Estimation of migration profiles in England and Wales.
"Migration profiles by age have been increasingly used in the analysis of migration data, and a theoretical function has been developed by researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). This paper refines the approach by applying the principles of maximum likelihood to the estimation of the coefficients for the function. This enhances the statistical basis and in particular enables [the authors] to carry out tests of similarity between different areas on the basis of the calibrated coefficients. The method is applied to 1971 Census data for the local authorities of England and Wales."


Management strategies for infected total hip arthroplasty. A critical appreciation of problems and techniques.
Infection is a devastating complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Risk factors have been recognised and prevention is possible. The nature of the disease is heterogeneous and for satisfactory management one has to weigh factors related to pathogen, host, local soft tissue, bone stock, surgeon experience and financial resources. Available data in the current literature is of poor quality and there is a lack of data comparing different techniques. Referral of patients to dedicated departments with the appropriate facilities may be more appropriate.


[A descriptive analysis of cognitive activities involved in locating fishing points: In the case of fishermen of Toyoshima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture].
This study aimed at descriptive understanding of traditional methods involved in locating fishing points and navigating to them in the sea, and investigate associated cognitive activities. Participant observations and interviews were conducted for more than 30 fishermen who employed hand-line or long-line fishing methods near Toyoshima Island, Hiroshima Prefecture. The main findings were: (1) Fishermen readily perceived environmental cues when locating fishing points, which enabled them to navigate to a correct point on the sea. (2) Their memory of fishing points was not verbal, but visual, directly tied to the cue perception, and was constantly renewed during fishing activities. (3) They grasped configurations of various natural conditions (e.g., swiftness of the tide, surface structure of the sea bottom) through tactile information from the fishing line, and comprehended their surroundings with accumulated knowledge and inductive inferences. And (4) their cognitive processes of perception, memory, and understanding were functionally coordinated in the series of fishing work.


Tuberous sclerosis gene products in proliferation control.
Two genes, TSC1 and TSC2, have been shown to be responsible for tuberous sclerosis (TSC). The detection of loss of heterozygosity of TSC1 or TSC2 in hamartomas, the growths characteristically occurring in TSC patients, suggested a tumor suppressor function for their gene products hamartin and tuberin. Studies analyzing ectopically modulated expression of TSC2 in human and rodent cells together with the finding that a homolog of TSC2 regulates the Drosophila cell cycle suggest that TSC is a disease of proliferation/cell cycle control. We discuss this question including very recent data obtained from analyzing mice expressing a modulated TSC2 transgene, and from studying the effects of deregulated TSC1 expression. Elucidation of the cellular functions of these proteins will form the basis of a better understanding of how mutations in these genes cause the disease and for the development of new therapeutic strategies.


Loss of function mutations in ATP2A2 and psychoses: A case report and literature survey.
Though genetic factors play a major role in the pathophysiology of psychoses including bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia, lack of well-established causative genetic mutations hampers their neurobiological studies. Darier's disease, an autosomal dominant skin disorder caused by mutations of ATP2A2 on chromosome 12q23-24.1, encoding sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium transporting ATPase 2 (SERCA2), reportedly cosegregates with BD. A recent genome-wide association study showed an association of schizophrenia with ATP2A2. We sequenced all coding regions of ATP2A2 in a newly identified patient with Darier's disease and BD. In addition, we performed a literature survey to examine whether likely gene disrupting (LGD) mutations are related to psychoses. We identified a rare heterozygous mutation, c.1288-6A>G, at the 3' end of intron 10 in the patient. A minigene splicing assay showed that this mutation introduces a new splice site causing a frameshift and premature stop codon. A literature survey of case reports of patients with Darier's disease and psychoses revealed that the rate of LGD mutations causing frameshift, altered splicing, gain of stop codon, or loss of start codon was significantly higher among the mutations harbored by these cases (9 of 11) than that of ATP2A2 mutations for which comorbidity of psychosis was not reported (107 of 237, P = 0.026). The only non-LGD mutation (p.C560R) reported in patients with Darier's disease and BD caused decreased ATP2A2 protein expression. These results suggest that psychoses in Darier's disease may be caused by a pleiotropic effect of loss-of-function mutations of ATP2A2.


[Peculiarities of development of muscular atrophy in rats of varying age due to suspension].
Compared were changes in m. soleus and m. gastrocnemius in rats at the age of 40, 100 and 220 days in a 30-d experiment with tail suspendion. As it was stated, deficient support loading of the hind limbs had a negative effect on the gain in m. soleus mass and, to a less degree, in m. gastrocnemius mass, particularly in younger rats. In tail-suspended young rats m. soleus mass was by 60% and in elder rats by 48% less as compared to their controls. No matter age of the group, type-1 fibers and IIA and IIC in m. soleus were equally affected. In comparison with the controls, cross-section areas of fibers in 40- and 100-d old rats decreased by 62-68% and in 220-d old rats, by 43-50%. Slow type 1 muscular fibers underwent transformation in fast type IIA and IIC fibers in m. soleus. The more aged rats, the less population of slow muscular fibers transformed. The m. gastrocnemius mass in all suspended groups was by 20% lower than in the controls. In 40- and 100-d old rats suspension caused atrophy of each of 5 types of fibers in m. gastrocnemius, whereas in 220-d old rats those were only types IA and IIC of fibers that had been atrophied. There were early signs of transformation of slow type IB fibers in the fast ones. The conclusion was made that muscles of young animals are more sensitive to deficit in functional loading and atrophy more severely that in old rats. Transformation of slow fibers was observed mainly in m. soleus of young animals and was essentially absent in old.


Tissue-separating capacity of growth cartilages.
The tissue-separating capacity of chondral structures has been debated for more than 30 years, and one aspect that has particularly been questioned is whether the secondary cartilage of the mandibular condyle is comparable to primary growth cartilage, e.g. the epiphyseal growth plate. The present report summarizes information gained by using a specific interosseal transplantation method. These findings lead to the conclusion that all the structures examined, i.e. the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of the tibia, the cartilage of the costochondral junction of the ribs, the basicranial synchondroses, the medial cartilage of the clavicle and the mandibular condyle, have the capacity to separate adjoining skeletal structures. The changes induced by the transplanted structures in the recipient area vary, however, suggesting a hierarchial arrangement of cartilages with regard to their tissue-separating capacity. It is suggested that the tissue-separating capacity is a basic phenomenon in the function of growth, not only of primary growth cartilages, but of secondary cartilages as well.


Iron-mediated internal-oxidant relay cascade reaction: strategy to synthesize fullerenooxazoles and hydroxyfullerenyl amides.
A novel FeCl2·4H2O-mediated internal-oxidant relay cascade reaction has been developed by functionalization of O-substituted benzohydroxamic acids or N-chloro-arylamides with [60]fullerene. Depending on the nature of the N-substituted groups, fullerenooxazoles or rare hydroxyfullerenyl amides could be obtained in a straightforward and flexible manner. Such a new transformation provides a unique strategy for the synthesis of fullerenooxazoles or hydroxyfullerenyl amides.


Feasibility assessment for use of Rh-positive blood products during emergency resuscitation in the North Texas trauma population.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent to which a blood bank policy aimed at decreasing the risk of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) by limiting emergency-release blood to Rh-negative blood products is effective. We conducted a retrospective review of the trauma registry for all trauma patients evaluated at our level II trauma center. Patients who received blood products within 4 h of arrival were included. Focused chart review was performed to describe the ABO type, Rh blood type, and sex of the blood recipient in the study population. We identified 262 patients who received emergent transfusion, including 64 women. Four of the 64 women (6%) were Rh negative. Of these, one was of childbearing potential, which represents 0.4% of the 262 patients who received emergency-release blood products and 1.6% of the 64 women emergently transfused following trauma. During our study interval, 1527 units of blood were transfused to patients who could have received Rh-positive blood without concern for HDFN. The proscription against Rh-positive blood as an emergency-release blood product only minimally reduces the risk of development of future HDFN in our trauma population.


Stromal fibroblastic and hematopoietic progenitors in patients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
We cultured bone marrow cells from patients receiving bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to assay bone marrow fibroblast colony-forming cells (CFU-F) and hematopoietic progenitors (CFU-mix, CFU-C, BFU-E and CFU-E), and compared the mean values obtained from patients with and without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The value of CFU-F colonies from 15 patients was always less in patients with acute GVHD Grade II,III than in those with Grade 0,I over the period 30 to 110 days after BMT. The CFU-F colonies from patients with Grade 0,I consisted of approximately the same number of small and large colonies, whereas virtually all CFU-F colonies from patients with Grade II,III were small. Fibroblasts collected from bone marrow cells cultured for 2-3 weeks were incubated with IL-1 (50 U/ml) for 24 h. The concentrations of G-CSF in the culture supernatants from patients with Grade II,III were higher than in those with Grade 0,I. The results of assays of hematopoietic progenitors from 48 patients showed that the number of hematopoietic progenitors decreased as the severity of acute GVHD increased. These results suggest that the myelosuppression seen in GVHD may be associated with reduced numbers of CFU-F in bone marrow.


Severe desaturation while attempting one-lung ventilation for congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation with respiratory distress syndrome in neonate -A case report-.
There are many methods for achieving one-lung ventilation (OLV) during thoracic surgery in neonates and the accuracy of OLV may affect postoperative outcome. The authors have performed OLV using a 5 Fr Arndt endobronchial blocker (AEB, Cook Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA) on a neonate diagnosed with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) associated with marked mediastinal shift. In spite of sufficient preoxygenation, sudden and severe fall in oxygen saturation had occurred. Since neonates with RDS may develop sudden and severe desaturation, rapid intubation with anticipation of potential difficulty is necessary as well as sufficient preoxygenation.


