In recent years,there is a hot debate on whether dictation should be implemented in college English classroom teaching.This paper holds the view that in spite of the difficulties in designing objective and impartial standards to assess dictation,its contribution to language testing is obvious,and thus it can stimulate students to grasp all kinds of language capacity.By counting up and analyzing statistics of the scores in English testing,this paper intends to show that dictation is effective and reasonable,and it does help to improve students' language proficiency.


The Xilinx methodology used for soft error test and measurement in FPGAs is exposed. The technology scaling impact on SER from 250 nm down to 65 nm is presented and analyzed by comparing beam and real time testing. Some trends are presented and analyzed.


The interaction between calcium channel antagonists and a-adrenoceptors, particularly in the vasculature, has been the subject of intense research and controversy. Over the last few years, views on the mechanisms of these interactions have changed and been modified in the light of new experimental data. Many of the data obtained concerning the interaction of calcium channel antagonists with a-adrenoceptors appear to be conflicting, and at first sight are not amenable to a single unifying hypothesis. However, recent studies on the processes that link a-adrenoceptor activation to changes in calcium ion fluxes and vascular smooth muscle contraction shed new light on the mechanisms by which calcium channel antagonists interact with aadrenoceptors.


DURING the past three summers I have played a game in transatlantic ships, little suspecting the history behind it. On the reverse of the draughts board on any German liner, one will find the peculiar diagram for an ancient game. The Germans call this game 'Miile'; the English, 'Mills.' Quite by accident I was led to play the game and likewise by accident to look into its history. At Romsey, Hants, I had been going over the walls of King John's Hunting Box, which was uncovered in 1927. Markings of various kinds appear on the walls. These markings include heraldic signs, Crusaders' mottoes, prayers, and cartoons. Miss M. A. M. Moody, who has been having the building restored, came upon some scratchings on the walls apparently made with a dagger. She told me that she had been informed that these markings represented a game, probably the game of Nine Men's Morris. I had rubbings made of the diagrams, and a study of these brought long thoughts. Was it possible that the Miile which I had been playing could be the same game that the English shepherds had played before Shakespeare's day? The source of the game must still remain obscure. Very likely the game had an Eastern beginning. Miss Moody holds that it was originally a soldiers' game, first known in Palestine, and probably brought to Italy1 and France, with so many other things, by the Crusaders. I consulted Mr Frank Stevens, Controller of the Salisbury, South Wilts, and Blackmore Museum, of Salisbury. He quoted, as an authority on the subject, Mr Duncan Montgomerie, of London, as saying that the game probably originated in Burma and the East, where it is still played by the natives, who are rare gamblers. Mr Stevens agrees with those who hold that the game must have come to Europe after the Crusades. It must be admitted, however, that such a surmise lacks confirmative evidence as yet.2 The game appeared in France after the Crusades,3 and it seems significant that it appeared in England only after the Normans had come over.4 Both the etymology of the early name of the game and the evolution of the game5 seem to point to a French introduction into England. From the twelfth6 to the six-


FCM (Fuzzy c-means) clustering algorithm can be used to build sample generic uncertainty description. In this paper, we propose a FCM clustering algorithm based on the Laplacian Coefficient optimization objective function. The Laplacian Coefficient is introduced in the objective function, the structure of information between the object into the weight, thus improve the quality and efficiency of algorithm, and then through the compactness and separability measure two parts to optimize clustering validity, and use the method of maximum effectiveness will function for standardization, in order to improve the antinoise performance of improved algorithm. In the UCI standard data sets of Iris and Wine simulation experiments show that the proposed improved FCM algorithm compared with standard algorithm has more accurate clustering effect, and less affected by noise and higher robustness.


A kind ofly be used to be connected to supravasal catheter extension, this adapter has a body part, a piped compressible connector, this plug section ground is arranged in a hole, and the near-end of conduit can inject in the hole of connector, and a lever that is pivotally mounted to housing parts.The pivot of lever applies an axial force at an end of connector, makes connector radially to internal strain and closely engage the near-end of conduit.


In this paper, a new control method of a reversible PWM rectifier is discussed, where the input voltage sensor and the DC current sensor are eliminated; the performance corresponds to that of the original system can be obtained by estimating the input voltage and DC load current from measured input current and DC output voltage. By using this method, the simplified circuit configuration with half number of required sensors and reduction of the cost is realized. Because when the system has an inverter load, the DC load current includes the high switching frequency components, it is impossible to use directly the DC load current for the feed-forward control. Therefore, the treatment of the DC load current for the feed-forward control is also investigated


This paper presents a design procedure for a discrete-time robust model reference adaptive control (DRMRAC) applied to a three-phase four-wire shunt active power filter (APF). The first step when designing the controller is to obtain a representative model for the plant. The theoretical basis for the DRMRAC, considers a parametric model which comprises a modeled part of reduced order, whose parameters are allowed to lie in a predefined range, and a multiplicative and/or additive terms describing the unmodeled dynamics. These dynamics pose a level of uncertainty for the plant, and reflect the difficult in describing the plant behavior, usually at high frequencies. The adaptive law is used to compensate the parametric variation of the plant and the control strategy is robust with respect to such unmodeled dynamics. The plant model, design procedures, main constraints and experimental results are presented.


Objective To compare the clinical manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism(PHPT) in PUMCH with those in USA through retrospective analysis of clinical data from PUMCH. Methods Two hundred and eighty PHPT patients with the history of (5.0±5.2) years admitted in PUMCH during 1958-2005 [88 males and 192 females, with the age of (41.9±15.6) years] were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis was confirmed by operactive pathology. Preoperative serum calcium, phosphorus, AKP, parathyroid hormone(PTH), 25(OH)D3 and urinary calcium levels were determined. Results In comparison with patients with PHPT in New York (1984-1999, n=143), the patients in PUMCH were younger (55 vs. 41.9 years old), the ratio of carcinoma was higher (0.3% vs. 7.1%), the clinical appearance was more obvious (18.4% vs. 85.7%), the serum calcium and PTH levels were higher [(2.68±0.02) vs. (2.96±0.37) mmol/L and 1.86 vs. 14.2 times higher than the normal value, respectively], the average 25(OH)D3 concentration was lower [(52.5±2.5) vs. (25.0±25.0) nmol/L], and the abnormal parathyroid glands were heavier [(1.6±1.8 )g vs. (6.3±9.1) g]. Conclusions Significant difference lies between the clinical manifestations of PHPT in Beijing and those in New York. The PHPT patients in PUMCH were characterized by earlier onset, more evident manifestations and higher serum calcium and PTH levels with higher ratio of carcinoma.


Joint disease is a common problem affecting all age groups presenting in orthopedic and rheumatology clinics. Diagnostic difficulties are encountered, particularly, in early stages when radiology and blood tests are inconclusive. The role of synovial analysis (Synovium and fluid) using the Parker Pearson technique was studied in 50 patients with various joint afflictions. There were 44 cases of monoarthritis and 6 cases of polyarthritis. Synovial fluid could be completely analyzed in 43 out of 50 cases and based on their physical, biochemical and cytological properties they were grouped as–a) Non inflammatory group b) Mild to moderate inflammation and c) Septic or severe inflammatory group. In this study, there were 6 cases of rheumatoid arthritis, 8 tuberculous arthritis, 16 non-specific synovitis, 4 traumatic arthritis, 4 osteoarthritis, 2 septic arthritis, 6 normal synovium and one each of gout, villo-nodular synovitis, neuropathic joint and AVN femoral head. With Parker Pearson needle and their technique adequate representative synovial tissue could be obtained for histopathology in 41 out of 50 (82%) cases. In the rest 9 cases, it was negative and open biopsy was done to reach a diagnosis. Closed needle synovial biopsy is a simple, cost effective outpatient procedure and a helpful adjuvant for the diagnosis of joint diseases.


For wireless link scheduling in multi-channel multi-radio wireless networks aiming at maximizing (concurrent) multi-flow, constant-approximation algorithms have recently been developed in [11]. However, the running time of those algorithms grows quickly with the number of radios per node (at least in the sixth order) and the number of channels (at least in the cubic order). Such poor scalability stems intrinsically from the exploding size of the fine-grained network representation upon which those algorithms are built. In this paper, we introduce a new structure, termed as concise conflict graph, on the node-level links directly. Such structure succinctly captures the essential advantage of multiple radios and multiple channels. By exploring and exploiting the rich structural properties of the concise conflict graphs, we are able to develop fast and scalable link scheduling algorithms for either minimizing the communication latency or maximizing the (concurrent) multi-flow. These algorithms have running time growing linearly in both the number of radios per node and the number of channels, while not sacrificing the approximation bounds.


The preservation of protected areas provides environmental benefits, scenic benefits and economics. By uniting information protected areas with software Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is possible to design more clearly the activities that pose risks and pressures, enabling more effective management actions. Methodologies were developed to support the maintenance and protection protected areas, one of them is the Methodology for Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Areas Management (RAPPAM). One of the stages of RAPPAM is the identification of pressures and threats endured by protected areas. The Taim Ecological Station located in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul has as economic activities in their neighborhood in rice farming, forestry and livestock. The purpose of this research is the use of GIS to identify the activities has negative influence on the Conservation Unit, through the survey on the use and occupation of land, contributing to one of the stages of RAPPAM Methodology, which can be used in the future to support the preparation of the management plan for the Taim Ecological Station.


