Controlling an underactuated manipulator with less actuators than degree of freedom is a challenging problem, specifically when it is to force the underactuated manipulator to track a given trajectory or to be configurated at a specific position in the work space. This paper presents a cascade sliding mode tracking controller for set-point regulation of 2-DOF underactuated manipulators. This work builds on an observation that an underactuated manipulator can be treated as two subsystems. Consequently, a cascade sliding mode tracking controller can be designed as follows. First, a sliding mode surface is designed for both subsystems, this two sliding surfaces represent a first layer in the design architecture. A second layer sliding mode surface is then constructed based on the first layer sliding surface. The cascaded sliding mode controller is therefor deduced in terms of Lyapunov stability theorem. Robustness issues to bounded disturbances are then investigated. Simulation results on 2-DOF whiling pendulum are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.


OBJECTIVE To lay a foundation for the industrialized manufacture of polylactide(PLA).METHODS Various influencing factors in the preparation of PLA were studied,such as the purity of monomer,the polymerization temperature,and the quantity of the initiator.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS High purity of monomer,high vacuum are the key factor of high molecular weight PLA.


The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied Stone Pagoda (National Treasure No. 77) is typical stone cultural heritage in Unified Silla Dynasty, Korea. The pagoda has been occurred black, brown discoloration and microcrack, exfoliation, granularity decomposition with white discoloration because of continuous weathering. As the results of analysis for the contaminants, chemical weatherings are generated that black contaminant by manganese oxide, brown contaminant by iron oxide, white contaminants by gypsum and taranakite. And physical weatherings, such as microcrack, exfoliation, are occurred by salt(gypsum) crystallization. Therefore, these need to remove the contaminants according to the conservation treatment manual, and regular monitoring using P-XRF to preserve long-term the Five-Storied Stone Pagoda at Tapri-ri, Uiseong.


Purpose. The main purpose of the article is calculation of spatial distribution fields of the conditional probability of lethal damage to the railway station personnel, caused by the inhalation of toxic gas, which is dissipated in the surface layer of the atmosphere under the conditions of a given wind situation, for a numerical assessment of the safety level of the technogenic object. Methodology. The authors developed a three-dimensional mathematical model of the evaporation processes of toxic chemical substance from the surface of the spillage stain as a result of emergency destruction of the storage or transportation capacity of liquefied gas and further dispersion of the gaseous admixture in the ground layer of the atmosphere, taking into account the cluttering of space by buildings. Also it was developed a calculation technology for determining the conditional probability of human injury by toxic gas on the basis of probit-analysis of the impact degree of damaging factor (inhalation toxodose) on human body. To automate the calculation process, the tabular dependence «probit-function-injury probability» is replaced by a generalized piecewise cubic spline. Findings. Based on the developed model we obtained the results of calculations of the space-time fields of the conditional probability of lethal injury to the railway station personnel who underwent inhalation exposure of a cloud of hydrogen cyanide gas. We also determined that the presence of buildings on the way of the toxic cloud dispersion increases the concentration area and the time of cloud passage along the calculated area, which, accordingly, increases the exposure time of station personnel to harmful impact. Originality. The developed mathematical model takes into account: the flow compressibility, the complex terrain (cluttering of the calculation space by the buildings of technogenic object), the three-dimensional nature of dispersion process of the gaseous admixture, the evaporation of a toxic substance with a variable intensity depending on the wind conditions, physical characteristics of admixture and the roughness grade of atmosphere surface layer. The mathematical model makes it possible to obtain spatio-time distributions of a dangerous parameter – the relative mass concentration of toxic gas and the damaging factor – inhalation toxodose, which are necessary to determine the nonstationary three-dimensional fields of the conditional probability of injury to the technogenic object  personnel on the basis of the probit-analysis apparatus. Practical value. The developed calculation technology allows the expert at the decision-making stage to perform automated numerical analysis and forecast in time and space of the conditional probability of lethal injury to service personnel exposed to the inhalation effect of toxic gas as an integral part of the safety index of a technogenic object - individual risk.


Mites of the family Nanorchestidae have a worldwide distribution for they are known to occur in European, North American and Antarctic soils. Recent soil ecological studies in South Africa have shown that they form a numerically important part of the local soil-inhabiting Acari. Olivier & Ryke (1965) and Loots & Ryke (1966) reported the family Nanorchestidae as occurring in large numbers in soil covered by kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and in different types of pasture soil respectively. These authors made observations on the populations of species of this family over a period of one year.


In the present study, offsprings of 14 sows were used to evaluate the effect of fermented milk substituted for creep feed to analyze its effect on growth performance, diarrhea score and blood profiles. The piglets of sows were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatments (1 treatment separated piglets of 7 sows). The dietary treatments includes: CF (creep feed) and FM (fermented milk). The CP and FM diets were given from 3 d after piglets were born to the day of weaning (21 d after piglets were born). No significant difference (P>0.05) were observed in number of born piglets, weaning pigs, survival rate, body weight of piglets at d 0, 7, 14, and 21, ADG and ADFI. At d 21, piglets fed with CP had a higher (P 0.05) was observed in WBC among the treatments at d 21. At d 6, piglets fed with CP had a lower (P<0.05) number of diarrhea piglets compared to piglets fed with FM. In conclusion, FM substituted for CP had no adverse effect on growth performance in lactating piglets.


The clash in Kargil The political economy of militarism Premises in national security policy War fighting effectiveness Evaluating general Niazi India's security policy and combat effectiveness Emerging tensions with China The fallacy of nuclear deterrence An integrated approach to national security Resolving the conflict over Kashmir Organizational reform in the military The long view of Pakistan's economic prospects Reducing military expenditures International experiences with disarmament.


High-frequency hearing loss is most significant for the organ of hearing aging. Air conduction threshold measurements were taken in 4 groups (aged 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70 years) of otologically normal persons in expanded range of frequencies (250-18,000 Hz). The threshold of air conduction increase parallel to age and to pure tone frequency was stated.


Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees: an annotated list of the principal species occurring in the British Commonwealth , Pests and diseases of forest plantation trees: an annotated list of the principal species occurring ... , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی


Acknowledgments Notes on Contributors A Note on the Texts and Abbreviations Prefatory Note 1. Tennyson's Dying Fall 2. Tennyson's Retrospective View 3. Tennyson's Limitations 4. Tennyson's Grotesque 5. Tennyson, Browning, Virgil 6. Tennyson and the Voices of Ovid's Heroines 7. On lines and grooves from Shakespeare to Tennyson 8. Epic Sensibilities: 'Old Man' Milton and the Making of Tennyson's Idylls of the King 9. The Wheels of Being: Tennyson and Shelley 10. 'Brother-poets': Tennyson and Browning 11. Friendship, Poetry, and Insurrection: The Kemble Letters 12. Tennyson's Humour 13. Edward Lear and Tennyson's Nonsense 14. 'Men, my borther, men the workers': Tennyson and the Victorian Working-CLass Poet 15. 'Frater, ave'? Tennyson and Swinburne 16. After Tennyson: the Presence of the Poet, 1892-1918 17. Tennyson, by Ear 18. Hardy's Tennyson 19. T. S. Eliot and Tennyson 20. Tennyson and Auden 21. Betjemen's Tennyson Index


Collagen is a key structural protein with a unique triple helical fold. The chemical synthesis of collagen peptides has enabled a profound understanding of the conformational properties of the collagen triple helix and provided access to assemblies with tailored properties for biomedical applications. The vast majority of studies on synthetic collagen triple helices focused on collagen homotrimers, i.e. triple helices that are composed of three identical strands. Collagen heterotrimers that comprise two or three different strands (A2B or ABC heterotrimers) assume essential biological functions, but their synthesis poses considerable challenges that arise from the requirement to control the assembly of distinct strands into unique triple helices. This Thesis explores covalent and non-covalent approaches to control the folding of synthetic collagen strands into defined heterotrimeric triple helices. Our studies are based on conformationally defined proline derivatives that were designed to selectively interact with each other in neighboring strands of the collagen triple helix and conserve the native conformation of collagen. In the first part of this dissertation, we investigated the incorporation of 4-aminoxyproline (Aop) residues into collagen peptides and their derivatization by oxime ligation for the functionalization and covalent cross-linking of collagen triple helices. Since the conformational stability of the triple helix is sensitive to the nature of the substituent and the stereochemistry at the C(4) position of proline derivatives, we studied the stereoelectronic properties of aminoxy and oxime groups prior to incorporation of Aop into collagen peptides. NMR spectroscopic conformational analysis of Ac-(4R)Aop-OMe and Ac-(4S)Aop-OMe model compounds and the corresponding oxime derivatives revealed that, similar to other electron-withdrawing groups, the aminoxy and oxime moieties exert a stereoelectronic gauche effect. These


The head vase, which forms the subject of my first illustration (pl. XXIV, I), was found at Camirus in Rhodes, and has recently been presented to the Manchester Museum. It is the bust of a woman wearing a diadem on her head and a veil. The paint with which the vase was originally decorated has mostly disappeared, but traces of red can still be seen on the dress.


Characterizes the mass of soil sulfur (adjusted for nitrogen), and atmospherically deposited sulfate along an acid precipitation gradient from Minnesota to Michigan. The relationship of these variables, presented graphically through contour mapping, suggests that patterns of atmospheric wet sulfate deposition are reflected in soil sulfur pools.


This paper discusses reasons for using humor in the statistics classroom. Humor strengthens the relationship between student and teacher, reduces stress, makes a course more interesting, and, if relevant to the subject, may even enhance recall of the material. The authors provide examples of humorous material for teaching students such topics as descriptive statistics, probability and independence, sampling, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and regression and forecasting. Also, some references, summarized strategies, and suggestions for becoming more humorous in the classroom are provided.


