across the nation to ensure the nation's estimated three million LGBT seniors have affordable and accessible housing options.
Flying Autopilot with Target-Date Funds: Points to Consider
Target-date retirement funds aim to make investing simple, and that's why their popularity is exploding.
Retiring Gay, Part Three: Insurance - Not Fun, But Necessary
Everywhere you turn there exists an opportunity to insure your every activity. Insurance transfers money from your pocket to the insurance company, so let's take a look at what you get for your premiums.
Retiring Gay, Part Two: Eliminate Your Credit Card Debt
Credit card interest gets you nothing. You buy stuff you don't need without planning how to pay for it. Now you have credit card debt and interest that never seems to go away no matter how hard you try. That's their plan. Don't do it!
Retiring Gay, Part One: Introduction
In today's world workers are back to being responsible for funding their own retirement with the primary vehicle being a 401K, or similar plan. Reaching retirement with a well executed plan makes your transition easier and more fulfilling.
HIV-Positive and Entering the 'Golden Years'
Thanks to major advances in antiretroviral therapies, many people diagnosed with HIV are living much longer than they expected.
What's Next for Bond Funds After the Fed's Decision?
Relief washed over the bond market this week after the Federal Reserve decided to hold off on hiking interest rates. But many investors were left to wonder: Was it just a temporary reprieve?
1 thru 10 of 87 Stories


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Using cow thermal energy to heat homesteads, the heating system is set up similarly to a forced-air heating system.
Using Cow Thermal Energy to Heat Homes in Winter
Farmers have known for years that, early on a biting-cold January morning (before the woodstove has been stoked up to house-heating pitch), about the warmest place to be on a homestead is down in the old cow barn. Of course, it's one thing to work in a barn, but it would be quite another to live there . . . so few people ever consider using Bossy's excess BTU to heat their homes!
Recently, however, Bryan Ramlow (a former IBM engineer from Poynette, Wisconsin) has developed a new heating layout that's able to successfully harness bovine heat and use it—sans humidity, mess, or odor—to warm a whole house! Bryan, who had always been interested in new energy-efficient ways to transfer heat, first got the inspiration for what he eventually titled "Cowpower" about five years ago . . . when, on a bitterly cold day, he tromped out to fix a farmer's broken-down milk cooler. While laboring in the cow-filled building, Ramlow couldn't help noticing that—even with some of the windows open—the barn was one heck of a lot warmer than the wintry outdoors.
Bryan was aghast to think that valuable heat was being lost out windows and simply wasted, so he went home that night and started puzzling over just how to "corral" all those cow calories.
It wasn't long before the inventive engineer realized that, since a single cow gives off 3,500-4,000 BTU an hour, a mere 15 milkers could provide sufficient excess warmth to heat a standard 2,000-square-foot home. Ramlow then devised a prototype Cowpower system . . . but he tested the unit for a year before he was satisfied enough to put it on the market.
Bryan's invention can be described as operating like a refrigerator in reverse (see the diagram below). A fan blows the 40 degrees Fahrenheit to 50 degrees Fahrenheit air from a milk barn across a set of heat absorbers installed in that building. (Since the moisture in this air is condensed by these absorbers—and then drained off into a gutter outside the barn—the system dehumidifies the cows' environment.)
Next, the captured thermal energy is transferred into a pipe carrying Freon gas. While still at the barn, this gas is pumped through a twin set of compressors and put under enough pressure to raise its temperature to over 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The superheated Freon is then pumped underground through sealed copper tubing to a heat exchanger in the house. Finally, circulated home air—blown over the hot coils in the exchanger—absorbs the warmth and is then routed throughout the building.
Carol Dieterich—a dairywoman and owner of 30 Holsteins—had been having a great deal of trouble trying to figure out an alternative way to heat her old oil-guzzling farmhouse. She read about Cowpower in an ad in the Farmer's Exchange . . . and, excited about the prospect of actually employing her own animals to inexpensively and efficiently heat her house, Carol immediately contacted the Cowpower representative in her area.
That person turned out to be Cy Westerman, a local cattle artificial inseminator who had worked for the Dieterich family for years. Cy came right over to explain exactly how the bovine heating system could work for her . . . and the dairywoman signed the papers to have Cowpower installed the very next day!
Carol's unit cost about $13,000, which included all the ductwork that had to be installed in her house (it previously had no forced-air heating system). The basic price for a Cowpower system is about $11,000, which, admittedly, isn't a minor investment . . . but Bryan Ramlow claims that each setup that he or one of his representatives installs is designed for the customer's particular needs.
Carol also allows that her system needs some maintenance and that a few kinks had to be ironed out. For instance, the screens for the intake fans must be scrubbed daily because they get clogged with hay and dust from the barn. But Dieterich doesn't mind that chore . . . she feels that cleaning a few screens beats the time and effort involved in chopping wood, any day!
Problems of a more serious nature, however, occurred last January (during her first full winter with the system) when the temperature outdoors dropped to -25 degrees Fahrenheit . . . the temperature inside the barn fell to 29 degrees Fahrenheit above . . . and the Cowpower setup's intake fans froze. Cy came out immediately, saw that the blowers' defrost unit had been wired improperly, and remedied the problem at no extra charge. Another time, a leaky valve caused a loss of Freon . . . but—as with the first breakdown—once it was detected, Cy took care of it rapidly at no expense. Neither disorder has occurred again.
