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Table of Contents
> Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis C virus
Related Terms
Signs and symptoms
Integrative therapies
Author information
Risk factors
Types of the disease
Future research
Integrative Therapy Quick Links:
Milk thistle
Gotu kola
Liver extract
Milk thistle
Sea buckthorn
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
Vitamin E
Related Terms
Blood-borne, chronic liver disease, Cobas TaqMan HCV test, ELISA, flavivirus, genome, genotyping assays, HCV, HCV antigen test, HCV load, HCV quantification, HCV RNA, hepatitis, heteroduplex mobility analysis, hybridization assay, immunostaining, infectious disease, jaundice, liver biopsy, liver enzymes, NAT, nucleic acid test, post-transfusion, reverse transcriptase, RIBA, RNA, RT-PCR, transcription mediated amplification, untranslated regions, UTR, viral load.
Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver. Viral infections are the most common cause of hepatitis. A type of hepatitis known as hepatitis C is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). This virus is made up of a single strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA) surrounded by two layers (envelopes), one consisting of proteins and the other of lipids (fat). RNA is a nucleic acid that helps in protein synthesis, which is important for the growth and maintenance of the body.
Hepatitis C virus belongs to the
family, which includes viruses that mainly spread through arthropod vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. Dengue fever, an infectious disease transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, and Japanese encephalitis, an infection that affects the nervous system which is also transmitted by mosquitoes, are some of the diseases caused by the
family of organisms.
In the mid 1970s, researchers found that a particular type of hepatitis that develops in a person after receiving a blood transfusion was not caused by hepatitis A or B viruses. They named the new virus non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH). The unknown organism was identified by scientists in 1987, and it was renamed the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989.
HCV causes a liver disease known as hepatitis C. The incubation period, which is the period between infection and the onset of clinical symptoms, ranges from 15 to 150 days. Humans and chimpanzees are the only two species that are susceptible to HCV, and a similar disease process has been observed in both species.
According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 170 million people are chronically infected with HCV, with 3 to 4 million new infections occurring every year. The distribution of HCV types varies globally. For example, HCV type 1 is the most common and accounts for 70% of the HCV infections in the United States.
Signs and symptoms
Hepatitis C can present in two forms: acute or chronic. Acute hepatitis C occurs during the first six months following infection with HCV. Chronic hepatitis C occurs when the HCV persists beyond six months in the individual.
In acute infection, the virus is detected within 1 to 3 weeks after infection and the antibodies to the virus are identified 3 to 12 weeks after infection. Earlier studies have shown that about 15 to 40% of individuals infected with HCV clear the virus during the acute phase because of the successful removal of the virus from the body; however the remaining 60 to 85% of individuals develop chronic hepatitis.
The clinical course of chronic hepatic C varies from one person to another. The symptoms may suggest liver disease is absent only until a large amount of scarring of the liver has occurred. The patient may experience a wide range of clinical manifestations, from absence of symptoms to symptomatic illness, before the development of advanced liver disease.
In most cases, both acute and chronic HCV infections are without symptoms (asymptomatic). If symptoms do occur, they may include fever, loss of appetite, stomachache, fatigue, muscle pain, yellowish discoloration of skin and eyes, dark yellow urine, and light-colored stools. Manifestations of liver disease such as jaundice and enlargement of the liver and spleen may also occur. HCV infection can also present with symptoms outside the liver. These may include inflammation of the thyroid, a form of inflammation of blood vessels (cryoglobulinemia), inflammation of the kidneys, a type of inherited disease with skin and nerve complications (porphyria cutanea tarda), or Sjogren's syndrome, an inflammatory disease affecting different parts of the body.
: When an individual is exposed to the hepatitis C virus (HCV), his or her body produces antibodies to the virus. These antibodies remain in the HCV-infected individual throughout his or her life, even if the virus is eliminated from the body naturally or following medical treatment. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body's defense system to fight against foreign agents called antigens. An antigen is a substance that is capable of causing an immune response. Patients who recover from HCV infection have a lower risk of reinfection, although HCV antibodies do not completely prevent reinfection.
Diagnostic testing
: HCV may be detected within 1 to 2 weeks after infection. The diagnostic tests for HCV are divided into two categories: serological assays, which detect the antibodies to HCV in the serum or plasma, and molecular assays that detect, quantify, or characterize HCV RNA in an infected patient. Both blood and tissue samples taken from the infected patient may be used to perform the molecular assays. Serum is the liquid component of blood that does not contain clotting factors. Plasma is the liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
Serological tests, which detect the anti-HCV antibodies, can be screening tests or confirmatory tests. Screening tests help identify blood samples that contain antibodies, while confirmatory tests confirm the presence of specific antibodies in the screened samples. The second or third line of tests is referred to as supplemental tests.
HCV infection is identified by screening for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies in the serum. These tests help determine whether the individual was exposed to the virus in the past, but cannot determine active viral infection. The results of these tests are indicated as positive, negative, or weakly positive. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) revised the guidelines and suggested that weakly positive tests must be confirmed with a confirmatory test before reporting.
Either the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay (CIA) test is usually the first test performed for screening the virus. If the result is positive, then further verification has to be done by a more specific serologic test, either by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA®, Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California) or nucleic acid test (NAT) for confirmation.
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
: ELISA is a diagnostic technique used to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a blood sample. ELISA is most widely used as an initial blood test for screening a large number of samples on a daily basis. The third-generation ELISA test is more sensitive and accurate than the previous versions, but false-negative results may be produced in patients whose immune systems do not generate sufficient antibodies, e.g., in people with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and in people undergoing hemodialysis for kidney disease.
HCV-RIBA® (recombinant immunoblot assay)
: HCV-RIBA® is an additional test with a high specificity to confirm the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. Specificity refers to the ability of an assay to measure a particular organism or substance in a sample of interest. This high specificity makes it possible to confirm the presence or absence of anti-HCV antibodies in low-risk individuals who are identified as HCV-positive during routine screening. The results are interpreted as positive, negative, or indeterminate. Like the ELISA, this test can be used to determine exposure to the virus, but not the current infection status.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
: PCR is an automated process that generates a number of copies of a specific DNA/RNA sequence (amplification) within a short time. PCR is done in the laboratory under a controlled environment and uses specific reagents and enzymes. This technique may be used to detect the presence of HCV, generally in individuals who have antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV positive) and who have a known risk of developing the infection. The technique can even detect low levels of HCV RNA in the serum.
Optimal HCV PCR assays have the ability to detect less than 100 copies of HCV RNA per milliliter of plasma or serum. Quantitative PCR, which determines the amount of virus in the blood, is one of the most sensitive tests for determining hepatitis C viral load.
Nucleic acid test (NAT)
: NAT is a supplemental test to detect HCV RNA in both acute and chronic infections. It is also used for evaluation and management of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. NAT can detect the presence of active HCV infection and can verify the presence of antibodies to HCV. NATs must be performed in specifically designed laboratories because any variation in the manner of sample collection, storage, or processing may lead to inaccurate results.
COBAS AMPLICORT HCV test
: COBAS AMPLICOR (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc., New Jersey) may be used as both a qualitative and a quantitative test. It is a type of NAT that detects HCV RNA using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification. Reverse transcription is the process of producing double-stranded DNA from a single-stranded RNA. It is a fully automated test that facilitates greater sensitivity, reliability, and standardization. The test detects even low levels of HCV RNA.
This test is used for patients with liver disease who test positive for HCV in screening tests. The presence of HCV RNA indicates that the virus is replicating and is therefore active. The test accurately diagnoses current infection and monitors the response to treatment. Quantification or viral load assessment is also possible for assessing treatment outcomes.
The viral load or quantitative HCV tests help measure the number of viral RNA particles in the blood. This type of test should be done both before and after treatment (usually after 3 months) to determine the response to the treatment. Successful treatment decreases the viral load by 99% in 4 to 12 weeks, to an undetectable level.
COBAS Taqman® HCV test
: COBAS Taqman test (TaqMan HCV; Roche Molecular Systems Inc., Branchburg, New Jersey) is a type of nucleic acid amplification test used for quantifying HCV RNA in human serum or plasma. It may therefore be used to detect the severity of the HCV infection. The system provides quick results and is highly specific and sensitive with a broad dynamic range.
The dynamic range of an assay is the difference between the highest and lowest detectable amounts of a product such as HCV RNA. The highest detectable level is independent of the technique used. However, the lowest detectable amount of the product depends on the assay technique used. A large dynamic range indicates a more sensitive test because it can detect much lower quantities of the product.
HCV-RNA test
: HCV RNA tests may be qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative tests determine the presence of HCV, whereas quantitative tests determine the amount of virus in the blood. The HCV RNA test can determine the active status of the virus and therefore helps identify currently infected individuals. It is reported as "positive" or "detected" if HCV viral RNA is found and "negative" or "not detected" if the viral RNA is not found. It is generally used after the completion of treatment to check whether the virus has been fully eliminated from the body. A positive HCV RNA test implies that the person has active hepatitis C infection.
Viral genotyping
: Viral genotyping helps determine the type of hepatitis C, and is important in determining the patient response to standard treatment and the duration of treatment. The test is done before treatment is started to analyze the duration and success rate of the treatment.
Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA)
: TMA is a highly sensitive technique for detecting the presence of HCV RNA in serum. The test accurately measures the antiviral response at the end of treatment because it can detect even a small amount of virus present in the serum.
: Immunostaining is an antibody-based method to detect a specific protein or antigen in the tissue sample by using stains such as fluorescent dyes and peroxidase enzymes. This can be performed by antibodies to detect the presence of HCV in the liver. Although it can identify the antigens in 60 to 70% of patients with chronic hepatitis, the test is not used often because it requires special handling of liver tissue. In addition, the infection can be detected only in individuals with high levels of anti-HCV antibodies in the serum.
Liver biopsy
: A liver biopsy may be performed to determine the extent of damage to liver cells and the best treatment option for the infected patient. During the procedure, a needle is inserted into the liver and a small piece of tissue is removed. The tissue is then analyzed under a microscope in a laboratory to detect and identify features of hepatitis C infection and liver damage. Liver biopsy may be necessary in chronically infected patients. This procedure allows doctors to grade the severity of the disease, identify the degree of fibrosis (excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ), and detect any permanent damage to the liver.
Liver enzymes
: A blood test may be performed to check for elevated levels of liver enzymes contained in liver cells, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). These enzymes leak into the bloodstream when liver cells are injured. The most common cause of elevation of ALT is chronic hepatitis C infection. Therefore, if routine blood tests reveal increased liver enzyme levels, such individuals must be clinically evaluated and tested for HCV using ELISA.
The major complication of HCV infection is progressive liver damage. In addition, hepatitis C worsens any underlying liver disease. For example, the progression of liver damage is rapid in people with alcoholic liver disease and HCV infection. Also, about 35% of individuals with HIV in the United States are also infected with HCV because both viruses are spread through blood contact.
Approximately 10 to 20% of individuals with chronic hepatitis C progress to cirrhosis within 20 years and are at a higher risk of developing complications such as end-stage liver disease and liver cancer. Cirrhosis is a condition of the liver in which the liver tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue.
A vaccine to prevent hepatitis C is currently unavailable, but the symptoms may be medically managed by using antiviral drugs. Treatment in the acute phase yields a better success rate (greater than 90%) with a shorter duration of treatment than treatment in the chronic stage. Also, patients with low viral loads respond better to treatment than those with higher viral loads.
Although antiviral therapy may be beneficial, it has not been approved for children. Interferon-? therapy has not been shown to be effective in adults and has shown a sustained response in only 10 to 15% of cases. A combination of interferon-? and the antiviral drug ribavirin is effective, however, with 40 to 50% of the treated cases showing a sustained response.