This paper introduced the Sun Paper's experience in realizing low-carbon papermaking and building a resource-saving and environment-friendly enterprise,Sun Paper actively developed a recycling economy,pushed forward energy saving and emission reduction and cleaner production,rebuilded traditional papermaking industry with high technology,adjusted the raw material and product structure,vigorously promoted industrial restructuring and upgrading,speeded up the change from the traditional papermaking to the modern papermaking,achieved a number of useful exploration and experience,and achieved good economic and social benefits.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common Gram-negative bacilli associated with hospital infections and is often difficult to eradicate due to its resistant drug profile. However, carbapenems are being used as the last decade of the antimicrobial to treat serious infections due to MDR P. aeruginosa (Mahesh Kumar et al., 2016). After extended spectrum beta lactamases, another beta-lactamase causing resistance among Gram negative organisms is carbapenemase enzyme. This is an enzyme that hydrolyses a group of antibiotics called Carbapenems (Gupta et al., 2006; Walsh et al., 2005). Carbapenemases belong to two major molecular families, are distinguished by the hydrolytic mechanism at the active site. The first carbapenemases described were the metalloenzymes as naturally. These enzymes utilised serine as their active sites (Nordman et al., 2011). Carbapenem resistance has been observed frequently in non-fermenting bacilli such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 4 (2016) pp. 127-132 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Fifty compounds were isolated from Pleurospermum lindleyanum (Lipsky)B.Fedtsch. They were identified to be 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (1), (+)-marmesin (2),marmesinin (3),5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavone(4), kaempferol 3-O-#alpha#-L-rhamnopyranoside (5), luteolin 3'-O-#beta#-D-glucopyranoside (6), (R)-6-hydroxy-3-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-6-methylcyclohex-2-enone (7),4-hydroxybenzoic acid(8), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (9),3-methoxy-4, 5-methylenedioxy benzoic acid (10),methyl syringate (11),methyl syringate 4-O-#beta#-D-glucopyranoside (12), zingerone 4'-O-#beta#-D-glucopyranoside (13), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol (14) and 1-octacosanol (15). All the compounds were obtained from the title plant for the first time and 7 was firstly found as natural product.


The essence of ruling basis construction is to decide on whom the ruling could be depended. Mao Zedong explored ways to constantly consolidate the ruling basis of the CPC, during which process formed his unique theories on the ruling basis construction, which include that the premise of maintaining the ruling of the CPC is to rely on the people;that the fundamental requirement of the CPC is to motivate all active forces and elements to serve the socialist cause;that the important subject of the progressiveness construction of the party is to promote the ruling basis construction for the purpose of consolidation.


A collaboration of accelerator scientists from SLAC, UCLA, LLNL and LBL have been studying the use of the SLAC linac to drive short wavelength, single pass FELs.1 FELs are now operated at wavelengths from the centimeter region down to 240 nm. Shorter wavelengths pose increasing difficulties due to the lack of mirrors to form the optical cavity conventionally used in these FEL oscillators.


Over several decades the focus of statistical quality control has moved progressively from the customer interface, back through production, to research and product development. Statistical methods can be carried right back to the head-waters of engineering design with supremely attractive downstream benefits. The author describes the benefits of variance synthesis.


PURPOSE
To describe a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis following intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) in an immunocompetent patient.

METHODS
A 77-year-old man with a history of diabetes mellitus developed retinal whitening with a vasculitis 6 weeks after receiving IVTA in the left eye. A vitreous biopsy was performed.

RESULTS
Polymerase chain reaction was positive for CMV (419,000 copies/mL). A complete medical evaluation, including a negative test for human immunodeficiency virus, showed no systemic evidence of immunosuppression except for a highly elevated hemoglobin A1C level.

CONCLUSION
CMV retinitis may be a rare complication of IVTA, possibly due to local ocular immunosuppression from the steroid medication. Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus may have contributed to this development.


The purpose of this paper was to explore the leisure enjoyment beliefs, enjoyment methods, and meaning of life of active seniors participating in Pilates. A grounded theory approach was used as a research method. The subjects were 8 people who participated in Pilates for more than 2 years in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. After collecting the enjoyment beliefs and enjoyment methods of the active seniors, the study subjects, the data from the in-depth interviews were continuously analyzed according to the procedures of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding using the grounded theory approach. Therefore, it was confirmed that active senior women participating in Pilates lead a satisfactory life through their own healthy activities before entering middle age or old age, and expand the meaning of life by harmonizing their beliefs and ways of enjoying physically and mentally.


s 1945, 39, 2991(5). Figure 7. Carl Djerassi, learning how to drive a tractor in Tarkio, Missouri, 1941. Photo courtesy C. Djerassi. . Angewandte And Finally 3014 www.angewandte.org 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 3012 – 3023 "And then, as I just had thrown it in there, and it fumed furiously and red fumes of who knows what, nitrous oxide of various kinds were being produced there. I became frantically concerned because fat is glycerides. So, I m hydrolyzing the fat to glycerin. You make nitroglycerine by taking glycerin and nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and obviously, I m going to produce a pile of nitroglycerine and blow up the entire building with my steak. "Now, what is an interesting point there, why didn t it? And of course, the reason is kinetics. That is, the kinetics of oxidation of the glycerol at that temperature is much, much, much, I mean, infinitely faster than the cold temperature nitration of glycerin. And so the place was safe." [16] Chemistry on One's Birthday "I used to make diethylaluminum cyanide myself, and I usually liked to do it on December 31st because it s my birthday, and it was a sort of black humor that, if I died on that day, it would be easy to tell how old I was. And so I would do it. In fact, I sometimes did it in a tuxedo, which was really some ridiculous operation." [16] Gilbert's Experimental Prowess As told by Derek Barton*: "When I arrived at Harvard in 1949, Gilbert was working with his own hands on the synthesis of morphine. This was an ill-advised activity. Gilbert had, and still has, a brilliant mind. However, its extension to the control of his hands was somewhat lacking, so he did not accomplish very much until his first graduate students arrived... " [21] Why Synthesis? "The origin [of my passion for synthesis] is the structure, and the structure needs methods. Not the method first and then the structure. Structure, problem, method, back to structure. It s kind of a sculpture. It s a challenge. Everybody gets interested; as soon as you can make a problem of something, it becomes interesting. Whether you re a chess player, or whether you try to find a way of preventing paper bags from falling apart when they re wet. If you can make it into a problem, it becomes interesting." [1] The True Meaning of Success in Organic Synthesis "The toughest question to ask in synthetic organic chemistry after the work is done is: what have you learned? And you can have extraordinarily complex things. They look complex as hell. Maybe they have 80 asymmetric centers and maybe the answer is, [you ve learned] nothing. I mean, you could have learned that humans are capable of enormous focused efforts and are capable of sticking with a problem which is extraordinarily complicated. On the other hand, if somebody makes polyethylene, as somebody obviously did, then you learn a lot, even though it will not thrill most synthetic chemists because this would be comparable to building a highway for an architect. I mean, it s important, but it s fairly dull compared to [building] the Guggenheim Museum, for instance... " "So something could be not terribly glamorous but extremely important, or vice versa. I think that B12 was vice versa. It s enormously complicated." [1] The Core Essence of Organic Synthesis "I finally think I understand why people play golf. Why are they so fascinated by golf? If you really want to put that ball in that hole, there are many other things to do that. And the reason, of course, is that no one interferes with you. You re 100 % responsible for what you do, right and wrong. And so it s nice. If you play team sports, well, maybe somebody didn t pass the ball to you at the right time... "You can see why [individually focused activities] would make you passionately involved.... in synthesis because you can devise any scheme that you want... it s also easy to do, in the sense that if an experiment doesn t work, you just throw it out... it doesn t take a year to do an experiment. In fact, that s the beauty of synthetic organic chemistry still. You can think on the weekend a great idea and, if you re really motivated, you go over the weekend and try it, and you can know at the end of that day that thing is no good... And so, it is both easy and very frustrating. So is golf. I mean, it s easy to hit that ball with a stick... " [16] To Explore, Not To Sleep "Most of my students have been graduate students. And these are students who are pretty well committed... You don t really have to instill enthusiasm for chemistry that much, it s already there. You have the problem of not killing it all together. They may not have the courage to try things. They Figure 9. Stork at Colombia University, 1997. Photo courtesy J. I. Seeman. Figure 8. Stork as


We describe experiments combining high core-count, homogeneous single-mode multi-core fibers with a wideband comb for high-capacity transmission without high-order MIMO reception and demonstrate wideband transmission with coded modulation up to 12,300 km.


(51) Int. Cl. H04L 2/823 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ...................................... H04L 47/32 (2013.01) (57) ABSTRACT A method for emulating a jitter buffer by a telecommunica tions network monitoring probe includes determining an RTP timestamp for each of the plurality of received RTP packets. An actual time of arrival is determined for each of the plural ity of RTP packets. An expected time of arrival is determined for each of the plurality of RTP packets based, at least in part, upon a difference between the RTP timestamps of successive RTP packets. One or more of the plurality of RTP packets is discarded from the jitter buffer if the actual time of arrival is greater than the expected time of arrival for the one or more RTP packets.


Currently,there existed some deviations in teaching of basic course on financial security in mainland,which mainly is to teach technical analysis universally in security analysis,while involves less in basic analysis and value investment on mature market mainstream;parts of teachers themselves who teach security course have no practice in security market,or have practice but stress technical analysis,lack practical cases on mainland A share,etc.Namely,localization reform on financial security course primarily focuses on realizing localization on case of financial security course and of theoretical teaching,accordingly,effectively realize practice of security course and also confirm the correspondence between the practice of Chinese stock market and theory of investment.