We tackle the task of adapting event extractors to new domains without labeled data, by aligning the marginal distributions of source and target domains. As a testbed, we create two new event extraction datasets using English texts from two medical domains: (i) clinical notes, and (ii) doctor-patient conversations. We test the efficacy of three marginal alignment techniques: (i) adversarial domain adaptation (ADA), (ii) domain adaptive fine-tuning (DAFT), and (iii) a new instance weighting technique based on language model likelihood scores (LIW). LIW and DAFT improve over a no-transfer BERT baseline on both domains, but ADA only improves on notes. Deeper analysis of performance under different types of shifts (e.g., lexical shift, semantic shift) explains some of the variations among models. Our best-performing models reach F1 scores of 70.0 and 72.9 on notes and conversations respectively, using no labeled target data.


Sheet metal forming dies constructed of laminations offer advantages over more conventional tooling fabrication methods (e.g. CNC-machining) in terms of tooling accessibility, reduced limitations on die geometry and faster fabrication with harder die materials. Furthermore, the recently introduced Profiled Edge Lamination (PEL) tooling method improves upon other lamination-based tooling methods. Adoption of this promising rapid tooling method by industry is being hindered by the lack of formal analysis, design principles, and manufacturing requirements needed to construct dies in such a manner. Therefore, the propensity for delamination of the die is discussed and preventive measures are suggested. The basic machining instructions, i.e., an array of points and directional vectors for each lamination, are outlined for both compound and planar profiled-edge bevels. Laser, AWJ and flute-edge endmilling are experimentally identified as the most promising methods for machining bevels. Development of a stand-alone PEL fabrication machine is suggested over retrofitting commercially-available 5-axis machines. Finally, the general procedure for creating PEL dies is implemented in the construction of a matched set of sheet metal forming tools. These tools are used to successfully stamp a sheet metal part out of draw-quality steel.


Asphaltene deposition in petroleum industry is a challenge that causes many problems during production and transportation. Some researchers provided useful works but no one can explicitly determine the stability state because of complex nature of aasphaltene and the numerous forces that affect its stability. Determining stability state of crude oil, especially in oilfields, help to have a thorough look on reservoir management. The author proposes a least square support vector machine (LS-SVM) to classify and determine asphaltene stability state of 200 oilfields. The input variables of model consist of saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions. Coupled simulated annealing optimization was adapted to find the optimal values of LS-SVM. Since the prediction largely relies on the selection of training data, 173 training data sets were randomly selected for model prediction and 27 data was used for testing the model. The input divided into two classes: saturate + asphaltene and resin + aromatic and consequently output divided into three modes: severe, mild, and no/minor problems. The result elucidates that the proposed model can be implemented for asphaltene stability determination and is extremely reliable.


The purpose of this paper is to recommend the adoption of a suite of bibliometric indicators to assist in the evaluation of NOAA R&D. We select a suite of indicators based on the recommendations and best practices established in the bibliometric literature and provide a framework for implementing these metrics in evaluation procedures. A suite of metrics for the evaluation of NOAA's R&D enterprise can be organized into four overarching themes: production, collaboration, topicality, and quality. We suggest that these indicators be adopted at multiple levels of the agency to not only evaluate the entire agency's publication output, but also that of NOAA's line offices and individual R&D units. This could lead to a more systematic adoption and use of bibliometric indicators beyond NOAA, at other US government agencies.


A UHF-band 1.3-W high-efficiency, four-stage monolithic power amplifier with a novel miniaturized second-harmonic terminating circuit was developed. With the use of a parallel resonant circuit composed of lumped elements for terminating the second harmonic, it achieved a maximum drain efficiency of 63% and a saturated output power of higher than 31 dBm in the UHF band, and it occupied an area of 8.6*5.8 mm.<<ETX>>


We demonstrate high-speed manipulation of a few-electron double quantum dot. In the one-electron regime, the double dot forms a charge qubit. Microwaves are used to drive transitions between the (1,0) and (0,1) charge states of the double dot. A local quantum point contact charge detector measures the photon-induced change in occupancy of the charge states. Charge detection is used to measure T1 16ns and also provides a lower bound estimate for T 2 of 400 ps for the charge qubit. In the two-electron regime we use pulsed-gate techniques to measure the singlet–triplet relaxation time for nearly-degenerate spin states. These experiments demonstrate that the hyperfine interaction leads to fast spin relaxation at low magnetic fields. Finally, we discuss how two-electron spin states can be used to form a logical spin qubit. r 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 03.67.Mn; 72.25.Rb; 85.35.Gv


[eng] Financing the economy with high real interest rates. . The possible causes of high real interest rates in the 80's are first analysed : ex-ante excess of investment over savings, restrictive monetary policies in Europe, increased interest rates risk, effects on equilibrium returns of the reduction in inflation rates.. The effects of high real rates on the level of activity and on the size of cycles are then examined. [fre] Taux d'interet reels eleves et financement de l'economie. . On analyse tout d'abord les causes possibles de la hausse des taux d'interet reels dans les annees quatre-vingt : exces ex ante de l'investissement sur l'epargne ; politiques monetaires restrictives en Europe ; accroissement du risque de taux et effets sur les rendements d'equilibre de la baisse du taux d'inflation.. On se demande ensuite quels effets les taux reels exercent sur le niveau d'activite et l'amplitude des cycles.


Objective:To observe the dynamic behavior changes and early intervention effects of Yi'nao Jieyu Formula after stroke in rats.Methods:Scoring by the Open-Field behavior in male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group,sham-operation group,MCI group,treatment group,control group,PSD group and VD group.Model was prepared by in vitro injection of the same germ-line microemboli from the external carotid artery of 0.3ml of allogeneic clot;sham operation group were injected the same dose of saline and intragastrically administrated with distilled water,Traditional Chinese Medicine group and western group were respectively administrated of four weeks with Yinao Jieyu Formula and Nimodipine after model prepared;PSD model was prepared by chronic unpredictable mild stress plus solitary housed from 7d to 21d after operation;VD group were collected by the water maze filtered on 28th day after operation.Shuttle box active avoidance response experiment was respectively done on the 1st,2nd and 4th week after success of model copying,and recording the initiative to escape(AAR),the number of passive avoidance(PAR),the number of electric shock time,and statistically analyzing.Results:The frequency of PAR and AAR were the lowest in VD group,the frequency of PAR and AAR of Chinese medicine group were lower than the sham-operation groups,the frequency of AAR and PAR had significant differences(P0.05,P0.01)between the two groups.Conclusion:Yi'nao Jieyu Formula can improve learning and memory function,and it's benefit to recovery of stroke cognitive function in rats.


Earlier studies on the molecular orientation developed during the solid‐state compression of cylindrical polypropylene disks revealed a high degree of anisotropy both across the thickness and along the radius of the disk. Tracer deformation experiments reported in the present work suggest that this anisotropy is related to the complex deformation kinematics developed during the disk compression. Finite‐element simulations of the disk compression are also presented, based on a strain‐rate and temperature‐dependent viscosity. Numerical tracking of tracer elements duplicates well the experimentally observed tracer deformation. It is shown that the flow rearrangement (fountain flow) behind the spreading disk front is responsible for the observed deformation patterns.


The performance of steel beam subjected to fire depends on many factors which include the properties of the steel and the type of supports the ends of the beam.Depending on the elemental energy balance,the finite difference equation is built through the nonlinear stress-strain relationships of steel beams and composite steel-concrete beams exposed to uniformly increasing temperature.Based on the thermal properties of steel and concrete,the paper describes a detailed analytical investigation in the fire performance of steel beam and composite steel-concrete beam with supports exposed to uniformly increasing temperatures on three sides and invariable pressure on another side.The paper gains the sameness and difference between the structural behaviour of the steel beam and composite steel-concrete beam.It is possible for further researches on the behaviors and fire resistance of steel-concrete composite beam in fire condition.


A standard lumped parameter model for an inertial vibration energy harvester consists of a proof mass, spring, and damper(s). This model can also be described with a proof mass, viscous damping element for parasitic mechanical losses, and a generalized transducer that applies some force to the mass damper system. The transducer may contain restorative spring elements and energy extraction elements to harvest power. Both of these models can be used to estimate the power output for vibration energy harvesting. Currently the framework to relate vibration input to an optimal transducer architecture does not exist. Previous work has shown that for some inputs non-linear transducer architectures can result in an increased power output. This paper outlines a mathematical framework needed in order to find the optimal transducer architecture for a given vibration input. This framework defines the theoretical upper limit that any inertial transducer can harvest from a given vibration input in the presence of viscous mechanical damping. This framework is then applied to three cases of standard input types. The first application is a single sinusoid input. The transducer architecture found is as expected, a linear spring with matched resonance to the input, and an energy extraction element, that behaves as a linear viscous damper, with matched impedance to the mechanical damping.


