For ubiquitous respectively pervasive computing mobility is one of the most important aspects. In the past, mobile devices became more and more aware of their location and vicinity and communicated rather loosely with each other. Therefore, mostly asynchronous communication paradigms were used in order to decouple temporally message transport. As such communication mechanisms seem suitable for single communication acts, they may not be sufficient, however, for more complex tasks which consist of sequences of related communication acts. This holds particularly if the resulting operating sequence spans several mobile devices in frequently changing vicinities. Therefore, the approach taken by the ongoing dissertation project DEMAC aims at a higher abstraction level for inter-device communication, especially for more complex user tasks. The concept as developed so far is based on integrating processes into mobile system infrastructures and on distributing their execution over different nodes in the network. For this purpose, a middleware platform for context aware applications is designed which allows for defining process schemas and which uses an interpreter to execute the defined processes in a distributed manner. 1 The Challenges of Mobility in Pervasive Environments In computer technology in general, two diametrical trends can be identified: On the one hand side computers become more and more powerful and they decrease in size. On the other side, the amount of connected items which are equipped with processing units increases continuously and they penetrate ever more into everyday life [1]. In recognition of this trend, e.g., Marc Weiser formulated his vision of "The Computer for the Twenty-First Century" [2] with the final goal to make computers available to users at any time and place, but making this access effectively invisible to them [3] For these ubiquitous environments mobility is one of the central aspects to cope with: Mobile users travel around and need access to their programs and data from everywhere and at any time. But also devices are mobile and thus able to form dynamic environments which share data and/or services. And even the code can move because it may migrate among and be executed on devices which form the mobile vicinity. However, supporting such mobility aspects on systems level also leads to additional constraints and demands than in more static distributed systems. This paper introduces the dissertation project "Distributed Environment for Mobility Aware Computing" (DEMAC) which aims at developing a middleware infrastructure to support the integration of mobile devices into "classical" distributed environments in order to enable value added and process oriented applications. The following subsections of this paper introduce the (broader and narrower) problem domains; section 2 addresses related and previous work, and section 3 outlines the DEMAC system software solution. Finally section 4 concludes this paper. 1.1 Integration of Mobility Constraints Research in mobile computing has identified four constraints which are intrinsic to mobility but different to traditional distributed systems: These are the restrictions of resources in comparison to static devices, the increased variability in performance and reliability of wireless connections, the finite energy sources to rely on, and the hazard of mobility itself. This caused the insight that mobile systems can not provide as much transparency as systems in more statically wired environments. In contrast, the moving elements have to be aware of the changing vicinity and to react and adapt accordingly [4]. A first focus of Mobile Computing was on timely decoupling the communication of mobile systems because there is no guarantee that clients and servers are reachable at the same time. System support for that lead to middleware systems which mainly used asynchronous communication models like message-passing, tuple space based approaches, or sharing of replicated data [5]. A second important aspect of research based on the implications of mobility constraints is the realisation of awareness and adaptability. These systems introduce the principal of reflection in order to make changes in the context available to applications. In such systems, the context describes for each entity the pieces of information which specify the situation of the entity and are relevant for its behaviour [6]. This knowledge can either be presented to the entity proactively by using adequate events or passively by providing a query mechanism. In summary: with asynchronous communication and location awareness some restrictions of mobile clients' resources can be allayed. Namely, an application can retrieve and use services provided by other servers in its environment to extend its own capabilities. However, all these solutions have in common that they solve the problems in mobile environments just for a single simple task or communication act because they are realised on a relatively low conceptual level: The decoupling is isolated for single interactions and only works under the assumption that clients and servers can eventually connect in finite time again. 1.2 The Need for Decoupling on an Abstract Level Most existing solutions in the field of mobile computing provide their support from an application point of view. They offer mechanisms and techniques to fulfil basic but rather simple tasks (cp. subsection 1.1). However, to step further to the vision of ubiquitous computing the successful execution of the users' (mostly more complex) tasks must come into the focus. For this reason, future approaches to system support for mobile computing should be based on such a more abstract and user centric view. On this abstraction level, complex user tasks can be regarded as sequences or process of related simple tasks from the application centric view which are managed by the mobile client. In consequence, a mobile client must be able to reach and invoke all services which are needed to execute the complex task. And as another implicit consequence, the client must be capable of handling all intermediate results regardless of their size and relevance to the expected final output. This, however, leads to a single point of failure and a bottleneck during execution time. If, on such conditions, the mobile device is not constantly reachable while performing a sequence of remote tasks, the execution time can expand fast and will reach an unacceptable dimension quickly. As the client has, additionally, to manage the whole control flow of the complex task, the quantity of possible processes is limited by the capabilities of the mobile device. Since the user, however, is, in mostly cases, just interested in the effects of a process and not in it's execution or intermediate results, the control flow and with it the complex task can be transferred to other devices. In such a case, the user should also be able to specify, next to the execution process, non-functional aspects like, e.g., security and other quality-of-service needs. These requirements should then be taken into account by the remote execution unit and enforced on user's behalf. As this can not be done just using existing techniques additional concepts are needed on the higher abstraction level of complex user tasks. These ones should decouple the execution of processes not only in time but also in space. 2 Previous and Related Work As mentioned before, much research in the field of middleware systems for mobile computing is based on decoupling the communication of mobile clients and on making them aware of their environment. Most of these systems provide asynchronous communication paradigms and/or detailed descriptions of the device's vicinity. The work presented here uses these results as it is based on messageoriented middleware systems for Mobile Computing also integrating parts of context-aware and event-based mechanisms. In addition, such a middleware approach can also make use of current web service technology in particular workflow definition languages. At present, we analyse if and to which scale the corresponding languages, e.g. BEPEL4WS or XPDL, are also suited for use in system support architectures for mobile system. The goal here is to find a compatible subset to allow for integrating the mobile devices seamlessly into existing workflow environments. Beyond that, this approach has also origins in distributed (multi-) agent oriented computing : For instance, research done in this dissertation project so far has demonstrated that it is actually possible to transfer a goal-directed agent system (JADEX) to mobile clients. Although there are, of course, limitations to the devices size it has been demonstrated in this research, that even for PDAsize devices such an approach is possible [7]. This leads to options for integrating goals as described in [8] as non-functional constraints and, in particular, to the possibility to deliberate about different strategies to achieve these goals in the most feasible way which is rather useful for a user centric approach: Different types of goals like, e.g., achieve, maintain, or query goals, which define the user's task more precisely, have a direct influence on the execution of the associated process. As the middleware support proposed in this dissertation project uses remote services as well as delegation of tasks and responsibility in a mobile and distributed environment, there is also a need to ensure the necessary levels of trust in such remote services, based on, e.g., foreign user roles, and individual user identities. Therefore, the DEMAC project also includes some research into digital identity management [9] and, as a consequence, identities should become an integrated part of the context concept of the approach. Finally, the dissertation project DEMAC is also influenced by previous research in the area of system support for mobile computing in Hamburg which, in


Synthesis of certain pyrrole derivatives as antimicro-bial agents In an effort to establish new pyrroles and pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidines with improved antimicrobial activity we report here the synthesis and in vitro microbiological evaluation of a series of pyrrole derivatives. A series of new 2-aminopyrrole-3-carbonitriles (1a-d) were synthesized from the reaction of benzoin, primary aromatic amines and malononitrile, from which a number of pyrrole derivatives (2a-d to 5a-d) and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines (6a-d to 10a, d) were synthesized. The in vitro antimicrobial testing of the synthesized compounds was carried out against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Some of the prepared compounds, [2-amino-1-(2-methylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitriles (1b), 2-amino-3-carbamoyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrroles (2b), N-(3-cyano-1-(2-methylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-acetamides (3b), N-(3-cyano-1-(3-methylphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-acetamides (3c), 2-amino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-3-tetrazolo-1H-pyrroles (5d), 7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-diphenyl-7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (7d), 7-(3-methylphenyl)-5,6-diphenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-thione (9b) and N-(7-(2-methylphenyl)-5,6-diphenyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidine)-N-aryl amines (10a)] showed potent antimicrobial activity. Sinteza derivata pirola kao antimikrobnih tvari U radu je opisana sinteza novih derivata pirola i pirolo[2,3-d]pirimidina s poboljšanim antimikrobnim djelovanjem. Reakcijom benzoina, primarnih aromatskih amina i malononitrila sintetizirana je serija novih 2-aminopirol-3-karbonitrila (1a-d), iz kojih su potom pripravljeni derivati pirola (2a-d do 5a-d) i pirolo[2,3-d]pirimidina (6a-d do 10a, d). Sintetiziranim spojevima ispitano je in vitro antimikrobno djelovanje na različite Gram-pozitivne, Gram-negativne bakterije i gljivice. Neki od sintetiziranih spojeva [2-amino-1-(2-metilfenil)-4,5-difenil-1H-pirol-3-karbonitril (1b), 2-amino-3-karbamoil-1-(3-metilfenil)-4,5-difenil-1H-pirol (2b), N-(3-cijano-1-(2-metilfenil)-4,5-difenil-1H-pirol-2-il)-acetamid (3b), N-(3-cijano-1-(3-metilfenil)-4,5-difenil-1H-pirol-2-il)-acetamid (3c), 2-amino-1-(4-metoksifenil)-4,5-difenil-3-tetrazolo-1H-pirol (5d), 7-(4-metoksifenil)-5,6-difenil-7H-pirolo[2,3-d]pirimidin-4(3H)-on (7d), 7(3-metilfenil)-5,6-difenil-7H-pirolo[2,3-d]pirimidin-4(3H)-tion (9b) i N-(7-(2-metilfenil)-5,6-difenil-7H-pirolo[2,3-d]pirimidin)-N-aril amin (10a)] imaju snažno antimikrobno djelovanje.