ABSTRACT What strategies does the United States pursue when it no longer perceives overt military intervention as politically viable or desirable but the problems or issues for which it was formerly undertaken remain? This analysis identifies three such periods in American foreign policy since the United States became a World Power and draws from the work of Peter Hall to develop a typology of strategies according to the magnitude of policy change. These range from adjustment in the settings of interventionism – persistence; the substitution of alternative instruments of foreign policy – ameliorism; and the principled rejection of interventionism in conjunction with a more systematic critique of prevailing foreign policy assumptions – transformationalism. Yet each approach is beset by certain structural limits and contradictions arising from the domestic politics and constitutional-institutional system of the United States that are important in understandiing and appreciating more fully the challenges – and opportunities – of the period 'after interventionism'.


The invention relates to a plate trailer pulled by a loader. The plate trailer consists of a loader and a plate trailer, wherein the loader is connected with the plate trailer through a connecting component and a connecting frame and provided with a gasholder and a brake master cylinder, a cab of the loader is provided with a brake pedal, the gasholder is connected with the brake master cylinder through an output pipe, the brake pedal is connected to the brake master cylinder through a brake stay wire, and the brake master cylinder is connected with a brake pipe of the plate trailer through a brake gas line. The plate trailer is provided with a front wheel, a rear wheel, a crawling ladder and a lengthening crawling ladder, wherein the front wheel is installed at the front part of the plate trailer through a front wheel mechanism, and the front wheel mechanism comprises a front wheel bracket, a disk and a front axle. In the invention, by additionally arranging brake equipment on the loader, additionally arranging the front wheel and the front wheel mechanism on a flat-bed trailer, and connecting the loader with the plate trailer through the connecting component and the connecting frame, a traction plate trailer which takes the loader as traction power is realized. The plate trailer pulled by the loader can be used for loading and transporting construction mechanical equipment at any time with convenience and rapidness, thus solving the problem of waiting for the transferring of construction equipment. The loader is additionally provided with a brake system to ensure the safety of rear suspension of the traction plate trailer.


Objective:To observe the effect of Xuefuzhuyu capsules on angina pector.Methods:The hospital treatment 80 example coronary disease angina pectoris patient,divides into the treatment group and the control group stochastically,two groups carry on the conventional western medicine treatment,treatment group Canada with the blood government office by the stasis capsule,6 grains/time,2times /d,the treatment course is 4 weeks.Results:The treatment group and control group clinical total effectiveness respectively are 95.0% and 87.5%;The treatment group and control group electrocardiogram total effectiveness are 75% and 52.5%;The treatment group and the control group blood fats comparison has statistics significance(P0.01).Conclusion:The clinical therapeutic effect of Xuefuahuyu Capsules was reliable in treating angina pectoris.


The Effect of sterilizing temperature on shelf life of smoked ham is studied. The result showed that after stored at 0~4 ℃ or 36 ℃ sterilization with water of 70~85 ℃ was better than sterilization with microwave.The treatment of heated with water of 80~85 ℃ and the fast chilled could prolong the shelf life.


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Background Bulk RNA-Seq has been extensively utilized to investigate the molecular changes accompanying motor neuron degeneration in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). However, due to the heterogeneity and degenerating phenotype of the neurons, it has proved difficult to assign specific changes to neuronal subtypes and identify which factors drive these changes. Consequently, we have utilized single cell transcriptomics of degenerating motor neurons derived from ALS patients to uncover key transcriptional drivers of dysfunctional pathways. Results Single cell analysis of spinal neuronal cultures derived from SOD1 E100G ALS and isogenic iPSCs allowed us to classify cells into neural subtypes including motor neurons and interneurons. Differential expression analysis between disease and control motor neurons revealed downregulation of genes involved in synaptic structure, neuronal cytoskeleton, mitochondrial function and autophagy. Interestingly, interneurons did not show similar suppression of these homeostatic functions. Single cell expression data enabled us to derive a context-specific transcriptional network relevant to ALS neurons. Master regulator analysis based on this network identified core transcriptional factors driving the ALS MN gene dysregulation. Specifically, we identified activation of SMAD2, a downstream mediator of the TGF-β signalling pathway as a potential driving factor of ALS motor neuron degeneration. Our phenotypic analysis further confirmed that an activated TGF-β signalling is major driver of motor neuron loss in SOD1 ALS. Importantly, expression analysis of TGFβ target genes and computational analysis of publicly available datasets indicates that activation of TGFβ signalling may be a common mechanism shared between SOD1, FUS and sporadic ALS. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the utility of single cell transcriptomics in mapping disease-relevant gene regulatory networks driving neurodegeneration in ALS motor neurons. We find that ALS-associated mutant SOD1 targets transcriptional networks that perturb motor neuron homeostasis.


Purpose: Visual gait analysis plays a pivotal role in determining the important gait problem of patients. A few studies have been published and have received little attention regarding visual gait analysis on patients with orthopedic problems. The purposes of this study were to investigate the difference of reliability levels according to experience of clinical physical therapists. Methods: Thirty-five clinical physical therapists, 5 high experienced, 15 experienced, and 15 inexperienced, were recruited and individually evaluated these videotaped gait patterns of the participants, and filled up the structured gait analysis form. The gait of nine participants was videotaped. Reliability levels were calculated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). Results: The inter-rater reliability of high experienced group (ICC=0.56; 95% CI: 0.50-0.62) was comparable to that of the experienced raters (ICC=0.48; 95% CI: 0.43-0.53) and inexperienced group (ICC=0.42; 95% CI: 0.38-0.46). High experienced group reached a higher inter-rater reliability level. The average intra-rater reliability of the high experienced group was 0.70 (ICCs ranging from 0.54 to 0.82). The experienced group reached an average intra-rater reliability of 0.61 (ICCs ranging from 0.47 to 0.81). The inexperienced group attained average ICC values of 0.53 (ICCs ranging from 0.30 to 0.74). Conclusion: Use of a structured gait analysis form as described in this study was found to be moderately reliable. Clinical experience appears to increase the reliability of visual gait analysis.


The least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) is successfully employed for the discretization of the Stokes equations and the numerical computation of the behaviour of two-dimensional Stokes flow in a straight rectangular channel under the effect of a point-source magnetic field. LSFEM has several advantages in terms of theory and computing, where it can always create a symmetric, positive-definite algebraic system of equations. It also allows for using an equal order shape function for both velocity and pressure, and it is not required to satisfy the Ladyzhenskaya–Babuška–Brezzi (LBB) condition. Despite this, LSFEM has an issue where low-order nodal expansions tend to lock. Thus, the present study proposes the discretization of the problem domain using higher-order nodes elements with full numerical integration. Results concerning velocity contour and streamlines pattern are shown. On the basis of current findings, it can be concluded that the LSFEM can be used to solve Stokes flow problem under the point source magnetic field.


Within self-access learning there has been a gradual shift towards incorporating approaches to learning involving strong elements of peer interaction. In the USBI Xalapa self-access learning centre (SALC) that is part of the Universidad Veracruzana in Veracruz, Mexico, work placement students (WPS) have begun to run daily conversation workshops with students from the centre. By drawing on the works of Acuña González, Avila Pardo, & Holmes Lewendon (2015), Murray (2014), and Hughes, Krug, & Vye (2011) relating to peer-supported learning in self-access environments, a small research project was developed to understand the effectiveness of the student-run workshops. This involved conducting interviews with WPS and English students who attended the workshops. By comparing and contrasting the responses, a rich, heterogeneous set of data was uncovered which provides insight into peer-centred learning. The findings suggest the need incorporate peer-based learning to break down hierarchical relationships in which power divisions construct a traditionalist learning environment governed by fear of making errors. Also, the role of WPS needs to be reconsidered to allow them to take a more active role in the institution due to their positive relationships with learners. Beyond these aspects, it can be seen that a deeper understanding of the role of peer interaction in learning environments is essential in self-access centres.


This article was intended at discussing not optimal Hindu teacher's performance who was certified educator in junior high school at Denpasar City. The topic is chosen based on unbalancing between ideal and reality. The government was intended to improve them through certification programs, included improving their welfare. However, the reality was the teacher's performance who have been certified educator was not optimal. At least, there were three questions discussed i.e., the cause not optimal of their performance, efforts were conducted to improve performance and its implications. The study is used a qualitative approach. Therefore, in terms of the data analysis is not an emphasis on measurement but on the effort to describe and explore.


A new multilayer piezoelectric actuator (MPA), in which gaps were formed at the ends of the internal electrodes, was manufactured by a cofiring method. Its high endurance has been confirmed both by a 500-million-pulse driving test and by 120 VDC voltage-applying life test for 500 hours under high humidity. Large displacement was achieved in a wide temperature range up to 135°C by using newly developed piezoelectric ceramics.


Glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) are the main regulators of the pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal axes. Selective interaction between GPHs and their cognate G proteincoupled receptors ensure specificity in GPH signaling. The mechanisms how these hormones activate glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs) or how mutations and autoantibodies can alter receptor function were unclear. Based on the hypothesis that GPHRs contain an internal agonist, we systematically screened peptide libraries derived from the ectodomain for agonistic activity on the receptors. We show that a peptide (p10) derived from a conserved sequence in the C-terminal part of the extracellular N terminus can activate all GPHRs in vitro and in GPHR-expressing tissues. Inactivating mutations in this conserved region or in p10 can inhibit activation of the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor by autoantibodies. Our data suggest an activation mechanism where, upon extracellular ligand binding, this intramolecular agonist isomerizes and induces structural changes in the 7-transmembrane helix domain triggering G-protein activation. This mechanism can explain the pathophysiology of activating autoantibodies and several mutations causing endocrine dysfunctions such as Graves' disease, hypoand hyperthyroidism. Our findings highlight an evolutionarily conserved activation mechanism of GPHRs and will further promote the development of specific ligands useful to treat Graves' disease and other dysfunctions of GPHRs. Glycoprotein hormone receptors (GPHRs) were cloned about 25 years ago (1-3) and, since then, the glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) TSH, LH/hCG and FSH are considered as the agonists for their respective receptors. In contrast to other rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), they possess a large extracellular leucin-rich repeat (LRR) hormone-binding domain which is linked via a hinge region (HR) to the 7-transmembrane helix domain (7TM) (Fig. 1A). Based on the crystal structure of human FSH bound to the receptor's extracellular domain (ECD), it has been suggested that the FSHR grabs the FSH in a "hand-clasp" mode orienting the hormone to interact with the extracellular loops and juxtamembrane regions of the 7TM to induce signaling (4). However, all attempts failed yet to identify agonistic parts of GPHs and even extreme high concentrations of hCG did not activate the 7TM of LHR lacking the ECD (5). In addition to TSH and thyrostimulin (6), the TSHR can be activated by mutations in the ECD http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M115.701102 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on November 20, 2015 as Manuscript M115.701102 Copyright 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. by gest on M arch 3, 2020 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from Activation mechanism of glycoprotein hormone receptors 2 and by ECD-directed autoantibodies which cause hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease, respectively (7). How the ECD integrates the activating actions of TSH, thyrostimulin, mutations and autoantibodies to trigger GPHR signal transduction, is unsolved in detail although there are numerous mutagenesis studies (5,8), and crystallographic data of the liganded GPHR ECD (4,9-11). Based on findings that proteolytic cleavage of the ECD by trypsin, or artificially generated ECD deletions and truncations can increase TSHR activity, it was proposed that the ECD functions as an internal inverse agonist inhibiting 7TM signaling until ligand binding at the ECD (8,12-17). We have shown that deletion of the entire ECD did not activate the LHR which provoke an alternative hypothesis of an "intramolecular agonistic unit" where an internal agonist within the ECD is exposed upon ligand binding at the ECD (5,8,18). The latter hypothesis is supported by LHR studies showing that parts of the ECD are necessary to stabilize active state conformations of the 7TM (19,20). Here we show that all GPHRs are activated by an internal peptide sequence which is located in the C-terminal part of the ECD and integrates the diverse stimuli into one activating signal. This provides an explanation how Graves' disease autoantibodies and several mutations cause diseases of the thyroid and gonads. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES DNA constructs and functional assays Fulllength GPHR sequences were cloned into the mammalian expression vector pcDps (5,21,22). A hemagglutinin (HA) epitope and a FLAG epitope were inserted directly downstream of the signal peptide and at the very C terminus of the GPHRs, respectively. All mutant constructs were generated by a PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis and fragment replacement strategy (details given in Table 1) and confirmed by sequencing. For functional assays, GPHR constructs were expressed heterologously in COS-7 cells upon transient transfection and grown in DMEM supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin at 37°C and 5 % CO2 in a humidified atmosphere. For cAMP assay, cells were split into 96-well plates (1.5 x 10 cells/well) and transfected with 250 ng vector constructs using MACSfectin (Miltenyi Biotech, Germany) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Wild type receptors served as positive controls and empty vector as negative control, respectively. 72 h after transfection, cells were incubated with DMEM containing 1 mM 3-isobutyl-methylxanthine (IBMX) and indicated concentration of peptides and/or hormones for 1 h at 37 °C. For cAMP measurements, cells were lysed in 25 μl LI buffer (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Monza, Italy) and kept frozen at −20°C until measurement. To measure cAMP concentration, the AlphaScreen cAMP assay kit (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) was used according to the manufacturer's protocol. The accumulated cAMP was measured in 384-well white OptiPlate microplates (PerkinElmer Life Sciences) with the Fusion AlphaScreen multilabel reader (PerkinElmer Life Sciences). To estimate cell surface expression of receptors carrying an Nterminal HA tag, an indirect ELISA was used (23). Tissue preparation Activation of endogenously expressed GPHRs with p10 peptide was tested on male C57/Bl6 wild type mice. Testis and thyroid gland were isolated and stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) on ice. Testis was homogenized in 1 ml PBS. After centrifugation for 5 min at 300 x g the pellet was dissolved in DMEM with 1 mM IBMX. Thyroids were disrupted with a scalpel blade and homogenized through a needle in 100 μl DMEM with 1 mM IBMX. 15 μl of these cell solutions were transferred to a 96-well plate and 15 μl of 2-fold concentrated agonist in DMEM with IBMX were added. Suspensions were incubated for 1 h at 37 °C followed by centrifugation for 5 min at 1000 x g. The supernatant was discarded and the pellets were subjected to lysis by adding 25 μl LI buffer and kept frozen at -20 °C until measurement. Measurement of cAMP content was done as described before. Intact thyroid follicles were isolated from mice expressing the cAMP FRET sensor Epac1camps and plated in glass-bottom Petri dishes coated with a collagen gel as previously described (24). Imaging was performed in a buffer containing 144 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 1 mM MgCl2, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.3. Ratiometric FRET measurements were performed on a Zeiss Axiovert 200 inverted microscope equipped with an oil-immersion 63x objective, a polychrome V light source (Till Photonics), a 505 DCXR beam splitter, and an iXon Ultra 897 EMCCD Camera (Andor). Images were acquired every 5 s with 5-ms illumination time and monitored with the MetaFluor 5.0 software (Molecular Devices) as the ratio between emission at 535 ± 20 nm (YFP) by gest on M arch 3, 2020 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from Activation mechanism of glycoprotein hormone receptors 3 and emission 480 ± 15 nm (CFP), upon excitation at 436 ± 10 nm. The YFP emission was corrected for direct excitation of YFP at 436 nm and the bleed-through of CFP emission into the YFP channel as previously described (25). For testosterone ELISA testis were isolated and homogenized in 1 ml ice cold PBS. After centrifugation for 5 min at 300 x g the pellet was dissolved in HBSS (100 mg of tissue/1 ml). 60 μl of this solution were transferred to a 96-well plate and indicated concentrations of agonists were added. Cells were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. After two freeze-thaw cycles to break down cell membranes, samples were centrifuged for 5 min at 1,500 x g. 50 μl of the supernatant were assayed with Testosterone Saliva ELISA (IBL International GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) to determine the testosterone concentration. Peptide synthesis Solid phase peptide synthesis was performed on an automated peptide synthesizer MultiPep from Intavis AG (Köln, Germany) using standard Fmocchemistry. The final side chain deprotection and cleavage from the solid support employed a mixture of TFA, water and triisopropylsilane (95:2.5:2.5, vol %) for the peptides. The peptides were purified to >95% purity using preparative RP-HPLC (Shimadzu LC-8, Duisburg, Germany) equipped with a PLRP-S column (300x25mm, Agilent, Waldbronn, Germany). For both analytical and preparative use, the mobile phases were water (A) and acetonitrile (B), respectively, each containing 0.1 % TFA. Samples were eluted with a linear gradient from 5 % B to 90 % B in 30 min for analytical runs and in 90 min for preparative runs. Finally, all peptides were characterized by analytical HPLC (Agilent 1100) and MALDI-MS (Bruker Microflex LT, Bremen, Germany), which gave the expected [M+H] mass peaks. RT-qPCR For expression analysis RNA from Nthy-ori 3-1 cells was isolated using TRIzol (Sigma-Aldrich) according to manufacturer ́s instructions. For quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qPCR), 1 μg of total RNA was reversely transcribed (Omniscript; Qiagen) using a mixture of oligo(dT) and random hexamer primers. qPCR was performed by GoTaq® qPCR Master Mix (Promega Corporation, Madison, USA). cDNA from 25 ng of total RNA, 0.2 μM of the forward


The term "distributed generation" refers to a new type of energy source that is employed in distribution networks. Customers or distribution system operators link DGs directly or indirectly. DGs are often linked near consumer load centres. The increased usage of DGs results in improved power quality, a better voltage profile, and a reduction in losses. Because dispersed energy resources are becoming more important in power systems, their issues should be investigated. Unplanned islanding is one of the most serious issues with dispersed energy supplies. The power systems and the repairmen who are working with the wrong equipment are both at risk as a result of the unexpected islanding. The suggested technique uses the wavelet transform as well as a novel classifier called Back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). To extract characteristics from the current waveform at the point of common coupling (PCC), the wavelet transform is utilised. PCC is believed to be the distribution system's connecting point for dispersed generating. In MATLAB/SIMULINK software, the suggested technique is implemented on a two PV array 40 KW as a Distributed generating system. The findings demonstrate the suggested method's excellent accuracy in detecting islanding. At last, comparison of ANFIS and BP-ANN approach is done and finally conclusion provide for best classifier for islanding detection for distributed generator system. Index Terms – Islanding detection, Distributed generators, Solar PV array system


Abstract. Here we discuss the results of VLBI observations of OH megamasers in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. To date, in all OH megamaser sources observed with VLBI a large part of the OH maser emission is associated with circumnuclear disks or tori. The most striking result is that of III Zw 35, where the maser emission appears to be in a ring-like structure. This ring geometry can explain the two compact clumps of emission previously observed, and theoretical modeling using a torus can successfully reproduce the observed emission. In some OH megamaser galaxies new data further suggests that in addition to an OH maser disk, some maser emission may also be associated with outflows.


