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50 years ago, DDT pushed peregrine falcons to the edge of extinctionFierce and swift, steel blue in color and called the world's most perfect flying machine, the peregrine falcon is heading toward extinction in North America. The reason: DDT. Perilously high levels of the pesticide and related chemicals have been found in the eggs, fat and tissues of the birds…. [The falcons] are not picking up the DDT directly, but get it by eating other birds which...02/14/2019 - 07:00 Animals, Conservation, Toxicology
An acid found in soil may make a disease killing deer less infectious
An acid found in rich humus soil breaks down the misfolded brain proteins — called prions — that cause chronic wasting disease.
When concentrations of humic acid similar to those found in soils were applied to diseased elk brain tissue, chemical signatures of the infectious prions were nearly erased, researchers report online November 29 in PLOS Pathogens. That suggests that the acid...
A ghost gene leaves ocean mammals vulnerable to some pesticides
A gene that helps mammals break down certain toxic chemicals appears to be faulty in marine mammals — potentially leaving manatees, dolphins and other warm-blooded water dwellers more sensitive to dangerous pesticides.
The gene, PON1, carries instructions for making a protein that interacts with fatty acids ingested with food. But that protein has taken on another role in recent decades...
News in Brief
Pediatricians warn against chemical additives in food for kids
The American Academy of Pediatrics is cautioning parents and pediatricians to avoid exposing children to eight chemicals found in food and in plastic packaging. The chemicals may be especially harmful to kids due to their small size, says the report published July 23 in Pediatrics. Pregnant women should also avoid the chemicals. And lower-income families who eat a lot of prepackaged foods...
Reviews & Previews
'The Poisoned City' chronicles Flint's water crisis
The Poisoned CityAnna ClarkMetropolitan Books, $30
America is built on lead. Networks of aging pipes made from the bluish-gray metal bring water into millions of U.S. homes. But when lead, a poison to the nervous system, gets into drinking water — as happened in Flint, Mich. — the heavy metal can cause irreparable harm (SN: 3/19/16, p. 8). In The Poisoned City, journalist Anna Clark...
How bees defend against some controversial insecticides
Honeybees and bumblebees have a way to resist toxic compounds in some widely used insecticides.
These bees make enzymes that help the insects break down a type of neonicotinoid called thiacloprid, scientists report March 22 in Current Biology. Neonicotinoids have been linked to negative effects on bee health, such as difficulty reproducing in honeybees (SN: 7/26/16, p 16). But bees...
The way poison frogs keep from poisoning themselves is complicated
View the video
For some poison dart frogs, gaining resistance to one of their own toxins came with a price.
The genetic change that gives one group of frogs immunity to a particularly lethal toxin also disrupts a key chemical messenger in the brain. But the frogs have managed to sidestep the potentially damaging side effect through other genetic tweaks, researchers report in the...
New material could filter water contaminants that others miss
A new material can pull a toxic, hard-to-degrade industrial chemical from drinking water more effectively than current methods.
Perfluorooctanoic acid, or PFOA, hangs around in the environment for years and might cause health problems for people and animals. A new polymer material traps PFOA molecules, making them easy to filter out of water, researchers report in the June 14 Journal of...
Epigenetic marks may help assess toxic exposure risk — someday
Nearly everything people do, eat or come into contact with can change them in little ways — sometimes with big consequences. Exposure to some chemicals can damage DNA, leading to cancer and other problems. Other molecular changes—chemical tags added to DNA or to proteins called histones — may affect health without injuring DNA.
There are more than 100 varieties of these chemical tags,...
Editor's Note
Finding wonders in fatWho knew body fat held such hidden treasures? Scientists have found some serious loot in that bemoaned organ, including a vigorous population of flexible stem cells that can be coaxed into acting as new cartilage or tendons for damaged joints. Fat's gems may also find uses in building new bone and repairing hearts, Susan Gaidos reports.03/09/2016 - 14:45 Quantum Physics, Physics, Toxicology, Health
One day such research might enable people to...


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Are Miley Cyrus + Liam Hemsworth Already Married?!
Lord help that 19-year-old Miley Cyrus if she made it to the altar before we did. She got engaged before we did, so technically there's a good chance she'll get married before we do (Snooki "wah"), but are her and fiancee Liam Hemsworth already married?!
Cyrus' beau was busy accepting the Film Breakthrough Award for his performance in 'Hunger Games' at the Australian in Film Awards last night (June 27), when he let a little piece of info slip. During his speech, he spoke about meeting the soon-to-be Mrs. Hemsworth while filming 'The Last Song' and said, "And now we're married."
Crickets. That's what we imagine the audience heard at that very moment. Crickets.
"I was fortunate enough to get called back in to read with my now fiancée, who I recently got engaged to … and we read together and fell in love and now we're married," said the actor. But wait! He was quick to clear up any misunderstandings. "Well not married, yet," he added, presumably to drown out those crickets.
And Miley was quick to yell out from her seat an excited, "We will be!" to which Liam agreed, "We will be." Annnnnnnnnd barf. No, we guess they're kind of cute. For a couple younger than us … who are engaged. Okay, fine. Really cute!
Watch the Miley Cyrus 'You're Gonna Make Me Lonesome When You Go' Video

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VIDEO: Ben McLemore scored 11 points as the Kings beat the Bulls
LAS VEGAS — Here's a statement. Two of them actually, packaged into one big picture: Ben McLemore, the shooting guard the Kings drafted in the lottery in 2013, insisted he didn't read too much into it when the Kings used another lottery pick on another shooting guard in the 2014 draft, and team officials, naturally, say they remain committed as ever to McLemore's future in Sacramento.
It's all good, right? McLemore came to summer league with the proper attitude, if pressing at first, and followed that up by playing well, making 52.2 percent of his attempts and averaging 14.6 points in five games as a major part of the Kings reaching the Sunday evening semifinals of the tournament format at Thomas & Mack Center, which concludes Monday. He is doing a lot of the right things and saying all the right things.
But, look. There's Nik Stauskas.
The Kings just drafted someone who plays the same position, a year after being overjoyed to get McLemore in 2013, complete with the emotional bends of trying hard to trade up to get him, finding no deal, and then having the Kansas product fall to their laps at No. 7.
The Kings made it a priority this offseason to add perimeter shooting, and that is Stauskas' specialty, the primary appeal to taking him at No. 8 as part of a portfolio that also includes being able to handle the ball well enough to project as a secondary playmaker and the experience in pressure situations of one run to the national-title game at Michigan and another to the Elite Eight.
In the singular moment, with Stauskas surrounded in positives, the Kings had a good 2014 draft. It's just that it may also become a new perspective on the direction of their 2013 draft. That is the other statement.
"I told him," coach Michael Malone said of McLemore, " 'Listen, we drafted Nik Stauskas. That's not any slight on you. We still believe in you. You're still our guy and we still expect great things from you from Year 1 to Year 2.' I think he came out to Summer League after one year in the NBA thinking he had to score 20 points a game. It's not about that. It's playing the right way as we try to instill more ball movement."
Playing the first couple games like someone hearing footsteps, although saying he didn't have a problem with the Stauskas pick, McLemore responded by scoring 18, 22 and 11 points the next three outings while shooting 64.3 percent and adding six rebounds on two occasions. Stauskas has also had a good summer, at 48.6 percent from the field in five outings, 57.1 percent from behind the arc, and 10.4 points.
Their play has been a key factor in the Kings reaching the semifinals against the Wizards. The winner of that game faces the winner of Hornets-Rockets on Monday night for the title.


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Alfred North Whitehead, (born February 15, 1861, Ramsgate, Isle of Thanet, Kent, England—died December 30, 1947, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.), English mathematician and philosopher who collaborated with Bertrand Russell on Principia Mathematica (1910–13) and, from the mid-1920s, taught at Harvard University and developed a comprehensive metaphysical theory.
Background and schooling
Whitehead's grandfather Thomas Whitehead was a self-made man who started a successful boys' school known as Chatham House Academy. His father, Alfred Whitehead, an Anglican clergyman, in turn headed the school and later became vicar of St. Peter's in Thanet. His mother, born Maria Sarah Buckmaster, was the daughter of a prosperous military tailor. Alfred North Whitehead was their youngest child. Because they considered him too frail for school or active sports, his father taught him at home until he was 14, when he was sent to Sherborne School, Dorset, which was then one of the best schools in England. Whitehead received a classical education, showing a special gift for mathematics. Despite his over-protected childhood, he showed himself a natural leader. In his last year at school, he was head prefect, responsible for all discipline outside the classroom, and was a highly successful captain of games.