As a state law that is bound to international treaties on the protection of human rights, Indonesia has regulated the protection of human rights in the 1945 Indonesian Constitution. The access to health and the rights to health security are two important part of human rights should be protected by the state. In the new normal era during the Covid-19 pandemic, the rights to health became a susceptible issue where many healthcare workers thought that the state had neglected their rights. Many healthcare workers died in battling the Covid-19 handling without further severe responses from the state. Concerning the pandemic handling in Indonesia, the primary regulation that should be referred to is Law Number 4 the year 1984 concerning Outbreaks of Infectious Disease and Law Number 6 the year 2018 Concerning Health Quarantine. It turns out there is a constitutional issue in the implementation of both regulations, especially the protection for healthcare workers as the front guard of the pandemic handling. This article wants to analyze how The Indonesian Constitutional Court plays its role in protecting the rights to health security through the Constitutional Court Verdict Number 36/PUU-XVIII/2020. This is normative research using a conceptual and comparative approach to elaborate the cases. The result will conclude that the protection of the rights to health security is not only guaranteed by the executive orders in a government but also by the Constitutional Court as a state body that has judicial authority.


AbstractMunich has been a centre for painting materials research since early in the nineteenth century. The Bavarian monarchs stimulated this study by their patronage and their unusual search for permanent painting materials, which led to the early study of 'synthetic' painting materials and collaborative study among artists and scientists. Many of the great German painting technologists and scholars worked in Munich, among them Ernst Berger, Max Doerner, Alexander Eibner, Franz Fernbach, Adolf W. Keirn and Max von Pettenkofer. Late in the nineteenth century several institutions devoted to painting materials research were founded, and Munich's present-day centre for painting materials research, the Doerner-Institut, evolved from these early institutions. Although important contributions to our knowledge of painting materials and techniques took place in Munich, these contributions are generally little recognized.


A cooperative recurrent neural network (CRNN) algorithm for parameter estimation of autoregressive (AR) signals is proposed in this paper. The proposed CRNN algorithm is based on a generalized least absolute deviation (GLAD) method, which generalizes significantly the conventional least absolute deviation method. Compared with second-order and high-order statistic algorithms, the proposed CRNN algorithm can obtain robustly an optimal AR parameter estimation without requiring measurement Gaussian noise. Unlike existing cooperative neural network algorithms, the proposed CRNN algorithm has a global convergence and a novel weighting cooperation scheme to integrate single neural network output automatically. Simulation results shows that the more accurate estimates can be attained by the proposed CRNN algorithm in the presence of non-Gaussian colored noise.


The research group ParMol (parallel molecular mining) has the task to parallelize the complex search for interesting substructures in huge graph databases. The main focus is the search for frequent fragments in a molecular database. In [38] some sequencial algorithms for that task (MoFa [5], gSpan [39], FFSM [14], and Gaston [26]) were compared. gSpan is the most flexible but also fast algorithm, so this work deals with this algorithm in detail. In this thesis gSpan is extended in two different directions. On the one hand, it gets the possiblity to search in and for directed graphs instead just mining undirected ones, so that gSpan can be used in more application areas like weblog-mining [8] or procedural abstraction [9]. On the other hand the speedup ideas for closed graph mining of the CloseGraph [40] extension are tested. In the context of procedural abstraction (or graph shrinking in general) another kind of determining the frequency of a fragment is necessary. The number of (independent) embeddings is there more significant than the number of database graphs a fragment occurs in. The last part is the parallelization of the depth first search (DFS), that gSpan uses to find all frequent subgraphs. Two different parallel systems, a shared memory symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) system and a cluster of independent computers, are the basis for two parallel Java / JavaParty [28] implementations. The effects of the completely different memory structures and communication overhead are looked at and solutions to elliminate or minimise resulting weak points are worked out.


Abstract : Since security is based on trust in authenticity as well as trust in protection, the weakest link in the security chain is often between the keyboard and chair. We have a natural human willingness to accept someone at his or her word. Attacking computer systems via information gained from social interactions is a form of social engineering. Attackers know how much easier it is to trick insiders instead of targeting the complex technological protections of systems. In an effort to formalize social engineering, we are building two models: Trust and Attack. Because social-engineering attacks are complex and typically require multiple visits and targets, these two models can be applied, individually or together, at various times to each individual attack goal.


Pennsylvania entered into third-party financing for energy conservation projects because the state has too many competing priorities to fully invest in all the energy savings potential that public buildings represent. Conservation, fuel conversion, and cogeneration opportunities could reduce the state's $100 million energy bill by $20-30 million, and the state felt it could not continue to defer this savings potential. The authors describe the practical experience Pennsylvania gained in the process as well as the criteria and results of ranking state facilities as potential candidates. They identify the key features of the contractor selection process, and emphasize the need for competitive bidding and the advisability of a two-phase approach for larger buildings.


Many authors did not expect a bright future for the sub-Saharan African countries at the outset of independence in the 1960s. Today, when we look at the African economic, social, and political indicators, we notice that these authors were right. African countries continue to tail the list of developing countries as far as human development is concerned. Poverty is endemic in the region, HIV/AIDS and traditional infectious diseases constitute a serious threat to African health status. Life expectancy at birth is very low and HIV/AIDS prevalence


Changes in atrioventricular conduction coincident with myocardial anoxia were observed experimentaily in the cat over half a century ago (Lewis and Mathison, 1910), but in these experiments the prolongation of atrioventricular conduction time progressing to total atrioventricular dissociation was reversible within a few minutes of restoring full oxygenation. More recent work confirmed the action of myocardial ischaemia or anoxia on cardiac electrical activity and showed that atrioventrigular (A-V) nodal conduction was most susceptible to ischaemia (Bagdonas, Stuckey, Piera, Amer, and Hoffman, 1961). In a series of experiments on dogs it has also been noted that after prolonged myocardial ischaemia the recovery of normal atrioventricular conduction was often delayed (Wesolowski, Fisher, Fennessey, Cubiles, and Welch, 1952). Although heart block after cardiac surgery was initially regarded as a serious complication it is not now thought necessarily to carry a grave prognosis, spontaneous recovery often occurring. In a recently reported series of 95 cases of aortic valve replacement total heart block occurred in nine cases, but in only one did it fail to revert spontaneously (Barratt-Boyes, Lowe, Cole, and Kelly, 1965). We had noted during routine patient monitoring two patients in whom total atrioventricular dissociation occurred before there was any possibility of operative trauma to the A-V node or bundle, and both were associated with an episode of total myocardial ischaemia. We had also noted during open-heart surgery that the recovery of atrioventricular conduction after a single short episode of myocardial ischaemia, as for example with aortic cross-clamping, was complete and rapid; but after frequently repeated episodes of ischaemia the recovery became less rapid and less complete. This observation, if correct, would be compatible with the effect of anoxia on the intracellular action potential of cardiac cells (Trautwein and Dudel, 1956; Kardesch, Hogancamp, and Bing, 1958). So it


The article considers the theme of the holy places in the X-XI centuries in Khorasan and Maverannahr. The cult of the saints played an important role in the religious life of Muslims, and researches of world's leading scientists show that the majority of Mazars sprang up on the basis of the traditional pre-Islamic cults. Propagation of Islamic mausoleums meant a compromise between Islam and the local people's beliefs, the author of the article explores the scantily studied theme on the concrete material.


Supercooled type ice storage system with aqueous solution (or water) may have trouble with non-uniform release of supercooling even though it contributes to the simplicity of system and ecological improvement. The non-uniform release increases the instability of the system because it may cause an ice blockage in pipe or cooling part. In order to suppress the release of the supercooling, a cooling experiment was tried to an ethylene glycol(EG) 3 mass% solution corresponding with pressurization. Also, the frequency ratio of the release of the supercooling was measured to the pressurization from 101 to 505 ㎪. At results, the frequency ratio of supercooling release tends to decrease as the pressure of the aqueous solution increased in each cooling rate. Moreover, it tends to decrease as the cooling rate of the solution decreased in each pressure.


An embodiment of the application discloses a conversation information storage system and an application server, the system comprises a client, the application server and a cache server, and the application server is used to receive an application access request sent by the client after building conversation connection with the client, and transmit conversation information generated by the client according to application access under conversation connection to the cache server; and the cache server is used to store the conversation information after receiving the conversation information transmitted by the application server. In the embodiment of the application, because the conversation information is stored in the cache server independent of the application server, instead of the storage through client COOKIE, the storage space is unrestricted, and the use of COOKIE by a client browser is also not limited, and the embodiment can be applied to large network systems with more conversation information, and can realize mass storage and maintenance of the conversation information by the server side.