All in all, Carol is delighted with her decision to heat with Cowpower. As she says, "I used to pay $600 a month to heat this house, and even so, we had to close off half the rooms and practically live in the kitchen. Last winter, though, my heating bill was only half of what it used to be. Better yet, the whole house is warm—72 degrees Fahrenheit!—which is a real blessing . . . especially since my 76-year-old mother and 99-year-old grandmother live here, and a cold house just isn't good for old people."
EDITOR'S NOTE: For more information about how Cowpower works, other systems operating in the U.S., or the company's representatives in different parts of the country . . . write to Bryan Ramlow at Atmospheric Energy Systems, Inc., Dept. TMEN, Poynette, Wisconsin.
Readers who know something about heating and refrigeration will recognize that Cowpower is based upon the use of a heat pump. A do-it-yourselfer with sufficient expertise, therefore, might be able to concoct a less costly system from standard components.


text: 06Jun. '13 How about these TITLES: "The Last Echo by Kimberly Derting"Violet kept her morbid ability to sense dead bodies a secret from everyone except her family and her childhood-best-friend-turned-boyfriend, Jay Heaton. That is until forensic psychologist Sara Priest discovered Violet's talent and invited her to use her gift to track down murderers.Now, as she works with an eclectic group of individuals—including mysterious and dangerously attractive Rafe—it's Violet's job to help those who have been murdered by bringing their killers to justice. "The New Kids: Big Dreams and Brave Journeys at a High School for Immigrant Teens by Brooke Hauser"Some walked across deserts and mountains to get here. One arrived after escaping in a suitcase. And others won't say how they got here.These are "the new kids": new to America and all the routines and rituals of an American high school, from lonely first days to prom. They attend Brooklyn's International High School at Prospect Heights, where all the students are recent immigrants learning English. Together, they come from more than forty-five countries and speak more than twenty-eight languages. "Immortal City by Scott Speer"Jackson Godspeed is the hottest young Angel in a city filled with them. He's days away from becoming a full Guardian, and people around the world are already competing for the chance to be watched over by him. Everyone's obsessed with the Angels and the lucky people they protect – everyone except for Madison Montgomery.Maddy's the one girl in Angel City who doesn't breathlessly follow the Angels on TV and gossip blogs. When she meets Jackson, she doesn't recognize him. But Jackson is instantly captivated by her, and against all odds the two fall in love.Maddy is swiftly caught up in Jackson's scene, a world of glamour, paparazzi – and murder. A serial killer is on the loose, leaving dead Angels' wings for the police to find on the Walk of Fame. Even the Guardians are powerless to protect themselves in the face of this threat and this time it's up to Maddy to save Jackson. "Rapture by Lauren Kate"The sky is dark with wings…Like sand through an hourglass, time is running out for Luce and Daniel. To stop Lucifer from erasing the past, they must find the place where the angels fell to earth. Dark forces are after them, and Daniel doesn't know if he can do this-live only to lose Luce again and again. Yet together they face an epic battle that will end with lifeless bodies…and angel dust. Great sacrifices are made. Hearts are destroyed. And suddenly Luce knows what must happen. For she was meant to be with someone other than Daniel. The curse they've borne has always and only been about her -and the love she cast aside. The choice she makes now is the only one that truly matters. Posted by mcipollari. Categories: Books, General. Tags: Books, Fiction, Good Reads, New Books, YA Books, Young Adult Books. Comments Off on How about these TITLES:


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ARM, Strong ARM
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If you travel to Italy or any other Italian speaking country* and do not know Italian this is an essential tool to have.
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Below are listings located in Bridalwreath, a neighborhood in Joliet, IL. These listings are updated multiple times a day from the MLS and include property details, large photos, street view and nearby places maps, and school information.
For additional information on any of these Bridalwreath listings, just click the "Request More Info" button on any property detail page. We can provide you with past sales history and disclosures, as well as dates and prices of homes sold nearby in Joliet, and more.
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Low Cost Spay, Neuter and Vaccination Mobile Clinic at Petsmart
The low cost spay, neuter and vaccination mobile clinic that is operated by Animal Protection League moved to the parking lot at Petsmart over the Summer. The clinic sets up in Texarkana every other Monday. They perform spay and neuters on dogs and cats as well as vaccinations and other services.
Vaccinations and other needs are on a walk-in basis but spay and neuters must have an appointment.
The mobile clinic is located in the Petsmart parking lot today from 10am to 2pm at 117 Richmond Road Ranch in Texarkana, Texas.
The clinics are operated by the Animal Protection League from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. The low cost spay and neuter clinic is by appointment only. You should make your appointments at least one week in advance. Dogs over 30 pounds are scheduled further out so please call soon to schedule your appointment.
Low cost vaccinations are available. You can also get heart worm prevention for a low rate. Vaccinations heart worm and flea medications, micro-chips, nail trimming and other services are available at the clinic on a walk-in basis. Spays and neuters must be by appointment. Call for your appointment today at 903-753-PETS (7387).