The resistant effect of SIRT1 in oxidative stress-induced senescence of rat nucleus pulposus cell is regulated by Akt-FoxO1 pathway.
Objective: The senescence of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells induced by oxidative stress is one of the important causes of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Herein, we investigated the role and action mechanism of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in oxidative stress-induced senescence of rat NP cell.Methods: Premature senescence of rat NP cells was induced by sublethal concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (100 μM). SIRT1 was activated with SRT1720 (5 μM) to explore its effect on NP cells senescence. FoxO1 and Akt were inhibited by AS1842856 (0.2 μM) and MK-2206 (5 μM), respectively, to explore the role of Akt-FoxO1-SIRT1 axis in rat NP cells. Pretreatment with the resveratrol (20 μM), a common antioxidant and indirect activator of SIRT1, was done to investigate its role in senescent rat NP cells.Results: The mRNA and protein levels of SIRT1 were decreased in H2O2-induced senescent rat NP cells, and that specific activation of SIRT1 suppresses senescence. And the Akt-FoxO1 pathway, as the upstream of SIRT1, might be involved in the regulation of H2O2-induced senescence of rat NP cells by affecting the expression of SIRT1. In addition, the resveratrol played an anti-senescence role in rat NP cells, which might affect the Akt-FoxO1-SIRT1 axis.Conclusion: SIRT1 ameliorated oxidative stress-induced senescence of rat NP cell which was regulated by Akt-FoxO1 pathway, and resveratrol exerted anti-senescence effects by affecting this signaling axis.


Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma in the Sinonasal Cavity with Large Intracranial Extension Treated with Endonasal Endoscopic and Transcranial Combined Surgery: A Case Report.
Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is a rare malignant tumor that typically arises in the lungs. It is especially rare in the sinonasal cavity, and treatment has not been established. In this study, we present the case of a 56-year-old woman with a large sinonasal LCNEC that extended into her brain. We performed endonasal endoscopic and transcranial combined surgery followed by chemoradiation therapy. The combined surgery enabled us to approach and remove the extensive tumor from two different directions at one time less invasively. We have achieved good tumor control for 18 months so far.


[Oxidative stress and male infertility a clinical perspective].
The review of recent literature suggests that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the etiology of male infertility, life style and environmental factors contributing to oxidative stress are common in males. Antioxidant defence system is described as a complex network of internally synthesised and externally supplied components. In men with oxidative stress infertility antioxidants (-carotine, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, and zinc) intake decreases reactive oxygen species production, improves sperm parameters and pregnancy rate.


[Breast cancer treatment in 2004: towards a tailored approach].
Breast cancer remains one of the most frequent malignancies that general practitioners are confronted with. Given their key-counselling role for the affected families, they need regular updates on the multi-disciplinary management of the disease. This has been characterized by an evolution towards less aggressive surgery, sparing many women the morbidity of a full axillary node dissection; in parallel, there is increasing hope for "individualized" adjuvant medical treatment, given the development of new technologies that provide an "identity card" of the genes expressed by each tumour. These technologies should improve our ability to identify which women truly need adjuvant chemotherapy and to select the best medical treatment on an individual basis. While providing these messages of hope, this chapter also reviews the major classes of drugs used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer.


Whip spiders (Amblypygi, Arachnida) of the Western Palaearctic-a review.
All records of the two amblypygid species occurring in the Western Palaearctic are mapped and both species (Charinus ioanniticus and Musicodamon atlanteus) are discussed. Charinus ioanniticus is known from the Eastern Mediterranean (Greece, Turkey, Israel and Egypt) from 10 localities and Musicodamon atlanteus is known from the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria) from three localities. All records are mapped.


A Scoping Review of Audiovisual Integration Methodology: Screening for Auditory and Visual Impairment in Younger and Older Adults.
With the rise of the aging population, many scientists studying multisensory integration have turned toward understanding how this process may change with age. This scoping review was conducted to understand and describe the scope and rigor with which researchers studying audiovisual sensory integration screen for hearing and vision impairment. A structured search in three licensed databases (Scopus, PubMed, and PsychInfo) using the key concepts of multisensory integration, audiovisual modality, and aging revealed 2,462 articles, which were screened for inclusion by two reviewers. Articles were included if they (1) tested healthy older adults (minimum mean or median age of 60) with younger adults as a comparison (mean or median age between 18 and 35), (2) measured auditory and visual integration, (3) were written in English, and (4) reported behavioral outcomes. Articles that included the following were excluded: (1) tested taste exclusively, (2) tested olfaction exclusively, (3) tested somatosensation exclusively, (4) tested emotion perception, (5) were not written in English, (6) were clinical commentaries, editorials, interviews, letters, newspaper articles, abstracts only, or non-peer reviewed literature (e.g., theses), and (7) focused on neuroimaging without a behavioral component. Data pertaining to the details of the study (e.g., country of publication, year of publication, etc.) were extracted, however, of higher importance to our research question, data pertaining to screening measures used for hearing and vision impairment (e.g., type of test used, whether hearing- and visual-aids were worn, thresholds used, etc.) were extracted, collated, and summarized. Our search revealed that only 64% of studies screened for age-abnormal hearing impairment, 51% screened for age-abnormal vision impairment, and that consistent definitions of normal or abnormal vision and hearing were not used among the studies that screened for sensory abilities. A total of 1,624 younger adults and 4,778 older participants were included in the scoping review with males composing approximately 44% and females composing 56% of the total sample and most of the data was obtained from only four countries. We recommend that studies investigating the effects of aging on multisensory integration should screen for normal vision and hearing by using the World Health Organization's (WHO) hearing loss and visual impairment cut-off scores in order to maintain consistency among other aging researchers. As mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has been defined as a "transitional" or a "transitory" stage between normal aging and dementia and because approximately 3-5% of the aging population will develop MCI each year, it is therefore important that when researchers aim to study a healthy aging population, that they appropriately screen for MCI. One of our secondary aims was to determine how often researchers were screening for cognitive impairment and the types of tests that were used to do so. Our results revealed that only 55 out of 72 studies tested for neurological and cognitive function, and only a subset used standardized tests. Additionally, among the studies that used standardized tests, the cut-off scores used were not always adequate for screening out mild cognitive impairment. An additional secondary aim of this scoping review was to determine the feasibility of whether a meta-analysis could be conducted in the future to further quantitatively evaluate the results (i.e., are the findings obtained from studies using self-reported vision and hearing impairment screening methods significantly different from those measuring vision and hearing impairment in the lab) and to assess the scope of this problem. We found that it may not be feasible to conduct a meta-analysis with the entire dataset of this scoping review. However, a meta-analysis can be conducted if stricter parameters are used (e.g., focusing on accuracy or response time data only). Systematic Review Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GTUHD.


Intracellular localization and determination of a nuclear localization signal of the core protein of dengue virus.
In dengue virus (DEN) particles, the core protein is a structural protein of the nucleocapsid. The core protein is known to be present in the nucleus of DEN-infected cells but there have been conflicting reports as to whether it is also present in the nucleolus. To clarify this, the intracellular location of the core protein was examined using a monoclonal antibody, 15B11, which was produced in this study. Immunofluorescence staining with this antibody demonstrated that the core protein first appeared in the cytoplasm and then in the nuclei and nucleoli of infected cells. Nuclear localization of the core protein was determined to be independent of other DEN proteins, since recombinant core proteins still entered the nuclei and nucleoli of cells transfected with only the core protein gene. Three putative nuclear localization signal motifs have been predicted to be present on the core protein. Deletion of the first one (KKAR), located at aa 6-9, and mutation of the second one (KKSK), located at aa 73-76, did not eliminate the nuclear localization property of the core protein. The third motif with a bipartite structure, RKeigrmlnilnRRRR, located at aa 85-100, was determined to be responsible for the nuclear localization of the core protein, since the core protein without this motif was located exclusively in the cytoplasm of DEN-infected cells and that this motif mediated nuclear localization of a normally cytoplasmic protein.


Pneumocephalus in cerebellopontine angle and meningitis secondary to chronic otitis media in a child.
Pneumocephalus is a rare complication of chronic otitis media. Despite its rarity intra-cranial air carries a potential risk of increased intra-cranial pressure or meningitis, which requires immediate therapy. A 10-year-old child presented to us with complaints of fever, headache, vomiting, and decreased hearing from left ear. He had history of left ear discharge since 2 years. Clinical examination revealed neck rigidity and left chronic otitis media. Contrast enhanced computed axial tomography scan of head [Figures 1 and 2] showed pneumocephalus in left cerebellopontine angle, opacification of left middle ear and nonpneumatisation of left mastoid. Child was immediately put on empirical intravenous antibiotics and decongestants. He showed clinical improvement in 3 days. Pneumocephalus secondary to chronic otitis media is extremely rare; we are reporting one such case in a child with review of literature.


Infection control in soup kitchens and shelters.
This article explains one community's efforts to decrease infectious diseases in their community through a proactive approach among the homeless population. Due to the frequency with which the homeless population interfaces with other community members, it is time that infectious disease management among the homeless be incorporated into settings where the homeless population accesses services. Home health nurses can be the link to the community's efforts to develop and deliver infection control programs for the homeless population.


In vitro effects of Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin conditioned medium on 3 different cell lines implicated in dental implantology.
The aim of this work was to determine the relevance of Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in dental implantology by determining the in vitro effects of soluble factors released by PRF clot. We used 3 different cell lines implicated in dental implantology: osteoblast, keratinocyte, and fibroblast. Cellular viability, cell proliferation, and gene expression were analyzed using PRF conditioned medium. Three different cells lines were used: SaOS2 (osteoblast), MRC5 (fibroblast), and KB (epithelial cell). The sulforhodamine B assay showed a significant increase in cell number for the undiluted and 1:3 diluted conditioned medium after 24 and 48 hours. There was no effect for the 1:9 dilution. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry confirmed the viability test results. After 48 hours, PRF conditioned medium induced gene expression in osteoblasts. Expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin, late osteogenic markers, was observed using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This study establishes a model to evaluate, in vitro, the effects of soluble growth factors released by PRF clot. Our work confirmed PRF is useful in stimulating tissue healing and bone regeneration. This work should recommend Choukroun's PRF in numerous implantology clinical applications.