In 1880 Whitehead entered Trinity College, Cambridge, on a scholarship. He attended only mathematical lectures, and his interests in literature, religion, philosophy, and politics were nourished solely by conversation. It was not until May 1884, however, that he was elected to an elite discussion society known as the Apostles. Whitehead did well in the Mathematical Tripos (honours examination) of 1883–84, won a Trinity fellowship, and was appointed to the mathematical staff of the college. His interest in James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electricity and magnetism (the subject of his fellowship dissertation) expanded toward a scrutiny of mathematical symbolism and ideas. Stimulated by pioneering works in modern algebra, he envisaged a detailed comparative study of systems of symbolic reasoning allied to ordinary algebra. He did not begin to write his Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), however, until January 1891, one month after his marriage to Evelyn Willoughby Wade. She had been born in France, a child of impoverished Irish landed gentry, and educated in a convent. She was a woman with a great sense of drama and a real and unusual aesthetic sensibility, and she enriched Whitehead's life immensely.
Shortly before his marriage, his long-standing interest in religion had taken a new turn. His background had been solidly tied into the Church of England; his father and uncles had been ordained; so had his brother Henry, who would become bishop of Madras (now Chennai), India. But Whitehead, under the influence of John Cardinal Newman, began to consider the tenets of the Roman Catholic Church. For about eight years he read a great deal of theology. Then he sold his theological library and gave up religion. This agnosticism did not survive World War I, but Whitehead was never again a member of any church.
Whitehead was at work on a second volume of his Universal Algebra from 1898 to 1903, when he abandoned it because he was busy on a related, large investigation with Bertrand Russell. He had spotted young Russell's brilliance when he examined him for entrance scholarships at Trinity College. In 1890 Russell was a freshman studying mathematics there, and Whitehead was one of his teachers. Gradually the two men became close friends. In July 1900 they attended the First International Congress of Philosophy in Paris, where they were impressed by the precision with which the mathematician Giuseppe Peano used symbolic logic (formal logic) to clarify the foundations of arithmetic (see also Peano axioms; foundations of mathematics). Russell at once mastered Peano's notation and extended his methods. By the end of 1900 he had written the first draft of his brilliant Principles of Mathematics (1903). Whitehead agreed with its main thesis—that all pure mathematics follows from a reformed formal logic so that, of the two, logic is the fundamental discipline. By 1901 Russell had secured Whitehead's collaboration on the second volume of the Principles, in which this thesis was to be established by strict symbolic reasoning. The task turned out to be enormous. Their work had to be made independent of Russell's book; they called it Principia Mathematica. The project occupied them until 1910, when the first of its three volumes was published. The "official" text was written in a notation, most of which was either taken from Peano or invented by Whitehead. Broadly speaking, Whitehead left the philosophical problems—notably the devising of a theory of logical types—to Russell; and Russell, who had no teaching duties, actually wrote out most of the book. But the collaboration was thorough, and Russell gave Whitehead an equal share of the credit. Whitehead's only large published piece employing the symbolism of the Principia is a masterly speculative memoir, "On Mathematical Concepts of the Material World" (1905).
Career in London
By 1903 Trinity College had given Whitehead a 10-year appointment as a senior lecturer, made him the head of the mathematics staff, and permitted his teaching career to run beyond the maximum of 25 years set by the college statutes. Yet Whitehead's future was uncertain: he had not made the sort of discoveries that cause a mathematician to be counted as outstanding. (His interest was always philosophical, in that it was directed more toward grasping the nature of mathematics in its widest aspects and organizing its ideas than toward discovering new theorems.) There was, thus, little prospect of a Cambridge professorship in mathematics for him at the expiration of his Trinity lectureship. He did not wait for it to expire but moved to London in 1910, even though he had no position waiting for him there. His years of service at Trinity, however, had made him a fellow for life, entitled to twice the regular quarterly dividend paid to fellows. This was scarcely enough to support his family, but Evelyn Whitehead encouraged the venture.
In that first London year, Whitehead wrote the first of his books for a wide audience, An Introduction to Mathematics (1911), still one of the best books of its kind. In 1911 he was appointed to the staff of University College (London), and in 1914 he became professor of applied mathematics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology.
In London Whitehead observed the education then being offered to the English masses. His own teaching had always elicited his pupils' latent abilities to the fullest. Perceiving that mathematics was being taught as a disconnected set of largely unfathomed exercises, Whitehead made occasional addresses on the teaching of mathematics. He stressed getting a living understanding of a few interrelated abstract ideas by using them in a variety of ways so as to develop an intimate sense of their power. Whitehead also perceived that literature was so taught as to preclude its enjoyment, that curricula were fragmented, and that teachers were handcuffed by the system of uniform examinations set by outside examiners. In 1916, as president of the Mathematical Association, he delivered the notable address "The Aims of Education: A Plea for Reform." Whitehead reminded youth's keepers that the purpose of education was not to pack knowledge into the pupils but to stimulate and guide their self-development. "Culture," he said, "is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have nothing to do with it." Whitehead's address became a classic in virtue of its unequalled clarity, vigour, and realism and its reconciliation of general with special education. It was followed by penetrating essays on such topics as the rhythm of freedom and discipline. Though Whitehead's essays on education had little effect on British practice, they inspired many teachers in Great Britain, the United States, and elsewhere.
From 1919 to 1924 Whitehead was chairman of the governing body of Goldsmiths' College, London, one of England's major institutes for training teachers. He also served as a governor of several polytechnic schools in London. In the University of London he became a member of the Senate, chairman of the Academic Council, and dean of the Faculty of Science. His shrewdness, common sense, and goodwill put him in great demand as a committee member.
Whitehead was a pacific man but not a pacifist; he felt that the war was hideous but that England's part in it was necessary. His elder son, North, fought throughout the war, and his daughter, Jessie, worked in the Foreign Office. In 1918 his younger son, Eric, was killed in action, and after that it was only by immense effort that Whitehead could go on working. To Whitehead, Russell's pacifism was simplistic. Yet after Russell was imprisoned for campaigning against the war, Whitehead visited him and remained his friend, and, as Russell later said, showed him greater tolerance than he could return.
During those years, Whitehead was also constructing philosophical foundations for physics. He was led to this by the way in which he wanted to present geometry—not as deduced from hypothetical premises about assumed though imperceptible entities (e.g., points) but as the science of actual space, which is a complex of relations between extended things. From perceivable elements and relations, he logically constructed entities that are related to each other just as points are in geometry. That was only the beginning of his task, for Albert Einstein had revised the ideas of space, time, and motion. Whitehead was convinced that these three concepts should be based upon the general character of human perception of the external world. In 1919 he published his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge; it was both searching and constructive but too philosophical and too complicated to influence physicists.
Whitehead had begun to have discussions of the perceptual basis of scientific knowledge with philosophers in 1915, and he followed up his Enquiry with a nonmathematical book, The Concept of Nature (1920). Though he rejected idealistic views of the relation of nature to perceiving minds, neither was he a realist of the school led by Russell and G.E. Moore. In maintaining that events are the basic components of nature and that passage, or creative advance, is its most fundamental feature—doctrines that foreshadowed his later metaphysics—Whitehead was somewhat influenced by Henri Bergson's antimechanistic philosophy of change. Yet he was also something of a Platonist; he saw the definite character of events as due to the "ingression" of timeless entities (see Plato: The theory of forms).
Career in the United States
In the early 1920s Whitehead was clearly the most distinguished figure in the philosophy of science who was writing in English. When a friend of Harvard University, the historical scholar Henry Osborn Taylor, pledged the money for his salary, Harvard early in 1924 offered Whitehead a five-year appointment as professor of philosophy. He was 63 years old, with at most two more years to go in the Imperial College. The idea of teaching philosophy appealed to him, and his wife wholeheartedly concurred in the move. Harvard soon found that it had hired more than a philosopher of science; it had acquired a metaphysician, one comparable in stature to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and G.W.F. Hegel.
Early in 1925 he gave a course of eight lectures in Boston, published the same year (with additions—among them his earliest writing about God) as Science and the Modern World. In it he dramatically described what had long engaged his meditation; namely, the rise, triumph, and impact of "scientific materialism"—i.e., the view that nature consists of nothing else but matter in motion, or a flux of purely physical energy. He criticized this materialism as mistaking an abstract system of mathematical physics for the concrete reality of nature. Whitehead's mind was at home with such abstractions, and he saw them as real discoveries, not intellectual inventions; but his sense for the fullness of existence led him to urge upon philosophy the task of making good their omissions by reverting to the variety of concrete experience and then framing broader ideas. The importance of this book was immediately recognized. What perhaps impressed most readers was Whitehead's appeal to his favourite poets, William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley, against the exclusion of values from nature.
In 1926, the compact book Religion in the Making appeared. In it, Whitehead interpreted religion as reaching its deepest level in humanity's solitude, that is, as an attitude of the individual toward the universe rather than as a social phenomenon.