The Low-Cost Pet Vaccination Clinic is operated by the Animal Protection League which is based out of Sulphur Springs, Texas. Vaccinations are available on a walk-in basis as are products for heartworm and flea prevention. Appointments must be made in advance for spay and neuter services. Dogs over 80 pounds need to visit one of the stationary clinics for spay or neuter.
To make an appointment to have your pet spayed or neutered, visit APLspayneuter.org or call 903-753-7387.
This clinic is not set up as competition for our vets in Texarkana. It is as a low cost alternative for pet owners who cannot otherwise afford the services. This is a great opportunity to get your pets updated on vaccinations. Protecting your pets from diseases is very important as well as preventing them from reproducing over and over. Our local shelters are full from dogs and cats in our neighborhoods that have not been fixed.
If you need heart worm prevention, you will need to provide proof that your pet has tested negative within the past year or pay a reduced fee to have your pet tested.
Animal Protection League is a non-profit organization that was formed in 1984 in the State of Texas as an animal rescue and adoption agency. In May of 1996, they reorganized and began operating a low cost spay/neuter and vaccination program which is located in Sulpher Springs, Texas.


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Dutch bed in a wall
Isaac and I recently spent a few hours in the antique stores in the riverfront area of Paducah, KY. I bought this picture postcard at one of the shops, because it reminded me of the cupboard beds of Dutch children in my storybooks, when I was a little girl.
Oh, I would have loved a cozy bed in the wall like those little Dutch children always had. I thought it would be the perfect place for reading all day or playing with dolls or giggling with my sister. And I imagined that at night, I would climb into my bed, close the doors, nestle down in the blankets, and enjoy the most perfect and delicious sleep.
I looked at a few websites about cupboard beds tonight and found a very nice little cushioned cubbyhole that someone built.It doesn't have doors that close, but it does have a cool, round entrance. The lucky little girl whose bed it is looks happy with it. And here's another cupboard bed project that turned out well.
During my brief research, I read that in Holland and other European countries, entire families sometimes slept together, sitting up, in the home's single cupboard bed. Sometimes all the children slept in one cupboard bed, and the parents slept in another one. It seems that in real life, some children were a lot less private and a lot more snug in their little Dutch beds than I imagined!
This photo was taken in the Netherlands, so I presume that it shows an authentic, typical cupboard bed. I don't know the purpose of the open area beneath the bed. Isaac theorized that it might have been a place to set a pan of coals or some hot bricks that would warm the bed from beneath. It does look like there is a grate of some sort there.


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Sand dune, any accumulation of sand grains shaped into a mound or ridge by the wind under the influence of gravity. Sand dunes are comparable to other forms that appear when a fluid moves over a loose bed, such as subaqueous "dunes" on the beds of rivers and tidal estuaries and sand waves on the continental shelves beneath shallow seas. Dunes are found wherever loose sand is windblown: in deserts, on beaches, and even on some eroded and abandoned farm fields in semiarid regions, such as northwest India and parts of the southwestern United States. Images of Mars returned by the U.S. Mariner 9 and Viking spacecrafts have shown that dunes are widely distributed on that planet both in craters and in a sand sea surrounding the north polar ice cap.
True dunes must be distinguished from dunes formed in conjunction with vegetation. The latter cover relatively small areas on quiet humid coastlands and also occur on the semiarid margins of deserts. True dunes cover much more extensive areas—up to several hundred square kilometres—primarily in great sand seas (ergs), some of which are as big as France or Texas. They also occur, however, as small isolated dunes on hard desert surfaces, covering an area of as little as 10 square metres (107 square feet). Areas of gently undulating sandy surfaces with low relief are classified as sand sheets. They commonly have a nearly flat or rippled surface of coarse sand grains and are only a few centimetres to metres thick. Minor sand sheets cover only a few square kilometres around the margins of dune fields. A few, such as the Selima Sand Sheet in southwestern Egypt and the northwestern Sudan, are probably almost as extensive as some of the great sand seas.
During the past two million years or so the conditions of very low rainfall under which true dunes form expanded beyond the margins of the Sahara and other present-day arid regions into areas that are now more humid. The best evidence for these changes is the presence of sand seas that are immobilized by vegetation. Dunes formed under similar climates in the geologic past and at certain times occupied deserts as extensive as modern ones. Rocks formed by the solidification of ancient sand seas occur, for example, in the walls of the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States, in the West Midlands of England, and in southern Brazil.
Geomorphic characteristics
An understanding of sand dunes requires a basic knowledge of their sands, the winds, and the interactions of these main elements. These factors will be treated in turn in the following sections.
Dunes are almost invariably built of particles of sand size. Clay particles are not usually picked up by the wind because of their mutual coherence, and if they are picked up they tend to be lifted high into the air. Only where clays are aggregated into particles of sand size, as on the Gulf Coast of Texas, will they be formed into dunes. Silt is more easily picked up by the wind but is carried away faster than sand, and there are few signs of dunelike bed forms where silt is deposited, for instance as sheets of loess. Particles coarser than sands, such as small pebbles, only form dunelike features when there are strong and persistent winds, as in coastal Peru, and these coarse-grained features are generally known as granule ripples rather than dunes. Larger particles, such as small boulders, can be moved by the wind only on slippery surfaces (e.g., ice or wet saline mud) and never form into dunes.