Twins and more--1. Some current thinking on multiple births.
The incidence of multiple births is rising in many countries including the U.K., mainly as a result of treatment for infertility. Parents of twins, triplets or more require specific information, advice and support at all stages of parenting from diagnosis of a multiple pregnancy onwards. Specialist midwives have an important role to play in this, as do voluntary organisations such as the Multiple Births Foundation. The first part of this two-part article provides an update of some current thinking on multiple births, including twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Part two will provide information about the needs of families with a multiple birth in the early years.


Effect of Macerase, Oxalic Acid, and EGTA on Deep Supercooling and Pit Membrane Structure of Xylem Parenchyma of Peach.
The object of this study was to determine if calcium cross-linking of pectin in the pit membrane of xylem parenchyma restricts water movement which results in deep supercooling. Current year shoots of ;Loring' peach (Prunus persica) were infiltrated with oxalic acid or EGTA solutions for 24 or 48 hours and then either prepared for ultrastructural analysis or subjected to differential thermal analysis. The effect of 0.25 to 1.0% pectinase (weight/volume) on deep supercooling was also investigated. The use of 5 to 50 millimolar oxalic acid and pectinase resulted in a significant reduction (flattening) of the low temperature exotherm and a distinct swelling and partial degradation of the pit membrane. EGTA (10 millimolar) for 24 or 48 hours shifted the low temperature exotherm to warmer temperatures and effected the outermost layer of the pit membrane. A hypothesis is presented on pectin-mediated regulation of deep supercooling of xylem parenchyma.


[History of excimer laser refractive surgery in Poland].
First publication about excimer laser in 1983 became the beginning of laser refractive surgery. At the beginning excimer laser was used for PRK procedure for correction of myopia. Laser refractive surgery developed rapidly in 90-ties when LASIK and LASEK procedures started to be used for any kind of refractive errors. In Poland laser refractive surgery begun to be used in 1990.


[Pancytopenia and metabolic decompensation in a neonate].
A 9-day-old male patient was admitted to the hospital because of cough, anhelation, feeding difficulty and lethargy. The diagnostic examinations indicated pulmonary infection, severe metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, hyperammonemia and pancytopenia in the patient. Blood and urine screening and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD) gene detection for inherited metabolic diseases were performed to clarify the etiology. Tandem mass spectrometric screening for blood showed an elevated isovalerylcarnitine (C5) level. The organic acid analysis of urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed significantly increased levels in isovaleryl glycine and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid. Homozygous mutations (c.1208A>G, p.Tyr403Cys) in the IVD gene were identified in the patient. His parents were heterozygous carriers. After the treatment with low-leucine diets and L-carnitine for 3 days, the patient showed a significant improvement in symptoms, but he died one week later. It is concluded that the neonates with pneumonia and metabolic decompensation of unknown etiology should be screened for genetic metabolic disease.


C1 activation, with C1q in excess of functional C1 in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Free Clq, in functionally active form was present in increased amounts in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of free Clq was associated with low concentrations of hemolytic C1, low C4 and raised amounts of C3dg/d fragments in the synovial fluid. The findings suggested intra-articular C1 activation with dissociation of C1 into free C1q and complexes containing C1r, C1s, and C1 inactivator. However, the immunochemical properties of synovial fluid C1r-C1s-C1 inactivator complexes appeared to differ from those of the complexes formed in serum, which hampered quantification with the assay used. Control patients with osteoarthritis or spondylarthritic syndromes did not show evidence of intra-articular complement activation, even though 1 patient with Reiter's disease had unexplained low concentrations of synovial fluid C4 and C3. The concentrations of circulating complement components were largely normal in the patients. Slightly increased concentrations of free C1q and C1r-C1s-C1 inactivator complexes in serum and C3dg/d fragments in EDTA plasma were observed, particularly in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis.


Reassessment of a Decade of Experience on Testicular Torsion: Are We Making a Mistake?
Testicular torsion is a serious surgical emergency of children. Prompt recognition and exclusion of other acute scrotal causes are essential for avoiding testicular loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate 10 years of experience with testicular torsion, point out our pitfalls in diagnosis and management, determine our likelihood of performing orchiectomy for potentially reversible injury. Records of patients operated for testicular torsion in the last decade were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical findings, symptoms, type of surgery, accuracy of radiological evaluation, and the outcome were analyzed. Orchiectomy specimens were reevaluated and histologically graded to determine the existence of previously undetermined low-grade injury. In total, 107 children were operated for testicular torsion. Presentation included pain 96 (89.7%), scrotal swelling 48 (44.8%). Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 96 patients with false-negative results in 26 (27%). Testicular salvage occurred in 65 (60.7%) patients of which 6 (9.2%) developed subsequent testicular atrophy. Forty-two (33.9%) patients were treated with orchiectomy and histologic reevaluation, and grading of the specimens revealed 4 (9.7%) low-grade injury which indicates a potential of reversible injury. Seventeen (13.7%) patients had normal testicular anatomy in surgery. Surgical exploration is mandated in case of clinical suspicion for testicular torsion even with a normal flow Doppler ultrasound. Macroscopic evaluation does not always correlate with microscopic findings, and a decision according to it may result in excision of potentially viable testis. Further studies are required to determine the actual risk of contralateral autoimmune damage and increase the rate testicular salvageability after testicular torsion.


Trends in Medicare use of post-hospital care.
The introduction of Medicare's hospital prospective payment system has raised concerns about availability of and access to needed health care services after beneficiaries are discharged from the hospital. In this article, Medicare coverage of skilled nursing facility, home health agency, and inpatient hospital rehabilitation services is discussed and recent trends in the use of these services are explored. In addition, an overview is provided of two major studies currently sponsored by the Federal Government to examine availability and other issues related to post-hospital care.


Coccolithophore Cell Biology: Chalking Up Progress.
Coccolithophores occupy a special position within the marine phytoplankton because of their production of intricate calcite scales, or coccoliths. Coccolithophores are major contributors to global ocean calcification and long-term carbon fluxes. The intracellular production of coccoliths requires modifications to cellular ultrastructure and metabolism that are surveyed here. In addition to calcification, which appears to have evolved with a diverse range of functions, several other remarkable features that likely underpin the ecological and evolutionary success of coccolithophores have recently been uncovered. These include complex and varied life cycle strategies related to abiotic and biotic interactions as well as a range of novel metabolic pathways and nutritional strategies. Together with knowledge of coccolithophore genetic and physiological variability, these findings are beginning to shed new light on species diversity, distribution, and ecological adaptation. Further advances in genetics and functional characterization at the cellular level will likely to lead to a rapid increase in this understanding.


Management of difficult-to-control hypertension.
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for heart disease and stroke, the first and third most common causes of death in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) revealed an increase in awareness of hypertension from 51% to 73%, and, among persons with hypertension, the treatment rate has increased from 31% to 55% (from 1976-1980 vs 1988-1991). Of importance, the rate of those achieving goal blood pressure (< 140/90 mm Hg) has only improved from 10% in NHANES-II (1976-1980) to 29% in NHANES-III (1988-1991). Thus, more than 70% of persons with hypertension in whom good blood pressure control has not been achieved are termed "difficult hypertensives." Failure to achieve treatment blood pressure goals of less than 140/90 mm Hg is usually attributed to the presence of resistant hypertension, a resistant physician, secondary causes of hypertension such as renovascular disease, medication adverse effects, or a nonadherent patient. A practical understanding of the pathophysiology of resistant hypertension, appropriate screening techniques for secondary forms of hypertension, and alternative management strategies for a chronic disease such as hypertension can result in treatment goals being achieved in most difficult hypertensives.


Gait parameters and stride-to-stride variability during familiarization to walking on a split-belt treadmill.
Subjects unfamiliar to walking on a split-belt treadmill may initially demonstrate an altered gait pattern or increased variability of gait parameters. While previous investigations have examined kinematic variables associated with familiarization time, the objective of this study was to determine the familiarization period required to obtain the most reproducible gait pattern through the assessment of kinetic, kinematic and spatio-temporal parameters during a single session of treadmill walking. Eleven healthy subjects participated in a single bout of treadmill walking which lasted 9 min. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected from the first 30s of each minute, beginning when the treadmill reached full speed. Means and standard deviations for knee flexion at heel strike, ground reaction forces, step width and step length were obtained to examine the changes in each variable over the 9 min. Mean r(2) values were evaluated for changes in variability from one stride to the subsequent stride for sagittal plane hip, knee and ankle joint angles and moments, as well as for vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces. Significant reductions in variability were found for vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces, knee flexion at heel strike and step length over 9 min. Only step width showed a change in the mean value across trials. There were no increases in r(2) values after the 5th min for any of the gait variables. The results suggest that in order to collect accurate data for gait analysis, subjects should be familiarized to the split-belt treadmill for at least 5 min prior to data collection.