Several integrative therapies have been used to maintain the function of the liver rather than treating the virus, thereby delaying the progression of the infection. Extracts of
Silybum marianum
have been shown to improve liver function in HCV-infected patients by their antiviral effects.
Integrative therapies
: The therapies listed below have been studied in the prevention or treatment of hepatitis C or cirrhosis. They should be used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare provider and should not be used in replacement of other proven therapies or preventive measures.
Good scientific evidence
Milk thistle
: Milk thistle (
Silybum marianum
) has been used medicinally for more than 2,000 years, principally for the treatment of hepatic and biliary disorders. Several studies of oral milk thistle for hepatitis caused by viruses or alcohol report improvements in liver tests. However, most studies have been small and poorly designed. More research is needed before a recommendation can be made. Multiple studies from Europe suggest benefits of oral milk thistle for cirrhosis. Although results are promising, most studies have been poorly designed. Better research is necessary before a strong recommendation can be made. Use caution if allergic to plants in the aster family (Compositae/Asteraceae), daisies, artichoke, common thistle, or kiwi. Use cautiously with diabetes. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Probiotics are beneficial bacteria (sometimes referred to as "friendly germs") that help maintain the health of the intestinal tract and aid in digestion. Liver cirrhosis may be accompanied by an imbalance of intestinal bacteria. Probiotic supplementation in cirrhosis patients has been found to reduce the level of fecal acidity (pH) and fecal and blood ammonia. Probiotics are generally considered safe and well-tolerated. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to probiotics. Use cautiously if lactose intolerant.
Unclear or conflicting scientific evidence
: Ayurveda is an integrated system of specific theories and techniques that use diet, herbs, exercise, meditation, yoga, and massage or bodywork. The goal of Ayurveda is to achieve optimal health on all levels: physical, psychological, and spiritual. Evidence from one well-designed study suggests that the traditional herbal preparation Kamalahar may reduce clinical signs as well as indicators of liver damage in acute viral hepatitis. Another well-designed trial suggests that root powder from the herb
Picrorhiza kurroa
may improve levels of bilirubin, SGOT (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase), and SGPT in viral hepatitis. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. Ayurvedic herbs should be used cautiously because they are very strong and some constituents can be potentially toxic if taken in large amounts or for a long time. Some herbs imported from India have been reported to contain high levels of toxic metals. Avoid Ayurveda with traumatic injuries, acute pain, advanced disease stages, and medical conditions that require surgery.
: Bupleurum (
Bupleurum falcatum
Bupleurum fruticescens
) has been widely used for more than 2,000 years in Asia and is used today in Japan and China for hepatitis, cirrhosis, and other conditions associated with inflammation. Traditional use in China, as well as preliminary study in humans, seems to suggest that bupleurum and herbal combination formulas containing bupleurum may be helpful in the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Further research is warranted to make a firm recommendation. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to bupleurum, plants in the Apiaceae or Umbelliferae (carrot) family, snakeroot, cow parsnip, or poison hemlock. Use cautiously if operating motor vehicles or hazardous machinery. Use cautiously with low blood pressure, diabetes, or edema. Use cautiously with a history of bleeding, hemostatic disorders, or drug-related hemostatic disorders. Use cautiously if taking blood thinners. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Capers (
Capparis spinosa
) traditionally has been used for gas, liver function, heart disease, kidney disorders, parasitic worm infections, anemia, arthritis, gout, and as a tonic. Capers have also been used for low blood sugar. There is limited evidence of the effect of capers alone on cirrhosis. Additional studies are needed. Capers are generally considered to be safe. Avoid with allergy or sensitivity to capers or mustard oil. There are limited reports of side effects with capers. Use cautiously with diabetes or low blood sugar or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that lower blood sugar. Use cautiously with low blood pressure or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that lower blood pressure. Use cautiously in patients prone to iron overload. Use cautiously if taking diuretics. Avoid or use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Chicory is native to Europe and temperate regions in Asia, and has been naturalized to the United States. Chicory was cultivated as early as 5,000 years ago by Egyptians as a medicinal plant. There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of chicory for chronic hepatitis. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to chicory or members of the Asteraceae/Compositae family, including ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, and daisies. Use cautiously with drugs or herbs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme. Use cautiously with gallstones. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Choline is an essential nutrient related to the water-soluble B-complex vitamins, folate, pyridoxine, and B12, and to the essential amino acid methionine. It is synthesized in the body as well as consumed in the diet. Many studies have assessed the use of choline for hepatitis, although there is a lack of sufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of choline in the treatment of acute viral hepatitis. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to choline, lecithin, or phosphatidylcholine. Use cautiously with kidney or liver disorders or trimethylaminuria. Use cautiously with a history of depression. If pregnant or breastfeeding it is generally considered safe to consume choline within the recommended adequate intake (AI) parameters; supplementation outside of dietary intake is usually not necessary if consuming a healthy diet.
Cordyceps sinensis
, the
species most widely used as a dietary supplement, naturally grows on the back of caterpillar larvae from the moth
Hepialus armoricanus
Oberthur found mainly in China, Nepal, and Tibet. In traditional Chinese medicine, cordyceps has been used to support and improve liver function. In studies using herbal combinations that included cordyceps, liver function and immune function improved. However, available studies used combination treatments, so the effect of cordyceps alone is unknown. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to cordyceps, mold, or fungi. Use cautiously with diabetes, bleeding disorders, or prostate conditions. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulant or immunosuppressive medications, or hormone replacement therapy or oral contraceptives. Avoid with myelogenous type cancers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Aucubin, a constituent of eyebright, may aid in liver protection. However, there is currently insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of eyebright as a hepatoprotective agent. Avoid if allergic to eyebright, any of its constituents, or members of the Scrophulariaceae family. Use cautiously as an eye treatment, particularly homemade preparations, due to the risk of infection if not sterile. Use cautiously with diabetes and drugs that are broken down by the liver. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: There is a lack of sufficient evidence to recommend either American ginseng or
Panax ginseng
for hepatoprotection. Early study investigated compound K, a ginseng metabolite that shows promise in protecting against liver injury. Additional human studies are warranted in this area. Avoid ginseng with a known allergy to plants in the Araliaceae family. There has been a report of a serious life-threatening skin reaction, possibly caused by contaminants in a ginseng formulation.
Gotu kola
: Study results on gotu kola and liver disease are mixed. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. Avoid if allergic to gotu kola, asiaticoside, asiatic acid, or madecassic acid. Avoid with a history of high cholesterol, cancer, or diabetes. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: The main function of L-carnitine is to transfer long-chain fatty acids in the form of acyl-carnitine esters across the inner mitochondrial membrane before beta-oxidation. Although early evidence appears promising, currently it is insufficient to recommend carnitine in the treatment of liver cirrhosis. Avoid with known allergy or hypersensitivity to carnitine. Use cautiously with peripheral vascular disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis, and diabetes. Use cautiously in low birthweight infants and individuals on hemodialysis. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners), beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: The medicinally used part of licorice is the root and dried rhizome of the low-growing shrub
Glycyrrhiza glabra
. Currently, most licorice is produced in Greece, Turkey, and Asia. The licorice extracts DGL and carbenoxolone have been proposed as possible therapies for viral hepatitis. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made. Avoid if allergic to licorice, any component of licorice, or any member of the Fabaceae (Leguminosae) plant family. Avoid with congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, kidney or liver disease, fluid retention, high blood pressure, hormonal abnormalities, or if taking diuretics. Licorice can cause abnormally low testosterone levels in men and high prolactin or estrogen levels in women. This may make it difficult to become pregnant and may cause menstrual abnormalities.
Liver extract
: Liver extract and desiccated (dried) liver have been marketed as iron supplements for over a century. The extract is processed cow or pig liver that may either be a freeze-dried brownish powder or a concentrated liquid that has had most of the fat and cholesterol removed. Liver extract has shown stimulatory and protective effects on the liver. The combination of liver extract and interferon may increase patients' response to interferon therapy alone. However, additional study is needed.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to liver extract or its constituents. Use cautiously if taking antacids or with acid reflux. Use cautiously with clotting disorders, compromised immune function, and abnormal iron levels. Use cautiously if taking drugs that affect blood cholesterol, antiviral agents, especially interferon, or any agents for cancer. Use cautiously as raw liver may contain liver flukes or the bacterium
Vibrio fetus
. Use cautiously in patients with liver disease combined with a reduced human growth hormone metabolic clearance rate. Avoid liver extract with iron metabolism disorders or iron shortage disorders, such as hemachromatosis. Avoid liver extract from countries where bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE or "mad cow disease") has been reported. Avoid if sensitive to liver extract or any of its components, as liver extract therapy has caused severe anaphylactic shock. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Milk thistle
: Research on milk thistle for acute viral hepatitis has not provided clear results, and milk thistle cannot be recommended for this potentially life-threatening condition at this time.
: Once considered a sacred herb in Celtic tradition, mistletoe has been used for centuries for conditions as diverse as high blood pressure, epilepsy, exhaustion, anxiety, arthritis, vertigo (dizziness), and degenerative inflammation of the joints. Some patients have reportedly achieved complete elimination of the hepatitis virus after treatment with
Viscum album,
although these studies were not well designed so the findings may not be reliable. A small exploratory trial investigated the effects of mistletoe on liver function, reduction of viral load and inflammation, and maintenance of quality of life by the immunomodulatory or cytotoxic actions of mistletoe extracts, but little effect was seen. Larger, well-designed clinical trials are needed to resolve these conflicting data. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to mistletoe or any of its constituents. Anaphylactic reactions (life-threatening shock) have been described after injections of mistletoe. Avoid with acute, highly febrile, inflammatory disease, thyroid disorders, seizure disorders, or heart disease. Use caution with diabetes or glaucoma or if taking cholinergics.
: Peony root has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries. Peony flowers are also used medicinally, for example, in cough syrups and in herbal teas. Peony has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat liver disease. Larger, higher quality trials are needed to support this use of peony. Avoid if allergic or sensitive to peony. Avoid with bleeding disorders or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that increase bleeding risk. Use cautiously with estrogen-sensitive cancers or if taking drugs, herbs, or supplements with hormonal activity. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Chinese herbalists have relied on rhubarb rhizomes and roots for thousands of years. Studies have been conducted on rhubarb and its effects on hepatitis. In a case series, high doses of rhubarb decreased the symptoms and serum levels associated with hepatitis. However, higher quality studies are needed in this area.
Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to rhubarb, its constituents, or related plants from the Polygonaceae family. Avoid using rhubarb for more than two consecutive weeks because it may induce tolerance in the colon, melanosis coli, laxative dependence, pathological alterations to colonic smooth muscles, and substantial loss of electrolytes. Avoid with atony, colitis, Crohn's disease, dehydration with electrolyte depletion, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, insufficient liver function, intestinal obstruction or ileus, irritable bowel syndrome, menstruation, pre-eclampsia, renal disorders, ulcerative colitis, and urinary problems. Avoid handling rhubarb leaves as they may cause contact dermatitis. Avoid rhubarb in children under age 12 because of the potential for water depletion. Use cautiously with bleeding disorders, cardiac conditions, coagulation therapy, constipation, history of kidney stones, or thin or brittle bones. Use cautiously if taking anti-psychotic drugs or oral drugs, herbs or supplements, including calcium, iron, and zinc. Avoid if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Two parts of the safflower plant are primarily used: the flower itself and the seeds. EH0202 is a traditional Japanese Kampo therapy containing safflower seed extract used for immunostimulation. EH0202 may decrease hepatitis C virus RNA levels in patients with high viral titers. More studies with safflower alone are needed to define safflower's effect on hepatitis C. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to safflower,
Carthamus tinctorius
