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Celtic Britons
The Britons were an ancient Celtic people who lived in Great Britain from the Iron Age through the Roman and Sub-Roman periods. They spoke a language that is now known as Common Brittonic.
The earliest evidence of the existence of the Britons and their language in historical sources dates to the Iron Age.[1] After the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, a Romano-British culture emerged, and Latin and British Vulgar Latin coexisted with Brittonic.[2] During and after the Roman era, the Britons lived throughout Britain south of the Firth of Forth. Their relationship with the Picts, who lived north of the Firth of Forth, has been the subject of much discussion, though most scholars accept that the Pictish language was related to Common Brittonic.[3]
With the beginning of Anglo-Saxon settlement in the 5th century, the culture and language of the Britons fragmented and much of their territory was taken over by the Anglo-Saxons. The extent to which this cultural and linguistic change was accompanied by wholesale changes in the population is still a matter of discussion. During this period some Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant settlements in Brittany (now part of France) as well as Britonia in modern Galicia, Spain.[1] By the 11th century, remaining Celtic-speaking populations had split into distinct groups: the Welsh in Wales, the Cornish in Cornwall, the Bretons in Brittany, and the people of the Hen Ogledd ("Old North") in southern Scotland and northern England. Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages: Welsh, Cumbric, Cornish and Breton.[1]
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain seems to come from records of the voyage of Pytheas, a Greek geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the British Isles between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them. Pytheas called the islands collectively ἁι Βρεττανιαι (hai Brettaniai), which has been translated as the Brittanic Isles, and the peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί (Prettanoi), Priteni, Pritani or Pretani. The group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne (Insula sacra "sacred island" as the Greeks interpreted it) "inhabited by the race of Hiberni" (gens hibernorum), and Britain as insula Albionum, "island of the Albions".[4][5] The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who possibly used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands.[5]
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was originally compiled on the orders of King Alfred the Great in approximately 890, and subsequently maintained and added to by generations of anonymous scribes until the middle of the 12th century, starts with this sentence: "The island Britain is 800 miles long, and 200 miles broad, and there are in the island five nations: English, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain southward." ("Armenia" is possibly a mistaken transcription of Armorica, an area in Northwestern Gaul.)[6]
The Latin name in the early Roman Empire period was Britanni or Brittanni, following the Roman conquest in AD 43.[7]
The Welsh word Brython was introduced into English usage by John Rhys in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the P-Celtic speakers of Great Britain, to complement Goidel; hence the adjective Brythonic referring to the group of languages.[8] "Brittonic languages" is a more recent coinage (first attested 1923 according to the Oxford English Dictionary) intended to refer to the ancient Britons specifically.
The Britons spoke an Insular Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain.[1][9] According to early mediaeval historical tradition, such as The Dream of Macsen Wledig, the post-Roman Celtic-speakers of Armorica were colonists from Britain, resulting in the Breton language, a language related to Welsh and identical to Cornish in the early period and still used today. Thus the area today is called Brittany (Br. Breizh, Fr. Bretagne, derived from Britannia).
Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the Proto-Celtic language that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent. The language eventually began to diverge; some linguists[who?] have grouped subsequent developments as Western and Southwestern Brittonic languages. Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in Wales and the Cumbric language in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" of Britain, while the Southwestern dialect became Cornish in Cornwall and South West England and Breton in Armorica. Welsh and Breton survive today; Cumbric became extinct in the 12th century. Cornish became extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of language revitalization since the 20th century.
Archaeology and art
Ideas about the development of British Iron Age culture changed greatly in the 20th century, and remain in development. Generally cultural exchange has tended to replace migration from the continent as the explanation for changes, although Aylesford-Swarling Pottery and the Arras culture of Yorkshire are examples of developments still thought to be linked to migration.
Although the La Tène style, which defines what is called Celtic art in the Iron Age, was late in arriving in Britain, after 300 BC the ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it. By this time Celtic styles seem to have been in decline in continental Europe, even before Roman invasions.
An undercurrent of British influence is found in some artefacts from the Roman period, such as the Staffordshire Moorlands Pan, and it appears that it was from this, passing to Ireland in the late Roman and post-Roman period, that the "Celtic" element in Early Medieval Insular art derived.
Throughout their existence, the territory inhabited by the Britons was composed of numerous ever-changing areas controlled by tribes. The extent of their territory before and during the Roman period is unclear, but is generally believed to include the whole of the island of Great Britain, as far north as the Clyde-Forth isthmus. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the Picts; little direct evidence has been left of the Pictish language, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the Irish annals suggest it was related to the Common Brittonic language; indeed their Goidelic Irish name, Cruithne, is cognate with Brythonic Priteni. Part of the Pictish territory was eventually absorbed into the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. The Isle of Man was originally inhabited by Britons also, but eventually it became Gaelic territory.
In 43 the Roman Empire invaded Britain. The British tribes initially opposed the Roman legions, but by 84 the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into what is now southern Scotland. In 122 they fortified the northern border with Hadrian's Wall, which spanned what is now Northern England. In 142 Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the Antonine Wall, which ran between the Forth-Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons mostly kept their land, they were subject to the Roman governors. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410.
Around the time of the Roman departure, the Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons began a migration to the Eastern coast of Britain, where they established their own kingdoms.[10][11] Eventually, the Brythonic language in these areas was replaced by the Old English of the Anglo-Saxons. At the same time, some Britons established themselves in what is now called Brittany. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the Breton language developed there from Insular Celtic rather than Gaulish. They also retained control of Cornwall and Northwest England, where Kingdoms such as Dumnonia and Rheged survived for some time. A further colony, Britonia, was set up in Gallaecia in northwestern Hispania. By the end of the 1st millennium, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had conquered most of the Brittonic territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons had largely been extinguished,[12] remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, parts of Cumbria and Eastern Galloway.
- King Arthur – Romano-British war leader of debatable historicity.
- Ambrosius Aurelianus (Emrys Wledig) - Romano-British War leader.
- Boudica – Queen of the Iceni, who led the failed rebellion against Roman occupation in 60 AD.
- Bonosus - a Romano-British military general and imperial pretender in 280 AD
- Cadwallon ap Cadfan - King of Gwynedd, fought against the Anglo-Saxons.
- Caratacus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
- Cartimandua – Queen of the Brigantes during and after the Roman invasion.
- Cassivellaunus – led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC.
- Conan Meriadoc - legendary founder of Brittany.
- Coel Hen - the "Old King Cole" of the popular nursery rhyme.
- Cogidubnus – a British client-king, later made a citizen of Rome and awarded Fishbourne Roman Palace.
- Commius – historical King of the Belgic nation of the Atrebates, initially in Gaul, then in Britannia, during the 1st century BC.
- Cunedda – post-Roman King and progenitor of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.
- Cunobelinus – historical King of southern Britain between the first and second Roman invasions,ruling from the stronghold of Camulodunon (modern Colchester).Called "King of the Britons" by Suetonius. The basis for Shakespeare's Cymbeline.[13]
- Gratianus - a Romano-British aristocrat and imperial usurper in 407
- King Lot - grandfather of St Kentigern, and eponymous king of Lothian.
- Mailoc - Bishop of Britonia (Galicia) in the 6th century AD
- Marcus Cunomorus - King Mark of Cornwall and Brittany
- Saint Patrick - a Romano-Briton and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland,
- Pelagius – an influential Christian monk and theologian, whose thought was branded heresy later in life.
- Prasutagus – husband of Boudica.
- Togodumnus – a leader of the defence against the Roman conquest of Britain.
- Urien – King of Rheged (modern Lancashire and Cumbria).
- Vortigern – warlord and King in the 5th century AD. Best known for inviting the Jutes to Kent.
See also
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Koch, pp. 291–292.
- ↑ Sawyer, P.H. (1998). From Roman Britain to Norman England. pp. 69–74. ISBN 0415178940.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Forsyth, p. 9.
- ↑ Snyder, Christopher A. (2003). The Britons. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-22260-X.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Foster (editor), R F; Donnchadh O Corrain, Professor of Irish History at University College Cork: Prehistoric and Early Christian Ireland (1 November 2001). The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X. <templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ "The Avalon Project". Yale Law School. Retrieved 10 August 2011.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ OED s.v. "Briton". See also Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
- ↑ Online Etymology Dictionary: Brythonic
- ↑ While there have been attempts in the past to align the Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brittonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p37: "[T]he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."
- ↑ John E Pattison. Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England? Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 275(1650), 2423-2429, 2008 doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352
- ↑ Pattison, John E. (2011) "Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)," Human Biology: Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp.715-733, 2011. Abstract available at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol83/iss6/9
- ↑ Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid New Scientist, 23 April 2008
- ↑ Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester - Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (ISBN 1 897719 04 3)
- Forsyth, Katherine (1997). Language in Pictland (PDF). De Keltische Draak. ISBN 90-802785-5-6.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>


