Establishment and properties of human germ cell tumors in tissue culture.
Monolayer cultures of nine human testicular germ cell tumors have been attempted, and five have been established as proliferating long-term cultures. All five grew in suspension in nutrient agar, but three proliferated in monolayer culture only when in contact with stromal cells derived from the tumors. Two have been established as "pure" lines, and one of these has been cloned. All contain elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, approximately one-half of which displays placental isoenzymic characteristics. Three tumor cultures formed differentiated tissues and synthesized significant quantities of beta-chorionic gonadotrophin or carcinoembryonic antigen for a brief period after a 5-month culture. These properties were subsequently lost and could not be reinduced.


Child developmental assessment at two-years of age: data from the Pacific Islands Families Study.
To describe the developmental profile of Pacific children living in New Zealand at two years of age in personal/social, language, cognitive, fine motor, and gross motor domains, and to examine how sociodemographic, maternal, and cultural factors influence children's development. A cohort of Pacific infants born during 2000 in Auckland, New Zealand, was followed up at two-years postpartum. Maternal interviews were administered and the developmental status of the child was measured using the Australian Developmental Screening Test. Maternal child development reports are presented for 1,018 two-year-old children. The majority of children were identified as having no developmental delay. The prevalence of no delay in any of these five domains was 64.8%. For those children (35%) who were identified with possible overall delay the significant risk factors were child ethnicity, low birth weight, being breastfed for less than six weeks, and single parenthood. The powerful associations of these factors and developmental outcome suggest that interventions need to have the flexibility to address such issues within individual Pacific families and communities.


Leisure time physical activity and future psychological distress: A thirteen year longitudinal population-based study.
A number of cross-sectional studies have suggested that physical activity (PA) is negatively associated with psychological distress in adulthood. A paucity of regionally representative and longitudinal studies has considered this relationship. This study investigated the association between leisure time light and moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) and psychological distress over 13 years in a regionally representative sample. A total of 4754 men (mean age: 47.2 years) and 5571 women from (mean age: 46.9 years) the Tromsø Study were followed for 13 years. Light PA and MVPA was captured at baseline and psychological distress was captured using the Hopkins Symptom Check List-10 scale. Ordinary least square and Poisson regression models were used, adjusting for multiple confounders to investigate the relationship between light PA/MVPA and psychological distress. In the fully-adjusted model, accounting sociodemographics, history of parental psychopathology, socioeconomic status, marital status, smoking, social support and risk factors, we found evidence that both light PA (β 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19; p < 0.01) and MVPA (β 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12, 0.26; p < 0.001) confered protection against psychological distress at follow-up. Among men, a lower MVPA was associated with 14% (RR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.28) increased risk of clinically significant psychological distress; while among women, the risk was 15% (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.26; p < 0.001). In this regionally representative cohort, our study suggests that both higher levels of light PA and MVPA confer protection against future psychological distress. However, a key limitation of this study is that psychological distress at baseline was not controlled-for.


Endophthalmitis following cataract surgery and intracameral antibiotic: Moxifloxacin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.
To describe an immunosuppressed patient who developed acute-onset postoperative endophthalmitis caused by a moxifloxacin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis after cataract surgery despite the use of intracameral moxifloxacin. A 76-year old woman with a history of birdshot chorioretinopathy controlled on systemic immunosuppression underwent uneventful cataract surgery in her right eye. Compounded intracameral moxifloxacin 0.2 cc of 1mg/0.1mL (Edge Pharmacy, Syracuse, NY) was injected intraoperatively as prophylaxis, and the patient was placed on a standard regimen of trimethoprim-polymyxin b (10000-0.1unit/mL) and prednisolone acetate 1% postoperatively. Four days later, the patient experienced a sudden decrease in vision in the right eye. Anterior chamber inflammation, vitritis, and vasculitis were seen in the operated eye. The patient underwent a vitreous tap and intravitreal injections of vancomycin (1mg/0.1mL), ceftazidime (2.25mg/0.1mL), and dexamethasone (0.4mg/0.1mL). Cultures grew Staphylococcus epidermidis, resistant to moxifloxacin (MIC ≥8mg/L). The inflammation resolved over two months. Eight months later, the patient underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery in the left eye. Intracameral antibiotics were not used, however her systemic immunosuppressive therapy was held for several weeks perioperatively. One year after the initial surgeries, the patient had an uncorrected visual acuity of 20/20 in each eye. S. epidermidis, the most common cause of postoperative endophthalmitis, is increasingly resistant to fluoroquinolones. Adequate concentrations of intracameral antibiotics need to be achieved in order to exceed minimal inhibitory concentration values of the targeted pathogen. Although intracameral moxifloxacin has been reported to decrease the rate of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery, it does not eliminate the risk.


Perceptions matter: barriers to treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal deaths in developing countries. This report highlights the social and cultural factors that influence the decision to seek care in cases of postpartum bleeding. Survey data on awareness of danger signs in the postpartum period and findings from the anthropologic literature describing beliefs about bleeding in childbirth and the postpartum period are presented. Findings point to a mismatch between actual and perceived risks of danger in the postpartum period. This may reflect a viewpoint that there are few risks remaining after the baby is born. This may, in turn, shape the perception that the postpartum period is one in which less vigilance is required compared with labor and birth. Such beliefs are important to consider, as they may influence timely seeking of emergency obstetric care. Efforts to reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage as a major cause of maternal death must progress on two fronts: on the supply side to ensure the provision of skilled care and on the demand side to ensure that women and their families accept the view that bleeding after birth is dangerous and that skilled care is preferable to traditional care.


Differentiation of allantoic endoderm implanted into the presumptive digestive area in avian embryos. A study with organ-specific antigens.
Quail allantoic endoderm was implanted into the presumptive digestive-tract area of chick embryos, and the differentiation of the endoderm was examined morphologically and immunocytochemically with antisera against pepsinogens and sucrase. The allantoic endoderm was incorporated into the host digestive organs. It often became continuous with the host endoderm and formed a chimaeric digestive-tract epithelium. It differentiated morphologically into the epithelium of the digestive organ into which it was incorporated, showing the morphological inductive ability in situ of the digestive-tract mesenchyme against the allantoic endoderm. However, the allantoic endoderm did not produce pepsinogens even when it was incorporated into the host proventricular mesenchyme and formed well-developed proventricular glands. This result indicates that the heterotypic morphogenesis of the allantoic endoderm is not necessarily accompanied by the heterotypic cytodifferentiation. In contrast, the anti-sucrase antiserum-reactive cells often differentiated in the allantoic endoderm incorporated into not only the intestine but also other organs. This confirmed our previous observation that the allantoic endoderm has a tendency to differentiate into the intestinal epithelium in the heterologous environment.


Thin films of magnetically doped topological insulator with carrier-independent long-range ferromagnetic order.
Thin films of magnetically doped topological insulators Cr(0.22) (Bi(x) Sb(1-x) )(1.78) Te(3) are found to possess carrier-independent long-range ferromagnetic order with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The anomalous Hall resistance is greatly enhanced, up to one quarter of quantum Hall resistance, by depletion of the carriers. The results demonstrate this material as a promising system to realize the quantized anomalous Hall effect.


Aryl Sulfate is a Useful Motif for Conjugating and Releasing Phenolic Molecules: Sulfur Fluorine Exchange Click Chemistry Enables Discovery of Ortho-Hydroxy-Protected Aryl Sulfate Linker.
A new self-immolative linker motif, Ortho Hydroxy-Protected Aryl Sulfate (OHPAS), was devised, and OHPAS-containing antibody drug conjugates (ADC) were tested in vitro and in vivo. Conveniently synthesized using Sulfur Fluorine Exchange (SuFEx) chemistry, it is based structurally on diaryl sulfate, with one aryl acting as a payload and the other as a self-immolative sulfate unit having a latent phenol function at the ortho position. The chemically stable OHPAS linker was stable in plasma samples from 5 different species, yet it can release the payload molecule smoothly upon chemical or biological triggering. The payload release proceeds via intramolecular cyclization, producing a cyclic sulfate coproduct that eventually hydrolyzes to a catechol monosulfate. A set of OHPAS-containing ADCs based on Trastuzumab were prepared with a drug to antibody ratio of ∼2, and were shown to be cytotoxic in 5 different cancer cell lines in vitro and dose-dependently inhibited tumor growth in a NCI-N87 mouse xenograft model. We conclude that OHPAS conjugates will be of considerable use for delivering phenol-containing payloads to tissues targeted for medical intervention.


Feeding inhibition produced by concurrent sucrose ingestion in gerbils and hamsters.
The daily 1-h intake of solid diet, 7% sucrose solution, and water of gerbils and hamsters tested for a 15-day period was investigated. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that gerbils provided with sucrose solution in addition to Purina rat chow showed an inhibition of food intake relative to control gerbils not given access to sucrose solution. However, experimental animals did not differ from control animals in either body weight loss or total caloric intake. For Experiment 2, results indicated that hamsters provided with sucrose solution in addition to sunflower seeds did not differ in their daily 1-h intake of seeds from control hamsters that had access to sunflower seeds. In Experiment 3, gerbils were tested under the same conditions as those of Experiment 2, and results indicated that concurrent sucrose ingestion inhibited the intake of sunflower seeds. The implications of these species differences in reactions to the test conditions are discussed.