, safflower oil, daisies, ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds, or any related constituents. Use parenteral safflower oil emulsions cautiously in newborns. Use cautiously if taking anticoagulants (blood thinners) or antiplatelet drugs, immunosuppressants, or pentobarbital. Use cautiously with diabetes, hypotension, inadequate liver function, hypercoagulability, and skin pigmentation conditions. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Sea buckthorn
: Sea buckthorn (
Hippophae rhamnoides
) is found throughout Europe and Asia, particularly eastern Europe and central Asia. The plant's orange fruit and the oil from its pulp and seeds have been used traditionally for skin conditions, coughing, phlegm reduction, and digestive disorders. Sea buckthorn extract may improve liver health in people with cirrhosis. Although the results are intriguing, additional higher quality research is needed in this area. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to sea buckthorn, its constituents, or members of the Elaeagnaceae family. Use cautiously if taking angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, blood thinners, anticancer agents, or cyclophosphamide or farmorubicin. Avoid higher doses than food amounts if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Selenium supplementation has been studied in various liver disorders, including hepatitis, with mixed results. Further research is needed to establish selenium's effects.
: Early studies have found that taurine supplementation has the potential to modify the conjugation of bile acids, potentially modifying the disease. Furthermore, taurine has been examined as an adjunct to ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) in the treatment of liver disease. Results from these early studies suggest that conjugation of bile acids can be modified and that taurine as an adjunct to UDCA does not offer more benefits. More recent studies have investigated the effect of tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) in liver disease treatment. As of yet, however, the evidence in support of taurine in liver disease is minimal and well-designed clinical trials with positive results are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) may provide liver protection. However, more studies are needed before recommendations can be made.
: In traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric has been used to tone the liver. Early research suggests that turmeric may have a protective effect on the liver, but more research is needed before any recommendations can be made. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to turmeric, curcumin, yellow food colorings, or plants in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family. Use cautiously with a history of bleeding disorders, immune system deficiencies, liver disease, diabetes, hypoglycemia, or gallstones. Use cautiously with blood-thinners, such as warfarin (like Coumadin®), and blood sugar-altering medications. Avoid in medicinal amounts if pregnant or breastfeeding. Turmeric should be stopped prior to scheduled surgery.
Vitamin E
: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties. In patients with hepatitis C taking antiviral therapy, vitamin E has been proposed to prevent inflammation. More studies are needed to examine the effects of vitamin E in chronic hepatitis. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to vitamin E. Avoid with retinitis pigmentosa (loss of peripheral vision). Use cautiously with bleeding disorders or if taking blood thinners. Avoid above the recommended daily level if pregnant or breastfeeding.
: Zinc is necessary for the functioning of more than 300 different enzymes and plays a vital role in an enormous number of biological processes. Early studies have shown that zinc in combination with interferon or interferon in combination with ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C infection did not show significant benefits, except for a lower incidence of gastrointestinal side effects in limited available study. Further study may be warranted in this area. Recent high-quality evidence suggests that supplementation with polaprezinc in patients undergoing treatment with pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin may decrease damage to liver cells. Zinc is generally considered safe when taken at the recommended dosages. Avoid zinc chloride because studies have not been done on its safety or effectiveness. Avoid with kidney disease. Use cautiously if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Fair negative scientific evidence
: The term spirulina refers to a large number of cyanobacteria or blue-green algae. Preliminary study of spirulina for chronic viral hepatitis shows negative results. Avoid if allergic or hypersensitive to spirulina or blue-green algae. Use cautiously with phenylketonuria, a liver enzyme genetic disorder that disrupts normal body functions, and with autoimmune diseases, bleeding disorders, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Use cautiously with products containing the blue-green algae species
spp., and
spp. Use cautiously in underweight patients or in those taking antiobesity agents or appetite suppressants, or in patients consuming a high-protein diet. Avoid in children and if pregnant or breastfeeding.
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be passed to others through blood and bodily fluids such as vaginal secretions and semen. It is commonly spread through blood transfusions, in which blood is transferred from one person to another, or by sharing needles contaminated with the virus, particularly among street drug and steroid users. Practicing safe sex and avoiding exposure to potentially contaminated needles will decrease the risk of being infected with HCV.
The infection cannot spread by hugging, kissing, or shaking hands with an infected person.
Author information
This information has been edited and peer-reviewed by contributors to the Natural Standard Research Collaboration (www.naturalstandard.com).
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Natural Standard: The Authority on Integrative Medicine. .
Roberts SK, Cooksley G, Dore GJ, et al. Robust antiviral activity of R1626, a novel nucleoside analog: A randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2008;48(2):398-406.
HCV rapidly replicates, or produces multiple copies of itself, with nearly 1 trillion particles produced every day in an infected individual. Its high mutation rate helps the virus elude the host's immune response. A mutation is a change within a gene, specifically a change in the sequence of base pairs in the DNA that make up a gene. Several studies indicate that HCV replicates within liver cells. Circulating HCV particles enter the liver cells by initially binding to specific surface receptors. These receptors are protein molecules to which the viral particle attaches itself to gain entry into the cell. Because of the high mutation rate of the HCV, the liver cell perceives the mutated or genetically altered viral RNA as its own RNA and proceeds to replicate it. Because the viral RNA is assumed to be the body's own RNA, there is no immune response generated. Thus, the viral RNA is successful in avoiding attack by the host's immune system.
Risk factors
HCV can be passed to others through blood and bodily fluids such as vaginal secretions and semen. It is commonly spread through blood transfusions, in which blood is transferred from one person to another, or by sharing needles contaminated with the virus, particularly among street drug and steroid users. It is advisable to check for HCV in people who received a blood transfusion or organ transplant before 1992, when there were no tests to identify the virus. The infection cannot spread by hugging, kissing, or shaking hands with an infected person.
Equipment used for procedures such as tattooing, body piercing, and acupuncture may transmit HCV infection. In rare cases, transmission may occur through contaminated (infected) dialysis equipment. Dialysis is a procedure used to filter harmful wastes from blood in people with impaired kidney function. The virus may also be transmitted from infected mothers to their infants, although this is uncommon.
Types of the disease
HCV has been classified into six types based on the structure and sequence of its RNA. HCV also has multiple subtypes, which include a, b, c, based on the order in which they were discovered. The subtypes are further broken down based on their genetic diversity or variations. This classification system helps to easily identify the different organisms.
: Researchers are conducting several studies to find better techniques for the early detection and quantification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in infected individuals. Such techniques might also help in monitoring the treatment of these patients.
Polymerase chain reaction-based test
: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based enzyme-linked oligonucleotide-sorbent assay (ELOSA) has been developed to analyze the serum of patients infected with different types of HCV. A recent study was conducted to compare this method with Roche's COBAS AMPLICOR HCV Monitor assay, which is a qualitative and quantitative test to detect HCV infection. The PCR-ELOSA was demonstrated to be more sensitive, also showed a high accuracy and reproducibility, and may be considered an alternative to current HCV detection assays.
RT-PCR-based test
: Researchers have recently standardized an HCV real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for screening, quantitation (analyzing the quantity), and detection of HCV RNA in plasma samples. Reverse transcription is the process of producing double-stranded DNA from a single-stranded RNA. This assay is more reliable and accurate than standard PCR techniques, making it easier to screen patients and monitor the disease.
Hybridization-based test
: Hybridization, a process of combining various organisms or the strands of DNA and RNA, has been studied for detecting the presence of HCV RNA in infected individuals. This technique removes the need for RNA purification, an elaborate and time-consuming process of separating the viral RNA from other cellular components such as proteins. Results can therefore be obtained in a short time using the hybridization method. The assay is also highly sensitive, easy to handle, and reproducible, facilitating quick and reliable results.
Mass spectrometry-based method
: Studying the diversity of protein patterns in the HCV-infected individual's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) may help clarify the role of these proteins and their function in chronic hepatitis C infection. PBMCs are the blood cells that help fight against foreign agents. Understanding the role of the PBMC proteins and their mechanisms in HCV infection may help in finding diagnostic tools that facilitate quicker identification of the virus. It may also assist in developing effective treatment strategies against the infection.
Future research
: New therapies for treating infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) are in various stages of development. These include studies to understand viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and the functions or mechanisms of action of HCV-encoded proteins, which play a major role in virus replication or multiplication. Such studies help the investigators to devise techniques that facilitate early detection of HCV and may help develop effective treatment strategies against HCV infection.
Genetic tests
: Researchers are examining a new method called heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) that detects the HCV genome, which is the sum total of genetic information in an organism, of different HCV types and subtypes. HMA is a rapid and inexpensive method for determining the genetic makeup of HCV that does not require sequencing to determine the order of the nucleotide bases in the RNA. Further research is warranted because the current analysis cannot detect a large proportion of genotypes and subtypes.
: Some studies have found that the antiviral drug amantadine (Symmetrel®), when added to the standard treatment of interferon and ribavirin, helps in achieving better results in HCV-infected individuals. However, amantadine has not received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating hepatitis C.
R1479, an inhibitor of HCV replication, is being studied for its effect against HCV. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of a nonstructural protein, which can be directed against HCV replication. Initial results suggest that R1479 may be used in combination with other antiviral drugs (e.g., ribavirin and peginterferon alfa-2a) for treating chronically infected patients.
HCV infection is regulated by immune responses, which are triggered by cellular RIG-I helicase, an RNA enzyme that plays a key role in limiting the disease progression. Researchers are targeting this enzyme because it may be used to develop treatment for the HCV infection and may thereby reduce complications related to the infection.
Vaccine development
: Vaccines work by stimulating the body's immune system. Vaccines contain small amounts of disease-causing organisms that allow the immune system to produce antibodies to the foreign invader. Once antibodies are developed, the immune system is able to respond more quickly to the infection if the disease-causing organism ever enters the body. Consequently, individuals become immune to the specific illness after receiving a vaccine. The extreme variability of HCV poses a major problem for developing vaccines. Some researchers have identified human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which neutralize diverse HCV isolates and protect against HCV types in mice. These results suggest that a preventive vaccine may be developed against the virus using these antibodies.
A therapeutic bivalent vaccine named V-5 Immunitor (V5) may help reduce liver injury caused by the hepatitis C virus. These early results must be confirmed with larger clinical trials.
Copyright © 2011 Natural Standard (
The information in this monograph is intended for informational purposes only, and is meant to help users better understand health concerns. Information is based on review of scientific research data, historical practice patterns, and clinical experience. This information should not be interpreted as specific medical advice. Users should consult with a qualified healthcare provider for specific questions regarding therapies, diagnosis and/or health conditions, prior to making therapeutic decisions.
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text: (long-time listener, first-time caller) so i managed to get the network-side of a prototype "guarded" beowulf up with redhat 7.0 using the two onboard ethernet controllers on a 1U tyan 2510 running a couple piii 866's -- this newbie is still amazed (virtual no prior sysadm experience). you (and the linux community in general) generate a bunch of useful(!) documentation. anyway, the hole i've dug now has me stumped (apparently i can't take a hint -- see below ;). i am trying to install a netgear gigabit card (ga620t) in the tyan's 64-bit/66MHz pci slot and use it in place of one of the onboard eepro controllers going into the netgear fs518t 10/100/1000 switch (16+2). lspci says: 01:02.0 Ethernet controller: Netgear: Unknown device 630a (rev 01), ifconfig doesn't list it, netcfg talks about 'Delaying eth2 initialization' and 'insmod acenic' exclaims, Using /lib/modules/2.2.16-22smp/net/acenic.o /lib/modules/2.2.16-22smp/net/acenic.o: init_module: Device or resource busy Hint: insmod errors can be caused by incorrect module parameters, including invalid IO or IRQ parameters as is probably obvious from the above, i have no idea what i'm talking about; but i am not above groveling for answers -- or at least re-direction ... thanks, -- bil <http://abweb.larc.nasa.gov/~kleb/>