Many electric distribution utilities need to make the most effective use of resources, including information and communication technology. A smart electricity network is flexible, accessible, reliable, and economic. Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) is a distribution and service utility in a fast changing Thailand electric supply industry. The PEA has developed various advanced electrical power system, including Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, Automatic Meter Reading, Geographic Information System, Enterprise Resource Planning. Information and communication technology has been also applied in the PEA. SmartGrids development is a typical challenge of the PEA. This paper shows the framework for the SmartGrids development of the PEA.


Based on the institute reality,this paper designs the paper analysis system which is suited to the characteristic of teaching based on the users' need analysis.And aiming at the core technology,this paper describes the working-effect chart and explains the designing content of systematic module database.It can provide the reference value for managing the examination paper analysis,and also supply the practical guiding significance to network programmers to a certain degree.


This output was organised as part of the Japan 2001 festival, a celebration of the culture and lifestyle of Japan, involving events across the UK between May 2001 and March 2002. The festival was a joint venture by the Japanese and British Ministries of Culture. The chairman of the festival, Sir Peter Parker, personally invited Hamano to participate and a range of new works by the artist (prints, paintings, calligraphic works, performance pieces and sculptures) were curated by the Ryu, as a solo touring show. The resulting project, 'Zen: Toshihiro Hamano' was an example of the Ryu's work in fostering links between Japan and the UK. Parker's text, written for the catalogue documenting the exhibition, notes the facilitation of study and professional opportunities undertaken by the Ryu Association at Northumbria. The reseach for this project was undertaken by Nagai and Onishi, who were all based at Northumbria at the time. Since 2002, Oshima has been the lead-artist for the Ryu in the UK and this output represented the background for her paper at the Third International Diversity Conference: Cultural Diversity in a globalizing World (February 2003) at the East-West Centre, University of Hawaii, Manoa, This conference was hosted by RMIT Globalism Institute in partnership with the Globalisation Research Centre at the University of Hawaii and Common Ground Conferences. Oshima's paper described the Ryu's cultural engagement with the NE region of England and their home province in the southwest of Japan. She then explored the role of regional cultures within the larger, global frame associated with the notion 'East/West' and the educational functions of fine art research at the Northumbria in relation to the role of artist's groups within the social diversity of regional cultures


In recent years,the computer network security problem has aroused the attention of the whole society. It's because for the lots of important information stored on the network,once the information leakage caused by the loss will be immeasurable. Network information has been leaked out,on the one hand,there are many intruders do everything possible to get the data or information that they are interested in. On the other hand,there are own security risks existed in the network. To solve these problems,this article discusses the computer network security,and analyzed the new technology of computer network,which is convenient and practical,to prevent the loss of information caused by the virus invasion.


Are you tired of dealing with a musty smell, excess dust, or a problem with mold in your home or at work? Improve your living or work environment with a ...


As a non-linear and time-varying signal processing method,Hilbert-Huang transform(HHT) has been widely used to analyze low frequency oscillation signal in power system.The end effects and mode-mixing phenomena in the processing of empirical mode decomposition(EMD) were introduced.Aiming at the end effect phenomenon in processing of EMD,the extension method which is appropriate to deal with low frequency signal was got by comparing four different kinds of extension methods.In order to overcome the mode-mixing problem,the frequency heterodyne technique was proposed based on analysis of its principle and applying condition.And then the improvement HHT was presented based on frequency heterodyne technique and wide area measurement system(WAMS).The results of testing signal and simulation model show that improvement HHT is feasible and effective to overcome special mode-mixing problem and the application of HHT is extended.


Attempts were made in this study to evaluate the all-round performance of curing membranes. Two curing membranes were tested: a) F90 (a resin/solvent), and b) a specially formulated rain erosion resistant compound (HO4), which contains 1,1 trichloroethane resin/solvent as its main component. These were tested initially for their curing efficiency index in accordance with the British Standard Draft for Development 147. To simulate the real situation, concrete specimens were then made, onto which curing compounds were applied and the moisture loss from the concrete monitored. The effectiveness of the two curing compounds when applied on vertical surfaces, their degradability (under direct light), and their ability to provide protection against driving rain were also assessed. It was found that whilst the curing efficiency index, as specified in many standards and codes of practice, did correlate with the capability of the curing membranes in retaining moisture within concrete, such a single index is far from adequate and may be liable to give misleading information. For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 853062.


Abstract After a brief reminder of presently accepted concepts regarding reactions in organic crystals, the main features of gas-molecular solid reactions are discussed. Presently studied fields are set out and illustrated by numerous examples. The possible industrial applications are considered and some recent attempts are quoted.


Background:: Osteoarthritis is one of the commonest disabilities that affect human life. Knee joint is most commonly affected by osteoarthritis. The professional footballers are exposed to heavy and prolonged physical activities that often exceed normal health capacities during both training and competition and are at risk of developing knee osteoarthritis of the knee (KOA).
Objective: To evaluate the factors related to KOA in former professional male footballers in Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study. Purposively Selected footballers subsequently underwent knee radiographs at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) and Kurmitola General Hospital (KGH). Patients were examined at Sports Medicine Clinic of KGH and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of BSMMU from January 2019 to December 2019.
Results: The mean age of ex footballers was 59.49±9.19 years. We found 46.55% prevalence of KOA among footballers. Among 174 footballers 37.63% had history of familial OA and 8.62% had gout. An average matches played by a footballer was 497 and average training in career was 3924 hours. We found knee injury, BMI, family history of OA, gout and total matches played were significant risk factors for KOA. Other did not proved significant.
Conclusion: Knee injury was the prime factor here for causing KOA later. So we need to give more attention in preventing knee injuries beside other strategies to reduce risk of developing KOA, moreover early diagnosis of KOA, modification of activities of daily living and exercise is needed.
KYAMC Journal Vol. 11, No.-3, October 2020, Page 141-144


This study was conducted to develop the new method of performance assessment for the art classes of junior high school students in Korea. To prepare the new millennium for our youngsters, we are better to change the preposed mind and thought about the honored student we believe. Along with the reformation efforts of the national public education program, the performance assessment may plays an important role in its educational settings for encouraging our students in their creativity. To improve reliability and validity of the performance assessment method to imply for the grading of art matters produced by students, the more rigorous development of basic and technical skills of evaluators are essential.
 The major purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of the assessment methods in order to make the best use of the individual characteristics of art subject, and to provide assessment methods and materials which are developed for the practical use in junior high school in order to evaluate students' learning abilities.
 This study included 1) the analysis on the preceding research done in Korea and other countries, and the tendency of the art assessment nationwide, 2) the contents and directions of assessment for art activities in artistic experience, expression and art appreciation, 3) the application of nine assessment tools, 4) the development of performance assessment in art subject including assessment models which were developed.
 The results of this study are the followings: First, in the early 1990s the concern in art assessment was focused on how to evaluate students' artwork, and in the latter half of the 1990s it was focused on the art assessment itself whether it is reliable or not. Second, America, England and Australia have their own art assessment strategies and tools based on their own national curriculums and achievement standards respectively. Third, in each art activities of artistic experience, expression and art appreciation, art students' understandings and thoughts should be considered and there should be no subjective opinions included in the evaluation. And last, models for performance assessment for the subject of art were presented in order for art teachers to apply for their art classes.
 The recommendations for future implementation and implication of assessment models in junior-high school settings provided directions for development. Those are: (1) Models for performance assessment would assist art teachers to lead balanced instruction regardless of their speciality or major. (2) With the help of these models, art teachers would be able to develop differentiated instructional models and assessment materials considering students' individual differences. (3) They would be used as educational materials to develop instructional methods and procedures, to set up educational plans, and to understand educational effectiveness. (4) They would be used to evaluate the whole procedure of class as well as students' creativity and problem-solving abilities. (5) Providing preliminary information on the procedure of the class and assessment, they could be used as preparatory materials for instructional contents and methods. (6) To provide precise information on each sub-categories, it would be easy to grasp what to be supplemented. (7) Due to these models, it could be possible for art teachers to evaluate students equitably. (8) They would provide exclusive informations on students and be used as basic sources for improving art class.


We present a fast algorithm to accelerate geometric sound propagation in complex 3D scenes. Our approach computes propagation paths from each source to the listener by taking into account specular reflections and higherorder edge diffractions around finite edges in the scene. We use the well known Biot-Tolstoy-Medwin (BTM) diffraction model along with efficient algorithms for region-based visibility to cull away primitives and significantly reduce the number of edge pairs that need to be processed. The performance of region-based visibility computation is improved by using a fast occluder selection algorithm that can combine small, connected triangles to form large occluders and perform conservative computations at object-space precision. We show that our approach is able to reduce the number of visible primitives considered for sound propagation by a factor of 2 to 4 for second order edge diffraction as compared to prior propagation algorithms. We demonstrate and analyze its performance on multiple benchmarks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm that uses object-space visibility algorithms to accelerate finite-edge diffraction computation for geometric sound propagation.


reading level and WMH interaction (b1⁄4-.030,[-.061, .002]) on processing speed, indicating that above a specific reading level, WMH had a negative overall effect on speed. Conclusions: Quality of education, as measured by reading level, moderated the relationship between cerebrovascular pathology—in the form of WMH—and cognition. However, this relationship was observed primarily among non-Hispanics, indicating that greater quality of education conferred reserve from the negative effect of WMH on memory and language abilities. Among Hispanics, quality of education did not protect against the effects of WMH on cognition. Between-group differences are likely caused by multiple factors, of which one may be the overall lower cognitive performance and educational levels among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics. Future analyses will examine whether the relationship between reading level and WMH on cognition affect cognitive trajectories and dementia risk later in life.