Soybean presently covers about 8 million hectares in the country and significantly contributes towards agrarian economy and farm-prosperity. Although soybean has originated in China, the north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent has a degree of endemic variability. The earlier soybean introductions have been owing to propinquity of these areas with China. Early varieties like Punjab Whitel Punjab-I and a host of strains grouped under Bhat/Bhatmash/Kalitur are also part of this endemic variability. These have saved the Indian soybean variability from the founder-effect as, later, most of the yellow-seeded varieties and strains of soybean in India have been introduced via USA. Several important genes such as those for resistance to yellow mosaic virus and other diseases, nutritional characteristics, photo in sensitivity, long-juvenility etc. have been introduced in India, mainly from USA followed by Taiwan, Brazil and other countries. Of late, a sizable number of black-seeded soybean varieties of Indian provenance have been repatriated from USDA, USA. The introductions particularly for specific genes of interest have helped in bringing about a renaissance of this ancient crop of northern India into a commercial crop of the country. Opportunities exist to further have directed-introduction for several traits and genes of interest which were hitherto unimportant but are presently assuming significance such as those for food and nutritional quality, lack of anti-nutritional factors etc.


Lincoln's re-election in 1864 was a pivotal moment in the history of the United States. The Emancipation Proclamation had officially gone into effect on January 1, 1863, and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment had become a campaign issue. "Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment" captures these historic times, profiling the individuals, events, and enactments that led to slavery's abolition. Fifteen of the nation's leading Lincoln scholars contribute to the collection, covering slavery from its roots in 1619 Jamestown through the adoption of the Constitution, to Abraham Lincoln's presidency. This comprehensive volume, edited by Harold Holzer and Sara Vaughn Gabbard, presents Abraham Lincoln's response to the issue of slavery as politician, president, writer, orator, and commander-in-chief. The topics include the history of slavery in North America, the Supreme Court's Dred Scott decision, the evolution of Lincoln's view of presidential powers, the influence of religion on Lincoln, and the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. This volume effectively explores slavery as a Constitutional issue, both from the viewpoint of the original intent of the nation's founders as they failed to deal with slavery, and as a study of the Constitutional authority of the commander-in-chief as Lincoln interpreted it. Addressed is the timing of Lincoln's decision for emancipation, and its effect on the public, the military, and the slaves themselves. The collection also covers the role of the U.S. Colored Troops, the election campaign of 1864, and the legislative debate over the Thirteenth Amendment. The editors include an essay on the role that iconography played in forming and informing public opinion about emancipation and the amendments that officially granted freedom and civil rights to African Americans. "Lincoln and Freedom", which includes nineteen illustrations, provides a comprehensive study of slavery in America and offers a rare look at how Lincoln's views, statements, and actions played a vital role in the story of emancipation.


Providing high bit rate real-time video services has been a major driving factor in the advancement of high speed networking technology such as ATM based BISDN. In this paper, we describe MPEG2Tool, an X-window-based software implementation of the MPEG-2 video compression algorithm with many additional useful functions. The ultimate goal of designing this toolkit was to facilitate the study of MPEG video transmission over ATM-based networks. The toolkit consists of four major modules, which appear as four push-buttons in the main Motif menu: (1) encoding, (2) statistical analysis, (3) transmission simulation, and (4) decoding.


The authors propose a distributed multiprocessor execution model, LORAP II, for parallel execution of logic programs. Each processor in the abstract machine is capable of supporting processes of variable grain sizes and is designed to be competitive with existing sequential implementations for deterministic cases. The authors present a set of experiments that establish the requirement for determining appropriate process grain sizes for effective parallel processing. Some heuristics are presented for compile time grain size determination. Some results from experiments using heuristics are presented that indicate a significant improvement in performance over a similar model (LORAP) supporting fine grain processes.<<ETX>>


Children and adolescents exposed to violent conflict are at high risk of developing mental health problems. Sport and physical activity is increasingly incorporated in post-conflict assistance for young people. Implementing agencies make a broad array of health claims for which there is currently a fragmented evidence base. The purpose of this review was to summarise the impact evidence for sport and physical activity based programmes on the mental health of adolescents in post-conflict settings, and highlight the limitations of current practice. A systematic review of 12 electronic databases, 12 journals and leading humanitarian websites was conducted in August 2014. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they described a sports or physical activity based intervention for adolescents between the ages of 12-19 in a post-conflict setting. A total of 11,722 publications were initially identified, of which 3 met the inclusion criteria and were included in a narrative synthesis. Two studies described projects in northern Uganda; one reported a decline in intervention in boys' mental health when compared to controls, the other a non-significant improvement. The third study reported continual improvement in symptom presentation in ex-child soldiers in Sierra Leone. Common limitations were short study duration and follow-up, poor or unreported adaptation of methods and a lack of treatment mechanisms research. There is a shortage of high-quality and available information, which limits the strength of conclusions that can be drawn. Despite the international furore surrounding the use of sport for assisting conflict-affected populations, there is not yet convincing evidence of its efficacy as a mental health intervention. Future evaluation and research should aim to identify the mechanisms and processes behind the intended impact of interventions. Background Mental illness is recognised as a major contributor to the global burden of disease. 1 The common mental health disorders (for example, depression, generalised anxiety disorder and alcohol and substance abuse) account for 14% of the global burden of disease, about 7.4% of disabilityadjusted life years worldwide and roughly a quarter of all health lost due to disability. 2-4 Mental disorders affect 1020% of children worldwide 5 and roughly 20% of children experience a mental health issue in any given year. 6 Child and adolescent mental health disorders have wide-ranging social and economic impacts on individuals and states. 7 Research in this area is scant, yet results from longitudinal, clinical and population-based studies indicate that emotional and conduct disorders can impair normal development for age, and can influence subsequent quality of life for those affected and their families. 7, 8 Estimating the global burden of child and adolescent mental disorders is complex and there are a number of barriers that www.jsfd.org Prospero registration number: CRD42014010833 44


Knowledge in a Social World is the long promised companion volume to Alvin Goldman's Epistemology and Cognition (1986). Whereas Epistemology and Cognition was concerned with individual epistemology, Knowledge in a Social World deals with social epistemology, that part of epistemology concerned with the evaluation of our social practices and institutions. Goldman is a leader in the ® eld, and a book-length synthesis of his views on the topic is a welcome addition. Though the book is not a collection of previously published papers, regular readers of Goldman's articles on social epistemology will not ® nd a lot new here. The book deals with normative issues in social epistemology, and aims to determine both (a) what the appropriate standards of evaluation for social epistemology should be, and (b) what institutions and practices enable us to realize our epistemic goals. The book is divided into three parts. Part One is devoted to outlining and defending Goldman's view on what the appropriate standards are for social epistemology. In Part Two, Goldman analyzes and evaluates generic social practices, those practices that people rely on in many domains of inquiry. Finally, in Part Three, Goldman turns his attention to special domains, including discussions of science, law, democracy and education. Philosophers of science will ® nd Part One, much of Part Two, and the chapter on science in Part Three of most interest. Consequently, I will concentrate on these in this review. Part One is concerned with defending the thesis that truth-linked standards are the appropriate standards of epistemic evaluation. Goldman's chief concern is to lay to rest a number of criticisms against a truth-based epistemology.o The targets of his critique include Richard Rorty, Latour and Woolgar, Nelson Goodman, Barnes and Bloor, and Michel Foucault. Contrary to what these authors suggest, Goldman insists that: there is a language-independent reality that makes our thoughts true or false; we can have access to these truths; all cultures have a concern for evidence and reliability, and hence truth; and, not all truth-oriented practices are corrupted by self-interest. Part One also includes a discussion of competing theories of truth, a defence of the correspondence theory, and a defence of veritism, the view that practices should be evaluated along truth-linked dimensions. Of special interest to philosophers of science in Part Two are the chapters on testimony, the market-place of ideas, and the section on scholarly publication in a chapter on the technology and economics of communication. In this latter section, Goldman examines the epistemic merits of peer review, comparing it with alternative possible approaches to publication. Goldman's conclusion is that a without peer review, the systems of science and scholarship would have less veritistic promiseo (Goldman,


Several efforts have been made during recent years on the control of traffic flow using ramp metering, variable speed limit and lane change control. Most of these techniques reported significant tr...


A method for detecting an abnormal Passive Optical Network (PON) terminal, comprising: an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) detecting an identifier of the abnormal PON terminal, wherein the identifier of the abnormal PON terminal includes the identifier of the PON terminal corresponding to the PON terminal, to which the identifier of PON terminal is allocated, the PON terminal not receiving a registration completion message in a predetermined time; the OLT locking the identifier of the abnormal PON terminal; and, the OLT determining, according to the identifier of the abnormal PON terminal, the PON terminal corresponding to the identifier of the abnormal PON terminal as the abnormal PON terminal. The method solves the technical problem that the abnormal PON terminal illegally occupying the identifier of the PON terminal cannot be detected in the related art, thus achieving simpler and more flexible dynamic monitor of the abnormal PON terminal and also reducing the cost of solving the problem.


