Tubal sterilization by bipolar laparoscopy: report of 232 cases.
Two hundred thirty-two interval bipolar laparoscopic tubal sterilizations were performed in a university-affiliated community teaching hospital over a 3-year period. Advanced laparoscopy equipment, properly trained laparoscopists, and a system of delineated operating privileges were used; the complication rate was 0.8%. There was 1 intraoperative complication, and 1 postoperative complication that manifested itself on postoperative day 3. Neither complication was related to the electrocauterization. The cauterized segments of fallopian tube were intentionally transected in 195 (84%) of the patients. The equipment and methodology employed are discussed with comparison of bipolar electrocautery to mechanical nonelectric methods of laparoscopic sterilization, ie, bands and clips. The authors' preference for bipolar electrocautery tubal sterilization, using single-segment cauterization with tubal transection, is discussed.


Self-Supervised Time Series Clustering With Model-Based Dynamics.
Time series clustering is usually an essential unsupervised task in cases when category information is not available and has a wide range of applications. However, existing time series clustering methods usually either ignore temporal dynamics of time series or isolate the feature extraction from clustering tasks without considering the interaction between them. In this article, a time series clustering framework named self-supervised time series clustering network (STCN) is proposed to optimize the feature extraction and clustering simultaneously. In the feature extraction module, a recurrent neural network (RNN) conducts a one-step time series prediction that acts as the reconstruction of the input data, capturing the temporal dynamics and maintaining the local structures of the time series. The parameters of the output layer of the RNN are regarded as model-based dynamic features and then fed into a self-supervised clustering module to obtain the predicted labels. To bridge the gap between these two modules, we employ spectral analysis to constrain the similar features to have the same pseudoclass labels and align the predicted labels with pseudolabels as well. STCN is trained by iteratively updating the model parameters and the pseudoclass labels. Experiments conducted on extensive time series data sets show that STCN has state-of-the-art performance, and the visualization analysis also demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model.


Analysis of rice ER-resident J-proteins reveals diversity and functional differentiation of the ER-resident Hsp70 system in plants.
The heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) chaperone system participates in protein folding and quality control of unfolded proteins. To examine the roles of co-chaperones in the rice Hsp70 chaperone system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the functions of six ER-resident J-proteins (OsP58A, OsP58B, OsERdj2, OsERdj3A, OsERdj3B, and OsERdj7) in rice were investigated. The expression of OsP58B, OsERdj3A, and OsERdj3B was predominantly up-regulated in roots subjected to ER stress. This response was mediated by signalling through ATF6 orthologues such as OsbZIP39 and OsbZIP60, but not through the IRE1/OsbZIP50 pathway. A co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that OsP58A, OsP58B, and OsERdj3B preferentially interact with the major OsBiP, OsBiP1, while OsERdj3A interacts preferentially with OsBiP5, suggesting that there are different affinities between OsBiPs and J-proteins. In the endosperm tissue, OsP58A, OsP58B, and OsERdj2 were mainly localized in the ER, whereas OsERdj2 was localized around the outer surfaces of ER-derived protein bodies (PB-Is). Furthermore, OsERdj3A was not expressed in wild-type seeds but was up-regulated in transgenic seeds accumulating human interleukin-7 (hIL-7). Since ERdj3A-green fluorescent protein (GFP) was also detected in vacuoles of callus cells under ER stress conditions, OsERdj3A is a bona fide vacuole-localized protein. OsP58A, OsP58B and OsERdj3A were differentially accumulated in transgenic plants expressing various recombinant proteins. These results reveal the functional diversity of the rice ER-resident Hsp70 system.


The relationship between persuasive technology principles, adherence and effect of web-Based interventions for mental health: A meta-analysis.
Research has shown that web-based interventions concerning mental health can be effective, although there is a broad range in effect sizes. Why some interventions are more effective than others is not clear. Persuasive technology is one of the aspects which has a positive influence on changing attitude and/or behavior, and can contribute to better outcomes. According to the Persuasive Systems Design Model there are various principles that can be deployed. It is unknown whether the number and combinations of principles used in a web-based intervention affect the effectiveness. Another issue in web-based interventions is adherence. Little is known about the relationship of adherence on the effectiveness of web-based interventions. This study examines whether there is a relationship between the number and combinations of persuasive technology principles used in web-based interventions and the effectiveness. Also the influence of adherence on effectiveness of web-based interventions is investigated. This study elaborates on the systematic review by [37] and therefore the articles were derived from that study. Only web-based interventions were included that were intended to be used on more than one occasion and studies were excluded when no information on adherence was provided. 48 interventions targeted at mental health were selected for the current study. A within-group (WG) and between-group (BG) meta-analysis were performed and subsequently subgroup analyses regarding the relationship between the number and combinations of persuasive technology principles and effectiveness. The influence of adherence on the effectiveness was examined through a meta-regression analysis. For the WG meta-analysis 40 treatment groups were included. The BG meta-analysis included 19 studies. The mean pooled effect size in the WG meta-analysis was large and significant (Hedges' g=0.94), while for the BG meta-analysis this was moderate to large and significant (Hedges' g=0.78) in favor of the web-based interventions. With regard to the number of persuasive technology principles, the differences between the effect sizes in the subgroups were significant in the WG subgroup analyses for the total number of principles and for the number of principles in the three categories Primary Task Support, Dialogue Support, and Social Support. In the BG subgroup analyses only the difference in Primary Task Support was significant. An increase in the total number of principles and Dialogue Support principles yielded larger effect sizes in the WG subgroup analysis, indicating that more principles lead to better outcomes. The number of principles in the Primary Task Support (WG and BG) and Social Support (WG) did not show an upward trend but had varying effect sizes. We identified a number of combinations of principles that were more effective, but only in the WG analyses. The association between adherence and effectiveness was not significant. There is a relationship between the number of persuasive technology principles and the effectiveness of web-based interventions concerning mental health, however this does not always mean that implementing more principles leads to better outcomes. Regarding the combinations of principles, specific principles seemed to work well together (e.g. tunneling and tailoring; reminders and similarity; social learning and comparison), but adding another principle can diminish the effectiveness (e.g. tunneling, tailoring and reduction). In this study, an increase in adherence was not associated with larger effect sizes. The findings of this study can help developers to decide which persuasive principles to include to make web-based interventions more persuasive.


Polymer-mediated electrospun nanofibrous mats on supramolecular assembly of nortriptyline in the β-cyclodextrin medium for antibacterial study.
With the thought and strong hope of uniqueness and challenging characteristic highlights and importance of nanofibrous mats (NFMs) along with cyclodextrins (CDs) that having a significant opportunity, chances and handling a vital role in hostile to bacterial activities. For the most part, CDs are utilized to upgrade the antibacterial activity through the improvement of solubility, stability, and etc., to any molecule which can bring inside the CDs cavity via the formation of inclusion complexes. Polymer-mediated electrospun nanofibrous mats (PAN NFMs) are utilized as a nanocarrier for antibacterial activity in this article, utilizing nortriptyline (NP) as a reference molecule. As a result, NP forms an inclusion complex with β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD). As a result, the PAN NFMs are able to absorb it, thereby consolidating the complex NP on the nanofibrous surface. Additionally, the soaking of PAN NFMs in NP solution without β-CD was performed for comparison. To characterize the nanofibrous mats of NP/PAN and NP:β-CD-ICs/PAN NFMs, UV absorption, FTIR, Raman, XRD, and SEM techniques were used. The antibacterial activity of NP and NP:β-CD-ICs have been tried against positive control antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Thus, the action has been improved for NP:β-CD-ICs/PAN NFMs over NP/PAN NFMs because of the solubility upgraded for the NP by the complexation of β-CD.


Policing in pandemics: A systematic review and best practices for police response to COVID-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic has created a range of unforeseen and unprecedented challenges for police departments worldwide. In light of these challenges, the goal of this review is to understand the potential short- and long-term effects of disasters and public health emergencies on policing organisations and officers. A total of 72 studies were eligible for inclusion, based on their focus on policing and police work during and in the aftermath of natural disasters and public health emergencies. Through an extensive review, we compile and analyse the most common issues and best practices identified in the literature, and discuss 'what works' in the context of policing such emergencies. The literature reveals four categories of issues predominantly raised in this context, namely police-community relations, the mental health and wellbeing of officers, intra-organisational challenges, as well as inter-agency collaboration and cooperation. Based on our review and analysis, we offer a list of recommendations relevant for policing the current COVID-19 outbreak. The findings of this review have immediate implications for policing during COVID-19 but also cover long-term effects, providing valuable recommendations for after the crises has passed.


A Comparative Study of Intramolecular Mobility of Single Siloxane and Carbosilane Dendrimers via Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
A comparative analysis of intramolecular dynamics of four types of isolated dendrimers from the fourth to the seventh generations belonging to the siloxane and carbosilane families, differing in spacer length, core functionality, and the type of chemical bonds, has been performed via atomic molecular dynamics simulations. The average radial and angular positions of all Si branching atoms of various topological layers within the dendrimer interior, as well as their variations, have been calculated, and the distributions of the relaxation times of their radial and angular motions have been found. It has been shown that the dendrons of all the dendrimers elongate from the center and decrease in a solid angle with an increasing generation number. The characteristic relaxation times of both angular and radial motions of Si atoms are of the order of a few nanoseconds, and they increase with an increasing generation number and decrease with temperature, with the angular relaxation times being larger than the radial ones. The relaxation times in the carbosilanes are larger than those in the siloxanes. The rotational angle dynamics of the carbosilane dendrimers show that the chain bending is mainly realized via trans-gauche transitions in the Si branching bonds.