Cellular DNA is constantly exposed to the effects of endogenous or environmental agents such as free radicals, radiation and chemicals. In higher organisms, these nucleic alterations are estimated at several thousands of lesions per cell [1] which can correspond to the loss of bases and also to the breaking of one or both strands of the DNA double helix. Among these DNA breaks, the double-strand break (DSB) is the most harmful because it is the most diffi‐ cult to repair. A human cell can accumulate up to 50 DSBs per cell cycle [2]. Unrepaired DSBs can have serious consequences such as permanent cell cycle arrest or cell death by apoptosis. Imperfect repair can also lead to major syndromes such as genetic disorders, pre‐ mature aging or malignant cell generation.


Storage tank is the most important equipment in oil industries. The main parts of floating storage tank are shell plate, bottom plate and floating roof plate. Storage tank especially with floating roof affected by undesired vibrations which generated by wind force and earthquakes force. The shell of tank exposed to these vibrations despite of there is wind girder and as a result simple slant or buckling occurs on the shell over time. This simple slant or buckling on the shell of tank prevented the floating roof from moving up and down and then storage tank will become out of order unless will do reconstruction for it with extremely high cost. This problem is the topic of this research and happened at many projects in south of Iraq. Smart storage tank is the solution to this problem. Active vibration control (AVC) cancelled all vibrations which caused instability to the storage tank. Storage tank embeds by Piezoelectric (smart material) to make AVC for it that contained of sensor and actuator. Smart material gives extremely big force in short time and hence quick response rate. Output feedback control is one of the methods for AVC that used in this research. ANSYS parametric design language (APDL) employ to obtain numerically modelled for storage tank due to complex structure and require to get couple filed analyses (displacement for tank and voltage for Piezoelectric). Output feedback control has been represented by finite element method. The load of wind or earthquakes forces applied to tank by sin wave (harmonic excitation) piezoelectric shaker. AVC achieved by selected the best of actuation voltages and the best of control gains and as the result the amplitude of displacement without control is ± 0.015m and with control is ± 0.0006m. Keywords: Smart material, Storage Tank, Active vibration control.


Can you imagine studying something for twelve years and at the end you still haven't mastered it? Imagine ... students sitting through long school years, through thousands of hours [it is estimated that students spend some 16000 hours in school] of instruction in reading and writing, math and history. All the autumns, winters and springs of their youth are dominated by a schooling that refuses to sink in. At the end, they are on their way to college still needing more work in language, math and social studies; or else they are flung unceremoniously into the job-world that has little room for them. Whichever direction they go, their education has not permitted them to find out who they are and what's happening to them, and what they need to be free and whole. A disorientation towards reality accompanies the student's weak possession of literacy and conceptual skills. (Shor, 1980: 195)


This paper demonstrates an auto-reconfigurable single-inductor triple-input dual-output (SITIDO) regulator that can obtain power from three independent sources (two energy harvesters and an internal battery) and provide dual output regulations. An input power conditioning scheme is developed to configure the converter automatically to either the energy-harvesting mode (SIDIDO/SISIDO boost configuration) or the battery-powered mode (SISISO buck configuration) based on the available power from different sources. A sub-threshold dualmode controller is also adopted to optimize the converter power efficiency over a wide load range, minimize cross regulation between different outputs, and provide the predictable output noise spectrum. Implemented in a standard 0.35-μm CMOS process, the proposed converter achieves a power efficiency of >; 66% over an output range from 0.3 mW to 33 mW with the peak power efficiency of 88%.


Education is a critical component of South Africa's efforts to alleviate poverty, the country's highest priority. For effective allocation of the limited resources available for education, it is important to identify and assess the different ways in which education can contribute. For example, what fraction of the resources should be allocated to the elimination of illiteracy, to primary, secondary and tertiary education, and to the establishment of centres of excellence devoted to research in certain scientific fields? Information relevant to this question is available on the next page in the form of graphs and tables. Fig.1 shows that the wealth of a nation is correlated with the citations earned by the publications of its scientists. In Table 1 it is evident that those scientists, with PhD's, are more numerous in rich than poor countries. The ranking of universities in Table 2, based mainly on the publication records of the staff, confirms that most of the highly cited scientists are at institutions in rich countries. The following inferences are sometimes drawn from the results in fig 1 and the tables.


The paper explores the concept of duty in the moral philosophy of the Danish educational philosopher KnudGrue-Sørensen. The aim is to discuss how Grue-Sørensen's view on duty might contribute to answering thequestion of what the content of moral education should be. Grue-Sørensen is inspired by the German philosopherImmanuel Kant, but even though he in his prize dissertation from 1937 addresses the possibility ofobjective morality, he adopts a more pragmatic approach regarding what it means to do one's duty. In anactual Danish daily life context, the concept of duty has lost its moral meaning and decayed into a matter ofdomestic duties such as cleaning and dishwashing. Grue-Sørensen's view on duty in an educational contextmight contribute to revitalizing the concept in a more pragmatic sense, which is useful for teachers, socialeducators, children, and parents.


This study aims to identify the determinants of profitability of the 10 largest banks in Indonesia over 10 years (2010 to 2019). These 10 banks were selected because they are the beacon of health to the national banking sector and the economy. The EAGLES framework was applied to the analysis. A multiple regression equation was formulated using SPSS software to analyze the strength of correlation of nine independent financial indicators to the dependent variable, return of assets (ROA). These financial indicators are listed as Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Non-Performing Loan Growth (NPLG), Loan Growth (LG), Deposit Growth (DG), Staff Cost Growth (SCG), Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), and Net Interest Margin / Net Operating Cost (NIM-NOC).   The analysis found four independent financial indicators that are statistically significant as having a strong association with the ROA. The contribution of the finding is that the Indonesian banks can be guided to focus on these four indicators on their management dashboard to steer their profitable growth. Another contribution is that the central bank authorities can also be informed of these same indicators as a tool to manage the safety of the Indonesian banking sector.


Essential to the success of networks show great potential in emergency response and/or recovery, health care, critical in-restructure monitoring, etc. Such essential to the success of applications demand that security service be "anywhere," "anytime," and "anyhow." However, it is challenging to design a key in supervision scheme in current essential to the success of networks to fulfill the required attributes of secure communications, such as data integrity, authentication, confidentiality, no repudiation, and service availability. In this paper, it present a self-contained public key in-supervision scheme, a scalable technique of cryptographic key in supervision (SMOCK), which achieves almost zero communication overhead for authentication, and offers high service availability. In this scheme, a small number of cryptographic key ins are stored offline at individual nodes before they are deployed in the network. To provide good scalability in terms of the number of nodes and storage space, it utilize a combinatorial design of public-private key in pairs, which means nodes combine more than one key in pair to encrypt and decrypt messages.


Reports of software a development projects that miss schedule, exceeds budget and deliver products with poor quality are abundant in the literature. Both researchers and the industry are seeking methods to counter these trends and improve software quality.Software Process Improvement is a systematic approach to improve the capabilities and performance of software organizations. One basic idea is to assess the organizations' current practice and improve their software process on the basis of the competencies and experiences of the practitioners working in the organization. A major challenge is to create strategies and mechanisms for managing relevant and updated knowledge about software development and maintenance. Insights from the field of knowledge management are therefore potentially useful in software process improvement efforts to facilitate the creation, modification, and sharing of software processes in any organization.In the work presented in this thesis, we have made an overview of empirical studies on the effect of knowledge management in software engineering. We have categorized these studies according to a framework and we report findings on the major concepts that have been investigated empirically, as well as the research methods applied within the field. We have also investigated two main strategies for knowledge management, codification and personalization, through the application of four concrete methods in a software process improvement setting: Mentoring, Rational Unified Process, Process Workshops and Post Mortem Analysis.We have classified the work in this thesis within three main themes:RT1: Previous research on knowledge management in software engineering.RT2: Application of knowledge management to improve the software process through codification of knowledge.RT3: Application of knowledge management to improve the software process through personalization of knowledge.The main contributions are:C1: An overview of the research literature on empirical studies of knowledge management in software engineering.C2: A method for tailoring the Rational Unified Process to the development process of a software consulting company.C3: Improvements of the Process Workshops method by contextualization.C4: Improvement of the root-cause analysis phase of the lightweight Post Mortem Analysis for more effective project retrospectives.C5: Proposed methods to increase the learning effect of mentor programs in software engineering.


This large scale application combines several areas of research to develop computational models for simulating the failure mechanisms of composite materials consisting of brittle fibers (such as carbon) embedded in a matrix material (such as epoxy resin). The simulations combine the ideas of structural stress analysis, numerical linear algebra, and visualization techniques to model the behavior of fibrous composites under uniaxial tensile load. This will allow laboratory experiments to be extrapolated more accurately to real applications, providing an enhanced capability to optimize designs of large structures made of composite materials with less extensive and costly experimental programs. Further, system performance and reliability may be improved substantially. In this paper a brief discussion of the theory of composite materials as it relates to the simulations will first be given. Next the procedures used to generate and analyze the structure will be presented. The computational techniques used to perform the simulation will be given as well as results from selected test cases. A summary of results and future directions in this research will be given at the end of the paper.


