JUST over a hundred years ago, in one of the most penetrating analyses of America yet written, Count Alexis de Tocqueville expressed concern over the future of higher education in this country, on the ground that there was among us no class "by which the labors of the intellect are held in honor."2 "The Americans," he wrote, "can devote to general education only the early years of life. At fifteen they enter into their calling, and thus their education generally ends at the age at which ours [the French] begins. Whatever is done afterwards is with a view to some special and lucrative object; a science is taken up as a matter of business, and the only branch of it which is attended to is such as admits of an immediate practical application." He rightly believed that such a situation was ominous in its portent, not only for the culture but also for the liberty of the country. For free and fully developed minds and a disinterested regard for what is excellent are as essential to free institutions as is the machinery of democratic elections; and the latter will not, in the long run, function justly without the support and guidance of the former. How far De Tocqueville's description has ceased to be applicable to American education those acquainted with the objectives and methods of our modern universities will be in a position to judge. For here we have not just a selected few


Implicit multiblock computations have been carried out for a large number of blocks using explicit coupling between the blocks. The convergence rate of this method is very sensitive to the block partitioning. For the Navier-Stokes equations the height of the blocks should be greater than the boundary-layer thickness. Also, excessively thin blocks will cause breakdown of the algorithm. For transonic calculations the best convergence rate was obtained using a red-black Gauss-Seidel approach. It is concluded that the method is well suited for massively parallel computers


Depth to water table and evapotranspiration rates were simulated with the computer program GELGAM for an area of 6 by 6 km, which was described by square nodal areas of 25 ha each in a grid with a mesh width of 500 m. Soils which occupied the largest part within a nodal area (as determined by analyzing a soil map) were considered representative for the nodal area and were characterized by basic data in terms of rooting depth, moisture retention curves and hydraulic conductivity curves. Four simulation runs were made with GELGAM, using increasingly detailed and costly basic data obtained by estimates and measurements in four phases as follows: (i) identical estimates for all nodal areas; (ii) estimates based on an existing soil map; (iii) estimates from one on-site boring per nodal area, and (iv) measurements of physical data. Estimates of physical data were based on extrapolation of data obtained for similar soil horizons elsewhere, using empirical relationships with soil texture, organic matter content, and bulk density. Such estimates, when based on descriptions of mapping units in the soil survey report, were good for surface horizons but poor for the deeper subsoil beyond the solum in the region of the fluctuating water table. Simulated depth to water table agreed well with measured depths in all phases, but only when using measured physical data for the deeper subsoil. Simulated evapotranspiration using phase 1 data produced poor results for individual nodal areas when compared with phase 4 data (reference level), while phase 2 data produced good results if measured physical data for the deeper subsoil were included. Physical variability of nodal areas was better characterized by the soil survey data than by results from a single boring (phase 3). Use of existing soil survey data, in combination with selected on-site investigations, could reduce the cost of data gathering in this study by an estimated 50% as compared with the common procedure of making systematic borings in each grid point. The degree of detail of interpretation of simulation results for nodal areas should be limited by the field variability observed.


By analyzing soil property data resulting from the 2ndNational Soil Survey and recent soil sampling campaign,the current status of soil fertility of croplands in Hunan and its change trend in recent three decades were investigated. The results showed that the average contents of soil organic matter(SOM) of 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soils in 2007 were 30.43 g/kg and11.91 g/kg, respectively. The contents of total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and total potassium(TK) of 0-20 cm and20-100 cm soils in 2007 were 1.79 g/kg and 0.82 g/kg, 0.56 g/kg and 0.44 g/kg, 17.13 g/kg and 17.17 g/kg respectively.Compared with the 2ndsoil survey, SOM content and available nitrogen(AN) content of 0–20 cm soil horizon, TN, TK, available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) contents of both 0-20 cm and 20-100 cm soil horizons increased significantly,but soil of 0-20 cm acidified significantly.


Uranium migration in natural aqueous systems is an ongoing concern in environmental research. Investigation on sorption interactions with soil, sediments and rocks are important to understand uranium mobility, in order to correct U/Th dating methods in open systems. Uranium immobilization is possible due to reduction U(VI) to U(IV), adsorption or co-precipitation. Under oxidizing environmental conditions, uranium typically occurs in the hexavalent form as the mobile, aqueous uranyl ion (UO22+). Moreover, depending from environmental conditions, uranium forms carbonate complex such as UO2(CO3)22- or UO2(CO3)34- . Uptake of such dissolved metal contaminants by many fine-grained mineral phases (clays, oxides, and hydroxides) is most commonly achieved by adsorption. For carbonates recent evidence suggests that incorporation into solids (co-precipitation) dominant uptake. Uranium sorption experiments were carried out with lake sediment and aragonite samples. All experiments were conducted using the uranium isotope 232U under ambient pressure and room temperature at different pH. Sediment samples were obtained from an artificial lake (Willersinnweiher, SW Germany). This lake has relatively high uranium concentration in water and sediment columns. The lake has two seasonally different redox conditions in the water column, which were simulated in the lab. To understand uranium behaviour an artificial uranium isotope was added into the water column. The experiments were conducted at ambient pressure and room temperature. After reaction time the uranium concentration was measured in the water column, in pore water and in sediment column. The results indicate in both cases 80 % of uranium saturated into the sediments. But in oxygenated water uranium penetrated deeper into the sediment. Adsorption experiments show that adsorption of uranium by the lake sediment is strongly pH dependent, and that adsorption at low and high pH is minimal; the maximum adsorption occurs near neutral pH. The experiments of uranium uptake by aragonite powder were conducted at pH range 6-11. These experiments show also the strongly pH dependence and maximum of uranium uptake is at pH 7 (98%). Also experiments regarding (1) the influence of major seawater elements on uranium uptake, (2) uranium transport and (3) kinetic of uranium uptake by aragonite were conducted. Uranium uptake by powdered aragonite is fast (less than 0.3 hours). The content of Mg2+ in solution highly decreases the process of uranium incorporation. Numerical modeling of the process of U(VI) sorption by sediment was conducted. This study shows that the surface complexation model DLM can predict the major three types of uranium behaviours: (1) the increase of uranium adsorption at pH range between 5 and 6.5, (2) the maximum of adsorption at nearly neutral pH and (3) the decrease of uranium adsorption between pH 8 and 11.


Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of isosorbide-5-mononitrate plus propranolol on portal hypertension in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.Methods The22cases of hepatic cirrhosis received isosorbide-5-mononitrate plus propranolol orally for8weeks.Portal blood flow and splenic blood flow were assessed at baseline,4weeks and8weeks after treatment.Results Compared with these indexes of pre-treatment,4weeks and8weeks after treatment,the indexes of portal blood flow were significantly decreased(P0.01),8weeks after treatment,the inner diameter of splenic vein was obviously decreased (P0.05).Conclusio n Isosorbide -5-mononitrate plus propranolol can cause a significant decrease in portal blood flow.


By means cyclic and anodic linear sweep/stripping voltammetry methods the electrochemical behavior of bimetallic electrolytic nanoalloys and nanostructured powders Fe–Pt, Co–Pt was investigated in acidic (chloride, sulfate, tartrate) and ammonia buffer media with the glassy carbon electrode. The conditions (supporting electrolytes, concentrations of metal ions, voltammetric parameters) of the electrochemical synthesis and voltammetric characterization of the binary systems were established.


Ground-state energy of piezoelectric polaron is theoretically discussed for the wide range of coupling constant α. Feynman's path-integral variational method is mainly used to calculate ground-state energy and is compared with those of other theories.


This thesis is a part of ANR 4DCollab international research project. The project aims to :
• propose an efficient set of BIM/4D collaboration tools;
• increase the quality of human-computer interactions with digital decision support;
• bring new scientific, professional, educational values.


...................................................................................................................... Acknowledgements:I, the author of this paper would like to express my sincere gratitude to my professors at Jodhpur School of Public Health (JSPH), Maulana Azad University, Dr Latika Nath Sinha, Dr Nitin Joshi, Dr Pramila Vivek, who taught me how to conduct a research and provided me with valuable comments on my work. Besides, I gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Aziz Baig – Health Senior Advisor at Swedish Committee for Afghanistan (SCA) and my coguide. Furthermore, I acknowledge the support of Mr. Wycliffe Ochieng Monitoring and Evaluation Senior Advisor at Swedish Committee for Afghanistan who reviewed the report and provided constructive feedback.


The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution of the sensory panelists' ability to detect differences and to improve the triangle test by minimizing unnecessary guessing. The triangle test was modified to include the use of economic incentives through which panelists voluntarily revealed their ability to detect differences. Panelists were asked to estimate their ability to detect differences and the probability of identifying the odd sample in a triangle test. They were then organized into three ability groups according to their responses. Double triangle tests, followed by triangle tests with economic incentives, were used to evaluate a cereal product and a beverage. The ability to detect differences was modeled as a probability, and the distribution of panelists was estimated. The economic incentives test was more effective when used with the beverage in which differences were less difficult to detect. We found that the economic incentive test discouraged the panelists from guessing unnecessarily, thus increasing the motivation of the panelists to detect differences, and allowing researchers to determine the distribution of discrimination ability.