Structural basis of Smad2 recognition by the Smad anchor for receptor activation.
The Smad proteins mediate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling from the transmembrane serine-threonine receptor kinases to the nucleus. The Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) recruits Smad2 to the TGFbeta receptors for phosphorylation. The crystal structure of a Smad2 MH2 domain in complex with the Smad-binding domain (SBD) of SARA has been determined at 2.2 angstrom resolution. SARA SBD, in an extended conformation comprising a rigid coil, an alpha helix, and a beta strand, interacts with the beta sheet and the three-helix bundle of Smad2. Recognition between the SARA rigid coil and the Smad2 beta sheet is essential for specificity, whereas interactions between the SARA beta strand and the Smad2 three-helix bundle contribute significantly to binding affinity. Comparison of the structures between Smad2 and a comediator Smad suggests a model for how receptor-regulated Smads are recognized by the type I receptors.


Perception of intraphonemic differences by phoneticians, musicians, and inexperienced listeners.
Several studies have shown that extensive training with synthetic speech sounds can result in substantial improvements in listeners' perception of intraphonemic differences. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of listening experience on the perception of intraphonemic differences in the absence of specific training with the synthetic speech sounds being tested. Phonetically trained listeners, musicians, and untrained listeners were tested on a two-choice identification task, a three-choice identification task, and an ABX discrimination task using a synthetic [bi]-[phi] continuum and a synthetic [wei]-[rei] continuum. The three-choice identification task included the identification of stimuli with an "indefinite" or "ambiguous" quality in addition to clear instances of the opposing phonetic categories. Results included: (1) All three subject groups showed some ability to identify ambiguous stimuli; (2) phonetically trained listeners were better at identifying ambiguous stimuli than musicians and untrained listeners; (3) phonetically trained listeners performed better on the discrimination task than musicians and untrained listeners; (4) musicians and untrained listeners did not differ on any of the listening tasks; and (5) participation by the inexperienced listeners in a 10-week introductory phonetics course did not result in improvements in either the three-choice identification task or the discrimination task.


The effects of Labisia pumila var. alata on bone markers and bone calcium in a rat model of post-menopausal osteoporosis.
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is mainly treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). However, ERT causes side effects, mainly breast cancer, uterine cancer and thromboembolic problems. Labisia pumila var. arata (LPva), a herb with phytoestrogenic effects has the potential to be used as an alternative agent to ERT. This study was conducted to determine the effects of LPva on bone biochemical markers and bone calcium content in ovariectomised rats. Thirty two Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, with 8 rats in each group. The first group was sham operated (Sham), the second group was ovariectomised (OVX), the third (LPva) and fourth group (ERT) were also ovariectomised and given LPva 17.5 mg/kg and Premarin(®) 64.5 μg/kg, respectively. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to measure osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen levels using ELISA while the fifth lumbar bone samples were taken to measure bone calcium content using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The osteocalcin levels were significantly higher in both the LPva and ERT groups compared to the OVX group. The CTX levels were significantly lower in both the LPva and ERT groups compared to the OVX group. However, only the ERT group had significantly higher bone calcium level compared to the OVX group. The supplementation of 17.5 mg/kg of LPva to ovariectomised rats for 8 weeks was able to prevent the changes in bone biochemical markers but failed to prevent the bone calcium loss induced by ovariectomy.


Prevalence of COPD in women compared to men around the time of diagnosis of primary lung cancer.
COPD is a well-known independent risk factor that is associated with primary lung cancer. There is, however, a striking paucity of women in studies demonstrating this association. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of COPD as determined by pulmonary function tests (PFTs) between women and men at around the time of lung cancer diagnosis. We retrospectively reviewed patients with newly diagnosed primary lung cancer who had undergone PFTs prior to their treatment. The diagnosis of airflow obstruction was made according to American Thoracic Society guidelines. Comparisons of the prevalence of COPD between men and women were performed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 294 patients in the study, 151 patients (51.4%) were men and 143 patient (48.6%) were women. Of the men, 110 patients (72.8%) had COPD compared with 75 patients (52.5%) among the women. This represented a significantly lower prevalence of COPD in women than in men (odds ratio [OR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25 to 0.67; p = 0.0003). When adjusted for age and smoking status, a sustained lower prevalence of COPD was noted in women compared to men (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.74; p = 0.002). In a subset of 256 smokers, there remained a lower prevalence of COPD in women compared to men (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.77; p = 0.003). Adjusted analysis to control for age and number of pack-years of smoking in this subset again showed a sustained reduction in the OR for women presenting with COPD (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.83; p = 0.009). When COPD was examined as an end point among patients who had newly diagnosed lung cancer, a significantly higher proportion of women had normal PFT results. Gender-based differences on PFT results should be considered during the screening of lung cancer, because the stratification of high-risk patients based on the presence of COPD may miss a significant proportion of women with lung cancer.


Multiarray formation of CHO spheroids cocultured with feeder cells for highly efficient protein production in serum-free medium.
Functional proteins like antibody, cytokine and growth factor have been widely used for basic biological research, diagnosis and cancer therapy. Particularly, antibody drugs as attractive biopharmaceuticals will be expected to create an enormous new market. Chinese hamster ovay (CHO) cells are being increasingly used in industry for the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins including antibody drugs. Although three-dimensional culture is preferred to two-dimensional monolayer culture for the efficient large scale culture of CHO cells and subsequent mass production of recombinant proteins, it has the limitation of low protein production. Therefore, a new cell culture em essentially required for an efficient protein production. Here we report on a new three-dimensional cell culture system as a spheroid cell culture on the micropattern array for efficient production of protein in CHO cells. Furthermore, cocultivation of CHO spheroids with feeder cells including bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and NIH 3T3 was essential to more increase a protein production. The results indicated that CHO heterospheroids cocultured with BAECs were much superior to either CHO monolayers or CHO homospheroids in protein production. Significantly, the above cocultured spheroids in the serum-free medium drastically enhanced protein expression level up to 3-fold compared with CHO spheroids in serum medium, suggesting that a coculture of spheroid system with feeder layer cells is a promising method to enhance protein production under serum-free condition. The spheroid array constructed here is highly usuful as a platform of biopharmaceutical manufacturing as well as tissue and cell based biosensors to detect a wide variety of clinically active compounds through a cellular physiological response.


Impact of HLA compatibility on lung transplant survival and evidence for an HLA restriction phenomenon: a collaborative transplant study report.
Data concerning the impact of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility on lung transplant survival rates are limited. Using the Collaborative Transplant Study database, 5-year graft outcome according to HLA mismatch was examined in 8020 deceased donor lung transplants performed during 1989 to 2009. Graft survival rates showed a stepwise decrease as the combined number of HLA-A+B+DR mismatches increased from one to six (P<0.001). Surprisingly, the 28 grafts with 0 mismatches at all 3 loci had a 1-year survival rate of only 49.7%, significantly lower than for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mismatches (P=0.002, <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, 0.002, and 0.003, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that, paradoxically, transplantation of grafts with zero HLA-A+B+DR mismatches was associated with a 19% increase in relative risk of failure. Donor lung preservation for up to 12 hr was not associated with inferior graft survival versus shorter preservation times (P=0.60). Our data show that a high number of HLA mismatches or zero mismatches impacts unfavorably on lung transplant survival.


Mefluidide protection of severely chilled crop plants.
Mefluidide, the common name of N-(2,4-dimethyl-5-[([trifluoromethyl] sulfonyl)amino]phenyl)acetamide, is capable of protecting chilling sensitive plants such as cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) from chilling injury. The applied concentrations that protect plants from stress are species specific. Applied above a threshold concentration, it has no protective effect. Regardless of its immediate potential for agriculture, it appears at least to be a powerful tool for the biologist in the study of the protection from temperature stress mechanism.


Protocol for optically pumping AlH+ to a pure quantum state.
We propose an optical pumping scheme to prepare trapped AlH+ molecules in a pure state, the stretched hyperfine state of the rovibronic ground manifold |X2Σ+, v = 0, N = 0 . Our scheme utilizes linearly-polarized and circularly-polarized fields of a broadband pulsed laser to cool the rotational degree of freedom and drive the population to the hyperfine state, respectively. We simulate the population dynamics by solving a representative system of rate equations that accounts for the laser fields, blackbody radiation, and spontaneous emission. In order to model the hyperfine structure, new hyperfine constants of the A2Π excited state were computed using a RASSCF wavefunction. We find that adding an infrared laser to drive the 1-0 vibrational transition within the X2Σ+ manifold accelerates the cooling process. The results show that, under optimal conditions, the population in the target state of the rovibronic ground manifold can reach 63% after 68 μs (330 ms) and 95% after 25 ms (1.2 s) with (without) the infrared laser.


Chemical biology. A bump-and-hole approach to engineer controlled selectivity of BET bromodomain chemical probes.
Small molecules are useful tools for probing the biological function and therapeutic potential of individual proteins, but achieving selectivity is challenging when the target protein shares structural domains with other proteins. The Bromo and Extra-Terminal (BET) proteins have attracted interest because of their roles in transcriptional regulation, epigenetics, and cancer. The BET bromodomains (protein interaction modules that bind acetyl-lysine) have been targeted by potent small-molecule inhibitors, but these inhibitors lack selectivity for individual family members. We developed an ethyl derivative of an existing small-molecule inhibitor, I-BET/JQ1, and showed that it binds leucine/alanine mutant bromodomains with nanomolar affinity and achieves up to 540-fold selectivity relative to wild-type bromodomains. Cell culture studies showed that blockade of the first bromodomain alone is sufficient to displace a specific BET protein, Brd4, from chromatin. Expansion of this approach could help identify the individual roles of single BET proteins in human physiology and disease.