With the development of deep learning algorithms, more and more deep learning algorithms are being applied to remote sensing image classification, detection, and semantic segmentation. The landslide semantic segmentation of a remote sensing image based on deep learning mainly uses supervised learning, the accuracy of which depends on a large number of training data and high-quality data annotation. At this stage, high-quality data annotation often requires the investment of significant human effort. Therefore, the high cost of remote sensing landslide image data annotation greatly restricts the development of a landslide semantic segmentation algorithm. Aiming to resolve the problem of the high labeling cost of landslide semantic segmentation with a supervised learning method, we proposed a remote sensing landslide semantic segmentation with weakly supervised learning method combing class activation maps (CAMs) and cycle generative adversarial network (cycleGAN). In this method, we used the image level annotation data to replace pixel level annotation data as the training data. Firstly, the CAM method was used to determine the approximate position of the landslide area. Then, the cycleGAN method was used to generate the fake image without a landslide, and to make the difference with the real image to obtain the accurate segmentation of the landslide area. Finally, the pixel-level segmentation of the landslide area on remote sensing image was realized. We used mean intersection-over-union (mIOU) to evaluate the proposed method, and compared it with the method based on CAM, whose mIOU was 0.157, and we obtain better result with mIOU 0.237 on the same test dataset. Furthermore, we made a comparative experiment using the supervised learning method of a u-net network, and the mIOU result was 0.408. The experimental results show that it is feasible to realize landslide semantic segmentation in a remote sensing image by using weakly supervised learning. This method can greatly reduce the workload of data annotation.


The invention discloses an intelligent multifunctional comprehensive sewer, and belongs to urban public facilities. The intelligent multifunctional comprehensive sewer comprises a main sewer pipeline and a plurality of branch sewer pipelines, wherein a cover board is arranged on the lower part of an inner cavity of a pipe body; a cavity above the cover board is a rainwater channel; an automatic flood discharging gate device is arranged on the main sewer pipeline; an automatic forcible flood discharging system is arranged at a water drainage opening of the main sewer pipeline; sedimentation basins are arranged below joints of the main sewer pipeline and the branch sewer pipelines; hanging baskets for storing silting are arranged in the sedimentation basins; a board frame filter is arranged at a water inlet of each branch sewer pipeline; and a monitoring alarm system can indicate a running state of the sewer in real time. The intelligent multifunctional comprehensive sewer has the advantages that waste of labor, resources and working time caused by a reason that each municipal corporation does things in the own way and repeatedly executes construction can be completely avoided; effects of discharging flood and storing water during drought can be really achieved; and municipal construction and management can be standardized, simplified, automated and intelligentized.


Network survivability refers to the capability of a network in restoring its reliable service even in the event of random failures and malicious attacks. Ad hoc networks are highly vulnerable to attacks than their wireless counterparts due to their unique characteristics. Especially, the transition of mobile nodes' behaviour from co-operative state to selfish state drastically influences the connectivity of the network [104]. Furthermore, network connectivity is identified as the most important metric for evaluating the survivability of an ad hoc network in a diversified number of works [97]. In addition, majority of the mitigation mechanisms proposed in the literature handle selfish nodes by computing the reputation value either by quantifying information related to the past history or by estimating the conditional probabilistic factor of the mobile nodes [86, 87, 92]. However, these mitigation techniques are not potentially capable of detecting selfish nodes by forecasting a mobile node's behaviour using the likelihood probability of behavioural transition computed based on its present characteristics. Thus the behaviour of each participating mobile node needs to be forecasted and further network survivability has to be quantified using network connectivity for maintaining a collaborative environment among the mobile nodes.


Bubbles in a standing sound field can be trapped at a pressure antinode and driven to strongly nonlinear oscillations with fast collapse, whereby shock waves and also faint, short light pulses are emitted. The physical and chemical processes within the bubbles associated with these phenomena are still not completely understood and also defy spatially resolved experimental investigation. In this paper, he processes within collapsing sonoluminescing bubbles containing argon and water vapor are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with several million particles.


Background: Media in which the corpse is an important role in determining the speed of decay of the corpse. To know when the time of death can be seen from the description of the cell lysis histopathology body organs. This study aims to determine the speed difference kidneys cell lysis in Wistar rats dead buried in the soil media and drowned in freshwater based on histopathology imaging.
Methods: This research is an experimental research using Wistar rats as a sample. The sample consisted of 10 male Wistar rats for the two treatment groups in which each group consists of five male Wistar rats. The first group would be buried in the soil media, while the second group would be drowned in fresh water. The study lasted for 60 minutes. So that samples were collected from five Wistar rats performed every 12 minutes. Each sample would be made one kidney preparations for histopathologic examination was performed to assess the description of histological changes in kidney structure in Wistar rats. Any reading of the number of the amount of lysis preparations carried out in 100 kidney tubular cells lysis.
Result: From the slides, showed that the speed of cell lysis in media land and fresh water there is no significant difference in the hours I and IV.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the speed of rat's kidneys cell lysis in media land and fresh water based on the description histopathology. So that way can not be used to present a long time of death.

Keywords: Thanatologi, decomposition, kidney cell lysis.


The analysis of the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation in terms of the requirements for accounting for the responsibility of buildings and structures when calculating for seismic impacts is given. For discussion, an approach is proposed to the differentiated assignment of the responsibility coefficient K0 for individual structural elements (columns) of a multi-storey monolithic reinforced concrete frame building when determining calculated seismic loads. Based on the results of calculations for an emergency settlement situation associated with the expected initial local destruction of the column, taking into account its different location in the plan and height for the columns, the values of the coefficients of significance of the location in the plan and the location in height are determined, taking into account the analysis of the calculated volumes of destruction, and are further used to clarify the values of the coefficients of responsibility K0.


In the past two decades, a number of novel superconducting materials have been discovered where order parameter symmetries are different from an s-wave spin singlet, predicted by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of electron-phonon mediated pairing. From the initial discoveries of unconventional superconductivity in heavy-fermion compounds, the list of examples has now grown to include the highc T cuprate superconductors, ruthenates, ferromagnetic superconductors, and possibly organic materials. In most of these materials, there are strong indications that the pairing is caused by the electron correlations, in contrast to conventional superconductors such as Pb, Nb, etc. Nonphononic mechanisms of pairing are believed to favor a nontrivial spin structure and orbital symmetry of the Cooper pairs. For example, the order parameter in the highc T superconductors, where the pairing is thought to be caused by the antiferromagnetic correlations, has the d-wave symmetry with lines of zeroes at the Fermi surface. A powerful tool of studying unconventional superconducting states is symmetry analysis, which works even if the pairing mechanism is not known. In general, the superconducting BCS ground state is formed by Cooper pairs with zero total angular momentum. The electronic states are four-fold degenerate k  , and k   have the same energy   k  . The states with opposite momenta and opposite spins are transformed to one another under time reversal operation k k      and states with opposite momenta are transformed to one another under inversion operation I k k     . The four degenerate states are a consequence of space and time inversion symmetries. Parity symmetry is irrelevant for spin-singlet pairing, but is essential for spin-triplet pairing. Time reversal symmetry is required for spin-singlet configuration, but is unimportant for spintriplet state (Anderson, 1959, 1984). If this degeneracy is lifted, for example, by a magnetic field or magnetic impurities coupling to the electron spins, then superconductivity is weakened or even suppressed. For spintriplet pairing, Anderson noticed that additionally inversion symmetry is required to obtain the necessary degenerate electron states. Consequently, it became a widespread view that a material lacking an inversion center would be an unlikely candidate for spin-triplet pairing. For example, the absence of superconductivity in the paramagnetic phase of MnSi close to the quantum critical point to itinerant ferromagnetism was interpreted from this point of


This paper explores the potential for social marketing application for community mobilization. For this purpose, Kudubhashree, a poverty eradication programme initiated by Govt of Kerala is used as a case study. The discussion in the paper focuses on the problems and challenges related to the scaling up of Kudumbashree throughout the State. The resolution of various issues related to scaling up process is detailed with the potential application of social marketing, using the consumer orientation and marketing mix as the basis for discussion.


Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction plays an important role in the development and progression of biliary and pancreatic diseases.Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction can be classified into two categories: anatomical abnormality and functional disorder. Studies have found that sphincter of Oddi dysfunction is closely associated with duodenal-biliary reflux and formation of biliary calculi. The classification of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and its relationship with formation of biliary calculi are reviewed and summarized. It is thought that intervention and regulation for Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction may be of great significance in guiding the prevention and treatment of cholelithiasis.


The present invention is conventional is to as to measure the very weak thickness of the stratum corneum due to the irritation of the shampoo scalp cleansing products actual use conditions, which contains a surface active agent a large amount to a method for assessing the amount of damage of the scalp, and more particularly the patch test improve (patch test), and an objective by using a biological confocal laser scanning microscope (in vivo confocal microscopy) and image analysis program visually by measuring the amount of damage of the stratum corneum to a method of evaluating the degree of scalp damage will be. Shampoo, cleaning products scalp, scalp, biological confocal laser scanning microscopy (in vivo laser confocal microscopy), image analysis, wash-off (wash-off)


The objective of this study is to examine a timber-framed structure in Zahra Street, one of the most well-known sites of the Arabahmet region, located in the northern section of Nicosia, the only divided capital in the world. This research covers such topics as information of the selected structure, location, and area definition, whereby information about the layout, facade and material characteristics with their current status was also documented. The documented current status indicates what materials where used, and what application stages went into the facade and this house which was made from timber-framed material. Consequently, a study was conducted on a timber-framed house specimen, one of the two timber-framed structures found on Zahra Street, one of the most visited streets of Nicosia's touristic Arabahmet District. The objective of this study is to gain a better awareness of buildings, houses and/or structures that may be regarded as architectural heritage which was made from half-timbered material and to inform and share the obtained results and assessments with users, those in the community, tourists as well as people living in the country.