CASE REPORT An otherwise healthy 23-year-old woman presented with facial symmetrical erythema and slight itching lasting 4 days. Symptoms developed after wearing a KN95 (FFP2 equivalent) mask for 2 days to prevent contracting SARS-CoV-2. One day before, the patient had consulted the emergency department and a presumptive diagnosis of acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus by the general emergency doctors was made because of her gender and facial symmetrical erythema. However, the physical examination and medical history of the patient and her family were unremarkable. Blood and urine routine tests and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were negative and normal, respectively. The specific autoantibodies and complement were also negative. In our dermatology clinic, given the use of the mask and the shape of the lesion resembling that of the sponge strip on the contact surface inside the mask (Figure 1), the patient was provisionally diagnosed with mask-induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). After 3 days of anti-allergic treatment (oral desloratadine and topical desonide cream), the lesions almost completely disappeared. The patient switched to other masks without sponge strips which were tolerated. No recurrence was found after 3-month follow-up. Patch tests were applied on the upper back and occluded for 2 days with the TRUE Test (Mekos Laboratories, Hillerød, Denmark), and readings were made on day (D)2, D4, and D7 with negative results. Additional patch tests using IQ chambers (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden) were performed with pieces of sponge taken from this mask. Tests were read on D2 and D4 according to ESCD guidelines and showed a positive reaction to the sponge (++) at D4, while no reaction was seen in three self-controls (D4) (Figure 2A). Ten control volunteers were patchtested the same way with all negative results. The patient was then tested with the isocyanate series (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) and showed a positive reaction to toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) 2.0% pet., 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA) 0.5% pet., and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) 0.1% pet. on day D2 (++) and D4 (++) (Figure 2B). DISCUSSION Polyurethanes, which are being used increasingly in the production of various products, including the sponge strip inside the mask, are produced by the reaction of diisocyanates and may cause ACD or precipitate asthma attacks. Polyurethane as the fully cured polymer is thought not to be a sensitizer. However, residual cross-linkers have been reported to cause allergic reactions, such as TDI, HDI, MDA, or MDI, which are particularly responsible for respiratory symptoms, and less frequently for ACD. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of ACD to a polyurethane sponge inside a mask.


When the superconductor is subjected to local thermal perturbations, a large amount of joule heat may be generated in the conductor, which may lead to a quench. In a quench event, a normal zone irreversibly spreads throughout the conductor leading to failure of the superconducting device. In this paper, we will discuss the one-dimensional quench behavior in the coated conductors with internal defects or interface defects. Based on the numerical procedure given in the previous works, the normal zone propagation is studied by using the finite difference method. The numerical results are presented to discuss the normal zone propagation. We consider the effect of internal defect on the nonuniform temperature propagation. For the conductor with interface defects, it can be found that the normal zone propagation velocity is increased by defects.


Roots of the Himalayan Peony (Paeonia emodi Royle) have been used as a traditional medicine for epilepsy since long back. In this study, hydrodistilled essential oil of the fresh roots of P. emodi, collected from western Himalaya was investigated using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, 1H&13C). Altogether, twenty-four constituents, forming 97.4% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the essential oil were salicylaldehyde (85.5%), cis-myrtanal (4.9%), myrtenal (1.8%), trans-myrtanol (1.6%), and nopinone (1.4%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed report on P. emodi root essential oil composition.


The goal of this chapter is to make it clear how the modal normativist account can avoid the notorious "Frege-Geach" or "embedding" problem that has long threatened non-descriptive views of all kinds. While Chapter 2 identifies an alternative function for modal discourse, we cannot take this to be a matter of identifying the meaning of modal terms. For modal claims may be embedded in conditionals, negations, etc., in which case they are not serving their characteristic function, and yet must be thought to have the same meaning. To meet this problem, this chapter gives the meaning of modal terms in terms of their inferential role—which is constant even in embedded contexts—and shows how this meaning is related to the function of modal terms. The chapter also aims to show how the modal normativist account can avoid the classic objections to modal conventionalism.


Over 100 years ago the French physicist Henri Bénard was inspired by the accidental discovery of cellular convection, and so for his doctoral dissertation he performed experiments on thin differentially heated layers of fluid. He observed many phenomena that we now recognize as characteristic of the convection that partially bears his name, including that it only occurred after a critical temperature had been reached and that the convection occurred in a cellular pattern with heat rising in the middle of the cell and falling at the edges. Sixteen years later, Lord Rayleigh used the Boussinesq equations – a modification of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations that account for buoyancy – to create a theoretical framework for Bénard's obervations, and so the theory of Rayleigh–Bénard convection was born. His model relied on differential buoyancy forces created by temperature gradients in the fluid, and it predicted that sufficiently destabilizing temperature gradients would drive fluid motion. Rayleigh's work was a seminal development in the theory of convection, but it turned out to not be the explanation of Bénard's observations. Rayleigh's model relies on the existence of a temperature gradient in the fluid to cause buoyancy forces, which is indeed the mechanism that typically drives convection in nature, but was not what caused the convection cells seen in Bénard's experiments. In 1958, J. R. A. Pearson, a researcher employed by a paint company, showed that under the conditions of Bénard's original experiments, convection was primarily driven by temperaturedependent surface tension rather than temperature-dependent buoyancy [5]. Pearson developed his theory of surface tension-driven instability after observing circulation in paint regardless of the orientation of its free surface, while Rayleigh's model required the free surface to be oriented opposite the direction of gravity. Even though Rayleigh's model does not explain Bénard's observations, Rayleigh–Bénard convection and the Boussinesq equations have found widespread application in fields such as oceanography, atmospheric science, astrophysics, and engineering. Furthermore, in modern nonlinear science, the Rayleigh–Bénard model has become one of the most popular systems for studying pattern formation, spatiotemporal chaos, and turbulence. In the present work, we investigate the heat transport ability of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in two dimensions with free-slip boundaries when optimizing the aspect ratio of the convection cells. This heat transport is typically quantified by the dimensionless Nusselt number Nu, which is the ratio of total heat transport to conductive heat transport. Of particular interest is the dependence of Nu on the Rayleigh number, Ra, which is a dimensionless parameter proportional to the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the domain. In the 2D free-slip configuration, it has been proven mathematically that Nu can grow no faster than Ra5/12 as Ra → ∞ [6]. However, for steady convection cells in a fixed domain, Nu grows at the slower rate


This paper describes an automated system, VIAP, for proving the correctness of procedural programs with integer assignments and loops. VIAP does not require loop-invariants to verify the correctness of programs. It also includes functionalities resulting from the extension of existing work about program translation into FOL by solving recurrences generated during translation. This system is also able to prove partial correctness of programs, given precondition(s) and postcondition(s), without using loop invariants. We validate these claims by showing that VIAP can successfully prove the benchmark programs used by invariant-generating tools in literature for their validation, without the requirement of the generation of these loop-invariants. The system is fully automatic and points to a new way of proving properties of programs.


OBJECTIVE To prepare the dextran-sperminee polycation as the nonviral gene carrier.METHODS The carrier was prepared by the chemical synthesis,using the dextran,sodium periodate,spermine and sodium borohydride as the reactants.The main physical properties of the synthesized gene carrier were characterized by the methods of FTIR spectrophotometer,transmission electron microscope and laser nanoparticle detecter.The transfection with the dextran-sperminee polycation was performed using the pCMV-GFP as the reporter gene,the Transffectine 2000 liposome as the positive controller,the SMMC-7721 as transfected cells.The transfecting result was analyzed by fluorescence microscope instrument.The yield of transfection(%transfection)was calculated by counting the fluorescent cells in a certain area of a particular well,and dividing the number of fluorescent cells by the number of total cells in the same field.RESULTS The dextran and spermine were linked by the covalent bond.The size of the carrier was 9.0 nm,the Zeta potential was +31.1 mV.The carrier had a higher transfection efficency to SMMC-7721 cells.The yield of transfection was 31.1%.CONCLUSION The chemical synthesis method mentioned above can be used to prepare the optimum dextran-sperminee polycation nanoparticle as nonviral gene carrier.