This paper analyzed the relationship between the investment climate and foreign direct investment (FDI) using a sample of 18 Latin American countries. The main results show that obstacles related to financial infrastructure and customs clearance might reduce the probability of a country receiving FDI, while physical infras-tructure obstacles do not significantly affect the influx of FDI. The disaggregated data show that financial infrastructure is important for attracting both vertical and horizontal FDI. On average, policies in Latin America that minimize financial obs-tacles and reduce the time it takes to clear customs will increase the likelihood of attracting FDI.Keywords: developing countries; FDI; export.JEL code: F21; F23


The paper attempts to solve the bi-matrix game under rough set environment. The elements of the bi-matrix game are characterised by rough variables and defined as rough bi-matrix game (RBG). To handle RBG, we introduce the rough measurable function denoted as trust in it. Based on trust measure and rough expected operator, trust equilibrium strategies are defined for RBG. Then using rough set theory and game theory, the RBG converts into crisp quadratic programming problem (QPP) which depends upon the confidence level. Finally, using Wolfe's modified simplex method, the solution of RBG is derived. The numerical examples are presented to illustrate the methodology.


This application discloses a method and apparatus for converting thermoplastic web material, flat or tubular, to produce bags. A conventional bag machine produces web segments provided with a group of centrally located holes and each segment is transferred by a conventional rotary transfer device to one of a plurality of platforms which are sequentially located at a stacking station. The platforms are provided with upwardly projecting pins on which the web sections are stacked. After the accumulation of a desired number of web segments on the platform located at the stacking station, the loaded platform is indexed away from the stacking station to a perforating station and then to a cutting or cutting and blocking station to thereby produce two bag stacks, each of which are retained on the associated platform by the pins.


Th e main factors, external and internal factors, as existing (positive or negative) or potentially possible phenomena or processes that have a direct or indirect eff ect on the fi nancial and economic security of regions under certain conditions are considered in this paper. Also, threats and other components that shape the environment of the existence of a regional economy. In addition, the study outlines the importance of identifying threats and their timely elimination as a priority area of economic research in order to ensure the fi nancial and economic security of the regions. Th e study notes that since the regional level is an intermediate link between the state and business entities, the neglect of the state of fi nancial and economic security of the region scan lead to threats to the country's economic security and aff ect its level of security, as well as to make eff ective state economic policy impossible.Th us, the need to assess the fi nancial and economic security of the regions and determine its impact on the country's economic security has been identifi ed, which will enable to form such a mechanism for ensuring the fi nancial and economic security of the regions and to justify ways of strengthening, taking into account the specifi cs of each of them. Th e stages of assessment of fi nancial and economic security of regions are revealed. It is determined that achievement of criterial requirements for any type of security is realized through a system of indicators, the types of which are allocated in the study taking into account the regional level. Th e article clarifi es the concept of fi nancial and economic security of the regions, analyzes its level, infl uence on the economic security of the state, the necessity of forming a mechanism for providing fi nancial and economic security of the regions and proposing its strengthening is substantiated theoretically.


This diversified casting producer confidently doubled its production in 8 years with the help of a self-developed process control software system.


The paper examines the regularities of ongoing migration processes in the Republic of Tajikistan at the present stage. The study aims to determine and analyse various motives for the migration movement of the population and numerous patterns. Based on the experience of Tajikistan, the article draws a parallel between legal and natural laws, while studying the sensitive issue of mass migration of personnel from Tajikistan to other countries of the world and the damage done to the state, which also have their own laws. It is hypothesised that the continuing emigration of specialists from the republic can provoke a socio-economic decline and a sharp deterioration in the well-being of families with unpredictable consequences. The work uses various methods of collecting and analysing information, sociological and correlation approaches. For the first time in the national demographic science, the legal and natural patterns of the ongoing migration processes in the Republic of Tajikistan have been studied and practically substantiated. The conclusions and scientific results of the research can be used in the practical activities of the relevant government authorities and the scientific community that studies the field of migration.


Introduction Note on the Texts Further Reading 1. The Lilliputian Magazine 2. he History of Little Goody Two-Shoes 3. The Fairing: or, A Golden Toy for Children Notes


Simple Summary Polar bears are native inhabitants of the Arctic ice. An increase in the ice-free season forces polar bears ashore and prompts them to invade human settlements and feed on human waste. Since their usual food objects (seals)differ extremely from human waste, the enforced diet shifts are considered to be stressful and may lead to intestinal dysbiosis and digestive disorders. To assess the resulting changes, we compared the gut bacterial community of bears feeding on their natural food and bears visiting the human waste dump. To our knowledge this is the first investigation of the fugal community in polar bears' intestines. It turned out that feeding at the dump does not facilitate the development of dysbiosis in polar bears, but, on the contrary, leads to the formation of an adaptive microbial community similar to that of omnivorous animals. This is also confirmed by the high fat reserves in the animals attending the dump, which increases their chances of surviving the starvation period. However, in the structure of the fungal community, facultative pathogenic yeast species appear, which are theoretically capable of provoking various infections. Moreover, polar bears that do not visit human settlements do not harbor a specific fungal community. Abstract Climate changes cause a dramatical increase in the ice-free season in the Arctic, forcing polar bears ashore, closer to human settlements associated with new and non-natural food objects. Such a diet may crucially transform the intestinal microbiome and metabolism of polar bears. The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the gut bacterial and fungal communities resulting from the transition to anthropogenic food objects by the means of 16S and ITS metabarcoding. Thus, rectal samples from 16 wild polar bears from the Kara–Barents subpopulation were studied. Human waste consuming resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundance of fermentative bacteria (Lactobacillaceae, Leuconostocaceae, and Streptococcaceae) and a decrease in proteolytic Enterobacteriaceae. However, the alpha-diversity parameters remained similar. Also, for the first time, the composition of the fungal community of the polar bear intestine was determined. Diet change is associated with the displacement of eurybiontic fungi (Thelebolus, Dipodascus, Candida (sake), and Geotrichum) by opportunistic Candida (tropicalis), Kazachstania, and Trichosporon. Feeding on human waste does not cause any signs of dysbiosis and probably leads to adaptive changes in the bacterial microbiome. However, the emergence of fungal facultative pathogens increases the risk of infections.


It was elaborated a strategy for preventing risks in a correct operation to face disasters in Camaguey city, and have the objective of preserving housing heritage as human lives. This includes labors for periodical maintenances, knowledge and awareness of the structures vulnerability during extreme weather events such as hurricanes, intense rains, dry season and its consequences; it also prepares plans for disasters prevention, damages mitigation, animals and persons evacuation chronograms in case of them to be located in areas prone to flowing and other dangers. For educating the population on this matter it is needed the support on mass media and educational institutions.


Since recently artificial reef have been installed offshore on the seabed having rough wave, the stability of them becomes of crucial importance. However they consists of not only tubular members but also plates and box shape members, the drag and inertia wave force coefficients for stability evaluation are uncertain so that we determined through model testing. Furthermore, this kind of. the artificial reefs are required the function of fish-gathering and propagation by attaching the plates causing upwelling current and pilling up stones on their top. The paper also presets that observations and measurements of the current adjacent to the reef and possible wash out of the stones secured by fence in order to confirm the validity of such devices.


The large and productive fishery of Lake Tanganyika is an important source of income and nutrition for the surrounding areas. This fishery, based primarily on pelagic clupeids (Kiswahili: dagaa), is very productive, and provides a readily available, nutritious, and inexpensive source of protein to the rapidly growing human populations in this area. The regional importance of the Lake Tanganyika fishery underscores the importance of the strict nutrient balance of the pelagic zone the lake, and any potential changes that might affect the nutrient dynamics of the lake. Global climate change appears to be affecting the productivity of the lake by reducing mixing and lowering nutrient availability (O'Reilly et al. 2003). As these changes develop and progress, it is increasingly essential to understand the nutrient dynamics of the lake.


Objective: To explore the risk factors related to death of critically ill patients during emergency rescue as well as the mortality.Methods: Clinical data of 620 critically ill patients that were treated in the Emergency Department during March 2008 ~ June 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.Demographic information like age,gender,and preprimary diseases and medical history were observed and compared between those died and survived patients.Results: Age is related with the treatment outcomes(P0.05),but gender is not(P0.05).The most common primary diseases in these patients occurred in nervous,digestive,respiratory,circulatory system,Mortality for those had medical history of chronic disease was higher than those didn′t have chronic disease.Conclusions: Age is related with the treatment outcomes.The most common primary diseases in these patients occurred in nervous,digestive,respiratory,circulatory system,Mortality for those had medical history of chronic disease was higher than those didn′t have chronic disease.


This paper seeks to unravel the spatial planning system in Zimbabwe in cognisance of its potential role to addressing some of the skewed phenomena of planning in the country. Some of the contemporary planning challenges are rooted in the colonial footprints, emanating from the Rhodesian segregationist policies and repressive legislation that have continued to exist into the 'free Zimbabwean' era despite having outlived their relevance and usefulness, to modern day Zimbabwe. The situation is not peculiar to Zimbabwe alone but it cuts through many African counties.


Over the last few years, molecular-based assays in the genus Artemia have considerably enriched prior systematic assessments based on morphometry. For the first time, morphometric and 16S rRNA PCR-RFLP analyses on all type-locality bisexual species of the genus have been employed here. Emphasis was put on the Asian species (Artemia urmiana, A. tibetiana, A. sinica) where patterns of divergence and reproductive isolation are rather discrete, and especially on A. tibetiana for which recent reports have questioned its specific status. Discriminant analysis of morphometric characters has shown significant differentiation among species. Classification scores were 99.4 and 100% for males and females, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA RFLP patterns have given indications for lower, albeit similar patterns of differentiation compared with those obtained by morphometry. Artemia tibetiana and A. urmiana are mitochondrially indistinguishable which is suggestive of recent ancestry. Our data, in conjunction with past evidence, are supportive of a significant amount of divergence between A. tibetiana and A. sinica. Morphometric and molecular assays can be reciprocally informative provided theory and patterns of speciation are incorporated into systematic assessments.