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Hotel Hampton Inn Pittsburgh Monroeville
- Terms and facilities
- Location
- Opinions
Located in Monroeville, Hampton Inn Pittsburgh/Monroeville is in the suburbs and close to Boyce Park Ski Area and Monroeville Mall. This hotel is within the region of Sri Venkateswara Temple and Kennywood. Take advantage of recreation opportunities including an indoor pool and a 24-hour fitness center. Additional amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access, concierge services, and gift shops/newsstands. Featured amenities include complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, a business center, and a computer station. Free self parking is available onsite. Make yourself at home in one of the 140 air-conditioned rooms featuring refrigerators and LED televisions. Complimentary wired and wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and cable programming provides entertainment. Private bathrooms with shower/tub combinations feature complimentary toiletries and hair dryers. Conveniences include desks and complimentary newspapers, as well as phones with free local calls.
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Services and terms: Hotel Hampton Inn Pittsburgh Monroeville
- WiFi
- Internet
- Car park
- Pets admitted
- Reduced mobility access
- Non-smoker Rooms
- Swimming pool
- Indoor Pool
- Gym
Reception services
- 24-Hour Front Desk
- Safe
Food and beverage
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Business facilities
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Location: Hotel Hampton Inn Pittsburgh Monroeville
Hampton Inn Pittsburgh/Monroeville hotel is located 14 miles from downtown Pittsburgh Pennsylvania and is convenient to shopping restaurants theaters and the downtown Oakland area. 26 kms to city centre 58 kms to the nearest airport (pittsburgh international airport) -1 km to the nearest fair site (?)

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text: The description of this YouTube video reads: "if the redskins make the playoffs, i'm going to tackle the christmas tree!" - dad. Well, dad did not disappoint, and we are all better for it. I can't imagine an image that more perfectly captures the joy of holiday season football than that of a grown-ass man in a John Riggins jersey flying headlong into his Christmas tree.