Acute diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality especially in children in developing countries. Cholera is endemic in many Asian and African countries. Indeed, since the beginning of recorded history, cholera has been endemic in the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas of eastern India and Bangladesh. In endemic areas, the disease may account for 5-10% of hospitalized patients with diarrhea in all age groups, but it affects mostly children aged 2-9 years; severe cases are frequently encountered. In newly invaded areas, young adults are most often the initial victims. The discovery that glucose enhances the absorption of sodium and water in the gut and that no structural changes occur in the gut epithelium in cholera led to the development of oral rehydration therapy (ORT). This discovery is considered one of the most important medical advances of the century. ORT is a simple, cost-effective weapon to fight against diarrheal dehydration, which is the most important cause of death from cholera and other secretory diarrheas. Numerous clinical studies have shown the effectiveness of ORT in all age groups and in all etiologies of diarrhea. While a strong CDD program is the best preparation for a cholera epidemic, the best control measures during an outbreak are health education and the early detection and treatment of people with disease.


Students' mental models are important to be analyzed properly. Mental models are able to be described for students' knowledge and diagnosed students' learning difficulties. This study aims to analyze students' mental models on work and energy concept in the post-pandemic covid-19 era. Students' mental models were measured by four-tier test instrument and analyzed using the wright map. The research study utilizes descriptive-quantitative research method. The participant of this study are 31 K-10 students (13 boys and 18 girls) at high school in the West Java, Indonesia. The data analysis shows that the most student had category of in (51.52%), Sy-D (18.52%), furthermore caterogy Sy-C (13.52%), Sy-B (11.29%), and only less students that had category of Sy-A (2.95%) and Sc (2.2%). It could be concluded that physics learning in forming students' mental models needs to be improvised immediately.


In August 1936, weeks after the start of the Spanish Civil War, the artist Felicia Browne was killed attempting to blow up a train transporting arms to Nationalist troops in Aragon. According to an eyewitness report, Browne had stopped to help a wounded colleague, despite coming under fire.1 She was the first of over 500 British volunteers to die in the war and the only British woman to play a combat role.2 But she was one of over seventy female volunteers who travelled to Spain from the United Kingdom, who were in turn supported in Britain by hundreds of women engaged in activism concerning the Civil War, their participation diverse in nature and degree. This article examines British women's efforts on behalf of the Republican government in the Spanish Civil War, considering particularly the role gender played in their engagement with the conflict. The outcome of the 1931 elections in Spain led to the proclamation of the Second Republic and the establishment of a democratic system. The subsequent years were marked by social and political polarisation and, on 17 July 1936, General Francisco Franco led a military rebellion against the Republic. It failed due to popular resistance, and civil war ensued. In August 1936, the British Government agreed to a policy of non-intervention in Spain, but its determination not to become involved was not shared by thousands of Britons who joined organisations offering support to those in Spain. Among them were the hundreds of British women, drawn from across the social and political spectrum, whose experiences form the basis of this article. Britons' response to events in Spain has proved a fertile subject for research over the past thirty years.3 However, this body of work, while informative, is largely descriptive in character. Tom Buchanan's contribution is an exception, yet he broadly overlooked women's particular involvement in the war effort. Buchanan suggests that cooperation in the Republican war effort came more naturally to women politicians than to their male counterparts because they were more used to working together across party lines.4 But what of the women who had not been involved in activism prior to the Civil War? And was it only previous work that made their unity over Spain easier to achieve? Angela Jackson thoughtfully and coherently investigated and examined


The local-energy approximation is used to replace the factorization approximation in distorted-wave theories of (p,2p) reactions. Significant modifications seem suggested.


Objective: This study aimed to determine whether fetal arm movements change when music is presented to the mother or directly to the fetus through the mother's lower abdomen, and whether maternal mood influences changes in fetal arm movements. Methods: Using a diagnostic ultrasound apparatus, fetal arm movements were measured in 47 pregnant women in the 35-36th week of pregnancy. Subjects were divided into two groups: a maternal presentation group, in which the mothers listened to music through headphones; and a fetal presentation group, in which music was presented directly to the fetus through headphones placed on the mother's abdomen. Fetal arm movements were observed and recorded by ultrasound for a total of 10 min (5 min without music followed by 5 min with music). The music used was Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K. 448. The Profile of Mood States-Brief Form (POMS) was used to investigate the influence of maternal mood on fetal arm movements. Results: In the maternal presentation group, changes in fetal arm movement did not differ between mothers with different moods. In the fetal presentation group, fetal arm movements increased when the mother was energetic and decreased when the mother lacked energy. Fetal arm movement also decreased when the mother had a high level of fatigue and increased when the mother had a low level of fatigue. Conclusion: Presenting music directly to the fetus while the mother is relaxed has the potential to increase fetal response to the music and may possibly promote fetal well-being. ACTA MEDICA NAGASAKIENSIA 55: 7-13, 2010


In 4,396 invasive cervix carcinomas treated between 1934 and 1973, 52 occurred during pregnancy or within 3 months post partum. Stages I were more frequent among pregnant women (24%) than without pregnancy (8%) and stages II were as frequent (50%). Stages I and II were more frequent among pregnant women treated during 1963-1973 than 1934-1962. The 3 years' survival rate, all stages combined, for pregnant women (42%) was lower than for matched control non-pregnant women (62%). This difference was significant at P = 0.05, but at 5 and 10 years, the difference was not significant for patients treated between 1963-1973. At an equal stage, survival rate seemed lower for stages IIb and III (P = 0.02 for these two stages combined.) The lymph node involvement was not more frequent; the decrease of global survival rate could be associated to some factors and especially incomplete therapy and an under-estimation of the tumor extension because of the pregnancy. Our results are compared to the data literature and therapeutic schedules are discussed.


The authors address aspects of robust estimation in regularized image restoration, with the utilization of nonquadratic objective functions. The structural flexibility of generalized maximum-likelihood functions and M-estimators is exploited to provide accurate representation of a wide class of posterior (noise) distribution functions. The utilization of nonquadratic smoothing functionals for the restoration of sharp edges is addressed. In the context of robust estimation, the authors introduce novel entropic functionals that operate on a high-pass version of the original image and can accurately characterize a wide ensemble of images. The entropic functionals permit large signal deviations and enable the reconstruction of sharp edges. The properties of the robust algorithms are demonstrated through restoration examples in different noise environments.<<ETX>>


This research investigates the suitability of fuel oil in improving gypseous soil. A detailed laboratory tests were carried-out on two soils (soil I with 51.6% gypsum content, and soil II with 26.55%), where the two soils were obtained from Al-Therthar site (Al-Anbar Province-Iraq). This study examines the improvement of soil properties using the gypsum material is locally available and low cost to minimize the effect of moisture on these soils by using the fuel oil. Study was conducted on two models of the soil gypsum, from the Tharthar area. The first model was sandy and slimy contents of Gypsym (51.6%) and the second is clayey soil and the content of Gypsym is (26.55%). The program included tests measuring the permeability of soil and compressibility and their collapse properties. Have been found bearing shear strength of the soil and the amount of weight loss of fuel oil and the recession in the soil as a result of drying temperature (50oC) in addition to testing category. These tests have been conducted on the treated soil and untreated to observe the effect of soil treatment on the engineering properties when mixed with varying degrees of fuel oil with the equivalent of the water content. The results showed that fuel oil is a good article to modify the soil gypsum, in order to have improved the basic properties of the soil gypsum of collapsibility and permeability, which is one of the fundamental problems of the soil gypsum and retained soil by an appropriate amount of the durability of storytelling gives durable and bearing capacity for the soil enough to carry the weight of construction and access to sustainability of these soils are suitable for use is permitted in areas exposed to moisture. Keywords: Geotechnical Engineering; Gypseous soil; Enhancement of Gypseous Soils


Finding the correct sense of a word is of great importance in many textual data related applications such as information retrieval, text mining and natural language processing. We have proposed one novel Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) method according to its context. Based on collocation extraction score, the proposed method extracts three different features for each sense definition of a target word. These features create a feature vector and all the feature vectors create a sense matrix. Here, Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) is used to enhance the sense matrix. Comparison of the proposed WSD method is made with current state-of-the-art systems using SENSEVAL and Sem Eval datasets. The proposed WSD method shows the practical implementation by applying on query-based text summary. For evaluation on query-based text summary, the proposed WSD method uses DUC datasets containing news-wire articles. Finally, the experimental analysis shows that our proposed WSD method performs better as compared to the current systems.


A participant gets the character of linguistic logic that bears the process of concept, judgment and inference in counseling as other people do. If we recognize these special properties about varieties of logic of a clinicer manifesting, it is possible that the personality of a participant will be revealed and altered.


This paper describes improved memory characteristics of the Si nanocrystal memory devices by replacing the traditional SiO/sub 2/ with HfO/sub 2/ high-k dielectrics for the first time. Thanks to the combination of a lower electron barrier height and a larger physical thickness of HfO/sub 2/ as compared with SiO/sub 2/, the fabricated device shows excellent programming efficiency and data retention characteristic. The single-electron charging effect is clearly observed at room temperature. It also shows superior data endurance up to 10/sup 6/ write/erase cycles.