Decreasing Radiative Recombination Coefficients via an Indirect Band Gap in Lead Halide Perovskites.
High absorption coefficients imply also high radiative recombination coefficients due to detailed balance. It is therefore worthwhile to investigate whether a combination of two transitions with different absorption coefficients (such as a direct and an indirect band gap) could be used to reduce radiative recombination while at the same time retaining the high absorption coefficient. We show here that a longer radiative lifetime helping charge collection can indeed be achieved, while an increase in open-circuit voltage by adding an indirect band gap below the direct one is impossible. We also show that the absorption coefficient in CH3NH3PbI3 could indeed consist of a direct and an indirect contribution; however, the indirect one seems to dominate luminescence and therefore radiative recombination. Thus, the condition that the direct gap is mainly responsible for absorption and emission would not be valid for CH3NH3PbI3. Therefore, we would not expect any benefit of an indirect gap in the radiative limit. However, there may be benefits for charge collection but not open-circuit voltage if nonradiative recombination is dominant.


Self-reported frequency of serum cholesterol testing, awareness of test results, and laboratory cholesterol values in two South Carolina communities.
Self-reported frequency of cholesterol testing and awareness of test results were collected from 5,246 adults 18 years and older in two semirural communities in South Carolina. Serum cholesterol was also measured for about 60 percent of this group. More than half of these persons had serum cholesterol values greater than 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg per dL) and 21 percent had values greater than 240 mg per dL. One-third of the population had had their cholesterol level measured within the past year; 40 percent reported that their cholesterol level had never been measured. Among persons whose cholesterol was 240 mg per dL or more, 39 percent reported that their cholesterol had never been measured or that they did not know if it had been measured, 37 percent reported that their cholesterol had been measured but that they were not told that it was high, and 18 percent reported that their cholesterol had been measured and that they were advised to reduce it. Among persons whose cholesterol was 200 mg per dL or more, and who reported that they had cardiovascular disease, 25 percent reported that they were advised to reduce their cholesterol. These results emphasize the need to increase the proportion of the population who have had their cholesterol level measured, who know their test results, and who have been properly counseled about the results.


Preventing skin cancer: findings of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services On reducing Exposure to Ultraviolet Light.
Rates of skin cancer, the most common cancer in the United States, are increasing. The most preventable risk factor for skin cancer is unprotected ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Seeking to identify effective approaches to reducing the incidence of skin cancer by improving individual and community efforts to reduce unprotected UV exposure, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services conducted systematic reviews of community interventions to reduce exposure to ultraviolet light and increase protective behaviors. The Task Force found sufficient evidence to recommend two interventions that are based on improvements in sun protective or "covering-up" behavior (wearing protective clothing including long-sleeved clothing or hats): educational and policy approaches in two settings--primary schools and recreational or tourism sites. They found insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of a range of other population-based interventions and recommended additional research in these areas: educational and policy approaches in child care centers, secondary schools and colleges, recreational or tourism sites for children, and workplaces; interventions conducted in health-care settings and targeted to both providers and children's parents or caregivers; media campaigns alone; and community wide multicomponent interventions. This report also presents additional information regarding the recommended community interventions, briefly describes how the reviews were conducted, provides resources for further information, and provides information that can help in applying the interventions locally. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force conducted a systematic review of counseling by primary care clinicians to prevent skin cancer (CDC. Counseling to prevent skin cancer: recommendation and rationale of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. MMWR 2003;52[No. RR-15]:13-17), which is also included in this issue, the first jointly released findings from the Task Force on Community Preventive Services and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.


Food cravings in young and elderly adults.
Fifty young-adult and 48 elderly Ss participated in a structured interview study on food cravings (defined as an intense desire or longing to eat a particular food). Elderly Ss were less likely than young Ss to report cravings and reported craving a smaller number of different foods. In contrast to a number of other researchers, we found a relationship between dietary restrictions and cravings. Types of food craved differed by gender and age. Women reported significantly more cravings for chocolate and for sweets than did men. However, craving for sweets declined with age among women. Cravings were not evenly distributed throughout the day, but tended to occur in the late afternoon and early evening.


Complete Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 122, a Nitrogen-Fixing Soybean Symbiont.
We report the complete genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 122, a nitrogen-fixing soybean symbiont. The genome consists of a 9.1 Mb circular chromosome, and 8,551 coding sequences (CDSs) were predicted on the genome. The sequence will provide insight into the evolution of rhizobial genome, and the symbiotic compatibility with host plants.


Increased substance use in survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster.
Cross-sectional data are reported on 73 survivors of the Herald of Free Enterprise disaster. Many reported an increase in their consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, sleeping tablets, antidepressants and tranquillizers at six and 30 months. The level of increased use was, however, lower at 30 months than at six months, although this was less evident for alcohol and cigarettes than the other substances. In addition, self-reports of increased substance use are associated with higher levels of psychological distress as measured by the General Health Questionnaire and the Impact of Events Scale. It is suggested that substance use might help to maintain subsequent psychological distress.


Toxicity of chlorothalonil containing formulation and Cu-sulphate to chicken.
The agrochemicals are being used increasing amounts in plant protection. The plant protection must pay close attention to the decrease or complete elimination of the damage to the environment which affects wildlife, because the cultivated plants provided not only feedstuffs for wild birds but a living and hatching territory as well. The pesticides sprayed during the plant protection activities might have an influence not only on mature birds but also on the embryos in the eggs. The eggs may be exposed to pesticides, the toxic effect of which may appear as embryo lethality and development anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of a chlorothalonil containing fungicide formulation (BRAVO 500) and copper sulphate on the development of chicken embryos. The test materials were injected directly into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 ml/egg on the first day of incubation. Applied concentration of copper sulphate was 0.01% and the concentrations of fungicide BRAVO 500 were 1% and 10%. The chicken embryos were examined for the followings: rate of embryo mortality, body weight, type of developmental anomalies, light microscopic examination. Our teratogenicity study revealed that, the combined administration of injected copper sulphate and chlorothalonil containing fungicide formulation (BRAVO 500) caused a significant reduction in the body weight of embryos, markedly increased the rate of embryonic mortality and the incidence of developmental anomalies. The joint toxic effect of copper sulphate and chlorothalonil containing fungicide formulation (BRAVO 500) is an additive effect compared to the individual toxicity of the test materials.


Current and Potential Applications of Atmospheric Cold Plasma in the Food Industry.
The cost-effectiveness and high efficiency of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) incentivise researchers to explore its potentials within the food industry. Presently, the destructive nature of this nonthermal technology can be utilised to inactivate foodborne pathogens, enzymatic ripening, food allergens, and pesticides. However, by adjusting its parameters, ACP can also be employed in other novel applications including food modification, drying pre-treatment, nutrient extraction, active packaging, and food waste processing. Relevant studies were conducted to investigate the impacts of ACP and posit that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play the principal roles in achieving the set objectives. In this review article, operations of ACP to achieve desired results are discussed. Moreover, the recent progress of ACP in food processing and safety within the past decade is summarised while current challenges as well as its future outlook are proposed.


Design considerations for a computer controlled multileaf collimator for the Harper Hospital fast neutron therapy facility.
The d(48.5) + Be neutron beam from the Harper Hospital superconducting cyclotron is collimated using a unique multirod collimator (MRC). A computer controlled multileaf collimator (MLC) is being designed to improve efficiency and allow for the future development of intensity modulated radiation therapy with neutrons. For the current study the use of focused or unfocused collimator leaves has been studied. Since the engineering effort associated with the leaf design and materials choice impacts significantly on cost, it was desirable to determine the clinical impact of using unfocused leaves in the MLC design. The MRC is a useful tool for studying the effects of using focused versus unfocused beams on beam penumbra. The effects of the penumbra for the different leaf designs on tumor and normal tissue DVHs in two selected sites (prostate and head and neck) was investigated. The increase in the penumbra resulting from using unfocused beams was small (approximately 1.5 mm for a 5 x 5 cm2 field and approximately 7.6 mm for a 25 x 25 cm2 field at 10 cm depth) compared to the contribution of phantom scatter to the penumbra width (5.4 and 20 mm for the small and large fields at 10 cm depth, respectively). Comparison of DVHs for tumor and critical normal tissue in a prostate and head and neck case showed that the dosimetric disadvantages of using an unfocused rather than focused beam were minimal and only significant at shallow depths. For the rare cases, where optimum penumbra conditions are required, a MLC incorporating tapered leaves and, thus, providing focused collimation in one plane is necessary.


Patellofemoral pain syndrome in female athletes: A review of diagnoses, etiology and treatment options.
Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common causes of knee pain and is present in females disproportionately more relative to males. PFPS causes tend to be multifactorial in nature and are described in this review. From a review of the current literature, it is clear that there needs to be further research on PFPS in order to better understand the complex etiology of this disorder in both males and females. It is known that females with patellofemoral pain syndrome demonstrate a decrease in abduction, external rotation and extension strength of the affected side compared with healthy patients. Conservative management, including optimizing muscle balance between the vastus medialis and lateralis around the patella along with formal therapy should be the first line of treatment in patients presenting with PFPS. Surgery should be reserved for patients in which all conservative management options have failed. This review aims to guide physicians in accurate clinicaldecision making regarding conservative and surgical treatment options when specifically faced with PFPS in a female athlete. Furthermore, we will discuss the anatomic variants, incidence and prevalence, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of PFPS.