Common dune sands have median grain diameters between 0.02 and 0.04 cm (0.008 and 0.016 inch). The maximum common range is between 0.01 and 0.07 cm. Most dune sands are well sorted, and a sample of sand from a dune will usually have particles all of very similar size. The sand on sand sheets, however, is poorly sorted and often bimodal—i.e., it is a mixture of coarse sands, often about 0.06 cm in diameter, and much finer sands, as well as particles of intermediate size. Windblown sands, especially the coarser particles, are often rounded and minutely pitted, the latter giving the grains a frosted appearance when seen under a microscope.
Most windblown sand on the Earth is composed of quartz. Quartz exists in large quantities in many igneous and metamorphic rocks in crystals of sand size. It tends to accumulate when these rocks are weathered away because it resists chemical breakdown better than most minerals, which are taken away in solution. Most of the great sand seas occur in continental interiors that have been losing soluble material for millions of years; as a consequence, quartzose sandstones are common. These sandstones are eroded by rainwash and stream runoff, processes that are spasmodic but violent in deserts. The eroded products are transported to great interior basins where they are deposited. Such alluvial deposits are the sources of most windblown sand. Quartz also predominates in most coastal dune sands, but there usually are considerable mixtures of other minerals in dunes of this kind.
Dune sands not composed of quartz are rarer but not unknown. Near volcanic eruptions in Hawaii, some western states of the continental United States, and Tanzania, for example, dunes are built of volcanic ash particles. In many arid areas, gypsum crystals of sand size are deposited on the floors of ephemeral lakes as the water dries out; they are then blown like sand to form gypsum dunes. Gypsum dunes occur in the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico, as well as in northern Algeria and southwestern Australia.
Winds have three sources of variation that are important—namely, direction, velocity, and turbulence. Most of the great deserts are found in the subtropical areas of high atmospheric pressure, where the winds circulate in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclockwise direction in the Southern Hemisphere. The high-pressure systems tend to dip down to the east so that winds are stronger there, a pattern mirrored by the dunes. Poleward of these circulation systems are the zones of eastward moving depressions in which there are generally westerly winds that mold the dunes of the North American and Central Asian deserts and of the northern Sahara. The boundaries between these two circulation systems migrate back and forth seasonally, so that complicated dune patterns are found in the zones of overlap. Only a few deserts, notably the Thar Desert of India and the Sonoran Desert of the American Southwest, are affected by monsoonal wind systems. Some dunes are built by sea breezes and local winds, as in coastal Peru.
The direction of the wind at any one place in the desert is affected by a number of local factors. Winds are particularly channeled around topographical features, such as the Tibesti Massif in the Sahara, so that dunes are affected by different winds on different sides of the obstruction. Winds also can be channeled around the dunes themselves, thereby developing patterns of secondary flow that modify the shapes of the dunes.
The pattern of wind velocity also is important. Like many natural phenomena, wind velocities have a log-normal distribution: there are a large number of moderate breezes and a diminishing number of increasingly more violent winds. The greatest volumes of sand are probably moved by unusually strong winds, because the amount of sand moved by wind is a power function (exponential factor) of the wind speed. For example, a 10-km-per-hour wind carries 13 grams per hour (0.39 ounce per hour), a 20-km-per-hour wind carries 274 grams per hour, and a 30-km-per-hour wind carries 1,179 grams per hour. A wind of a particular velocity will move fewer larger than smaller grains. Strong winds often blow from a particular direction, as in the southern Sahara, where the intense winds of sandstorms come predominantly from one direction. Such winds are responsible for the undulations of the sand sheets, because they alone can move coarse sands. Lighter winds blow from several different directions, and the dunes, being of finer sand, are therefore affected by several winds.
The wind is retarded near the surface by friction. Above the ground the wind velocity increases rapidly. The near-surface velocity must rise above a certain threshold value before sand will be picked up, the value depending on the size of the sand grains; for example, a wind of 12 km per hour measured at a height of 10 metres is required to move sands 0.02 centimetre in diameter, and a 21-km-per-hour wind is required to move 0.06-cm sands. Once sand movement has been initiated by wind of such velocity, it can be maintained by winds blowing at lower speeds. Because instantaneous wind speeds in eddies can rise well above the average velocity, turbulence also is important, but it is difficult to measure.
Formation and growth of dunes
The dune-forming process is complex, particularly where many thousands of dunes have grown side-by-side in sand seas. Yet, an introductory account can be given based on the example of a single dune on a hard desert surface.
Most of the sand carried by the wind moves as a mass of jumping (saltating) grains; coarser particles move slowly along the surface as creep and are kept in motion partly by the bombardment of the saltating grains. Saltating sand bounces more easily off hard surfaces than off soft ones, with the result that more sand can be moved over a pebbly desert surface than over a smooth or soft one. Slight hollows or smoother patches reduce the amount of sand that the wind can carry, and a small sand patch will be initiated. If it is large enough, this patch will attract more sand.