In January 1927 the University of Edinburgh invited him to give a set of 10 Gifford Lectures in the ensuing academic year. For this, Whitehead drew up the complex technical structure of "the philosophy of organism" (as he called his metaphysics) and thought through his agreements and disagreements with some of the great European philosophers. It was characteristic of him to insist, against David Hume, that an adequate philosophical theory must build on "practice" and not be supplemented by it. The lectures reflected Whitehead's speculative hypothesis that the universe consists entirely of becomings, each of them a process of appropriating and integrating the infinity of items ("reality") provided by the antecedent universe and by God (the abiding source of novel possibilities). When, in June 1928, the time for delivering the lectures arrived and Whitehead presented this system in its new and difficult terminology, his audience rapidly vanished, but the publication of the lectures, expanded to 25 chapters, gave Western metaphysics one of its greatest books, Process and Reality (1929).
Whitehead had an unwavering faith in the possibility of understanding existence and a superb power to construct a scheme of general ideas broad enough to overcome the classic dualisms. But he knew that no system can do more than make an approach, somewhat more adequate than its predecessors, to understanding the infinitude of existence. He had seen the collapse of the long-entrenched Newtonian system of physics, and he never forgot its lesson. Henceforth dogmatic assurance, whether in philosophy, science, or theology, was his enemy.
Adventures of Ideas (1933) was Whitehead's last big philosophical book and the most rewarding one for the general reader. It offered penetrating, balanced reflections on the parts played by brute forces and by general ideas about humanity, God, and the universe in shaping the course of Western civilization. Whitehead emphasized the impulse of life toward newness and the absolute need for societies stable enough to nourish adventure that is fruitful rather than anarchic. In this book he also summarized his metaphysics and used it to elucidate the nature of beauty, truth, art, adventure, and peace. By "peace" he meant a religious attitude that is "primarily a trust in the efficacy of beauty."
Except for an insufficient familiarity with Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud, Whitehead was comfortable in both the scientific and literary cultures of his time. Young people flocked to "Sunday evenings" at his home, which his wife skillfully managed. Here the spare, rosy-cheeked man, who might have been of average height if he had not been so stooped, talked to them in a high-pitched but gentle voice—talked not about his system but about whatever was on their minds, sharply illuminating it from a broad and historical perspective.
In his Harvard lectures, as in his books, Whitehead liked best to explore the scope of application of an idea and to show how intuitions that were traditionally opposed could supplement each other, which he did by dint of his own ideas. Most students found attendance at his lectures a great experience. Harvard did not retire him until 1937.
In his first years in the United States, Whitehead visited many eastern and midwestern campuses as a lecturer. Though he loved Americans, he remained always very much an Englishman. A Fellow of the Royal Society from 1903, he was elected to the British Academy in 1931. In 1945 he received the Order of Merit. After his death his body was cremated, and there was no funeral. His unpublished manuscripts and correspondence were destroyed by his widow, as he had wanted.
Whitehead's admirers have included leaders in every field of thought. His educational and philosophical books have been translated into many languages. His metaphysics has been keenly studied, in the United States most of all. His philosophical system has exerted its greatest influence on what is now called "process theology"; this is partly due to the influence of the philosopher Charles Hartshorne and the theologians David Ray Griffin and John B. Cobb.
Whitehead's habit of helpfulness made him universally beloved. Though his courtesy was perfect, there was nothing soft about him; never contentious, he was astute, charitable, and quietly stubborn. He had a realistic, well-poised mind and a fine irony free of malice. Whitehead combined singular gifts of intuition, intellectual power, and goodness with firmness and wisdom.Victor Lowe The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
Western philosophy: Bergson, Dewey, and WhiteheadIn his
An Introduction to Metaphysics(1903) and in his masterpiece, Creative Evolution(1907), Bergson distinguished between two profoundly different ways of knowing: the method of analysis, which is characteristic of science, and the method of intuition, a kind of intellectual sympathy through which…
education: Scientific-realist educationThe English philosopher Alfred North Whitehead, in his doctrine of the "Cycle of Interests," put forward a theory in line with the ideas of the reformers. Romance, precision, and generalization, said Whitehead, are the stages through which, rhythmically, mental growth proceeds.…
mathematics: Cantor…which he developed together with Alfred North Whitehead in their
Principia Mathematica(1910–13), never found lasting appeal with mathematicians.…
metaphysics: Basic particulars…of events; his former colleague A.N. Whitehead made the notion of process central in his metaphysics. Developments in modern physics undoubtedly lend a certain plausibility to these and similar views. Yet it remains difficult to understand what an event could be in which nothing was concerned, or how there could…
metaphysics: The thought of WhiteheadThe thought of Alfred North Whitehead is a distinctive variation on these contemporary themes. Dualisms are undermined by a phenomenology that does not bracket factual assertions. Logical and mathematical deductive schemes must be able to be interpreted in relationships crudely observable in experience, and abstractions of physics and…
More About Alfred North Whitehead27 references found in Britannica articles
association with
- Bloomsbury group
- Hartshorne
- Russell
contribution to
- axiomatization of mathematics
- education
- formal logic
- logical positivism


text:
Sometimes programming is work, but sometimes… it's fun.
Today we're going to work on a fun programming project involving image manipulation. This project will require that PHP be installed with the GD library (available at http://www.boutell.com/gd/, or bundled along with PHP 4.3 and later).
The purpose of the program we are about to create is to sharpen up our image-manipulation skills. Some of you may never have worked with images before, but that's okay. This tutorial is still a good thinking exercise, and it will come in handy if you ever find yourself needing to create or manipulate images using PHP.
Because of the complexity of the task at hand, we're going to break this article into two separate pieces. The first part, as you're about to see, will give an overview of our project and then jump right into setting up our conversion class. We'll create several basic accessor methods, and we'll also tackle the issue of cross-browser compatibility with the help of a little CSS.
Part two will then pick up where we left off and spend most of the remainder of our time working on the actual conversion process itself.
But enough talking; let's get started!
{mospagebreak title=Project Overview}
Admittedly, the program we are about to develop may lack an immediate, real-world application. So rather than contrive a situation in which we, as developers, would be asked to create such an application, let's simply talk about what we will be designing our program to do. The benefits of such an exercise will then become clear as we work through the various stages of development.
The basic goal of our application is simple: receive as a parameter a string designating the location of an image file (this can be a local image or a remote one), load the image, and convert it to a string of colored text that resembles the original picture. To go a step beyond that, we will also allow for multiple output modes including: color, grayscale, monochrome, and matrix. This will allow users to convert images to a variety of text-only formats. Below you'll see a couple of 'teaser' sample images, displaying conversions in each of our various output formats:
We're going to be using an object-oriented programming approach, so we will start off by creating a class to contain our image manipulation methods. Let's call this class 'img_to_txt', and let's store it in a file named 'img_to_txt.php'. For now its contents should be as follows:
# used to convert images to text-only format
class img_to_txt {
} # END img_to_txt class
Although there may not be an immediate need to re-use the methods we are about to create, it is still a good programming practice to make them as portable as possible. (After all, you never know when you may want to re-use something!) Because of this, we've chosen to bundle all of our code inside a simple helper class – but this class needs a few get-and-set methods in order to function properly. That's what we'll spend the first part of this article focusing on. Each of these methods will be pretty self-explanatory, and will simply allow us to define certain attributes of our image (such as its location, and the desired output format).
{mospagebreak title=Setting Up Our Class}
Since our program will be working with images, which may easily be quite large, it is a good first step for us to increase the maximum script-execution time allotted for our PHP page. The default amount of time a PHP script is allowed to execute is 30 seconds. For our example application, we will probably be well under that limit. Still, just to be on the safe side let's increase it to a minute. To do that, let's add the following constructor to our class:
# constructor: allow for longer max-execution script time
function img_to_text() {
set_time_limit ( 100 );
} # END img_to_text()
Let's also add a few attributes and their associated helper 'set' methods to our class:
# set default configurable values for class
var $char_mode = 'NORMAL';
var $chars = 'IMGTOTEXT';
var $return_format = 'COLOR';
var $aspect_ratio = 1;
# used to track position of current char in $chars string
# (only if user has selected 'NORMAL' char order mode)
var $char_index = 0;
# designates whether to display chars in 'random' or 'ascending' order
function set_char_mode( $char_mode ) {
$this->char_mode = ( strtoupper( $char_mode ) == 'RANDOM' ) ? 'RANDOM' : 'NORMAL';
} # END set_char_mode()
# chars used for return text-image (not applicable for 'matrix' return format)
function set_chars( $chars ) {
$chars = str_replace( ' ', ", $chars );
$this->chars = ( strlen( $chars ) > 0 ) ? $chars : $this->chars;
} # END set_char_mode()
# return format for our image: 'color' (default), 'grayscale', 'monochrome', or 'matrix'
function set_return_format( $return_format ) {
$this->return_format = strtoupper( $return_format );
} # END set_return_format()
# specify image aspect ratio (0.5 = half size, 1 = the same size, 2 = twice size, etc)
function set_aspsect_ratio( $aspect_ratio ) {
$this->aspect_ratio = $aspect_ratio;
} # END set_aspsect_ratio()
Each of the above attributes and methods pertain to a specific area of our 'img_to_txt' class. Although they are pretty straightforward, we'll take a brief look at each before proceeding. The first, 'set_char_mode', will allow users to specify whether they want the text that will comprise the converted picture to be printed in a linear order, or randomly. The second and related function, 'set_chars', allows the user to specify the text they want their image to be made of.