Influence of drying-rewetting frequency on soil bacterial community structure.
Soil drying and rewetting represents a common physiological stress for the microbial communities residing in surface soils. A drying-rewetting cycle may induce lysis in a significant proportion of the microbial biomass and, for a number of reasons, may directly or indirectly influence microbial community composition. Few studies have explicitly examined the role of drying-rewetting frequency in shaping soil microbial community structure. In this experiment, we manipulated soil water stress in the laboratory by exposing two different soil types to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, or 15 drying-rewetting cycles over a 2-month period. The two soils used for the experiment were both collected from the Sedgwick Ranch Natural Reserve in Santa Ynez, CA, one from an annual grassland, the other from underneath an oak canopy. The average soil moisture content over the course of the incubation was the same for all samples, compensating for the number of drying-rewetting cycles. At the end of the 2-month incubation we extracted DNA from soil samples and characterized the soil bacterial communities using the terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) method. We found that drying-rewetting regimes can influence bacterial community composition in oak but not in grass soils. The two soils have inherently different bacterial communities; only the bacteria residing in the oak soil, which are less frequently exposed to moisture stress in their natural environment, were significantly affected by drying-rewetting cycles. The community indices of taxonomic diversity and richness were relatively insensitive to drying-rewetting frequency. We hypothesize that drying-rewetting induced shifts in bacterial community composition may partly explain the changes in C mineralization rates that are commonly observed following exposure to numerous drying-rewetting cycles. Microbial community composition may influence soil processes, particularly in soils exposed to a significant level of environmental stress.


Designing high-performance nighttime thermoradiative systems for harvesting energy from outer space.
Energy harvesting using thermoradiative systems has been extensively explored in recent years as a novel strategy for further reducing our energy footprint. However, the nighttime application, thermodynamic limit, and optimal design of such a system remain largely unaddressed so far. Here we propose an improved nighttime thermoradiative system (NTS) for electrical power generation by optically coupling Earth's surface with outer space. Our theoretical model predicts that the NTS operating with Earth (deep space) at 300 K (3 K) yields a maximum power density of 12.3Wm-2 with an efficiency limit of 18.5%, which is potentially more advantageous than previous nighttime energy harvesting systems, such as a nighttime thermoelectric generator. We find that optimizing the thickness of the active layer, enhancing thermal infrared emission, and employing a silver backreflector for photon recycling are crucially important in improving system performance. This Letter provides new insights for the optimal designs of NTSs and paves the way toward practical nighttime power generation.


[Helicobacter pylori virulence factors except CagA].
Study for Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis has been already performed widely all over the world for about 20 years. This review summarized recent studies about virulence factors except CagA/cag PAI system. Bacterial adhesion to gastric mucosa is critical for the persistent infection and BabA, SabA, OipA, AlpA or AlpB is involved. VacA (vacuolating cytotoxin) causes not only vacuolation of gastric epithelial cells but also stimulates apoptosis via a mitochondria-dependent pathway and is a potent immunomodulatory toxins. Signaling pathway via toll-like receptors(TLR) is also thought to be important especially in myeloid cells even though bioactivity of H. pylori LPS is reported to be weak compared with other bacteria such as E. coli.


Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Contribution to Angiogenic Processes in Tissue Regeneration.
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are widely described in the context of their regenerative and immunomodulatory activity. MSCs are isolated from various tissues and organs. The most frequently described sources are bone marrow and adipose tissue. As stem cells, MSCs are able to differentiate into other cell lineages, but they are usually reported with respect to their paracrine potential. In this review, we focus on MSCs derived from adipose tissue (AT-MSCs) and their secretome in regeneration processes. Special attention is given to the contribution of AT-MSCs and their derivatives to angiogenic processes described mainly in the context of angiogenic dysfunction. Finally, we present clinical trials registered to date that concern the application of AT-MSCs and their secretome in various medical conditions.


Integrating Amorphous Molybdenum Sulfide Nanosheets with a Co9S8@Ni3S2 Array as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting.
It is highly challenging to design low-cost, efficient electrocatalysts for both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a hierarchical heterostructure was constructed on three-dimensional (3D) Ni foam, which contains Ni3S2 nanorods decorated with both Co9S8 and amorphous MoSx nanosheets and Ni3S2 nanowires decorated with amorphous MoSx nanosheets, namely, MoSx@Co9S8@Ni3S2/NF. The synergistic effects from the strong interactions of the heterointerface and unique hierarchical heterostructure endow the MoSx@Co9S8@Ni3S2/NF with abundant active sites and effective mass and electron transport pathways, resulting in excellent activity toward both HER and OER in 1 M KOH. It only gives a low overpotential of 76.5 mV to achieve 10 mA cm-2 for HER and a low overpotential of 310 mV to achieve 100 mA cm-2 for OER. Based on the superior catalytic activity of MoSx@Co9S8@Ni3S2/NF for OER and HER, we demonstrated the activity of overall water splitting using MoSx@Co9S8@Ni3S2/NF as both the anode and cathode. It shows a higher catalytic activity for overall water splitting with a low cell voltage of 1.52 V at 10 mA cm-2 than commercial Pt/C/NF||IrO2/NF (1.61 V) and superior stability. This work provides a platform for the design and preparation of efficient electrocatalysts with various hierarchical heterostructures.


[Alcohol consumption and associated factors in a city in Northeast Brazil].
This cross-sectional study focused on alcohol consumption according to gender, age, income, and schooling in Jequié, Bahia State, Brazil. The random sample consisted of 270 individuals over 14 years of age living in the urban area of Jequié from January to March 2010. Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Of the total sample, 21.8% consumed four or more drinks on a typical day, 14.1% admitted having caused any harm after drinking, and 26.3% reported that someone had already suggested they should stop drinking. Forty percent of men had more than four drinks on a typical day, and 50.5% of young people drank frequently. Distribution of the variables was consistent with higher frequency and greater amounts of alcohol among men and young people. There was a large proportion of heavy episodic alcohol consumption. The study identified vulnerable groups that are still not addicted to alcohol, and that should be targeted for public health promotion and prevention policies.


The internalization of posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs) in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. II. The inter-relationship of optical quality and structure as a function of age.
The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is an animal model for human retinal degenerative disease and posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSCs). The purpose of this study was to correlate the structure and optical quality of RCS lenses with PSCs as a function of their internalization, with normal, non-cataractous, age-matched control lenses. Correlative light (LM), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), three-dimensional computer assisted drawings (3D-CADs) and low power helium-neon laser scan analysis were used to examine the structure and function of lenses. The optical properties (average focal length variability; sharpness of focus) of RCS rat lenses are quantitatively compromised by PSCs. Correlative LM and SEM analysis of RCS lenses at various stages of PSC internalization (1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months of age), revealed that the sutures formed by additional fiber growth were progressively more abnormal. During PSC internalization, two to nine small suture branches were formed and arranged in modified line to multiple y configurations rather than the normal three branch y sutures. These temporal changes were also chronicled in animated 3D-CAD videos derived from lens reconstructions based on LM and SEM micrographs from the selected time points stated above. However, laser scan analysis also revealed that as the PSCs of RCS rat lenses were progressively internalized, there was a steady improvement in total sharpness of focus that reached normal levels by 12 months of age. The correlation of laser scan and structural data from specific regions of lenses revealed the following: 1. The abnormal posterior sutures of RCS rats with internalized PSCs effect a greater reduction in optical quality than normal posterior sutures of age-matched controls; 2. However, the resulting abnormal suture plane area was cumulatively similar to that of age-matched controls; 3. Thus, total optical quality was similar between RCS lenses with internalized PSCs and age-matched controls by 12 months of age. The results of this study show that RCS lenses with internalized PSCs can appear grossly, and indeed optically perform, at levels comparable to aged lenses. These findings are consistent with clinical observations of spontaneous recovery from PSC. The results suggest that human PSCs that occur as a consequence of retinal degenerative disease could also be the result of abnormal posterior suture growth. If this is proven to be the case, such PSCs may have some capacity for repair or recovery thereby obviating their surgical removal.


Maturation state-dependent alterations in meniscus integration: implications for scaffold design and tissue engineering.
The knee meniscus is a crucial component of the knee that functions to stabilize the joint, distribute load, and maintain congruency. Meniscus tears and degeneration are common, and natural healing is limited. Notably, few children present with meniscus injuries and other related fibrocartilaginous tissues heal regeneratively in immature animals and in the fetus. In this work, we evaluated fetal, juvenile, and adult bovine meniscus properties and repair capacity in vitro. Although no changes in cell behavior (migration and proliferation) were noted with age, drastic alterations in the density and distribution of the major components of meniscus tissue (proteoglycan, collagen, and DNA) occurred with development. Coincident with these marked tissue changes, the in vitro healing capacity of the tissue decreased with age. Fetal and juvenile meniscus formed a robust repair over 8 weeks on both a histological and mechanical basis, despite a lack of vascular supply. In contrast, adult meniscus did not integrate over this period. However, integration was improved significantly with the addition of the growth factor transforming growth factor-beta 3. Finally, to evaluate engineered scaffold integration in the context of aging, we monitored cellular infiltration from native tissue into engineered nanofibrous constructs. Our findings suggest that maturation processes that enable load bearing in the adult limit endogenous healing potential and identify new metrics for the development of tissue-engineered meniscus implants.


Defect detection and localization in orthotropic wood slabs by inversion of dynamic surface displacements.
The nondestructive evaluation inversion and generalized force-mapping techniques developed and demonstrated for isotropic thin plates by Bucaro et al. [(2004). "Detection and localization of inclusions in plates using inversion of point actuated surface displacements," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 115, 201-206] are extended to the case of orthotropic plates. The extended techniques are applied to a finite-element generated numerical database for point excited wooden slabs with and without an internal defect at 5 and 10 kHz. Operation of the original isotropic algorithms on the wood surface displacements is shown to fail in recovering the uniform elastic parameters or in detecting and locating the defect. The new algorithms based on the wave equation for a thin, orthotropic plate successfully convert the surface displacements on the uniform wooden slab to elastic parameter maps which serve to detect and localize the defect in the flawed plate. The results, particularly at the higher frequency, indicate that the onset of failure in the thin plate approximation impacts both the inversion and the generalized force-mapping accuracy. However, in this case use of the inversion algorithm to obtain modified wave equation coefficients followed by operation of the force-mapping algorithm with these new parameters inserted is shown to successfully mitigate this effect.