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Examine some of the solutions on the market today.
Pad printing is an effective method of decorating parts of all kinds, from ad-specialty items such as pens and golf balls to industrial products like faceplates and propane tanks. Numerous add-ons and custom options are available to make this already productive process even more efficient. Some are designed to enhance parts handling, while others address potential bottlenecks in the printing workflow. Let's take a look some of these beneficial technologies.
Multiple colors
Most manufacturers offer standard vertical machines in one through four or six-color configurations. Multicolor open systems can have multiple cliches, or one cliche in a split inkwell. Independently adjustable cliches are more desirable than having all of the colors on a single cliche. The benefit of independent cliches is simply the ability to more easily absorb potential image-to-image and/or image-to-part-location problems.
Multicolor closed systems can also have single or multiple cliches. A few manufacturers offer small (60-mm) multicolor ink cups, commonly referred to as split ink cups, that allow you to print two or three colors. The limitation is that the colors must be side by side, unless your machine can pick up once and then stroke the print two or three times. In that instance, you can shuttle the part to print colors on top of one another. The other limitation is that split ink cups are difficult to manufacture, and thus are expensive.
The four types of shuttles are pneumatic, electronic, stepper-motor driven, and manual. Pneumatic shuttles are less expensive and more popular than the other automated shuttle systems. Pneumatic shuttles can have multiple positions by means of either multiple cylinders or a single, more expensive cylinder equipped with magnetic brakes. Be very careful to avoid any fluctuation to air pressure when working with parts of a critical nature on pneumatic shuttles.
Electronic shuttles have programmable, servo-driven motors. These shuttles are more expensive than their pneumatic counterparts and are somewhat hard to find. Stepper-motor-driven shuttles can be programmed to travel a desired number of steps between prints. Stepper-motor and electronic shuttles will typically last longer than pneumatic shuttles. Manual shuttles are used for low-volume jobs where the registration of colors is not critical.
Rotary tables
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Comic strip
Comic strip, series of adjacent drawn images, usually arranged horizontally, that are designed to be read as a narrative or a chronological sequence. The story is usually original in this form. Words may be introduced within or near each image, or they may be dispensed with altogether. If words functionally dominate the image, it then becomes merely illustration to a text. The comic strip is essentially a mass medium, printed in a magazine, a newspaper, or a book. The definition of comic strip as essentially containing text inscribed within "balloons" inside the picture frame aspires to a certain orthodoxy in the United States, but it is unworkable and would exclude most strips created before about 1900 and many since. The term graphic novel is now established for the longer and more novel-like coherent story, and the term sequential art is also in use.
A definition of terms
A comic book is a bound collection of strips, each of which typically tells a single story or a gag (joke) in a few panels or else a segment of a continuous story. Most of the more popular newspaper comic strips eventually are collected over a varying period of time and published in book form.
Only in the English language is the word comic used in connection with these strips. Although now firmly established, it is misleading, for the early (pre-19th-century) strip was seldom comic either in form or in content, and many contemporary strips are in no sense primarily humorous. The terms comics and comic strip became established about 1900 in the United States, when all strips were indeed comic. The French term is bande dessinée (i.e., "drawn strip," or BD for short). The older German term is Bildergeschichte ("picture story") or Bilderstreifen ("picture strip"), but the Germans now tend to employ the English word, as do speakers of many other languages. The Italian term for this art form is fumetto (literally, "little puff of smoke," after the balloon within which most modern strips enclose verbal dialogue). In Spanish both the comic strip and book are called historieta.
The origins of the comic strip
The comic strip, defined as a mass medium, cannot reasonably be said to have existed before the invention of printing. In the early period there were two principal forms: a series of small images printed on a single piece of paper (narrative strip proper) and a series composed of several sheets of paper, with one image per page, which when displayed on the wall of a house formed a narrative frieze or picture story.
From the outset two basic groups of themes emerged: political morality and private morality. Surviving pre-1550 strips, most of which are German woodcuts, deal with such subjects as the lives of saints (subdivided in the manner of late medieval painted altarpieces, which were a decisive factor on the compartmentalized layout of broadsheets), accounts of contemporary miracles, mockery of worldly love, and politically inspired accusations against the Jews.
The Reformation and the ensuing wars of religion through the 17th century, particularly in Protestant Germany and the Netherlands, gave rise to many propagandistic and patriotic strips based on contemporary political events. In the course of the 17th century, the narrative strip, hitherto an ill-defined and irregular phenomenon, became stabilized and typically took the form of an allegorical graphic centrepiece surrounded by narrative border strips. Although often crude in style, these strips managed to render accounts of political intrigue and moving descriptions of military terror; the best known in the latter category is the exquisitely executed and carefully cadenced narrative of the Thirty Years' War by Jacques Callot. Little known, but as powerful in their way, are Romeyn de Hooghe's indictments of Huguenot persecution under Louis XIV. Romeyn, the first named artist to devote himself consistently to the narrative strip, also left colourful, forceful, and elaborate graphic accounts of the accession of William III to power in the Netherlands and England. English engravers, inspired by the Dutch example and led by Francis Barlow, retailed the complex political events of the period (e.g., the Popish Plot of 1678) in the form of playing cards, which were often sold in uncut broadsheets.
The earliest strips concerning private morality are German and recount atrocious forms of murder and their public punishment, the emphasis shifting from the latter (in the 16th century) to the former (in the 18th century). The crime strip eventually developed into the more or less exaggerated and romanticized life of the famous brigand, which is the precursor of the early 20th-century detective strip.
Narratives based on a wider spectrum of immoral and criminal behaviour took as their point of departure illustrations for the parable of the prodigal son, woodcut versions of which, independent of the biblical text, were first produced by Cornelis Anthonisz of Amsterdam. The riotous living of the prodigal, enriched with elements from illustrations for the seven deadly sins (see deadly sin) and the Ten Commandments, was distilled in various Italian lives of harlots and rakes, the most comprehensive and drastic of which are mid-17th-century Venetian. A generation later the Bolognese artist G.M. Mitelli was giving his narrative and seminarrative satires almost caricatural moral emphasis. German artists in the 17th century specialized in satirically exposing the tyranny of shrewish wives and proposing violent remedies. The Dutch at this time produced expressly for children some frankly farcical strips of primitive design. By the mid-18th century the Russians too were making satirical strips.
The various social and moral themes that had been crudely treated in different countries and at different times were the raw material for the English artist William Hogarth, who raised the broadsheet picture story to an aesthetic level that has rarely been surpassed. With a social insight both broad and deep, an unrivaled sense of satirical counterpoint and topicality of reference, and exceptional physiognomic finesse, Hogarth dealt with types from all classes of society. His narrative richness is entirely visual, for he dispensed with all the broadsheet paraphernalia of caption-balloon-legend-commentary, permitting only such inscriptions as could be introduced naturalistically into the scene. Hogarth's moral attitude was also new: he depicted the follies and the punishment of his protagonists with a measure of sympathy, reserving the full fire of his satire for those who exploit these unfortunates. Among Hogarth's many followers, two stand out: the German Daniel Chodowiecki, who reduced the Hogarthian picture story to fit within the compass of almanac illustrations, and the Englishman James Northcote, who tried to combine Hogarthian realism with a Neoclassical sentimentality (Diligence and Dissipation, 1796).
It was the introduction into the broadsheet of the essentially comic mechanism of caricature that established the "comic strip" as basically comic in both form and content. The major exponents of the caricatural strip during the great age of English caricature (about 1800) were minor artists such as Henry Bunbury, George Woodward, and, notably, Richard Newton, who in his brief career combined elements of Hogarthian satire with the grotesque exaggerations of Thomas Rowlandson and James Gillray. Economy of line, instantaneity of comic effect, and visual and verbal wit now became the hallmark of the strip. With the story concentrated on a single page, backgrounds and narrative incident were minimized in favour of striking facial expressions and silhouetted poses.
The 19th century
The heir to the experiments of the English caricaturists and the father of the comic strip in its modern sense was Rodolphe Töpffer, a schoolmaster of Geneva who was active in the 1830s and '40s. Largely exempt from the preoccupations of the English caricaturists, Töpffer created a species of absurdist antiheroes who struggled desperately, fruitlessly, and farcically against the caprices of fate, nature, and an irrational, mechanistic society. The stories (lithographed in little oblong albums containing up to 100 pages) are purposefully purposeless, flow with calculated non sequiturs, and make digression a narrative principle. The pace is sustained by another revolution in draftsmanship, for Töpffer discovered how to turn systematic doodling to account, how to exploit the accident, and how to vary physiognomies experimentally. By abandoning anatomical three-dimensional drawing, he showed how to render movement for movement's sake. Töpffer's strips are also morally mobile: in his work the normal relationship between cause and effect or crime and punishment, which had underpinned all the older stories, disintegrated. Töpffer's satire was broadly based: he mocked social climbing, educational systems, parliamentary chaos, political scaremongering, scientific and medical pretensions, and revolutionary zeal, but his sense of fun and taste for the silly are always uppermost.
The French caricaturist Cham (pseudonym of Amédée de Noé) published in the 1840s several albums modeled on Töpffer before choosing a style nearer to that of Honoré Daumier. By this time caricature had settled into satirical periodical journalism. A special place is occupied by illustrator Gustave Doré, who published little Töpfferian albums as a youth and then—in a style of his own—farcical travel tales that culminated in his tremendous Histoire…de la Sainte Russie… (1854). This crudely anti-Russian (Crimean War-era) chronicle used a hodgepodge of picturesque and absurd effects arranged casually or with deliberate incongruity into a loose chronological sequence. Léonce Petit, armed with Töpffer's lightness of graphic touch but lacking Töpffer's imaginative flair, specialized in caption-heavy novelettish rustic farce (Histoires Campagnardes [Rustic Stories] in Le Journal Amusant [1872–82]). Britain, lagging behind the Continent, flirted ineffectually with the genre (George Cruikshank tried it several times) and began to make original contributions only toward the end of the century.
Though the strip Ally Sloper is often credited to the English novelist Charles Henry Ross, it was his wife, Marie Duval (pseudonym of the French actress Emilie de Tessier), Europe's first (and still obstinately unrecognized) professional woman cartoonist, who developed the character Ally Sloper. Featured in roughly 130 strips in Judy—an imitator of Punch magazine—and in albums published separately between 1869 and the 1880s, Ally Sloper was a scheming proletarian loafer, the star of rather formless and crudely, even childishly drawn "gag" strips. Discounting a few short-lived or intermittent German forerunners such as Franz von Pocci's Der Staatshämorrhoidarius (published in Fliegende Blätter, 1848–56), Duval's Ally Sloper should be considered the first truly popular continuing comic strip character. He was compared at the time to the feckless Charles Dickens character Wilkins Micawber (in David Copperfield) and moreover was merchandised on commonplace objects in a 20th-century manner. Duval's Ally was rerun in a new magazine named after him (from 1884) but also was raised to a new level and mock-gentrified in nonnarrative (large single-scene) cartoons by W.G. Baxter and W.F. Thomas.
McNab of That Ilk, a strip by James Brown featuring an irascible Scot (published in Judy, intermittently 1876–88), is the first ethnically stereotyped continuing character. In Fun, another Punch imitator, J.F. Sullivan ran a series of attacks on working-class and petty bourgeois types under the titles British Working Man (1878) and British Tradesman (1880).
The dominant figure of the later 19th century is the German Wilhelm Busch, whose immense popularity in his own day has survived to the 21st century. Busch was much plagiarized in various European countries in his own time, and his major works have been translated into many languages. At first in periodicals (Fliegende Blätter and the Münchner Bilderbogen from 1859) and then in separately published albums (from 1865), Busch quickly established himself as the first fully professional and truly popular comic strip artist, appealing to the educated and uneducated, the young and old alike. Not being bound to journals, he could, like Töpffer, develop much longer and wordier stories than his French contemporaries, whose strips rarely exceeded 50 or so scenes running over three successive issues of a magazine. His graphic and narrative line appears more controlled, more predictable than that of Töpffer; it is comic in an earthier and more rational way.
Busch revived the tradition of realistic social satire, directing it at what he saw as a society locked in a Darwinian struggle for survival, coded most famously in the childish rebellion of Max and Moritz (1865) but carried through a "chain of being" from insects (The Bees, a political allegory of 1869) upward, through rodents and simians to various classes of humans. He created a gallery of social types that have since entered German folklore: the drunkard, the disrupted poet, the frustrated painter, the hapless schoolteacher, the perennial bachelor, the sexually precocious self-destructive nymph. The politically conformist Protestant German petty bourgeoisie was ready after 1870 for realistic social satire: Pious Helene (published in English as Pious Helen) and St. Anthony take (Roman Catholic) religious hypocrisy as their butt.
Busch seemed obsessed with the farcical situation and its potential for physical violence. For him, happiness appeared to lie in the avoidance of the petty annoyances of life and in the repression of instinctual behaviour. His cautionary tales of naughty children and animals may be regarded on one level as sophisticated parodies of the didactic juvenile literature of Germany and on another as condemnations of the childish sadism that is assumed to lie in everyone. On yet another level his work can be viewed as one long essay on the vulnerability of human dignity. His best-known characters, the infant pranksters Max and Moritz, have spawned innumerable progeny down to the 21st century. Busch's graphic inventiveness was tremendous; his use of patterns of oscillation to represent movement and new conventional signs to express shock, pain, and other emotions constitute a vocabulary that has served the humorous strip cartoonist to the present day. The rolling rhythm of Busch's graphic line has its counterpart in his facile comic verse, which is both independent and complementary, engaged in both duel and duet (and remains infinitely quotable). Variation in the amount of verse accompanying each picture plays an essential part in the pace of the narrative.
The only German follower of Busch worthy of the association was Adolf Oberländer, a sharp observer of human behaviour. In France the heirs to Busch were Adolphe Willette and Théophile-Alexandre Steinlen, both pioneers in Le Chat Noir ("The Black Cat")—house magazine of the world's first cabaret—of the wordless, or "silent," strip (first employed by Busch). Willette created a black-clad Pierrot, a volatile, poetic, and amoral trickster (1882–84), and Steinlen specialized in cats (1884–86); in both there is a calculated, anarchistic cruelty that is both philosophical and physical. They were followed by Caran d'Ache, who was also much influenced by Busch and who in supplements to Le Figaro in the later 1880s drew the first strips to appear in a general-interest daily newspaper rather than in a weekly satirical magazine of relatively restricted readership. Always witty in a purely graphic sense, he frequently dispensed with captions altogether. In this respect, as in his technique of motif accumulation—his manner of letting a motif or movement snowball or crescendo ad absurdum—he taught much to later cartoonists, especially the Australian-born cartoonist H.M. Bateman in the 1920s.
Other European countries that early produced comic strips include Austria, where the Busch-influenced cartoonist Karl Klič made political comment in a Sunday weekly, Der Floh (1868–72; "The Flea"); Italy, where Casimiro Teja (influenced by Daumier and Cham) was a dominant figure in the satirical magazine Pasquino; and notably Spain. There, despite heavy, erratic government censorship, a combination of Busch (Spanish edition, 1881) and the French models produced several original masters: Apeles Mestres, Angel Pons, Francisco Ramón Cilla, and Mecáchis (Eduardo Sáenz Hermúa), the latter two creating strips of extraordinary length and coherence. The European pioneer of the exotic adventure strip, Cilla was preceded, in a genre whose fruition in the comic book lay many years in the future, by Angelo Agostini, an Italian who settled in Brazil. His As aventuras de Nhô-Quim & Zé Caipora (initially 1883–86; "The Adventures of Nhô-Quim & Zé Caipora") set a record length of 23 chapters and 378 drawings, a number eventually tripled to a total of 75 chapters by 1906. Thereafter the story was turned into a popular song, four plays, and two silent movies. In Russia the satirical magazine Strekoza (1875–1918; "Dragonfly"), which reached its apogee in the late 1870s through the 1880s, published French-influenced Chekhovian comedies of everyday domestic life.
Imagerie d'Épinal, based in Épinal and other French towns, developed a distinct form of comic strip. Throughout the 19th century the common people and particularly children in rural areas of France, the Netherlands, and Germany had subsisted on Imagerie d'Épinal, single cheap broadsheets hawked about the countryside and in small towns. These documents covered, often in narrative form, such topics of folk interest as religious stories, patriotic histories, and fairy tales. The severe and simple didactic plates had a more or less realistic social emphasis. Some Imagerie d'Épinal is comic in content, although not always in style, relating, for instance, the folly of certain traditional social stereotypes or satirical characters from folklore and literature such as Tyl Eulenspiegel and Baron Munchausen. Christophe (pseudonym of Georges Colomb) raised this type of popular imagery to the level of the intelligent urban child, first in the children's periodical and then in various albums published separately. These were originally designed, like Töpffer's, for the children of his own household and the pupils of his school. Christophe's gentle mockery of such types as the naïve bourgeois and the absent-minded professor is now a staple of French folklore. Christophe established a format for English and French children's comics that survived down to World War II, whereby the text is excluded from the image rather than incorporated in the balloons, as in American practice.
In the United States the comic strip antedates by many years its "official birthday" in the newspapers in 1896, as celebrated for instance in 1996 by the U.S. postal service with a special commemorative set of stamps showing classic comic strip characters. Several American magazines from the 1870s and '80s—notably Puck and Judge—began to incorporate comic strips of the European, especially German type and were the first to print them in colour (from 1888). This was an era of massive plagiarism in the United States and Europe, with Germany at first the primary source, and then, as native artists found their feet, borrowings occurred in both directions. Plagiarism, flouting ineffective international copyright laws, helped to launch new, very cheap (10 cents or one half-penny) magazines on both sides of the Atlantic. Frederick Burr Opper (who went on to create the comic strip Happy Hooligan), F.M. Howarth, Syd Griffin, and especially Eugene Zimmermann were original and prolific artists of this period. The Swiss-born Zimmermann's taste for grotesque forms of violence, animal antics, and racism seems as much American as German.