For instance, if we called 'set_chars' and passed the string "THIS IS A PICTURE" – our resulting image would be made up of the repeating phrase, "THISISAPICTURE". However, if we then called 'set_char_mode' and passed it the string "random", the resulting image would be a random arrangement of the letters "ACEHIPRSTU" (the letters found within the string, "THISISAPICTURE"). You may notice that before we set the allowable characters within the 'set_chars' function, we removed any blank space from the user's string. This is because an empty space character is of very little use to our program, (which the exception of the 'monochrome' format), so it is best to remove any spaces up front.
Next, we have the 'set_return_format' function. This allows users to choose an output format for their images. The default mode is 'color', but other possible modes are 'grayscale', 'monochrome', and 'matrix'. We'll see what each of these modes looks like in a bit, so for now we'll move on.
The last function we just added is called 'set_aspect_ratio'. This function allows users to choose the size of their text-only image relative to the size of their original image. (An aspect ratio of 0.5 would result in a converted image that's half of the size of the original, and so on.)
{mospagebreak title=The Browser Problem}
There are a couple of major hurdles we'll need to overcome in order to develop our application. One of the largest is the issue of browser compatibility. Developers and designers have dealt with this issue for a very long time – and I'm sure that most of you have probably had your fair share of experiences with it as well. The good news for our app, though, is that the browser compatibility issue really only pertains to CSS, and even then is relatively simple. Let's add the following method to our 'img_to_txt' class and then we'll talk a bit about it:
# return browser-specific, CSS code for text formatting
function get_css() {
# first, properly detect user's browser-type
if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'Gecko') ) {
if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'Netscape') )
$browser = 'NETSCAPE';
else if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'Firefox') )
$browser = 'FIREFOX';
else if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'Safari') )
$browser = 'SAFARI';
$browser = 'MOZILLA';
} else if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'MSIE') ) {
if ( strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], 'Opera') )
$browser = 'OPERA';
$browser = 'INTERNET_EXPLORER';
} else {
$browser = 'OTHER';
# next, return appropriate browser-specific CSS code
switch( $browser ) {
case 'MOZILLA':
case 'FIREFOX':
case 'NETSCAPE':
$line_height = 7.5;
$letter_spacing = -2.5;
$font_size = 13;
case 'OPERA':
$line_height = 7.5;
$letter_spacing = -1;
$font_size = 10;
case 'SAFARI':
$line_height = 7.75;
$letter_spacing = -2;
$font_size = 11;
case 'INTERNET_EXPLORER':
$line_height = 8;
$letter_spacing = -1.5;
$font_size = 11;
} # END browser switch-case
# return CSS
return 'style="line-height: ' . ( $line_height * $this->aspect_ratio ) . 'px; letter-spacing: ' . ( $letter_spacing* $this->aspect_ratio ) . 'px; font-family: Courier New; font-size: ' . ( $font_size* $this->aspect_ratio ) . 'px;"';'px;';
} # END get_css()
Our main concern here deals with our image's aspect ratio. In other words, if we are converting an image that is 100 pixels wide by 50 pixels tall, we would like our resulting text image to be approximately those same dimensions. If we're a little off it won't make a big difference, but it would obviously not suit for our converted image to end up being 50 pixels wide by 100 pixels tall.
So how do we solve this? Simple, right? Wrong. Many of you may guess that by using a monospace font (such as Courier New) we would eliminate this issue. And you are partially correct. Using a monospace font will help greatly, as it will keep each of the text characters approximately the same width (an important fact to consider for our app). However, we still have to face the fact that most browsers will render a block of text that is 6 chars x 6 chars to be much taller than it is wide. This is due to a property known as "line-height" (or the amount of space between different, horizontal lines of text). For our purposes, many browsers will also render characters a bit too far apart from each other within lines. To correct this we can specify another display attribute, "letter-spacing".
Unfortunately, this is not enough. Even on the same computer, each of the major browsers will render a block of text slightly differently. Our function, 'get_css', compensates for this by returning a string of CSS text that is appropriate for the browser being used to display our text-image. This means that our image should be roughly the same size (and aspect ratio) when viewed in each of the major web browsers.
(Note: for the purposes of this application, CSS has been given for Firefox, Netscape, IE, and Opera (Windows OS), as well as Safari and Firefox (Mac). If you wish to add additional browsers, however, you may do so easily, simply by modifying the 'get_css' method.)
What Have We Done So Far?
Admittedly, we haven't started any actual conversion yet – but what we have done has been important just the same. So far we've set up our basic image conversion class, and defined its accessor methods. This is a good beginning, although a bit of a cliffhanger. Fortunately, it will allow us to jump right into the fun stuff when we pick up with part two of this lesson.
If you have any questions about the material we have covered so far, please feel free to contact me. Otherwise I hope to see you again in part two!


text:
"You have been raised up from Brutality, to kill the Brutals who multiply, and are legion. To this end, Zardoz your God gave you the gift of the Gun. The Gun is good!...Penis is evil! The Penis shoots Seeds, and makes new Life to poison the Earth with a plague of men, as once it was. But the Gun shoots Death and purifies the Earth of the filth of Brutals. Go forth, and kill! Zardoz has spoken."
After speaking these words, the giant, floating stone head from which the voice of Zardoz emanates vomits forth a torrent of rifles, handguns, and ammunition. These are immediately seized by The Exterminators, a clan of hirsute, horse-riding savages who worship Zardoz and immediately put his gospel into action, running down and trapping the lesser race of Brutals--all dressed in tattered black suit-coats for easy identification--raping the women and pumping the men full of hot lead.
Thus begins the incredible 1974 futuristic fantasy Zardoz, written and directed by John Boorman (the cinematic mastermind behind such classics as Excalibur and Deliverance), and starring dramatic heavyweights Charlotte Rampling and Sean Connery. Boasting some of the most amazing costuming and set design of any film of its era, the movie brings to life a utopian/distopian future and touches on themes of immortality, new age religion, science run amok, and the struggle between Eros and Thanatos that some say defines the human condition.
Oh, and it's based on one of the most beloved children's literary classics of all time.
Man, I love the 70s.
After the Exterminators force their Brutal slaves to load Zardoz's mouth with their grain harvest in exchange for the bounty of firearms, the Great Stone God takes off into the sky again, soaring back to his unknown living place. We know from a pre-credits floating-head explainer that the man behind the curtain is Arthur Frayn (Niall Buggy), a member of a race of secluded, educated Immortals who has been assigned the governorship of the Outer Provinces. How he happened upon the Giant Stone Head/Gun Distribution system of government is something we will learn much later, but it seems to be working pretty well for him. His Floating Stone Ship of State is packed to the uvula with grain, other agricultural products (presumably from other provinces), and a few dozen naked Brutal women, all sealed in shrink-wrap plastic for freshness.
Unfortunately for Arthur, he has unwittingly swallowed a stowaway: Zed (Connery), the leader of the Exterminators who has been nurturing an unhealthy curiosity about just where his god goes when not spitting death dealers at the savages. (Either that, or he just thought Zardoz sure had a pretty mouth...) Emerging from his hiding place in the grain stores, Zed surprises Frayn on the return trip to the enclave, giving him a taste of his own theology in the form of hot lead and a quick trip out the mandibular orifice.
Sure, Zed sounds like a badass, and he is--which is a testament to Connery's powerful screen presence, especially since he spends most of the movie dressed like this:
Soon enough Zed lands in the Vortex, home of the Immortals, who we learn later are the descendents of the rich, powerful, and educated of the Earth's former society. When the world was dying (how this occurred is neither clear nor important), the scientists and aristocrats discovered the secret of eternal life, and naturally kept it for themselves and slapped a force field around their opulent hippie commune to keep the riff-raff out. The future as Gated Community--prescient, no?
Over the centuries the Immortals have developed incredible psychic powers--they can read one another's thoughts, don't have to sleep, and periodically join in a hive-mind known as Second-Level Meditation in order to share their ever-increasing scientific knowledge. Their society is a mixture of the ancient and the futuristic--they grind grain using 15th century stone mill wheels, but cook the resulting bread in a laser-powered EZ Bake oven, for instance. The whole operation is overseen by The Tabernacle, a crystal-based supercomputer that stores all human knowledge and communicates with its subjects through gaudy diamond-ring communicators.