Abstract The aim of this comparative study was focused on the surface chemistry, in vitro biodegradation and biocompatibility of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds incorporated with poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) and poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers. The functionality of these two types of dendrimers from second, third and fifth generations (G2, G3 and G5) onto the surface of PLLA film and electrospun scaffolds was investigated and characterized by a series of analyses including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, scanning electron microscope, weight loss, water uptake and pH changes after degradation in different media. The successful incorporation of dendrimers into the surface of PLLA scaffolds was observed. PPI-G5 could further increase the hydrophilicity and surface roughness of PLLA scaffolds compared to PPI-G3 and PPI-G2. Further improvement on PLLA surface chemistry was observed when PAMAM-G5 was applied compared to PPI-G5. The pH value of Roswell Park Memorial Institute Medium (RPMI) media containing raw electrospun PLLA scaffold decreased to 5.2 from its original value of 7.2. However, the local acidity of RPMI medium caused by PLLA hydrolysis was greatly reduced on the surface of PLLA/PAMAM-G5 and PLLA/PPI-G5 with pH values of 7.8 and 7.5, respectively. Moreover, the viability of fibroblast cells on the surface of PLLA/dendrimer scaffolds was considerably increased compared to raw PLLA. Fibroblasts showed higher attachment and homogeneous spread morphology on the surface of PLLA/PAMAM-G5 and PLLA/PPI-G5. These observations underline the favorable surface properties of PLLA scaffolds incorporated with dendrimers, to be used as a biodegradable biocompatible scaffold tailored for biomedical applications. Graphical Abstract


Interferometry currently provides the only practicable way to image satellites in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) with sub-meter spatial resolution. The Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer (MROI) is being funded by the US Air Force Research Laboratory to demonstrate the 9.5 magnitude sensitivity (at 2.2 μm wavelength) and baseline-bootstrapping capability that will be needed to realize a useful turn-key GEO imaging capability. This program will utilize the central three telescopes of the MROI and will aim to validate routine acquisition of fringe data on faint well-resolved targets. In parallel with this effort, the University of Cambridge are investigating the spatial resolution and imaging fidelity that can be achieved with different numbers of array elements. We present preliminary simulations of snapshot GEO satellite imaging with the MROI. Our results indicate that faithful imaging of the main satellite components can be obtained with as few as 7 unit telescopes, and that increasing the number of telescopes to 10 improves the effective spatial resolution from 0.75 meter to 0.5 meter and enables imaging of more complex targets.


Since late 2019, SARS-CoV2 has spread worldwide, leading the WHO to declare a pandemic state. Italy was deeply affected by the virus, particularly North Italy. Several molecules have been tested for the treatment of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), comparing the treatment efficacy and collateral effects. To date, no antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of the COVID-19 viral phase or for the inflammatory phase. Undoubtedly, oxygen support plays a key role in the management of patients affected by this virus. The present study reports the cases of 3 patients critically ill with COVID-19. Despite antiviral therapy, their clinical conditions deteriorated a few days following admis- sion, particularly as regards respiratory performance, together with chest X-ray findings and arterial blood gas parameters. The levels of inflammatory markers were also elevated. The patients were treated with high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygenation along with a double dose of tocilizumab. A few days following HFNC and tocilizumab administration, the respiratory rates and arterial blood gas data were ameliorated alongwithchestX-rayresults.TheuseofHFNCwasthenslowly reduced until it was terminated, with the patients achieving a successful discharge. On the whole, as presented herein, it is indisputable more data and guidelines for COVID-19 therapies are warranted in order to guide clinicians as to the appropriate clinical treatment which will guarantee an optimal therapeutic response. © 2020 World Academy of Sciences Journal. All rights reserved.


Fig. 1. Daniel Drake, M.D., Cincinnati Academy of Medicine. Daniel Drake. Juettner claims, "The life work of Drake and the immediate and remote effects of his labors on the evolution of medical practice and education in this part of the country are not unworthy of being placed beside those of the immortal Rush. The latter was not a greater man in the East than Drake was in fhe West." By the way. Rush taught the skin was nonabsorptive. Preston quotes Dr. Reuben Mussey of Cincinnati who in 1838 proved the skin was indeed absorptive. It is of interest to the specialist to determine whether Drake's knowledge of sotne of the subspecialties in medicine was any different from the routine knowledge and information of that time. Also, did he follow the folklore of that particular period? The basic references for Daniel Drake's work relate to his own publications and that of Mansfield. In 1969, fhe Sesquicentennial of the College of Medicine of the University of Cincinnati was dedicated to Daniel Drake. On May 10, 1969, at the occasion of the Central States Dermatological Association Meeting in honor of this University of Cincinnati Sesquicentennial, it was indicated by Preston that the story of dermatology started with Daniel Drake's work "Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America." He wrote on some eruptions: roseola, lichen and strophulus. He also had ideas about the


improvements that have occurred, over the years, in socioeconomic conditions have not been associated with a reduction in delinquency; rather the reverse. This could of course be because the adverse effects of other factors have outweighed the benefits of better social circumstances, but it is by no means clear that this is the case. There seems, however, to be little doubt, as these authors might put it, that delinquency is of multifactorial origin. Some things do appear to be established about delinquency, for example, the preponderence of males and the association with academic (particularly reading) difficulties. Even so, the mechanisms responsible for these links are unclear, and whether reading retardation helps cause delinquency or vice versa, or whether both things are due to common factors is also uncertain. On the other hand, in many areas our ignorance, particularly of causation and treatment, remains substantial. Despite the complexities of the field of delinquency, the authors provide, in the final chapter, a good summary of current knowledge and also suggestions about what needs to be done next. Obviously we should not just continue doing more of the same. Delinquency, the authors point out, "is often accompanied by widespread personal difficulties and disturbance which giverise to distress and social impairment for the individual" (page 322). When this is the case, and the individual desires treatment, the problem may not be too difficult to deal with. Unfortunately, those most in need of help tend not to be willing to receive it voluntarily. How far these subjects should be dealt with punitively, and how far a "child welfare" approach is appropriate, has been much debated, so far with inconclusive results. There is a useful section on prevention, a challenging task. It does seem that moving children frequently in and out of foster homes should be avoided, and that early decisions on whether or not to remove children from parental care would often be beneficial, rather than leaving them in limbo for long periods, as so often happens. The environments of "children's homes" (we would call these group homes) could also with advantage be improved. Other sociological measures, particularly in schools, might also prove costeffective and cost-effectiveness is an important consideration, as the authors point out. Treatment presents enormous challenges. The authors discuss the many approaches which have been advocated for the treatment and management of delinquents. Much delinquency is quite minor and probably merits little or no treatment. Avoidance of early appearance in court is desirable, since this seems often to make things worse rather than better. The dilemmas faced by those who have to deal with the more serious cases, and especially chronic recidivists, are difficult ones indeed, but the authors present a balanced view of how we might proceed. The book concludes with a discussion of current research needs. This should surely be read by all who plan to venture into this difficult field. Good evaluative studies of both preventive and treatment programmes are certainly needed. Other requirements are investigations of policing and the processing of delinquents; the study of individual differences, notably personality variables, attention deficit problems, "the autonomic, avoidance-learning, and stimulus-seeking variables associated with the concept of psychopathy" (page 361), educational retardation, and sex; and the delineation of important environmental (including protective) factors. This is an important and timely book. It will prove of great interest to all who are professionally concerned with juvenile delinquents, none of whom can, I feel sure, fail to learn much from it. Exactly how well the literature is reviewed I cannot say because I have not myself read much of it, but the reputation of the authors, especially the senior one, is such that wecan be certain that it is as comprehensive and balanced an account of the subject as is currently available. My reviewcopy is a sturdy hardback and on the whole it is well produced. It may be churlish to complain of the English, especially after the authors have reviewed over a thousand books and articles and probably many others they did not cite. It must be said, though, that the writing style is a little ponderous, even pompous, at times. For example, on page 176 we read, "There are difficulties in drawing conclusions from these findings, both because the self-report data are open to the serious objection that the associations may merely reflect a rating bias ..." Could not this have read, "What these findings mean is uncertain both because the associations found may reflect a rating bias ...''7 Phrases abound like, "There has long been an interest in the possibility," and "A related point concerns the need to assess" (which presumably means "We should also assess"). The latter points are quibbles, of course, and do not seriously affect an excellent piece of work. I expect that it will long be used as a standard source of reference on where we are in the mid-1980s in the study and treatment of delinquency.


: In today's society, with the continuous development of Internet technology, e-commerce has emerged and gradually become a key link in the field of economic trade. The rise and development of e-commerce will inevitably have a huge impact on the development of China's traditional international economic and trade economy, and also bring about huge changes in international trade and economic development. In this case, China must understand the development of e-commerce, promote the innovation of China's international economic and trade development model, and lead the development of international economic and trade. With the continuous development of economic globalization, international trade has become an important trend in modern economic development. Therefore, further exploring specific strategies for innovating international trade under the background of e-commerce is of great practical significance for promoting the effective improvement of China's modern economic level.