subset: commoncrawl


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Asian starlet Keeani Lei (AKA Keina, Keeani) is a hot bisexual whose turn-ons include other hot Asian chicks. Lee is also an accomplished surfer and skateboarder, trying her luck at half and quarter pipes regularly. She has a liking for full on gangbangs and is just a sex addict altogether. The slim, athletically built Lei is also known for her exceptional skills at giving blowjobs, including deep-throating. She has a gorgeous smile, and also has ambitions of creating her own line of films.
With over 260 movies at her back, Lei's work stays consistent with her competition. She has an appetite for anal and occasionally for swallowing warm loads. Lei is a squirter who loves to rub her clit in that special way to make her pussy release tons of its delicious juices all over the balls of her male costars. She's performed for Anarchy, Evil Empire, and has made a few appearances in Mercenary Films' Iron Head series. Her favorite foods are known to be Sushi and pussy. She loves to ride a cock in the reverse cowgirl position, and keeps her private areas nicely trimmed and shaved. Lei has admitted that anal sex is her personal greatest turn on.


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Shop our get well floral department. Our get well flowers are sure to put a smile on anyone's face.
Get well flowers are a great way to let someone who is ill, or just feeling blue, know you're thinking of him or her, even if you can't visit in person. They're not only a terrific way to brighten up a hospital room, but can ease the loneliness of recovering at home. They are a simple, sincere and unobtrusive way to lift spirits, bring a smile to a tired face or brighten up a room for someone who is under the weather. In fact, they might be just the trick to cheer someone up while getting well.