The role of admission surveillance cultures in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit.
We undertook a prospective observational cohort study in intensive care unit (ICU) patients requiring mechanical ventilation for four days or more to evaluate normal and abnormal bacterial carriage on admission detected by surveillance cultures of throat and rectum. We assessed the importance of surveillance and diagnostic cultures for the early detection of resistance to third generation cephalosporins employed as the parenteral component of the selective decontamination of the digestive tract. Finally, we sought the risk factors of abnormal carriage on admission to the ICU. During the 58-month study 621 patients were included: 186 patients (30%) carried abnormal flora including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and aerobic Gram negative bacilli (AGNB) on admission to the ICU Both MRSA and AGNB carriers were more commonly present in the hospital group of patients than in patients referred from the community (P < 0.001), although overgrowth was equally present both in community and in hospital patients. The incidence of infections during ICU stay was higher in abnormal (n=120, 64.5%) than in normal carriers (n=185, 42.5%) (P < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 2.46 (95% confidence interval 1.72 to 3.51). Third generation cephalosporins covered ICU admission flora in 482 (78%) of the studied population. AGNB resistant to cephalosporins and MRSA were detected in surveillance cultures of 139 patients (22%), while the same resistant micro-organisms were identified only in 49 diagnostic samples (7.9%). Parenteral cephalosporins were modified in patients with abnormal flora (P < 0.0001). One hundred and ninety-six patients received antibiotics before admission to the ICU and 42% carried AGNB resistant to cephalosporins. Previous antibiotic use was the only risk factor for abnormal carriage in the multivariate analysis (OR 3.5; 95% confidence interval 2.1 to 5.8). The knowledge of carriage on admission using surveillance cultures may help intensivists to identify patients with abnormal carriage on admission and resistant bacterial strains at an early stage even when diagnostic samples are negative. Third generation cephalosporins covered admission flora in about 80% of the enrolled population and were modified in patients with abnormal flora who received antibiotic therapy before ICU admission. Our finding of overgrowth present on admission may justify the immediate administration of enteral antimicrobials.


Lipoproteins, lipid droplets, lysosomes, and adrenocortical steroid hormone synthesis: morphological studies.
Recent studies concerning cellular cholesterol homeostasis suggest that there is a relationship between the serum lipoproteins (low density and high density lipoproteins: LDL and HDL), the intracellular storage of cholesterol (lipid droplets), lysosomes, and the steroidogenic activity of adrenocortical cells. This review surveys the current knowledge on cholesterol import from LDL/HDL by adrenocortical cells, its regulation, and the participation of lipid droplets and lysosomes in this process. The possible role of adrenocortical cell microvilli in the uptake of LDL/HDL is discussed. Under certain physiological, experimental, and pathological circumstances lysosomes accumulate unesterified and/or esterified cholesterol in the form of lipid-lysosome complexes. As suggested by the data presented in this review, lipid-lysosome complexes appear to be involved in cholesterol homeostasis, via altering lipid compartmentalization. Since previous reports do not clearly demonstrate a positive correlation between the volume of lipid- and lysosome-compartments and the rate of steroid hormone synthesis [for review, see Nussdorfer (1986) Int. Rev. Cytol., 98:1-405], the objective of this review is to provide a better understanding of the interactions of plasma lipoproteins, lipid droplets, lysosomes, and steroidogenesis.


Implication of CDK inhibitors p21 and p27 in the differentiation of HL-60 cells.
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) differentiates HL-60 cells into granulocyte-like cells and cellular proliferation is repressed markedly along with the morphological and physiological changes specific for cellular differentiation. To elucidate the implication of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors during differentiation, we examined the expression of CDK inhibitors during the differentiation of HL-60 cells. The expression of p21 and p27 among the CDK inhibitors we examined increased during the differentiation induced with ATRA. Then, we established stable transformants of HL-60 cells expressing antisense RNA for p21 and p27 and examined the ability of these cells to differentiate into granulocyte-like cells. The extents of fully differentiated HL-60 cells transfected with genes for antisense RNA of p21 and p27 were only 53% and 60%, respectively, whereas 90% of the parental HL-60 cells differentiated by the ATRA treatment. These results suggest that increased expression of CDK inhibitors, p21 and p27, is necessary for the differentiation of HL-60 cells induced with ATRA.


A microfluorometric immunoassay for the demonstration of human AFP.
A competitive Sepharose bead immunofluorescence assay is described which allows the quantitative detection of human alpha-fetoprotein. The test is highly specific and sensitive. The smallest demonstrable concentration of AFP is about 10 ng/ml.


Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and microRNA-451a in Response to Mindfulness-based Therapy or Treatment as Usual in Patients with Depression, Anxiety, or Stress and Adjustment Disorders.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is a proinflammatory cytokine that has been associated with various psychiatric disorders. MicroRNA-451a can directly target macrophage migration inhibitory factor and downregulate its expression in cells. However, the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and microRNA-451a in psychiatric patients treated with psychotherapeutic interventions is unknown. In this study, our aim was to investigate levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its regulating microRNA-451a in patients with depression, anxiety, or stress and adjustment disorders who underwent mindfulness-based therapy or treatment as usual. A total of 168 patients with psychiatric disorders were included from a randomized controlled trial that compared mindfulness-based therapy with treatment as usual. Plasma levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and microRNA-451a were measured at baseline and after the 8-week follow-up using Luminex assay and qPCR. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels decreased significantly in patients posttreatment, whereas microRNA-451a levels showed a nonsignificant change. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels were inversely associated with microRNA-451a expression levels at baseline (β=-0.04, P=.008). The change in macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels (follow-up levels minus baseline levels) was associated with the change in microRNA-451a (follow-up levels minus baseline levels) (β=-0.06, P < .0001). The change in either macrophage migration inhibitory factor or microRNA-451a was not associated with improvement in psychiatric symptoms. We demonstrate that the levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor decreased after psychotherapeutic interventions in patients with psychiatric disorders. However, this reduction was not associated with an improvement in psychiatric symptoms in response to the treatment. We also found an association between macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its regulating microRNA. However, this association needs to be further examined in future studies.


Invasion of bone into porous fiber metal implants in cats.
Bone ingrowth in porous Ti-6Al-4V implants in feline femurs was assessed for the amount and composition 4, 12 and 26 weeks after implantation. During the first 12 weeks there was a rapid ingrowth that levelled out during the ensuing weeks. Bone had penetrated the implants to an average depth of 0.5 mm over their entire surface at 26 weeks. The ingrown bone was deficiently mineralized at 4 and 12 weeks, but reached full mineralization at 26 weeks. A low calcium to phosphorus ratio persisted at all observation times. The ingrown tissue was compared to bone filling drill holes that had been made in the trochanters contralaterally to the implants. By means of radioactive strontium, the mineral deposits in the holes and implants could be compared. The overall results indicate that bone ingrowth in a porous implant and bone healing are similar processes both qualitatively and quantitatively.


LncRNA BANCR Promotes Endometrial Stromal Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Endometriosis via the miR-15a-5p/TRIM59 Axis.
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) emerges as a regulator in various diseases, including endometriosis (EM). This study aims to uncover the role of long non-coding RNA BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA (lncRNA BANCR)-mediated competing endogenous RNA mechanism in endometrial stromal cell (ESC) proliferation and invasion in EM by regulating miR-15a-5p/TRIM59. ESCs were isolated from eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues, followed by the determination of Cytokeratin 19 and Vimentin expressions in cells. Then, expressions of lncRNA BANCR, microRNA (miR)-15a-5p, and tripartite motif-containing 59 (TRIM59) in tissues and cells were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction or Western blot assay, and cell proliferation and invasion were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 and transwell assays. After that, the subcellular localization of lncRNA BANCR and binding of miR-15a-5p to lncRNA BANCR or TRIM59 were analyzed. LncRNA BANCR was upregulated in ectopic endometrial tissues and ectopic ESCs (Ect-ESCs). Silencing lncRNA BANCR suppressed Ect-ESC proliferation and invasion. LncRNA BANCR inhibited miR-15a-5p to promote TRIM59 expression. miR-15a-5p downregulation or TRIM59 overexpression both reversed the effects of silencing lncRNA BANCR on Ect-ESC proliferation and invasion. In summary, our findings suggested that lncRNA BANCR facilitated Ect-ESC proliferation and invasion by inhibiting miR-15a-5p and promoting TRIM59.


Mapping Sources of Food Safety Information for U.S. Consumers: Findings From a National Survey.
This research examines the sources from which U.S. consumers obtain their food safety information. It seeks to determine differences in the types of information sources used by U.S. consumers of different sociodemographic background, as well as the relationships between the types of information sources used and food safety risk perceptions. Analyzing the 2010 Food Safety Survey (N = 4,568) conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, we found that age, gender, education, and race predicted the use of different sources for food safety information. Additionally, use of several information sources predicted perceived susceptibility to foodborne illnesses and severity of food contamination. Implications of the findings for food safety risk communication are discussed.


Long-term, repeated doses of intravenous autologous mesenchymal stem cells for a patient with Parkinson's disease: a case report.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the basal ganglia. Clinically, patient presentation involves a combination of motor and non-motor symptoms characterized by progressive worsening over time and significant decreases in overall quality-of-life. Despite there being no fully restorative cure for PD, Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy offers promising therapeutic potential. Here, we report a case of a 77-year-old female, living with idiopathic Parkinson's Disease for over 17 years. The patient received multiple infusions of autologous Hope Biosciences adipose-derived MSCs (HB-adMSCs). A total of 26 infusion treatments of HB-adMSCs were administered over the course of ~2 years that resulted in marked improvements in her typical Parkinsonian symptoms, as demonstrated by the decreases in her UPDRS (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) scores. Changes in clinical scores mirrored concurrent changes in regional brain metabolism as quantified by FDG-PET (Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography), compared to baseline. Long-term, multiple infusions of HB-adMSCs were safely tolerated by the patient without any serious adverse events. Further research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HB-adMSC therapy for the treatment of PD patients.


Vav1 is a component of transcriptionally active complexes.
The importance of the hematopoietic protooncogene Vav1 in immune cell function is widely recognized, although its regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, we examined whether Vav1 has a nuclear function, as past studies have reported its nuclear localization. Our findings provide a definitive demonstration of Vav1 nuclear localization in a receptor stimulation-dependent manner and reveal a critical role for the COOH-terminal Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and a nuclear localization sequence within the pleckstrin homology domain. Analysis of DNA-bound transcription factor complexes revealed nuclear Vav1 as an integral component of transcriptionally active nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)- and nuclear factor (NF)kappaB-like complexes, and the COOH-terminal SH3 domain as being critical in their formation. Thus, we describe a novel nuclear role for Vav1 as a component and facilitator of NFAT and NFkappaB-like transcriptional activity.