However, it turns out eternal life ain't all it's cracked up to be. With everyone able to tell what everyone else is thinking, the Immortals have been forced to develop a very rigorous, formalized system of behavior in order to minimize "psychic violence." Anyone guilty of such violence is punished by the society--not physically (they're way beyond that), but by being sentenced to age a certain length of time, depending on the severity of the crime. You can be forever twenty-five if you're a good boy; step out of line, you could find yourself an immortal 50-year-old. The worst repeat offenders--the Renegades--are aged to the point of jabbering senility and put in an old folks' home on the outskirts of the commune, where they spend eternity playing Miss Havisham's tea-party in a decrepit, cobweb-strewn ball room. It's actually kind of a chilling idea, if you think about it.
Furthermore, the intense boredom of eternal life has created another caste among the Immortals, known as the Apathetics. These poor souls have lost all interest in life, and stand around in a trance-like state: zombies who do not eat brains, or move around, or do much of anything, really. (The growing number of these Apathetics is what caused Frayn to teach the meat-eating Brutals to cultivate grain, since without sufficient work force they couldn't grow enough to support themselves.) Finally, in a stable society in which there is no death, the need to procreate is obviously obsolete; as a result sexuality has atrophied to near non-existence, and no male Immortal has been able to achieve an erection in several hundred years. (Whether this explains the matriarchal nature of the Immortal society I'll let others hash out.)
Of course this means that Zed--a primitive who has no trouble at all getting and maintaining wood--is extremely interesting to the Immortals, particularly apparent co-leaders May (Sara Kestelman) and Consuella (Rampling). They immediately subject Zed to rigorous scientific study, projecting his violent memories on screen (for the unexpected titillation of the Immortal crowd) and showing him salvaged ancient porn in an attempt to see the spongy tissues in action again.
Much of the movie has to do with Zed touring this Brave New World with his new friend, Friend (John Alderton), a Byronic/Mephistophelian Immortal who is so profoundly bored with eternal life that he's willing to encourage any disruption, unapproved throughts, or even outright sabotage, just to break the monotony. He's the opposite of Rampling's Consuella, who sees the "corrupting" influence Zed's presence is having on their society and wants him destroyed. But as it turns out Zed is not quite the mindless killer they all believe him to be, and has reasons for his actions that they couldn't guess, and will lead to a massive upheaval in the film's final reels.
a girl soaping her voluptuous breasts, and another of some heavy petting and kissing--then stares meaningfully at the antogonistic Consuella and arches an eyebrow, apparently raising his fleshy flag in salute at will! Later he awakens the violent tendencies in Consuella and her crew, and must flee like Frankenstein's monster to escape the torch-bearing mob. He hides in the Apathetics Storage Area, where a drop of his sweat causes one Apathetic girl to awake from her stupor. She touches him for more sweat, which she licks from her fingers and passes on to the other Apathetics via a kiss--women and men, who pass it on, regardless of sex--leading to an all-out orgy! That's some Naschy-level musk there, people!
There are a couple of scenes I found strangely chilling, as well. One scene involves the jovial and subversive Friend finally being called out for his thought crimes. He refuses to go to Second-Level with the rest, leading to an Invasion of the Body Snatchers-style psychic assault that looks a bit silly, but nonetheless is disturbing. When he's pronounced Renegade and sent to the Eternal Tea Party, the reveal of his aging--on only half his face, for some reason--is kind of frightening, as is the scene when Zed is swamped by the Renegades who seek to leech the vitality from him. It's like Trash's nightmare from Return of the Living Dead, only without Linnea Quigley's breasts.
"regrown" in the Vortex, in another scene reminiscent of Body Snatchers, with reconstituting naked men and women sprawled in transparent sacks around a glass-and-steel framework. (No small feat, as Boorman reveals on the commentary, "In 1973, when I made this film [in Dublin], it was very difficult to get Irish girls to expose their breasts..."). Rampling, Kestelman, and mystic Immortal Avalow (Sally Anne Newton) also get their kits off, revealing the director's penchant for skinny, small-breasted women that would continue at least as far as Excalibur. A late scene in which May and Avalow impart the sum total of human knowledge to Zed while he inseminates them is a psychedelic standout.
Visually, the movie is simply amazing, and it's hard to believe it cost as little as it did, even in 1974 dollars. (It was budgeted at one million dollars, $200K of which went to pay Connery's salary.) The acting is great--Rampling is stunning to look at as always, and the way she plays Consuella--cold and authoritarian at first, but later passionate and confused--is quite masterful. Alderton is a show-stealer as Friend, with just the right mix of boredom, wry humor, and slowly simmering rage. Sean Connery is...well, Sean Connery, but as usual this is an asset for him. The rest of the cast does well too--really not a bad performance in the bunch.
On his entertaining and informative DVD commentary, director Boorman admits that the film "was probably too ambitious for the amount of money we had," and that "You could say that there were maybe *too* many ideas in this picture..." That may well be true, but all Mad Movie fans should thank their lucky stars Boorman packed as many ideas in as he could--because a more enjoyable hour and forty minutes I have not spent in quite some time. 3+ Thumbs, easily. Watch it before the future is here!
Nota bene: In fact, you should watch it twice--once cold, and once to listen to Boorman's commentary, as I did. The anecdotes about Connery are worth the second viewing alone, but he also shares a lot of insight, both technical and thematic, that any fan will love to hear. (For instance--the first choice for the role of Zed was not Connery, but Boorman's Deliverance star Burt Reynolds! Imagine THAT!) Heck, even the collection of radio spots are worth a listen, as they're read by the legendary Rod Serling! You couldn't ask for more, really.
A Boatload More Images from Zardoz (1974):
Wednesday, May 5, 2010
Zardoz (1974): or, I Have Seen the Future, and It Does Not Work
6 comments:
"because a more enjoyable hour and forty minutes I have not spent in quite some time."
You got that right!~ I saw this in the movies!- and honestly- its wasnt too well recieved than, I think most people back than just didnt get it. Today- it seems more relevant! I just watched it again for the first time about three months ago and like you- found it very entertaining!
- May 5, 2010 at 2:13 PM
- Soukesian said...
Saw this at a SF convention when I was about 15, have seen it a couple of times since, and I'm still baffled! (Also, disappointed that movies this batshit don't seem to come along as regularly as they did in the 70's.) Definitely need to view it again with Boorman's commentary. If you like Ken Russell and Kubrick (and Jodorwsky), you have to experience this.
- May 5, 2010 at 3:35 PM
- The Film Connoisseur said...
This movie is one of the craziest movies Ive ever seen, the floating head alone..what an image!
I liked what they were trying to say with this movie, that their is no god, that god is really the goverment, giving guns to the masses, to fight their wars for them. And more...
I liked the connection the made with The Wizard of Oz, the idea that there is no magical wizard that can solve all our problems, that its all up to us really.
Nice movie, but it gets a little too hippy sometimes...
- May 5, 2010 at 3:36 PM
- Samuel Wilson said...
This thing used to be on the local independent stations all the time. I must have seen it at least a half dozen times, but probably not in the last twenty years. What's gone wrong with the world? Thanks for the nostalgia buzz, sir.
- May 5, 2010 at 11:26 PM
- Pierre Fournier said...
That shot of Connery hitting the force field windshield is priceless.
- May 5, 2010 at 11:27 PM
- dfordoom said...
It's a movie that still seems to be intensely disliked by most people who just can't handle that level of weirdness. Personally I think the more weirdness the better so I loved it. And it has Charlotte Rampling. Probably Boorman's most interesting movie, aside from Point Blank.
- May 6, 2010 at 1:47 AM


text:
Conditions in the Paint Creek District, West Virginia. Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Education and Labor, United States Senate (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913), Part 2, 2092-2104.
(W. H. Thompson was called as a witness and, having been sworn by the chairman, testified as follows:)
Mr. BELCHER. Where do you live?
Mr. THOMPSON. Huntington, Cabell County, W. Va.
Mr. BELCHER. What is your business?
Mr. THOMPSON. Newspaper publisher and printer.
Mr. BELCHER. What newspaper do you publish?
Mr. THOMPSON. The Socialist and Labor Star.
Mr. BELCHER. How long have you been publishing that paper ?
Mr. THOMPSON. About a year and a half.
Mr. BELCHER. Was that paper confiscated by the order of the governor of West Virginia ?
Mr. THOMPSON. It was.
Mr. BELCHER. Please tell the committee all you know about that, in your own way.
Mr. THOMPSON. I think it was on the night between May 8 and 9, between 12 and 1 o'clock, that the -
Senator BORAH. In this year?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir: the houses of the owners, five of us. were surrounded by the deputy sheriffs of Cabell County, who had a typewritten order from Gov. Hatfield for our arrest and incarceration in the Cabell County jail. I was arrested and taken by the plant and found it in charge of a squad of militia under command of Maj. Tom Davis. We were taken on down and placed in the Cabell County jail. The next morning we received the details of the confiscation and destruction of the plant. It was not only confiscated, but the material itself was destroyed.
The CHAIRMAN. Have you got a copy of the order on which you were arrested?
Mr. THOMPSON. No; I never had a copy. However, I was permitted to read it when I was placed under arrest.