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LAKEWOOD — A Snohomish County sheriff's deputy shot a man in the hand Thursday morning, concluding a standoff that began with a domestic dispute.
The incident occurred at a mobile home in the 4500 block of Lakewood Road.
Deputies were summoned by a 911 call just before 4 a.m. to reports of a suicidal man with a gun, Everett police spokesman Aaron Snell said.
"Ultimately it is believed that a domestic dispute spurred this call," Snell said.
There was a standoff with deputies, and about 5:30 a.m., one of the officers shot the man, 36, in the hand, Snell said.
The man's injuries were not believed to be life threatening. He was taken to an Everett hospital and then moved to Harborview Medical Center in Seattle for more treatment, Snell said.
The man reportedly had immediate access to weapons. Whether he was carrying a weapon at the time he was shot was among the details being reviewed by the Snohomish Multiple Agency Response Team, Snell said.
As is standard in such cases involving use of force, the circumstances were being investigated by the special countywide team of detectives.
The deputy, who has been with the department for seven years, was placed on paid administrative leave, which also is standard practice in officer-involved shootings.
The incident took place across the road from Lake Goodwin in a neighborhood with several other mobile homes. Passersby slowed as they passed the yellow crime scene tape that was tied between a telephone pole and mailboxes leading into a gravel driveway.
Behind the tape, detectives were knocking on doors and talking to potential witnesses Thursday morning.
This was the second line-of-duty shooting for sheriff's deputies this summer.
Matthew Wiese, 46, was fatally shot in June outside his parents' Lynnwood-area home after allegedly pointing a gun at deputies. Before the shooting, Wiese had lobbed fireworks at police.
The deadly confrontation happened after deputies were called to investigate allegations that Wiese violated a protection order obtained by his wife.
The slain man's father later told an Everett police sergeant that his son took some medications for mental illness, court records said. Wiese's death remains under investigation.
Snohomish County Executive John Lovick recently announced plans to convene a panel to find ways to improve services for people living with mental illness. The panel is expected to begin meeting in September. The executive is recruiting mental health professionals to look at crisis services, access to care, and gaps in services.
Diana Hefley contributed to this story.


text: For residential inground or aboveground swimming pools requiring turnover through 59,000 gallons, at flow rates up to 20 GPM for 8 to 10 hours. Permanent media high rate sand filters in 15", 17", 20", 24" and 30" diameter models accommodate large and small pools, offering the best combination of economy, performance, durability and ease of maintenance. Corrosion resistant, one-piece, extra-thick molded polyethylene tank assures long service life. Top-mounted, corrosion-resistant multiport selector valve included. Also includes a convenient tank winterizing drain and continuous air relief system.


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GSW Hoops Fan wrote:Bottom line. Ellis DID ... repeat DID help us win games. Yes, he is not good enough to carry us to playoffs like Durant did. But Durants team sucked ass for the first 3 seasons. It wasn't until they committed to defense did they make the playoffs. We had way better records then them 3 years in a row.
Same can happen to us if we get a better commitment to defense.
We had double their win total, and the only position where we were clearly better was at SG....
If you follow this logic, then you can saw Ellis helped us win roughly 18 games.
No player no matter how good they are can carry a team if the team doesn't play defense.
When Thunder didn't make it to playoffs first couple of years, did they say, hey lets trade durant?
Following that logic then should the wolves trade Love if they don't make it to the playoffs in 2 years?
I don't think so.
Again, Ellis very much did help us win games. Compare us to the Timberwolves, without Monta we would have been on par with them or worse.
-- Warriors ----- Wolves --- Notes
PG Curry ....> .. Luke ....... Curry has more potential, Luke has more experience. Neither good defender. Curry is wayyy better. Luke is hardly even an offensive threat.
SG Ellis ......> .. Johnson .. Ellis way better. Johnson is bigger.
SF Wright ..< .. Beasly ..... Beasly is better all around. Wright probably a better shooter.
PF Lee .......< .. Love ....... Lee was good, but Love was a beast this past season Love is better, but the difference in production is not hugeC. Beans ....= .. Darko ..... Both sucked hard. Darko had his moments, Beans his, but both inconsistent
Bench ........= .. Bench ..... Williams and Udoh was our key guy, They have Webster and Randolph
these > and <'s don't say a whole lot because you're not measuring the difference, just who "wins" the matchup. the difference between Ellis and Johnson is huge. the difference between Curry and Ridnour is huge. put our backcourt on the Twolves and they're a much better team. and even though Love wins the matchup, it's not a huge difference. Warriors talent all added up > Twolves.
might have to check NBA2k11 for the ratings haha.
not a whole lot of ppl are saying trade Monta for Johnson or some other unproven player. only for someone around his level. the question is -- is Curry / Iggy > Curry / Ellis as far as wins. I think so.
as far as the Mark Jackson hiring, I kinda had mixed reactions at first. of course it's gonna be a wait and see kinda thing. but W's coulda done worse. no exp. is a concern but at least they have a very strong assistant coach as a fall back guy. I don't think that will be needed though, we'll see. thing I like about M-Jax is he seems to have connections around the league, might land us some FA's. and he seems like a leader and strong presence the W's could use. he also was that type of player similar to a Jason Kidd, John Stockton, Larry Bird...not terribly athletic, but their level of basketball IQ and understanding all facets of the game = off the charts. guys like that really are like coaches on the floor. can't wait for offseason & draft to start, see what happens.


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Susan Granger's review of 'Edge of Tomorrow'
Set in the near future when a brutal, seemingly invincible, hive-like alien race, known as the Mimics, is invading Earth, this action-packed sci-fi thriller stars Tom Cruise as U.S. Army Maj. William Cage, who handles military public relations for the United Defense Force.
Terrified and totally inexperienced in combat, he's dispatched from London by Gen. Brigham (Brendan Gleeson) to the front lines on Normandy Beach in France, where he's killed immediately. Inexplicably, he's then thrown into a confusing yet continual time loop, where Master Sgt. Farrell (Bill Paxton) forces him to relive the harrowing bloodbath again and again. It's "Live. Die. Repeat." Like "Groundhog Day" on the battlefield.
Yet, with each enemy encounter, Cage becomes more skilled, teaming up with a super soldier, Special Forces Sgt. Rita Vrataski (Emily Blunt), known as the Angel of Verdun.
Unlike his usual heroic roles ("Mission Impossible," "Jack Reacher," "Oblivion"), Cruise's Cage starts out as a cocky, inept, cowardly underdog who discovers he cannot talk his way out of this fight. Enlisting experienced, if merciless Vrataski, a.k.a. the Full Metal Bitch, as an unlikely ally, and overcoming his initial frustration, Cage gradually realizes that as they change tactics, they're gaining advantages along the way. Their objective: the destruction of the aliens' brain device called the Omega, which is hidden somewhere in war-ravaged Paris.
Cleverly scripted as a character-driven, mind-bending mystery by Christopher McQuarrie ("The Usual Suspects," "Jack Reacher") and Jez and Jon-Henry Butterworth ("Fair Game"), based on Hiroshi Sakurazaka's 2004 novel "All You Need is Kill," it's adroitly directed by Doug Limon ("The Bourne Identity," "Mr. & Mrs. Smith") and edited by James Herbert, so that Cruise's sniveling Cage subtly undergoes a compelling arc, punctuated by slyly self-deprecating humor. Credit production designer Oliver Scholl and costumer Kate Hawley for the battle fatigues and bulky exoskeleton armor, built by Pierre Bohanna -- and visual effects supervisor Nick Davis for the multi-tentacled CGI extraterrestrials.
On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "Edge of Tomorrow" is an exhilarating, intriguingly effective 8, delving into an eternal recurrence.


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Susan G. Komen grant brings no-cost mammograms to area
When Darlene Marrow of Nelson, Va. found a lump in her breast, her first reaction was fear and concern. She was not only afraid of having found the lump, but she was also fearful of her lack of health insurance.
"When I found the lump in my breast, I was scared. I didn't know what to do, so I went to my cousin to talk about what I should do about it," Marrow says. "I didn't have health insurance and I wasn't sure I could afford a mammogram, even though I needed one."
After talking with her cousin, Darlene was excited to learn that there was a solution to her problem. Her cousin told her about Sentara Halifax Regional Hospital and the Susan G. Komen Foundation grant that they recently received.
"My cousin told me about the Komen grant and how the hospital was offering free mammograms to women like me," Marrow remembers. "I called them immediately."
The Susan G. Komen grant received by Sentara Halifax Regional Hospital provides 200 no-cost mammograms to uninsured or underinsured women in the local area who rage from age 40-64. These potentially life-saving tests are performed and the results are then reported to the patient's primary care physician for review.
"I called the Komen Breast Health Coordinator and scheduled my mammogram. The process was very easy and I had no trouble getting an appointment," Marrow says.
After scheduling her appointment, the time finally came for Darlene to go get her mammogram. She felt very nervous, but she made it through the procedure without a hitch.
"The people who perform the mammograms were so kind," Marrow recalls. "I was afraid and they really gave me the confidence and the reassurance that I needed to get through the test."
Now, due to her experience, Darlene says that she fully understands the importance of regular mammograms and the benefit that the Komen grant is bringing to the community.
"Getting regular mammograms is so very important," Marrow says. "Don't put it off. If you can't afford it, there is help in our community that will allow you to get the tests you need without waiting and risking your health."
If you or a loved one are age 40-64 and are uninsured or underinsured, you may qualify for a free mammogram. If you would like to schedule this no-cost test, please call Komen Breast Health Coordinator Karen Anderson at 434-517-3932.
Don't delay. Mammograms take minutes, breast cancer takes lives.