Proton displacements coupled to primary electron transfer in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center.
Using first-principles molecular dynamics (AIMD) and constrained density functional theory (CDFT) we identify the pathway of primary electron transfer in the R. Sphaeroides reaction center from the special pair excited state (P*) to the accessory bacteriochlorophyll (BA). Previous AIMD simulations on the special pair (PLPM) predicted a charge-transfer intermediate formation through the excited-state relaxation along a reaction coordinate characterized by the rotation of an axial histidine (HisM202). To account for the full electron transfer we extend the model to include the primary acceptor BA. In this extended model, the LUMO is primarily localized on the acceptor BA and extends over an interstitial water (water A) that is known to influence the rate of electron transfer (Potter et al. Biochemistry 2005 280, 27155-27164). A vibrational analysis of the dynamical trajectories gives a frequency of 30-35 cm(-1) for a molecular motion involving the hydrogen-bond network around water A, in good agreement with experimental findings (Yakovlev et al. Biochemistry, 2003, 68, 603-610). In its binding pocket water A can act as a switch by breaking and forming hydrogen bonds. With CDFT we calculate the energy required to the formation of the charge-separated state and find it to decrease along the predicted anisotropic reaction coordinate. Furthermore, we observe an increased coupling between the ground and charge-separated state. Water A adapts its hydrogen-bonding network along this reaction coordinate and weakens the hydrogen bond with HisM202. We also present AIMD simulations on the radical cation (P(•+)) showing a weakening of the hydrogen bond between HisL168 and the 3(1)-acetyl of PL. This work demonstrates how proton displacements are crucially coupled to the primary electron transfer and characterizes the reaction coordinate of the initial photoproduct formation.


Extracorporeal treatment strategy in acute renal failure.
The mortality of acute renal failure remains high (around 50-70%) despite manifold improvements in terms of techniques and equipment for renal replacement therapies as well as patient monitoring and intensive care support. At present, it is not clear if the method chosen for renal replacement therapy, i.e. intermittent hemodialysis or continuous hemofiltration, might impact on the outcome of these patients. Whilst earlier retrospective studies suggested that CVVH might result in better survival and renal recovery in acute patients, recent prospective studies indicated that this may not be the case or, conversely, outcomes may be better with IHD. These studies were, however, not evenly randomised in terms of illness severity or were too small to produce conclusive results. In addition, a meta-analysis of 9 published prospective studies in 692 pts. indicated a similar mortality with CVVH vs. IHD. Some of the studies enrolled for this meta-analysis, however, suffered from methodological and/or randomisation problems, thus this important question remains to date unanswered. Typically, CVVH is chosen for treating patients with hemodynamic instability and volume overload. In such cases, however, CVVH should be performed with a filtrate volume of at least 35 ml/kg body weight per hour as this was shown to be associated with better survival as compared to smaller filtrate volumes. A second controversy exists to date whether the choice of the dialyzer membrane might be of relevance for the outcome of patients with acute renal failure. Earlier studies indicated that the use of biocompatible membranes in these patients may result in improved patient survival and renal recovery. More recently, however, similar studies could not confirm these results. Another meta-analysis of controlled prospective trials (671 patients in 7 separate studies) calculated a relative mortality risk of 1.01 for cuprophan vs. biocompatible membranes. Thus, the choice of the dialyzer membrane should be based on individual assessment rather than treatment bias.


Prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in Saudi Arabia.
To describe the prevalence of the full spectrum of transverse process elongation and cervical ribs for the first time in over a decade in a Saudi population, trying to assess any changes in the interim. A cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in the 3-month period between October and December 2010. The study comprised a radiologic review of 1,000 consecutive chest radiographs of adults from the digital database looking for the presence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes. Our study showed that cervical ribs are present in 3.4% of our population; a female to male ratio was 2.01 to 1. They were bilateral in 41% of those afflicted individuals. Elongated transverse processes were present in 23%. The prevalence of cervical ribs and elongated transverse processes in our population is higher than that reported in other populations. It also shows an interim increase in prevalence when compared with a previous study on our population more than a decade back.


Sexual orientation, sexual abuse, and HIV-risk behaviors among adolescents in the Pacific Northwest.
We explored HIV risk behaviors, sexual orientation, and sexual abuse among 5 school-based cohorts in Seattle, Wash (SEA95 and SEA99:N=7477 and N=6590), and British Columbia (BC92, BC98, and BC03 [weighted]: N=239975, N=281576, and N=265132). An HIV risk scale of 7 items assessed risky sexual behaviors and injection drug use. Self-identified sexual orientation included heterosexual, bisexual, gay/lesbian, and, in British Columbia only, mostly heterosexual. Analyses of covariance were conducted separately by gender and were adjusted for age and sexual abuse when comparing means. Gay/lesbian and bisexual adolescents had higher mean age-adjusted risk scores compared with heterosexual and mostly heterosexual adolescents. After we controlled for sexual abuse history, mean scores were 2 to 4 times higher among abused students than among nonabused students in each sexual orientation group. Age/abuse-adjusted models better explained the variance in risk scores (R(2)=0.10-0.31), but sexual orientation remained an independent predictor. Sexual minority adolescents who attended school reported higher HIV risk behaviors, and higher prevalence of sexual victimization may partially explain these risks.


Ventral abdominal wall defect correction in rats with contaminated meshes.
To investigate whether there is a difference between Marlex(r) and Dynamesh PP-light Marlex(r) meshes, in the abdominal wall defect correction, on rats in contaminated surgical site. Twenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 14, and four subgroups of seven animals. All subgroups underwent similar surgical procedure. One group received the mesh Marlex(r) and the other Dynamesh PP-light(r) for correction of the defect. Before implanting, the meshes went through a contamination process, on which was used standard solution containing 10 UFC of Escherichia coli. Fragments of the animal's abdominal wall received macroscopic, microscopic and microbiological analysis. There was no statistical significance in the analysis of macroscopic variables. Accentuated inflammatory process was shown in all subgroups. The foreign body type reaction was mild in all subgroups, except Dynamesh(r)-14, which was moderate with no statistical significance. The microbiological analysis of the meshes was also similar between the subgroups. There was no difference between the meshes of Marlex(r) and Dynamesh PP-light(r) in the ventral abdominal wall defect correction on rats in contaminated surgical site.


Zebrafish dives into food research: effectiveness assessment of bioactive compounds.
Zebrafish have been traditionally used in ecotoxicology and developmental biology. However, due to the advances in available methodologies and the similitude with mammals, it has been increasingly used in other fields. One of the most recent fields using zebrafish is food research, being the focus of this review. Most relevant and recent publications including food component toxicity and key metabolic effects together with effectiveness on some zebrafish disease models have been reviewed. This model is a good intermediate tool between in vitro and rodent models, because it provides information from a complete organism in a fast and cost-effective manner. Definitely, in the near future, we will see this model being used by the ingredient suppliers and scientists in order to show the potential impact on health of several compounds.


Cell surface hydrophobicity and the net electric surface charge of group B streptococci: the role played in the micro-organism-host cell interaction.
The cell surface hydrophobicity, net electric surface charge and cell adhesion of six group B streptococci strains were assessed. Treatment with trypsin reduced cytoadhesion of the six strains (80340, 90356, 85147, 90222, 90186 and 88641) and induced loss of surface negative charge in the other four strains (80340, 85147, 90222 and 90186). The same treatment increased the surface hydrophobicity of three strains (90356, 90222 and 88641). Neuraminidase treatment caused a decrease in the negative surface charge of all the strains resulting in significant increases in both cytoadhesion and surface hydrophobicity of five (80340, 90356, 85147, 90222 and 88641) and four (90356, 85147, 90222 and 88641) strains, respectively. This indicates that sialic acid residues are important anionogenic groups exposed on the streptococcal cell surface. Treatment of buccal epithelial cells with N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase made them less adherent for most of the strains (80340, 85147, 90222, 90186 and 88641) assayed.


The current Salmonella-host interactome.
Salmonella bacteria cause millions of infections and thousands of deaths every year. This pathogen has an unusually broad host range including humans, animals, and even plants. During infection, Salmonella expresses a variety of virulence factors and effectors that are delivered into the host cell triggering cellular responses through protein-protein interactions (PPI) with host cell proteins which make the pathogen's invasion and replication possible. To speed up proteomic efforts in elucidating Salmonella-host interactomes, we carried out a survey of the currently published Salmonella-host PPI. Such a list can serve as the gold standard for computational models aimed at predicting Salmonella-host interactomes through integration of large-scale biological data sources. Manual literature and database search of >2200 journal articles and >100 databases resulted in a gold standard list of currently 62 PPI, including primarily interactions of Salmonella proteins with human and mouse proteins. Only six of these interactions were directly retrievable from PPI databases and 16 were highlighted in databases featuring literature extracts. Thus, the literature survey resulted in the most complete interactome available to date for Salmonella. Pathway analysis using Ingenuity and Broad Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software revealed among general pathways such as MAPK signaling in particular those related to cell death as well as cell morphology, turnover, and interactions, in addition to response to not only Salmonella but also other pathogenic - viral and bacterial - infections. The list of interactions is available at http://www.shiprec.org/indicationslist.htm.


Education and Use of Lung Ultrasound in Rheumatology and Pneumology in Spain: A SER-SEPAR Survey.
Lung ultrasound (LUS) is a clinical and research tool with great potential in the diagnosis and monitoring of diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD) present in systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD). Appropriate training in LUS is essential for the correct and safe use of this technique. To document the current state of LUS education and use among Spanish rheumatologists and pneumologists. A national online survey was designed for members of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and the ILD Area of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery. The survey consisted of 22 questions on demographics, professional activity, performance and training in LUS. One hundred and thirty-five (56.72% rheumatologists, 41.79% pneumologists) responded to the survey. Of these, 56.30% were part of an ILD Unit in their centre. LUS in clinical practice was performed by 35.82% but only 14.93% performed it in ILD, mainly for diagnostic purposes. Training in LUS of responders had been diverse in format, content and sponsors. The vast majority (87.79%) considered that the optimal model of education in LUS should be standardized and structured and consist of a combination of theoretical-practical courses and the conduct of a minimum number of supervised LUS examinations, with competency assessment. The current lack of formal structured education in LUS is an opportunity to develop quality educational programmes in this emerging field.