Development and Validation of a Scale Measuring the Post Pandemic-Health Promotion Behavior (PP-HPB) of Young Adults in the Digital Era.
This study aims to develop and validate a health promotion behavior scale that reflects the lifestyle changes driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased use of digital devices among young adults. Questions were selected using a literature review and validated by a group of experts. The sample consisted of 446 young adults aged 19-29 years living in South Korea who agreed to participate in the study and were surveyed online using Google Forms on September 19 and 20, 2022. Construct validity was confirmed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses; reliability was tested using Cronbach's α, and interrater validity was confirmed with the Health Promoting Lifestyle II (HPLP-II) instrument. After conducting an item analysis of 49 preliminary items and an exploratory factor analysis, six factors and 27 items were selected. The six factors were named psychosocial health, personal hygiene, dietary habits, health care, using mobile devices, and physical activity. The confirmatory factor analysis verified the model fit, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The correlation coefficient with the Health Promoting Lifestyle II (HPLP-II) instrument was 0.69, confirming criterion validity, and the reliability of the final instrument was high (Cronbach's α = 0.90). The validity and reliability of the developed scale were confirmed. The scale can be used to measure the health promotion behavior of young adults in light of the lifestyle changes driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and the increased use of digital devices. We hope that future studies will use the tool as a basis for improving the health promotion behavior of young adults.


[Still's disease in adulthood--case report of a female patient and review of the literature].
A 29-year old women with adult onset Still's disease (AOSD) was presented. On addmision to hospital the patient was febrile, with sore throat, arthralgia/arthritis and myalgia. The patient had lymphadenopathy on the neck, and laboratory findings showed leukocytosis with neutrophilia, accelarated erythrocyte sedimation rate (ESR), increased reactants of acute inflammation and normocytic anemia. During the diagnostic process, infectious, hematologic and neoplastic diseases were ruled out and the diagnosis of AOSD was made. The therapy with metilprednisolone 1 mg/kg of body weight was started. One month latter, the clinical status of the patient improved as well as laboratory findings. The dose of steroids was tappered to 16 mg per day. After 6 months of therapy, steroids were stopped and patient was followed further one year and she was free of symptoms of disease.


The Drosophila melanogaster homolog of UBE3A is not imprinted in neurons.
In mammals, expression of UBE3A is epigenetically regulated in neurons and expression is restricted to the maternal copy of UBE3A. A recent report claimed that Drosophila melanogaster UBE3A homolog (Dube3a) is preferentially expressed from the maternal allele in fly brain, inferring an imprinting mechanism. However, complex epigenetic regulatory features of the mammalian imprinting center are not present in Drosophila, and allele specific expression of Dube3a has not been documented. We used behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of the Dube3a loss-of-function allele (Dube3a15b) to investigate Dube3a imprinting in fly neurons. We found that motor impairment (climbing ability) and a newly-characterized defect in synaptic transmission are independent of parental inheritance of the Dube3a15b allele. Furthermore, expression analysis of coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Dube3a did not reveal allele specific expression differences among reciprocal crosses. These data indicate that Dube3a is neither imprinted nor preferentially expressed from the maternal allele in fly neurons.


GIN AUSTRIA. Assuring quality and relevance on Internet-health-informations for patients.
GIN AUSTRIA (Gesundheitsinformationsnetz AUSTRIA) offers patients and consumers reliable medical knowledge about diseases, wellness and disease management in an understandable way and enables them to quick and incessant access to informations about the Austrian health system and Austrian health organizations. To improve the quality of the database and to achieve full customer (patients, citizens) satisfaction a systematic approach for implementing total quality management is also applied. Focusing the attention on understanding and responding to customer needs, systematic and continuous improving of the IS and total involvement of all participants are the three core TQM principles at this project. The second focus of the project is the development and the implementation (prototype) of a medical dictionary or rather medical thesaurus as interface for patients, who are not used to scientific terms and expressions. This interface is based on the controlled vocabulary of the MeSH-Thesaurus (german version).


The effects of EDRF/NO releasers or calcium ionophore A23187 on cyanide toxicity in mice.
Cyanide (CN) is a well-recognized poison whose complete actions are unclear. It has been shown that a vasoactive role may be partially responsible for the toxic effects of CN. Sodium nitrite, a known methemoglobin former and vasodilator, has been used to treat CN toxicity. It is rapidly transformed to nitric oxide (NO) which is thought to be endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Since the literature suggests that NO can influence the biological effects of CN, studies were undertaken to determine if compounds known to release EDRF/NO will modify CN toxicity. Mice were administered a series of compounds which act through EDRF/NO release. These substances included, platelet-activating factor (PAF), hydralazine, bradykinin, histamine, calcium ionophore A23187, carbachol, or substance P at 0.060, 98.7, 50.0, 125, 1.0, 2.26, and 1.0 mg/kg, respectively. As a control, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA) 70 mg/kg, which inhibits NO synthesis, was administered to mice iv (tail vein) in combination with each test compound. All test compounds and NMA were administered prior to NaCN: NMA, 5 min; carbachol, 0.5 min; hydralazine, 0.5 min; bradykinin, 1 min; histamine, 1 min; substance P, 4 min; PAF, 5 min; and A23187, 5 min. Dose-response relationships were analyzed by probit dose-response methods and protective ratios for each compound were computed. Results suggest (i) that a portion of the action of CN is affected by a particular EDRF/NO-releasing compound, suggesting that each drug specifically affects regional EDRF/NO receptor sites, and (ii) that NO can play a role as a component in CN intoxication. It is suggested that CN does not act uniformly on all EDRF/NO receptor sites to produce toxicity and site-specific EDRF/NO agents may be useful for treating CN.


[Discussion on the figure-description in the author's case with "acute alcoholic scenic complex hallucination"--against the criticism of HENRY Ey in his "Traité des hallucinations"].
1. The author formerly reported three cases with rare "scenic complex hallucinations" as acute alcoholic response. The patients experienced and stated such scenic hallucinations as incoherent dreams, if they were back to that specific circumstances; emotionally alive (anxiety) and reacted (counterattack, escape, confusion and so on) to that exact memories based on their experiences. 2. Attached is the figure that explains the detail correctly, which has been published in another article (Masuho KONUMA: On the Constitution of the Scenic Complex Hallucination in Acute Hallucinosis, CODEN: HDIZAB 37(3), 469-496, 1989 and so on). 3. HENRY EY criticized in "Traité des hallucinations" that the hallucination is only genuine in subjective experience of the patient and can not be drawn as a picture and that although the details might be described verbally, the image may be changed due to excessive explanation. He concluded that picture shown as FIG. I. is unacceptable. 4. The author has many publications on his own "dream records" and believes that subjective experiences in dreams could be expressed correctly in the form of picture. 5. The pictures show the mechanism of such hallucinations more correctly with the stories of the patients. I believe that these case reports are sufficient to let readers consent the possibilities of the mechanism.


Effectiveness of histopathological diagnoses in dysfunction of hepatic transplantation. Review of 146 histopathological studies from 53 transplants.
In 47 patients who underwent 53 liver transplantations and immunosuppression with cyclosporine (cyclosporin A), methylprednisolone sodium succinate, and antithymocyte globulin, 146 histopathological studies were performed (138 biopsies, six hepatectomies, and two autopsies). The following microscopical diagnoses were made: 43 acute rejections (29.4%), six chronic rejections (4.1%), 18 liver blood perfusion changes (12.3%), 15 biliary changes (10.2%), 10 cases of functional cholestasis (6.8%), two drug reactions (1.3%), two hepatitis B virus recurrences (1.3%), 11 opportunistic viral infections (7.5%), 18 minimal changes (12.3%), two nonclassifiable changes (1.3%), and 19 plurietiological changes (13%). A histopathological diagnosis of acute rejection was made in 31 transplants (58.4%). In 22 (71%) of them, acute rejection was diagnosed with the protocol biopsy specimen that was obtained during the second posttransplant week. Leukocyte counts and serum bilirubin and enzyme levels were obtained on the same day that the hepatic biopsy specimens were taken. There was no significant statistical difference between the mean serum data that accompanied each histopathological diagnosis, allowing identification of a characteristic biochemical profile for the causes of graft dysfunction. We report a detailed description of the microscopical findings of each diagnosis and the following conclusions: (1) Acute rejection is the most frequent cause of hepatic dysfunction and has an early appearance during the posttransplant period. (2) Histopathological findings can identify the causes of the dysfunction. (3) There is no specific biochemical pattern to differentiate these causes. This may be due to the frequent combination of etiological factors in every dysfunction episode.


Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield Determination Using Chemical Acceptors.
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the first electronic excited state of molecular oxygen. Due to its non-radical and non-ionic character as well as its mild reactivity, 1O2 has a pivotal role in cell signaling processes at low concentration, yet it is cytotoxic at high concentrations. Quantifying the production of 1O2, particularly in biological systems, is therefore essential for understanding and controlling its effects. 1O2 can be produced by chemical and biological reactions, yet its most common method of production is by photosensitization, whereby an initially photoexcited molecule transfers its acquired electronic energy to the dioxygen molecule. The efficiency of this process is characterized by the 1O2 production quantum yield, ΦΔ, which can be determined by directly monitoring its intrinsic weak near-infrared phosphorescence or indirectly by trapping it with a suitable acceptor, a process that can be monitored by common analytical techniques. Indirect methods are thus very popular, yet they may lead to severe errors if used incorrectly. Herein we describe the common aspects of indirect methods and propose a general step-by-step procedure for the determination of ΦΔ values. In addition, we identify the key experimental conditions that need to be controlled to obtain meaningful results.