The CHAIRMAN. Tell us the substance of it, as far as you can.
Mr. THOMPSON. It was simply typewritten, with a blank space left at the top to fill in the name. and a blank space at the bottom, signed by Gov. Hatfield. As well as I remember, the substance was, "You are ordered to incarcerate W. H. Thompson in the Cabell County jail pending further orders by the governor," and incorporated in that order was the section of the Code of West Virginia which is supposed to allow such orders to be issued.
Senator BORAH. What was the number of that section?
Mr. THOMPSON. I don't know the number. Mr. Belcher probably knows.
Mr. BELCHER. Some section of chapter 14 of the code, which I do not think applies at all to this sort of proceeding.
Senator BORAH. I wanted to get the authority under which he proceeded.
Mr. THOMPSON. Section C. I believe, of chapter 14 of the code, known as the Red Man law. lifted bodily from the old Virginia constitution, at the time our State was formed, in 1861.
Mr. BELCHER. Was this within the martial-law zone?
Mr. THOMPSON. This was 80 miles from the outside edge of the martial-law zone, across about three counties.
Mr. BELCHER. Well, what did they do with you - put you in jail?
Mr. THOMPSON. They placed me in the county jail of Cabell County, about 1 o'clock on the morning of May 9, and I stayed there until about 2 o'clock that evening, when the jailer came and told us to get ready to be turned over to the military authorities. I did not know where we were going and I asked to see the sheriff. The jailer brought the sheriff and while we were in there I protested against being turned over to the military authorities, being deported from my own county, and I asked his protection, saying that I had committed no crime and that I was in charge of the legal authorities.
The CHAIRMAN. You say you made a protest to the sheriff?
Mr. THOMPSON. I did personally to the sheriff; but over the protest we were turned to Maj. Davis and a squad of militia and carried to Kanawha County jail that night and lodged in the Kanawha County jail; turned over to Sheriff Hill.
Mr. BELCHER. How long were you kept incarcerated?
Mr. THOMPSON. I was in Kanawha County jail 13 days and nights.
Mr. BELCHER.. How long were you in prison, all told?
Mr. THOMPSON. Fourteen days.
Mr. BELCHER. Were you ever tried ?
Mr. THOMPSON. I was never tried, and there was no charge placed against me that I know of.
Mr. BELCHER. You were simply turned loose on an order of the governor?
Mr. THOMPSON. Simply turned loose.
Mr. BELCHER. Does the committee want to hear the character of the treatment he received while in jail?
The CHAIRMAN. Yes. I don't see any objection to it.
Mr. BELCHER. Go ahead and tell that.
Mr. THOMPSON. In the Cabell County jail - it was comparatively empty at the time - we were placed there; in fact, the other prisoner who was in the same corridor that I was in, there were four cells and there were no other prisoners. I was taken out of this jail to Kanawha County, built for 36 prisoners, the jail was. At the time we were put in there that night, there were 60 men in that jail. It is a very peculiarly constructed jail, the cells are round or V-shaped; 18, I think, on each floor. They measured 7 feet across the front and ran back 9 feet to the end or to a closet in the end of the V. These cells are intended, in the first place, for two men, having two bunks. At that time there were three or four in the cells, consequently two, at least, where there were four in the cell, had to sleep on the floor.
Mr. BELCHER. What was the character of the floor?
Mr. THOMPSON. Steel. The building was solidly of steel. I was put in the white department; the upstairs is the white department. I was placed in there the first night and slept on the floor in a cell with four men. The next morning when I stepped out of the cell the jailer took me down to the colored department, and explained on the way it was the orders from the governor to put me in the niggers' department. I was put down there in cell No. 5, that had one bunk torn out. The other bunk was occupied by a colored man. I slept on the floor of that cell for 13 nights, on the steel floor, in the early part of May. It was very cold. There was no bedding or anything. I protested to the jailer the first night, the night jailer, and he called up Mr. Hatfield and asked him if he could not put me back in the white department; that he had more room up there than he did down in the colored department, and his answer to me was the governor said, "That is where he belongs, in the negro department," and he left me there.
The CHAIRMAN. Kept you in the negro department the entire time?
Mr. THOMPSON. The entire time.
Mr. BELCHER. Was this negro suffering from any disease; and if so, state what it was, if you know. I
Mr. THOMPSON. He was suffering from syphilis.
The CHAIRMAN. You mean you and a negro with that disease occupied the same cell?
Mr. THOMPSON. The same cell, a 7 by 9 cell.
Mr. BELCHER. Was that disease pronounced so that you could see it readily?
Mr. THOMPSON. You could see that plainly. There was a doctor waiting on him at the time.
Mr. BELCHER. The officials of the jail knew that?
Mr. THOMPSON. They did. There were three cases of that disease on that floor.
The CHAIRMAN. Had you visited the Paint Creek or Cabin Creek districts where martial law was declared?
Mr. THOMPSON. I haven't been in that section for years.
The CHAIRMAN. Never made a personal visit to the military zone?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. Had you distributed papers there?
Mr. THOMPSON. Probably had a few subscribers in there.
Mr. BELCHER. Have you a paper that you published prior to the confiscation of this plant?
Mr. THOMPSON. I have a copy preceding the confiscation.
Mr. BELCHER. That you think was the cause of your arrest?
Mr. THOMPSON. I think so.
Mr. BELCHER. Does the committee want a copy of that paper?
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
Senator BORAH. Better put it in evidence.
(The paper submitted by Mr. Belcher is a copy of No. 52, volume of the Huntington (W. Va.) Socialist and Labor Star, of May 2, 1913.)
Mr. BELCHER. Is there anything else you know about or would care to tell the committee?
Mr. THOMPSON. No.
Senator BORAH. How long have you lived in West Virginia?
Mr. THOMPSON. I was born in West Virginia.
Senator BORAH. In that immediate neighborhood?
Mr. THOMPSON. In Kanawha County; yes, sir.
Senator BORAH. What is the name of the county in which you were living at the time you were arrested?
Mr. THOMPSON. Cabell County.
Senator BORAH. Kanawha County is the county in which Charleston is situated?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes.
Senator BORAH. You were born in Charleston?
Mr. THOMPSON. East of Charleston, about 15 miles.
Senator BORAH. Do your folks live there now?
Mr. THOMPSON. My mother.
Senator BORAH. You grew up in that State?
Mr. THOMPSON. Right in that valley.
Senator BORAH. How long had you lived at Huntington?
Mr. THOMPSON. Eight years, I think.
Senator BORAH. What had been your business during that time?
Mr. THOMPSON. Printing.
Senator BORAH. Had you been running a paper all that time?
Mr. THOMPSON. Not all the time.
Senator BORAH. How long had you been running this particular paper?
Mr. THOMPSON. Ever since it started. I think it is l5 or 18 months old now.
Senator BORAH. This paper is a Socialist paper?
Mr. THOMPSON. Socialist paper; yes, sir.
Senator BORAH. You say you haven't a copy of that order?
Mr. THOMPSON. No; sir; I was never presented with it; only permitted to read it.
Senator BORAH. Could you secure a copy of the section of the statute which you say was incorporated in that order and insert it in connection with your evidence ?
Mr. THOMPSON. I could; yes, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. I will find it.
Senator BORAH. With that section of the statute incorporated, you have given us, in substance, what the order was?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Senator BORAH. Was there ever any charge made against you of any other kind ?
Mr. THOMPSON. Never any charge stated that I know of.
Senator BORAH. Any charge of inciting a riot, or anything of that kind?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir; not that I know of.
Senator BORAH. No complaint ever lodged with any justice of the peace or any court or anything of that sort?
Mr. THOMPSON. Never was a warrant issued.
Senator BORAH. You were imprisoned under that order for 141 days? Mr. THOMPSON. Fourteen days.
The CHAIRMAN. Were you under authority of the military officers or the sheriff?
Mr. THOMPSON. Only between the prisons. I was taken from one prison by the military authorities and turned over to the sheriff at the other end of the line.
The CHAIRMAN. Then you were under control of the sheriff of Kanawha County, who was a civil authority?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. Arrested by the civil authorities under a military order?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. And turned over by the civil authorities to the military authorities, and then turned over by the military authorities to the civil authorities?
Mr. THOMPSON. Of Kanawha County; yes, sir.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you ask to have counsel?
Mr. THOMPSON. No. I did not think that I needed counsel, as there were no charges against me.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you try to get any habeas corpus proceeding, or otherwise?
Mr. THOMPSON. We made that attempt in Huntington, but could get no attorneys at the time to handle it.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you approach any?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes. Friends on the outside made an attempt with various law firms in Huntington, but they all seemed to be afraid to attempt it.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you ask to be delayed until you could get counsel?
Mr. THOMPSON. No; I do not believe I asked that, exactly. I asked to be kept in my home county.
The CHAIRMAN. What was done with your paper?
Mr. THOMPSON. Suppressed. Left in the hands of the military authorities and the material destroyed.