Inducible presynaptic glutamine transport supports glutamatergic transmission at the calyx of Held synapse.
The mechanisms by which the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is recycled at synapses are currently unknown. By examining the functional expression of plasma membrane transporters at presynaptic terminals, we aim to elucidate some of the mechanisms of glutamate recycling. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings from rat calyx of Held presynaptic terminals, our data show, for the first time, that the glutamate precursor glutamine causes the direct activation of an electrogenic, sodium-dependent presynaptic transporter, which supplies glutamine for generation of presynaptic glutamate and helps sustain synaptic transmission. Interestingly, the functional expression of this transporter at the presynaptic plasma membrane is dynamically controlled by electrical activity of the terminal, indicating that uptake of neurotransmitter precursors is controlled by the demand at an individual terminal. Induction of the transporter current is calcium-dependent and inhibited by botulinum neurotoxin C, demonstrating the involvement of SNARE-dependent exocytosis in inserting transporters into the plasma membrane when the terminal is active. Conversely, inactivity of the presynaptic terminal results in removal of transporters via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To investigate whether the presynaptic glutamine transporter supplies the precursor for generating the synaptically released glutamate, we measured miniature EPSCs to assess vesicular glutamate content. When the presynaptic glutamate pool was turned over by synaptic activity, inhibiting the presynaptic glutamine transporters with MeAIB reduced the miniature EPSC amplitude significantly. This demonstrates that presynaptic glutamine transport is centrally involved in the production of glutamate and assists in maintaining excitatory neurotransmission.


The Salter innominate osteotomy does not lead to acetabular retroversion.
In children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), Salter's innominate osteotomy aims to surgically manipulate the acetabulum to increase anterior coverage and aid joint support. Consequently, this procedure may retrovert the acetabulum, predisposing patients to pain, osteoarthritis, impingement, or further surgical intervention. In this study, we aim to address whether the innominate osteotomy leads to acetabular retroversion postoperatively or at follow-up. Ninety-two patients were identified from our institutions DDH database between 2009 and 2016, who underwent a unilateral innominate osteotomy for DDH, performed by expert surgeons in a leading paediatric hospital. A novel technique was utilized to measure acetabular version on postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans, where acetabular version was compared between the pathological and contralateral control hips. Measurement of acetabular version in postoperative and control hips demonstrated no incidence of acetabular retroversion. A significant difference was observed when comparing the acetabular version of control versus post-operative hips (P < 0.001), where hips postinnominate osteotomy had a larger degree of acetabular anteversion compared to the control hip. Furthermore, on follow-up radiographic imaging, there was no evidence of acetabular retroversion when using previously defined markers. This study confirms that the Salter innominate osteotomy does not lead to acetabular retroversion both immediately post-operatively and throughout follow-up. In fact, it demonstrates that the acetabula are more anteverted than the contralateral control hip, which has not been previously documented. Additionally, this study demonstrates a novel method of measuring acetabular retroversion using CT technology that adjusts for pelvic tilt, which is repeatable among individuals.


Social learning pathways in the relation between parental chronic pain and daily pain severity and functional impairment in adolescents with functional abdominal pain.
Having a parent with chronic pain (CP) may confer greater risk of persistence of CP from childhood into young adulthood. Social learning, such as parental modeling and reinforcement, represents one plausible mechanism for the transmission of risk of CP from parents to offspring. Based on a 7-day pain diary in 154 pediatric patients with functional abdominal CP, we tested a model in which parental CP predicted adolescents' daily average CP severity and functional impairment (distal outcomes) via parental modeling of pain behaviors and parental reinforcement of adolescent's pain behaviors (mediators) and adolescents' cognitive appraisals of pain threat (proximal outcome representing adolescents' encoding of parents' behaviors). Results indicated significant indirect pathways from parental CP status to adolescent average daily pain severity (b = 0.18, SE = 0.08, 95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.31, P = 0.03) and functional impairment (b = 0.08, SE = 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.02-0.15, P = 0.03) over the 7-day diary period via adolescents' observations of parent pain behaviors and adolescent pain threat appraisal. The indirect pathway through parental reinforcing responses to adolescents' pain did not reach significance for either adolescent pain severity or functional impairment. Identifying mechanisms of increased risk of pain and functional impairment in children of parents with CP ultimately could lead to targeted interventions aimed at improving functioning and quality of life in families with CP. Parental modeling of pain behaviors represents a potentially promising target for family-based interventions to ameliorate pediatric CP.


Relationships among cultivated and wild lentils revealed by RAPD analysis.
RAPD markers were used to distinguish between six different Lens taxa, representing cultivated lentil and its wild relatives. Twenty-four arbitrary sequence 10-mer primers were identified which revealed robust and easily interpretable amplification-product profiles. These generated a total of 88 polymorphic bands in 54 accessions and were used to partition variation within and among Lens taxa. The data showed that, of the taxa examined, ssp. orientalis is most similar to cultivated lentil. L. ervoides was the most divergent wild taxon followed by L. nigricans. The genetic similarity between the latter two species was of the same magnitude as between ssp. orientalis and cultivated lentil. In addition, species-diagnostic amplification products specific to L. odemensis, L. ervoides and L. nigricans were identified. These results correspond well with previous isozyme and RFLP studies. RAPDs, however, appear to provide a greater degree of resolution at a sub-species level. The level of variation detected within cultivated lentils suggests that RAPD markers may be an appropriate technology for the construction of genetic linkage maps between closely related Lens accessions.


iPSC-Derived Gaucher Macrophages Display Growth Impairment and Activation of Inflammation-Related Cell Death.
Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by β-glucosidase enzyme deficiency and substrate accumulation, especially in cells of the reticuloendothelial system. Typical features of the disease are the unrestrained activation of inflammatory mechanisms, whose molecular pathways are still unclear. To investigate biological mechanisms underlying the macrophage activation in GD, we derived iPSCs from a healthy donor and a GD patient line and differentiated them into hematopoietic progenitors. While GD iPSCs are able to efficiently give rise to CD33+/CD45+ myeloid progenitors, the maturation towards the CD14+/CD163+ monocyte/macrophages fate resulted enhanced in the GD lines, that in addition displayed a decreased growth potential compared to control cells either in semisolid or in liquid culture. The GD lines growth impairment was associated with a significant upregulation of RIPK3 and MLKL, two key effectors of necroptosis, the inflammation related cell death pathway. The activation of necroptosis, which has already been linked to neuronopathic GD, may play a role in the disease proinflammatory condition and in the identified cell growth defects. Understanding the GD macrophage role in the alteration of mechanisms linked to cellular metabolism imbalance, cell death and inflammation are crucial in identifying new ways to approach the disease.


Polar residues of the second transmembrane domain influence cation permeability of the ATP-gated P2X(2) receptor.
P2X receptors are simple polypeptide channels that mediate fast purinergic depolarizations in both nerve and muscle. Although the depolarization results mainly from the influx of Na(+), these channels also conduct a significant Ca(2+) current that is large enough to evoke transmitter release from presynaptic neurons. We sought to determine the molecular basis of this Ca(2+) conductance by a mutational analysis of recombinant P2X(2) receptors. Wild type and 31 mutant P2X(2) receptors were expressed in HEK-293 cells and studied under voltage-clamp. We found that the relative Ca(2+) permeability measured from the reversal potentials of ATP-gated currents was unaffected by neutralizing fixed charge (Asp(315), Asp(349)) near the mouths of the channel pore. By contrast, mutations that changed the character or side chain volume of three polar residues (Thr(336), Thr(339), Ser(340)) within the pore led to significant changes in P(Ca)/P(Cs). The largest changes occurred when Thr(339) and Ser(340) were replaced with tyrosine; these mutations almost completely abolished Ca(2+) permeability, reduced P(Li)/P(Cs) by about one-half, and shifted the relative permeability sequence of Cs(+), Rb(+), K(+), and Na(+) to their relative mobility in water. Our results suggest that the permeability sequence of the P2X(2) receptor arises in part from interactions of permeating cations with the polar side chains of three amino acids located in a short stretch of the second transmembrane domain.


Alcohol, smoking and mortality in France since 1950: an evaluation of the number of deaths in 1986 due to alcohol and tobacco consumption.
"In the present study, we first attempt to evaluate how many deaths [in France] in a given year (1986) are brought on prematurely by drinking and smoking.... This first stage revealed a number of causes which are largely alcohol--or smoking--related. We next compare the time trends in mortality from these causes and in alcohol and tobacco consumption. Third, we consider these selected causes, along with traumas, another source of premature deaths, in relation to mortality from all causes, and follow the changes over time in levels and age structures. We thus measure the impact of these causes on the general death rates since 1950. Finally, we examine how these causes have contributed to the increase of excess male mortality during the last 40 years."


Biological properties of new viologen-phosphorus dendrimers.
Some biological properties of eight dendrimers incorporating both phosphorus linkages and viologen units within their cascade structure or at the periphery were investigated for the first time. In particular cytotoxicity, hemotoxicity, and antimicrobial and antifungal activity of these new macromolecules were examined. Even if for example all these species exhibited good antimicrobial properties, it was demonstrated that their behavior strongly depends on several parameters as their size and molecular weight, the number of viologen units and the nature of the terminal groups.