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The New York Giants are leaving their traditional training camp home of the University at Albany to train at their regular-season home in New Jersey.
The team told Albany officials this week that training camp will now be at the Timex Performance Center, where the team trains year round. That ends a 17-year tradition of having training camp in Albany.
"The University at Albany and the Capital Region have been great hosts for us during our training camps," Giants owners John Mara and Steve Tisch said in a joint statement. "UAlbany truly has been the summer home of the Giants."
But it will be the summer home of the Giants no longer. And although there has been no word on fan access at 2013 training camp, at first blush this would appear to be bad news for fans: Training camps at campus settings usually allow for much better fan experiences than training camps at team facilities.
At least now there will be no complaints about uncomfortable mattresses.


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Posted on Jun 05, 2015
Proper Nutrition for Seniors and Caregivers with Senior Care at Home
It should come as no surprise that the better we care for our bodies with proper nutrition and adequate exercise, the better we will feel in the long run. A healthy start to each day with a balanced breakfast is the fuel to keep us going through the afternoon. A nutritious lunch and dinner to round out the day will keep us properly energized and keep us healthy overall.
When it comes to proper nutrition for seniors and caregivers, it is important to remember to stay properly hydrated. We often discount the importance of including enough water into our diet. Not only is a hydrated body better at absorbing nutrients from food, water helps in regulating body temperature, digestion and circulation. Try to have a beverage with every snack or meal to avoid possible dehydration. It can be in the form of soup, milk, juice, or water. Eating more fruits and vegetables are an easy way to incorporate more liquids into the diet. Keep a bottle of water with you and encourage your senior loved one to keep one nearby as well.
It is always better to get nutrients through food than with supplements whenever possible. Proper nutrition for seniors and caregivers includes adding more whole grains, reducing amounts of saturated fats, and limiting the amount of processed foods consumed. Lowering salt intake is also very helpful in reducing the risk of high blood pressure. Substitute spices and lemon juice when possible to avoid adding salt to foods. Avoid empty calories like chips and candy, and always aim for the more nutritious option. Grab a crunchy apple or some celery sticks with peanut butter to satisfy the urge for potato chips. Popcorn is also a tasty substitution for saltier cravings. Low fat mozzarella sticks, yogurt and nuts are great snacking options that provide nutrients; making the choice satisfying and healthy.
Fiber is a very important element to proper nutrition for seniors and caregivers. Whenever possible, choose a food option with fiber to help with digestion. Adequate amounts of fiber can prevent intestinal problems like constipation. Eat cooked beans, green vegetables like peas, and find cereals with whole grains to start your morning right.
The key to proper nutrition for seniors is to keep meals balanced, to eat smaller meals more frequently to keep the metabolism going, and to remember to drink lots of water to stay hydrated. Being healthy doesn't mean deprivation of the things we love to eat; it simply means to keep things balanced. Have some cake if you want it, just be sure to balance it with a lower calorie meal or some fruit later on.
If you would like to learn more caring assisted living at home, along with the many benefits of professional in home elderly care or dementia and Alzheimer's care, call Senior Helpers of Clearwater to speak to a senior care specialist today 727-210-1414! The compassionate senior care specialists at Senior Helpers can also guide you through the process of receiving the Veterans Administration Aid and Attendance Benefit if your elderly loved one is a veteran. In home senior care allows your loved one to stay in the comforts of their own home for as long as possible while receiving the level of care they need. Senior Helpers of Clearwater provides a wide range of services including Alzheimer's and dementia care, personal assistance, companionship, and so much more to all areas of Largo, Seminole, and St. Petersburg.


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A pair of women's sandals are required if you're venturing to somewhere hot this summer – but even if you're not, a pair of wedge sandals like the ones you see here are sure to make a practical and stylish addition to your summer wardrobe. Ladies' wedge sandals are distinct in that they come with a slight graduated heel. Wedges offer a pleasant compromise between a high heel and a flat, marrying some of the height of the former with some of the stability of the latter. Included here are wedge sandals of all styles and colours, ranging from strappy wedge flip flops to dark leather 'gladiator' style sandals, complete with diamante decorations.
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In all things of nature there is something of the marvelous.
#JustBelieve #LoveWins
sharing our remodeling and travel adventures in our camper
No matter what you have been through, you can feel good again
Milly Schmidt
Stories, dreams and prayers between us here and those enjoying eternal life...
My sarcastic travels through life while trying to remain true to myself and not kill others.
Break the silence. End the violence.
by Sonyo Estavillo
Finding Jesus in the Midst of Everything
Equipping 21st Century Sojourners
If you want to impress me, undress your heart.
Back Room at the Parlour
Writings From My Heart
You can't break up with a soul mate
A Day in the Life of a Kingdom Wife
Sharing Chronic Pain. Mental Health. Education. Faith. More.
Female empowerment | Inspiring women to success
Although all doctors agreed she would do nothing.....
Hoping to change one life at a time with my words
like thalassic velvet
she is confidence in shadows.
Letting it all hang out
travel, nature, reflection
Poetry, creative writing and a desire to inspire..... Isaiah 40: 31 But they who wait upon the Lord will get new strength. They will rise up with wings like eagles. They will run and not get tired. They will walk and not become weak..
Painting Creations & Works of Fiction
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Life's journey may not always be easy, but being true to your unique self and finding laughter in the small things makes the adventure unforgettable!
Musings Of A Poet Out Standing In His Field
Discover the truth about mental health
sustainability. compassion. inspiration.
Life inside a grace-filled home! Faith - Family - Homeschooling
A cruel, futuristic vision created by science fiction authors James Courtney and Kaisy Wilkerson-Mills. ©2013-2016. All Rights Reserved. All writings available through Amazon.
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An eccentric blogger with a pen and a thousand ideas
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A fusion of words and colour ...
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Three geography-crossed poets finding life has much to bard about...