Resume

Ces dernieres annees, les outils moleculaires utilises dans l'etude du genre Artemia ont considerablement enrichi les analyses systematiques anterieures basees sur la morphometrie. Pour la premiere fois, des analyses morphometriques et des analyses PCR-RFLP de l'ARN ribosomique 16S ont ete effectuees pour toutes les especes amphigoniques d'Artemia venant des localites types. Dans cette etude, nous nous sommes concentres sur les especes asiatiques (A. urmiana, A. tibetiana, A. sinica), qui presentent des traits de divergence et un isolement reproductif assez singuliers, et tout particulierement sur l'A. tibetiana dont le statut d'espece a part entiere a ete mis en doute dans de recentes etudes. Une analyse discriminante des caracteristiques morphometriques a revele une differenciation importante parmi les especes. Pour les mâles et les femelles, les scores de classification etaient respectivement de 99,4% et 100%. Les profils RFLP de l'ADN mitochondrial ont montre une differenciation similaire a celle observee grâce a l'analyse morphometrique. L'ADN mitochondrial de l'A. tibetiana est indifferenciable de celui de l'A. urmiana, ce qui suggere que ces deux especes ont recemment diverge. Nos donnees, combinees a celles recueillies par le passe, indiquent une grande divergence entre l'A. tibetiana et l'A. sinica. Les analyses morphometriques et moleculaires peuvent se completer a condition de tenir compte de la theorie de la speciation et des modeles de speciation durant les analyses systematiques.


When considering access to healthcare, the question of whether the provider is available and accessible must be answered before the question of cost. Most contemporary techniques of estimating the spatial accessibility of healthcare cannot simultaneously take into account transportation times and the spatially distributed service capacity of healthcare providers. This paper creates the Comprehensive Spatial Accessibility Rank (CSAR) model to calculate a relative estimate of spatial accessibility that can account for both public and private transportation and the spatial distribution of a service provider's capacity for service in relation to the distribution of a study area's population. It uses data for Jefferson County, Kentucky to show how the CSAR model could be used to identify possible disparities in accessing pediatric primary healthcare services. The CSAR model is able to detect relative disparities between defined subpopulations and or geographic regions, allowing for the comparison of the effects of physical infrastructure in access.


Burnet's "forbidden clone" theory would predict that in patients with Graves' disease the pathogenic thyroidstimulating autoantibody (TSab)-secreting clones arise by somatic mutation. Because each lymphocyte and its progeny are permanently committed to producing antibodies of a single light chain type, a clone arising by somatic mutation occurring in a single cell would be expected to produce autoantibodies of exclusively κ or exclusively λ type in an individual patient. Using affinity chromatographic techniques and monoclonal antibodies, we investigated the light chain type of TSab in 11 patients with Graves' disease. In all patients tested, TSab activity was confined to a single light chain type, confirming the recent work of Zakarija who used affinity chromatography with polyclonal antisera, but contrasting with earlier studies which used immunoprecipitation methods. Furthermore, the light chain type was λ in 10 of the 11 patients. These observations provide support for the forbidden clone theory. In a...


There is a close relationship between the birth and development of copyright law and technological change.Technological change is not only the technological factors and objective conditions for the birth of copyright law,but also an important guarantee for promoting the development and improvement of copyright law.From the angle of law history,firstly,printing transmission technology leads to the birth of copyright law;then,along with the development of copying technology,human society enters into the electric era and net era and copyright law boasts many new characteristics.New technological change results in some new changes of copyright law such as personal copying and so on.Copyright law can adapt to the technological change and improve constantly.


Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that phospholipase C gamma 2, PLCG2, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Analysis of a separate microarray dataset revealed that PLCG2 was also differentially expressed in brain metastatic tissues. PLCG2 mRNA was present at increased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of PLCG2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient recurrence-free survival in lymph node negative breast cancer patients. Modulation of PLCG2 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.


The effect of 90 days of hypokinetic stress on the ultrastructure of axo-dendritic synapses
and porosomes in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala was investigated. In some
presynaptic terminals significant pathological alterations, such as agglutination of synaptic
vesicles, occurrence of vacuoles, osmiophilic and membrane-like bodies or the destruction of
presynaptic mitochondria, were revealed. Furthermore, an increase in the number of
synaptic preterminals with granular and/or single synaptic vesicles or modifications in the
osmiophilicity of synaptic contacts and/or types of spines were observed. In such synapses
pathological or some other modifications in synaptic plasticity or in the transmission process
may take place. There were no alterations in the main structural parameters (diameter and
depth) of the porosome.


A shared bypass bus structure for low-latency coherency controller access in a coherent scalable switch. In a coherent scalable switch with multiple coherent interconnect ports, distributed coherency control structures, and a crossbar interface between them, a shared bypass bus permits data transfer between the coherent interconnect ports and the coherency control structures while bypassing the crossbar interface. Some embodiments may comprise scalable switches to support one or more sets of processors with substantially independent snoop or cache coherency paths or arrangements.


According to a survey of 415 male and female inmates serving brief prison terms for nonviolent offenses, inmates perceive several alternative sanctions as significantly more punitive than imprisonment. Women rate alternatives as less punitive than do men, and are more amenable to participating in them. We find that prison and probation do not necessarily define the high and low extremes along a continuum of sanction severity, and we show for the first time how female inmates rank the punitiveness of criminal sanctions. Findings bear on the eventual development of meaningful punishment equivalencies and a valid continuum of criminal sanctions while raising doubts about the value of brief prison terms as a specific deterrent to crime. Our results also support consideration of gender differences in punishment and deterrence. We critique the problems associated with research on offenders' perceptions of the severity of sanctions, and discuss implications for deterrence theory and corrections policy.


This paper investigates a predator-prey model with Hassell-Varley-Holling functional response and diffusion.The dissipativeness and persisttenc of this system are derived.


Integrating phased array antenna with functional radome in near field exhibits increasing interests in the practical applications. However, near-field coupling between the array antenna and functional radome, such as frequency selective surface (FSS), wide angle impedance matching (WAIM) structure, directly affects the radiation and scattering characteristics of the phased array system. In this paper, the generalized scattering matrix (GSM) method is applied to analyze the near-field coupling between phased array antenna and electrically tunable FSS as the active radome with Floquet mode theorem, and build up the relationship between the near-field coupling and antenna system performance in terms of radiation and scattering characteristics. Numerical examples demonstrate that the GSM method works for the antenna array integrated with the active radome and offers the total radiation and scattering characteristics for the radiation beam from boresight and steering, it permits to generate transmission mechanism and coupling relationship of the multi-layer electromagnetic structure by post-processing, and systematically optimizes the radome structure for a predesigned antenna array.


This paper applies sociolinguistic and discourse-analytical approaches to examine the features of West African English (WAE) in digital discourse. Data comprises 23,374 posts and responses from some popular social and political online forums hosted by Nigerians (i.e. Nairaland and Naijapals); Ghanaians (i.e. Ghanaforum.com), and Sierra Leoneans (i.e. Sierra Online club and Sierra Leone Forum). These digital forums have served as social media platforms for discussions and debates on, and responses to recent socio-political events in those countries. Findings show that three varieties of WAE are evident in online discourse namely, the acrolect (high), mesolect (middle), and basilect (low), which sometimes depend on the educational level of the users. The local pidgin is also frequently used especially in the Nigerian forums. These varieties in turn reflect features that are characteristic of WAE such as (i) loan words within the standard (acrolect) variety (ii) code-switching between the standard variety and pidgin/Krio (iii) evidence of deviants/errors characteristic of the basilect variety and (iv) linguistic creativity such as coinages, and the language style of the Internet. Findings further show that West African online communicators in English have adapted their socio-cultural nuances of language use to modern information technology.


The paper presents partial results of a pilot primary research (pre-research) of utilization of financial controlling tools in governmental and non-governmental non-profit organizations in the conditions of Slovak Republic. Primary data were obtained by the sociological method of a structured questionnaire. The analyzis was carried out by adequate mathematical and statistical methods for processing qualitative data and ordinal variables.The presented paper provides a new insight into the studied problem while generating a primary information basis for further scientific study and research work in this field.


Abstract The corrosion behaviour of oil well casing steel in H2S saturated NACE solution (5 wt-%NaCl+0·5 wt-%CH3COOH) was investigated by means of electrochemical methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the investigated oil well casing steel can react with hydrogen sulphide in the H2S saturated NACE solution at 25°C. During the reaction, corrosion films of mackinawite (FeS) form on the steel surface and the hydrogen atoms diffuse into steel matrix. The further corrosion of iron with H2S can be retarded, and hydrogen permeation flux decreased, by the presence of the mackinawite film, which acts as a protective barrier provided it remains intact.


Hot electrons are a dangerous byproduct of laser-plasma interactions, and it is important to mitigate their production to achieve direct-drive inertial confinement fusion.


Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells are highly effective in patients (pts) with multiple myeloma (MM), but duration of response can be limited, and pts with rapidly progressing disease require a fast and reliable CAR-T cell manufacturing process. Here, we report initial clinical data from a Phase I trial assessing PHE885 manufactured using the T-Charge TM process and characterization of in vivo expansion, suggesting a preserved T-cell stemness (T scm) phenotype in pts with relapsed/refractory (r/r) MM (NCT04318327).
 Methods: PHE885 is a unique and fully human BCMA CAR-T cell product manufactured using the novel T-Charge TM platform, which reduces ex vivo culture time to about 24 hours and takes <2 days to manufacture the final product, thereby relying entirely on in vivo expansion after CAR-T cell infusion. Pts with MM r/r to ≥2 prior lines of treatment (tx), including an immunomodulatory drug, proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, were eligible. Pts received fludarabine and cyclophosphamide for lymphodepletion prior to a single PHE885 intravenous injection. Primary objectives were safety, including dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) and adverse events (AEs). Secondary objectives were clinical responses, evaluation of the T-Charge TM process, and pharmacokinetic properties.
 Results: As of data cut (April 1, 2021), 7 pts were enrolled in the dose escalation portion; 1 pt failed screening (prolonged QTc), and 6 pts were successfully infused with PHE885. All pts were heavily pretreated, penta-refractory, and refractory to the last line of tx. Fixed doses received were 5×10 6 (n=5) and 14.3×10 6 CAR+ T cells (n=1). All 6 pts were eligible for safety and efficacy. Two DLTs were reported: asymptomatic grade 3 transaminitis in the pt infused with 14.3×10 6 CAR+ T cells, and asymptomatic grade 4 lipase increased in 1 pt infused with 5×10 6 CAR+ T cells. Treatment-related grade ≥3 AEs included anemia and neutropenia in all pts; thrombocytopenia (n=4, 67%); and leukopenia, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), ALT and AST increase, and decreased blood fibrinogen (each n=2, 33%). All pts experienced grade ≤3 CRS per Lee 2014 criteria; median times to CRS onset and resolution were 7 d (range, 4-9 d) and 22 d (range, 10-27 d), respectively. All pts received at least 1 dose each of steroids and tocilizumab; 3 pts received anakinra to manage CRS. Two pts experienced grade 2 neurotoxicity related to PHE885. Both events were nonserious and temporally associated with grade 3 CRS. No deaths occurred on study. At 1 mo after tx, all pts had achieved at least a partial response (PR), with complete response (CR) in 1 pt (17%) and very good PR in 2 pts (33%). Of 4 pts evaluable at 3 mo after tx, 2 had stringent CR, 1 had PR, and 1 pt in PR experienced progressive disease, presumed to be due to loss of BCMA. Of 3 pts evaluable for minimal residual disease (MRD) at 1 mo after tx, all were MRD negative: 2 at sensitivity of 10 -6 and 1 at 10 -5.
 Robust cellular expansion was observed in all pts via qPCR and flow cytometry; maximum expansion (geometric mean C max) was 283000 copies/μg by qPCR and 69.3% of circulating T cells by flow cytometry. Maximum expansion was reached by 30 d, with median T max of 21.1 d by qPCR (16.4 d by flow cytometry). PHE885 was detectable in peripheral blood up to the latest measured sample for each pt (6 mo for the longest followed pt; range of follow-up, 1-6 mo). A naïve-like T-cell phenotype (T naïve+T scm) was preserved during manufacturing of all PHE885 products.
 Conclusions: Initial data from this Phase I study demonstrate that low doses of BCMA CAR-T cells manufactured by T-Charge TM in <2 days have encouraging clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in pts with r/r MM. PHE885 CAR-T cells expand rapidly in vivo, persist at relatively high levels for prolonged periods, and demonstrate a relatively immature T-cell phenotype. The trial is ongoing and updated data will be presented at the annual meeting.
 Clinical trial information: NCT04318327
 Figure 1 Figure 1.

 Sperling: Adaptive: Consultancy. Nikiforow: Kite/Gilead: Other: ad HOC Advisory Boards; Novartis: Other: ad Hoc Advisory Boards; Iovance: Other: ad Hoc Advisory Boards; Glaxo Smith Kline (GSK): Other: ad Hoc Advisory Boards. Nadeem: Bristol Myer Squibb: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy; Adaptive: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy. Mo: Eli Lilly: Consultancy; Epizyme: Consultancy; GSK: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Honoraria; Karyopharm: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Sanofi: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BMS: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AbbVIE: Consultancy. Anderson: Sanofi-Aventis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol Myers Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Millenium-Takeda: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Scientific Founder of Oncopep and C4 Therapeutics: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company; AstraZeneca: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Mana Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ikegawa: Bristol Myers Squibb: Honoraria. Shaw: Orchard Therapeutics, Ltd: Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Ansari: Novartis: Current Employment. Quinn: Novartis: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Pearson: Novartis: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company. Hack: Novartis: Current Employment. Treanor: Novartis: Current Employment, Current holder of individual stocks in a privately-held company, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months, Patents & Royalties: no royalties as company-held patents. Bu: Novartis: Current Employment, Patents & Royalties: Co-inventor on patent applications. Mataraza: Novartis: Current Employment, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company. Rispoli: Novartis: Current Employment. Credi: Novartis: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Divested equity in a private or publicly-traded company in the past 24 months. Ritz: Amgen: Research Funding; Equillium: Research Funding; Kite/Gilead: Research Funding; Avrobio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Akron: Consultancy; Biotech: Consultancy; Blackstone Life Sciences Advisor: Consultancy; Clade Therapeutics, Garuda Therapeutics: Consultancy; Immunitas Therapeutic: Consultancy; LifeVault Bio: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Rheos Medicines: Consultancy; Talaris Therapeutics: Consultancy; TScan Therapeutics: Consultancy. De Vita: Novartis: Current Employment. Munshi: Celgene: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy; Adaptive Biotechnology: Consultancy; Abbvie: Consultancy; Oncopep: Consultancy, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company, Other: scientific founder, Patents & Royalties; Janssen: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy; Legend: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy.


Abstract One of the most critical parameters in the determination of optimal blasting conditions is the powder factor. Accurate prediction of the powder factor reduces the costs incurred through trial-and-error blasting. Previous research to establish the initial powder factor has focused on relations between rock mass properties, blasting material and blasting geometry and has resulted in a number of empirical equations. A study has now been undertaken with the aim of developing a predictive method that is less dependent on local conditions. The basis of the method is the relationship between specific energy and particle size embodied in comminution theory. Application of the Bond work index should provide an enhancement of the previous approaches based on rock and explosive properties. The Bond work index was determined by use of the Bond mill for several different minerals and rocks at the sites being blasted and the results were compared with published values. The powder factor was determined locally by reference to similar bench blasting applications to the same minerals and rocks and the results were also compared with previous findings. Finally, a relationship between the Bond work index and the powder factor was established by the application of statistical and mathematical methods, taking into account the initial block sizes and product fragment sizes.


Objectives: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) display high risk of celiac disease (CD), but the mechanisms underlying this increased susceptibility await elucidation. Here, we examined the prevalence of HLA genotypes associated with CD risk in the general population and tested a previously developed genetic risk score (GRS) for CD in people with DS. Methods: HLA genotypes were obtained for 204 individuals with DS in the Human Trisome Project cohort study, of whom 9% had CD. We compared HLA genotype frequencies in those with and without CD against frequencies observed in the general population. CD permissive HLA haplotypes explored were DQ2.5, DQ2.2, DQ8.1, and DQ7.5. We also analyzed 38 non-HLA-DQ alleles used to generate the CD GRS. Results: Frequencies of risk genotypes were different for CD in DS versus CD in the general population. For example, we observed lower frequency of DQ2.5/DQ2.5 and higher prevalence of DQ7.5/X and X/X in CD in DS. Although GRS values were significantly increased in those with CD and DS, their predictive power was decreased relative to the general population. Transcriptome analysis revealed dysregulated expression of many genes composing the GRS in DS. Proteomics analysis showed that GRS values correlate with elevation of specific immune factors in DS. Conclusions: The genetic risk profile of CD in DS is different relative to the general population, which is likely due to dysregulation of immune pathways in DS. Larger studies are needed to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and to develop a validated GRS for CD in DS.


Flexibility and reusability are major goals when developing complex applications based on OGC Web Services (OWS). Within the project OKGIS (www.ok-gis.de) we evaluate the suitability of the Web Service Orchestration (WSO) technology as possible solution for disaster management scenarios. We present an example of a part of an evacuation scenario after a bomb has been found. This scenario includes in particular the need for emergency route planning. We evaluate how the actions to be performed by the system supporting the rescue workers can be mapped onto a service chain of basic OWS. The service chain is represented as a BPEL document and can be executed in a web service orchestration engine, such as Oracle BPEL-engine. BPEL is a standard for service orchestration and means Business Process Execution Language.


Objective To study the effect of benazepril on expression of matrix metalloproteinase_2(MMP_2)and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase_2(TIMP_2)in kidney tissue of diabetic rats.Methods Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were divided into3groups randomly.Rats in normal control group(C group),diabetic rats untreated by benazepril group(DMgroup)and diabetic rats treated by benazepril group(DB group)respectively.Diabetes was induced by administrating streptozocin(STZ).Remedial perfusing stomach by administrating benazepril was done on the DB group rats after diabetes was induced.Rats in other2groups were perfused stomach by adminˉistrating equivalent tap water.All rats were put to death once after4weeks.Kidneys were removed,the expression of MMP_2and TIMP_2in kidney tissue was studied by immunohistochemistry method(SP).All sections were analyzed by HPIAS-1000medical color picture analysis system.The medical statistics and correlation analysis were done by using SAS8.1statistics analysis software.Results The average optical density(OD value)was written down as the results.The OD value of MMP_2in C group,DMgroup and DB group was0.08362±0.00762,0.16372±0.01835and0.13316±0.01357respectively.Compared with C group,the OD value in DM group upregulated by95.8%.Compared with C group,the OD value in DB group upregulated by59.2%,but compared with DMgroup,it downˉregulated by36.6%.The OD value of TIMP-2in three groups was0.073680±0.00638,0.15673±0.02321and0.12142±0.01036respectively.Compared with C group,the OD value in DM group upregulated by112.7%.Compared with C group,the OD value in DB group upregulated by64.8%,but compared with DMgroup,it downˉ regulated by47.9%.The ratio of MMP_2/TIMP_2in three groups were1.135±0.112,1.045±0.131and1.097±0.125respectively.Compared with C group,that in DMgroup decreased by7.9%.Compared with C group,that in DB group decreased by3.3%,but compared with DMgroup,it increased by4.6%.All the differences among three groups were significant,P0.01.Conclusions The changes of the expression of MMP_2and TIMP_2in kidney tissue of diabetes rats may take part in the occurrence and progression of diabetic nephropathy.Benazepril may ameliorate the lesions of diabetic nephropathy through intervening this kind of change.