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via Introducing Grace | The Recreation Project.
I moved to Gulu in January and almost immediately started hearing rumour of a climbing wall. Being a keen climber and general outdoor adventure-nut, I had to investigate. This is how I found The Recreation Project.
My first impression was one of amazement that someone had even thought to build an outdoor activity centre in a developing country, in a former conflict zone. With a background in youth work, outdoor education and mental health, I understand and have witnessed the benefits of adventure-based therapy first-hand back home in New Zealand. What I didn't expect was to meet people with the vision and drive to use this tool to work with war-affected youth in northern Uganda. My first reaction was to ask when I could climb on their wall!
I was then roped into (excuse the pun) helping out with some of the big groups they had coming through the forest. Seeing the youth trying out the zipline, leap of faith and climbing wall for their very first time was an absolute pleasure. Their energy was infectious but most rewarding was seeing those who had the greatest fear overcome it and make a huge gain in self-confidence. I was also impressed by the professionalism and enthusiasm of the TRP staff and facilitators, most of whom come from the local area and can tell their own moving stories about growing up during the LRA's insurgency. I enjoyed these days so much I started talking with Ben and Zach about how I could get more involved with TRP and this resulted in a three month volunteer placement as their Capacity Building Coordinator.
One of my first tasks has been to work towards setting up Uganda's first Youth Climbing Club. The goal being to provide the opportunity for local out-of-school youth to learn how to climb, develop leadership skills and learn about protecting the environment. When they complete the training programme we'll take them on an Outdoor Adventure Excursion to a National Park – a place few local youth ever get the chance to visit. I am incredibly excited to be a part of making this happen and hope that we can bring others onboard to lend their technical and financial support as well as provide climbing gear for these youth!
I've also been able to look at how we can make the ropes course and programmes more accessible for people with disabilities. I'll finish with one of my favourite pictures from working at The Recreation Project so far:
Fred fell out of a tree when he was 13 years old and broke his back, he has been using a wheelchair ever since. Now in his mid-30s, he climbed a tree for the first time since his accident last weekend at The Recreation Project. Strapped into a harness, with a couple of strong facilitators hauling on the rope, Fred managed to pull himself up the ladder to the platform in the tree. Once up there and clipped into the zipline trolley, he started to question the safety and sanity of what he was doing. But he still managed to launch himself off the platform and fly down the zipline. As he came down from the wire and reseated himself in his wheelchair, he had a look of shear amazement and joy on his face. Fred told us he couldn't quite believe he had done it but that he was incredibly pleased to have overcome his fear and enjoyed flying through the air. He now wants to do it again and bring his sons next time to share the experience.


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HANG TIME, Texas — If all goes according to plan, this might just be an advance preview for June when Dwyane Wade and Chris Paul could captain lineups with another championship on the line.
If they meet in four months in the NBA Finals, they'll have the Larry O'Brien Trophy up for grabs. For now, it will be strictly for bragging rights as the All-Star guards for the Heat and Clippers square off in leading a first-ever overall team format on All-Star Saturday Night.
Miami's Wade will lead the Eastern Conference and L.A.'s Paul the Western Conference in a night of competition that will raise money for charity. The selections were made by the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association. The captains were chosen, in part, for the leadership they have shown in supporting charitable causes.
As part of the new format, points earned by each conference throughout the four All-Star Skills Competitions will determine the conference that earns the title of 2013 State Farm All-Star Saturday Night Champion.
In addition, NBA Cares and State Farm will make a joint donation of $500,000 as part of the event, with $350,000 going to the winning conference's charities and $150,000 to the runner-up conference's charities. All of the charities will be selected by the conference captains, the NBA, and State Farm.
State Farm All-Star Saturday Night, an all-inclusive skills showcase, will take place on Feb. 16 at the Toyota Center in Houston and will be televised live by TNT at 8 p.m. ET. The event consists of the Shooting Stars, a competition featuring NBA players, WNBA players, and NBA legends; the Taco Bell Skills Challenge, a contest of top guards working against the clock to complete a series of passes, free throws, layups and agility drills; the Foot Locker Three-Point Contest; and the Sprite Slam Dunk contest.
The 62nd NBA All-Star Game will be played on Feb. 17, at the Toyota Center, which will also host the BBVA Rising Stars Challenge. NBA All-Star Jam Session, the hugely successful interactive basketball celebration, will be held at the George R. Brown Convention Center and will host the Sprint NBA All-Star Celebrity Game and the Sprint Pregame Concert.


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I am a crew member with a major airline and fly internationally. A few months ago, I was flying and laying over in Cali, Colombia. The Colombian people are some of the friendliest in the world, but it can also be a very dangerous place, as most people are aware. One evening, we were picked up at the airport by our contracted van, and we began making our way to the hotel. Everyone cringed when we discovered, to the surprise of the driver, that we had run out of gas! It was late, and we didn't want to be sitting ducks in a van pulled off the dark road, so I pulled out my U2 Ultra and, like a row of nocturnal ducks, we headed down the road to the nearest phone. The light from my U2 on full power made our walk safer, and instead of dread, the experience took on a comical aspect. The rest of the crew had taken out their two-AA-cell flashlights the FAA requires crews to carry, but they quickly put them away with disgust and embarrassment. Anyway, we made it to the hotel safely, and the experienced quickly assuaged any doubt I had about spending almost $300 for a flashlight. Nothing even remotely compares to these lights for power and reliability.
Kevin S.
Sunrise, FL
See the U2 flashlight:
My December 29, 2005 trip to Phnom Penh, Cambodia for my wedding was phenomenal. The marriage was performed outside on a beautiful, moonless night. Unfortunately, after the wedding, one of our wedding guests had an accident when their motorbike plunged into a canal nearby. Two people were injured, but to add insult to injury, one of the victims also lost her bracelet. One of the passengers asked me if he could use my SureFire L4 Lumamax to search for the lost bracelet. He was amazed by the brightness of the L4. He said that, as soon as he turned on the flashlight, the powerful L4 reflected off the bracelet, making it look like it was floating on the water. Now I have more love for my L4, and I'm looking forward to investing in an M6 Guardian [superseded by the M6LT--Ed.]. (Hopefully without ending up in the divorce court.)
Anthony P.
Saint Paul, MN
See the L4 and M6LT flashlights:
I just recently got back from vacationing in Spain with my family. Well one night we all decided to have a picnic on the beach in Valencia. We watched the sunset and my wife, father, and sister decided to go check out the surf. It being dark I handed my father my E1L Outdoorsman to navigate by. My mother and I watched them slowly make their way to the surf (which was easy because we could see the E1L's beam). As they were standing there a group of Spanish fishermen totally went wild over the light. My sister came running back and said they wanted to know what kind of light it was and where they could get one! Well, they wouldn't give the light back until they had SureFire's website address! So you may be getting a lot of inquires about your products from southern Spain soon!
Kelly M.
Sacramento, CA
See the E1L flashlight:
On Christmas of 2005, I met my neighbor's son he was going to Costa Rica with his girlfriend, who studies snakes. He was curious about the flashlight in my hands; I was holding a U2 Ultra. I said, "Sorry, you can't have my U2, but I can lend you my E1L Outdoorsman with an SC3 spares carrier." Two weeks later, I ran into his dad, and he said, ´Wait til you hear the story of Scott's trip." It seems they took a walk at night with a guide and some tourist to look at the wildlife. The guide's light went out, and Scott, with his SureFire, saved the day. Without it they may have stepped on some serious poisonous snakes and spiders. Scott later told me he had all of the young ladies holding onto him because he was the only one with a light. In his own words: "This light is a babe magnet!" He has since purchased an E1L for himself as I wanted mine back. Right on, SureFire.Thierry L.
Fort Bragg, CA
See the U2 and E1L flashlights:
I recently took a trip to Vietnam. After leaving Ho Chi Minh City on a motor scooter and travelling 200 km north, I arrived at Cat Tien National Park. At dusk, the guides begin prepping several spotlights hooked up to extra-large batteries. We loaded up the ragged Toyota and headed out into the park. A few kilometers down the trail, I remembered I had my SureFire E2D LED Defender® in my pocket. I had been carrying it more for personal protection in Ho Chi Minh City than for light, but I decided I would flash it where the guides were not shining their lights. My little torch was brighter than their eight-inch-diameter spotlights wired to 12-volt truck batteries, which baffled the park guides. Five guides were excitedly yelling with amazement in Vietnamese, which made for a hysterical scene. I'd become so accustomed to my Defender that I actually forgot how powerful it actually is.
James E.
Rock Hill, SC
See the E2DL flashlight:


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UNPLUGGED at Burgh House
Sunday 24 March, 2 – 4pm
Poetry - Music - Spoken Word
Join us at Burgh House for the return of our acoustic open mic event. Whether your passion is spoken word or wordless music, come along and perform on Sunday afternoon, or sit back and listen at this free event. All welcome. Refreshments will be available from the cafe and welcome in the Music Room.
If you would like to sign up to perform, email email@example.com or turn up on the door to see if there are available slots.
The piano will be available for use, otherwise please feel free to bring along instruments, though the session will not be amplified.