Concentrations of free glucogenic amino acids in livers of rats subjected to various metabolic stresses.
1. The concentrations of alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and serine plus threonine have been measured by enzymic methods in ;quick-frozen' livers from normal, starved, alloxan-diabetic and phlorrhizin-treated rats. 2. The hepatic concentrations of alanine and serine plus threonine were decreased in rats starved for 48hr. Treatment of these rats with phlorrhizin resulted in a rapid fall (within 2(1/2)hr.) in the concentrations of all the glucogenic amino acids except serine plus threonine, which increased. The pattern for alloxan-diabetic rats was similar to that for phlorrhizin-treated animals, except that here serine plus threonine also decreased in concentration. 3. The effects of anoxia on the hepatic concentrations of the glucogenic amino acids are reported. 4. Inhibition of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase in vivo by l-cycloserine resulted in the accumulation of alanine in situations involving high rates of gluconeogenesis from endogenous amino acids. 5. Measurements of the concentrations of the reactants of the glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glutamate-oxoglutarate transaminase systems in various metabolic states suggest that they are both at or near equilibrium in rat liver. 6. New enzymic methods are described for the determination of serine plus threonine and alanine.


Self-contained soft electrofluidic actuators.
Soft robotics revolutionized human-robot interactions, yet there exist persistent challenges for developing high-performance soft actuators that are powerful, rapid, controllable, safe, and portable. Here, we introduce a class of self-contained soft electrofluidic actuators (SEFAs), which can directly convert electrical energy into the mechanical energy of the actuators through electrically responsive fluids that drive the outside elastomer deformation. The use of special dielectric liquid enhances fluid flow capabilities, improving the actuation performance of the SEFAs. SEFAs are easily manufactured by using widely available materials and common fabrication techniques, and display excellent comprehensive performances in portability, controllability, rapid response, versatility, safety, and actuation. An artificial muscle stretching a joint and a soft bionic ray swimming in a tank demonstrate their effective performance. Hence, SEFAs offer a platform for developing soft actuators with potential applications in wearable assistant devices and soft robots.


Benign parotid enlargement in bulimia.
Bulimia is an episodic compulsive urge to overeat often followed by recurrent attempts to lose weight by self-induced vomiting. Seven young women with this eating disorder and associated benign bilateral painless parotid enlargement are described. The glandular swelling was generally intermittent, with parotid enlargement usually developing 2 to 6 days after a binge overeating episode had stopped. Several had hypokalemic alkalosis and a moderate elevation in serum amylase levels. None had clinical evidence of pancreatitis, and a parotid gland biopsy in one patient was normal. The clinician should be alerted to the association of benign parotid enlargement with this syndrome.


Worldwide trends in antimicrobial resistance among common respiratory tract pathogens in children.
Respiratory tract infections among children are a common reason for health care provider visits and the primary reason for antimicrobial prescribing in this population. The increased prevalence of resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae pathogens poses a serious challenge in the successful treatment of respiratory tract infections caused by these pathogens. This paper reviews worldwide trends in antimicrobial resistance among common respiratory tract pathogens, highlighting data obtained from the pediatric population where available. S. pneumoniae resistance to beta-lactams is mediated through alterations in the penicillin-binding proteins and macrolide resistance to acquisition of efflux or methylation genes. The mechanisms of resistance to the fluoroquinolones include target enzyme alterations via genetic mutations and transport out of the bacterial cell via an efflux pump. Beta-lactamase production is the primary mechanism of resistance to penicillins among H. influenzae isolates. Although S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin was first documented > 30 years ago, resistance has increased at an alarming rate worldwide in the past decade. According to recent surveillance data, the worldwide prevalence of S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to penicillin is 18.2%. Beta-lactamase production among H. influenzae ranges from approximately 4% in Russia to 26% in the United States and to 31% in France. The prevalence of beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae remains very low (< 1%) worldwide, except in Japan, where the incidence is higher. In general, the highest rates of resistance are observed in isolates obtained from children, and risk factors for infection with a resistant pathogen include young age, the site of infection, day-care center attendance and recent antimicrobial use. Increased prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract pathogens isolated from children and adults is evident worldwide. Treatment of infections caused by S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae with older agents or ineffective dosing regimens may not eradicate infections and may contribute to the spread of resistance. These observations confirm the need for appropriate antimicrobial use to halt or at least limit the spread of resistance.


Intracorneal knot or flange depot fixation: new transscleral technique for intraocular lens fixation.
A new surgical technique of transscleral-intracorneal suture fixation of intraocular lenses with suture ends located within the transparent corneal or corneal-limbal paracentesis is reported. This new technique significantly reduces scleral and conjunctival trauma, is minimally invasive, is simple to perform, is not associated with complicated intraocular surgical maneuvers, and precludes suture knot, flange, and suture-end erosion. The internal part of the corneal stroma or corneal-limbal area serves as a secure depot for suture-end fixation with durable resistance. The technique enables visualization of the exact position of suture ends over time.


Clinical value of quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pelvic tumors.
Cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer are among the top 10 most common cancers in women, with ovarian cancer in particular being considered a "silent killer". Therefore, early detection, diagnosis, and treatment constitute important means of care for women's health. This study investigated the clinical value of the quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pelvic tumors. CEUS was performed on 151 patients with pelvic masses. Subsequently, a qualitative diagnosis was completed using the image enhancement features and tumor parameters. A multiparametric analysis of CEUS images was performed, which included the following parameters: arrival time (AT), time to peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), and ascent slope (AS). In addition, the qualitative diagnostic efficiency of CEUS was assessed in a multiparametric analysis, and the results were compared with pathological findings. The patients in the malignant group were older (P=0.001) and had larger lesion PI values (P<0.01) than those in the benign group. The PI difference (PId) and the AS difference (ASd) showed statistical differences (P<0.01) between the myometrium and lesion tissues in the same patient. Moreover, the PId and ASd showed the largest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC), with sensitivities of 90.9% and 91.7% and specificities of 86.4% and 72.5%, respectively. The quantitative analysis of CEUS provides a new, simpler, and more accurate method for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant pelvic masses in clinical practice. The sensitivities and specificities of PId and ASd were higher compared to other parameters from the same patient.


The effects of systolic arterial blood pressure variations on postoperative nausea and vomiting.
In this clinical study, we tested the hypothesis that a marked systolic blood pressure decrease >35% (DeltaSBP >35%) from preanesthetic baseline during the induction and maintenance of anesthesia is associated with more postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). In 300 ASA physical status I and II women undergoing elective gynecological surgery with general anesthesia, the maximum DeltaSBP during the induction as well as maintenance of general anesthesia were calculated. Observers blinded to hemodynamic variables assessed the incidence of PONV. The overall incidence of nausea (visual analog scale >4) and vomiting within the immediate observation period (0-2 h) was 39% and 25%, respectively. Frequency of nausea and vomiting in the late observation period was 21% and 9%, respectively. Women with a DeltaSBP >35% during the induction of anesthesia suffered from a more frequent incidence of PONV within the immediate (57% versus 35% and 41% versus 22%, respectively; P < 0.01) and within the late observation period (33% versus 18% and 19% versus 7%, respectively; P < or = 0.01). In women with a DeltaSBP >35% during maintenance of anesthesia, a more frequent incidence of nausea within the immediate observation period (53% versus 36%; P < 0.05) was found. We conclude that a maximum DeltaSBP >35% during the anesthetic induction is associated with an increased incidence of PONV after gynecological surgery during general anesthesia. A prospective clinical investigation revealed that a marked systolic blood pressure decrease >35% (DeltaSBP >35%) during the induction of general anesthesia is associated with an increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). The association between a DeltaSBP >35% during maintenance of general anesthesia and PONV is less pronounced.


Long-term follow-up of autosomal dominant Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD3) subjects enrolled in a fish oil supplement interventional trial.
Earlier studies have raised the notion that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation could be a useful intervention in autosomal dominant Stargardt macular dystrophy (STGD3). We sought to assess whether fish oil supplementation has a beneficial effect on the clinical course of STGD3 secondary to a mutation in the ELOVL4 gene. Eleven patients with STGD3 were enrolled in an 8-year open-label, clinical interventional study of over-the-counter fish oil supplements at a recommended daily dose of 650 mg EPA and 350 mg DHA (NCT00420602). Subjects had annual eye examinations with complete imaging, visual function testing, and blood lipid analyses. Compliance with therapy was measured by periodic patient self-report and with serum and red blood cell biomarkers of lipid consumption. Paired sample t-tests were used to measure differences in mean values of visual acuity, lipid biomarkers, and contrast sensitivity obtained at baseline and the last follow-up. All subjects showed progression of their maculopathy, and we could not discern a beneficial effect of the intervention. Compliance with the recommended fish oil supplement intervention was poor as assessed by patient self-report and biomarkers of lipid consumption. Our inability to detect a benefit of fish oil could be the result of small subject numbers, poor compliance, or intervention too late in the course of the disease. We still advise STGD3 patients to consume fish or fish oil regularly, and we recommend that pre-symptomatic children with ELOVL4 mutations should be especially targeted for these interventions.


Effects of an Integrated Health Care Program for Children.
This study examined the effects of an integrated health care program in elementary school students. The integrated program comprised exercises (3-4 times/week) and six sessions on nutritional and psychological education. Anthropometric measurements were recorded before the intervention. Additionally, physical fitness, dietary habits, nutrition knowledge, and psychological changes were assessed before and after the program. In total, 29% of the subjects were overweight and obese before the intervention (32% boys and 26% girls). There was a significant increase in flexibility, endurance, and cardiovascular endurance after the implementation of the program. Additionally, as a result of the program, participants showed improvement in nutrition knowledge and dietary habits. After the training, children tended to exhibit increased self-efficacy and lower stress, but the findings were not statistically significant. Implementation of an integrated health care program for the prevention and treatment of obesity could have a positive impact on children's health. It is hoped that continued research on the long-term effects of such programs is conducted along with the development of various programs.