Transform coefficients of sample blocks of a macroblock of a video image, the count of the number and the subsequent first coefficient of non-zero coefficients that precede the subsequent first coefficient, in combination form, is encoded by adaptive coding. Transform coefficient is further sign of subsequent first coefficient, the level measure of non-zero coefficients, the total number of interleaved is to have zero coefficients in a non-zero coefficient, and one or more of the respective run lengths of zero coefficients It can be encoded by adaptive encoding. Adaptive coding of the number and the succeeding 1 factor can be performed in consideration of the one or more neighboring sample block, adaptive coding level measure is already encoded with the quantization parameter of the macroblock the in and level measure can be performed in consideration. Decoding may be performed in reversing.


PURPOSE: A lens apparatus and an imaging apparatus is provided to miniaturize by attaching the lens to a portable phone with a camera having a photographing function or camera mount. CONSTITUTION: In a lens apparatus and an imaging apparatus, a first lens(1) has a positive power. A second lens(2) has a negative power. The first and second lens are formed as a meniscus shape. A third lens(3) has a positive power which is a meniscus shape. A fourth lens(4) comprises an object side and an image side of a non-spherical shape having an inflection point. A concave shape is formed on the image side.


BACKGROUND
Ascorbic acid-deficient guinea pigs frequently develop gallstones, and ascorbic acid status may also affect the risk of gallbladder disease in humans. To examine the relationship of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant nutrient involved in cholesterol catabolism, to gallbladder disease, we analyzed data collected from a probability sample of US adults.

METHODS
Analyses of data from 7042 women and 6088 men enrolled in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, were performed. Multiple logistic regression models stratified by sex were examined, controlling for the effects of age, race, diet, body mass index, and other potential confounders.

RESULTS
A total of 761 women (11%) and 235 men (4%) reported a history of clinical gallbladder disease (symptomatic gallstones or cholecystectomy). Of the 9650 participants without a history of clinical gallbladder disease or abdominal pain consistent with gallbladder disease, and with valid abdominal ultrasonography, 408 (8%) of 4863 women and 274 (6%) of 4787 men had asymptomatic gallstones. Serum ascorbic acid level was inversely related to prevalence of clinical and asymptomatic gallbladder disease among women, but not among men. Among women, each SD (27 micromol/L) increase in serum ascorbic acid level was independently associated with a 13% lower prevalence of clinical gallbladder disease (P = .006) and asymptomatic gallstones (P = .048).

CONCLUSION
Ascorbic acid, which affects the catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids and, in turn, the development of gallbladder disease in experimental animals, may affect the risk of gallbladder disease among women.


It was desired to ascertain to what extent measurement of the frass produced in groundnuts infested with Trogoderma granarium Everts could be used to assess total damage. A laboratory storage experiment is described in which the dry weight of frass produced is shown to be approximately equal to the loss of dry matter. Loss of edible nut is thus shown to be about equal to twice the frass weight.


The characteristics of granular haemocytes of four non-insect arthropods were compared. The refractile, bacilliform granular inclusions dissolve in aqueous solutions of dyes. On glass slides, the cytoplasm of the haemocyte becomes distinctly separated into agranular ectoplasm with well developed filopodia and granular endoplasm. The mode of formation of vacuolar droplets together with the association of granules with them suggests secretory activity of the haemocytes. Fragmentation of cytoplasm or clasmatosis is common feature of granular haemocytes from prechilled animals. The significance of clasmatosis is discussed.The present study indicates that the plasmatocytes reported by previous workers may be the altered granular haemocytes. The characteristics of granular haemocytes of arthropods are compared with that of the granulocytes of molluscs.


Volcanic ash soils are distributed widely in our country. These soils are unique in their mechanical properties, and their moisture contents are very high, frequently causing troubles during and after construction. It is generally accepted that such properties are mainly ascribed to the nature of clay minerals contained in these soils. Although various attempts have been made to chemically stabilize volcanic ash soils, effective methods are very few. The lime-treatment is expected to stabilize soils by such mechanisms as changing soil surface properties so as to decrease cohesion, increasing binding forces by the pozzolanic reaction and consuming excess water as combined water. The lime-treatment is suitable for the use in the field, and is used widely. But little is known of the nature of reaction or of reaction products, because reaction mechanism and reaction rate vary with the kind of soil. Basic studies have been made of the reaction of allophane with calcium hydroxide in solution by ARIIZUMI (1961), with the result revealing that the reaction product is hydrated gehlenite which was recognized in metakaolin-calcium hydroxide solution by STRATLING (1940) . The object of this study is to investigate the reaction between allophane-kaolinite group and calcium hydroxide with water content similar to that of volcanic ash soils in natural conditions, the relation between the consumption of calcium hydroxide and the formation of reaction products, and the effects on the soil mechanical properties.


METHODS. DNA was quantitated using primary cultures of bovine retinal endothelial cells that were incubated with different doses of 17 b-estradiol (E2), VEGF, or both. The changes in expression level of VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) were measured using northern blot analysis after treatment with E2. The presence of estrogen receptors in the endothelial cells was studied by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis.


The article examines the concept of «Information Sovereignty» of state and society and considers its correlation with the concept of political sovereignty within the context of modernization in contemporary Russia


Nonuniformity is a pressing problem for infrared imaging system particularly applying to focal plane arrays(FPAs).Several nonuniformity correction(NUC) methods are described on the basis of analyzing the mechanism of the IRFPA′s nonuniformity and its characteristic.A preferable NUC method named Two-Point Multi-Section correction is adoped in TMS320C62x DSP based system.The hardware architecture and software flow are presented.The result verifies the high performance of the system.


We present updated results on time-dependent CP asymmetries in fully reconstructed B{sup 0}{yields}D{sup (*){+-}}{pi}{sup {+-}} and B{sup 0}{yields}D{sup {+-}}{rho}{sup {+-}} decays in approximately 232x10{sup 6} {upsilon}(4S){yields}BB events collected with the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy B factory at SLAC. From a time-dependent maximum-likelihood fit we obtain for the parameters related to the CP violation angle 2{beta}+{gamma}: a{sup D{pi}}=-0.010{+-}0.023{+-}0.007, c{sub lep}{sup D{pi}}=-0.033{+-}0.042{+-}0.012, a{sup D*{pi}}=-0.040{+-}0.023{+-}0.010, c{sub lep}{sup D*{pi}}=0.049{+-} 0.042{+-}0.015,a{sup D{rho}}=-0.024{+-}0.031{+-}0.009, c{sub lep}{sup D{rho}}=-0.098{+-}0.055{+-}0.018, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. Using other measurements and theoretical assumptions, we interpret the results in terms of the angles of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa unitarity triangle and find |sin(2{beta}+{gamma})|>0.64 (0.40) at 68% (90%) confidence level.


In this thesis, conduct research at Bank Rakyat Indonesia KCP Lawang. Authors take the title " Prosedur Pembukaan Rekening Dan Strategi Pemasaran Tabungan Britama Junio Pada Bank Rakyat Indonesia KCP Lawang "
The purpose of this study was to determine the account opening procedures and marketing strategies as well as the savings Junio facility provided by Bank Rakyat Indonesia to customers.
Type of data used is descriptive qualitative, which is a technique that is done by exposing and reporting of an object or event as adannya, so it will get a clear picture. Source of data used is the direct interviews and handwritten by the author and some of the documents related to the study obtained from the research.
The results of this study concluded that Britama Savings Bank Rakyat Indonesia Junio at KCP Lawang is a type of savings for the remission of children at any time and not be restricted throughout the balance of uptake sufficient and meets the requirements specified


Heterologous antimaerophage serum (AMS) and antilymphoeyte serum (ALS) were prepared by immunizing rabbits with mouse peritoneal cells and lymphocytes, respectively. In vitro tests demonstrate the specific cytotoxic effect of AMS on peritoneal cells and of ALS on lymphocytes. In vivo peripheral leukocyte counts are reduced after a single injection of AMS or ALS. Treatment of allograft recipients with AMS enhances allograft survival to the same degree as does treatment with ALS.


Instagram has been one of the main platforms for real-time information seeking for the last five years (Schroeder, 2018). The kind of information that people look for includes entertainment news. The present study aims to examine the way an entertainment news account presents its news content using different pragmatic techniques and how these techniques affect its brand image because minor attention has been paid to purpose-oriented accounts. To fulfill the aim, there are two research problems that are addressed: (1) what are the most common pragmatic techniques used in the captions? And (2) what significance does each technique have in presenting the news and shaping the brand image? Therefore, 36 sample captions from E! News Instagram account, as the most followed entertainment news account on Instagram, were taken, observed, and analyzed using a framework developed by Al-Hindawi and Mehdi (2017) in their article about a pragmatic analysis on American and British website-based entertainment news that focuses on three pragmatic pillars, namely presupposition, Grice's conversational maxims, and allusion. The study found that in the case of E! News, presupposition, violation to Grice's conversational maxims, and allusion are not merely used to keep the content interesting, but they respectively hold important roles in shaping the content of the news, engaging audience's interest, and creating a good brand image.


Diadetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by a chronically raised blood glucose level and caused by multiple pathogenic factors.Artherosclerosis is a main chronic complication of diabetes mellitus with a high morbidity,at an early age and rapid progression.As pre-form of endothelial cells,the endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)participate in the endothelial repair after injury and neovascularization.Therefore,researchers pay more attention to the relation between EPCs and the great vessels complication of diadetes mellitus.The recent researches suggest that the numbers of circulating EPCs decreased in diabetic patients.Moreover,diabetic EPCs display functional impairment,such as reduced proliferation,adhesion,migration,and incorporation into tubular structures.This is one of main reasons to cause the great vessels complication of diabetes mellitus.This article reviewed endothelial progenitor cells in patients with diabetes mellitus.


Stroke is one of the three most common deadly diseases and one of the most common causes of acquired adult disability in many countries. Rehabilitation nursing is an important part of promoting the functional recovery of patients. This article reviewed the current status of home-based rehabilitation nursing, implementation method and its effectes on the limb movement function, activities of daily life, complications, and psychological states of stroke patients with hemiplegia, and we put forward some advise in order to further improve the application effect of family rehabilitation nursing in stroke patients with hemiplegia.

Key words:
Stroke; Hemiplegia; Family rehabilitation nursing


Fieser's critical oxidation potentials can be used to predict the relative ease of 1-electron abstraction from phenols, but the equation for Ecrit is pH dependent. For further oxidation to cations (ArO)+, E+crit is not pH dependent and so there should be an equipotential pH below which ArO· is metastable with respect to (ArO)+ and (ArO)–. Oxidative C–O–C coupling and aryloxy-polymer formation is ascribed to reactions of ArO· radicals and many C–C coupling reactions to electrophilic attack on phenol molecules by (ArO)+ cations.It is suggested that in plants those biochemical oxidations of phenols which lead to Aryl–O–Aryl structures probably involve the one-electron oxidation of aryloxy-anions to ArO· radicals which then dimerise, but that those oxidations which lead to aryl–aryl coupled products involve the electrophilic attack on phenol molecules by (ArO)+ cations. The diversity of the reaction paths which have now been established for biological oxidations of phenols in plants may be due to the involvement of two factors, (a) the oxidation potential of the reagent or active enzyme and (b) the pH of the reacting mixture, in the selection of the preferred oxidation route.


American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) recommends that patients complete preoperative fasting prior to surgeries requiring sedation. Preoperative fasting, also known as nil per os (NPO) is defined as no food or fluids by mouth before a procedure.1 Pulmonary aspiration is defined as aspirating the contents of the stomach after administration of anesthesia, during the surgical procedure, or the period immediately following the procedure.1 ASA' current guidelines for elective surgery requiring sedation suggest a minimum NPO status of two hours from clear fluids and six hours for solid foods.1,2 Risks of prolonged fasting include: increased risk of electrolyte imbalances, insulin resistance, dehydration, and patient discomfort.2 Risks of pulmonary aspiration include pneumonia, hypoxia, death and more.3 Despite studies that contradict the need for prolonged fasting, surgeons still continue to recommend an NPO status greater than the current preoperative fasting guidelines of, two hours for clear liquids and six hours for food.4


Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most common groups of birth defects,1 contributing to a major portion of mortality in early childhood and consuming large amounts of healthcare and family resources. They have a birth prevalence of 6 to 8/1000 live births, excluding late recognized defects, such as bicuspid aortic valve, which has a population frequency of 1% to 2%.1

See Article by Guo et al

Genetic epidemiology studies and reports of multiple recurrences of CHDs within families demonstrate a strong genetic component. Familial clustering of CHDs is particularly apparent when grouped by developmental mechanism.2 A recent large study using hundreds of these multiplex families confirmed the concept of grouping CHD by developmental mechanism, and supporting animal data suggest that these groupings are because of perturbations of genetic networks important in cardiogenesis.3 Indeed, of all risk factors for CHD, a family history of CHD has the highest relative risk even over maternal diabetes mellitus or twinning.4 More formal segregation analyses have confirmed the strong genetic component, also noting that the inheritance pattern is likely complex and oligogenic.2

This evidence for the genetic basis of CHD spurred investigators to search for responsible loci and genes. A few early successes occurred using the traditional genetic approach of linkage, identifying pathogenic variants in NKX2-5 ,5 NOTCH1 ,6 and GATA4 7 among multiplex families with CHDs. Unfortunately, further successes have been scarce, with the exception of CHDs occurring as part of a syndrome (such as the RASopathies). Genome-wide association studies for specific groups of CHD have added a few more loci but with limited replications in a second study.8,9 Copy number variant studies have identified novel genomic disorders in as many as 20% of syndromic cases, a few percent of nonsyndromic …


Abstract Searching for new and cost-effective methods of waste rubber recycling is a subject of research in many scientific centers in the world. In this paper there are presented results of the research of the extrusion process of cheap and environmentally friendly thermoplastic compositions containing 50% wt. of masses of ground tire rubber (GTR). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the mixing conditions and properties of obtained products, which is important from a technological point of view. The mixing conditions were determined by using two variables: the screw configuration (co-rotating and counter-rotating) and the type of polyethylene. In the case of both variables, thermoplastic compositions were treated with various shear forces induced by screw speed changes. The influence of mixing conditions on the extrusion process was determined (screw torque, melt flow rate) as well as static and dynamic mechanical properties of obtained materials.


Rhizobium is a bacterial culture that enhances the speed of biological nitrogen fixation in association with root nodules in pulse crops while boron act as a catalyst for cell division hence the size of nodules and sugar translocation in the plant. An experiment was conducted by considering rhizobium as a seed inoculant and boron as a soil applicant in two peas (Pisum sativum L.) varieties Arkel and Azad Pea-3 to know the morphological alterations in plant height (cm), fresh and dry weight g plant-1), number of leaves (plant-1), and days required for the first flowering and picking. However, the biochemical triggers were also observed for soil plant analysis development reading (SPAD), total chlorophyll (mg g-1) and derivative (chlorophyll a and b), protein (mg g-1), and proline content (µg g-1) in both varieties of pea (Arkel and Azad Pea-3). The performance of V2 was superior to V1 for most of the morphological and biochemical parameters. The combination of rhizobium + 2.0 kg boron ha-1 (T5) was observed as the best treatment compared to the rest of the treatments in V1, while the rhizobium + 1.5 kg boron ha-1 (T4) in V2. Among the treatment combinations, T5 and T4 were recorded as minimum days for the first flowering (39.3 and 43.0), while the maximum days for the first picking (75 and 84) in V1 and V2. The highest SPAD reading, total chlorophyll, and protein were also noticed in T5 and T4, while chlorophyll a was recorded at maximum value in T4 for both varieties. However, the value of chlorophyll b was recorded as maximum in T4 and T3 at 50 DAS, while T5 and T4 were at 75 DAS. A trigger of proline content was also noticed in T5 and T4 of both varieties compared to the control set. The positive alteration in morphology and biochemical changes in pea plants due to the application of rhizobium in combination with boron interlink well for the betterment of yield via increasing the rate of photosynthesis.


Current cost estimation techniques have a number of drawbacks. For example, developing algorithmic models requires extensive past project data. Also, off-the-shelf models have been found to be difficult to calibrate but inaccurate without calibration. Informal approaches based on experienced estimators depend on estimators' availability and are not easily repeatable, as well as not being much more accurate than algorithmic techniques. We present a method for cost estimation that combines aspects of algorithmic and experiential approaches (referred to as COBRA, COst estimation, Benchmarking, and Risk Assessment). We find through a case study that cost estimates using COBRA show an average ARE of 0.09. Although we do not have the room to describe the benchmarking and risk assessment parts, the reader will find detailed information in (Briand et al., 1997).


The objective of the study was to test Bernstein's hypothesis concerning the use of adjectives and adverbs, with regard to the written mode in twelve- to thirteen-year-olds, and to test the assumption that more delicate linguistic measures as regards these two word classes will demonstrate further differences. The study, based on 572 Aberdeen school children's essays, did not confirm that such inter-class differences existed in the availability of adjectives and adverbs nor of any of the sub-categories of adjectives, i.e. in the availability of transformational rules in this sector of the language.


A private company's decision to go public with its record on sustainability and social responsibility directly linked employees to the company's commitment to good stewardship and brought a sharper focus to the company's plans and actions. It also proved that when it comes to businesses making a positive impact on communities and the environment, size is irrelevant. The company tapped readily available external expertise, learned from the experience of other companies, and used its own "edge of chaos" management style to develop and then refine its triple bottom line reports. As a tool for identifying gaps between practice and promise, the TBL has spurred leaders and employees alike to find more ways to integrate sustainable practices into their day-to-day work. © 2006 Cascade Engineering, Inc.


Field experiments researched the effects of different plant growth regulators(PGRs)on the change of assimilation and hormone in bleeding sap of soybean(Kennong 4)roots.The results showed that:SOD simulation material(SODM)significantly increased on content of the soluble protein in soybean.On the other hand,SODM application also increased the content of the free amino acid output in soybean roots,Choline chloride(Cc)and diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate(DTA-6)treatments were not significant;After spraying 5-30 d,Cc effectively reduced the content of ABA in soybean roots,SODM and DTA-6 regulators were effective to improve the content of GA and CTK in soybean roots,and the content of IAA was not.Days after spraying 20-30 d,SODM and DTA-6 had been reduced on content of ABA.