The visual system responds to both an excess of available information and an underdetermination problem by relying on priors that facilitate its successful navigation of an environment on the basis of past encounters. These priors can concern demographic features, such as race or gender, in a manner that resembles prejudicial bias. This focuses our attention on the following problem: how can we identify prejudicial bias within a system that relies on a kind of structural bias to accomplish its goals? Taking two bodies of recent empirical work as case studies, I explore and reject three possible criteria for demarcating problematic instances of bias. I identify a principled reason why standard epistemic criteria cannot accomplish the task. I instead propose an adoption of a skill-based model of visual perception that allows for multi-dimensional evaluation relative to a set of potentially competing goals. 0. Bias in a biased system The term 'bias' is used in a variety of ways. Two uses are of particular relevance to this chapter. We often use 'bias' colloquially to mean a kind of prejudice, against a particular social group. This is the sense in which we talk of "implicit bias" grounding discrimination, or of a system that is unfairly "biased" against a racial minority, for instance. This sense of bias is inherently freighted with a negative valence: it has problematic ethical upshots. In addition, it is often taken to be epistemically flawed, either because it is grounded in accurate information or irrational cognitive processes, or because it perpetuates flawed reasoning downstream of it.1 We can call this kind of bias prejudicial bias. Prejudicial bias generally concerns demographic groups: people of a particular race, gender, sexual orientation, or class. But in science more generally, bias also has a thinner, formal sense, meaning any kind of weighting in a testing process that systematically skews the outcome. This is what we have in mind when we talk of a confirmation bias, for instance, when a process is skewed towards producing results which confirm a previously endorsed hypothesis. Bias in this second sense may sometimes also be prejudicial against particular demographic groups, but it need not be. And some kinds of action recommended to combat the first, negatively valenced kind of bias may be instances of the second, formal sort of bias, such as deliberately assigning readings by female authors on a particular topic to combat their underrepresentation on philosophy syllabi, for 1 For a range of philosophical perspectives on the nature of implicit prejudicial bias and the sorts of problems it can give rise to see Brownstein and Saul (2016). For a discussion of the downstream epistemic problems that prejudicial bias can give rise to see Gendler (2011). Jessie Munton Bias in a biased system 2 instance, or practices of affirmative action. We can call this second kind of bias formal bias.2 Formal bias need not always constitute an epistemic flaw, though it may sometimes do so. And under certain conditions, it can constitute an ecologically rational response, one that maximizes the quantity and quality of information at the disposal of an organism. It is not, therefore, inherently epistemically valenced. Nor is it inherently morally valenced. In this sense, it is a neutral category. What is the relationship between prejudicial bias and formal bias? Is prejudicial bias just an instance of formal bias that happens to have a particular demographic orientation, or is it a category that is marked out itself by further structural flaws in reasoning, for instance? This question has important upshots for our understanding of the epistemic status of prejudicial bias: are the epistemic problems that frequently seem to accompany it merely contingent, or is it in fact distinguished by structural properties which are themselves constitutive of an epistemic flaw? Standard accounts of epistemic normativity have tended to abstract away from the particular content of the beliefs or arguments under evaluation, in favor of focusing on formal requirements they must meet to attain a certain standard, such as knowledge, or justification. Evidentialism for instance, claims that believers must conform their beliefs to the evidence. This requirement applies irrespective of the subject matter of the beliefs in question (Connee and Feldman 2004). Similarly, reliabilism about knowledge or justification emphasizes the significance of accuracy or the truth-ratio of a given means of producing belief (Goldman 1979; Kornblith 2002). This is again a formal requirement: it does not pertain to the contents of the beliefs under scrutiny. We shall call a system of evaluation that can be described and applied without appeal to content a "formal" method of evaluation.3 If prejudicial bias is epistemically flawed as a category, then we would expect it to be distinguished not just by its demographic focus, but in addition by certain structural features in virtue of which those flaws arise, since standard methods of epistemic evaluation are not sensitive to whether or not the content of belief concerns a demographic group. In this chapter I pursue this question, of what distinguishes prejudicial bias from the broader class of formal bias, specifically in the context of the visual system. Visual perception is a process which demonstrates systematic formal bias. It relies on previously-encountered information to guide its accumulation and interpretation of new data. There is also evidence that visual perception can demonstrate a sensitivity to demographic categories including race and gender, in a manner that resembles a 2 See Greenwald and Krieger (2006) for a related distinction between neutral "response bias" and implicit, discriminatory bias. 3 The exception to this general rule is the literature on pragmatic encroachment, the view that what a subject has practically at stake can "encroach" on epistemic standards applied to them (Fantl and McGrath 2002; Hawthorne 2003; Stanley 2005; Weatherson 2012). Higher stakes make it harder to know a given proposition, for instance. Applying this variable standard requires attention to the contents of the belief and details of the believer's situation. Jessie Munton Bias in a biased system 3 kind of prejudicial bias. 4 This throws up the following question: how are we to identify instances of prejudicial bias within a formally biased system? I argue that there are cases of prejudicial bias which are indistinguishable in formal terms from the standard operation of the visual system. But I also claim that these cases do manifest distinctive epistemic flaws. Understanding how we can square this circle requires a reappraisal of our epistemic evaluation of visual perception more generally. To capture the full range of instances of visual prejudicial bias we need to conceptualize visual perception as an active practice that develops over time, that crucially involves not just transitions between pieces of information but decisions about what information to acquire, and that can consequently only be fully epistemically appraised relative to a goal and an environment. The introduction of these additional parameter gives us the room we need to individuate prejudicial bias in a way that reveals it to be constitutively tied to a distinctive kind of epistemic flaw. In doing so, we make some progress on the broader question of how to identify prejudicial bias within a structurally formally biased system. This chapter proceeds as follows. In the first section I describe how the visual system is both formally biased at a structural level, and capable of engaging in a kind of prejudicial bias. I draw on two bodies of empirical work on face perception, and the resolution of perceptual ambiguity to make this point. In the third section I consider candidate criteria that fail to demarcate prejudicial bias from mere formal bias. In the final section I offer an analysis of why these criteria are bound to fail, and propose a different approach to visual perception, one that emphasizes its status as a skill honed through active practice in a given environment, whose evaluation is only possible relative to a set of goals. 1. Vision as a biased system The visual system faces two major challenges. On the one hand, it has too much information: the information available from the environment at any one moment far surpasses what the brain can process (Summerfield and Egner 2009). On the other hand it has too little information: the 3D world is projected onto the 2D retina in a manner that is essentially ambiguous, and the brain must work to reconstruct a representation of the environment from that impoverished data (Scholl 2005). The solution to both of these problems is similar: the visual system relies on information it has encountered in the past, encoding previous environmental regularities, to let it select those pieces of information most likely to issue an appropriate epistemic reward, and to help it resolve indeterminacy in retinal data. In some sense, the visual 4 We tend to think of prejudicial bias as something that manifests in cognition, and that is, if not the upshot person-level processing, at least something for which an individual may be blamed or held accountable in some sense. I am using prejudicial bias in a thinner sense here, that can apply to the upshot of any level of processing, realized by an individual, a sub-system of an individual, or even a computer algorithm. Jessie Munton Bias in a biased system 4 system is thereby systematically biased, biased towards the interpretation of the novel in line with the familiar, thereby winning greater reliability, (as measure by the increased rate of accuracy of the resulting experiences), at the cost of a loss of sensitivity to surprising data. Bayesian models of visual perception bring out this biased structure. These models propose that the visual system overcomes the


ABSTRACT

Background: Fibre fermentation by bacteria in the luminal colon leads to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which have been thought to alter global protein acetylation patterns depending on their concentration levels through their role as lysine deacetylase inhibitors.

Aim: Perform a representation analysis on a proteomic dataset. Model the action of increasing concentrations of acetate, butyrate, propionate and glucose on acetyl-CoA and CoA and to simulate the effect of a time course on the levels of butyryl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA and CoA.

Methods: An existing mitochondrial proteomic dataset was examined to detect which metabolic enzymes in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, β-oxidation and pyruvate metabolism are acetylated. Free access software (DAVID, Uniprot identifier, KEGG, and Reactome) was used to generate a representation and acetylation map of these metabolic pathways. Enrichment scores of functional annotations in gene ontology terms, pathway percentage coverage and matching representation of these pathways were also elucidated by using this software. Two models developed by Bernard Corfe, butyrate_v3-1 and SCFA uptake and oxidation v4, were used to simulate the effect of a time course and to model the action of increasing concentrations of SCFAs and glucose in COPASI.
Results: Changes in the acetylation patterns of metabolic enzymes were reflected in terms of enrichment scores, percentage coverage, and matching representation. The best model to simulate the effect of a time course was SCFA Uptake and Oxidation v4 model, whereas butyrate_v3-1 model was the best to simulate the action of increasing concentrations of SCFAs and glucose.

Conclusions: SCFAs produce changes in the acetylation patterns of metabolic enzymes. There is an effect of a time course on the levels of butyryl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, acetyl-CoA and CoA. Increasing concentrations of SCFAs and glucose also have an effect on CoA and acetyl-CoA levels. Since there are discrepancies between the simulations and in vitro data, further studies are needed to elucidate the role of a time course and increasing concentrations of SCFAs and to validate the models used.


The general-purpose open-shell implementation of the completely renormalized equation-of-motion coupled-cluster approach with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples [CR-EOMCCSD(T)] is reported. Benchmark calculations for the low-lying doublet and quartet states of the CH radical show that the CR-EOMCCSD(T) method is capable of providing a highly accurate description of ground and excited states of open-shell molecules. This includes states with strong double excitation character, for which the conventional EOMCCSD approach fails.


Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are tissue-resident lymphocytes devoid of antigen-specific receptors that provide an immediate source of cytokines in early immune responses and are enriched in mucosal tissues. Human ILC3s that produce the cytokine interleukin-22 and express the transcription factor RORγt have been shown to be able to convert into ILC1-like cells that produce mainly IFN-γ and express T-bet, in vitro. Whether this conversion also occurs in vivo remains unclear. In the present study we found that ILC3s and ILC1s in human tonsils represented the ends of a spectrum that included additional discrete subsets with intermediate transcriptional signatures. This finding strongly suggests that the ILC3 to ILC1-like conversion also occurs in vivo in humans. Gene expression analysis showed that the transcription factors Aiolos and T-bet were induced in the subsets closer to the canonical ILC1 subset. Chromatin studies indicated that Aiolos and T-bet cooperate to repress regulatory elements active in ILC3s. Ectopic expression of Aiolos and T-bet in the ILC3-like cell line MNK-3 repressed the production of IL-22 and induced IFN-γ. We conclude that Aiolos and T-bet cooperate to repress the ILC3 transcriptional program therefore contributing to the ILC3 to ILC1-like conversion.


Concentrations of dissolved and particulate organic carbon were documented during 1996-1997 in the outlet of Lake Dongting. On the average, DOC concentrations at Stations I-V were 10.93+-1.80, 10.73+-2.61, 9.70+-1.96, 9.77+-2.68 and 13.45+-2.22 mg L-1, respectively; POC concentrations at Stations I-V were 2.36 +- 1.30, 2.46 +- 0.69, 2.88 +- 0.77, 2.18 +- 0.36 and 3.65 +- 2.70 mg L-1, respectively. The POC/Chl a ratio in the outlet of Lake Dongting (the average 8220) was much higher than in other waters. There were no linear relationships between POC and chlorophyll a at all the five stations in the outlet of Lake Dongting, indicating that the share of phytoplankton-derived organic carbon was very low in the total POC in the water.