Application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis of multiple primary lung cancer.
Artificial intelligence (AI) based on deep learning, convolutional neural networks and big data has been increasingly effective in the diagnosis and treatment of multiple primary pulmonary nodules. In comparison to previous imaging systems, AI measures more objective parameters such as three-dimensional (3D) volume, probability of malignant nodules, and possible pathological patterns, making the access to the properties of nodules more objective. In our retrospective study, a total of 53 patients with synchronous and metachronous multiple pulmonary nodules were enrolled of which 33 patients were confirmed by pathological tests to have primary binodules, and nine to have primary trinodules. A total of 15 patients had only one focus removed. The statistical results showed that the agreement in the AI diagnosis and postoperative pathological tests was 88.8% in identifying benign or malignant lesions. In addition, the probability of malignancy of benign lesions, preinvasive lesions (AAH, AIS) and invasive lesions (MIA, IA) was totally different (49.40±38.41% vs 80.22±13.55% vs 88.17±17.31%). The purpose of our study was to provide references for the future application of AI in the diagnosis and follow-up of multiple pulmonary nodules. AI may represent a relevant diagnostic aid that shows more accurate and objective results in the diagnosis of multiple pulmonary nodules, reducing the time required for interpretation of results by directly displaying visual information to doctors and patients and together with the clinical conditions of MPLC patients, offering plans for follow-up and treatment that may be more beneficial and reasonable for patients. Despite the great application potential in pneumosurgery, further research is needed to verify the accuracy and range of the application of AI.


Changes in Browning Degree and Reducibility of Polyphenols during Autoxidation and Enzymatic Oxidation.
In the present study, the browning degree and reducing power of browning products of catechin (CT), epicatechin (EC), caffeic acid (CA), and chlorogenic acid (CGA) in autoxidation and enzymatic oxidation were investigated. Influencing factors were considered, such as pH, substrate species and composition, and eugenol. Results show that polyphenols' autoxidation was intensified in an alkaline environment, but the reducing power was not improved. Products of enzymatic oxidation at a neutral pH have higher reducing power than autoxidation. In enzymatic oxidation, the browning degree of mixed substrates was higher than that of a single polyphenol. The reducing power of flavonoid mixed solution (CT and EC) was higher than those of phenolic acids' (CA and CGA) in autoxidation and enzymatic oxidation. Eugenol activity studies have shown that eugenol could increase autoxidation browning but inhibit enzymatic browning. Activity test and molecular docking results show that eugenol could inhibit tyrosinase.


Detection of DNA-crosslinking agents with the alkaline comet assay.
The single cell gel electrophoresis, or comet assay, under alkaline conditions is a sensitive, simple and rapid method for the detection of DNA damage at the individual cell level. Its applicability as an indicator for the DNA crosslinking potency of a test substance was investigated in human white blood cells by combined treatment with the DNA damaging agent methyl methanesulphonate (MMS) for 2 hr at 37 degrees C. The known crosslinking agents cisplatinum, mitomycin C and formaldehyde, and the formaldehyde releasers diazolidinyl urea and dimethylol urea, were shown to reduce MMS-induced DNA migration in the comet assay in a concentration-dependent manner. Two other protocols, adding MMS to the cells before or after treatment with a crosslinking agent, were carried out and achieved similar results. The results of this study indicate that the comet assay is a useful tool for the detection of crosslinking agents. Advantages and limitations of this method compared to the alkaline elution technique are discussed.


Rev-erb alpha gives a time cue to metabolism.
Normal physiological processes are under control of circadian rhythms. Moreover, certain pathological events, such as cardiovascular accidents (myocardial infarction, stroke) occur more frequently at specific times of the day. Recent observations demonstrate a causal relationship between alterations in circadian rhythmicity and metabolic disorders. Disruption of clock genes results in dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity, all predisposing to atherosclerosis. The nuclear receptor Rev-erb alpha is part of the clock circuitry and plays an important role in keeping proper timing of the clock. Rev-erb alpha also regulates lipid metabolism, adipogenesis and vascular inflammation. Interestingly, Rev-erb alpha also cross-talks with several other nuclear receptors involved in energy homeostasis. Therefore Rev-erb alpha may serve to couple metabolic and circadian signals.


Steps in the investigation and management of low semen volume in the infertile man.
An adequate semen volume of ejaculate fluid is required to transport sperm into the female reproductive tract and allow for fertilization of the oocyte. Thus, seminal fluid volume is an important part of the semen analysis done to investigate male infertility. In this article, we review the anatomy and physiology of ejaculation, the various etiologies of low-volume ejaculation (artifactual, structural, functional). We then present a comprehensive algorithm for the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of the infertile man presenting with low semen volume.


Steroid sulphatase deficiency disease.
Seventy-six ichthyotic male patients with a biochemically confirmed diagnosis of steroid sulphatase deficiency are reported. Ascertainment was based on either a previous diagnosis of placental steroid sulphatase deficiency (21 probands and 15 secondary cases), or ichthyosis with steroid sulphatase deficiency (29 probands and 11 secondary cases). The ichthyotic phenotype of the first group was indistinguishable from that of the other group, and completely fitting the classic description of recessive X-linked ichthyosis. A prominent skin peeling in early infancy was found to be a characteristic feature of this syndrome. Maldescent of the testis was registered in 9 patients; and testis cancer had been diagnosed in 2 males with normally descended gonads. This high proportion of patients with gonadal abnormalities strongly indicates a relation with the steroid sulphatase deficiency. Corneal opacities, not affecting visual acuity, were seen in 14 out of 28 males by slit-lamp examination.


Flexible docking-based molecular dynamics/steered molecular dynamics calculations of protein-protein contacts in a complex of cytochrome P450 1A2 with cytochrome b5.
Formation of transient complexes of cytochrome P450 (P450) with another protein of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5), dictates the catalytic activities of several P450s. Therefore, we examined formation and binding modes of the complex of human P450 1A2 with cyt b5. Docking of soluble domains of these proteins was performed using an information-driven flexible docking approach implemented in HADDOCK. Stabilities of the five unique binding modes of the P450 1A2-cyt b5 complex yielded by HADDOCK were evaluated using explicit 10 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in aqueous solution. Further, steered MD was used to compare the stability of the individual P450 1A2-cyt b5 binding modes. The best binding mode was characterized by a T-shaped mutual orientation of the porphyrin rings and a 10.7 Å distance between the two redox centers, thus satisfying the condition for a fast electron transfer. Mutagenesis studies and chemical cross-linking, which, in the absence of crystal structures, were previously used to deduce specific P450-cyt b5 interactions, indicated that the negatively charged convex surface of cyt b5 binds to the positively charged concave surface of P450. Our simulations further elaborate structural details of this interface, including nine ion pairs between R95, R100, R138, R362, K442, K455, and K465 side chains of P450 1A2 and E42, E43, E49, D65, D71, and heme propionates of cyt b5. The universal heme-centric system of internal coordinates was proposed to facilitate consistent classification of the orientation of the two porphyrins in any protein complex.


[Two cases of Ewing's sarcoma originating from the adult rib].
Two cases of Ewing's sarcoma originating from the adult rib were reported. Case 1: A 23-year-old male was admitted for further examination of a right anterior chest wall tumor. The tumor was resected and the pathological examination revealed Ewing's sarcoma. Adriamycin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin-D were administered. After 1 year the patient died due to local relapse. Case 2: A 28-year-old male was found to have a left extrapleural tumor on chest roentgenogram. He responded to chemotherapy consisting of CDDP, etoposide, ifosfamide and radiotherapy at a dose of 38.4 Gy before surgery. On the surgical specimen no tumor cells were observed and his postoperative course has been good. According to our experience, exact preoperative diagnosis and adjuvant therapy are necessary to improve the prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma patient.


Topical pimecrolimus 1% cream for resistant seborrheic dermatitis of the face: an open-label study.
Treatment options for seborrheic dermatitis are numerous, including both topical and systemic agents (e.g. topical corticosteroids, oral antifungals, and psoralen plus UVA). However, long-term use of topical corticosteroids may lead to adverse effects. Pimecrolimus 1% cream is an effective and well tolerated treatment for seborrheic dermatitis. To explore the efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream for the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis lesions resistant to conventional treatments. Sixteen patients with resistant seborrheic dermatitis of the face applied pimecrolimus 1% cream twice daily for 2 weeks. The lesions were assessed clinically and the severity of the signs were assessed using a 4-point score. Additionally, the scores of all affected regions (paranasal, forehead, and eyebrows) were evaluated separately to assess whether different results would be obtained in different regions of the face. Also, patients completed self-assessments on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at each visit. Statistically significant reductions in the scores of all parameters were observed at day 7 and day 14 of the study. There were no significant differences between the responses on the three regions of the face. No adverse effects were reported except for temporary pruritus immediately after the application of pimecrolimus 1% cream in one patient. Although the interpretation of efficacy was limited by the open-label, non-controlled study design and the small number of patients, this trial suggests that pimecrolimus 1% cream may be a successful treatment choice for patients with resistant seborrheic dermatitis of the face.


Increasing Access to Dental and Medical Care by Allowing Greater Flexibility in Scope of Practice.
In recent years, advocates for increasing access to medical and oral health care have argued for expanding the scope of practice of dentists and physicians. Although this idea may have merit, significant legal and other barriers stand in the way of allowing dentists to do more primary health care, physicians to do more oral health care, and both professions to collaborate. State practice acts, standards of care, and professional school curricula all support the historical separation between the 2 professions. Current laws do not contemplate working across professional boundaries, leaving providers who try vulnerable to legal penalties. Here we examine the legal, regulatory, and training barriers to dental and medical professionals performing services outside their traditional scope of practice.


Unusual Late Complication of Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap Donor Site: Elastofibroma Dorsi.
In existing literature about elastofibroma dorsi (ED), no cases reported ED arising after latissimus dorsi flap harvest. Concretely, we present a patient who developed an ED at latissimus dorsi free flap donor site 10 years after harvesting. After our research, we found the occurrence of ED after thoracotomy surgery, stressing the importance of previous local trauma. Latissimus dorsi flap harvest is also a local traumatic episode, although its association with ED has not been previously reported. Thus, ED should be considered in the differential diagnosis of deep soft tissue lumps after latissimus dorsi harvest.