The CHAIRMAN. By whose authority was the material destroyed?
Mr. THOMPSON. The soldiers claimed to be acting under the orders of the military authorities - of Gov. Hatfield.
The CHAIRMAN. What destruction occurred?
Mr. THOMPSON. Smashing up the type and carried off cuts and heads and copies of the paper.
The CHAIRMAN. Were they ever returned to you?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir, although we have demanded it from the adjutant general.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you see where that type was destroyed?
Mr. THOMPSON. Seen it after my return.
The CHAIRMAN. Where was it?
Mr. THOMPSON. In the office. It is all broken and mashed type, and for three blocks around it is scattered over the streets. We have been picking up type ever since. On the 4th of July a man brought me 4 pounds of mashed up type he said he found a square from the office.
The CHAIRMAN. Were you ever carried before the grand jury or a justice of the peace?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir; never was.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you have a copy of the order by which you were finally released?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir. I suppose it was a verbal order.
Senator BORAH. Is there anything you know of at all charged against you except the publication of this paper?
Mr. THOMPSON. That is all I know of.
The CHAIRMAN. Is there any further statement you want to make?
Mr. THOMPSON. No further than to say we have never secured any recompense from the State authorities for the destruction of our plant, although it was promised verbally to a committee that waited on the State authorities.
The CHAIRMAN. What does the damage amount to?
Mr. THOMPSON. We estimated at that time $2,000 actual damage.
The CHAIRMAN. You may stand aside.
Mr. VINSON. May I have an opportunity to ask him a few questions?
The CHAIRMAN. Oh. yes. I did not know that you represented the State.
Mr. VINSON. I do not. I want to state on the record that I think that the authorities of the State of West Virginia, if they see fit to do so, should have the right to cross-examine this witness, and particularly the sheriffs and jailors of Kanawha County and Cabell County.
Mr. BELCHER. We have no objection as far as we are concerned.
The CHAIRMAN. After they read his evidence they can communicate with us, and we will give it every consideration.
Mr. VINSON. Now, on behalf of the coal operators whom I represent - but I do not represent the State officials, nor the sheriffs, nor the jailors - I would like to ask this witness a few questions.
The CHAIRMAN. You may do so.
Mr. VINSON. Mr. Thompson, have you ever instituted any suits against Gov. Hatfield or any of the officers of the militia for the destruction of your plant?
Mr. BELCHER. I don't care about his answering that question, but I don't see why it is pertinent, unless it is to show the operators are interested in that. Go ahead and answer it.
Mr. THOMPSON. I have.
Mr. VINSON. Where is that suit pending?
Mr. THOMPSON. In Cabell County circuit court.
Mr. VINSON. You understand if the order of incarceration is illegal or not justified by law you would be entitled to collect damages?
Mr. BELCHER. That is a legal conclusion.
Mr. VINSON. I am asking it as a legal conclusion.
Mr. THOMPSON. I hope so.
The CHAIRMAN. He having brought suit would show that.
Senator BORAH. Under the Moyer case that becomes a very doubtful proposition.
Mr. BELCHER. Yes, sir; it does.
Mr. VINSON. Have you made any effort before the Cabell County grand jury to have these people or any of them indicted for destroying your property?
Mr. THOMPSON. We made that effort. I did not do it, but it was made.
Mr. VINSON. Were any indictments made ?
Mr. THOMPSON. No. Our witnesses were refused admittance to the grand jury.
Mr. VINSON. You state that positively?
Mr. THOMPSON. I do.
Mr. VINSON. When was that?
Mr. THOMPSON. At the last term of the grand jury.
Mr. VINSON. What was the date?
Mr. THOMPSON. I don't remember the date exactly. Probably a month ago.
Mr. VINSON. You mean a month ago - that would be, then, sometime in July or August?
Mr. THOMPSON. I should say so. I would not say that for certain.
Mr. VINSON. 1913. Chapter 14 of the code, which you have referred to in your examination in chief, authorizes, does it not, the governor to detain anybody who he has reason to believe has committed a crime against the laws of the State?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. VINSON. It does not?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. VINSON. Do you know why this order for this arrest was given?
Mr. THOMPSON. No; I don't believe I do.
Mr. VINSON. What do you think?
Mr. THOMPSON. I think that the intention was to suppress the only two papers down there who were against the proposed settlement of the Cabin Creek strike.
Mr. VINSON. You were opposed to that?
Mr. THOMPSON. I was, under the conditions.
Mr. VINSON. An[d] urged against it?
Mr. THOMPSON. I did.
Mr. VINSON. That was a settlement that had been made through the governor, between the miners that had theretofore been on strike on Cabin Creek, and the owners of property on Cabin Creek?
Mr. THOMPSON. It was the proposed settlement that was never accepted by the miners.
Mr. VINSON. Didn't their officials sign up that agreement, or authorize the governor to make it?
Mr. THOMPSON. Well, that is a question.
Mr. VINSON. Wasn't there an agreement, as a matter of fact, a written agreement, that the governor issued, which was agreed to by the mine workers' officials?
Mr. THOMPSON. It was partially agreed to by the mine workers' officials, but it was never agreed to by the rank and file of the miners, on whom it was supposed to be binding.
Mr. VINSON. Now, it was your effort to try and induce the rank and file of the miners not to accept that agreement; or rather that settlement?
Mr. THOMPSON. It was my effort to point out the clauses in that proposed agreement wherein they were not being treated fairly.
Mr. VINSON. Do you remember those particular clauses? State one of them, or some of them.
Mr. THOMPSON. No; I don't care to go into that.
Mr. BELCHER. You don't have to.
Mr. THOMPSON. Unless it is absolutely necessary.
Mr. VINSON. That agreement did not provide for the recognition of the United Mine Workers' organization, did it?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. VINSON. Wasn't that the feature that you more particularly complained about in your articles against it?
Mr. THOMPSON. No; I can not say that it was.
Mr. VINSON. That was one of them, wasn't it?
Mr. THOMPSON. That probably would have been one. There were some four or five demands when that strike was made. The proposed settlement took no notice of any of those demands of the miners. One of those demands was the abolition of the Baldwin guards. That was not touched upon in that proposed settlement. That was one of the things that I had mostly against the settlement.
Mr. VINSON. Name another one.
Mr. BELCHER. Well, I submit here the fact of what his opinion was. What he wrote about it has nothing to do with it. If the governor had the right to confiscate his paper, very well and good. The paper is here in evidence. I do not see how his private opinions have anything to do with the matter we brought out on direct examination. [Addressing the witness.] You are not a member of the United Mine Workers?
Mr. THOMPSON. Not at present.
The CHAIRMAN. We will let this go on for a while, although we do not see the exact materiality of it, although it may be developed later.
Mr. VINSON. Do you know whether or not your arrest was caused on the charge that you were inciting the miners in Paint and Cabin Creeks to acts of violence and insurrection?
Mr. THOMPSON. If that was the charge, it was never made known to me.
Senator BORAH. Is this Red Man's act - is that what you call it?
Mr. BELCHER. Yes.
Senator BORAH. That is a statute or provision under the constitution?
Mr. BELCHER. A statute.
Mr. VINSON. A statute. Under that statute, hasn't the governor of the State, as such, and not as the head of the military organization, power vested in him, by chapter 14 of the Code of West Virginia, to cause the arrest and detention of anyone whom he has reason to believe is engaged in a conspiracy to incite riot or do violence or violate the law ?
Mr. BELCHER. I would suggest that we send down and get that, because I do not concede that to be the law.
The CHAIRMAN. We will have that filed in the record.
Mr. BELCHER. I think it is not fair to this witness. He is not a lawyer.
Senator BORAH. I think you will concede the law itself had better be introduced.
Mr. VINSON. Yes. He has complained of a certain act on the part of the governor. I want to know if this witness understands that the governor was acting under the authority of the law in doing the act that this witness complains about.
Mr. BELCHER. We contend that the governor did not act within the law and had absolutely no justification, as a proposition of law, to do the thing he did.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you think the governor had any authority to arrest you and seize your paper, under any law of West Virginia?
Mr. THOMPSON. Not the least.
Mr. VINSON. Then you understood that the law under which he pretended to act did not justify him in taking the step he did take in causing your arrest and detaining you?
Mr. THOMPSON. I did. If he had a complaint against me, there were several courts open and he could have preferred charges against me.
Mr. VINSON. Does he have to do that under the statute?
Mr. BELCHER. Let us wait a few minutes until we get the statute.
Mr. VINSON. I think the statute speaks for itself.
Mr. BELCHER. That is just the reason I am objecting to the questions.
Mr. VINSON. When did you begin publishing your paper, Mr. Thompson?
Mr. THOMPSON. I have one here under date of May 30, 1913, which is volume 2, No. 1. That would be the first number of the second volume or the second year.
Mr. VINSON. A volume means a year's publication?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. VINSON. Then, if that statement of your paper there is correct, your first publication came about the 1st of May, 1912?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes; along there.