Does positioning affect tracheal aspiration of gastric content in ventilated infants?
Gastroesophageal reflux and aspiration can occur in premature infants who are supported with mechanical ventilation. The relation between physical positioning and gastric aspiration in ventilated infants has not been studied. Pepsin measured in tracheal aspirate (TA) emerged as a specific marker for aspiration. The objective of our study was to assess pepsin in TA of ventilated infants at 2 different positions: supine and right lateral. We conducted a randomized controlled trial on premature infants who were enterally fed and supported with mechanical ventilation. Patients were randomized into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, infants were placed supine for 6 hours before a sample of TA was obtained. A second sample was collected 6 hours later while lying in the right lateral position. In the control group, the 2 samples of TA were obtained while infants remained in the supine position during the entire study time. Pepsin in TA was measured while blinded to the group assignment. A total of 34 patients were enrolled and randomized to intervention (n = 17) and control (n = 17) groups. Gestational age was 32.7 ± 2.7 weeks, and birth weight was 1617 ± 526 g; both groups had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Pepsin concentration did not differ between groups at baseline. In the intervention group, pepsin concentration significantly declined from 13 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR] 11.9-38.7) to 10 ng/mL (IQR 7-12; P < 0.001), whereas it did not change in the control group (P = 0.42). The right lateral positioning is associated with decreased TA pepsin. The implications of the present study on hospital practice and clinical outcomes need further investigations.


Enhanced Energy Density for P-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon-Based Symmetric Supercapacitor with High Operation Potential in Aqueous H2SO4 Electrolyte.
Phosphorus-doped hierarchically porous carbon (HPC) is prepared with the assistance of freeze-drying using colloid silica and phytic acid dipotassium salt as a hard template and phosphorus source, respectively. Intensive material characterizations show that the freeze-drying process can effectively promote the porosity of HPC. The specific surface area and P content for HPC can reach up to 892 m2 g-1 and 2.78 at%, respectively. Electrochemical measurements in aqueous KOH and H2SO4 electrolytes reveal that K+ of a smaller size can more easily penetrate the inner pores compared with SO42-, while the developed microporosity in HPC is conducive to the penetration of SO42-. Moreover, P-doping leads to a high operation potential of 1.5 V for an HPC-based symmetric supercapacitor, resulting in an enhanced energy density of 16.4 Wh kg-1. Our work provides a feasible strategy to prepare P-doped HPC with a low dosage of phosphorus source and a guide to construct a pore structure suitable for aqueous H2SO4 electrolyte.


Brief communication: Swimming and diving behavior in apes (Pan troglodytes and Pongo pygmaeus): first documented report.
Extant hominoids, including humans, are well known for their inability to swim instinctively. We report swimming and diving in two captive apes using visual observation and video recording. One common chimpanzee and one orangutan swam repeatedly at the water surface over a distance of 2-6 m; both individuals submerged repeatedly. We show that apes are able to overcome their negative buoyancy by deliberate swimming, using movements which deviate from the doggy-paddle pattern observed in other primates. We suggest that apes' poor swimming ability is due to behavioral, anatomical, and neuromotor changes related to an adaptation to arboreal life in their early phylogeny. This strong adaptive focus on arboreal life led to decreased opportunities to interact with water bodies and consequently to a reduction of selective pressure to maintain innate swimming behavior. As the doggy paddle is associated with quadrupedal walking, a deviation from terrestrial locomotion might have interfered with the fixed rhythmic action patterns responsible for innate swimming.


Genetics of colorectal cancer.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. As such, it assumes a significant role in both health policy decision-making and scientific research. CRC has been a model for investigating the molecular genetics of cancer development and progression; this is in part due to the easily detectable, sequential transition of cells from normal colonic epithelium to adenoma and then to adenocarcinoma. In addition, familial syndromes that predispose to CRC, such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), have significantly contributed to our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying CRC formation. It is now well recognized that hereditary CRC syndromes are due to germline mutations of genes that function as tumor suppressors or, less frequently, oncogenes. Accumulation of subsequent mutations in other genes with related functions results in the stepwise progression to carcinoma. It is important to note that somatic changes in similar genes are involved in the formation of sporadic CRC. The identification of these important CRC-related genes may help facilitate the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This article reviews the various familial CRC syndromes along with their genetic etiology, as well as discusses the principle of genetic testing for these conditions.


Synergies of THESEUS with the large facilities of the 2030s and guest observer opportunities.
The proposed THESEUS mission will vastly expand the capabilities to monitor the high-energy sky. It will specifically exploit large samples of gamma-ray bursts to probe the early universe back to the first generation of stars, and to advance multi-messenger astrophysics by detecting and localizing the counterparts of gravitational waves and cosmic neutrino sources. The combination and coordination of these activities with multi-wavelength, multi-messenger facilities expected to be operating in the 2030s will open new avenues of exploration in many areas of astrophysics, cosmology and fundamental physics, thus adding considerable strength to the overall scientific impact of THESEUS and these facilities. We discuss here a number of these powerful synergies and guest observer opportunities.


[The immune-enzyme techniques of analysis in diagnostic of cholera.]
The optimal conditions of arrangement of direct alternative of flatbed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dot-immunoanalysis with application of monoclonal peroxidase conjugates for express identification of comma bacillus of serogroups O1 and O139 both in hospital and field conditions without device support. The direct technique enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in flatbed alternative shortens time of analysis up to 70-80 minutes and in case of dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on membrane - up to 70-90 minutes. It is established that in case of analysis in conditions of room temperature (20-25 oC) sensitivity of techniques remains at initial level.


Enhanced PDE4B expression augments LPS-inducible TNF expression in ethanol-primed monocytes: relevance to alcoholic liver disease.
Increased plasma and hepatic TNF-alpha expression is well documented in patients with alcoholic hepatitis and is implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. We have previously shown that monocytes from patients with alcoholic hepatitis show increased constitutive and LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha production. Our recent studies showed that chronic ethanol exposure significantly decreased cellular cAMP levels in both LPS-stimulated and unstimulated monocytes and Kupffer cells, leading to an increase in LPS-inducible TNF-alpha production by affecting NF-kappaB activation and induction of TNF mRNA expression. Accordingly, the mechanisms underlying this ethanol-induced decrease in cellular cAMP leading to an increase in TNF expression were examined in monocytes/macrophages. In this study, chronic ethanol exposure was observed to significantly increase LPS-inducible expression of cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE)4B that degrades cellular cAMP. Increased PDE4B expression was associated with enhanced NF-kappaB activation and transcriptional activity and subsequent priming of monocytes/macrophages leading to enhanced LPS-inducible TNF-alpha production. Selective inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram abrogated LPS-mediated TNF-alpha expression at both protein and mRNA levels in control and ethanol-treated cells. Notably, PDE4 inhibition did not affect LPS-inducible NF-kappaB activation but significantly decreased NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. These findings strongly support the pathogenic role of PDE4B in the ethanol-mediated priming of monocytes/macrophages and increased LPS-inducible TNF production and the subsequent development of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Since enhanced TNF expression plays a significant role in the evolution of clinical and experimental ALD, its downregulation via selective PDE4B inhibitors could constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of ALD.


Correction.
My communication "Note on the Chemistry of Dramamine" (Science, 1949, 109, 574) should have made it clear that the name "Dramamine" applies to the salt of beta-dimethylaminoethyl benzohydryl ether with 8-clorotheophyllin. As it stands, the first sentence in the second paragraph of my note makes it appear that Dramamine is the ether alone, and that is incorrect.


Parental drug use, early adversities, later childhood problems and children's use of tobacco and alcohol at age 10: birth cohort study.
To estimate the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among children at age 10 years and to investigate possible influences on this. Birth cohort study. England. A total of 6895 children provided data at age 10. Parental tobacco, alcohol and cannabis use, parental social position, children's intelligence, behavioural and emotional problems, children's tobacco and alcohol use at age 10. A total of 1.3% of children reported smoking and 1.8% reported drinking alcohol, with boys reporting higher use than girls. Parental social disadvantage was the strongest predictor of children's smoking and also predicted children's alcohol use. Some of this association appeared to be mediated through the greater experience of childhood behavioural and cognitive problems among the disadvantaged. Parental smoking and paternal alcohol use had little independent influence on offspring drug use. Postnatal, rather than prenatal, maternal alcohol use predicted children's alcohol use. Strategies to prevent early initiation of tobacco and alcohol use should focus upon the reduction of childhood social disadvantage and the behavioural and cognitive problems associated with this.


Sex-specific predictors of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in untreated hypertension.
Little is known about the sex-specific differences in left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (DD) predictors. We hypothesized that arterial stiffness (AS) may play a different role in the etiology of LV DD in hypertensive men and postmenopausal women, acting independently from other established predictors of this condition, such as age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, LV remodeling, and systolic function. The aim of the study was to analyze the sex-specific differences in AS and other predictors of LV DD in men and postmenopausal women with untreated hypertension (HTN). The study included 144 patients (63 postmenopausal women and 81 men, mean age 62.7±6.7 years) with previously untreated HTN and no history of cardiovascular diseases. All patients were subjected to detailed echocardiography, vascular ultrasound, and high-resolution echotracking (eTracking) of carotid arteries. In the multivariate analysis, concomitant diabetes mellitus turned out to be an independent predictor of LV DD in women (P=0.02). In turn, two independent predictors of LV DD have been identified in men: S'-tissue Doppler-derived peak LV longitudinal systolic shortening velocity (P=0.001) and β, beta stiffness index (P=0.004). There are sex differences in the predictors of LV DD in untreated HTN. In postmenopausal women, LV DD is mostly determined by diabetes, while in men, it is determined by S', reflecting LV systolic longitudinal function, and β, a parameter of AS.


Executive Order No. 25 granting exemption from the payment of the travel tax to Filipino overseas contract workers, 1 July 1986.
This Order provides that "Filipino overseas contract workers with approved employment contracts and duly certified by the Ministry of Labor and Employment" are exempted from the payment of the travel tax established by Presidential Decree No. 1183, as amended.