Examining the characteristics of episodic memory using event-related potentials in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Our laboratory uses event-related EEG potentials (ERPs) to understand and support behavioral investigations of episodic memory in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas behavioral data inform us about the patients' performance, ERPs allow us to record discrete changes in brain activity. Further, ERPs can give us insight into the onset, duration, and interaction of independent cognitive processes associated with memory retrieval. In patient populations, these types of studies are used to examine which aspects of memory are impaired and which remain relatively intact compared to a control population. The methodology for collecting ERP data from a vulnerable patient population while these participants perform a recognition memory task is reviewed. This protocol includes participant preparation, quality assurance, data acquisition, and data analysis. In addition to basic setup and acquisition, we will also demonstrate localization techniques to obtain greater spatial resolution and source localization using high-density (128 channel) electrode arrays.


Prediction of outcome based on clinical seizure type in newborn infants.
To determine whether the clinical features of neonatal seizures are of value in predicting outcome. Demographic features, clinical seizure types, etiologic factors, and laboratory findings of all 77 patients with seizures admitted to our neonatal intensive care unit over a consecutive 7-year period were extracted from the medical records. Twenty-three (30%) died; 59% of the survivors had abnormal neurologic examinations, 40% were mentally retarded, 43% had cerebral palsy, and 21% were epileptic at mean follow-up of 3.5 years. Compared with patients with other seizure types, those with subtle and generalized tonic seizures had a significantly higher prevalence of epilepsy (P =.04 and P =.01 respectively); mental retardation (P =.02; P =.007), and cerebral palsy (P =.03; P =.002). Subtle seizures were, in addition, more likely to be associated with abnormalities on the neurologic examination at follow-up (P =.03). Similar outcome comparisons for those with focal and multifocal clonic, focal tonic, and multifocal myoclonic seizures revealed no significant differences. However, patients with >or=2 seizure types were significantly more likely to have epilepsy (P =.02), mental retardation (P =.001), cerebral palsy (P =.001), and abnormal examinations (P =.05). Clinical semiology is predictive of outcome in neonates with seizures and suggests the presence of unique pathophysiologic processes for different seizure types.


Swallowing-induced Atrial Tachycardia with a Thymic Cyst.
We herein report a 34-year-old man who presented with recurrent palpitations that occurred while swallowing solid food. Holter monitoring revealed atrial tachycardia (AT) while eating. In addition, chest computed tomography (CT) showed a small nodule in the front of the ascending aorta. Thoracoscopic surgery was performed to remove the nodule; a pathological examination revealed that the nodule was a thymic cyst. The AT disappeared postoperatively. This case demonstrates that a mediastinal nodule can cause swallowing-induced AT.


Time Limiting Boundaries of Reversible Clinical Death in Rats Subjected to Ultra-Deep Hypothermia.
It is well known that body temperature maintenance between 20 and 35°C prevents hypoxic damage. However, data regarding the ideal duration and permissible temperature boundaries for ultra-deep hypothermia below 20°C are rather fragmentary. The aim of the present study was to determine the time limits of reversible clinical death in rats subjected to ultra-deep hypothermia at 1-8°C. Rat survival rates were directly dependent on the duration of clinical death. If clinical death did not exceed 35 min, animal viability could be restored. Extending the duration of clinical death longer than 45 min led to rat death, and cardiac functioning in these animals was not recovered. The rewarming rate and the lowest temperature of hypothermia experienced did not directly influence survival rates. In a rat model, reversible ultra-deep hypothermia as low as 1-8°C could be achieved without the application of hypercapnia or pharmacological support. The survival of animals was dependent on the duration of clinical death, which should not exceed 35 min.


Soft matrices suppress cooperative behaviors among receptor-ligand bonds in cell adhesion.
The fact that biological tissues are stable over prolonged periods of time while individual receptor-ligand bonds only have limited lifetime underscores the critical importance of cooperative behaviors of multiple molecular bonds, in particular the competition between the rate of rupture of closed bonds (death rate) and the rate of rebinding of open bonds (birth rate) in a bond cluster. We have recently shown that soft matrices can greatly increase the death rate in a bond cluster by inducing severe stress concentration near the adhesion edges. In the present paper, we report a more striking effect that, irrespective of stress concentration, soft matrices also suppress the birth rate in a bond cluster by increasing the local separation distance between open bonds. This is shown by theoretical analysis as well as Monte Carlo simulations based on a stochastic-elasticity model in which stochastic descriptions of molecular bonds and elastic descriptions of interfacial force/separation are unified in a single modeling framework. Our findings not only are important for understanding the role of elastic matrices in cell adhesion, but also have general implications on adhesion between soft materials.


A novel role for BDNF-TrkB in the regulation of chemotherapy resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
Mechanisms of resistance for HNSCC to cisplatin (CDDP), the foundational chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of this disease, remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that cisplatin resistance (CR) can be overcome by targeting Trk receptor. In the current study, we explored the potential mechanistic role of the BDNF-TrkB signaling system in the development of CDDP resistance in HNSCC. Utilizing an in vitro system of acquired CR, we confirmed a substantial up-regulation of both BDNF and TrkB at the protein and mRNA levels in CR cells, suggesting an autocrine pathway dysregulation in this system. Exogenous BDNF stimulation led to an enhanced expression of the drug-resistance and anti-apoptotic proteins MDR1 and XiAP, respectively, in a dose-dependently manner, demonstrating a key role for BDNF-TrkB signaling in modulating the response to cytotoxic agents. In addition, modulation of TrkB expression induced an enhanced sensitivity of cells to CDDP in HNSCC. Moreover, genetic suppression of TrkB resulted in changes in expression of Bim, XiAP, and MDR1 contributing to HNSCC survival. To elucidate intracellular signaling pathways responsible for mechanisms underlying BDNF/TrkB induced CDDP-resistance, we analyzed expression levels of these molecules following inhibition of Akt. Inhibition of Akt eliminated BDNF effect on MDR1 and Bim expression in OSC-19P cells as well as modulated expressions of MDR1, Bim, and XiAP in OSC-19CR cells. These results suggest BDNF/TrkB system plays critical roles in CDDP-resistance development by utilizing Akt-dependent signaling pathways.


Atypical beta-adrenergic effects on insulin signaling and action in beta(3)-adrenoceptor-deficient brown adipocytes.
Cross talk between adrenergic and insulin signaling systems may represent a fundamental molecular basis of insulin resistance. We have characterized a newly established beta(3)-adrenoceptor-deficient (beta(3)-KO) brown adipocyte cell line and have used it to selectively investigate the potential role of novel-state and typical beta-adrenoceptors (beta-AR) on insulin signaling and action. The novel-state beta(1)-AR agonist CGP-12177 strongly induced uncoupling protein-1 in beta(3)-KO brown adipocytes as opposed to the beta(3)-selective agonist CL-316,243. Furthermore, CGP-12177 potently reduced insulin-induced glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Neither the selective beta(1)- and beta(2)-antagonists metoprolol and ICI-118,551 nor the nonselective antagonist propranolol blocked these effects. The classical beta(1)-AR agonist dobutamine and the beta(2)-AR agonist clenbuterol also considerably diminished insulin-induced glucose uptake. In contrast to CGP-12177 treatment, these negative effects were completely abrogated by metoprolol and ICI-118,551. Stimulation with CGP-12177 did not impair insulin receptor kinase activity but decreased insulin receptor substrate-1 binding to phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and activation of protein kinase B. Thus the present study characterizes a novel cell system to selectively analyze molecular and functional interactions between novel and classical beta-adrenoceptor types with insulin action. Furthermore, it indicates insulin receptor-independent, but PI 3-kinase-dependent, potent negative effects of the novel beta(1)-adrenoceptor state on diverse biological end points of insulin action.


On the importance of public choice in migration models.
"Recent general equilibrium Tiebout models that use single-crossing indifference curves to establish a migration equilibrium incorporate both voting and migration decisions. These models have concentrated on the important question of the existence of an equilibrium, but the incorporation of both voting and migration has important efficiency consequences as well. This paper demonstrates the important effect of the interaction of voting and migration on efficiency conditions by showing that head taxes (which are generally considered to provide efficient migration incentives with constant marginal congestion costs) do not provide incentives for efficient migration decisions unless the public choice mechanism results in optimal public service provision within jurisdictions."


Endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic hepatic failure awaiting liver transplant.
Because of the need for posttransplant immunosuppression, patients with chronic liver failure requiring transplantation must be free of infection to maintain an active status on the transplant list. These patients present significant surgical risks due to coagulopathy. Here, we present our experience with endoscopic sinus surgery for medically refractory sinusitis in this patient population. We created a prospective case series of seven patients undergoing 10 surgeries. All patients were given preoperative blood product infusions. Operative blood loss ranged from 150 to 1500 cc with an average of 495 cc. Two cases had to be stopped before completion because of bleeding obscuring visualization. The two cases with the greatest blood loss were in patients with the most severe liver disease (highest mathematical model for end-stage liver disease scores), lowest albumin, and most extensive sinus disease. All patients were returned to active status on the liver transplant list and four patients have undergone liver transplantation. Patients with chronic hepatic disease awaiting liver transplant can be treated successfully with endoscopic sinus surgery, but significant perioperative bleeding may not be avoidable. Preoperative use of fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and sometimes albumin are necessary, and postoperative blood products may be required with more significant sinus and liver disease. NovoSeven (recombinant factor Vlla) was used on two occasions in one patient, with maximal correction of the patient's coagulopathy. Patients should be counseled on the possible need for additional procedures to adequately clear disease.


Measurement and prediction of sound exposure levels by university wind bands.
The purpose of this study was to determine sound exposure levels generated in two college wind bands. Dosimeter data from a large sample of ensemble-based instructional activities (n = 43) was collected over time and processed to assess associations with predictor variables that may be relevant to this context, including indicators of time spend at various intensity levels, maximum and peak sound levels, degree of variability of sound levels over time, and the percentage of time playing music. The mean dose per event for the entire sample was 109.5% and ranged from 53.8% to 166.9%. Results of linear regression analysis revealed that regressors accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in dose (F = 128.42, p < 0.000) and a statistically significant and very large (96% variance accounted for) contribution to the prediction of dose. Findings implicate the critical role of the instructor and teaching pedagogy.