Gas chromatographic simulated distillation was applied to the determination of fractional distribution of crude oil.Heavy fraction of crude oil was analyzed by the high temperature simulated distillation(SIMD),and the light fraction by the technique of DHA hydrocarbon pre-preparation.Fractional distribution of crude oil was obtained through componental arrangement.Mixture of strainght chain alkanes(or n-alkanes) with C5-C120 was used as standard for correction of boiling point in the range of distillation from initial boiling point(IBP) to 750 ℃.Good repeatability was obtained by this method,giving values of standard deviation,at both the IBP and the final boiling point,less than 1 ℃,and values of RSD′s of various fraction yields less than 0.35%.Results obtained by this method were in consistency with those found by the method of true boiling point distillation.Yield differences between fractions under 500 ℃ were less than 2.5%.It was shown that the fractional distribution between 500-750 ℃ was valuable for further processing and utilization of the heavy fractions of crude oil.


Flux pinning properties in high-temperature superconductors are significantly in fluenced by flux creep, especially at high temperatures and in high magnetic fields. One of the results of flux creep is an appreciable degradation of the maximum magnetic field for the non-resistive transport current from the upper critical field. This characteristic field, called the "irreversibility field", can be theoretically analyzed using the flux creep model. The important parameter that determines the creep phenomena is the pinning potential given by the product of the pinning energy density and the volume of the flux bundle. In this article, various dependencies of the irreversibility field on temperature, flux pinning strength anisotropy and size of the superconductor, and electric field at the time of measurement are reviewed according to the prediction of the flux creep model. These aspects are compared experimentally. An example of theoretical estimation of the irreversibility field is shown.


The microstructures,sizes and distribution of Al3(Sc,Zr) secondary particles in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy containing Zr during annealing were studied by transmission electron microscopy.The results show that the bean-like Al3(Sc,Zr) secondary particles precipitate from α(Al) matrix in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr as-cast alloy with 0.20%Sc after annealing at 450 ℃ for 2 h.The size of the Al3(Sc,Zr) secondary particles is 16-23 nm after annealing at 450 ℃ for 32 h.These particles are completely coherent with the α(Al) matrix.


The article analyzes the issues of formation and development of legal regulation of the participation of witnesses in testamentary process; based on the norms of Roman law and the pre-revolutionary Russian law are considered requirements for witnesses to a will. As a result of the analysis of the current inheritance laws stand established criteria for witnesses and concludes on the need to reform the Institute of witnesses.


Objective To identify Gynura segetum(Lour.)Merr.[G.japonica(Thun)Juel.;G.pinnatifida(L.)DC.] by identification of pharmacognosy and to provide the scientific evidence of identification and application.Methods The original plant identification,morphological and histological identification,microscopic identification were adopted.Results There are exclusive in original plant morphology,microscopic characteristics.Conclusion The plants of Gynura segetum(Lour.)Merr.[G.japonica(Thun)Juel.;G.pinnatifida(L.)DC.] can be completely identified by the methods.


The loss of plant diversity in floodplain grasslands along Saale and Elbe river has been well documented in conservation literature. The decline is predominantly the result of land use changes, hydrological factors are of minor importance. Particularly, the intensification of grassland management including conversion to arable use during the 1970s and 1980s has contributed to this development. Following the political change and subsequent integration of the former GDR into EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), agri-environmental schemes were implemented at the beginning of the 1990s to restore original species richness of riverine grasslands. These schemes have only been successful where remnant populations of target species had survived the period of Restoring plant biodiversity in riverine grasslands of Central Germany Armin Bischoff (1), Guido Warthemann (2) & Nadja Winter (3) (1) University of Halle, Institute of Biology/Geobotany, Am Kirchtor 1, D-06108 Halle, Germany* (2) LPR Landschafstplanung Dr. Reichhoff GbR, Zur Grosen Halle 15, D-06844 Dessau, Germany (3) Hochschule Anhalt (FH), Fachbereich 1 (LOEL), Strenzfelder Allee 28, D-06406 Bernburg, Germany The loss of plant diversity in floodplain grasslands along Saale and Elbe river has been well documented in conservation literature. The decline is predominantly the result of land use changes, hydrological factors are of minor importance. Particularly, the intensification of grassland management including conversion to arable use during the 1970s and 1980s has contributed to this development. Following the political change and subsequent integration of the former GDR into EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), agri-environmental schemes were implemented at the beginning of the 1990s to restore original species richness of riverine grasslands. These schemes have only been successful where remnant populations of target species had survived the period of intensive management. Dispersal limitation and low establishment rates in the dense grassland swards have prevented the re-colonisation at many sites. We initiated a long-term study to quantify the speed of colonisation processes in floodplains. We established transects from remnant species-rich target communities into restoration sites that had been re-converted from intensive management after 1989, and we observed subsequent changes in target species abundance along transects. Additionally, we started an experiment to test the efficiency of hay transfer methods in artificially introducing target species at restoration sites. Seed transfer rates were


Since 2002, a new phenomenon has emerged that MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) have invested in China's Water Industry (CWI), which belongs to the state-owned and monopolized industries with charac ...


Objective To discuss about the microtraumatie treatment for acute biliary pancreatitis. Methods 48 cases of acute biliary pancreatitis were analyzed from Jul. 2003 to Feb. 2008,16 patients were performed ERCP plus EST,4 patients were performed cholecystectomy plus calculus removed from common bile duct plus T type tube and peripancreatic drain,emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy for 12 patients ,4 of them were transferred to open operation for cholecystectomy and depression of pancreatic amicula plus pefipancreatic drain. 16 patients were performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy after controlling acute pancreatitis from one months to three months. Results 16 patients were successfully treated by endoscopic technique ( calculus removed and drain) ,achievement rate was 80%. 28 patients were performed a Laparoscopic cholecystectomy ,2 patients died of multiple organ failure.Conclusion EST plus biliary and pancreatic duct drain is an important procedure that treat acute biliary pancreatitis. To strictly grasp the opportunity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and peripancreatic drain is important measures to raise the cure rate of acute biliary pancreatitis and decrease the complication and mortality.


Multiattribute hashing and its variations have been proposed for partial match and range queries in the past. The main idea is that each record yields a bitstring @@@@ ("record signature"), according to the values of its attributes. The binary value (@@@@)2 of this string decides the bucket that the record is stored. In this paper we propose to use Gray codes instead of binary codes, in order to map record signatures to buckets. In Gray codes, successive codewords differ in the value of exactly one bit position, thus, successive buckets hold records with similar record signatures. The proposed method achieves better clustering of similar records and avoids some of the (expensive) random disk accesses, replacing them with sequential ones. We develop a mathematical model, derive formulas giving the average performance of both methods and show that the proposed method achieves 0% - 50% relative savings over the binary codes. We also discuss how Gray codes could be applied to some retrieval methods designed for range queries, such as the grid file [Nievergelt84a] and the approach based on the so-called z-ordering [Orenstein84a].


Integrated circuits (ICs) are fabricated by a sophisticated series of process steps. A complete education in the field of semiconductor processing requires a thorough understanding of the fabrication process. However, due to space, equipment, and budget constraints, hands-on microelectronics instruction is usually limited, despite high student demand. To alleviate these resource limitations and to enhance the educational experience, an environment which simulates IC fabrication instruction in a physical laboratory using interactive multimedia is currently being developed at the Georgia Institute of Technology Microelectronics Research Center. This Virtual Cleanroom will allow students to use a high-performance workstation (equipped with the necessary audio, video and graphics capability) to simulate the fabrication of an IC. Simulation modules for each of the unit process steps used in IC fabrication are being constructed on the X-Mosaic platform, thereby making the courseware accessible through Internet via the World-Wide Web. This has allowed the incorporation of a variety of other IC process simulators into the Virtual Cleanroom environment, enabling the student to visualize the results of performing a step while simultaneously learning the physical activities involved.


Tim Ingold is a British anthropologist, Social Anthropology Professor at the University of Aberdeen, Fellow of the British Academy, and Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He has explored the relationship between anthropology, architecture, art, and design; and through his work, has invited us to 'think through making' and 'learn by doing'. Ingold is the author of Evolution and Social Life (Cambridge University Press, 1986); Lines: A Brief History (Routledge, 2007); Making: Anthropology, Archaeology, Art and Architecture (Routledge, 2010); and Anthropology: Why it Matters (Polity, 2018), among many other books. In this interview he responds to some questions about the practice of repair in his own daily life, but also the role and comprehension of repair in his intellectual work, and the possible connection between such action and the act of design.