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VERBENACEAE, the Vervain Family by Pedro Jiménez-MejÃjas. Keywords: Verbenaceae, Phyla, Glandularia, Verbena, Flora, Floristics, North America. http://dx.doi.org/1021135/893275471.066.
In the New Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada the Verbenaceae is represented by twelve species. As family treatments are completed for the New Manual, these are being made available as downloadable PDFs. The New Manual is a multi-year project by the New York Botanical Garden to fully revise and update the classic Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Second Edition, by Gleason and Cronquist (1991, NYBG Press), in order to enable identification of all plants growing spontaneously in a vast region comprising portions or entirety of 22 states and 5 Canadian provinces (see map here). These family treatments are indispensable to all those interested having the most up-to-date information for this region of North America's rich botanical resources, serving the vascular plant reference needs especially of students, conservationists, wildlife managers, educators, gardeners, and citizen scientists. For a full list of PDF sections click here.
RobNaczi_Interview_Final_V6 from The New York Botanical Garden on Vimeo.
"A brand new flora of vascular plants from The New York Botanical Garden is available as digital PDF downloads and will soon be printed as a complete hardbound version! The area covered includes Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec and Ontario. The New Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada is under preparation, representing a revised enlarged update of the 1991 classic Gleason & Cronquist Manual, with approximately 20% more species. This is good news for many different biologists. The botanical treatments will be particularly useful for American and Canadian botanists as well as other scientists, naturalists, ecologists, foresters, conservationists, and students in all fields of natural history, as well as public or private organizations involved in environmental and plant protection. In contrast to the 1991 Manual, plant families are treated by specialists of these groups. Because so much information has been added in recent years, this new edition is very welcome, and the editors and the numerous authors deserve praise."- Jacques Cayouette, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; Assistant Curator, Department of Agriculture Ottawa Herbarium
Pedro Jiménez-MejÍas is a Spanish born botanist. He has participated in the preparation of several floras and now has the honor of authoring several families in the updated version of the Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. Dr. Jiménez-MejÍas is a multidisciplinary researcher in the plant sciences. His expertise is in taxonomy, systematics and evolution of sedges (Cyperaceae), borages (Boraginaceae), and mignonettes (Resedaceae), although he has worked the taxonomy of other plant groups as well. He has also published in the fields of paleobotany and conservation biology. Currently, he is researching the evolution and taxonomy of the Boreotemperate genus Carex in the Neotropics. To link to Pedro Jimé-MejÍas' site click here.


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mwolverton necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 17 diseños de 9 diseñadores freelance.
Cathedral Partners is a web 2.0 website for connecting buyers and sellers of privately held companies. We match a company that needs capital for with a buyer based on a matching technology, then we give them the tools needed to manage the process. We are redeveloping our webportal and website and building them on a new platform. Over the next couple of months we will be gearing up for a VERY PUBLIC launch....so the winner will definitely have something to brag about here. Please Note - we have had several 99Designs contests and are big fans of the service. In fact, on Saturday, 10/4, we awarded a prize on 99 Designs for redesigning our website.
Now, we are looking for a 925 pixel width by 245 pixel tall flash animation for our new homepage. The flash animation should include sound. I will be very engaged in this competition and will provide frequent feedback. I will also make myself available to contestants via IM, if I feel that they are going in the right direction and some additional guidance will put them over the top. Ultimately, the designer that can tell the following story in the most professional, visually communicative and stimulating way will win.
Cathedral Partners
Please download a flash mockup in powerpoint here: http://www.michaelwolverton.com/flash3.ppt if you "preview" the powerpoint you will see the mockup in action it shows the full story and sequence. What we are looking for a designer who can create great visual imagery and sound to go along with it.
Please also see http://www.michaelwolverton.com/cre…a-deal.jpg to see what our internal pages will look like.
Our Users: Our clientele are some of the largest banks in the world. So, our users are executives who will be turned off by a "consumerish" flash presentation. We are not using flash here to entertain our users, we are using it because our users are all about digesting meaningful content and we believe flash is the best tool to quickly tell a compelling story.
The Story: The story, detailed in the mockup, is very simple. It needs to convey the following:
A buyer has money that he wants to invest.
A seller is in need of an investment.
Each of them know a lot of people, but they don't know all the people (or the right people)
They connect on Cathedral partners and now they know each other. The implication is that the seller received the 40 million$ from the buyer.
The Visuals:
1. In my mockup, the seller (always green), is on the right and the buyer (always blue) is on the left. The mockup starts with Jim. In your submission, please switch the order and start with Mark. In other words, "Meet Mark" should be the first thing that happens. You will also note that Buyers are on the left and Sellers are on the right....please keep that in mind throughout the presentation. For example...it would be a bit strange if you ended the presentation and buyer visuals ended on the seller side, and vice-versa.
2. We need a way to represent Jim and Mark. In the mockup I used very simple icons - the blue icon with the diamond head is a buyer and the green icon with a circle head is the seller. I am certainly not attached to using these figures. I used them, however, because simple is better. Visually stimulating or interesting is good, it just can't be cartoonish (like http://www.salesgenius.com) The user shouldn't be so interested in the icon that they aren't paying attention to the story.
3. Our solution is global, so we want the buyer and seller in this story to be located on a map or a globe. You can be creative here. What we need to convey is that our solution has a global reach and that it is our goal to connect all buyers and sellers globally. In the mockup I used a "static" map. This is an "OK" solution. I would prefer, however, to see something that is more dynamic - as long as it doesn't disrupt the story. For example, imagine a spinning globe that stops and zooms in so that we can meet Jim, who is in California. Then the globe spins and zooms in on India, and we meet Mark. There are many possibilities here....don't get attached to just this one.
4. In my mockup, you will see green circles and blue diamonds. These are supposed to represent additional buyers and sellers. Do not get attached to these symobls for representing the additional buyers and sellers....however you do represent them, however, should have consistant design elements with how you represent Jim and Mark. At this line in the story, "Jim and Mark know a lot of people" the flash presentation should visually represent the fact that they know a lot of buyers and sellers. On a static background, as I have in the mockup, I could have accomplished this by having the blue diamonds and green circles "pop" up exponentially faster (like popcorn). If you went with a globe....you could have additional sellers and buyers pop up as the globe spins. Again, these are just ideas.
5. When the mockup says, "Now they do." you should visually represent Jim and Mark getting connected. I accomplished this by moving their icons closer together, under the text. There are many ways to do this....surprise me.
6. When "Connected" appears on the screen, you should visually represent that Jim and Mark, because they are on Cathedral Partners, are now connected to a vast network. In the mockup, I could have accomplished this by drawing arrows (like diagrams of airplane flights) from Jim and Mark to the buyers and sellers that popped up when we earler said, "Jim and Mark know a lot of people". I would like to see some creativity here! Please make sure, visually, that you only connect buyers and sellers. In other words, buyers should not be connected to buyers and sellers should not be connected to sellers.
7. You will note that the "C" in Controlled, Connected and Confidential uses the background colors from our logo. Please stick with that, we like it. Additionally, I have imagery in my head where the blue and green icons in my mockup "morph" into a bigger letter "C," like in our logo. You don't need to use this, its just an idea that I think could be appealing and good for branding in the event you can pull it off.
8. When the presentation ends, I would like to visually direct the user somehow to choose either one of the tabs at the top or one of the get started buttons below. This could be done with arrows, graphics....whatever works. Just make sure that it follows the flow of the rest of the flash element.
The designer that can tell this story in the most professional, visually communicative and stimulating way will win.
(see above for details)
Buyers are blue and sellers are green
Professional, no consumer oriented presentations please
less than 10 seconds (10 is the absolute most)
the ability to replay
925 pixel width by 245 pixel height
a workaround to demoing the flash....we are not going to be able to pick a winner if all we can see are the screenshots.
polish - your design work should have excellent flow
collaboration - the designer who wins will likely do so because the have great ideas, implement them well AND they have should a willingness to collaborate with me to make it great.
greater than 10 second