[Assessment of respiratory function by body plethysmography (author's transl)].
The assessment of respiratory function by means of body plethysmography is particulary important in obstructive respiratory disorders. The conventional interpretation considered the bronchial resistance to be a relation between the alpha- and beta-slopes. The individual examination of these factors under work stress, histamine challenge and hexoprenaline broncholysis shows that the changes in the resistance will mainly be dependent on the beta-slope, even in the presence of a paradox response of the alpha-slope and, therefore, a reverse change in the intrathoracic gas volume. Therefore the beta-slope alone can be used to give satisfactory information about the bronchial resistance as an alternative method or, in the case of any difficulty in getting an airway shutter slope, for example, in paediatrics.


Spontaneous Ouzo Emulsions Coexist with Pre-Ouzo Ultraflexible Microemulsions.
Even in the absence of surfactants, polymers, or particles, spontaneous emulsions produced by dilution with water can be stable over days. This "Ouzo effect" used by the industry is obtained by rapid dilution from an identified "pre-Ouzo" domain of composition where weak aggregates are present: nanometer-sized clusters covered by a surface layer enriched in a hydrotrope such as ethanol. In these systems, Ostwald ripening is not an effective destabilizing mechanism. Using in situ autodilution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), we follow the morphological transitions occurring in a ternary mixture of water/n-octanol/ethanol throughout the monophasic and biphasic regions. This allows for the first time an online characterization of the multiscale coexisting microstructures. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) profiles on metastable emulsions as well as phase-separated samples complete the SAXS data, taking advantage of contrast variation via isotopic substitution. After crossing the phase boundary into the two-phase region, coexisting phases are both ternary solutions structured at the nanometer scale when the emulsion is stable. The transition from single phase to two phases is asymmetric around the plait point. When the initial concentration of the hydrotrope is below the minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC), emulsification failure occurs, i.e., emulsions cream within seconds. Beyond MHC, the low interfacial tension between coexisting ternary fluids results in a Laplace pressure below 100 Pa, explaining the puzzling resilience of spontaneous emulsion to the universal mechanism of Ostwald ripening.


Morphology and Development of Odostomia columbiana Dall and Bartsch (Pyramidellidae): Implications for the Evolution of Gastropod Development.
Although pyramidellid gastropods are a phylogenetically important group of diverse and abundant ectoparasites, little is known about their life histories. Herein, we describe the adult morphology and development of the pyramidellid Odostomia columbiana, which parasitizes the scallops Chlamys hastata and C. rubida in the Northeast Pacific. Anatomically, adult O. columbiana resemble other known pyramidellids although they lack the tentacular pads typical of other Odostomia species. Embryonic development is similar to that described for other pyramidellids: cleavage is unequal, gastrulation is partially by invagination, and considerable growth occurs before hatching. However, embryonic and larval development are much slower than for other described species. The planktotrophic larvae hatch after 19 days of intracapsular development and metamorphose about 2 months later. O. columbiana veligers have a large black pigmented mantle organ to the right of the midline, a distinct metapodial tentacle, and three or four long bristles that project over the operculum from behind the foot. Observations of newly metamorphosed juveniles suggest that previous disagreements regarding the development of heterostrophy are due to variation in the degree of heterostrophy among species. Our observations also generally corroborate certain scenarios explaining the evolution of gastropod cleavage type and larval heterochrony. Unequal cleavage and larvae that hatch without well-developed eyes and tentacles may be characteristic of the common ancestor of pyramidellids and opisthobranchs; however, late development of the larval heart is probably a derived condition of opisthobranchs.


[The study of major anaerobic bacteria from subgingival plaques of juvenile periodontitis].
The studies of the subgingival plaques from juvenile periodontitis (JP) have shown that JP is associated with Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans (H. a), Capnocytophaga (Capno.) and other species. This study was designed to study these species with Chinese JP patients using selective cultivable technique. The media used include TSBV to support H. a, TBBP to support Capno. and selective media for Bacteroides gingivalis. A total of 303 subgingival samples were collected from 43 JP, 31 gingivitis and 13 normal juvenile. It was found that the recovery rates of H. a and Capnocytophaga in JP group were higher than that in two other groups. The Black-pigmented Bacteroides had a similar recovery rate in JP and gingivitis groups, but higher than that in periodontal healthy group. The bacterial counts and the correlation analysis between bacteria findings and clinical indices were consistent with the above results.


A novel MEK-ERK-AMPK signaling axis controls chemokine receptor CCR7-dependent survival in human mature dendritic cells.
Chemokine receptor CCR7 directs mature dendritic cells (mDCs) to secondary lymph nodes where these cells regulate the activation of T cells. CCR7 also promotes survival in mDCs, which is believed to take place largely through Akt-dependent signaling mechanisms. We have analyzed the involvement of the AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) in the control of CCR7-dependent survival. A pro-apoptotic role for AMPK is suggested by the finding that pharmacological activators induce apoptosis, whereas knocking down of AMPK with siRNA extends mDC survival. Pharmacological activation of AMPK also induces apoptosis of mDCs in the lymph nodes. Stimulation of CCR7 leads to inhibition of AMPK, through phosphorylation of Ser-485, which was mediated by G(i)/Gβγ, but not by Akt or S6K, two kinases that control the phosphorylation of AMPK on Ser-485 in other settings. Using selective pharmacological inhibitors, we show that CCR7-induced phosphorylation of AMPK on Ser-485 is mediated by MEK and ERK. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis and proximity ligation assays indicate that AMPK associates with ERK, but not with MEK. These results suggest that in addition to Akt-dependent signaling mechanisms, CCR7 can also promote survival of mDCs through a novel MEK1/2-ERK1/2-AMPK signaling axis. The data also suggest that AMPK may be a potential target to modulate mDC lifespan and the immune response.


Long non-coding RNA-mediated transcriptional interference of a permease gene confers drug tolerance in fission yeast.
Most long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) encoded by eukaryotic genomes remain uncharacterized. Here we focus on a set of intergenic lncRNAs in fission yeast. Deleting one of these lncRNAs exhibited a clear phenotype: drug sensitivity. Detailed analyses of the affected locus revealed that transcription of the nc-tgp1 lncRNA regulates drug tolerance by repressing the adjacent phosphate-responsive permease gene transporter for glycerophosphodiester 1 (tgp1(+)). We demonstrate that the act of transcribing nc-tgp1 over the tgp1(+) promoter increases nucleosome density, prevents transcription factor access and thus represses tgp1(+) without the need for RNA interference or heterochromatin components. We therefore conclude that tgp1(+) is regulated by transcriptional interference. Accordingly, decreased nc-tgp1 transcription permits tgp1(+) expression upon phosphate starvation. Furthermore, nc-tgp1 loss induces tgp1(+) even in repressive conditions. Notably, drug sensitivity results directly from tgp1(+) expression in the absence of the nc-tgp1 RNA. Thus, transcription of an lncRNA governs drug tolerance in fission yeast.


SirT1 modulates the estrogen-insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling for postnatal development of mammary gland in mice.
Estrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) play important roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer. SirT1 is a highly conserved protein deacetylase that can regulate the insulin/IGF-1 signaling in lower organisms, as well as a growing number of transcription factors, including NF-kappaB, in mammalian cells. Whether SirT1 regulates the IGF-1 signaling for mammary gland development and function, however, is not clear. In the present study, this role of SirT1 was examined by studying SirT1-deficient mice. SirT1-deficient (SirT1(ko/ko)) mice were generated by crossing a new strain of mice harboring a conditional targeted mutation in the SirT1 gene (SirT1(co/co)) with CMV-Cre transgenic mice. Whole mount and histology analyses, immunofluorescence staining, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were used to characterize mammary gland development in virgin and pregnant mice. The effect of exogenous estrogen was also examined by subcutaneous implantation of a slow-releasing pellet in the subscapular region. Both male and female SirT1(ko/ko) mice can be fertile despite the growth retardation phenotype. Virgin SirT1(ko/ko) mice displayed impeded ductal morphogenesis, whereas pregnant SirT1(ko/ko) mice manifested lactation failure due to an underdeveloped lobuloalveolar network. Estrogen implantation was sufficient to rescue ductal morphogenesis. Exogenous estrogen reversed the increased basal level of IGF-1 binding protein-1 expression in SirT1(ko/ko) mammary tissues, but not that of IkappaB alpha expression, suggesting that increased levels of estrogen enhanced the production of local IGF-1 and rescued ductal morphogenesis. Additionally, TNFalpha treatment enhanced the level of the newly synthesized IkappaB alpha in SirT1(ko/ko) cells. SirT1 deficiency therefore affects the cellular response to multiple extrinsic signals. SirT1 modulates the IGF-1 signaling critical for both growth regulation and mammary gland development in mice. SirT1 deficiency deregulates the expression of IGF-1 binding protein-1 and attenuates the effect of IGF-1 signals, including estrogen-stimulated local IGF-1 signaling for the onset of ductal morphogenesis. These findings suggest that the enzymatic activity of SirT1 may influence both normal growth and malignant growth of mammary epithelial cells.