Objective To explore effect of the mini VIDAS on detecting staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin.Methods Enterotoxin was detected in 45 staphylococcus aureus samples by mini VIDAS detector and conventional method simultaneously.Results The detection rate of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin by mini VIDAS detector was 69.0%,but the detection rate by conventional method was 44.8%.The results of two methods had significant difference(t=3.04,P0.01).Conclusion The detection rate by mini VIDAS is obviously higher than that by the conventional method.The Mini VIDAS method is fast,simple and accurate.


collections in 1929 and 1930 and peasant and state action and reaction. Although a subsequent chapter deals with mechanization, the treatment of organizational arrangements and related issues is reserved primarily for volume 2. For many readers the discussion in volume 2 on the formative years of the kolkhoz as an institutional mechanism will be less familiar than the story of volume 1. The themes, however, are well known to the observer of the kolkhoz of recent years. Discussion begins with the issue of state control over the kolkhozes, the reasons why state control would be important, and how it would ultimately be implemented, in part through the development of the machine tractor stations. A second important theme is the issue of appropriate scale and the early appeal of gigantomania. Both issues would remain important for organizational changes implemented in the era after World War II. A third and very basic theme relates to the appropriate degree of socialization within the kolkhoz. While this theme would die out later insofar as it reflected indecision about the appropriate form of cooperative, it has remained important as an issue in Soviet kolkhoz law and as a factor relating to the extent of private activity within the kolkhoz. The author discusses the internal organizational arrangements of the kolkhoz in its formative years and in particular the origins of the labor day as a mechanism for remuneration of labor. These two volumes represent a monumental effort to chronicle the events of the Soviet rural economy in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Although they focus upon selected aspects of the early years of the Soviet industrialization drive, they nevertheless convey a general sense of the issues that were perceived to be important, the actors involved, and the actions and reactions of the participants. For many readers, there will be familiar perceptions and questions. One has the feeling that with ideology as the dominant guiding force, politics prevailed over economics, and above all, control of the countryside through the unique facade of a "cooperative" was the major objective. It remains difficult to isolate Stalin's role, except at some well known junctures. Much remains to be analyzed. How dismal was the state of the Soviet rural economy in the late 1920s? To what extent did the drive against the kulaks represent a serious destruction of human capital, since the kulaks, whatever their vices, must have been the dominant managerial input to precollectivization grain production? What was the impact of collectivization upon the distribution of labor resources, in particular between the rural and urban sectors of the economy? These volumes will undoubtedly become a basic tool for any researcher further analyzing the Soviet collectivization experience.


In this paper, the folded-beam torsion MEMS mirror that meets a set of specified constraints was developed. An optimization algorithm that we newly adopted in the RCS(restricted competition selection) GA(genetic algorithm) could overcome some difficulties in single-search algorithms. Moreover, by the proposed method, the designer's experience, and view and judgment could be reflected effectively.


This paper investigates traffic oscillation properties on roads intersection from frequency鄄domain perspective. According to the traffic oscillation characteristics on the roads intersection, a data sequence from the detector is the superposition of three sets of sinusoidal components, representing high鄄frequency noise, low-frequency trend and mid鄄range oscillations. The analysis found that the low鄄frequency signal relates to the changes of driving cycle generated by varying traffic demand, the high鄄frequency noise relates to the local random perturbations like driving behavior, and the mid鄄range oscillations relate to the frequently accelerating鄄decelerating operations in the driving cycles. So it proposes a de鄄trended fluctuation analysis to eliminate low鄄frequency velocity data trend, and use the Wavelet analysis method to eliminate high鄄frequency noise, and then apply the Frequency Analysis to study the wave characteristics for traffic stream on the different locations. The results show that the obviously wave at near the roads intersection.


Chronic ingestion of bile‐acid sequestrants has been shown to decrease the serum cholesterol concentration and coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients. To develop improved sequestrants, a rapid, convenient method for testing the bile‐acid binding efficacy of sequestrants is needed. Serum bile‐acid concentrations could be used to detect bile‐acid binding by an administered sequestrant, since the serum bile‐acid concentration is determined largely by the rate of intestinal absorption in healthy individuals. To test this, serum bile‐acid concentrations were measured at frequent intervals over 24 h in five otherwise healthy hypercholesterolaemic subjects during the ingestion of three standard meals, with or without the addition of 5 g colestipol granules administered 30 min before each meal.


The demand on portable and user-friendly wireless communication devices has geared up accordingly which necessitates optimal miniaturised built-in antenna for mobile terminals. This paper presents a design of a miniaturized circular microstrip L-probe wideband patch antenna for achieving diversity operation at mobile terminals. The design is optimised to cover the UMTS, LTE and WLAN. A prototype is fabricated, and its s-parameters and radiation paters are measured to verify the design.


The paper presents a description of the implementation of the ITU-T G.729 speech codec based on the Texas Instruments TMS320C6201 digital signal processor. It focuses on optimization of the software to improve the execution speed of the G.729 codec.


Innovation investment is an important factor for family firms to keep sustainable competitive advantage. This paper aimstoexplorehow differentiated non-family business members' succession styles affect the level of innovation investment in family firms and the moderating role of family authority. The results of this study illustrated that radical non-family business members lower the innovation investment in family firms compared to progressive non-family business members. The relationship between non-family business members' succession styles and their innovation investment in family firms is moderated by family authority. The weakening effect of radical successors' innovation investment is more significant in firms with high family member authority and non-family founding member authority. Further, research shows that the negative effect of radical successors on innovation investment in family firms decreases significantly after 3 years, and that its weakening effect is more pronounced in larger firms and in firms that have been founded for a longer time.


The microstructure and thermoelectric properties of materials based on germanium telluride p-type conductivity doped with copper and bismuth obtained by hot pressing of three types powders prepared by grinding an ingot to a size of hundreds microns (0.315  mm) to hundreds of nanometers (mechanical activation) in planetary high-energy mill and melt spinning were investigated. The microstructure of the samples were analyzed by optical and electron scanning microscopies. The nanoscale grain structure of these samples was established. The thermoelectric characteristics of the materials: Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivities, were measured both at room temperature and in the temperature range of 100 – 800 K. The slopes of these dependencies are estimated. The coefficient of thermoelectric figure of merit is calculated. The higher thermoelectric efficiency (ZT = 1.5 at 600 K) was received for the samples hot-pressed from granules, prepared by melt spinning.


The grey prediction theory was introduced.According to the geographical issues,GM(11) model was revised by introducing the Markov chain based on the characteristic of meteorological data,thus the equal dimension unbiased step-supplement GM(11) Markov prediction model formed.The model was verified using the data of temperature and wind power in Harbin.The results showed that the improved model was satisfactory.


In this paper, the last research progress in the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials and carbon nanotubes is reviewed. There is evidence that the relation between the strength of nanocrystalline materials and its grain size does not follow the classic Hall-Petch plot. Low-temperature and high-strain rate superplasticities have been found in some nanocrystalline materials. The theoretical prediction and experimental data indicate that carbon nanotubes are a kind of material with high stiffness, high strength, great toughness, and low density. There are already some application examples for novel mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials and carbon nanotubes.


The HIRLAM-C research programme is a cooperation between the national meteorological institutes of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Sweden. Within HIRLAM-C, research efforts are focussed on the scientific development and implementation of the mesoscale NWP model Harmonie, and its associated ensemble prediction system HarmonEPS, at target horizontal resolutions of 0.15-2.5km. A Harmonie Reference system is being maintained on the ECMWF HPC platform. The emphasis in the requested HIRLAM-C phase 4 Special Project at ECMWF will be primarily on experimentation, evaluation and testing of this Reference System, and its ensemble configuration HarmonEPS. The computational resources from the Special Project will be used mainly to experiment with newly developed model, assimilation, and ensemble generation components, and to integrate them and evaluate their meteorological and technical performance for new Reference releases. As the HIRLAM-C programme has recently been extended to end 2025, the present request is for a Special Project for the period 2023-2025. The main foreseen development and testing activities on data assimilation, atmospheric modeling, surface analysis and modelling, probabilistic forecasting and code aspects in this coming phase are outlined in sections A-E below. and data assimilation performance. These studies will involve aspects like the optimal ensemble size, spatial scale-dependent localization lengths, use of full or hybrid EnVar, and spinup issues. Intercomparisons between EDA, (hybrid) EnVar, 3D-Var and 4D-Var will be carried out. In preparation for the move to sub-km horizontal resolutions, the present overlapping windows approach (Yang et al. 2017) will be extended to, and assessed on, these scales.


Single crystals (as well as quadratic crystallites oriented along the three quaternary axes) of Fe --Ni, ordered by application of a magnetic field, behave (as regards the magnetic properties) like a uniaxial substance. The properties of this uniaxial substance can be interpreted by a particular model, which is described. (tr-auth)


Integrated Multistep Photochemical and Thermal Continuous Flow Reactions; Production of Bicyclic Lactones with Kilogram Productivity. Rowena A. Howie,a Luke D. Elliott,b Surajit Kayal,a Xue-Zhong Sun,a Magnus W. D. Hanson-Heine,a Jonathan Hunter,a Charlotte A. Clark,a Ashley Love,a Christopher Wiseall,a Darren S. Lee,a Martyn Poliakoff,a Kevin I. Booker Milburnb and Michael W. George*a aSchool of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK bSchool of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.


The potential of ground water contamination is one of the major concerns over land disposal of hazardous waste. Risk assessment requires information on groundwater concentrations of contaminants at the exposure location. Results are presented of case studies comparing health risk assessment and plume delineation based on state-of-the-modeling and monitoring data.