The wind adjusts its velocity gradient on reaching the sand patch; winds above a certain speed decrease their near-surface velocity and deposit sand on the patch. This adjustment takes place over several metres, the sand being deposited over this distance, and a dune is built up. The growth of this dune cannot continue indefinitely. The windward slope is eventually adjusted, so that there is an increase in the near-surface velocity up its face to compensate for the drag imposed by the sandy surface. When this happens, the dune stops growing and there is no net gain or loss of sand.
As the dune grows, the smooth leeward slope steepens until the wind cannot be deflected down sharply enough to follow it. The wind then separates from the surface leaving a "dead zone" in the lee into which falls the sand brought up the windward slope. When this depositional slope is steepened to the angle of repose of dry sand (about 32°), this angle is maintained and the added sand slips down the slope or slip face. When this happens, the dune form is in equilibrium, and the dune moves forward as a whole, sand being eroded from the windward side and deposited on the lee.
If the regional rate of sand flow can be calculated from measurements of wind speed and direction, and if it is assumed that the dune has a simple cross section that migrates forward without change of form, a formula for the rate of movement of a dune that agrees with actual measurements can be derived. In Peru dunes have been observed to move at 30 metres per year; in California rates of 25 metres per year have been measured; and in Al-Khārijah Oasis (the Kharga Depression) in southern Egypt dunes have been reported to move 20 to 100 metres per year, depending on dune size (in general, small dunes move faster than large dunes because their smaller cross-sectional area requires less sand to be transported to reconstitute their form one dune-length downwind).
Dune and sheet patterns
If the wind were a homogeneous stream of air blowing from one constant direction, long straight dune ridges oriented at right angles to the wind would result. Most dunes, however, are neither straight nor at right angles to the wind, and this indicates that the winds are not a uniform stream or that they blow from different directions. The fairly uniform geometric shapes of several basic types of dunes can be recognized from desert to desert on Earth, and some of the same types have been identified on Mars as well.
Barchan dunes are common to both the Earth and Mars. These small crescent-shaped sand bodies occur in areas where the regional wind blows consistently from one direction. Their crescentic shape must be due to spatial variations in wind velocity, and the regular repetition of dune shapes and spacings when they are close together indicate that the variations in the wind are also regular. This is a property common to all bed forms. It is thought that the flow of a fluid arranges itself in long spiral vortices parallel to the direction of flow, which, with zones of faster and slower velocities arranged transverse to the flow, gives a regular sinuous pattern on the bed.
Where there is a continuous sand cover, a varied dune pattern results from the pattern of flow. The main forms are transverse ridges composed of alternating crescentic elements, like barchans, facing downwind, and other crescentic elements facing upwind. These enclose between them a regular pattern of small hollows. Superimposed on this are small straight ridges parallel with the flow. These elements form a network pattern that is extremely common in the great sand seas. The dunes commonly reach a height of nearly 200 metres and are spaced hundreds of metres to more than two kilometres apart.
One of the important features of sandy terrains is that their forms occur in a number of distinct sizes. Large features are covered with smaller ones, and the smaller ones are covered with ripples. In most of the larger sand seas there is usually a network pattern of very large dunes known as compound dunes, mega-dunes, or draa. These are sometimes arranged parallel to the apparent flow, in long ridges, and occasionally transverse to it in great sand waves. The compound dunes are usually covered with a smaller, secondary dune pattern, and the smaller dunes with ordinary sand ripples in most cases. Within each of the size groups of the hierarchy (ripples, dunes, or compound dunes) there are variations in size depending on the grain size of the sand and wind velocity; for example, whereas most ripples are spaced only a few centimetres apart, "mega-ripples," built in very coarse sand, are spaced almost as far apart as small dunes; and whereas most dunes are about 100 metres apart, the low undulations of coarse sand on sand sheets are up to 500 metres apart. The relation between sand grain size and the shape of a dune is not, however, one of simple cause and effect, for the relation is not constant in all dunes of a given shape or in all localities.
Some dune forms can be related to variations in the overall wind direction, usually on a seasonal cycle. In some areas, winds from opposed directions blow during different seasons, so that "reversing dunes" are formed, in which the slip faces face first in one direction and then in the other. Distinct dunes are formed around topographic obstructions and in sheltered zones on the lee of small hills into which the sand migrates. If the wind meets a high scarp or large hill massif, a so-called echo dune is deposited on the upwind side separated from the scarp by a rolling eddy of air that keeps a corridor free of sand. Many oases and routeways are found in this kind of corridor. Echo dunes are among the largest dunes in the desert, sometimes reaching a height of more than 400 metres.