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More than 9,200 auto service locations in the U.S. and Canada committed to serving customers with professional automotive repair at a reasonable cost.
The CARQUEST Tool & Equipment catalog is published quarterly and features the latest tools and equipment, available from your CARQUEST Auto Parts store.
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Petition: Proprietary Software In US Schools
What's holding back US schools from catching on to the open-source software wave like the rest of the world?
Some say the replacement applications are just not available on the Linux platform. However some apps like OpenOffice.org could be implemented without even switching away from Windows. The savings in even a small computer lab not buying licenses for MS Office has got to be worth it.
Others argue that the software is there but the support isn't and that a switch would cause too much confusion amongst students. Wake up people. These kids are all using Openoffice and booting Ubuntu on Live CDs. We need to brings open-source into our schools and teach our children about sharing, community, and freedom. Your kid could be heading up the Ubuntu 15.04 Kruzin' Kangaroo project or could be a proprietary zombie, with no skills, no options, and no future. The choice is yours.
Please Sign My Proprietary Software Petition
Many good points about why schools are resisting this practical change are detailed in this article: U.S. Schools: Not Ready For Linux


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If you would like to volunteer, donate food, or make a monetary donation, please email us. If you would like to make your donation online, please visit our virtual food drive.
If you are in need of food assistance, please call us in advance and set up an appointment to make sure that we will have food ready for you.
If you would like to setup a group event or food drive to help the food bank, please contact Jim.
Email:Please email us at:
General Questions: email@example.com
Group Volunteering ~ Food Drives~ Special Events~ Food Bank Tours: firstname.lastname@example.com
Call:Our phones are manned on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wenesdays, and Fridays between 9:15am and 2:30pm. Please call us on these days and times or feel free to leave a message. At this number you will be able to make an appointment to get food, donate to the food bank, or get more information about what we do.
Please call us at:
Mail:We are happy to receive your comments or donations by check or money order through the mail at the following address. We also accept online donations.
Please direct all written correspondence to:
Puyallup Food Bank
PO Box 202
Puyallup, WA 98371
We encourage you to come take a tour of our facilities to see how we are helping our neighbors and learn how you can best assist our programs. Please email us to setup a tour.
We are located in downtown Puyallup just two blocks West of Meridian on Stewart Avenue. Please park in the parking lot on the West side of the building and enter the food bank through the gray door with the Puyallup Food Bank sign on it that is just off the parking lot.
Our address is:
Puyallup Food Bank
110 23rd ST SE
Puyallup, WA 98372
Go to our map and directions page for detailed information on how to find us.
For Group Events and Food Drives:To setup an event to volunteer your group or start your own food drive, please contact our Executive Director, Jim Beaudoin, at the location listed below. You can also visit our page on how to involve your group to help the food bank.
Please email Jim at:


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The New York Times devoted some rare space on September 20 to discussing single-payer (or Medicare-for-all) health reform. The result? A one-sided account of why such a system couldn't work.
With a headline like "Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely," readers probably had a sense of what the Times had in mind with the piece, which was the latest in a series titled "Prescriptions: Making Sense of the Healthcare Debate." Reporter Katharine Seelye wrote: "Extending Medicare to all has seemed like a good idea to many--except to those who call it 'socialized medicine.' Or crazy."
The Times seemed to want to express single-payer opposition in more gentle tones, explaining that the idea is, from the start, politically impractical: "Beyond a liberal base in the House, there is little support for expanding Medicare." And outside of Congress, wise minds seem to agree: "But even experts of diverse ideological views say expanding Medicare would be far more complicated and politically difficult than it might appear."
That led to the first claim: "For one thing, they say, Medicare reimburses doctors and hospitals at much lower rates than private insurance companies do. So, in general, healthcare providers oppose extending Medicare because they fear being driven out of business." It's not clear how serious this fear might be, since most doctors participate in the Medicare system without going bankrupt. Any attempts to reduce the skyrocketing costs of the healthcare system involve cuts of one form or another; most single-payer proposals discuss how to do this without shortchanging physicians. (U.S. doctors make, on average, almost three times the median physician salary in other wealthy industrial countries--Ezra Klein, 4/19/06.)
It's worth noting that thousands of doctors have voiced support for a single-payer system (see, for example, Physicians for a National Health Program's letter to Barack Obama), in part because they believe they spend too much on the administrative costs associated with private insurance companies. A survey of physicians published in the Annals of Internal Medicine (4/1/08) found that 59 percent supported government-sponsored national health insurance.
Seelye also wrote that Medicare for all "would almost certainly mean a big tax increase on the middle class," before noting in parentheses: "Supporters argue that a tax increase would be somewhat neutralized by the elimination of premiums that people pay now to insurance companies." Actually, single-payer advocates argue that a payroll tax on businesses (many of which currently pay for private insurance for their employees) and a small income tax increase that would likely amount to less than what most citizens currently pay out of pocket could fund a single-payer program. By calling a "big tax increase" a near-certainty and treating the savings on insurance premiums as a claim made by advocates, the Times told readers which side it was on.
Seelye cited Stuart Altman--identified as "a Brandeis economist who specializes in health care and who advised Barack Obama in his presidential campaign," but not as a director of a managed-care company that offers health insurance plans (WhoRunsGov.com)--to make a similar point about potential tax increases, and then went to "the other end of the political spectrum" to quote Robert Moffit of the conservative Heritage Foundation: "I don't see popular support for it beyond liberals.... It's a philosophical question: Do you want to give the government that kind of power?"
Of course, one might point out that public polling for years has demonstrated that support for single-payer is much broader than merely a liberal sliver of the population (FAIR Action Alert, 3/12/09); a July 2009 tracking poll from the Kaiser Family Foundation found 58 percent support for Medicare for all. But a piece detailing the deficiencies of a "crazy" single-payer system is an unlikely venue for that.
Seelye quoted Moffit saying that single-payer "would not save taxpayers money," while another academic suggested it would "require a tripling in payroll taxes just to pay hospitals alone." These are stark claims that are at odds with the research of single-payer advocates and experts. Physicians for a National Health Program, for example, calculate the annual savings on administrative paperwork under a single-payer system at more than $350 billion. International surveys of health systems generally show that nations that have adopted public plans spend far less than the U.S., and achieve better results (BMJ, 5/26/07).
So why couldn't the Times quote sources who would take issue with these claims? From the looks of it, balance wasn't the point here. The Times collected a litany of criticisms of single-payer healthcare--in effect rebutting claims that the paper rarely allows its advocates to make in the first place.
Ask New York Times public editor Clark Hoyt why the Times ran a piece devoted to undermining the case for single-payer healthcare without allowing advocates to make the case in support of Medicare for all.
New York Times
Clark Hoyt, Public Editor
Phone: 212-556-7652
Republication or redistribution of Baltimore Chronicle content is expressly prohibited without their prior written consent.
Baltimore News Network, Inc., sponsor of this web site, is a nonprofit organization and does not make political endorsements. The opinions expressed in stories posted on this web site are the authors' own.
This story was published on September 23, 2009.


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A TOP N value may not be negative
Posted on : 17-05-2012 | By : Devi Prasad | In : Msg 127, SQL Errors, TOP Clause
Error Message:
Msg 127, Level 15, State 1, Line 1
A TOP N value may not be negative.
This error occurs when you try to specify negative value for the TOP Clause in the select statement.
Simple Example:
SELECT TOP(-5) * FROM sys.tables
When the above code is executed error message 127 would occur.
Update the TOP clause with a positive value.
SELECT TOP(5) * FROM sys.tables
In the above code -5 is changed to 5.
Reference : Devi Prasad (sqlserverlearner.com)
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Tags: Msg 127 Level 15 State 1 Line 1, Msg 127 Level 15 State 1 Line 1 A TOP N value may not be negative.


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GRAND JUNCTION, Colo. Alternative fuels and renewable energy have become a focus of the Grand Junction City Government.
Today council members voted unanimously to move forward with a project that would utilize locally-produced gas from an unlikely source.
The plan is to take the methane already produced at the Persigo Wastewater Treatment Facility, clean it up and transfer it to the city's slow-fill station; helping keep our air cleaner, and saving the city money on fuel costs.
"It allows us to significantly reduce carbon emissions to the environment," says Grand Junction Wastewater Services Manager Dan Tonello. "The financials look very well also, there's significant savings to move ahead with this project."
The federal government says energy and fuel providers must use renewable sources for a certain portion of their product.
The process helps off-set the negative affects of using non-renewable resources, and these renewable energy credits, as they're called, can provide a significant financial benefit to the city.