Genetic engineering of taxol biosynthetic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Baccatin III, an intermediate of Taxol biosynthesis and a useful precursor for semisynthesis of the anti-cancer drug, is produced in yew (Taxus) species by a sequence of 15 enzymatic steps from primary metabolism. Ten genes encoding enzymes of this extended pathway have been described, thereby permitting a preliminary attempt to reconstruct early steps of taxane diterpenoid (taxoid) metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a microbial production host. Eight of these taxoid biosynthetic genes were functionally expressed in yeast from episomal vectors containing one or more gene cassettes incorporating various epitope tags to permit protein surveillance and differentiation of those pathway enzymes of similar size. All eight recombinant proteins were readily detected by immunoblotting using specific monoclonal antibodies and each expressed protein was determined to be functional by in vitro enzyme assay, although activity levels differed considerably between enzyme types. Using three plasmids carrying different promoters and selection markers, genes encoding five sequential pathway steps leading from primary isoprenoid metabolism to the intermediate taxadien-5alpha- acetoxy-10beta-ol were installed in a single yeast host. Metabolite analysis showed that yeast isoprenoid precursors could be utilized in the reconstituted pathway because products accumulated from the first two engineered pathway steps (leading to the committed intermediate taxadiene); however, a pathway restriction was encountered at the first cytochrome P450 hydroxylation step. The means of overcoming this limitation are described in the context of further development of this novel approach for production of Taxol precursors and related taxoids in yeast.


Managing patients' anxiety about planned medical interventions.
Patients are often anxious about planned medical interventions, and those experiencing anxiety are less likely to have the confidence to collaborate with healthcare professionals on their plan of care, and make decisions about consent. They may also find it challenging to follow rehabilitation guidelines, which can affect their long-term recovery. As part of their professional duty, nurses are required to recognise when people are anxious or in distress and respond compassionately, and while acquiring valid consent for any planned medical intervention requires the nurse to explain any risks, they should also attempt to reassure patients. The anxiety that precedes a planned medical intervention has been described as state anxiety; this refers to feelings of discomfort and uncertainty that accompany a situation such as an operation or a diagnostic procedure. Nurses can attempt to reduce any anxiety that patients experience by explaining the planned medical intervention and providing accurate information at the optimum time. This article outlines some of the coping theories that nurses can use to support patients in managing their anxiety about planned medical interventions.


Metabolic Syndrome Based on IDF Criteria in a Sample of Normal Weight and Obese School Children.
Metabolic syndrome was once reported only in adults but is now occurring more frequently in children. This study compared the incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components among normal and obese children using the 2007 International Diabetes Federation (IDF) pediatric definition for metabolic syndrome. Subjects comprised 78 school children aged 8-10 years, with 34 obese and 44 normal weight children. Body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured and body mass index was calculated. Clinical profiles measured included fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined using the 2007 IDF pediatric criteria. Obese subjects had a significantly (p< 0.001) higher mean BMI (26.0 ± 3.6 kg/m2) compared to normal weight subjects (15.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2). Only one obese subject (1.3% of subjects) had metabolic syndrome based on the IDF definition, but all obese subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. In comparison, no normal weight subjects had metabolic syndrome and only 9.1% of normal weight subjects had at least one component of metabolic syndrome. The most common component was central obesity, observed in 43.6% of subjects having WC equal to or greater than the 90th percentile. In concurrence with central obesity as the core feature of the IDF criteria, WC showed the strongest correlation with indicators of obesity such as BMI (r=0.938, p< 0.001), fat mass (r=0.912, p< 0.001) and fat-free mass (r=0.863, p< 0.001). We conclude that the problem of metabolic syndrome is more prominent among obese children, although the incidence of MS as defined by the 2007 pediatric IDF criteria, is low in this population (1.3%).


[Breast cancer in Morocco: phenotypic profile of tumors].
Breast cancer is most common in women and it is among the leading causes of cancer related deaths. The curability of this type of tumor is increasing thanks to screening programs and treatment advances which have certainly enhanced patient survival. But challenges remain, particularly in respect of phenotypic instability of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to analyse the phenotypic profile of breast cancer in patients treated at Mohammed VI Cancer Treatment Center over the years 2013-2014. We conducted a cross-sectional study over a two-year period, including the cases of breast cancer treated in our Center. Data were collected from patients medical records and analyzed using Epi Info software. 1277 patients were treated in our Center. 99.5% were females, mean age 50.20 ± 11.34 years. The most common histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (80.7% of cases). It was diagnosed at an early stage (56,9%). The most common molecular phenotype was luminal A (41.4% of cases). Luminal B, HER2 and triple negatives occurred in 10.4%, 6.3%, 11.2% of cases respectively. The study of tumor phenotype in patients with breast cancer helps clinician make treatment choice and policy makers implement programs against this disease.


Structural analysis of the 5'-flanking sequence of the mouse epidermal growth factor gene.
The 5'-flanking sequence of the mouse epidermal growth factor gene has been isolated from a mouse genomic DNA library. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the transcription start sites used in the submaxillary gland and the kidney are identical. Computer-aided sequence comparisons have indicated regions of the gene which may be involved in hormonal regulation.


Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with fibromatosislike stroma: case report and review of literature.
To describe a case of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with fibromatosislike stroma, emphasize the need for a diligent search for papillary thyroid cancer in the presence of a fibroproliferative lesion, highlight the peculiar hormonal response of the stromal component, and review the pertinent literature. We present the clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic findings in a patient with papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with fibromatosislike stroma and review the related published material. A 29-year-old woman presented to our surgical department because of a large mediastinal mass. She underwent surgical removal of the mass by means of a median sternotomy and neck extension. Pathology examination revealed macroscopically tan scarlike tissue, which by histologic study consisted of a dominant fibroproliferative lesion overshadowing a minor component of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Further neck exploration with total thyroidectomy revealed multifocal papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. Postoperatively, the patient received radioiodine treatment. A local and aggressive recurrent tumor was observed during a subsequent pregnancy; the lesion was not amenable to complete resection but fascinatingly responded to antiestrogen therapy (orally administered tamoxifen). The presence of a fibroproliferative lesion could be misleading. A diligent search should be made for a papillary thyroid carcinoma component within fibromatosislike stroma. The mode of manifestation of the tumor and its response to hormonal manipulation are distinctive features of this case.


Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe treatment method with few side effects. However, efficacy for various psychiatric disorders is currently not clear. A literature search was performed from 1966 through October 2008 using PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase Psychiatry, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and PsycINFO. The following search terms were used: transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS, repetitive TMS, psychiatry, mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, anxiety disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, catatonia, mania, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, psychosis, posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, Tourette's syndrome, bulimia nervosa, and addiction. Data were obtained from randomized, sham-controlled studies of rTMS treatment for depression (34 studies), auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH, 7 studies), negative symptoms in schizophrenia (7 studies), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD, 3 studies). Studies of rTMS versus electroconvulsive treatment (ECT, 6 studies) for depression were meta-analyzed. Standardized mean effect sizes of rTMS versus sham were computed based on pretreatment-posttreatment comparisons. The mean weighted effect size of rTMS versus sham for depression was 0.55 (P < .001). Monotherapy with rTMS was more effective than rTMS as adjunctive to antidepressant medication. ECT was superior to rTMS in the treatment of depression (mean weighted effect size -0.47, P = .004). In the treatment of AVH, rTMS was superior to sham treatment, with a mean weighted effect size of 0.54 (P < .001). The mean weighted effect size for rTMS versus sham in the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia was 0.39 (P = .11) and for OCD, 0.15 (P = .52). Side effects were mild, yet more prevalent with high-frequency rTMS at frontal locations. It is time to provide rTMS as a clinical treatment method for depression, for auditory verbal hallucinations, and possibly for negative symptoms. We do not recommend rTMS for the treatment of OCD.


Conversion in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: an analysis of predictors and outcomes.
The incidence, predictive factors, and outcomes related to conversion from off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) to on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (ONCAB) have not been well defined. We sought to determine the incidence of conversion, predictive factors, and any associated adverse consequences. From January 2000 through June 2002, 1,644 patients underwent nonemergent OPCAB with 61 patients requiring conversion from OPCAB to ONCAB. These groups were retrospectively compared by univariate and multivariate regression analysis. The converted group was then computer matched 1:3, to a cohort of ONCAB patients to determine differences in outcomes. The overall conversion rate was 3.71%. Converted patients compared with a computer-matched ONCAB patients had a higher incidence of operative mortality (18.0% versus 2.7%, p < 0.001). Urgently converted patients had a higher incidence of postoperative cardiac arrest (25% versus 1.1%, p < 0.001), multisystem organ failure (10.7% versus 0.6%, p < 0.001), vascular complications (7.1% versus 1.1%, p = 0.03), and perioperative myocardial infarction (10.7% versus 1.1%, p = 0.02). Predictive factors for conversion were surgeon early in OPCAB experience (odds ratio [OR] 4.4), previous CABG (OR 2.8), and congestive heart failure (OR 2.0). The need for urgent-emergent conversion was highly predictive for operative mortality (OR 7.3) compared with elective conversion. Patients undergoing urgent-emergent but not elective conversion from OPCAB to ONCAB had a significantly higher risk of mortality and morbidity compared with patients whose procedure was initially ONCAB. Variables predictive of conversion included previous CABG, congestive heart failure, and surgeons early in OPCAB experience.


Rasch modeling and the measurement of social participation.
Social participation is the main outcome of physical rehabilitation programs. The aim of this study is to improve the measurement of social participation, using an instrument called the Assessment of Life Habits Scale and the Rasch model. The interval level measurement, the dimensionality and the generalizability of the item hierarchy were verified. The data from a large sample of people with spinal cord injury was analyzed and specific results were compared with expert opinions. The main properties of the instrument were satisfactory and the agreement with expert opinion was high. Principal component analysis showed multidimensionality. The item difficulty hierarchy obtained with spinal cord injury experts was different from the one obtained with traumatic brain injury experts, indicating a different difficulty level of items in relation to each population characteristics. We conclude that the instrument is appropriate for the measurement of social participation and suggest ways to improve the instrument.