Objective To discuss the clinical application and effects of free flaps transfer for defects in oral and maxillofacial region. Methods 43 free flaps transfer for defects in oral and maxillofacial region from December 2000 to September 2003 were retrospectively analyzed, including the clinical pathological diagnosis, defect description and site, flap types, recipient vessel and anastomotic methods, survival description and complications. Results The total successful transfer rate reached 97.7%. After the operations, 6 flaps developed vascular crisis, and 5 of them were successfully salvaged. The surgical parts of the oral cavity and neck healed up, with no salivary fistula, chylorrhea, submandibular fistula and infection. The shapes and functions regained after transfer. Conclusion Free flaps transfer supplies more procedures for defect repair in oral and maxillofacial region. Reasonable application could get high successful transpfer rate.


Because of the great difficulty in calculating the value of the human capital, till now there are just more than ten of models in theory in China and abroad without the final conclusion. On the basis of analysing and discussing these calculating models, this article puts forwaral a theory that the value of the property right brought about by the human capital is estimated by the net profit after thetaxes are paid. The net profit is distributed according to the consultative rate between the owner of material capital and the owner of human capital. In mathenatics, to make the owner of material capital best profited can be regarded as the consultative basis.


here writing to Lentulus Spinther ; but in a letter to Quintus (Ad. Quint. Fratr. II. 2) written only two days later, he says, Sine dubio res a Lentido remota videtur esse. It is unfortunate that the wishes of the consuls cannot be accurately discovered. Lentulus Marcellinus later on in this year opposed Pompeius, but the fact that Cicero mentions this as his one objection to Marcellinus (Ad. Quint. Frair. II. 4. § 5) would seem to show that it was rather a sudden development, and that at the beginning of the year, at any rate, Marcellinus was not against Pompeius (cf. Drumann. Vol. II. sub ' Claudii »'Marcelli' no. 31). Marcius •Philippus is still more an unknown quantity. He was deliberately passed over, on the assignment of provinces in 49 B.C. (Caesar B.C. I. 6), and would therefore seem to have been insignificant in politics: he tried to dissuade Octavius from entering on his inheritance (Velleius Paterculus, II. 60, Suet. Aug. 8 Appian B.C. I l l 10, 13, cf. Cic. ad Alt. XIV. 12) and disgraced himself when sent as ambassador to Antony at Mutina (Cic. Ad Fam. XII. 4, Phil. VIII 10, IX. I.) and would therefore seem to have been hesitating, cautious, and incompetent. If the reference of ii to multi is satisfactory from a political point of view, it may perhaps be of some use, as obviating the necessity of inserting non before invitis. R. H. GRETTON. Magdalen College, Oxford.


Introduction METABOLIC acidosis may be defined as an excess of arterial blood hydrogen ion not caused by an increase in carbonic acid. This excess of hydrogen ion can be brought about in two basic ways: Increase in strong acids in the body. This can be endogenous as with the increase in β-OH-butyric acid and acetoacetic acid in starvation ketosis or exogenous as with NH4Cl administration. Loss of bicarbonate from the body, ie, diarrhea, from the kidneys, etc. One of the buffer systems affected is the following: Addition of strong acids to the body will force this reaction to the right and the excess CO 2 formed will be eliminated by the lungs. The result will be a lowered bicarbonate and relative excess of hydrogen ion. Loss of bicarbonate from the body will drive the reaction to the left and also result in a lowered bicarbonate and an excess of


This paper presented a Balance Evaluation Function(BEF) according to the communication information.BEF considers the history information of every node,including the packet numbers of data transmission,the dropped packet numbers,the control packet numbers,the selected route times and the hops of route.A new reactive Balance of Energy and Other network performance Parameters routing protocol (BEOP) for mobile Ad Hoc networks were presented.In this route scheme,the nodes of BEF value below a threshold were selected for route.The protocol can balance network performance.The simulation results show that BEOP can offer superior network performance compared with DSR and MBCR.


Study of a novel ultrawide-band antenna is presented in this paper. Firstly, the circular disc monopole is introduced simply. The radiator, ground plane and the feeder equipment of the antenna are placed on the same plate. The antenna has ultrawide-band property, and the special structure reduces the spatial volume. On this basis, a novel antenna is proposed. Four circular disc monopoles are placed across each other. The improved antenna is not only favorable for satisfying ultrawide-band return loss requirement but also advantageous in realizing the wide beams and good circular polarization performance within the beams. Analyses are conducted to determine the novel antennas' properties. The return loss, radiation patterns, axial ratio and gain of the antennas are discussed detailedly. The analytic results verify that the novel circular disc monopole ultrawide-band antenna has reliable ultrawide-band performance during realizing wide beam and circular polarization. The novel antenna proposed in this paper is suitable for the wireless, satellite and mobile communication systems with good prospects.


The objective of this study is to develop improved procedures for characterizing amorphous carbon films. Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize amorphous carbon thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition at temperatures between 293 and 873 K. The amount of bond‐angle disorder is shown to decrease with increasing substrate temperature. However, a shift of the Raman D peak to higher wave numbers is not observed to coincide with the presumed decrease in sp3 bonding as the deposition temperature increases. The graphitic domain size is shown to initially decrease, pass through a minimum, and then increase as temperature increases. Mass densities, measured independently by x‐ray specular reflectometry, are seen to decrease from a maximum of 2.4 g/cm−3 as deposition temperature increases. The trend in the observed density measurements correlates well with the Raman spectroscopy data. The importance of x‐ray specular reflectometry as part of a strategy to completely characterize amorphous carbon films is dis...


A new monitoring technique of the modal content of monolithic few-mode fibre lasers, which should employ at least one fibre Bragg grating as the laser reflector, is presented. The setup is able to spatially separate the different transversal modes of monolithic fibre lasers and, therefore, allows for their direct observation.


Abstract
Adult rats more than 9-10 weeks old are more susceptible to neurointoxication by p-bromophenylacetylurea than young, more actively growing rats. There is no difference in sensitivity between the sexes.

Partial hepatectomy and damaging the liver with carbon tetrachloride before administering pBPAU are procedures which enhance the degree of neurotoxicity. These studies suggest that the substance is toxic per se, and that it is probably detoxicated by the liver.
Animals treated with sodium phenobarbital both before giving pBPAU and afterwards showed a slightly increased degree of neurointoxication. Pretreatment only with sodium phenobarbital before giving pBPAU did not alter the degree of neurotoxicity. This suggests that the liver microsomal enzymes induced by phenobarbital do not play a direct role in the hepatic metabolism of pBPAU.

pBPAU is not an inhibitor of acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase (EC No. 220.127.116.11) or benzoylcholine hydrolase (EC No. 126.96.36.199).


The invention relates to a technique for induction-quenching the axle journal and the end surfaces of a flange-output axle simultaneously. The invention is characterized in that the technique comprises the following steps: placing parts to be quenched with end surfaces upward on a rotary base; pressing down a start button to start rotating a workpiece, so that the metal parts adjacent to active wires are heated for 5 seconds; stop heating when the parts are heated to a temperature 50 DEG C higher than the austenitizing temperature of the material; cooling by spraying cooling water; and then, finishing the quenching process of the part by taking the part down from the rotary base when the cooling is finished. The technique ensures that hardening layers can be distributed evenly, prevents the quenching crack from generating, improves the cooling capacity and uniformity during the cooling process in quenching and ensures that the hardness of the quenched surface is even; the invention has the advantages of simple structure, short process time, high production efficiency, energy conservation and low process cost; the hardening layers are continuously distributed from the axle journal to the end surfaces without tempering soft zone, and evenly distributed except for the tip part; and the technique provides convenience for part assembly and disassembly and technique adjustment, so that spraying and part disassembling can be finished at two positions.


The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in leaf nutrient concentrations among the three cultivars (Misri, Double and Makhmali) of Sweet Cherry even though they are grown in same conditions. The other goal of the study was to determine variation in nutrient concentration of sweet cherry grown under different locations. Significant differences between cultivars were observed in nitrogen, calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur content in leaves, whereas phosphorus and potassium contents did not exhibit significant differences among the cultivars under study. The higher Nitrogen content was observed in Double and lowest in Makhmali cultivar. Higher content of Magnesium and Sulphur content was observed in Misri and lowest in Makhmali cultivar of sweet Cherry. All the macronutrients under study were significantly affected by the location of the orchards.


Inclusive of fully exercised greenshoe, selling shareholders sold EUR 925 million worth of shares. This IPO is one of the largest IPOs in Europe since the financial crisis. Ziggo is the biggest cable television company in the Netherlands with some three million subscribers. It was formed between 2005 and 2007 through the merger of Casema, Multikabel and Essent Kabelcom. De Brauw Blackstone Westbroek acted as Dutch legal adviser to the Underwiters.


ABSTRACT Adolescents with serious emotional disturbances (SED) are a particularly difficult population to treat owing to high comorbidity rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and behavioral conduct disorders. The current study compared the effectiveness of equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) and traditional group therapy (TGT) on levels of positive and negative affect in adolescents with SED. We hypothesized that participants would have higher overall positive affect after EFP compared with TGT and that negative affect would be significantly lower after EFP compared with TGT. Adolescents with SED participated in EFP and TGT sessions once a week over an 8-week period in addition to normative treatment. The Positive and Negative Affect Scale was administered immediately before and after the sessions. Statistical analyses revealed that EFP was just as effective as TGT in increasing positive affect and decreasing negative affect. More importantly, participants had significantly higher positive affect before and after EFP compared with TGT. Even though positive affect scores improved in both therapies, participants arrived to and left EFP with significantly higher positive affect scores than those attending TGT. Owing to its effect on positive affect, EFP may be a beneficial alternative to traditional therapies for adolescents with SED.