Is there a need for a new inhalational anaesthetic agent?
New anaesthetic agents are continually being developed in an effort to prepare the ideal agent. Isoflurane is the first choice of many anaesthetists, although it clearly falls short of the ideal on a number of counts. The need and place for any new agent depends on comparing the properties of a theoretically ideal agent with those of isoflurane and the new agent. Desflurane is a step towards a more ideal inhaled agent; however, there is still the need to synthesise and evaluate new chemical entities in order that the ideal can more nearly be approached.


A senescence rescue screen identifies BCL6 as an inhibitor of anti-proliferative p19(ARF)-p53 signaling.
Senescence limits the proliferative capacity of primary cells in culture. We describe here a genetic screen to identify genes that allow bypass of this checkpoint. Using retroviral cDNA expression libraries, we identify BCL6 as a potent inhibitor of senescence. BCL6 is frequently activated in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but its mechanism of action has remained unclear. BCL6 efficiently immortalizes primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cooperates with RAS in oncogenic transformation. BCL6 overrides the senescence response downstream of p53 through a process that requires induction of cyclin D1 expression, as cyclin D1 knockout fibroblasts are specifically resistant to BCL6 immortalization. We show that BCL6 expression also dramatically extends the replicative lifespan of primary human B cells in culture and induces cyclin D1 expression, indicating that BCL6 has a similar activity in lymphoid cells. Our results suggest that BCL6 contributes to oncogenesis by rendering cells unresponsive to antiproliferative signals from the p19(ARF)-p53 pathway.


Synthesis of novel laccase-biotitania biocatalysts for malachite green decolorization.
Biomimetic mineralization has emerged as a novel tool for generating excellent supports for enzyme stabilization. In this work, protamine was used to induce titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactato) dihydroxide (Ti-BALDH) into titania nanoparticles. This biomimetic titanification process was adopted for laccase immobilization. Laccase-biotitania biocatalyst was prepared and the effect of different parameters (buffer solution, titania precursor concentration, protamine concentration, and enzyme loading) on the encapsulation efficiency and recovery of laccase were evaluated. Compared with free laccase, the thermal and pH stability of immobilized laccase were improved significantly. In addition, laccase loaded on titania was effective at enhancing its storage stability. After seven consecutive cycles, the immobilized laccase still retained 51% of its original activity. Finally, laccase-biotitania biocatalysts showed good performance on decolorization of malachite green (MG), which can be attributed to an adsorption and degradation effect. The intermediates of the MG degradation were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, and the most probable degradation pathway was proposed. This study provides deeper understanding of the laccase-biotitania particles as a fast biocatalyst for MG decolorization.


Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Voluntary Blood Donors at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia.
Background. Transfusion-transmissible infections, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and syphilis are among the greatest threats to blood safety and pose a serious public health problem. Objective. To determine the magnitude of blood borne infections among blood donors at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching Referral Hospital. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 10/11/2015 up to 10/12/2015. 390 donors were consecutively included and data on donor's age, sex, blood type, and serum screening results were obtained by structured questionnaire and laboratory investigation. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 1.4 and then exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Result. The seroprevalence of blood borne pathogens is 29.5% of which HCV, HBV, HIV, and syphilis account for 8.5%, 9.5%, 6.4%, and 7.5%, respectively. Multiple infections were observed among 2.8% of the infected individuals. In addition, age ≥ 30 has a significant association with HCV. Conclusion. Significantly higher prevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections was identified from blood donors and they remain to be the greatest threat to blood safety, so comprehensive screening of donors' blood for HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis using standard methods is highly recommended to ensure the safety of blood recipient.


An enzymatic basis for Lewis blood types in man.
Milk from women with blood type Le(a+) or Le(b+) contains a specific fucosyltransferase not found in the milk of women with blood type Le(a- b-). The enzyme, a guanosine diphosphate L-fucose: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminylsaccharide alpha-4-L-fucosyltransferase is apparently required for the synthesis of the structural determinants of Le(a) and Le(b) specificity, both of which contain fucose in an alpha-1,4 linkage to N-acetylglucosamine. The same enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of milk oligosaccharides, as two oligosaccharides which contain this linkage are absent from the milk of women with Le(a- b-) blood type.


Effects of glyphosate and methidathion on the expression of the Dhb, Vtg, Arnt, CYP4 and CYP314 in Daphnia magna.
In this study, the expression of five stress responsive genes was quantified and analyzed using a semi-quantitative RT-PCR to study the changes in their expression in Daphnia magna after exposure to known pesticides, glyphosate and methidathion. Hemoglobin (Dhb), which was used to show the effect of the oxygen level in the aquatic system, was significantly expressed in D. magna after exposure to glyphosate and methidathion. Additionally, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), a gene related to the metabolism of aryl hydrocarbons, had lower expression levels in D. magna than within the control. CYP4, which was used among cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to show the effects on the fatty acid and steroids metabolisms, was down-regulated in D. magna exposed to glyphosate. However, methidathion affected the expression of CYP314, which was used to show effects of ecdysis, not CYP4 in D. magna. Therefore, glyphosate and methidathion probably caused physiological effects with different patterns in D. magna, especially metabolisms related to CYPs. On the other hand, only vitellogenin (Vtg), which was responsive to the estrogenic potency, did not show any differences in D. magna after exposure to glyphosate or methidathion.


Obstetric practices in planned home births assisted in Brazil.
To describe obstetric practices in planned home births, assisted by qualified professionals in Brazil. This is a descriptive study, with data collected in an online bank maintained by 49 professionals from December 2014 to November 2015, in which the target population was women and newborns assisted in home births. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. A total of 667 women and 665 newborns were included. Most of the women gave birth at home (84.4%), in a nonlithotomic position (99.1%); none underwent episiotomy; 32.3% had intact perineum; and 37.8% had first-degree lacerations, some underwent amniotomy (5.4%), oxytocin administration (0.4%), and Kristeller's maneuver (0.2%); 80.8% of the women with a previous cesarean section had home birth. The rate of transfer of parturients was 15.6%, of puerperal women was 1.9%, and of neonates 1.6%. The rate of cesarean section in the parturients that started labor at home was 9.0%. The obstetric practices taken are consistent with the scientific evidence; however, unnecessary interventions are still performed. The rates of cesarean sections and maternal and neonatal transfers are low. Home can be a place of birth option for women seeking a physiological delivery.


Inactive conformation of the serpin alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin indicates two-stage insertion of the reactive loop: implications for inhibitory function and conformational disease.
The serpins are a family of proteinase inhibitors that play a central role in the control of proteolytic cascades. Their inhibitory mechanism depends on the intramolecular insertion of the reactive loop into beta-sheet A after cleavage by the target proteinase. Point mutations within the protein can allow aberrant conformational transitions characterized by beta-strand exchange between the reactive loop of one molecule and beta-sheet A of another. These loop-sheet polymers result in diseases as varied as cirrhosis, emphysema, angio-oedema, and thrombosis, and we recently have shown that they underlie an early-onset dementia. We report here the biochemical characteristics and crystal structure of a naturally occurring variant (Leu-55-Pro) of the plasma serpin alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin trapped as an inactive intermediate. The structure demonstrates a serpin configuration with partial insertion of the reactive loop into beta-sheet A. The lower part of the sheet is filled by the last turn of F-helix and the loop that links it to s3A. This conformation matches that of proposed intermediates on the pathway to complex and polymer formation in the serpins. In particular, this intermediate, along with the latent and polymerized conformations, explains the loss of activity of plasma alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with the Leu-55-Pro mutation.


MiR-101 reduces cell proliferation and invasion and enhances apoptosis in endometrial cancer via regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR.
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in tumor development. mTOR overexpression and PI3K/ Akt/mTOR signaling pathway enhancement were found in endometrial cancer (EC). MiR-101 was found downregulated in EC. Bioinformatics analysis showed the binding site between miR-101 and the 3'-UTR of mTOR mRNA. This study investigated the role of miR-101 in affecting EC proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, and mediating mTOR expression. EC tumor tissue and normal endometrial tissue were collected from Jinan maternity and child care hospital. MiR-101 and mTOR expressions were detected. The targeted relationship between miR-101 and mTOR was tested by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. MiR-101, mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1 expressions between HEEC and HEC-1A cells were compared. HEC-1A cells were cultured in vitro and divided into five groups, including miR-NC, miR-101 mimic, si-NC, si-mTOR, and miR-101 + si-mTOR. mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1 expressions were compared. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell malignant proliferation was evaluated by colony formation assay. Cell invasion was determined by Transwell assay. MiR-101 and mTOR expressions significantly declined in EC tissue compared with normal endometrium. MiR-101 showed targeted relationship with mTOR. MiR-101 reduced, while mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1 levels elevated in HEC-1 cells compared with HEEC cells. MiR-101 mimic and/or si-mTOR transfection obviously reduced mTOR, p-mTOR, and p-4EBP1 expressions, decreased colony formation, decreased invasion, and enhanced apoptosis in HEC-1A cells. MiR-101 downregulated and mTOR elevated in EC tissue. MiR-101 decreased HEC-1A cell proliferation and invasion, and upregulated apoptosis through targeting mTOR to attenuate PI3K/Akt/ mTOR signaling pathway activity.