Alternaria alternata NADP-dependent mannitol dehydrogenase is an important fungal allergen.
Alternaria alternata is one of the most important allergenic fungi worldwide. Mannitol dehydrogenase (MtDH) has previously been shown to be a major allergen of Cladosporium herbarum and cross-reactivity has been demonstrated for several fungal allergens. The present study's objective was to clone the MtDH from an A. alternata cDNA library, express and purify the recombinant non-fusion protein and test its IgE-binding properties. Methods A cDNA library prepared from A. alternata hyphae and spores was screened for mannitol dehydrogenase by DNA hybridization with the radioactively labelled C. herbarum homologue as a probe. The resulting clone was sequenced and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant non-fusion protein, which was purified to homogeneity and analysed for its IgE-binding capacity. The coding sequence of the full-length cDNA clone comprises 798 bp encoding a protein with a molecular mass of 28.6 kDa and a predicted pI of 5.88. Protein sequence analysis revealed an identity of 75% and a homology of 86% between the MtDHs of A. alternata and C. herbarum. The functional mannitol dehydrogenase was expressed in the E. coli strain BL21(DE3) transformed with the vector pMW172 and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme catalyses the NADPH-dependent conversion of d-fructose to d-mannitol. In IgE-ELISA and immunoblots, MtDH is recognized by 41% of A. alternata-allergic patients. In vivo immunoreactivity of the recombinant MtDH was verified by skin prick testing. Finally, inhibition-ELISA experiments confirmed cross-reactivity between the MtDHs of A. alternata and C. herbarum. Mannitol dehydrogenase (Alt a 8) represents an important new allergen of the ascomycete A. alternata that might be suitable for improving diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.


The Acoustic Test Environment for Hearing Testing.
Audiology clinics traditionally employ expensive, prefabricated sound rooms to create an environment that is sufficiently quiet for accurate hearing tests. There is seldom any analysis of the need for or benefit from such enclosures. There may be less expensive methods that would decrease the cost of and increase access to hearing testing. This report provides information concerning the need for and effectiveness of sound rooms and an analysis of the audiometric test ranges for various earphone/room combinations. Acoustic measurements made in four rooms were analyzed with the attenuation provided by various earphone designs to determine the maximum permissible ambient noise levels and the corresponding audiometric test ranges. The measurements and calculations were performed with four test rooms and five earphone designs. Ambient noise levels and earphone attenuation characteristics were used to calculate the noise levels that reach the ear. Those were compared to the maximum permissible ambient noise levels that are provided in ANSI S3.1-1999 or calculated from measured attenuation levels. These measurements were used to calculate testable ranges for each room/earphone combination. The various room/earphone combinations resulted in minimum test levels that ranged from -10 to 20 dB HL at various test frequencies. When the actual benefits of expensive prefabricated sound rooms are assessed based on the range of hearing levels that can be tested, the effectiveness of that approach becomes highly questionable. Less expensive methods based on planning the clinic space, use of inexpensive sound treatments, and selecting an appropriate earphone can be effective in almost any space that would be used for hearing testing.


Mega-voltage versus kilo-voltage cone beam CT used in image guided radiation therapy: comparative study of microdosimetric properties.
Mega-voltage computed tomography (MVCT) and kilo-voltage cone beam CT (CBCT) are routinely used in image-guided radiation therapy. In current practice, doses from MVCT and CBCT are reported with no correction for radiation quality. In this study, we compared microdosimetric properties as well as doses for MVCT and CBCT. Monte Carlo simulation codes BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc were used to simulate a Varian CBCT 125 kVp photon beam and primary electron spectra for CT sets of two patients. The revised Oak Ridge Electron transport Code (NOREC) was used to simulate electron tracks in liquid water. C++ code was developed to compute lineal energy in a sphere of 1 μm diameter. Dose-mean lineal energy-based quality factors were calculated for critical organs in-field. The estimated quality factor for CBCT is up to a factor of 1.3 times that of MV beams.


Shiga Toxin Type 1a (Stx1a) Reduces the Toxicity of the More Potent Stx2a In Vivo and In Vitro.
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes foodborne outbreaks of bloody diarrhea. There are two major types of immunologically distinct Stxs: Stx1a and Stx2a. Stx1a is more cytotoxic to Vero cells than Stx2a, but Stx2a has a lower 50% lethal dose (LD50) in mice. Epidemiological data suggest that infections by STEC strains that produce only Stx2a progress more often to a life-threatening sequela of infection called hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) than isolates that make Stx1a only or produce both Stx1a and Stx2a. In this study, we found that an E. coli O26:H11 strain that produces both Stx1a and Stx2a was virulent in streptomycin- and ciprofloxacin-treated mice and that mice were protected by administration of an anti-Stx2 antibody. However, we discovered that in the absence of ciprofloxacin, neutralization of Stx1a enhanced the virulence of the strain, a result that corroborated our previous finding that Stx1a reduces the toxicity of Stx2a by the oral route. We further found that intraperitoneal administration of the purified Stx1a B subunit delayed the mean time to death of mice intoxicated with Stx2a and reduced the cytotoxic effect of Stx2a on Vero cells. Taken together, our data suggest that Stx1a reduces both the pathogenicity of Stx2 in vivo and cytotoxicity in vitro.


Basilar invagination associated with brainstem tumor opposite the odontoid process.
An 8-year-old girl presented with the symptom of nasal regurgitation and hoarseness of voice. Investigations revealed severe basilar invagination and a large intra-axial pons-medulla brainstem tumor adjoining the tip of the odontoid process. The child underwent lateral mass plate and screw atlantoaxial fixation and attempted craniovertebral junction realignment. Biopsy of the brainstem tumor was done during the same surgical procedure. Histology of the brainstem tumor revealed it to be a pilocytic astrocytoma. Simultaneous presence of brainstem tumor and basilar invagination is a rare clinical association and a complex therapeutic challenge. The possible cause of genesis of brainstem tumor in an unusual location is speculated.


Collarette Elimination and Demodex Mite Eradication with Topical Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution, 0.25.
Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of topical lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, in patients with Demodex blepharitis. Methods: Eighteen adults with Demodex blepharitis, defined as >10 collarettes on the upper lid and/or mite density of ≥1.5 mites per lash (upper and lower), were treated bid for 42 days with the topical lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%. Contact lens wear, artificial eyelashes, and lid structural abnormalities were among the exclusion criteria. No other antibacterial, antiparasitic, or anti-inflammatory treatment or lid hygiene products were permitted. One eye of each patient was selected for analysis and assessed on day 7, 14, 28, and 42. Collarettes were graded at each visit, and mite density was evaluated by microscopy at each visit except day 7. Outcome measures were collarette elimination (≤2 lashes with collarettes) and mite eradication (0 mites). Drop tolerability, adverse events, visual acuity, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were assessed. Results: Collarette elimination was achieved in 13/18 participants (72.2%) by day 42. Mean collarette grade (upper lid) declined from 3.56 ± 0.17 to 0.28 ± 0.11. Mite eradication was achieved in 14/18 participants (77.8%) by day 42. Mean mite density decreased from 2.63 ± 0.39 to 0.12 ± 0.08 mites/lash. Participants reported good tolerability. Adverse events were mild and transient and did not result in treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: Six weeks of at-home topical therapy with the lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, was effective in eliminating the most common objective signs of Demodex blepharitis, with a collarette elimination rate of 72% and mite eradication in 78% of eyes by day 42. ISRCTN registration #: 24398865.


Evaluation of buffers toxicity in tobacco cells: Homopiperazine-1,4-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) is a suitable buffer for plant cells studies at low pH.
Low pH is an important environmental stressor of plant root cells. Understanding the mechanisms of stress and tolerance to acidity is critical; however, there is no widely accepted pH buffer for studies of plant cells at low pH. Such a buffer might also benefit studies of Al toxicity, in which buffering at low pH is also important. The challenge is to find a buffer with minimal cellular effects. We examined the cytotoxicity and possible metabolic disturbances of four buffers that have adequate pKa values and potential use for studies in the pH range of 4.0-5.0. These were homopipes (homopiperazine-1,4-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid); pKa1 4.4), 3,3-dimethylglutaric acid (pKa1 3.73), β-alanine (pKa1 3.70) and potassium biphthalate (pKa1 2.95; pKa2 5.41). First, tobacco BY-2 cells were grown in a rich medium containing 10 mM of each buffer or MES (2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid) as a control, with the pH initially adjusted to 5.7. β-alanine was clearly toxic and dimethylgluturate and biphthalate were found to be cytostatic, in which no culture growth occurred but cell viability was either unaffected or decreased only after 5 days. Only homopipes allowed normal culture growth and cell viability. Homopipes (10 mM) was then tested in cell cultures with an initial pH of 4.3 ± 0.17 in minimal medium to examine whether its undissociated species (H2A) displayed any cellular effects and no cytotoxic effects were observed. It is possible to conclude that among tested buffers, homopipes is the most suitable for studies at low pH, and may be especially useful for aluminum toxicity experiments.