Evolutionary perspectives are transforming our un-derstanding of cancer. The plural is appropriate because evolution offers five somewhat separate principles use-ful for understanding cancer. Each is a landmark on a map of a new scientific territory. Descriptions of each principle and their relationships can help maintain ori-entation in an exponentially growing new field. Three of the perspectives focus on how malignancies grow within the body. The greatest excitement is coming from recognition that cancers evolve within the body by somatic selection, by which the fastest reproducing ma-lignant cells increase, their prevalence. In retrospect, it is amazing that this was not always obvious. The second perspective uses ecological principles to analyze how cancers create and interact with microenvironments that speed or slow tumor growth. The third uses principles from behavioral ecology to analyze how cancer clones compete and cooperate with each other. The final two perspectives focus on natural selection at the organismal level. The fourth uses principles of phylogeny and natu-ral selection to understand why cancer is so rare. The ultimate perspective uses principles from evolutionary medicine to understand why we remain so vulnerable to cancer. Five evolutionary principles for understanding cancer 1. Somatic selection shapes malignancies. 2. Ecological principles explain how cancers interact with microenvironments. 3. Behavioral ecological principles explain competition and cooperation among cancer clones. 4. Natural selection explains why cancer is rare. 5. Evolutionary medicine explains why cancer is common.


pUBLIC interest in the private saving ratio, which is the ratio of personal and corporate saving to total after-tax income, may arise either because the stabilization authorities find manipulation of the ratio to be an effective means of controlling short-term fluctuations in prices and unemployment or because the allocation branch of the government has an explicit growth policy aimed, among other things, at the long-run behavior of private investment. If it does, an important adjunct to that policy will be a suitable degree of control over the private saving ratio. In the absence of that control, attempts to increase private investment may be frustrated because the stimulus is diverted


The present invention relates to a ready-to-eat food packaging, especially if drinking a bottle that can be ingested by drinking a sip of the instant ramen made with a certain length, as drinking water. To the ready-to-eat food is cooked by the hot liquid, receiving a ready-to-eat foods therein and a heat-resistant vessel having an opening on one side, is coupled to the opening portion comprising a cap for opening and closing the opening, ready-to-eat foods are linked to the flow of liquid and moving through the opened intake opening and naohmyeonseo flowing out to the exterior, the liquid is provided a ready-to-eat food packaging outflow from or inverted by the closure stopper shaking vessel is prevented. If you flip or shake the container, the cooking time can be shortened As it is easy to transfer through convection and ready-to-eat foods with a high temperature liquids. The present invention's use, cutlery as a user does not use separate utensils (chopsticks, spoon and fork), so you can consume the cooked noodles and drinking every sip the broth, like drinking water, built in the face of limited length patient discomfort, the effect that the consumption of ready-to-eat foods for people with disabilities or foreign ease. Because the mobile instant food packages of cooked state without waiting until the cooking is complete, you can move the time-saving effect is excellent and, if appropriate, so fly in eating habits in the West who do not do well with chopsticks is penalized like hamburgers worldwide there is an effect that could be junk food. Furthermore, when the ready-to-eat food is instant noodles can be recycled because of the short length side is lost during the treatment process of manufacturing the conventional instant noodles have economic effect of the loss of the material decreases. Further features of the present invention can be used in ready-to-eat foods, including fish paste consisting of ingredients and soup, soup categories. Fly, food, packaging


T HIS experiment was conducted on 2019 & 2020 to study the effect of root hormones within two different water irrigation pH. on five new almond ×peach hybrids that are nematode resistance and salt tolerance. Rootstock trees are nine years old grown in Horticulture Research Institute, A.R.C. and received the same recommended horticultural practices. This experiment consisted of eight treatments using Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) at concentrations of 1000&2000ppm with or without 500ppm Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) under pH5&7 of water irrigation. Results cleared that hybrid genotype No.5 recorded the highest significant values in growth and chemical measurements followed by hybrid genotype No.4 while Hybrid genotype No.3 recorded the lowest significant values. The greatest rooting percentage (56.28&59.76) and root length (4.01&4.23 cm.) recorded with 1000ppmIBA+ 500ppmNAA, as auxins enhanced the formation of callus, promotes root primordia. IBA delays the leaf abscission that increase the partitioning of photo-assimilates towards the leaves to reach great leaf area (32.98&34.34), fresh (2.11& 2.53) and dry (0.89&0.97) weight. Great leaf area and introduce more C/N ratio. Irrigation by pH5 improves nutrient availability and solubility of soil anions than pH7 of irrigation water. The interaction between hybrid No.5 under 1000ppmIBA+500ppmNAA within pH5 of water irrigation recorded the highest significant values of all growth measurements (rooting % 67.2&58.8, root number 5.95&6.03, shoot length 7.30&7.51cm. and leaf area 8.3&38.9 cm 2 .) and chemical measurements fresh (2.59&2.71), dry (1.12&1.28) weight and total indoles (0.471&0.483). Moreover normal water pH reached the good rooting measurements with the high concentration of IBA (2000 ppm).


Demand for carbon fibre (CF) has been increasing in these days and this trend will continue for the next some decades. It is a good situation in one sense for CF industry because it enables the industry to lower the cost of CF. However, it will induce another problem which is often referred as garbage-related problem. Until now, post-use CF had been buried or incinerated [1] because the amount was quite small. But, the waste will have to be treated with great care because the amount will become larger as demand increases. Hence, it is very important to handle the waste as well as to forecast the quantity of CF which will be abandoned in each year. The anticipated amount of demand and disposal of CF is discussed in this paper. The total demand for CF is determined by necessity amount of CF per product. The problem is that suitable amount of CF per product is not so studied so far. Therefore, to begin with, it is requested to calculate the necessity amount of CF per product. In this paper, the quantity is estimated through a method called life cycle assessment (LCA). From the view point of LCA, the necessity quantity per product is determined so as to make the environmental burden minimum. (Note that environmental burden in this paper refers to CO2 emission.) The following three fields are considered in this paper: airplanes, automobiles, and wind blades because they are thought to raise the demand for CF.


Correction for 'Superior upconversion fluorescence dopants for highly efficient deep-blue electroluminescent devices' by Yi-Hsiang Chen et al., Chem. Sci., 2016, DOI: ; 10.1039/c6sc00100a.


Reaction of [PPh4]2[S2WS2HgCl2] with acetone affords a yellow vinyl complex [PPh4]2[S2WS2Hg(CHCH2)2]·0.5Me2CO which on standing in a desiccator for 3–4 months transforms to a black ethynyl derivative [PPh4]2[S2WS2Hg(CHCH)2]·0.5MeCHO.


We report on development of a turn-key, cryogen-free bulk p-Ge laser which is broadly tunable over the range 1.5 to 4.2 THz. A 4 K closed cycle refrigerator was used to eliminate the need for liquid cryogen. A SmCo permanent magnet assembly provides the necessary magnetic field for the laser. A customized high voltage (HV) power supply and thyratron pulser were developed to replace the stack of general electronics previously used to operate the laser.


Abstract : This report the monitoring concepts for all aspects of the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. The chemical agent monitoring standards and equipment are described and their application to storage, handling, transport and disposal of chemical agents and munitions is discussed. The report describes the monitoring and control of the disposal process conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.) as a means of ensuring safe plant operations. Industrial pollutant monitoring is also covered. Organizational monitoring and control concepts are described for all aspects of the program. Keywords: Chemical weapons, Chemical munitions, Monitoring, GB, VX, HD Chemical demilitarization.


Experimentally measured single-electron-transfer cross sections are presented for bare nuclei and one-electron ions of C, N, O, and F following collisions with a He-gas target in the energy range from \ensuremath{\sim}0.5-2.5 MeV / amu. Excellent agreement is found between the $K$-shell ionization cross sections (electron loss by one-electron ions) and a theoretical plane-wave-Born-approximation calculation without inclusion of Coulomb-deflection and binding-energy corrections. Comparisons are also made between the capture cross sections (electron gain) and previously measured total projectile x-ray cross sections. The ratio of the x-ray cross section to the total capture cross section is compared to the same ratio found through a Brinkman-Kramers (BK) calculation. The results of the comparison show that the single normalization constant for the capture to each state, which was used in the theoretical analysis of the x-ray cross section, is inadequate. In particular, the results show that the BK calculation underestimates the capture of the electron to the $1s \mathrm{and} 2s$ states as compared to the higher, x-ray-emitting states. The total capture cross sections are also given as a function of $\frac{E}{M}$ (MeV / amu). For a given velocity the capture is dependent only upon the charge state of the incident ion. Also, the similar velocity dependence with average ratios of 1:0.68:0.44 for the charge-changing processes $q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}q\ensuremath{-}1(q=8,7,\mathrm{and} 6)$ correspond to a ${q}^{3}$ dependence for the total cross section.