Correspondence to: Rodger Grayson & Andrew Western, Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology and Centre for Environmental Applied Hydrology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. edu.au Humans tend to be fascinated by patterns, from the richness of materials woven by ancient cultures to the awe with which we view the unfolding landscapes from the window of an aeroplane. As hydrologists, our work is all about deciphering patterns in space and time and dreaming up ways to capture their key elements to give us insight into processes, or an improved ability to predict something about the water (and increasingly also the energy) balance. A control on patterns of hydrological response that has received much attention over the last few decades is topography. Colourful digital elevation models, often with an index of relative wetness draped over a wireframe image, with a caption reading something like 'distribution of soil wetness' are commonplace. Keith Beven has featured in these commentaries and for good reason—he is one of the most eminent and influential hydrologists of our time. However, here we might argue that one of his (and Mike Kirkby and Emmet O'Loughlin's) ideas may have introduced some distortions into the thinking of a new breed of hydrologists—though, we hasten to add, through no fault of his own other than the brilliance and simplicity of the idea! Those patterns of soil wetness distribution that can be so easily generated with today's computer tools seem to be running the risk of leaping from the realms of speculation, to being considered the truth. Is the ubiquity of wetness index images confirmation of the dominance of topography, or rather an example of 'doing it because we can'? Certainly there are times and places where topography can be a dominant control on depth to water table, soil moisture of the root zone, or the location of runoff producing areas. For terrain to affect moisture patterns, there must be lateral flow. This implies that:


Day of hatch tidewater silversides, Menidia peninsulae, were stocked at 5 fish per liter in 3 1 of seawater at 30‰ and raised for 16 days at 20°, 25° and 30 °C. Food organisms (Brachionus sp. or Artemia nauplii) were maintained at 500, 1,000, 5,000 or 10,000 organisms per 1. The influence of food density on growth of larval M. peninsulae was temperature dependent. At 20 °C, there was no difference in final size of fish based on food densities. But at 25° and 30 °C there was an increase in final body size as food density increased. There were no significant differences in survival among food densities in tests at 20°, 25° or 30 °C. However, for any given temperature and food density, the number of survivors in a replicate affected the final size attained. Optimal culture condition for larval M. peninsulae, considering both survival and growth was determined to be 5,000 food organisms per 1 at 25 °C.


Regulation may impact on financial risk taking by financial intermediaries by way of the decision-making process envisaged in the various possible legal structures set forth by the law. In Europe there are three different possible board structures: the one-tier board system, typical of the UK, Spain and many other countries, the vertical two-tier system, typical of Germany and of the Netherlands in the case of large companies and countries in which companies may choose between different models, such as France and Italy. The vertical two-tier system, was introduced in Italy with the company law reform in 2003. In the last eighteen months it was chosen in three of the most recent bank mergers in Italy (Intesa-Sanpaolo IMI, Banca Popolare di Verona e Novara-Banca Popolare Italiana, Banche Popolari Unite-Banca Lombarda) and also by Italy's largest investment bank Mediobanca.It was also suggested for Assicurazioni Generali by international institutional investors. This re-fuelled the debate concerning corporate governance in Italy.The adoption of the vertical dual system was appreciated by observers who pointed out the potential of the two-tier system in relation to the innovative role of the Supervisory Board and, especially, to its function as filter between ownership and management and in the definition of the risk appetite of financial intermediaries. Others alleged that there are no substantially innovative elements in its application compared to the traditional Italian horizontal two-tier system and underlined the risks of duplication of powers and responsibilities and the plethoric multiplication of seats on the boards.This paper pursues a twofold objective of investigating i) the peculiarities of the corporate governance of financial intermediaries as concerns the size of the board and performance and ii), the role of committees in the risk acceptance process of European financial intermediaries considering also the type of governance system in place. Two international samples are used to conduct the analysis: the companies which make up the Eurotop 100 index and the top 40 European intermediaries by capitalization.


This paper uses results from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends Program (NS&T) to place the environmental quality of Long Island Sound in a broader perspective. It compares levels of contaminants in blue mussels from ten Long Island Sound sites and in sediments from seven Long Island Sound sites with concentrations in the same media at 87 and 221 other sites, respectively, where comparable samples were obtained. In sediments, the levels of both trace metals and organic contaminants tend to be relatively high for Long Island Sound sites. This is especially true for five of the twelve metals (silver, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc) and for five of six categories of organic contaminants (total chlordane, low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), high molecular weight PAHs, total polychlorinated biphenyls, and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes). In mussels, the organic contaminant categories exhibit relatively high levels, but this is not true for most of the metals. In fact, four of the metals—arsenic, mercury, selenium, and zinc—show evidence of relatively low levels in mussels from Long Island Sound compared to other NS&T locations.


Objective To investigate formalin-induced nociceptive behavior and c-fos expression of interbrain following stellate ganglionic block (SGB) in rabbits. Methods Catheters were inserted closely to right stellate ganglia in rabbits by operation.One week later,twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, each group containing 8 animals. groups A,B and C received 0.5ml of normal saline,3% formalin and 3% formalin stimulation by intraplantar injection , respectively. 10 minutes before stimulation,0.5 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was administered via the catheter in group B, while in groups A and C 0.5 ml of normal saline was applied. Nociceptive behavior was observed for 1 hour using weighted pain score. 2 hours after stimulation, whole interbrain was removed to immunohistochemically detect the expression of c-fos. Results Formalin-induced nociceptive behavior in phase 2 was relieved following SGB, c-fos expression level of hypothalamus in group B was significantly lower than that in group C(P0.01), while that of thalamus was not significantly different between groups B and C(P0.05). Conclusion SGB could relieve formalin-induced nociceptive behavior, and downregulate formalin-induced c-fos expression of hypothalamus, which may be related to the mechanisms of SGB for the treatment of inflammatory pain.


Circulating between Rabelais's frozen words, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault project, Lyotard's meditation on the death of the sun, frozen embryos bans, and the bioethics of human engineering, this article examines what it means to read and to cultivate an expertise in reading as climate change makes itself present to literary criticism. It is less a plea to make literary criticism policy relevant, and more a memorandum of understanding for what the governance of the future invests in the cultivation of difference in logics of inquiry, and for the moral and social sanction attached to the description of emergent orders of difference.


molar absorptivity vectors (eigenspectra) and is calculated from eq 8. [C],,, is the set of abstract concentration vectors calculated by eq 9. Figure 2 shows a plot of [AI [QI = [CI abst (9 1 the abstract concentration vectors produced by decomposition of the raw data matrix [A] illustrated in Figure 1. The term "abstract" is used here to indicate that neither the abstract concentration vectors nor the abstract eigenspectra represent physically meaningful quantities. Unfortunately, the abstract matrices are related to the real matrices through an unknown, nonorthogonal rotation. The remaining problem is to find the best transformation matrix [TI, which rotates the abstract 208 J . Chem. In$ Comput. Sci., Vol. 24, No. 4, 1984 absorption and concentration matrices to an estimate of their real form according to [Clre., = [CIabst[Tl (10) [El real = [TI-' [El abst (1 1)


A description is given of a pulsed electric-discharge high-pressure CO2 laser for laboratory use: its outputbeam characteristics can be varied over a wide range. By making the electrode system in the form of sections with independent power supplies it was possible to control the length of the active part and to generate two or more consecutive pulses having a given delay. By choosing the gas mixture composition, stable control of the duration and shape of the output pulse was achieved. A study was made of the dependence of the small-signal gain of the active medium on time and on the total pressure in the gas mixture for various gas component ratios. The results were analyzed on the basis of a simplified model of the kinetic processes in the discharge.


Gandhi always advocated a complete reform which he called Sarvodaya meaning comprehensive progress. He believed that the difference between men and women was only physical and has expressed several times in his writings that in many matters especially those of tolerance, patience, and sacrifice the Indian women is superior to the male. He never had a specific program for women, but women had an integral role to play in all his programs. He wanted women to outgrow the traditional responsibilities and participate in the affairs of nation. He said that as long as we don't consider girls as natural as our boys our nation will be in a dark eclipse. Gandhi was very disturbed by the plight of this low caste section of the society, namely the Devadasis. He was hurt by the miserable way the children of brothels were treated. He made elaborate plans for their rehabilitation. He declared that protecting women's honor was important and as holy as protecting cows. As one looks back at the Indian history and compares the condition of women before Gandhis rise, and now, the progress we have made is quite enormous. A whole generation of women leaders came up influenced by Gandhis vision. If today in India so many women can go to work in offices, educational institutions, and factories without fear or hesitation, the roots for such system was laid 90 years ago by Gandhiji and his followers. He formulated India's freedom struggle as a comprehensive plan for women's development. Even though a lot of inequalities remain in our society, there is a fundamental agreement that men and women are equal. It is now the duty of the younger generation to take up Gandhijis unfinished task and work to eliminate social barriers facing women. This paper is an endeavor to find out Gandhiji's views which helped him formulate India's freedom struggle as a comprehensive plan for women's development through his tireless crusade for their upliftment.


During everyday communication, voice and facial cues are combined. A preference for the auditory or visual channel is chosen automatically whereas, in most of the previous studies, guided attention was used. In our study, we performed a comparison of the visual influence on vocal non-verbal emotions and gender using the same paradigm in the same subjects without instructions on attention direction. The voice for emotions and gender was modeled as a continuum with 11 steps. The validated non-ambiguous images of gender and emotions were presented in the congruent and incongruent with the voice way. Audiovisual performance was assessed with respect to the auditory performance. We observed a small improvement of performance in the congruent audiovisual stimulation both for gender and emotions with a smaller effect for emotions. In the incongruent conditions, face cues strongly dominated the performance with a significantly larger effect for gender. The proportion of the subjects who made their decision on the visual basis was significant only for the gender voice continuum. The strength of facial dominance is significantly different between the identity voice information and emotional prosody. We suggest that face-voice interaction in human may not be the same for linguistic, para-linguistic and identity properties.