Fixed dunes in semiarid regions
Dunes also form around plants in the desert where groundwater is available for vegetation. The usual dune forms that occur in such instances are isolated mounds around individual plants. These forms are known as coppice dunes, or nebkha. Further, in many regions that are now subhumid or humid, one finds areas of older dunes fixed by vegetation, providing undeniable evidence that these regions were once more arid than they are today. On the North American high plains, in Hungary, and in Mongolia, the fixed sands have a cover of rich grassland. In Poland they are covered with coniferous forests. The dune patterns on these fixed sands bear a close resemblance to those in active sand seas, except that their forms are rounded and subdued.Andrew Warren William J. Breed C.S. Breed
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Australia: The Interior LowlandsSand dunes also occupy large areas of the Murray River basin. They are, by contrast, fixed (or "fossil") dunes, which developed at some time in the recent past and have since been stabilized by higher precipitation conditions. The eastern part of the basin, near the…
Mars: Polar sediments, ground ice, and glaciers…contains the largest area of sand dunes on Mars. The dunes, which occupy the northern part of the plain known as Vastitas Borealis, form a band that almost completely encircles the north polar remnant cap. Interlayering of sand and seasonal carbon dioxide snow can be seen in some locations, indicating…
Arabian Desert: PhysiographyIn such huge sand areas as the Rubʿ al-Khali, the evolution of dune forms can be traced from simple dunes into the more complex types.…
Sahara: PhysiographySand sheets and dunes cover approximately 25 percent of the Sahara's surface. The principal types of dunes include tied dunes, which form in the lee of hills or other obstacles; parabolic blowout dunes; crescent-shaped barchans and transverse dunes; longitudinal seifs; and the massive, complex forms associated with sand…
Kalahari Desert: Physiography and geology…characterized by long chains of dunes, oriented roughly to the north or northwest. The dunes measure at least 1 mile in length, several hundred feet in width, and 20 to 200 feet in height. Each dune is separated from its neighbour by a broad parallel depression locally called a
More About Sand dune12 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- bays
- In bay
- desertification
occurrence in
- Arabian Desert
- Coro
- In Coro
- Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve
- Kalahari Desert
- Mars
- Murray River basin
- Sahara
- Sand Hills
- In Sand Hills


text: I'm the daughter of one of Paducah's YoYo Ladies and this tutorial is for the bowtie block that they demonstrated at the Quilt show in Paducah a couple years ago. It was so popular that Mom asked me to make up a tutorial sheet for them to hand out this year. (they stayed so busy with teaching, they hardly got to see the show that year) She gave me permission to post the tutorial here too. I took the pictures and she wrote the text. If anyone needs a close-up of any of the images, or a different angle, let me know...I have the blocks here at the house.


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Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change
Research Highlights
May 2005
Earth Lightens Up
"Dimming" and "brightening" are terms scientists are currently using to describe trends that have an impact on the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface. Past studies have shown a decreasing trend in downwelling solar energy reaching the Earth's surface occurring since the 1950s through the 1980s, an apparent "dimming" trend. In the May 6 issue of Science magazine, a paper co-authored by a researcher from DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program shows a reversal in the trend starting in the mid to late 80s, resulting in a widespread "brightening" trend.


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Sausalito Real Estate
Situated at the northern end of the Golden Gate Bridge, Sausalito is surrounded by steep wooded hillsides and crisp Pacific Shorelines. Prior to the bridge being built, it was a terminal for rail, ferry, and car traffic. Largely bound by the protections of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, it has since gained the reputations as an artist enclave. With its Mediterranean climate and breathtaking views, Sausalito is home to over 400 houseboats whose architecture has been featured in major magazines. This picturesque residential community is a world-class venue for outdoor activity including hiking, biking and boating. The town is filled with unique shops and boutiques, art galleries, and first class restaurants. Locals and visitors alike are encouraged to celebrate its abundant beauty with numerous street fares, parades, and art festivals. Minutes from the San Francisco metropolitan area and the scenic coast, Sausalito blends old world character with new world amenities, making it a very desirable place to live.
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area data
While overarching trends in real estate such as interest rates, economic factors, and consumer confidence all influence the purchase or sale of a home, smaller monthly changes in our local markets can affect your transaction just as much. Our real time market data gives you the most accurate and timely snapshot of your city or neighborhood.
Sausalito Market Report
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All residential. Information obtained from the Multiple Listing Service and/or public records. This third party information has not been independently verified.
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SOCORRO, N.M., June 13, 2002 -- For most children, summer vacation means freedom: no school, no homework. However, for a child with muscular dystrophy there is no freedom from leg braces or wheelchairs; but there is MDA Summer Camp.
This past week, the New Mexico Muscular Dystrophy Association held its annual MDA "Boot Camp" in Socorro. Forty-nine children from throughout New Mexico and El Paso gathered on the New Mexico Tech campus for fun and games, as they have for the past ten years.
Wednesday, June 12, was VIP Day, and some of the special guests were the Socorro Fire Department and Richard Long and his Goju Ryu Karate group from Belen. Also, making its first appearance at the summer camp was the 512th Special Operations Squadron and its helicopter from Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque.
Campers and counselors posed for pictures in the helicopter with the crew. Other events were a hayride, caricatures from artist Carlos Fragoso, a baseball game, and a pie-eating contest.
Another first-time guest was Jingles the Clown. With her bright orange hair and infectious smile, Jingles was popular with both children and adults as she cheerfully painted designs on faces. The happy clown and face artist turned campers and counselors into kittens, dragons, and butterflies.
(Jingles the Clown is actually Jean Jenkins of Albuquerque. Jenkins is a retired schoolteacher. A year after she retired, Jenkins realized that she missed being with children, so four years ago she went to clown school and Jingles the Clown was born.)