People often need to get the edge line of the picture in the medical pictures, in order to diagnose the pathological change situation. So the edge detection method of medical picture based on the small wave and the fast fuzzy algorithm is proposed in the article in order to meet this demand. The advantage of little wave and fast fuzzy algorithm is used to construct edge measure algorithms in order to solve some problems such as the low frequency signal can not be utilized effectively, the speed measured on the edge is relatively low and so on when you measure the edge of picture using the jurisdiction of function and correspondingly with the structure of the fuzzy algorithm. Fast fuzzy algorithm on edge measure adopts the simple one which is under the jurisdiction of one degree of function. It can transform the picture into matrix which is under the jurisdiction of degrees quickly and transform against matrix which is under the jurisdiction of degrees into picture quickly. The useful information included in the low frequency signal after making the small wave decomposition is utilized. So it has simplified the algorithms and improved the efficiency of the algorithm, and has strengthened the adaptability of the algorithm. Compared with the picture edge classical edge operator, the new one is clearer and more intact.


We question the assumption that short term motivation and longer term professional growth satisfaction are functions of the same factors. Task persistence, a key index of motivation, is shown to be an inverse function of depression in response to setbacks, a positive function of planning and is independent of job scope and context satisfaction. Growth satisfaction is a positive function of work success, elation in response to success, job scope and context satisfaction. Subjects are 130 salespersons. The findings question a basic tenet of job enrichment theory; namely, that motivation is a function of job design, and supports the proposition that individual differences in affective responses to perfor Mance predict unique variance in motivation and growth.


The invention relates to a manufacturing method of a 30-ounce disposable gas cylinder, in particular to a solder required for the soldering of a valve seat before the soldering of a small-scale gas cylinder and a placing method of the solder. The placing method comprises the following steps: before putting the valve seat in a bottle body, loop overlapping a manufactured oxygen-free copper wire opened solder at the root part of a conical cylinder of the valve seat; and when the valve seat is put in the bottle body, placing the solder between the valve seat and the bottle body. According to the solder and the placing method, the usage amount of the oxygen-free copper wire solder can be decreased, the soldering quality between the valve seat and the bottle body is improved, the workload of post-soldering manual filing caused by coppering is decreased and the appearance quality is improved.


During the past two years there have been a number of improvements and new instruments developed by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in its geodetic instrumental equipment. The principal matters, to be mentioned are the completion of a first-order theodolite, the development of a second-order instrument of the sane nature, and the improvement in the design and method of graduation of the precise level-rod.


The Convention of Cybercrime is an important product of fighting against cybercrime and strengthening international cooperation,Which for the first time makes clear the conduct types of cybercrime and the responsibilities of the actors,provides some special procedure institutions about electronic proof investigation,and establish basic principles of jurisdiction over cybercrime.But there are also some defects,such as its oversize definition of cybercrime,deficiency in protection of human rights and freedom,over conclusive jurisdiction,etc..So we should treat the convention sensitively,and use it to push forward legislation against cybercrime of our country.


Snow algae are photosynthetic microorganisms inhabiting on alpine and polar snow fields. When they bloom, they can change color of snow to red or green since they have various pigments in their cells. Variation in snow color may be associated with environmental conditions and/or taxa of the algae. However, detailed information is not known. In this study, we analyzed pigment compositions, microscopic cell morphology and abundance, and 18S rRNA gene of algal snow collected in the melting season of 2014 on Mt. Tateyama in Toyama prefecture, Japan. We aim to understand the relationship among taxa, life cycles, and pigments of algae. Absorption spectrums of extracts from the colored snow showed that there were four absorption maximums in absorption spectrums. Each absorption maximums may correspond to pigments contained in the algae, including Chlorophyll a , Astaxanthin and unknown Carotenoid. Absorption spectrums varied among the samples, and that could be classified into 4 types: Type A (with maximums of Chlorophyll a and Astaxanthin), B (with maximums of Chlorophyll a and unknown Carotenoid), C (with maximums of Chlorophyll a only), and D (without any maximum). Microscopy of the samples revealed that the samples of A and B types contained snow algae of different color and structure: red sphere cells in Type A, and orange sphere, yellow sphere, green oblong cells in Type B. Analyses of the 18S rRNA gene identified 15 OTUs of algal gene in the samples. The samples of Type A and B contained distinctive OTUs of the algae, respectively, suggesting that the difference of algal pigments between Type A and B is not due to pigment compositions in same algal taxon, but to those of different algal taxa. Analysis of seasonal changes revealed that pigment compositions changed from Type A to Type B at the same location during the study period, suggesting that algal species composition on the snow surface change with time. The results also showed that the colored snow of Type A, B, and C appeared on several locations in Tateyama mountains from June to August. Variations in algal species and pigment compositions among time and locations may be attributed to life cycles and the dispersal of algae. Glacier surging is a short-lived rapid flow punctuated with a years-decades long quiescent phase in which a glacier stream be-come stagnant or relatively slower than those of non-surge type glaciers. It is consider that the surging flow is triggered by high basal water pressure. It reduces overburden ice pressure and the yield stress of basal till, which can be attributed to enhance the basal slip. Two possible mechanisms are proposed according to velocity development during the surging. The detailed surging mechanisms, however, remain uncertain because temporal observations of surging flow are still limited. We examined the spatial-temporal evolution of the surface velocities at the two surging glaciers in West Kunlun Shan, north-western Tibet, applying the offset-tracking method to both ALOS/PALSAR and TerraSAR-X SAR imageries. West Kunlun Shan is one of the driest and the coldest region around Tibetan Plateau. Accumulation and ablation mainly concentrates during May-September (Zhang et al. 1989). An ice cap is frozen to the bed (Thompson et al., 1995), whereas many glaciers are found to be polythermal type glaciers (Aniya 2008). Two surging already activated by 2007 and still continued by 2014, gradually changing their flow speed. Furthermore, we detected the surging flow modulated seasonally that the flow speeds increased up to ∼ 180-200% in late fall to winter against in spring to early summer. Pressure melting and frictional heating have been proposed to explain the years-long surging flow at poly-thermal glaciers. But the observed seasonal modulation strongly suggests that the influx of surface meltwater influenced the surging flow, indicating that the hydrological processes play an important role under the sub-polar environment. Seasonal velocity changes at mountain glaciers have been known since 1980s (e.g., Iken and Bindschadler, 1986), and those at Greenland Ice sheet were detected in early 2000 (Zwally et al., 2002). While such short-term glacier dynamics have not been taken into account in the standard "long-term" glacier modeling, this is not only due to the limitations of computational resources but also due to the lack of clear understanding of the effects of meltwater on glacier dynamics. On one hand, spring/early summer speed-up has been well-documented and studied from both observational and theoretical sides. On the other hand, although the wintertime initiation of glacier surge in Alaska has been empirically known, it should be noted that no extensive wintertime velocity measurements have been performed because of logistics problems; slower glacier/ice-sheet velocities have been implicitly assumed. However, Abe and Furuya (2014) detected those signals at the quiescent surge-type glaciers in Yukon/Canada. More-over, at the two surging glaciers in the West Kunlun Shan, NW Tibet, Yasuda and Furuya (2015, submitted) detected seasonal modulation signals in their surface velocity data, indicating ˜200 % increase of surface velocities from fall to winter. キーワード 氷河表面速度 季節変化 Recent satellite data have revealed significant ice mass loss on ice-sheets and mountain glaciers (e.g., Garder et al., 2013). GRACE data from 2003 to 2010 show the rate of ice loss in Alaskan glaciers is 65 Gt/yr (Arendt et al., 2013). DEM differencing is also used to estimate the ice thickness change, and Berthier et al. (2010) revealed the changes at the regional scales. Das et al. (2014) estimates the ice thickness changes by DEM differencing and airborne laser altimetry in Wrangell Mountains. While the ice thickness change is -0.07 ± 0.19 m w.e.yr-1 from 1957 to 2000, it increases by up to -0.24 ± 0.16 m w.e.yr-1 from 2000 to 2007. This indicates accelerated mass loss over the Wrangell Mountains during 21st century. However, the glaciers variation following the interannual ice loss remains unclear. Thus, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations of ice speed and terminus position in mountain glaciers in Wrangell Mountains by satellite imageries. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have revealed ice velocity fields of ice sheets and mountain glaciers with high resolution (e.g., Rignot et al., 2011; Yasuda and Furuya, 2013). Near the border of Alaska and Yukon (surrounding the St. Elias Mountains), the ice speed distributions have been clarified (Burgess et al., 2013) and their spatial and temporal changes (Abe and Furuya, 2014). We found significant upstream accelerations at many surge-type glaciers from fall to winter, regardless of surging episodes. Given the absence of upstream surface meltwater input in winter combined with an earlier observation of vertical surface motions (Lingle and Fatland, 2003), we support the hypothesis of englacial water storages that promote basal sliding through increased water pressure as winter approaches. We expanded the analysis area to Wrangell Mountain in order to examine (1) seasonal speed change, (2) interannual variation (3) whether the winter speed-up is universal or not. The temporal coverage of ALOS/PALSAR is only for 5 years (from 2006 to 2011). This is too short to examine the interannual changes. Thus, we use Landsat optical imageries (1999-2014) to examine the terminus position in addition to SAR intensity images. In terms of interannual change in ice speed, we compare the result shown in Lie et al. (2008). They showed the ice speed of Nabesna Glacier, which is the largest land-terminating glacier in Alaska, by applying InSAR analysis to 5-tandem pairs of ERS 1-2 SAR data acquired from 1994 to 1996. Our results show the clearly seasonal speed-up is shown at Nabesna glacier, but there seems to be no interannual change between 1995 and 2010. Besides, the proglacial lakes have been extending between 1999 and 2014. At Copper Glacier, we found upstream accelerations from fall to winter at every year. The winter speed-up can be found in the confluences of the tributaries and valley constrictions, where it is likely to form overdeepened bed topography (MacGregor et al., 2000; Hooke, 2005). As comparing with Turrin and Foster (2014), we discuss the relation between overdeepenings and englacial water storage, and its link to surface speeds. Snow stakes along the traverse routes have been observed for long term monitoring program 'the variation of ice sheet surface mass balance' from the 1960's by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition in Shirase glacier drainage basin, East Antarctica. During the traverse route between coastal S16 point (69 02'S, 40 03'E, 580m a.s.l.) to inland Dome Fuji (77 22'S, 39 42'E, 3,810m a.s.l.), the snow stake observations every 2 km have been carried out from 1993. Yearly net snow accumulations from S16 to Dome Fuji were calculated. Surface snow samplings were conducted every 10km along the traverse route. Generally, the snow surface features are classified into three regions. We will show the spatial and temporal variability of surface snow accumulation and snow chemistry at East Antarctic ice sheet. The chemistry of surface snow changes from the coast to inland. Furthermore, the chemical properties of snow are different for each surface at the same area. We can classify the surface snow with fresh drifting snow, deposited drift snow, soft and hard surface snow, sastrugi, surface hoar and so on. The value of each isotope ration and ion concentration greatly varied. Sometimes, snow might deposit thick equally. But the deposited snow was redistributed by the wind. When the snowstorm occurred, the blowing snow started to deposit in a certain opportunity. As for it, the area was not the uniform. It is necessary to discuss inhomogeneity of the depositional condition quantitatively. The flow of polycrystalline polar ice is often described by Glen's flow law, in which ice is assumed to be an i