We performed a systematic investigation of mechanical compaction, strain localization, and permeability in Leitha limestone. This carbonate from the area of Vienna (Austria) occurs with a broad range of grain sizes and porosity, due to changes in depositional regime and degree of cementation. Our new mechanical data revealed a simple relation between porosity and mechanical strength in both the brittle and ductile regimes. Increasing cementation and decreasing porosity led to a significant increase of the rock strength in both regimes. Micromechanical modeling showed that the dominant micromechanisms of inelastic deformation in Leitha limestone are pore‐emanated microcracking in the brittle regime, and grain crushing and cataclastic pore collapse in the ductile regime. Microstructural analysis and X‐ray computed tomography revealed the development of compaction bands in some of the less cemented samples, while more cemented end‐members failed by cataclastic flow in the compactant regime. In contrast to mechanical strength, permeability of Leitha limestone was not significantly impacted by increasing cementation and decreasing porosity. Our microstructural and tomography data showed that this was essentially due to the existence of a backbone of connected large macropores in all our samples, which also explained the relatively high permeability (in the range of 2–5 darcies) of Leitha limestone in comparison to other carbonates with significant proportion of micropores.


Low grade copper ores containing chalcopyrite are increasingly used for copper recovery via biomining. Since metal sulfide oxidation is an exothememic process, bioleaching activity can be measured due to the heat output by microcalorimetry, which is a non-destructive and non-invasive method. The bioleaching activity of pure cultures of Sulfolobus metallicus, Metallosphaera hakonensis and a moderate thermophilic enrichment culture on high grade chalcopyrite was evaluated. Chalcopyrite leaching by microorganisms showed a higher copper recovery than sterile controls. Chemical chalcopyrite leaching by acid produced heat due to the exothermic reaction, the heat output was increased while metal sulfide oxidation by microorganisms.


The magneto transport of Ruddlesden–Popper, La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (0.42≤x≤0.52), 2-dimensional bilayered manganites have been investigated in a broad temperature range. The samples have been synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data indicates the tetragonal structure formation with I4/mmm space group. The resistivity curves of the samples present a general characteristic of metal-insulator (MI) transition at certain temperature (TMI). Besides, for samples with x = 0.48, 0.50, and 0.52, at a certain temperature (TCO) well below TMI the charge ordering is also evident. Furthermore, the samples display a shallow upturn in resistivity below Tmin due to the Kondo like spin scattering effect, weak localization and electron-phonon interaction. The high temperature semiconducting (T>TMI) region, the resistivity curve follows the 3D Mott's variable hopping transport mechanism. The overall suppression of resistivity accounts for a substantial magnetoresistance by applying a magnetic field and the characteristic change in TMI, TCO, and Tmin are discussed. Temperature-dependent magnetization demonstrates the suppression of ferromagnetism and evident of antiferromagnetic nature with an apparent charge ordering with increasing concentration of Sr2+.


....................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... x 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................. 7 2.1 Adaptive Capacity ..................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Sense of Place and Adaptation .................................................................................. 9 2.3 Socioeconomic Disparities ..................................................................................... 10 2.4 Adaptation Planning Efforts ................................................................................... 11 2.4.1 Hard Stabilization Efforts – "Protect" ............................................................. 12 2.4.2 Soft Stabilization Efforts – "Accommodate" ................................................... 14 2.4.3 Managed Retreat Efforts – "Retreat" ............................................................... 15 2.5 SLR Planning in California ..................................................................................... 17 3.0 METHODS ................................................................................................................. 20 3.1 Data Collection & Analysis .................................................................................... 20 3.1.1 Semi-Structured Interviews ............................................................................. 20 3.1.2 Public Meeting Observation ............................................................................ 23 3.1.3 Archival Research ............................................................................................ 24 3.1.4 Qualitative Data Analysis ................................................................................ 25 v 3.1.5 GIS Analysis .................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Study Site ................................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1 Historical Context ............................................................................................ 28 3.2.2 King Salmon Today ......................................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Future SLR Projections .................................................................................... 41 4.0 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Coexisting with Floodwaters .................................................................................. 48 4.1.1 Flooding Experiences ....................................................................................... 48 4.1.2 Historical Flooding .......................................................................................... 52 4.1.3 Casual Approach .............................................................................................. 54 4.1.4 Existing Adaptation Methods .......................................................................... 56 4.1.5 Frustrations with Local Government ............................................................... 61 4.2 Sense of Place and Community .............................................................................. 62 4.2.1 Connection to Place ......................................................................................... 63 4.2.2 Connection to People ....................................................................................... 65 4.3 Future Adaptation Responses ................................................................................. 67 4.3.1 Protect or Accommodate .................................................................................. 67 4.3.2 Retreat .............................................................................................................. 68 4.3.3 Funding Concerns ............................................................................................ 70 4.3.4 Climate Change Beliefs ................................................................................... 71 4.3.5 Generational Differences ................................................................................. 72 5.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................... 75 5.1 Key Findings ........................................................................................................... 75


A notice of the discovery of 'Celtic' tobacco pipes found near Bonnington. The pipes were found alongside coinage from the time of James VI, which Dr Wilson argues can be used to date these pipes to James VI's reign.


The author on the basis of retrospective statistical analysis has revealed the growing importance of the eastern part of the Russian railways network and defined the factors which determine such an importance now and will be effective in future. The article describes the insufficient level of railway infrastructure in Siberian and Far eastern regions and substantiates the demand for its radical rise in conformity with the Strategy of railway development in Russian Federation for the period till 2030 on the basis of common efforts of the State, regions, JSC Russian Railways and private business, shows some mechanisms of attraction of supplementary financial resources for new railway construction in eastern part of Russia. The conclusion reads that the development of railway infrastructure in Siberia and Far East will facilitate the arrival of new investments to these regions, promote Russian goods and services expansion to foreign markets, help to create a modern transportation services market. The railway development will also have a positive effect on enhancing economical capacity of the eastern part of Russia, will positively affect the conditions for wellbeing and business and will contribute to development of mutually beneficial relations of Russia with the states of Asian and Pacific region.


Nowadays HVDC based on Voltage Source Converters (VSC) are based on the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) and the applications in which the Full Bridge (FB) Cells are used are increasing. Therefore, this paper presents an analytical study of the MMC interaction between the converter currents and voltages. The study is applied to the case of the FB Cell based MMC, with special attention to the capacitor voltage ripple caused by this interaction.


We performed the path‐integral Monte Carlo calculation for small hydrogen clusters at low temperatures. Para‐hydrogen clusters doped by two ortho‐deuterium molecules, (D2)2(H2)N with 10N18, are found to have noticeably reduced superfluid fractions at 1.6° K when compared to pure hydrogen clusters. This indicates that D2 impurity molecules interrupt Bose exchanges among H2 molecules and suppress hydrogen superfluidity. In addition, clusters at specific sizes show conspicuously suppressed superfluid fractions compared to those of neighboring sizes. This behavior is also observed in the energy differences between adjacent cluster sizes. We investigate the radial density distributions of D2 and H2 molecules as a function of cluster size. With clusters of smaller sizes with N‐14, one D2 molecule is located around the cluster center, while the other D2 molecule is approximately 3.7 A from the cluster center. However, for the larger clusters with N‐15, both of the D2 molecules are located approximately 1.7 A fro...


The microscopic oil production mechanism and macroscopic oil production mechanism are discussed in this paper, the main origin for the existing remaining oil in the round of injectors is analyzed. The microscopic oil production mechanism reverse flooding is overcoming Jamin effect and breaking down the plugging; while the macroscopic mechanism is the fact that the oil is from the oil-rich region around fault and non-connective layers, and from medium, low water flooded layers, which lay a theoretical foundation for quantitatively determination of the conditions of converted injection wells.


The special needs of the dying, and in particular of people dying of cancer, have been studies extensively over the past two decades. The contribution to the debate by those working in primary care has been small. In this paper nine guidelines relevant to terminal care at home are described. They were defined and developed by a small group of primary-care nurses and general parctirioners, being based on their own professional experience of caring for people dying at home with cancer. They have subseqyently been approved by professional and lay bodies within the Exter Health District, Devon UK, and are presented for discussion.


ABSTRACT Focusing on Hong Kong's anti-extradition bill movement and drawing on a sample of 527 pro-democracy Hong Kong students, this paper investigates the relations among selective exposure, perceived selective exposure, presumed media influence, and their potential consequences. It shows that individuals' assumption of the outgroup's media diet is a mirror image of their own media choices. The more an individual consumes like-minded information, the more he/she expects outgroup members to do so. On the contrary, the more one uses cross-cutting media, the more he/she expects outgroup members to engage in cross-cutting exposure as well. Individuals' perceived media exposure of the outgroup will further influence their presumed media influence on the outgroup, which may trigger potential attitudinal and behavioral reactions. The findings shed new light on the consequences of selective exposure. Besides directly influencing us through pro-attitudinal information, selective exposure can also affect us indirectly, by making us believe that our rivals are also engaging in and polarized by selective exposure to ideologically congruent sources.


Introduction The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are being felt across the world and it is reasonable to expect that they have the potential to impact on the vulnerability of the global food supply chain to food fraud. Recent reports1, 2 suggest the potential for increased food fraud in global food supply chains due to the impact of COVID-19. Counterfeiting and fraud have already been seen in hand sanitisers3 and personal protective equipment4 (PPE). In view of this, researchers have examined the effect of COVID-19 on food fraud vulnerability5 and on food fraud data6.