[Pollutions of indoor fine particles in four types of public places and the influencing factors].
To study the levels of pollutions caused by fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) in the public places and investigate the possible influencing factors. A total of 20 public places in four types such as rest room in bath center, restaurant, karaoke bars and cyber cafe in Tongzhou district in Beijing were chosen in this study; indoor and outdoor PM(2.5) was monitored by TSI sidepak AM510. Data under varying conditions were collected and analyzed, such as doors or windows or mechanical ventilation devices being opened, rooms cramped with people and smoking. The average concentration of indoor PM(2.5) in 20 public places was (334.6 +/- 386.3) microg/m(3), ranging from 6 microg/m(3) to 1956 microg/m(3); while in bath center, restaurant, karaoke bars and cyber cafe were (116.9 +/- 100.1)microg/m(3), (317.9 +/- 235.3) microg/m(3), (750.6 +/- 521.6)microg/m(3) and (157.5 +/- 98.5) microg/m(3) respectively. The concentrations of PM(2.5) in restaurant (compared with bath center: Z = -10.785, P < 0.01; compared with karaoke bars: Z = -10.488, P < 0.01; compared with cyber cafe: Z = -7.547, P < 0.01) and karaoke bars (compared with bath center: Z = -16.670, P < 0.01; compared with cyber cafe: Z = -15.682, P < 0.01) were much higher than those in other two places. Single-factor analysis revealed that the average concentration of indoor PM(2.5) in 20 public places was associated with the number of smokers per cube meters(9.13 x 10(-3); r = 0.772, F = 26.579, P < 0.01) and ventilation score [(2.5 +/- 1.5) points; r = 0.667, F = 14.442, P < 0.01], and there were significant correlation between the average indoor and outdoor levels in restaurant [(317.9 +/- 235.3) microg/m(3), (67.8 +/- 78.9) microg/m(3); r = 0.918, F = 16.013, P = 0.028] and cyber cafe [(157.5 +/- 98.5) microg/m(3), (67.7 +/- 43.7) microg/m(3); r = 0.955, F = 30.785, P = 0.012]. Furthermore, significant correlation was observed between the average concentration of indoor PM(2.5) [(157.5 +/- 98.5) microg/m(3)]and the number of people per cube meters (288.7 x 10(-3)) in cyber cafe (r = 0.891, F = 11.615, P = 0.042). Multiple regression analysis showed that smoking (b' = 0.581, t = 3.542, P = 0.003) and ventilation (b' = -0.348, t = -2.122, P = 0.049) were the major factors that may influence the concentration of indoor PM(2.5) in four public places. With cluster analysis, the results showed that the major factors that influence the concentration of indoor PM(2.5) was the outdoor PM(2.5) levels [(49.6 +/- 39.5) microg/m(3); b = 1.556, t = 3.760, P = 0.007] when ventilation (score > 2) was relatively good. The number of smokers per cube meters (14.7 x 10(-3)) became the major influence factor when the ventilation score </= 2 (b = 140.957, t = 3.108, P = 0.013) and 51.8% increases of indoor PM(2.5) was attributed to smoking. This study indicated that smoking was the main source of indoor PM(2.5) in public places. Outdoor PM(2.5) should be correlated with indoor PM(2.5) concentration under drafty situation.


Change in heat capacity accurately predicts vibrational coupling in enzyme catalyzed reactions.
The temperature dependence of kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) have been used to infer the vibrational coupling of the protein and or substrate to the reaction coordinate, particularly in enzyme-catalyzed hydrogen transfer reactions. We find that a new model for the temperature dependence of experimentally determined observed rate constants (macromolecular rate theory, MMRT) is able to accurately predict the occurrence of vibrational coupling, even where the temperature dependence of the KIE fails. This model, that incorporates the change in heat capacity for enzyme catalysis, demonstrates remarkable consistency with both experiment and theory and in many respects is more robust than models used at present.


Hepatic cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of pigtail macaques support hepatitis C virus infection.
The narrow species tropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) limits animal studies. We found that pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) hepatic cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells support the entire HCV life cycle, although infection efficiency was limited by defects in the HCV cell entry process. This block was overcome by either increasing occludin expression, complementing the cells with human CD81, or infecting them with a strain of HCV with less restricted requirements for CD81. Using this system, we can modify viral and host cell genetics to make pigtail macaques a suitable, clinically relevant model for the study of HCV infection.


Prospective observational comparative study assessing the role of store and forward teledermatology triage in skin cancer.
In the UK, patients with suspected cancer should be seen within 2 weeks of referral, and treatment commenced within 62 days. We investigated store-and-forward teledermatology triage for melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) at a skin-cancer clinic. Electronic referral and digital photography were assessed together to allocate priority. Data were collected prospectively for 1 year and compared with conventional referral. In the photograph group, we upgraded all patients with malignant lesions who were not referred urgently. In the comparison group, seven patients (9%) were not upgraded and six (8%) were downgraded. Median wait to clinic for photographed patients with melanoma was 14 days and 13.5 days for SCC. Without photographs, urgent cases were seen after a median of 24 days. In the photograph group, all but one melanoma and 60% of patients with SCC were treated within 62 days. In the group without photographs, 68% of patients with melanoma and < 50% of patients with SCC were treated within 62 days. These data support photographic triage as a useful tool for improving prioritization and reducing waiting times.


Successful implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme for elective colorectal surgery: a process evaluation of champions' experiences.
Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal evidence-based approach to patient care that has become the standard in elective colorectal surgery. Implemented globally, ERAS programmes represent a considerable change in practice for many surgical care providers. Our current understanding of specific implementation and sustainability challenges is limited. In January 2013, we began a 2-year ERAS implementation for elective colorectal surgery in 15 academic hospitals in Ontario. The purpose of this study was to understand the process enablers and barriers that influenced the success of ERAS implementation in these centres with a view towards supporting sustainable change. A qualitative process evaluation was conducted from June to September 2014. Semi-structured interviews with implementation champions were completed, and an iterative inductive thematic analysis was conducted. Following a data-driven analysis, the Normalization Process Theory (NPT) was used as an analytic framework to understand the impact of various implementation processes. The NPT constructs were used as sensitizing concepts, reviewed against existing data categories for alignment and fit. Fifty-eight participants were included: 15 surgeons, 14 anaesthesiologists, 15 nurses, and 14 project coordinators. A number of process-related implementation enablers were identified: champions' belief in the value of the programme, the fit and cohesion of champions and their teams locally and provincially, a bottom-up approach to stakeholder engagement targeting organizational relationship-building, receptivity and support of division leaders, and the normalization of ERAS as everyday practice. Technical enablers identified included effective integration with existing clinical systems and using audit and feedback to report to hospital stakeholders. There was an overall optimism that ERAS implementation would be sustained, accompanied by concern about long-term organizational support. Successful ERAS implementation is achieved by a complex series of cognitive and social processes which previously have not been well described. Using the Normalization Process Theory as a framework, this analysis demonstrates the importance of champion coherence, external and internal relationship building, and the strategic management of a project's organization-level visibility as important to ERAS uptake and sustainability.


A competitive ELISA for the quantitative determination of the novel anti-HIV drug candidate CIGB-210 in biological fluids.
The synthetic peptide CIGB-210 is a promising anti-HIV drug candidate shown to inhibit HIV replication in MT4 cells at the nanomolar range by triggering the rearrangement of vimentin intermediate filaments. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required for pharmacological studies of CIBG-210 in animals. In this study, we describe the development of a competitive ELISA for the quantitative determination of CIGB-210 using an anti-CIGB-210 hyperimmune serum. After optimization of all the steps, the assay exhibited a dynamic range from 11.87 to 0.0095 µg/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) was lower than or close to 5% for all the six concentrations of the calibrator, and the inter-assay CV was below 10% in five out of the six concentrations tested. No interference of either murine or human plasma was observed. The analyte was stable in plasma after five freeze-thaw cycles, while the hyperimmune serum maintained its binding capacity after 10 freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, the ELISA was able to detect the two main metabolites of CIGB-210, although with a tenfold decrease in sensitivity. Our results demonstrate the utility and feasibility of this analytical method for pharmacological experiments in animals as humans.


[A new lignan from stem bark of Syringa pinnatifolia].
One new lignan, named Z-pinnatifolin A, along with ten known analogues, were isolated from the stem bark of Syringa pinnatifolia by various chromatographic methods. Their structures were extensively determined on basis of MS and NMR spectroscopic data analyses, and comparison with those in literature. Among them, compounds 3,4, and 8-11 were isolated from this genus for the first time, and 5-7 were isolated from the specie for the first time. Compound 1 showed a moderate inhibition on NO production in BV-2 cells. The present study provides a preliminary data for clarification of bioactive ingredients of S.pinnatifolia with anti-myocardial ischemic effect.


Red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased hemolysis and an acute phase response in a subset of critically ill children.
In healthy adults, transfusion of older stored red blood cells (RBCs) produces extravascular hemolysis and circulating non-transferrin-bound iron. In a prospective, observational study of critically ill children, we examined the effect of RBC storage duration on the extent of hemolysis by comparing laboratory measurements obtained before, and 4 hr after, RBC transfusion (N = 100) or saline/albumin infusion (N = 20). Transfusion of RBCs stored for longer than 4 weeks significantly increased plasma free hemoglobin (P < 0.05), indirect bilirubin (P < 0.05), serum iron (P < 0.001), and non-transferrin-bound iron (P < 0.01). However, days of storage duration poorly correlated (R(2) <0.10) with all measured indicators of hemolysis and inflammation. These results suggest that, in critically ill children, most effects of RBC storage duration on post-transfusion hemolysis are overwhelmed by recipient and/or donor factors. Nonetheless, we identified a subset of patients (N = 21) with evidence of considerable extravascular hemolysis (i.e., increased indirect bilirubin ≥0.4 mg/dL). In these patients, transfusion-associated hemolysis was accompanied by increases in circulating non-transferrin-bound iron and free hemoglobin and by an acute phase response, as assessed by an increase in median C-reactive protein levels of 21.2 mg/L (P < 0.05). In summary, RBC transfusions were associated with an acute phase response and both extravascular and intravascular hemolysis, which were independent of RBC storage duration. The 21% of transfusions that were associated with substantial hemolysis conferred an increased risk of inducing an acute phase response.