On-Off gasjet thrusters are used for the fast attitude control of a satelite maneuvers from an actual attitude to a commanded attitude in LVLH coordinate. The eigen axis maneuver is studied for the three axis maneuver. The satelite is modeled as rigid body and its principal axis is not aligned with the S/C fixed coordinate frame(body frame). And it goes through large angle maneuver. So the kinematic equations are nonlinear.
The thrusters implemented in the satelites are on-off thrusters which are nonlinear elements. Daed bands are required to prevent the thruster chattering. And the gysteresis prevents the chattering at the edge of the dead band. This chattering occurs if there are some disturbance torques. Due to the gyroscope rate limit, the switching surfaces are designed not to exceed the rate limit. Moreover this rate limit also has shown to eliminate the overshoot, which is caused by the high angular velocity.


This article argues the possibility of a phenomenology of Grace on the basis of response. Its key phenomenological interlocutor is Emmanuel Levinas.

The theology of grace might be said to be the fundamental theological doctrine, embracing as it does all other theologies, yet the theology of grace has been a focus of theological debate and dispute throughout history.

This article suggests that Levinas' ethical metaphysics, when applied to theology, gives theology a new phenomenological voice in which the theology of grace might be articulated.

It begins by arguing the significance of the ordinary and the everyday and the sincerity of intentional life in the world, and then proceeds to develop the notion of the prevenience of grace (gratia praeveniens) in terms of Levinas notion of the posteriority of the anterior/anteriority of the posterior. Grace is known in its effects.


Antidepressant drugs have a clinical latency that correlates with the development of neuroadaptive changes, including down‐regulation of β‐adrenergic receptors in different brain regions. The identification of drugs that shorten this latency will have a great impact on the treatment of major depressive disorders. We report that the time required for the antidepressant imipramine to reduce the expression of β‐adrenergic receptors in the hippocampus is reduced by a co‐administration with centrally active ligands of type 2/3 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu2/3) receptors. Daily treatment of mice with imipramine alone (10 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced the expression of β‐adrenergic receptors in the hippocampus after 21 days, but not at shorter times, as assessed by western blot analysis of β1‐adrenergic receptors and by the amount of specifically bound [3H]CGP‐12177, a selective β‐adrenergic receptor ligand. Down‐regulation of β‐adrenergic receptors occurred at shorter times (i.e. after 14 days) when imipramine was combined with low doses (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) of the selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268, or with the preferential mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist LY341495 (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Higher doses of LY379268 (2 mg/kg, i.p.) were inactive. This intriguing finding suggests that neuroadaptation to imipramine – at least as assessed by changes in the expression of β1‐adrenergic receptors – is influenced by drugs that interact with mGlu2/3 receptors and stimulates further research aimed at establishing whether any of these drugs can shorten the clinical latency of classical antidepressants.


Phenylmalonylchloride reacts with sodium acetate in boiling benzene if possible via a dimeric phenylketenecarboxylic acid to give 4-acetoxy-3,6,7-triphenyl-3,6-cycloheptadiene-1,2,5-trion. The structure of this compound is deduced by mass spectrometry. Analogous compounds are obtained with the sodium salts of other carboxylic acids. A reaction mechanism is proposed.


The invention discloses a distributed cache control method which comprises the following steps: according to the configuration information, a data access protocol and routing information are pre-loaded; according to the pre-loaded data access protocol, the data access request of a client is received; according to the pre-loaded routing information, at least a cache server in which the data requested by the data access request is located in is searched; according to status information of all searched cache servers, one cache server is selected as a target cache server; and the data access request is forwarded to the target cache server according to the pre-loaded data access protocol, to respond to the data access request. Correspondingly, the invention also discloses a distributed cache control device and a system. The invention can support various data access protocols, flexibly switch the used cache servers according to the status information of the cache servers, and realize the flexible control to distribution cache.


The project's scientific research project to improve the smooth knot problem for the credibility of Research management sector is very important,but in fact some of the project is not only the project node title,or because of subjective and objective factors that lead to project failure,brought credibility to the project undertaking unit loss.This common scientific research project on risk analysis and identification,reporting that the project's adverse reporting motivation,the strength of the research team,project costs capability,scientific research project of the natural properties of the risk,as well as technical and scientific research platform so may result in risk project delay or failure.Articles from Research management policies,systems,methods,attitude problem-a response.

Key words:
Technology management;  scientific research;  risk identification;  risk response


Histopathology laboratories aim to deliver high quality diagnoses based on patient tissue samples. Indicators for quality are the accuracy of the diagnoses and the diagnostic turnaround times. However, challenges exist regarding employee workload and turnaround times in the histopathology laboratory. This paper proposes a decomposed planning and scheduling method for the histopathology laboratory using (mixed) integer linear programming ((M)ILP) to improve the spread of workload and reduce the diagnostic turnaround times. First, the batching problem is considered, in which batch completion times are equally divided over the day to spread the workload. This reduces the peaks of physical work available in the laboratory. Thereafter, the remaining processes are scheduled to minimize the tardiness of orders. Preliminary results show that using this decomposition method, the peaks in histopathology workload in UMC Utrecht, a large university medical center in the Netherlands, are potentially reduced with up to 50% by better spreading the workload over the day. Furthermore, turnaround times are potentially reduced with up to 20% compared to current practices.


The Napthine Government appears determined to sign the contract to build the $8 billion East West Tunnel in October 2014, weeks or possibly even days before Victoria goes into election caretaker mode on 4 November.


Nursing record documented the patients' condition observed by nurses and the nursing measures. It reflected the treatment,nursing and prognosis during patients' hospitalization. It is used as the legal basis if medical accidents occurred. This article discussed the potential legal issues in the nursing record according to the regula-tion on the handling of medical accidents in order to increase the understanding of the regulation,strengthen the legal awareness of nurses,standardize the documentation of the nursing record,decrease and eliminate hidden danger,and ensure patients' medical safety.


ABSTRACT In this paper we examine the Sustainable Development Goal 3 through the lens of state obligations to respect, protect and fulfil people's human rights entitlements. We critique some of the Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 'follow-up and review' arrangements for the health goal, SDG3. To assist in this analysis, we draw from a tripartite conceptualisation of accountability and focus particularly on monitoring and review. We use a human rights framework to explore whether the agreed SDG3 indicators for 'follow-up and review' promote the collection of data that could demonstrate health rights entitlements are being respected, protected and fulfilled. We find there are gaps through which breaches of human rights could fall undetected, especially around participation and quality health care. We find statistics are frequently absent in countries and communities most 'left behind', and suggestions that Big Data could fill these statistical gaps ignore the realities of poor information systems and the digital divide. We conclude that well resourced countries have human rights obligations to provide assistance where needed to national statistics offices to improve their capacity to contribute to human rights accountability mechanisms.


Source of material: The title compound was obtained as by-product of a hydrothermal synthesis, in which a suspension of VO(OH)2 powder in ZnS04 aquaeous solution was sealed in a Pyrex glass ampoule and was treated in an autoclave at 553 К for 48 hours. The crystals grew on the wall of the ampoule. The main products were a-Zno.25V205 • H2O (see ref. 1) and V02(A) (see ref. 2). The VO(OH)2 powder was prepared in advance hydrothermally at 423 К from a mixture of VOSO4 and NaOH. Attempt to synthesize the title compound from V2O5 or VOSO4 was not successful.