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LocalBitcoins.com user cyber.money wishes to sell bitcoins to you.
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Monday, November 23, 2009
Libertarian News (11/23/09)
Joe Kennedy running for Massachusetts Senator
I.T. professional Joe Kennedy (no relation to the American political family) is running to fill the vacant seat from Massachusetts left by the deceased Ted Kennedy.
Libertarian Reactions to Closing Guantanamo
Obama's decision to close the Guantanamo Bay detention center received mixed responses from notable libertarians. Libertarian Party candidate Bob Barr and the founder of Americans for Tax Reform, Grover Norquist came out in favor of Obama's move. And along with these two, American Conservative Union founder David Kean wrote a letter asking other conservatives to quit scaremongering about this issue. Meanwhile, 2010 US Senate candidate Rand Paul touched off a firestorm of controversy among his libertarian grassroots Internet base by strongly opposing Obama's decision.
Can the Libertarian and Green Party Work Together?
"I'm happy for us Libertarians to work with Greens on issues where we agree. I'm happy for Greens to be better civil libertarians, I'm happy for Libertarians to more green, and I'm happy for both to promote electoral reform, ballot access, and decentralizing government. But I'm against libertarian-leaning voters casting their vote in a way that announces they want less economic liberty or less personal liberty... [Full Article]"
What libertarians are looking for
"On November 10th, the Rainy Day Patriots (the group organized in conjunction with Birmingham Tea Parties) and Campaign for Liberty hosted a gubernatorial debate in Springville, Alabama... During the debate, Robert Bentley, Tim James and Bill Johnson all presented themselves as fiscal conservatives. However, one of these candidates decisively won the straw poll following the debate... [Full Article]"
Why Libertarianism Fails
This libertarian feels impotent against the entrenched wealth redistribution mindset. My response: Don't worry, sir! Populism is actually giving our side a boost at present (e.g. the Tea Parties among other things) as the government's redistribution seems to be steeply regressive these days. And with the resurgence of interest in libertarian thought, we may very well inspire an entire generation of "anti-redistributionists."
Was Dostoyevsky a libertarian?
"Dostoyevsky, like Huxley, sees that universal happiness is not the answer to the dilemma of human existence. He sees that the desire to systematically distribute 'happiness' throughout humanity is just as morally flawed as it is bound to fail. Most importantly, Dostoyevsky understands that despite however much one may claim to 'love' mankind (as an abstraction), that doesn't mean he loves his fellow human beings on an individual basis (i.e. love his 'neighbor'). [Full Article]"
Libertarian calendar girls launch fundraiser
"LOLA, the Ladies of Liberty Alliance, have launched a fundraising effort to get their organization off the ground and into full pursuit of their primary goal, as stated on their website: 'Conspiring to attract libertarian women into the movement one activist at a time.' [Full Article]"
3 comments:
Thanks for giving LOLA some love. I am friends with Megan Duffield, LOLA Outreach Director and Miss Audit the FED in the calendar.ReplyDelete
I know she appreciates you spreading the word.
Wes: I just wanted to say how nice it was to sit in on tonight's discussion with you. Being the only female in on it was awesome. I was in great company! Thanks! :-)ReplyDelete
Daryl- I know it's a very cool organization! I'm still thinking through my update of the Top 100 Libertarian websites list here, but I'm pretty sure they'll make the list after this latest revision is done.ReplyDelete
bngfan- It was good to share the panel with you too!


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The Home of Fashion Film and Live Fashion Broadcasting
Report by Anders Christian Madsen on 2 March 2014.
Statuesque was the word that came to mind at Haider Ackermann's Autumn/Winter 2014 show, which saw a kind of minimal and more modern riff on the sumptuously grey, Victorian men's collection the designer presented last month.
Doesn't matter what you're wearing underneath - wear a coat like this and you'll always be fabulous #haiderackermann http://t.co/O77QE0Dg5H
Slouching towards menswear at Haider Ackermann #PFW #FTLuxury http://t.co/8GRtniN63i
#HaiderAckermann marvellous minimalistic collection http://t.co/M2q3HsAir5
The beautiful Hester Wernert-Rijn crafting the look for Haider Ackermann w/ Eugene Souleiman #pfw #wellafw http://t.co/dvs9R0J16r
Amazing energy backstage at our last show for #AW14: Haider Ackermann. Intense prep before sun rises! #pfw #WellaFW http://t.co/wSBF1lXQnH


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Even though the algorithms of Google with names like Penguin and Panda had evolved to weed out fake content from the cyberspace, Google gives appropriate weight to recommendation to social media.
These are typically obtained through the share buttons provided by Facebook, Twitter and many others which need to be included in your content.
However, a growing number of experts feel that the share buttons have outlived their utility and appeal to draw visitors to click them. Moreover their unseemly presence all over the page, resulting from indiscreet use aimed at getting as many clicks as possible, is also putting off many people.
A growing number of web users do not use them at all for recommending a web page. Many experts believe that eventually everything will come back to old style text links and have even started to provide those instead of the social media buttons.
All these go with the vein and philosophy of Google that only genuine, fresh and unique content needs to be taken in to account and presented in searches. Experts argue that such content will impress readers enough for them to recommend them to others without the buttons.
No one is going to add up all those numbers in individual share button boxes to decide how many people have visited the page. A page count should be readily and easily available to the visitor to be effective in persuading him or her to read on and perhaps recommend to others.
That is where the post counts for such content becomes a useful and convincing piece of information to the reader. This is especially true for unique and compelling content which Google consider as the ones to be promoted.
The problem is that such page view counters are not readily provided by blogging platforms like Google's BlogSpot or Wordpress even though Google has a mechanism to give this information in the admin section. However, it is not clear whether you need to install the Google Analytics, which slows page loading, to see this. Google also may have a commercial reason to withhold this information from the site visitors.
For Wordpress at least, thankfully there are some plug-ins, which can be easily installed. For BlogSpot however, there is hardly any help available from the wider community though a couple of scripts are available on the net which doesn't seem to work.
One solution, provided by Mybloggertricks.com using a third party database called FIREBASE seems to be a good possibility though it is not working with many modern templates of BlogSpot.
However we have managed to get it working after some serious digging and a good dose of help from the folks at FIREBASE.
However the MBT script was generating data sets for each value for a given string identifier like "name" but the script will output a visitor number only when the value was a pure string like "more". Please see here for a full description.
The problem with blogging platforms is that each blog post is dynamically generated and it is nearly impossible to have a unique identifier other than its title, which is also dynamically included in the html in a modern blogging platform. ( Google actually introduces a ID number also in the blogger blogs. )
However the MBT script didn't work with the post itle either, one plausible explanation being it was not available to the script until after the page fully loaded by which time it was too late.
Fortunately, some expert advice to deal with this issue was available at Buggy Bread and following their advice seems to solve the problem.
For anyone who would like and feel competent enough to install the MBT script for Google's BloSpot Blog, here are the steps which worked for this blog to get the script working as you can see from the working counter on the top left.
(Please note the steps below are given without any guaranty, warranty or indemnity for consequential losses or damage and must be followed at your own risk and peril.)
- Install the MBT script as instructed by Mybloggertips. Com here.
- Check if it is working for your blog.
- If not, first back up your Blog template.
- Open your Blog template in the BlogSpot HTML editor.
- Locate the Java Script given by MBT and placed just before the </body> tag.
- Rename " name" to "pname" in three places in the script.
- Use Ctrl + f and find the code <b:includable id='post' var='post'>
- Place the following code below it.
- <b:if cond='data:blog.pageType == "item"'>
- <a expr:pname='data:post.title'/>
- </b:if>
- Click the preview template button and make sure the page is loading without errors.
- Save your template by clicking the save template button
- Hopefully your counter must show up with a number next time you open that page which will increment every time a visitor visits the page.
- You can check the pages that have been visited by logging in to your FIREBASE database.
- Don't forget to back up your template again.
Page view counts will be a useful information not only for the visitors but for blog authors also to verify the response to the post. For example, to compare the number of vies to the number of comments on a page or to gain an insight to what type of topics are preferred by the visitors etc.
With really good content, page view counter will ultimately become a significant measuring tool for bloggers.
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The San Fernando Valley is easily one of the most misunderstood regions of Los Angeles. Long mocked for its suburban strip malls, vapid "Valley Girl" accents and affordable tract housing, the Valley gets a bad rap as L.A.'s tragical...


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BOLINGBROOK – The Promenade Bolingbrook is for sale, according to Forest City Enterprises, Inc. media relations.
The Cleveland-based Forest City Enterprises, Inc. currently owns the Promenade Bolingbrook, but the national real estate company has hired Cushman and Wakefield, Inc., to sell the 628,995-square-foot mall, a Forest City representative said.
Forest City spent $152 million building the Promenade Bolingbrook, opening it in 2007.
"Bolingbrook is a quality market, the Promenade Bolingbrook is a quality asset and we anticipate there will be interest from potential buyers," Forest City Media Relations said in a press release. "Forest City uses the proceeds from asset sales to further invest in its more mature core assets, as well as improve its balance sheet. These are both key elements of our strategy moving forward."
The Promenade Bolingbrook is located at 631 E. Boughton Road, near the intersection of Boughton Road and Interstate-355. Promenade tenants include everything from Bass Pro Shop, to Macy's department store, to Binny's Beverage Depot and Gordon Biersch Brewery.