Reviewsaresubjective documents expressing opinions or evaluations. In contrast, non-review documents often present factual information objectively. Separating reviews fromnon-reviews, or subjectivity classification, ispotentially important for manytext processing applications, suchasinformation extraction andinformation retrieval. Also, itisakey process insentiment classification foronline customer reviews. As a typeof genreclassification, the classifications ofsubjective andobjective textsare different fromtraditional topic-based classifications. Not manystudies havebeenconducted inthis domainand mostofthemwereonEnglish texts. Little workhasbeen doneonChinese subjectivity classification. However, the detailed techniques usedinEnglish texts cannotbe applied directly to Chinese dueto thedifferent characteristics between these twolanguages. Thispaper proposesan approach to performsubjectivity classification onChinese textbasedona supervised machine learning algorithm, NaiveBayes. Experiment studies havebeenconducted ontwokinds ofdocuments: moviereviews andmovieplots written inChinese. The results showthattheperformances oftheproposed approach arecomparable tothose oftheexisting English subjectivity classification studies.


Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremities, in particular the wrist and the shoulder, have become the largest class of injury in workers' compensation claims in the United States. Monitoring the development, progression, and treatment of degenerative orthopedic diseases, such as carpal tunnel and shoulder impingement syndrome, may be more effective when joint motions are assessed over long durations in real-world settings rather than controlled movements in standardized assessment and exercise protocols. Noninvasive long-duration measurements of joint motion would allow the standardized protocols to be quantitatively individualized and/or refined. In order to record three-dimensional joint activities over durations of eight or more hours, a portable, autonomous data logging system, using bi-axial electrogoniometers, was developed. Initial study results placed electro-goniometers on the shoulders and wrists of several subjects and demonstrated that variations in joint motion for multiple occupational settings between individuals can be quantified for the wrist. Based on the data collected, the cumulative effects of repetitive joint motions, which are a significant biomechanical risk factor in the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders, can be accurately measured over long durations to provide detailed models of joint health in real-world scenarios.


It has been found that the variety of new and useful cyclotriphosphazene derivatives that are available by nucleophilic displacement of halogens on the phosphazene ring can be expanded dramatically...


Apolipoprotein E is a polymorphic member of a familyof proteins that transport lipids in human blood andbody fluids. From the time apolipoprotein E was discov-ered, polymorphic variants of the protein have beenassociated with pathological states [1]. The first examplewas when homozygosity for the allele encoding thevariant now known as apoE2 was found to be associ-ated with a rare form of hyperlipidemia known ashyperlipoproteinemia type III. Shortly after that, it wasrealized that the particular variants of apolipoprotein Eexpressed by an individual have a significant effect onhis/her plasma cholesterol concentration, and are alsoassociated with common forms of hyperlipidaemia andatherosclerosis [2,3].Now, reports of an association between one allelic formof human apolipoprotein E, apoE4, and Alzheimer'sdisease [4-6] have stirred up the neurogenetics comu-nity. Given its association with common disorders suchas atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, it comes asno surprise that the apolipoprotein E polymorphism hasalso been found to have an impact on longevity [7].Here, I shall review the evidence for the associationbetween apoE4 expression and Alzheimer's disease,and assess the hypotheses that have been put forwardto explain the association.Function and variation of apolipoprotein EApolipoprotein E plays an important role in plasmalipoprotein metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis andlocal lipid transport processes [3]. It is a ligand for thelow-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, and apolipo-protein E-enriched lipoprotein particles also bind to theLDL-receptor-related protein (LRP). Apolipoprotein E isproduced by several cell types, including liver, kidneyand fat cells and also macrophages; most importantlyfor the present discussion, it is secreted by a variety ofcells in the brain, including astrocytes, Bergmann gliaand satellite cells. Following neuronal injury or degen-eration, local apolipoprotein E synthesis by astrocytes isdramatically increased. Apolipoprotein E secreted byactivated astrocytes has two functions: it removes thelipids released by degenerating neurons, and it trans-ports lipids to sprouting axons and to Schwann cellsduring remyelination. Furthermore, apolipoprotein Edecreases neurite branching and promotes neuriteextension away from the neuronal cell body.There are three common variants of apolipoprotein E inmost human populations, designated apoE2, apoE3 andapoE4 (encoded by the respective alleles 2, 3 and E4).These variants differ by amino-acid substitutions at oneof two positions of the 299 residue protein [3]. ApoE3,the most common isoform worldwide, has cysteine atposition 112 and arginine at position 158; apoE2 differsin having cysteine at position 158; and apoE4 has argi-nine at position 112. These differences have importanteffects on the structural and physiological properties ofthe proteins, partly explaining the differential effects ofthe variants on plasma lipoprotein metabolism and theirassociation with atherosclerotic vascular disease [2,3].The presence of cysteine instead of arginine at position158 of apoE2 is responsible for its defective binding tothe LDL receptor. In consequence, E2/E2 homozygotesaccumulate 'remnant' lipoproteins but their LDL levelsare very low and total cholesterol levels subnormal.This dyslipidaemia is known as primary dysbetalipoproteinemia, and affects about 1% of caucasians[1,2]. 2/e2 homozygotes may also develop type IIIhyperlipoproteinemia and xanthomatosis, a conditionthat predisposes them to coronary and peripheral ather-osclerosis. 4/e4 homozygotes, in contrast, on averagehave increased plasma cholesterol levels, consistentwith the association between apoE4 expression andcoronary heart disease in caucasians.Alzheimer's disease pathology and geneticsIt came as some surprise when it was realized thatapoE4 is also associated with sporadic and late-onsetfamilial forms of Alzheimer's disease [4-6]. Alzheimer'sdisease is a devastating, progressive disorder of thebrain that was first described by the Bavarian psychia-trist Alois Alzheimer in 1907. It usually has a late-onset,and leads to a gradual loss of cognitive functions, ulti-mately resulting in death in a debilitated, vegetativestate. It is the most common cause of dementia, effect-ing 5-10% of the population over 65. There is noknown treatment for Alzheimer's disease.The brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease is character-ized by massive parenchymal deposits of amyloid,known as senile or amyloid plaques, especially in theamygdala, hippocampus, cerebral cortex and otherareas essential for cognitive functions, and by the occur-rence of neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid deposits alsooccur in the walls of arterial blood vessels in the brainsof Alzheimer's disease patients (cerebral amyloidangiopathy).The amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease brains areformed by the aggregation of the short, water-insoluble,3-amyloid peptide (-A4), a proteolytic cleavageproduct of a large membrane protein, the amyloid


We correlate carrier recombination via charge transfer excitons (CTEs) with the short circuit current, Jsc, in polymer/fullerene solar cells. Near infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy of CTE in three blends differing for the fullerene acceptor, gives unique insights into solar cell characteristics. The energetic position of the CTE is directly correlated with the open-circuit voltage, Voc, and more important Jsc decreases with increasing CTE emission intensity. CTE emission intensity is discussed from the perspective of blend morphology. The work points out the fundamental role of CTE recombination and how optical spectroscopy can be used to derive information on solar cell performances.


Explant of ginger has high polluting rate in tissue culture, which is the keystone for the tissue culture. Multiple factor experiments for stem apex of ginger were made in order to reduce the polluting rate, to increase induction rate of adventitious bud and survival ratio of stem apex of ginger. Three steps of complex sterilization in the experiment were used, the results showed that the combination of 0 min 5% NaClO, 0.5 min 70% C2H5OH and 15 min 0.1% HgCl2 was the best.


Introduction. The carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) means compression mononeuropathy of upper extremity, which is currently diagnosed with 1-3% of the total population of people in middle and old age. The increase of the problem awareness has prompted the authors to make their own research.The aim of the study. The aim of this thesis was to present the selected questions from the anatomy of the carpal tunnel and the causes of carpal tunnel syndrome development.Selection of material. The search was performed in Scopus base, using the concepts of carpal tunnel syndrome and its causes in years 1995-2018. Literature found in Google Scholar database was analysed for the number of citations. Literature selected in this way served as the material for the thesis.Conclusions. The carpal tunnel syndrome is an aetiologically complex syndrome, frequently with idiopathic background.


Objective:To investigate the effect of human epithelial cells activation by co-culture with human eosinophils on interleukin(IL)-6 expression.Methods:Normal and 1% paraformaldehyde fixed eosinophils were co-cultured with epithelial cells(BEAS-2B cells) respectively;IL-6 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells was evaluated by RT-PCR and IL-6 protein in culture supernatant was determined by flow cytometry with CBA kit.Results:The interaction of eosinophils and BEAS-2B cells was found to up-regulate IL-6 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells and increase IL-6 release in co-culture supernatant.Conclusion:Above results showed that eosinophils can activate epithelial cells to release IL-6.


The way that people use information technology is significantly influenced by how they view and feel about information security and computer ethics. A quantitative study was conducted through an online survey method to identify the relationships between cybersecurity awareness and cyber human values on cyberbullying among university students in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 162 university students from two public universities in Selangor have participated in the study. The result of the study shows that cybersecurity awareness, cyber human values and cyberbullying were scored low by most of the respondents. Three aspects of cybersecurity awareness (password security awareness, social media use awareness and cyberbully awareness) were significantly correlated with cyberbullying (r=0.972, p<0.00; r=0.166, p<0.34, and r=-0.170, p<0.03). In addition, cyber human values were also significantly correlated with cyberbullying (r=-0.192, p<0.014). Besides, there was a significant difference in password security awareness (t=2.48, p<0.014) and cyberbullying (t=1.99, p<0.049) among male and female respondents. Finally, the overall regression model was statistically significant and password security awareness was found to be the most unique predictors of cyberbullying among the respondents (β= 0.968, p=0.000). This study noted that while respondents' knowledge of information technologies is greater, their understanding of cyber ethics is equally weaker. Hence, this study recommends that in order to lessen the context of cyberbullying, particularly among our youth, people must strike a balance between cybersecurity awareness and cyber human values. To increase awareness of cybersecurity and develop cybersecurity competence at all levels, ongoing education and advocacy efforts are crucial.