For the past ten years, Thelma Herrera has been the camp director. Herrera's favorite part of MDA Camp is the talent show. Many of the children at the camp have been here before, but according to Herrera, "The talent show is different every year, it's always wonderful and original."
Jackie Wilson, a student at Cibola High School in Albuquerque, is a first-time camp counselor. Jackie originally went to sign up for summer medical camp, but ended up volunteering to be an MDA camp counselor.
At most summer camps, a counselor is assigned to a group of children, but at MDA camp one counselor is assigned to each child. Wilson says this "one-on-one experience and getting to know the kids" was the best part of camp.
Cody Hale, 19, is a camper who has been making the trip from his home in Hobbs, N.M. to MDA Camp in Socorro for the entire ten summers it's been held there. Hale says he loves seeing old friends and making new friends, but his favorite part of camp is the dinner and dance held on the last night of camp. After MDA camp, Hale will be getting ready to attend Texas Tech in Lubbock during the upcoming fall semester.
Barbara Leonard, co-director of the MDA camp, says "the planning is nerve-racking, but once you get here, it's great. You hate to see it end."


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Security company Fortify Software used this summer's DEF CON 2010 conference to survey 100 professional hackers on the state of cloud security. An overwhelming 96 percent of those surveyed believe that cloud vendors as being generally negligent when it comes to addressing the security issues affecting their services.
Breaking down the survey responses, 21 percent believe that Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) cloud systems are viewed as being the most vulnerable, with 33 percent of the hackers having discovered public DNS vulnerabilities, followed by log files (16 percent) and communication profiles (12 percent) in their cloud travels.
DEF CON has evolved considerably since the first event was held back in 1993. Today this "hacker festival" attracts up to 8,500 of the world's top professional hackers and IT security researchers. "Anecdotal evidence suggests this year's Las Vegas event was even more successful, meaning that our survey results highlight the very real security challenges that lie ahead for cloud vendors and security defense professionals," said Barmak Meftah, chief products officer with Fortify Software.
"More than anything, this research confirms our ongoing observations that cloud vendors -- as well as the IT software industry as a whole -- need to redouble their governance and security assurance strategies when developing solutions, whether cloud-based or not, as all IT systems will eventually have to support a cloud resource," he added.


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Sunday May 19, 2019; 04:20 pm EDT
Touch a Truck fundraiser adds to $35K from county
Kara McGuirk-Allison was ecstatic that Anne Arundel County approved $35,000 to update the Broadneck Playground built in 1991.
"There isn't really a playground in Anne Arundel County that serves the needs of kids with disabilities," says McGuirk-Allison. "We want it to be so cool that people go out of their way to the playground."
The park will follow the American Disabilities Association's requirements, including ramps and equipment at wheelchair height.
That's a far cry from today's park.
The playground structure is safe and sound, which McGuirk-Allison says is the most important thing. But it's old and doesn't offer any creativity. And the wooden structure gives kids splinters. They burn their bums as they slide down the metal slide.
On their own, the dedicated Friends have raised about $3,000 since February. The most successful was Touch a Truck, where 11 different organizations brought vehicles from fire trucks to BGE's bucket trucks for the kids to climb on.
McGuirk-Allison wants to raise $15,000 by next February. Fundraising gets the kids involved, too.
The next effort: Lemonade stands. The idea came from their youngest volunteer, Amelia Peck, who is about to enter kindergarten.
Amelia set up a lemonade stand in her front yard, raising $50. Now, McGuirk-Allison says, the Friends are dedicating a week to lemonade stands. Ten families have signed up.
"We have a unique opportunity here," said county parks administrator Mark Garrity. "The county approved money in its budget for this specific park, and local volunteers are willing to put time and effort into the project. So when we do it, we want to do it right."


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Welcome to Advanced Dental Care of Florida
We are pleased to offer you and your entire family exceptional dental care. Our professional full-service dentistry paired with our outstanding patient care is a winning combination – visit any of our offices in Florida to experience the difference!
Our Florida dentists pride themselves on establishing rewarding and lasting relationships. We pledge excellence in all we do and we are looking forward to helping you make the most of your smile now and for all the years to come.
New Dental Patients Welcome
Proper dental care is important at all ages. Good dental health requires that you take care of your teeth daily and have regular dental check-ups. The American Dental Association® recommends visiting your dentist regularly for professional cleanings and oral exams. Book an appointment today at one of our convenient locations throughout Florida.


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Kasey TW Top
Kasey TW Top
This month, we're celebrating our 9th birthday but really, we want to celebrate YOU. We're turning nine (and feeling fine!) because of all of youuuuuu. Our die hard shoppers, our loyal IG fans and strangers who have quickly become friends. Thank you for all of your love and support!
How could we say thank you to celebrate our 9th birthday? We're NINE-ing out obvis. High nine, err, I mean high five! Shop our online collection of $9, $19, $29 and 29% OFF items throughout the month of May.
Material: 100% Polyester
PSST, THE FINE PRINT: Clothing exchanges will be made within 30 days of purchase for store credit or exchange at any Eden in Love boutique. All sales final on all non-clothing items. Please allow 3-5 business days for orders to be packed for in-store pickup and 7-10 business days for orders to be shipped and tracking to be delivered to your inbox.