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The 64th Primetime Emmy Awards proved a great night for mature talent to shine.
As double winner Louis C.K., 45, put it, when asked backstage why his show works now while past efforts failed, "because I'm better than I was before. … Older people are smarter and funnier."
In the case of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Julia Louis-Dreyfus, we'd have to say she has always been smart and funny – and continues to be at the top of her game at 51. The "Veep" star insisted that winning her third Emmy was no less a peak experience for her than in the past: "I need an Advil, I have a headache, I can't believe it!" Louis-Dreyfus said that the fact her show was born in a political year has impacted it, certainly. "There's a lot of good rich material there, little morsels we can take away."
Julianne Moore, also 51, took more than morsels to create her Emmy-winning portrayal of real-life veep candidate Sarah Palin in Game Change. Backstage, she said she had meant to acknowledge Katie Couric and fellow Palin imitator Tina Fey for the influence they had had in shaping the public perception of Palin. Not surprisingly, Moore did not expect Palin to make any public comment on her win.
Hatfields & McCoys Outstanding Lead Actor Kevin Costner, 57, and Supporting Actor Tom Berenger 63, came backstage together.
Giving kudos to the History Channel for gambling on his record-breaking miniseries, Costner pointed out, "We have a tendency not to see the risk in reverse. … Now it's a big win. … A year ago, careers were on the line."
He acknowledged that he's been focused on his family of late. "I had three babies with my wife – a five-year-old, a three-year-old and a two. I probably worked a fraction of what my colleagues have been doing." In fact, he said, his children may not even realize he's an actor. By the sound of what he said backstage, acting may not be his main focus in coming years, either. The star shared that he'd been writing a lot of TV scripts, and that he has several features he'd like to direct.
We saw a still-drop-dead gorgeous Jessica Lange, a glamorous vision in a draped orange Reem Acra gown, pick up her Supporting Actress honors for American Horror Story joking that creator Ryan Murphy, wooing her to be on the show, had promised her more than any man. Those promises certainly worked out – not only did she win an Emmy, but season 2 of American Horror Story is being built around the star playing a different character, a nurse in a 1960s insane asylym.
"When my name was called I thought, 'Oh my God, I have such a long way to walk in these incredibly high heels and I hope I make it.' That was my main thought," admitted Lange backstage.
She also tipped that her next AHS season will be "a more complex story. You know, Ryan likes to create these things around themes. The first season was infidelity, and this is more about faith and madness. I think the themes are bigger this year, which allows us to go further."
Tom Bergeron, 51, got his Emmy as host of Dancing With the Stars – his first win in seven nominations. Backstage, he side-stepped a question about which of the Dancing of the Stars all stars he feels most excited about: "If I answer that question, I piss off 12 people," explained the host, who is known for his ribald humor off-camera.
He also doused the internet firestorm over Maksim Chmerkovskiy quitting the show. "No, no. I talked to him yesterday, and I asked him, 'Is this it, buddy? Do I not have to worry about getting my ass pinched now?' " Chmerkovskiy told him his comment was taken out of context and that he actually meant he intended to leave after this contract was up in 2013.
It was nice to see recently ailing Kathy Bates in the middle of the Emmy action tonight, even though Harry's Law didn't bring her an Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Emmy, she looked in fine fettle and seemed to be having a great time. And heck, she won for her Two and a Half Men guest spot last week.
Dame Maggie Smith won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama honors, but alas, was not present – the sole Downton Abbey win out of 16 nominations. At least the British serial wasn't skunked like Mad Men. That long-time Emmy darling came up with zero wins in 17 nominations this year, which broke a record.
The big winners, of course, were Homeland and Modern Family – along with the movie/miniseries winner, Game Change, produced by another mature talent, 56-year-old Tom Hanks.


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What If Trayvon Martin Was Alive
George Zimmerman is not on trial anymore, but the ordeal is not over. Thousands are jumping at the chance to pillory the man who shot Trayvon Martin. This case has captured numerous headlines and has prompted a discussion on self-defense and civil rights.
Imagine if you will a different dimension of time and space where things turned out differently. By going into "Speculation Land" let's play with a different set of facts and see what could have happened.
Trayvon Martin would still be alive and George Zimmerman would be dead under this premise. Moments before a shot could be fired, a blow from Martin sends Zimmerman into unconsciousness preventing the gun from being used. Martin could have then continued the barrage until Zimmerman was killed.
Police were already on the way to the scene because 9-1-1 had been notified of the altercation. Playing this out to the end, it's logical that Trayvon is going to run after beating a man to death. Of course, it seems that being 17 years old and black makes you already under suspicion. That shouldn't be shocking because it's true. Disregard that the man who occupies the White House was elected twice. Many blacks believe the deck is stacked against them.
As the prediction plays out, there would be little chance that Trayvon would have been on trial much less convicted even if he ran scared. A man confronting you at night just because you went to the store would probably have put the fear of God in you enough to "stand your ground". Then add that Zimmerman had a gun with no badge to back him up. Six Florida jurors would not have decided that Trayvon Martin was guilty of a degree of murder or manslaughter. There would have been too much reasonable doubt.
U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder would then be praising the Florida "Stand Your Ground" law because a young man used the concept in a confrontation to save his own life.
Alas, we live in a world in which facts cannot be changed. Trayvon Martin is the one who is dead and George Zimmerman is left to reap the whirlwind of his actions.


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Serena Williams lost the U.S. Open final to Sam Stosur today in a huge straight sets upset 6-2, 6-3.
Early in the second set, Serena had a point taken away from her by the chair umpire — who ruled that Serena illegally yelled during a point.
During the next changeover, Serena freaked out at the umpire, calling her a "hater" and saying, "Don't look my way."
We'll post video here when it's available.


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Managing a MySQL Database in cPanel with PHPMyAdmin
In this guide, we will introduce you to phpMyAdmin, a web based mySQL client you can use to manage your databases. There are many tools and features that phpMyAdmin includes, but in this article we're only going to cover a few basics.
How to log into phpMyAdmin
- Log into your cPanel
- Click the phpMyAdmin icon under the "Databases" heading.
You will then be logged into phpMyAdmin. It will look like this:
What am I looking at when I log into phpMyAdmin?
When you first log into phpMyAdmin, you'll see quite a bit of data. For most basic tasks, you'll select a database in the left menu (see screenshot below) and then begin to manage that individual database.
Besides a list of databases in the left menu, there are server details and configuration settings in the middle and right side of the page.
Selecting a Database
If you click on a database in the left column, it will then load more information specific to that database:
In the left menu, it now shows a listing of all of the tables in the database. If you click any of the tables, it will allow you to view and manage the data in each of those tables.
In the top menu, you'll see various options for the database you're working with, such as:
Giving Developers phpMyAdmin Access
Please note that sometimes you will want to give a web developer phpMyAdmin access. Instead of giving them your cPanel access data (which is not secure), you can install a separate installation of phpMyAdmin for them so they can access it without having access to cPanel itself. For more help with this, please see:
Installing PHPMyAdmin on your Account
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text:
of degrees
& programs
Fall: January 15
[December 15 for international applicants]
Applications are processed together after the deadline has passed. International students who miss the December 15 deadline are required to submit to Temple University an evaluation of their transcript by an approved educational evaluation firm.
Number Required: 2
From Whom: Letters of recommendation should be obtained from college/university faculty members familiar with the applicant's academic competence.
Applicants must have completed coursework in Differential and Integral Calculus, including Multivariable Calculus, as well as a course in Linear Algebra.
All applicants must present credentials that are the equivalent of the appropriate baccalaureate degree at Temple University, although it need not be in a business discipline.
Two essays are required. See the website of the Fox School of Business and Management at www.fox.temple.edu/mbams/faq.html.
The GRE is required. GRE scores should be at least in the 75th percentile on the quantitative section and in the 90th percentile on the verbal section.
Minimum TOEFL score or range of scores needed to be accepted:
600 paper-based, 250 computer-based, or 100 internet-based.
Students are able to complete the degree program through classes offered after 4:30 p.m.
Number of Didactic Credits Required Beyond the Master's: 24
Required Courses:
Internship: No internship is required.
Language Examination: No language examination is required.
Summer Research paper
Statistics Competency Examination:
An assessment of proficiency in statistical theory and methodology will be made at the end of the student's first year in the program. The examination is offered in June. Students who fail the Statistics competency examination on the first attempt must sit for reexamination prior to the fall semester of their second year. A second failure results in dismissal from the university.
Preliminary Examination:
The purpose of the preliminary examination is to demonstrate critical and interpretive knowledge of the student's dissertation research area. It should be taken when the student has completed the preliminary coursework for the examination. The subject areas are determined, in advance, by the faculty of the department. Members of the student's Dissertation Advising Committee then prepare the questions for the preliminary exam. Students who are preparing to write their preliminary examinations should confirm a time and date with their departmental advisor.
The student must answer every question during the examination in order to be evaluated. The department committee evaluates the examination. The evaluators look for a breadth and depth of understanding of specific research areas; a critical application of that knowledge to specific phenomena; and an ability to write technical prose. Each member votes to pass or fail the student. In order to pass, a majority of the committee members must agree that the exam has been satisfactorily completed.
Dissertation Proposal:
The dissertation proposal demonstrates the student's knowledge of and ability to conduct the proposed research. The proposal should consist of the following: (a) the context and background surrounding a particular research problem; (b) an exhaustive survey and review of literature related to the problem; and (c) a detailed methodological plan for investigating the problem. The proposal should be completed and approved no more than one year after finishing coursework. Upon approval, a timeline for completing the investigation and writing process is established.
The doctoral dissertation is an original empirical study that makes a significant contribution to the field. It should expand the existing knowledge and demonstrate the student's understanding of research methods and a mastery of her/his primary area of interest. Dissertations should be rigorously investigated; uphold the ethics and standards of the field; demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between the primary area of interest and the broader field of business; and be prepared for publication in an academic journal.
The Dissertation Advising Committee is formed to oversee the student's doctoral research and is comprised of at least three Graduate Faculty members. Two members, including the Chair, must be from the student's department. The Chair is responsible for overseeing and guiding the student's progress; coordinating the responses of the committee members; and informing the student of her/his academic progress.
The Dissertation Examining Committee evaluates the student's dissertation and oral defense. The committee is comprised of the Dissertation Advising Committee and at least one additional faculty member from outside the department.
The Dissertation Examining Committee evaluates the student's ability to express verbally her/his research question, methodological approach, primary findings, and implications. The committee members vote to pass or fail the dissertation and the defense at the conclusion of the public presentation.
If any member decides to withdraw from a committee, the student shall notify the chair of the Dissertation Advising Committee and the director of the Ph.D. program. In consultation with the chair, the student is responsible to find a replacement. Inability to find a replacement shall constitute evidence that the student is unable to complete the dissertation. In such a case, s/he may petition the director of the program for a review. Upon review of the facts and circumstances, the director rules on the student's progress. If the director rules that the student is incapable of completing the dissertation, the student will be dismissed from the program. This decision may be appealed to the Senior Associate Dean of the Fox School. If the student is dismissed, s/he may appeal to the Graduate School.
Students who are preparing to defend their dissertation should consult with their Dissertation Advising Committee on a time and date and register with the Graduate Secretary at least 15 days before the defense. The Graduate Secretary will arrange the time, date, and room within two working days, and forward the appropriate forms to the student. After the Graduate Secretary has arranged the time, date, and room for the defense, the student must send a completed "Announcement of Dissertation Defense" form to the Graduate School at least 10 working days before the defense. The department then posts flyers announcing the defense.
Fox School of Business and Management
LL5 Speakman Hall (006-00)
1810 North 13th Street
Philadelphia, PA 19122
Natale Butto
Director of Graduate Admissions
Program Coordinator:
Dr. Jagbir Singh
Graduate Chairperson:
Dr. Damaraju Raghavarao
Robert Bonner
Assistant Dean, MBA and MS Programs
The primary purpose of the Ph.D. program in the Department of Statistics is to prepare statisticians for professional roles in research and application of statistics, operations research, or biostatistics. This activity may take place in academic, business, or government settings. The distinguishing characteristic of the Ph.D. program is its research dissertation. Consequently, a student entering the post-master's part of the program (i.e., becoming a doctoral student) must expect to embark on a more intense phase of preparation in the theory, methods, and application of statistics. In short, the doctoral program is designed for able students who are willing to undertake a program of advanced study and research.
Time Limit for Degree Completion: 7 years
Students are able to complete the degree program through classes offered after 4:30 p.m. Students are also able to complete the degree program on a part-time basis (8 credit hours or less per semester).
The program encourages interdisciplinary coursework, research, and interactions among faculty and students with interests in business, biology, and health sciences.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Faculty members specialize and offer substantial coursework in the following areas: applications of statistics to the law, asymptotic theory, Bayesian inference, clinical trials, design of experiments, inequalities in statistics, linear and generalized linear models, methods in AIDS research and teratology, multiple comparisons, multivariate analysis, parametric and nonparametric inference, pharmaceutical statistics, quality control, ranking and selection, resampling methods, robust inference, statistical computing and graphics, survey sampling, survival analysis, and time series.
The program is dedicated to producing well-trained statisticians who work as researchers in academia, industry, and government. In recent years, over half of our Ph.D. recipients found employment as statisticians in the pharmaceutical industry or in medical research organizations.
Qualified non-matriculated students are permitted to take doctoral courses.
The principal duties of a Teaching Assistant include teaching, assisting faculty members in the classroom, and grading. An assistantship provides a stipend and tuition remission.
May 2006