Development of aqueous ternary nanomatrix films: A novel 'green' strategy for the delivery of poorly soluble drugs.
Aqueous polymeric films have potentially great values in drug development, particularly in controlled drug release and taste masking strategies. However the progressive polymer-particle coalescence that occurs randomly during film formation, curing and storage may render the film less permeable leading to erratic and unpredictable drug release profile. The focus of this study was to investigate the impacts of the in situ formation of polymer-drug nanoconjugate, at the interfacial nano-domains of two oppositely charged polymers, on the mechanism of film formation and to prepare aqueous ternary polymer-drug-polymer nanomatrix films as a novel green strategy for the delivery of ibuprofen, a model poorly soluble drug. Composite and Layer-by-Layer films were prepared by aqueous casting technique using the concept of combined polymer-drug self-assembly and polyelectrolyte complexation. The plain and drug-loaded nanomatrix films were characterized using SEM, AFM, FTIR, DSC and TGA. Ibuprofen formed spherical core-shell microstructures (4.55-9.73μm) in gellan film. However in the presence of cationic dextran (Ddex), nanoconjugates (61.49±5.97-447.52±37.51nm) were formed within the core of the film matrix. The composite films exhibited reduced tensile strength and lower elastic modulus with optimal conjugation efficiency of 98.14±1.19%, which correlates with higher dissolution efficiency (99.76%) compared to 47.37% in layer-by-layer (LbL) films, dictated by Ddex concentration. Generally, the mechanism of drug release was by Fickian diffusion, however anomalous transport or polymer relaxation was also observed at higher concentration of Ddex. This study demonstrated the potential application of aqueous drug-loaded nanomatrix films as controlled drug delivery strategy for ibuprofen, a model poorly soluble drug.


Transmembrane action potentials and the electrocardiogram in rats with renal hypertension.
The results of previous studies of the relation between the surface electrocardiogram and cellular transmembrane potentials have suggested that the T wave configuration of the ECG is the result of a difference in the duration of endocardial and epicardial action potentials. Ventricular hypertrophy induced by renal hypertension in rats is associated with lengthening of action potential duration and a reproducible decrease in T wave magnitude. Therefore, this model was used to study the relation between the surface T wave configuration and regional differences in action potential duration. ECGs were recorded from hypertensive (HBP) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats. The hearts from these animals were removed and transmembrane action potentials were recorded by standard microelectrode techniques from endocardial and epicardial preparations. We found that the normally peaked T waves seen in the ECG of SHAM rats was reduced by 35% in the ECG of HBP rats. This reduction of T wave magnitude was associated with similar duration of epicardial and endocardial action potentials in HBP rats. However, peaked T wave in SHAM ECG was not accompanied by a significant disparity in the duration of the epicardial and endocardial action potentials. Thus, there is no simple, consistent correlation between surface T wave configuration and regional differences in intracellular action potential duration in rats.


Lanthanide Chemistry: From Coordination in Chemical Complexes Shaping Our Technology to Coordination in Enzymes Shaping Bacterial Metabolism.
Lanthanide chemistry has only been extensively studied for the last 2 decades, when it was recognized that these elements have unusual chemical characteristics including fluorescent and potent magnetic properties because of their unique 4f electrons.1,2 Chemists are rapidly and efficiently integrating lanthanides into numerous compounds and materials for sophisticated applications. In fact, lanthanides are often referred to as "the seeds of technology" because they are essential for many technological devices including smartphones, computers, solar cells, batteries, wind turbines, lasers, and optical glasses.3-6 However, the effect of lanthanides on biological systems has been understudied. Although displacement of Ca2+ by lanthanides in tissues and enzymes has long been observed,7 only a few recent studies suggest a biological role for lanthanides based on their stimulatory properties toward some plants and bacteria.8,9 Also, it was not until 2011 that the first biochemical evidence for lanthanides as inherent metals in bacterial enzymes was published.10 This forum provides an overview of the classical and current aspects of lanthanide coordination chemistry employed in the development of technology along with the biological role of lanthanides in alcohol oxidation. The construction of lanthanide-organic frameworks will be described. Examples of how the luminescence field is rapidly evolving as more information about lanthanide-metal emissions is obtained will be highlighted, including biological imaging and telecommunications.11 Recent breakthroughs and observations from different exciting areas linked to the coordination chemistry of lanthanides that will be mentioned in this forum include the synthesis of (i) macrocyclic ligands, (ii) antenna molecules, (iii) coordination polymers, particularly nanoparticles, (iv) hybrid materials, and (v) lanthanide fuel cells. Further, the role of lanthanides in bacterial metabolism will be discussed, highlighting the discovery that lanthanides are cofactors in biology, particularly in the enzymatic oxidation of alcohols. Finally, new and developing chemical and biological lanthanide mining and recycling extraction processes will be introduced.


A pathway-based data integration framework for prediction of disease progression.
Within medical research there is an increasing trend toward deriving multiple types of data from the same individual. The most effective prognostic prediction methods should use all available data, as this maximizes the amount of information used. In this article, we consider a variety of learning strategies to boost prediction performance based on the use of all available data. We consider data integration via the use of multiple kernel learning supervised learning methods. We propose a scheme in which feature selection by statistical score is performed separately per data type and by pathway membership. We further consider the introduction of a confidence measure for the class assignment, both to remove some ambiguously labeled datapoints from the training data and to implement a cautious classifier that only makes predictions when the associated confidence is high. We use the METABRIC dataset for breast cancer, with prediction of survival at 2000 days from diagnosis. Predictive accuracy is improved by using kernels that exclusively use those genes, as features, which are known members of particular pathways. We show that yet further improvements can be made by using a range of additional kernels based on clinical covariates such as Estrogen Receptor (ER) status. Using this range of measures to improve prediction performance, we show that the test accuracy on new instances is nearly 80%, though predictions are only made on 69.2% of the patient cohort. https://github.com/jseoane/FSMKL CONTACT: email@example.com Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-reported Withdrawal Symptoms and Quitting Smoking Three Years Later: A Prospective, Longitudinal Examination of US Adults.
Racial/ethnic groups appear to differ on quit success and withdrawal is a key factor in cessation failure, yet little is known about racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal symptoms. This study of US adults examined racial/ethnic differences in current smokers' report of withdrawal symptoms and the relationship between withdrawal symptoms and quitting smoking 3 years later. Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (Wave 1, 2001-2001; Wave 2, 2004-2005), analyses were conducted on participants who identified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic; reported current cigarette smoking at Wave 1; and provided smoking status information at Wave 2 (n = 7981). Withdrawal symptoms during past quit attempts were assessed at Wave 1. Among Wave 1 current smoking adults, non-Hispanic White respondents were more likely than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic respondents to report experiencing at least one withdrawal symptom, seven out of eight withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-related discomfort, and withdrawal-related distress (ps < .0001). While withdrawal symptoms were associated with a lower odds of quitting smoking for all groups, a stronger relationship between number of symptoms and lower odds of quitting was evident among non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black respondents (interaction β = 0.065, p = .0001). For non-Hispanic White participants, each additional withdrawal symptom was associated with a 6% decrease in the odds of quitting. Withdrawal symptoms were more commonly reported by non-Hispanic White adults than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults and appeared to have a greater impact on failure to quit smoking for non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black adults. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use prospective, longitudinal data to examine the relationship between race and withdrawal symptoms and the impact of withdrawal symptoms on quitting smoking among adults in the United States. Non-Hispanic White adults were more likely to report withdrawal symptoms and there was a stronger relationship between greater number of withdrawal symptoms and lower odds of quitting for non-Hispanic White adults compared to non-Hispanic Black adults. Developing a better understanding of racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal and cessation can help to tailor efforts to improve outcomes for smokers in various racial/ethnic groups.


[Ratio of serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and parathyroid hormone for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous peritonitis in a chronic kidney disease patient: a case report].
An 80-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of exacerbation of preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD). On admission, he showed elevated levels of serum creatinine (6.37 mg/dL) and corrected calcium (13.7 mg/dL). Although the serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (I-PTH) and parathyroid hormone-related peptide(PTITH-rP)were low, the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3)levels were high. Computed tomography (CT) revealed ascites, and the ascitic fluid was exudative and serous with predominance of lymphocytes. The levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the ascitic fluid were also elevated, and the results of QuantiFERON-TB2G (QFT-2G)assay were positive, indicating tuberculous peritonitits. Ascites resolved rapidly after initiation of the antituberculosis therapy. The elevated levels of serum calcium and 1,25 (OH) 2D3 returned to below-normal levels; however, serum i-PTH levels increased from 8.9 pg/ mL to 432 pg/mL. Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is often difficult in CKD patients. CKD patients show abnormal vitamin D activation, so these patients usually have low levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D3. On the other hand, in our patient, 1,25(OH)2D3 was extrarenally produced from tuberculous granuloma and therefore, he showed high levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and correspondingly, low levels of serum i-PTH. We observed that the ratio of 1,25 (OH) 2D3:i-PTH decreased due to antituberculosis therapy. This ratio facilitated the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment for this condition.


Van der Waals heterostructures.
Research on graphene and other two-dimensional atomic crystals is intense and is likely to remain one of the leading topics in condensed matter physics and materials science for many years. Looking beyond this field, isolated atomic planes can also be reassembled into designer heterostructures made layer by layer in a precisely chosen sequence. The first, already remarkably complex, such heterostructures (often referred to as 'van der Waals') have recently been fabricated and investigated, revealing unusual properties and new phenomena. Here we review this emerging research area and identify possible future directions. With steady improvement in fabrication techniques and using graphene's springboard, van der Waals heterostructures should develop into a large field of their own.