Mr. VINSON. Where did you start the publication of that paper at that particular time?
Mr. BELCHER. We object.
Mr. THOMPSON. That is so far back and there has been so many things happened since I can't say.
Mr. VINSON. Wasn't your publication started to encourage the miners in striking on Cabin and Paint Creeks?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. VINSON. It was not?
Mr. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. VINSON. Your paper circulated in that section, did it not?
Mr. THOMPSON. To a small extent; yes.
Mr. VINSON. It circulates to a small extent everywhere, doesn't it - you haven't got many subscribers?
Mr. THOMPSON. I should say the bulk of our circulation is in the city of Huntington.
Mr. VINSON. Also it extended to Cabin and Paint Creeks?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes.
Mr. VINSON. Did you have any connection with the United Mine Workers in regard to the circulation of your paper?
Mr. THOMPSON. Never.
Mr. VINSON. Or any representative of it?
Mr. THOMPSON. Never.
Mr. VINSON. The policy of your paper there was entirely to encourage the striking miners in the strike that was going on in those districts, was it not ?
Mr. THOMPSON. In so far as we handled matter from that district at all.
Mr. VINSON. That is all I care to ask, but I want to reiterate, if the Senators please, the request that the State authorities that have been mentioned by Mr. Thompson be permitted to cross-examine him, if they elect to do so. I make that as a request in the form of amicus curai.
The CHAIRMAN. As stated.before, when the State authorities read this evidence and make a request for cross-examination, we will give it consideration. We have always treated them very fairly and considerately in this matter.
Senator BORAH. Did you, in your paper, advise the miners to commit crime or murder or anything of that kind ?
Mr. THOMPSON. Never.
Senator BORAH. You urged the strike, you say. but you don't want to be understood as saying then that you urged them to acts of violence or violations of the criminal law?
Mr. THOMPSON. I think you misunderstood Mr. Vinson's question. He asked me if I comforted the strikers or encouraged the strikers. I took that to mean that we extended encouragement in the hopes that they would win that strike. Of course I did not mean that we encouraged violence.
The CHAIRMAN. Did you have any editorials or writings advocat- ing overt acts of violence contrary to the laws of West Virginia?
Mr. THOMPSON. I think not.
The CHAIRMAN. That is all.
Mr. BELCHER. We will read, at this point, the statute of West Virginia.
The excerpt from the code to be furnished by Mr. Belcher is as follows:
Sections 5 and 6 of chapter14, Coilo i)i' West Virginia, defining "Powers .ind duties of governor,"
SEC. 5. The governor may cause to be ui)i)relieiided and imprisoned or may compel to depart from this State ;ili suspicious subjects, citizeus, agents, or emissaries of any foreign state or piiwer at war with the United States.
SEC. 6. He may also cause to be apprehended and imprisoned all who in time of war, insurrection, or public danger, shall willfully give aid, support, or information to the enemy or insurgents or who, he shall have just cause to believe, are conspiring or combining together to aid or support any hostile action against the United States or this State.
Mr. BELCHER. It would seem that section 5 of chapter 14, above quoted, is void, because of its conflict with section 5 of article 3 of the constitution of West Virginia, which provides as follows:
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted. Penalties shall be apportioned to the character and degree of the offense. Mo person shall be transported out of or forced to leave the State for any offense committed within the same; nor shall any person be compelled to be a witness against himself, or be twice put in jeopardy of life or liberty for the same offense.
The CHAIRMAN. Call the next witness.
Mr. BELCHER. I will call Mrs. Thompson.
(Mary Thompson was called as a witness, and having been sworn by the chairman, testified as follows:)
Mr. BELCHER. You are the wife of the witness who has just left the stand, W. H. Thompson?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. You live in Huntington?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. Were you at home on the night your husband was arrested?
Mrs. THOMPSON. I was.
Mr. BELCHER. Did the soldiers come to your house, your home, Mrs. Thompson?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes. sir.
Mr. BELCHER. Please state what they did.
Mrs. THOMPSON. When they searched the house?
Mr. BELCHER. Yes: just what they did while there.
Mrs. THOMPSON. Well, I was back in the kitchen, and I heard the screen door knock, just thumping together, and I went and there was two soldiers - I guess they were soldiers - they had on, one of them had leggings and the other just had a regular soldier hat. He said, "Is this Mrs. Thompson?" I said, "Yes, sir." He said, "Has Mr. Thompson got a desk in here?" He said, "I want to look in it." I said, "Have you got a search warrant?" He said, "Yes." I said, "Let me see it." He said, "The major has it." So I looked out and I did not see Maj. Davis anywhere, and he passed right by me and went on in the room, and the other fellow followed. A big table stood there with private letters, and they went through the books, and if they came across anything they did not want, they just threw it on the floor. They went through the bookcase and everything around, looking for first one thing and another.
Senator BORAH. Did they have arms - were they armed in any way with guns?
Mrs. THOMPSON. I would not be positive. One had a belt. I don't know what he had in it. They looked behind the pictures on the wall and everything they could come across. They took letters out and read them and threw them down.
Mr. BELCHER. Did they go into more than one room?
Mrs. THOMPSON. They went and looked into the other rooms. They only looked in one room where his book desk was and the table.
Mr. BELCHER. Did they tell you why they were there?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No, sir; they did not say.
Mr. BELCHER. Did they read any warrant of seizure or anything of that sort?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. They didn't have any, did they?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No. sir. When they got through I told him, "You didn't let me sec the search warrant," and he said, "I had permission from the major to search the house."
Senator BORAH. Did they take anything away?
Mrs. THOMPSON. I didn't see them take anything, but there were some of his letters missing, some copies of books. I never seen them take anything, because I was scared to death.
The CHAIRMAN. Did they tell you the nature of the correspondence they were looking for?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No. After they got through looking and everything, they wanted to know who kept the subscription book. I told them I didn't know.
Mr. BELCHER. You mean by subscription book the book containing the names of the subscribers of your husband's paper?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes.
Mr. BELCHER. They didn't get that, did they?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. BELCHEK. It wasn't at the house?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. Were you at the Kanawha County jail?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes, sir; I went once. They let him come out in the office and talk to me five minutes. That is all I could see him all. the time he was in jail. I was down at the other jail when he protested against their taking him away, when the sheriff came in.
Mr. BELCHER. You heard that protest?
Mrs. THOMPSON. I heard that protest; yes, sir. I didn't know they were going to take him until I got down there.
Mr. BELCHER, So they took him away while you were there?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. Do you know what the reply was to his protest?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No; I don't remember what he said.
Mr. BELCHER. You don't know what the authorities said at the time he protested?
Mrs. THOMPSON. No, sir.
Mr. BELCHER. I believe that is all.
Senator BORAH. Anything, Mr. Vinson?
Mr. VINSON. I make the same request on behalf of the authorities of West Virginia.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes; there is no use of repeating it.
Mr. VINSON. Mrs. Thompson, how many times did you go to the Kanawha jail while your husband was incarcerated there?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Only once.
Mr. VINSON. You saw him then for five minutes in the office?
Mrs. THOMPSON. Yes.
Mr. VINSON. That is all, I think.
The CHAIRMAN. You can stand aside, Mrs. Thompson.
Senator BORAH. I want Mr. Thompson to return to the stand a minute.
(W. H. Thompson was recalled as a witness and, having been previously sworn by the chairman, testified further, as follows:)
Senator BORAH. Senator Swanson asked you some questions, but I did not get clear in my own mind about the matter. Did the sheriff of your county serve this order upon you and arrest you?
Mr. THOMPSON. His deputy; yes, sir.
Senator BOSAH. Then you were arrested by the sheriff or his deputy?
Mr. THOMPSON. His deputy; yes, sir.
Senator BORAH. And you were taken in custody by the sheriff?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir; I was.
Senator BORAH. Were there any soldiers with him?
Mr. THOMPSON. I seen soldiers around the place.
Senator BORAH. They had nothing to do with the arrest?
Mr. THOMPSON. Nothing to do with the arrest.
Senator BORAH. Then when you were taken from jail in your home county, into whose custody did you go?
Mr. THOMPSON. Into the custody of the military authorities.
Senator BORAH. Who turned you over to them?
Mr. THOMPSON. The sheriff of Cabell County.
Senator BORAH. And they in turn turned you over to the sheriff of Kanawha County?
Mr. THOMPSON. Turned us over to Sheriff Bonner Hill personally.
Senator BORAH. Then you went back into the hands of the civil authorities?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Senator BORAH. And remained there until you were turned out?
Mr. THOMPSON. Yes, sir.
Mr. VINSON. You, I believe, are a Socialist, and your paper advocates the principles of the Socialist Party?
Mr. THOMPSON. It does.
Mr. VINSON. That is all.
The CHAIRMAN. Call the next witness.
Mr. BELCHER. I will call Mr. Boswell.