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(Click to enlarge)
One year ago today, while some family types were visiting, we all packed up and drove to the Ward Charcoal Ovens, which are inside the Ward Charcoal Ovens State Historic Park, and aren't far off Highway 50 on a good, sometimes washboarded, graded dirt road.
The ovens, built in 1876 out of blocks of nearby quartz latite ash-flow tuff, are partially fenced, and it's difficult to get good pictures sans fencing. You can see some of the ash-flow tuff behind and between the two ovens. There are six ovens, here I'm only showing two. (More will be shown later.)
Looking closely at the first or easternmost oven, I spot something growing part way up the right side. What is it?
Maybe it's a weed?
Closer... It's a wildflower!
This is the kind of flower growing in between the blocks of the charcoal oven, a Penstemon, possibly this one.
The rest of our short visit became an excuse to take pictures of the penstemons, at least for me.
And more...
...and even more.
I've visited these ovens several times over the last three years, and have taken many pictures. In fact, one such visit was exactly two years ago today, when other family types were visiting. There must be something about June!
The lighting is usually a factor in the kinds of pictures one can take, and I'd say that morning and afternoon are probably best, rather than high noon. Fall before the snow flies might also be better than mid-summer, especially because the heat can seem hotter at the ovens than elsewhere in Steptoe Valley. Note another hill of ash-flow tuff behind the ovens; these hills are fun to hike.
It's difficult to get photos inside the ovens without using a tripod, but here are two of my best shots.
Charcoal darkens the walls, and there's been a little oxidation over the years.


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flow of attention
Jump to navigation Jump to search
- (advertising) Research results that plot the audience's level of attention, moment-by-moment, through a commercial.
- The Flow of Attention results showed us where we were losing the audience so we edited those few spots and had a better commercial.
- (advertising) A research technique that deconstructs the cognitive processes of the audience's selective perception filter.