Somatotopy within the medullary electrosensory nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea.
The dorsal octavolateral nucleus is the primary electrosensory nucleus in the elasmobranch medulla. We have studied the topographic organization of electrosensory afferent projections within the dorsal nucleus of the little skate, Raja erinacea, by anatomical (HRP) and physiological experiments. The electrosensory organs (ampullae of Lorenzini) in skates are located in four groups on each side of the body, and each group is innervated by a separate ramus of the anterior lateral line nerve (ALLN). Transganglionic transport of HRP in individual rami demonstrated that electroreceptor afferents in each ramus project to a separate, nonoverlapping division of the central zone of the ipsilateral dorsal nucleus. These divisions, which are distinct areas separated by compact cell plates, are somatopically arranged. The volume of each division of the dorsal nucleus that is related to a single ramus is proportional to the number of ampullae innervated by the ramus, but not to the body surface area on which the receptors are distributed. Nearly one-half of the nucleus is devoted to electrosensory inputs from the buccal and superficial ophthalmic ampullae concentrated in a small area on the ventral surface of the head rostral to the mouth. Multiple and single unit recordings demonstrated that adjacent cells in the nucleus have similar receptive fields on the body surface and revealed a detailed point-to-point somatotopy within the nucleus. With threshold stimuli most single units have ipsilateral receptive fields made up by excitatory inputs from 2-5 ampullary organs. The somatotopy within the mechanosensory medial nucleus, also revealed by the HRP fills of individual ALLN rami, appears less rigid than that in the dorsal nucleus, as extensive overlap is present in the terminal fields of separate ALLN rami.


Local influence of high molecular polyethylene particles on heterotopic ossification.
We studied the effect of molecular polyethylene particles on local heterotopic ossification. A total of 36 healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group (n=18) and the observation group (n=18). High molecular polyethylene particles were injected to rupture Achilles tendon position in the observation group, and normal saline was injected in the control group. X-ray examinations were conducted on Achilles tendon in the 4th, 8th and 12th week after operation. The incidence rate of heterotopic ossification was evaluated, and bone trabecula morphological structure was studied under optical microscope after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression levels were also measured. Our results showed that heterotopic ossification incidence in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Achilles tendon structure in the control group increased in volume, and its texture was harder and cartilage-like. In the observation group, trabecular bone volume, thickness and quantity were more than those observed in the control group. BMP-2, TGF-β, IL-1, TNF-α, Runx2 and MMP-9 levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. We concluded that, high molecular polyethylene particles had a significant inhibiting effect on local heterotopic ossification.


Identification and characterization of the vitellogenin receptor in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and its expression during vitellogenesis.
In oviparous organisms, oocyte maturation depends on massive production of the egg yolk-precursor protein, vitellogenin (Vg). Vg is taken up by the developing oocytes through receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME), a process essential to successful reproduction. The aims of this study were to identify and characterize the yet-unknown vitellogenin receptor (VgR) from the pleocyamate crustacean Macrobrachium rosenbergii, and to investigate its expression levels during vitellogenesis and its interaction with Vg. The VgR gene was cloned, and its translated protein was specifically located at the oocyte membrane. Moreover, for the first time, a VgR protein was identified and sequenced by mass spectrometry. The putative MrVgR displayed high sequence similarity to VgRs from crustaceans, insects, and vertebrates, and its structure includes typical elements, such as an extracellular, lipoprotein-binding domain (LBD), EGF-like, and O-glycosylation domains, a transmembrane domain, and a short, C-terminal, cytosolic tail. In this article, we identify the first crustacean VgR protein, and present data demonstrating its high affinity for a Vg column followed by elution with suramin and EDTA. Additionally we demonstrate that VgR expression in the oocyte is elevated during vitellogenesis. Our results contribute to the fundamental understanding of oocyte maturation in crustaceans, and particularly elucidate Vg uptake through RME via the VgR.


Statin therapy reduces the likelihood of suboptimal blood pressure control among Ugandan adult diabetic patients.
Hypertension is one of the recognized risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in adult diabetic patients. High prevalence of suboptimal blood pressure (BP) control has been well documented in the majority of studies assessing BP control in diabetic patients in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, there is a dearth of similar studies. This study evaluated the prevalence and correlates of suboptimal BP control in an adult diabetic population in Uganda. This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 425 eligible ambulatory adult diabetic patients attending three urban diabetic outpatient clinics over 11 months. Data about their sociodemographic characteristics and clinical history were collected using pre-tested questionnaires. Suboptimal BP control was defined according to the 2015 American Diabetes Association standards of diabetes care guideline as BP levels ≥140/90 mmHg. The mean age of the study participants was 52.2±14.4 years, with the majority being females (283, 66.9%). Suboptimal BP control was documented in 192 (45.3%) study participants and was independently associated with the study site (private hospitals; odds ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.18-3.43, P=0.01) and use of statin therapy (odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.26-0.96, P=0.037). Suboptimal BP control was highly prevalent in this study population. Strategies to improve optimal BP control, especially in the private hospitals, and the use of statin therapy should be encouraged in adult diabetic patients.


Recurrent adult acute epiglottitis: the role of lingual tonsillectomy.
Acute epiglottitis is a life-threatening infection of the supraglottic airway that can occur at any age. Although it is traditionally described as a childhood infection, recent reports describe an increased recognition of this problem in adults. When appropriate and timely therapy is instituted, this condition is generally self-limited. Recurrent acute epiglottitis is exceedingly uncommon, and its treatment rarely is addressed. We encountered and treated a case of recurrent acute epiglottitis in an adult. After the third recurrence, careful consideration was given to possible pathophysiologic mechanisms and potential therapeutic options. Further recurrence was prevented effectively by performing a lingual tonsillectomy. Although this is an unusual condition, the cause of recurrent acute epiglottitis may be related to chronic lingual tonsillitis. Lingual tonsillectomy in these cases may help prevent further recurrent episodes.


Surgery for Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancer: A Single-center Experience With 74 Consecutive Resections.
To review our experiences with surgery for recurrent biliary tract cancer (BTC). Few studies have reported on surgical procedures for recurrent BTC; therefore, it is unclear whether this surgery has survival benefit. Between 1991 and 2010, 606 patients had recurrences after resection of BTC (gallbladder cancer, n = 135; cholangiocarcinoma, n = 471); 74 patients underwent resection for recurrence, whereas the remaining 532 did not. The medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Compared with the 532 patients without surgery for recurrence, the 74 patients with surgery had less advanced cancer, and their time to recurrence was significantly longer (1.4 vs 0.8 years; P < 0.001). A total of 89 surgical procedures for recurrence were performed in the 74 patients (1 time in 63 and ≥2 times in 11). Survival after recurrence was significantly better in the 74 patients with surgery than in the 532 without (32% vs 3% at 3 years; P < 0.001). Survival after surgery for recurrence was (1) similar between gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma; (2) significantly better in patients with initial disease-free interval of 2 or more years; (3) significantly worse in patients with chest or abdominal wall recurrences; and (4) significantly better in patients with pN0 disease in their primary cancer. Nodal status of the primary tumor and the site of initial recurrence were identified as independent prognostic factors after surgery for recurrence. Surgical resection for recurrent BTC can be performed safely and offers a better chance of long-term survival in selected patients.


BDK-doped core microstructured PMMA optical fiber for effective Bragg grating photo-inscription.
An endlessly single-mode doped microstructured poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) optical fiber is produced for effective fiber Bragg grating (FBG) photo-inscription by means of a 400 nm femtosecond pulsed laser and the phase mask technique. The fiber presents a uniform benzyl dimethyl ketal (BDK) distribution in its core without drastic loss increase. It was produced using the selected center hole doping technique, and the BDK dopant acts as a photoinitiator. In this Letter, we report a rapidly growing process of the grating reflection band. For an 11 mW mean laser power, the FBG reflectivity reaches 83% in only 40 s.


[The role of gastro-intestinal tract microorganisms in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia: an experimental study].
To study the role of microorganisms in the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Forty-four healthy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into a control group (n = 2), a mechanical ventilation (MV) group (n = 5), a mechanical ventilation with bacterial gastric inoculation (B) group (n = 11), a mechanical ventilation with bacterial gastric inoculation plus mosapride citrate (P) group (n = 13), and a mechanical ventilation with bacterial gastric inoculation plus loperamide (I) group (n = 13). 5% NaHCO3 was used to remain the pH value of gastric juices higher than 3.0. The flora in oropharynx, bronchi, and gastric juices were monitored during mechanical ventilation (MV). The pulmonary score and bacterial culture of the lung were performed at the end of mechanical ventilation. The incidence of lung infection caused by gastric bacterial inoculation was 10.8% (4/37). Taken together, mosapride citrate and loperamide didn't alter the incidence of VAP (chi2 = 0.83, P > 0.05), however, the occurrence of lung infection caused by inoculated bacteria in P group was lower than that in I group [(0.0%, 0/13) vs (23.1%, 3/13), chi2 = 4.55, P < 0.05]; the time of the emergence of the gastric inoculated bacteria in oropharynx in P group was later than that in I group; and the pulmonary score of B group was higher than that of MV group. Bacteria in the GI tract were not the main source of early-onset VAP, however, they may contribute to the development of late-onset VAP. Gastrointestinal dynamic promoting drugs, which enhance gastrointestinal motility, are useful to reduce the incidence of VAP caused by bacteria colonized in the digestive tract.


Physiomorphology of Soybean as Affected by Drought Stress and Nitrogen Application.
Drought periods are predicted to increase in the future, putting the production of sensitive crops under serious hazards. Soybean, as a legume, is capable of partly achieving its nitrogen demands through the N2-fixation process; however, this process is inhibited by drought stress conditions. Moreover, N2-fixation might not fulfill the total N demand for soybean plants, so supplemental N-fertilizer doses might be crucial. A 3-year experiment was carried out in Debrecen, Hungary, to investigate the effects of inoculation and N-fertilizer application on the physiomorphology of soybean (cv. Boglár) under both drought stress and irrigated conditions. Results showed that, regardless of inoculation, drought negatively affected plant height, LAI, SPAD, and, to a smaller extent, NDVI. On average, increasing N-fertilizer enhanced these traits accordingly. Inoculation, on the other hand, resulted in taller plants and higher LAI values, but lower SPAD values. It could be concluded that soybean's physiomorphology is negatively influenced by drought stress and that N-fertilizer application can enhance it whether soybean plants suffer from drought stress conditions or not.