Cephalometric comparison of cesarean and normal births.
The aim of this study was to compare cephalometric variables of subjects with normal and cesarean births. Ninety age- and gender-matched patients, who were treated in Gaziantep University, Faculty of Dentistry Orthodontics Department were equally divided into normal and cesarean groups according to the birth methods reported by their mothers. To eliminate the negative effects of being different in terms of age and gender among parameters, control, and patient groups were matched in the present study. Pretreatment cephalometrics radiographs were used. Six measurements representing sagittal and vertical relationships were evaluated from pretreatment cephalograms using Dolphin Imaging Orthodontics Software was used in this issue by an orthodontist. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for statistical comparisons. A point-nasion-B point angle (ANB) and Wits values were higher in the normal group, while sella-nasion-A point angle, sella-nasion-B point angle, Frankfort horizontal-mandibular plane angle, and gonion-gnathion-SN plane angle values were higher in the cesarean group. However, the groups showed no significant differences (P > 0.05). ANB angle and Wits values showed high correlation. Within the study limitations, the results suggest that the birth method may not have a considerable effect on the development of the craniofacial skeletal system.


A three-dimensional heterometallic Cu(I)/V(IV) 1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane framework: a new insight into the structure of vanadium oxyfluoride coordination hybrids.
The bitopic ligand 1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane (tr(2)eth) provides an unprecedented short-distance N(1):N(2)-triazole bridging of Cu(I) and V(IV) ions in poly[bis[mu(4)-1,2-bis(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)ethane]di-mu(2)-fluorido-tetrafluoridodi-mu(2)-oxido-dicopper(I)divanadium(IV)], [Cu(2)V(2)F(6)O(2)(C(6)H(8)N(6))(2)](n). The Cu(I) ions and tr(2)eth linkers afford a two-dimensional square-grid topology involving centrosymmetric (tr)Cu(mu-tr)(2)Cu(tr) [tr is triazole; Cu-N = 1.9525 (16)-2.0768 (18) A] binuclear net nodes, which are expanded in a third dimension by centrosymmetric [V(2)O(2)F(6)](2-) pillars. The concerted mu-tr and mu-O bridging between the Cu(I) and V(IV) ions allows a multi-centre accommodation of the vanadium oxyfluoride moiety on a cationic Cu/tr(2)eth matrix [Cu-O = 2.1979 (15) A and V-N = 2.1929 (17) A]. The distorted octahedral coordination of [VONF(4)] is completed by two terminal and two bridging F(-) ions [V-F = 1.8874 (14)-1.8928 (13) and 2.0017 (13)-2.1192 (12) A, respectively]. The resulting three-dimensional framework has a primitive cubic net topology and adopts a threefold interpenetration.


Ichthyosis follicularis in two girls: an autosomal dominant disorder.
Ichthyosis follicularis (IF) is a rare disorder of keratinization that has been described primarily in males and proposed as a possible X-linked disorder. We report two black girls with nonscarring alopecia; photophobia; follicular hyperkeratoses; hyperkeratosis of the extensor aspects of the hands, knees, and elbows; fixed, erythematous, perineal plaques; and angular cheilitis who seem to fit the clinical criteria for IF. One girl also had gingival hypertrophy and a hearing deficit. One child's father had identical symptoms. We propose that these girls may have a variant of IF that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.


Evolutionary feedback mediated through population density, illustrated with viruses in chemostats.
A cornerstone of evolutionary ecology is that population density affects adaptation: r and K selection is the obvious example. The reverse is also appreciated: adaptation impacts population density. Yet, empirically demonstrating a direct connection between population density and adaptation is challenging. Here, we address both evolution and ecology of population density in models of viral (bacteriophage) chemostats. Chemostats supply nutrients for host cell growth, and the hosts are prey for viral reproduction. Two different chemostat designs have profoundly different consequences for viral evolution. If host and virus are confined to the same chamber, as in a predator-prey system, viral regulation of hosts feeds back to maintain low viral density (measured as infections per cell). Viral adaptation impacts host density but has a small effect on equilibrium viral density. More interesting are chemostats that supply the viral population with hosts from a virus-free refuge. Here, a type of evolutionary succession operates: adaptation at low viral density leads to higher density, but high density then favors competitive ability. Experiments support these models with both phenotypic and molecular data. Parallels to these designs exist in many natural systems, so these experimental systems may yield insights to the evolution and regulation of natural populations.


Fast-track surgery in single-hole thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer.
To explore the efficacy and safety of fast-track surgery (FTS) in the perioperative period of single-hole thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer. The clinical data of 152 lung cancer patients undergoing single-hole thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer in our hospital from October 2016 to March 2019 were collected. Among them, 76 patients were treated with perioperative FTS (FTS group) following in-depth information and education, effective analgesia, early ambulation and early extubation, while the other 76 patients received conventional perioperative treatments (Control group). The intraoperative volumes of blood loss and fluid infusion in FTS group were smaller than those in Control group. Moreover, the mean time to postoperative drainage tube removal, time to the first postoperative ambulation and length of postoperative hospital stay in FTS group were substantially shorter than those in Control group. Moreover, the visual analog scale (VAS) scores of patients at 48 and 72 h after operation in FTS group were considerably lower than those in Control group. Besides, the total incidence rate of postoperative complications in FTS group was considerably lower than that in Control group. Compared with those before operation, all pulmonary function indicators declined substantially after operation, and the postoperative forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in FTS group were remarkably higher than those in Control group. FTS in the perioperative period of single-hole thoracoscopic radical resection of lung cancer can effectively accelerate the recovery of patients, alleviate their pain, shorten the length of hospital stay, reduce hospitalization expense and improve patient's satisfaction, so it is worth clinically applying.


Current aspects in the pathophysiology and treatment of chronic wounds in diabetes mellitus.
Impaired wound healing is a frequent and very severe problem in patients with diabetes mellitus, yet little is known about the underlying pathomechanisms. In this paper we review the biology of wound healing with particular attention to the pathophysiology of chronic wounds in diabetic patients. The standard treatment of diabetic ulcers includes measures to optimize glycemic control as well as extensive debridement, infection elimination by antibiotic therapy based on wound pathogen cultures, the use of moisture dressings, and offloading high pressure from the wound bed. In this paper we discuss novel adjuvant therapies with particular reference to the use of autologous skin transplants for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers which do not respond to standard care.


Assessment of Risk Factors for Development of Overweight and Obesity among Soldiers of Polish Armed Forces Participating in the National Health Programme 2016-2020.
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Polish Armed Forces soldiers and to analyze risk factors impacting body mass. In total, 1096 male, Caucasian soldiers (36.31 ± 8.03 years) participated in this study. Anthropometric data were obtained, and questionnaires evaluated sociodemographic, environmental, behavioral and biological factors known to be associated with obesity. Only 33% of the total number of participants had normal body weight, and 17.3% were considered obese (according to WHO criteria). The results showed that being 40 years or older, sleeping six hours or less per day, more frequent reaching for food in stressful situations, having a mother with excessive body weight, not exercising or exercising at most two days per week, and spending two hours a day or more in front of the TV increase the risk of obesity. Taken together, the results show that factors such as family history of obesity, dietary habits, physical activity, length of sleep and ability to cope with stress could be used to identify soldiers at higher risk of developing obesity in order to provide them with personalized prevention programs.


Microheterogeneity and sialic acid in human plasma angiotensinogens in various physiological states.
Pooled or individual plasmas from normal men, women, pregnant women (third trimester), anephric women, and rat liver perfusates were used as sources of angiotensinogen. The plasmas were fractionated and desalted by Sephadex gel filtration, then subjected to isoelectric focusing in a pH 4 to 6 gradient on 40 X 4 cm slabs of polyacrylamide gel. The gels were cut transversely into 0.5-cm-wide strips, the pH measured, and their angiotensinogen concentrations determined by incubation with excess human renin and radioimmunoassay of the product, angiotensin I. This revealed several peaks of angiotensinogen concentration indicative of microheterogeneity in all cases. Contrary to other claims, the isoelectric pH profiles of angiotensinogens in the various physiological states were substantially alike. Major peaks were found at pH 4.75 to 4.85 and 4.9 to 5.0 and minor peaks at pH 4.5 to 4.7 and 5.0 to 5.2; this resolution was greater than that achieved with rat liver angiotensinogens. Incubation of human angiotensinogens with neuraminidase for 3 or 16 h raised their isoelectric pH by about 0.5 U, probably due to removal of sialic acid. Since microheterogeneity persisted after desialylation, it is probably determined by structural characteristics other than sialic acid composition.


Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerases in Plants and Their Human Counterparts: Parallels and Peculiarities.
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a rapid and transient post-translational protein modification that was described first in mammalian cells. Activated by the sensing of DNA strand breaks, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase1 (PARP1) transfers ADP-ribose units onto itself and other target proteins using NAD⁺ as a substrate. Subsequently, DNA damage responses and other cellular responses are initiated. In plants, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) have also been implicated in responses to DNA damage. The Arabidopsis genome contains three canonical PARP genes, the nomenclature of which has been uncoordinated in the past. Albeit assumptions concerning the function and roles of PARP proteins in planta have often been inferred from homology and structural conservation between plant PARPs and their mammalian counterparts, plant-specific roles have become apparent. In particular, PARPs have been linked to stress responses of plants. A negative role under abiotic stress has been inferred from studies in which a genetic or, more commonly, pharmacological inhibition of PARP activity improved the performance of stressed plants; in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, a positive role has been suggested. However, reports have been inconsistent, and the effects of PARP inhibitors appear to be more robust than the genetic abolition of PARP gene expression, indicating the presence of alternative targets of those drugs. Collectively, recent evidence suggests a conditionality of stress-related phenotypes of parp mutants and calls for a reconsideration of PARP inhibitor studies on plants. This review critically summarizes our current understanding of poly(ADP-ribosylation) and PARP proteins in plants, highlighting similarities and differences to human PARPs, areas of controversy, and requirements for future studies.