Author Summary: The biennial conference 𠇍Sampling 2014" was held on 29–30 July at the Pan Pacific Hotel, Perth, close to well established mining industry head offices and associated project companies in this city capital of Western Australia. This event was jointly organised by the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy (AusIMM) and CSIRO. Sampling 2014 follows on from the highly successful previous events (initiated in 2008, 2010 and 2012). Multotec, as an aligned manufacturer, see this as a must-be-there event. This conference is also conveniently held in alternate years with respect to the World Conference of Sampling and Blending (WCSB) conferences (initiated in 2003 in Denmark). Multotec has been asked to assess the value of this conference for an OEM manufacturer.


The utility model discloses a combustion chemical waste gas boiler furnace comprising a chimney, an inclined blind window, a cross-shaped fabric air pipe, a combustion device, a dewatering device, a combustion chamber, a chimney flue, a first fan and a second fan, wherein a boiler furnace body forms an N shape; the combustion device is positioned on the lower end part of one end of the N-shaped boiler furnace body; the combustion chamber is arranged above one end of the N-shaped boiler furnace body; the upper end of the combustion chamber is connected with the chimney flue; the cross-shaped fabric air pipe is arranged in the middle of the combustion chamber; a plurality of fabric air holes are uniformly distributed on the cross-shaped fabric air pipe downwards; the end part of the cross-shaped fabric air pipe is respectively connected with the first fan and the second fan; the chimney flue of a second bent flue of the N-shaped boiler furnace body is provided with the inclined blind window corresponding to the combustion chamber; the dewatering device is arranged at the outer side of the bottom below the inclined blind window; and the chimney is arranged on the upper end part of the other end of the N-shaped boiler furnace body. According to the combustion chemical waste gas boiler furnace, the structure of the boiler body adopts vertical layout, and therefore, the phenomena of gathering detonation of residual hydrogen and tempering can be prevented to ensure safe and reliable operation of the device.


The purpose of this study is to develop strategies to facilitate nerve regeneration using a synergistic combination of guidance cues. We are investigating the cellular mechanisms of development using adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPCs) and have demonstrated that manipulating a combination of physical, chemical and biological cues can lead to oriented astrocyte and neural progenitor cell outgrowth and can influence progenitor cell differentiation. To provide physical guidance, micropatterned polystyrene (PS) substrates were fabricated and chemically modified with laminin. Astrocytes or AHPCs cultured on these substrates align along the grooves of the patterned surface extending highly elongated processes. To further explore AHPC outgrowth and differentiation, physical guidance cues were integrated with the biological influence of astrocytes. AHPCs co-cultured in contact with astrocytes preferentially acquired neuronal morphology, with nearly double the percentage of cells expressing class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1) on the micropatterned half of the substrate, as opposed to the planar half of the substrate, or compared to those growing in the absence of astrocytes. This indicates that substrate three-dimensional topography, in synergy with chemical (laminin) and biological (astrocytes) guidance cues, facilitates neuronal differentiation of AHPCs. This environment provided biological and spatial control over differentiation enhancing neuronal differentiation and promoting neurite alignment on topographically different regions of the same substrate. In a non-contact co-culture system, astrocyte-derived soluble factors enhanced neurite outgrowth and induced neuronal differentiation with significantly more AHPCs TuJ1 immunoreactive than in the contact co-culture. Therefore, soluble cues may have had a stronger influence on neuronal differentiation and neuritic extension compared to contact mediated factors or a combination of soluble and contact mediated factors that were presented by the monolayer of aligned astrocytes. The results also point to the potential role of localized concentration of these factors within the microgrooves as a reason for the differences in differentiation on micropatterned and planar substrates in the contact as opposed to the non-contact co-cultures. This research provides insights into mechanisms of neural stem cell differentiation and a foundation for the development of a promising nerve regeneration strategy incorporating a synergistic combination of cues for guided central nervous system repair following injury.


This paper presents a new solution to a vexing problem in Frege scholarship. The solution is of intrinsic philosophical interest, because it brings out a theoretical option that is not generally in view, but that may prove useful for developing an adequate account of the nature of thoughts. Frege is prima facie committed to two theses about thoughts and their parts that many commentators consider to be mutually incompatible. On the one hand, he seems to maintain that (a) thoughts are internally articulated, in a way that mirrors the semantic articulation of the sentences that express them. On the other hand, he seems to maintain that (b) the same thought may be analyzed in different ways, none of which has to be more fundamental than the others. The exegetical debate has tended to polarize into two opposite camps, each of which attributes to Frege one of the two theses, but argues that he is only apparently committed to the other. I argue that the two sides of the debate share a common assumption, which generates the apparent conflict between the two theses. But the assumption in question is not compulsory: it can be rejected by appreciating Frege's antiatomistic conception of the relation between thoughts and their parts. Frege's entitlement to the simultaneous assertion of (a) and (b) stems from his 'contextualist' or 'organic' conception of the internal complexity of thoughts. My primary targets are the interpretations proposed by Michael Dummett, Hans Sluga, David Bell, and Peter Geach.


Coming at the point in this program between discussions of heterometabolous and holometabolous development, it seems necessary for us to diverge a few moments from the subject as printed, to consider the biological significance of complete metamorphosis.

The structural basis for the distinction between these two types of development has been repeatedly described. Studies histological, morphological, and physiological, have been made on the ontogeny of the different parts of the insect body, in ametabola, heterometabola, and holometabola. Uniformity has been discovered in wing development, cell structure, and body sclcrites within each of these groups until we may say that the basis for the three great subclasses of insects rests on a solid foundation in morphology.

The biological significance of these groups, on the other hand, has usually been overlooked. The environmental problems which evolution is called upon to solve, if we may be permitted to express the situation in this way, become immensely complicated as the number of different forms taken on by a single individual increases.


Our evidence indicates that there is in the center of the city an area characterized by high first mental hospital admission rates for cerebral arteriosclerotic and senile psychosis, by high first mental hospital admission rates for all the other psychoses taken as a group, by high concentrations of multiple family dwellings, and by high percentages of people living alone. POINTS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION The foregoing findings indicate a need for studies in the following directions: 1. Determination of whether a disproportionate number of the hospital patients tend [SEE SOURCE PDF FOR TABLES 2,3,4,5] to have been living alone prior to hospitalization. Gerard's(4) study of schizophrenia and Sainsbury's studies of suicides as reported by Aubrey Lewis(5) suggest that this may be true. 2. Determination of whether the cases come disporportionately from multiple family dwellings. This is a much harder question to answer and no simple method for doing so has yet been found. 3. Determination of whether those fir...


Background: Learner, methods and contents are three important parts of the learning variables beside  lecturer, academic environment and patients. Facts and new findings show that we need to reform these learning variables accordingly especially in Obstetrics and Midwifery domainGaps:maternal deaths is still high despite higher number of obstetricians, doctors and midwives; as well asthe government has encouraged an increase in the number of institutions providing midwifery study programs. On the other hand, new paradigm in education has been ordered by the Ministry of Education such as student-centred learning, Outcome-based education, and also other approaches suggested by expert in medical education such as holistic education, bedside teaching, feedback & reflection, and problem based learning. Thus modify educational content and method in obstetrics and midwivery inline with new facts and findings and appropriate methods is necessary.Recommendation: One alternative to modify educational content and methods in midwifery education that can be implemented in clinical learning is the continuity of care approach accompanied by continuous feedback. This approach is proven to be able to reduce maternal mortality and as an effort to synergize education in an effort to achieve government program targets. However, in reality, midwifery education institutions have not fully adopted this approach. So there is a need for leadership commitment to carry out learning reforms with a sustainable curriculum approach, continuous feedback, continuous assessment, continuous midwifery care and continuous supervision so that learning outcomes as outputs and reducing maternal mortality as an outcome can be as expected.


Physical wealth can stem from two main sources. The first is the natural resources that are available such as minerals, agricultural land, navigable waters or a favourable climate. The second is the ability of man to add value to these natural resources in a multitude of ways. Oil remains in the ground until it is located, tapped, transported and refined. The navigable waters remain a barrier until ships are built, harbours constructed and navigation established. It is therefore not too much to claim that the great bulk of the physical wealth that we associate with 'a high standard of living' derives from the application of technology, usually a wide variety of different technologies, to provide added value as a result of human effort. The so-called Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century was primarily the manifestation of a much more rapid application of technology to the process of producing physical wealth.


Introduction: Due to the high prevalence of diabetes in communities and the various oral health complications of this disease, a need for training the physicians treating diabetic patients is felt ؛This study aimed to compare the effect of interactive versus non-interactive virtual education on the knowledge and attitudes of physicians about oral health in diabetic patients and to assess their satisfaction from the programs.
Materials and Methods: The educational intervention was implemented through the online continuous medical education (CME) site of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Physicians applying to participate in the CME entered in one of the interactive or the non-interactive groups. After the training, the study questionnaires to assess knowledge (7 questions), attitude (8 questions), and backgrounds (6 questions), and physicians' satisfaction (12 questions) with the training in this project, was provided to them through the same site. The analyzes were performed by linear regression test in SPSS version 26.
Results: Totally 57 physicians, 27 in the interactive and 30 people in the non-interactive group participated. The score of knowledge and attitude were not different between the two groups after the intervention. Physicians' satisfaction with interactive education was significantly higher. Physicians' age showed a significant direct association (p < 0.100) and the percentage of diabetic patients examined by learners showed a significant negative association (p = 0.024) with their knowledge score.
Conclusion: Since physicians' satisfaction with interactive education has been significantly higher, it is suggested that this method be used in online CMEs.