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An Old Favorite is Back!The new outliner by the creator of the award-winning Acta is now available (in both English and Japanese)!
Designer David Dunham says, "Back in 1986, I released an outliner called Acta. It continues to run fine under Classic. But Intel-based Macintoshes have no Classic, and Acta fans were worried that they would be forced to stop using it. So I created a modern successor, Opal™.
"Opal retains the fluid ease of use of Acta, but is up to date with Mac OS X standards."
Opal is ideal for capturing and organizing your notes. Download a fully-functional 30 day trial, learn more, or buy now!
Opal runs fine on Max OS X 10.14 Mojave, although we are working on an update to add 64-bit compatibility.
What Others Say"Instantly responsive software, it is an absolute treat to use. … The software seems to meld away to the background and lets you concentrate on the task in hand, making outlines. It is very well-thought out software with a rich heritage which I am falling in love with. It definitely has found a place in my workflow." — Mac OS X Guru
"Opal, just like its Acta ancestor, is small, fast, friendly, effective and reliable. I'm using it to organize and manage everything from daily tasks to projects, and it works as a simple calendar/tickler and diary. I like to keep my main organizing outline on the desktop next to the hard drive, where I can instantly pop it open, review tasks and update information." — Ric Ford
"Opal is a full-featured, flexible and most importantly easy to use outliner. … there's so much I write and plan, that will be facilitated by using this product." — Harry Babad, MacCompanion
"Thank you for reviving this nifty software. … This is what I have been waiting for since I switched to OS X." — Shigeaki Nishina
"I have refused to migrate to the Intel-based Macs, primarily because they won't run Classic, and without Classic I can't use Acta." — Steve Eichel
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Nemours Receives 2013 BEST Award From American Society for Training & Development (ASTD)
Award recognizes success through employee learning.
Nemours ranked fourth in the prestigious American Society for Training & Development's 2013 BEST Awards program for outstanding practice in education.
The ASTD BEST Awards are the training industry's most rigorous and coveted recognition and recognize organizations demonstrating enterprise-wide success through employee learning and development.
Nemours is among 28 organizations from five countries receiving a BEST Award in 2013. The Awards were presented during a ceremony held in Washington, D.C. on October 1.
- Nemours was recognized for using an integrated learning model to effectively on-board and train more than 700 new Associates at the Nemours Children's Hospital in Orlando, and for the consistency with which the organization provides ongoing education and development, including the use of simulation in medical education and training.
- Nemours competed against 70 organizations in nine countries for the 2013 BEST Awards.
- Every organization submitted quantitative and qualitative information to ASTD about their learning and development practices and programs.
- Applications were assessed in a blind review by members of the BEST Awards advisory committee, a select group of experts in the learning and development field.
- This is the third time Nemours has received this award.
"Learning at Nemours is the cornerstone of our culture. As a leading provider of medical care for children, we have a responsibility to develop our Associates and share our knowledge with the next generation of pediatric specialists."
— David J. Bailey, MD, MBA, President & Chief Executive Officer, Nemours
"These 28 companies excel in creating innovative, vibrant learning cultures that clearly align with strategic business goals. They get it. The leadership of these organizations values the impact learning and development achieves, and knows that having a knowledgeable and skilled workforce drives success."
— Tony Bingham, President and CEO, ASTD
2013 ASTD BEST Award logo
About American Society for Training & Development
The American Society for Training & Development (ASTD) is the world's largest professional association dedicated to the training and development field. In more than 100 countries, ASTD's members work in organizations of all sizes, in the private and public sectors, as independent consultants, and as suppliers.
Members connect locally in 120 U.S. chapters and with 15 international partners. ASTD started in 1943 and in recent years has widened the profession's focus to align learning and performance to organizational results, and is a sought-after voice on critical public policy issues. Learn More »
About Nemours
Nemours is an internationally recognized children's health system that owns and operates the two free-standing children's hospitals: the Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children in Wilmington, Del., and Nemours Children's Hospital in Orlando, Fla., along with outpatient facilities in five states, delivering pediatric primary, specialty and urgent care. Nemours also powers the world's most-visited website for information on the health of children and teens, KidsHealth.org, and offers on-demand, online video patient visits through Nemours CareConnect. Nemours ReadingBrightstart.org is a program dedicated to preventing reading failure in young children, grounded in Nemours' understanding that child health and learning are inextricably linked, and that reading level is a strong predictor of adult health.
Established as The Nemours Foundation through the legacy and philanthropy of Alfred I. duPont, Nemours provides pediatric clinical care, research, education, advocacy and prevention programs to families in the communities it serves.


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Age Categories for 21km
Minimum age for participation
Entrants must be no younger than 16 on the day of the race.
Age Category Tags
An athlete is not eligible for a prize in more than one age group category i.e. an athlete is only eligible for a prize in the age category applicable to him/her or the younger category chosen by him/her. An athlete, male or female, who finishes the race in first to tenth position, may however, win his/her position prize as well as any applicable age group category prize. Unless you specifically request in writing to the Two Oceans Marathon organisers to change your age category to a lower age group category prior to closing date, you will be entered in the age group category of your chronological age both for individual and any team.