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Christie press conference at 11:00 am ET ... Five questions for Christie - 1. Has that staffer been fired?; 2. Has he created a culture where this is thought to be acceptable? 3. Does he regret not taking this more seriously? 4. How can he regain voters/his constituents' trust? 5. Is he contrite, does he apologize? ... How Christie can recover ... On Capitol Hill: The gap of trust between Reid and McConnell has poisoned the Senate ... And partisanship will only GROW after 2014 ... More Gates fallout ... And Poverty in America: NBC's Brian Williams interviews Rep. Paul Ryan in Washington tonight.
*** The five questions Christie needs to answer: Attempting to deal with the fallout from the George Washington Bridge scandal, New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie holds a news conference at 11:00 am ET from the governor's office in Trenton. And he definitely has some questions to answer. After denying for more than a month -- in the most Christie of ways -- that anyone in his administration played politics with these lane closings in Fort Lee, NJ, on Wednesday, eye-opening emails and text messages from the highest levels of the Christie administration were released showing exactly the opposite. It was inevitable that Christie had to face the cameras, but it was odd how long it took him to confront this. This story cuts against every (formerly) perceived strength: he's less ideological, willing to work across the aisle, and is a no-B.S. kind of guy. In the late afternoon, the usually bombastic and camera-friendly Christie released just a four-sentence paper statement: "What I've seen today for the first time is unacceptable. I am outraged and deeply saddened to learn that not only was I misled by a member of my staff, but this completely inappropriate and unsanctioned conduct was made without my knowledge. One thing is clear: this type of behavior is unacceptable and I will not tolerate it because the people of New Jersey deserve better. This behavior is not representative of me or my Administration in any way, and people will be held responsible for their actions."
NBC News chief White House correspondent Chuck Todd says that New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie must get out in front of the political scandal brewing over claims of an intentional bridge delay orchestrated by members of his own staff for political reasons.
But he still has a lot of explaining to do. Here are at least five questions he needs to answer:
1. Has that member of Christie's staff been fired? Christie seemed to be referring to his Deputy Chief of Staff Bridget Anne Kelly, who wrote the email saying, "Time for some traffic problems in Fort Lee." In his statement, Christie said the staff member "misled" him, and that "people will be held responsible for their actions." So does that mean that Kelly is fired? Already, two top Christie Port Authority appointees have resigned due to this George Washington Bridge controversy. (One of them, David Wildstein, a Christie high school acquaintance - will testify at noon ET before a state Assembly committee hearing.)
2. Does it say something about the culture inside Christie's office that aides -- without his knowledge -- were playing politics over these lane closures to punish a Democratic mayor for not endorsing the governor in a race Christie was going to win by 20 points? Even if you take Christie at his word that he didn't know about this until yesterday, his top aides were playing politics with New Jersey residents.
3. Does he regret not taking the allegations more seriously? When asked last month if his administration played politics with these lane closures, Christie said sarcastically, "I worked the cones on that. Unbeknownst to everybody I was actually the guy out there." But until yesterday's disclosures, it doesn't seem as if the governor or anyone else in his administration was trying to get to the bottom of why these lanes were closed. Why not?
4. How does he regain voters' trust? In his four years as New Jersey governor and on the national political stage, Christie has earned a reputation as a straight-shooter with the public. But has that reputation now taken a hit? After these previous denials, how does he regain that trust?
5. Does he show contrition and apologize to the people of Fort Lee and its Democratic Mayor Mark Sokolich? In his statement, Christie said he was "outraged" and "deeply saddened." But he didn't apologize. And we've now learned that those caught in the traffic jams due to the lane closures included police officers searching for a missing 4-year-old year and emergency workers responding to medical crises. He has to show real contrition and self-reflection, which is not exactly something that Christie has shown to be in his DNA at this point.
*** The difference between this controversy and last year's IRS one: In addition, it's important to point out a significant difference between Christie's bridge controversy and President Obama's IRS controversy from last year: Christie's goes almost all of the way to the top. Just imagine during last year's IRS reporting if an email from top White House advisers David Axelrod or David Plouffe said: "Time for an IRS audit for Tea Party groups." And a Treasury Department aide replied, "Got it." But such a link was never established. However, that link is EXACTLY the case with this George Washington Bridge controversy.
*** Christie can still recover: But it's also important to emphasize that we don't know what this will ultimately mean for Christie's White House ambitions. After all, we've seen plenty of successful politicians survive scandals and controversies -- Gennifer Flowers for Bill Clinton. Tony Rezko and Jeremiah Wright for Barack Obama. But make no mistake: This is a serious story for Christie. By the way, if you are on Team Christie right now, you should know, plenty of folks will now be looking at other interactions between the Christie administration and local officials. If mayors were punished for not supporting Christie in his landslide bid for re-election, what did mayors get who DID endorse? The point is -- everything Christie did and does locally will be viewed through a different prism now and with more suspicion. If this controversy has done one thing, it's cost Christie that "benefit of the doubt" aspect politicians need sometimes to weather controversies.
*** The gap of trust between McConnell/Reid: Mitch McConnell's speech on the Senate floor yesterday and Harry Reid's rebuttal shouldn't be ignored. McConnell was complaining about the process again, Reid called him "cold-hearted" because Republicans aren't dealing with and could now block the extension of unemployment benefits. It was inevitable that after the Democrats chose to change the rules that there was going to be a lot of fallout and the GOP was going to complain. There's 100% agreement on both sides that the Senate's a mess and isn't working correctly. But there's disagreement on who's to blame. The real issue is there's no trust between Reid and McConnell; that's why each side is playing games with all the rules. The cynical way to look at what McConnell did yesterday was set up an excuse as to why Republicans won't support Reid's push for extending jobless benefits. But the fact remains, the lack of trust between the two parties in the Senate is corrosive to the entire body.
*** Partisanship is only going to grow after the 2014 midterms: And all of the acrimony has the potential to only get worse after the 2014 midterms. Congress is about to get more polarized in the Senate with all the retirements of moderates and look at the House, a place most would think couldn't get MORE ideologically divided. Just in the last month, on the Republican side, there have been the retirements of Virginia's Frank Wolf, Iowa's Tom Latham, and Pennsylvania's Jim Gerlach. On the Democratic side, out are North Carolina's Mike McIntyre (announced yesterday) and Utah's Jim Matheson. If you toss in Arkansas' Tim Griffin and New Jersey's Jon Runyan, and the pool of congressional members willing to vote with the other side is shrinking. Whatever's left of the middle or the pragmatic caucus is disappearing. And there wasn't much of a middle to begin with. Every one of these retiring members is going to be replaced by someone more partisan. It doesn't matter which party wins control overall, the two parties, ideologically, will be farther apart and that guarantees even more gridlock.
*** More Gates fallout: The White House had a pretty successful PR day yesterday (with a little help from Christie). It walked the line to buck up Vice President Biden (lunch photo, schedule, statement). They were in a bit of crisis management on behalf of Biden, but didn't criticize Gates. Gates' critique of Biden is what it is, but, by the way, the Bob Gates painted by Bob Woodward is not the Gates that will show up in interviews next week though. Talking with folks close to Gates, he's been a little stung by the portrayal of the book as solely a hypercritical tome of the president.
*** Promises: A White House official tells NBC's Peter Alexander: "At 2:00 pm ET, President Obama will host an event in the East Room of the White House where he will announce the first five "Promise Zones," located in San Antonio, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Southeastern Kentucky, and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. He will be joined by representatives and community members from each of the five Zones."
*** Brian Williams interviews Paul Ryan: With the 50 year anniversary of LBJ's 'War on Poverty' getting a lot of attention this week, and some high-profile Republicans in the spotlight for their efforts to change the conversation about how to attack poverty in America... Tonight, in Washington, Brian Williams interviews House Budget Chairman Paul Ryan and a panel of journalists on the poverty beat as part of the NBC News "In Plain Sight" poverty reporting project. The program begins at 7:30pm eastern and will be live-streamed and available on demand at InPlainSight.nbcnews.com.
Click here to sign up for First Read emails.
Text FIRST to 622639, to sign up for First Read alerts to your mobile phone.
Check us out on Facebook and also on Twitter. Follow us @chucktodd, @mmurraypolitics, @DomenicoNBC, @brookebrower


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Hope College tennis player Carli Capestany has been chosen Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Women's Tennis Player of the Week for matches played through March 9.
The junior from Hudsonville (Hudsonville HS) defeated regionally ranked opponents at No. 3 singles and No. 1 doubles in leading the Flying Dutch to a 7-2 victory over nationally ranked Wisconsin-Whitewater.
Capestany won her singles match in straight sets 6-3, 6-2 and teamed up with Nancy Benda for an 8-6 doubles victory.
Capestany is being honored as MIAA Player of the Week for the first time this season and the second time in her career.


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TOTTENHAM proved there might be life after Gareth Bale as Andros Townsend inspired the Londoners to a thumping win over Dinamo Tbilisi.
Bale sat out tonight's Europa League play-off first leg as he edged closer to a world-record move to Real Madrid.
But Tottenham, often branded a one-man team after Bale's heroics last term, showed they might not need the Welshman as young Townsend put on an impressive display that Bale would have been proud of.
The 22-year-old scored a superb solo goal to start the rout and he outpaced his marker to supply the assists for Roberto Soldado's first goal of the night and Paulinho's maiden strike for the club.
Danny Rose scored his first goal for Tottenham since his wonder strike against Arsenal in 2010 and Soldado added a second to round off the victory which almost certainly guarantee's Spurs' progression to the group stages of the competition.
Even though he was some 2200 miles away from London, Andre Villas-Boas could not escape questions about Bale in the run up to the game, and having seen technical director Franco Baldini despatched to Madrid last night, it appears Spurs are resigned to losing their star man.
Yet there was plenty of reason for the Tottenham manager to be optimistic after this performance in the Georgian capital. Yes, Dinamo are hardly Champions League quality, but this was a potential banana skin that Tottenham avoided with ease, and there were some impressive displays all over the pitch.
Townsend showed how much his confidence has grown during his year at QPR while new signings Nacer Chadli, Soldado and Paulinho stood out again as they did at Crystal Palace last Sunday.
Even though the 55,000 capacity Dinamo Arena was half-full by kick-off, the noisy locals made sure the Spurs players knew they were not welcome.
The visitors responded well, but neither Soldado nor Gylfi Sigurdsson could take advantage of a moment of nervousness from Dinamo stopper Giorhi Loria.
Sigurdsson then dallied on the ball, allowing the impressive Elguja Grigalashvili to race into the Spurs box, but his shot was deflected over.
Dinamo left themselves exposed at the back from the resulting corner and Townsend took full advantage.
Paulinho's challenge released the England Under-21 international and he sprinted from inside his half before unleashing a low drive past Loria.
The hostile atmosphere turned flat and the only audible sound inside the stadium came from the jubilant 100 fans in the away end.
Dinamo went on the attack. Lloris pulled off a superb save to deny Jaba Dvali from eight yards. The crowd sensed an equaliser, but Dinamo's defensive frailties left them open at the back.
A mix-up between Giorgi Gvelesiani and Davit Kvirkvelia gave Soldado some room in the box, but Loria denied the Spaniard at his near post.
Sigurdsson curled a free-kick in to the side-netting and Loria almost fumbled a Rose cross in to his own net.
Then, just before the break, Spurs scored another superb goal. Townsend was the inspiration once again, embarrassing Darko Glishich with a sharp turn before chipping the ball to the unmarked Paulinho, who nodded in from eight yards.
The third goal came in the 56th minute and Townsend, inevitably, was the architect.
The winger raced down the right flank, gained a yard on his marker and pulled the ball back for Soldado, who slotted the ball past Loria.
Tottenham's fourth goal was just as pleasing on the eye. Chadli found Rose after cutting in from the left flank and he curled a beautiful shot over Loria from 25 yards.
Dinamo fans started leaving their seats three minutes later after Chadli sent a low cross to the back post and Soldado tapped home from close range.
Giorgi Merebashvili sprinted past three players to find Dvali, but Lloris saved with his legs.
Grigalashvili tested Lloris again with eight minutes left, but he saved well. Spurs raced up the other end and they almost made it six, but substitute Harry Kane's header hit the woodwork and they had to settle for 5-0.