The total fish production in Egypt is 1.71 million tons annually where 1.4 million tons were produced through aquaculture, it represents more than 80% of the total fish production (GAFRD, 2018). Tilapia and mullet are dominant species. They accounts for 85.1% of the total aquaculture production (El-Sayed, 2015). In addition, Egypt is the world's top producer of cultured mullet. Most of the mullet farms are located in Delta region in Egypt, with three different species from Mugilidae family. Flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus), thinlip grey mullet (Liza ramada), and bluespot mullet (Valamugil seheli) constitute the most mullet aquaculture in Egypt (Saleh, 2008). So far in Egypt, fish farms rely on the collection of mullet fry from fisheries and there are no artificial hatcheries to meet the demand for mullet fry (Suloma and Ogata, 2006). According to ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Received: April 8, 2020 Accepted: May 25, 2020 Online: May 28, 2020 _______________


The situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) presents a classic ongoing conflict with many tragic twists that is testing the resolve of sub-regional actors and the entire international community. Any indicators of success are often quickly snuffed out, giving way to palpable collective frustration. Even when the international community attempts to ignore it, the problem keeps coming back with new challenges. Negative events, which are most common in the Eastern DRC, affect both the Great Lakes and the South African Development Community (SADC) Regions, and ignoring the problem is no longer an option. This conflict is particularly unique because, with no tangible enduring solution in sight, the international community keeps experimenting with "new concoctions" of interventions in the vain hope that they may succeed.As is always the case in such situations, the conflict draws in numerous actors and continues to test the international community's ability to manage conflicts. Many different actors have been lured to the core and yet do not seem to actually influence events on the ground, rendering particularly the Eastern Region highly dysfunctional, and allowing the conflict to drag on seemingly interminably. That situation now appears to be changing. The advent of the Force Intervention Brigade (FIB) seems to have brought a glimmer of hope that may just be the solution, or at least the beginning of one, if only it can be sustained. But is the FIB the lasting answer to such an asymmetric conflict? Is the FIB concept a new template for future UN missions?This paper attempts to put the dynamics of the whole DRC conflict into perspective, while critically focusing on and analyzing the effectiveness of the concept of the FIB by using the experience of Malawi as one of the three Troop Contributing Countries (TCC's) fighting rebels in the region. This is not an easy task considering that, despite the defeat of the M23 rebel group, there are still about 40 armed rebel groups dangerously prowling the region. Government control is talmost non-existent in most areas for seemingly genuine reasons, but as Mills states, "as Kinshasa pretends to govern, the world pretends to help."1The cycle of violence continues to contribute to the inability of the government of President Joseph Kabila to function properly and stamp its authority on the territory. Vestiges of all sorts of official and non-official criminality are all too familiar to the locals. With either weak institutions or none at all, many disparate localities are simply inaccessible and in the hands of undisciplined rebel functionaries.The FIB has, however, achieved some significant gains in terms of stabilizing the region by keeping some rebels on a leash and others on continuous run since 2013. The question then raised is how long the FIB can continue to maintain the status quo given that rebels in the region have a tendency to bounce back once government forces or peace enforcers begin to show signs of losing momentum.It follows therefore that the ability of the rebels to rebound will very much depend on the tenacity and synergy of the FIB and the Congolese Forces (FARDC) to maintain the initiative through containment and, gradually, the building of institutions that will guarantee lasting peace.Background to the DRC conflictNo study of the DRC or any part of the DRC can be complete without anchoring it within history, since this is the only way of avoiding the risk of generalization and oversimplification. The DRC has been plagued by conflict since independence, with civil wars that originally revealed broad political and economic root causes. The situation has since become more complex and, because of its asymmetrical nature, there are now multiple challenges compounded by the absorption of numerous players during its relatively short history.To this end, it must be emphasized that any simple analysis of the conflict is bound to be superficially flawed if one chooses to dwell on the widespread violent spin-offs. …


The seven essays in this collection, originally presented at a New-York Historical Society Conference, examine ways in which the epic political events associated with the founding of the United States affected the lives of New Yorkers.


This paper describes a statistical analysis performed to evaluate payload pointing accuracy on Space Station Freedom. A statistical model of the disturbance environment on board Space Station Freedom has been developed. This environment has been imposed upon a NASTRAN finite element model of the Space Station FreedomlPayload Pointing System (PPS) including control loops for both the PPS and Freedom Station. All models that were employed were linear and friction effects in the gimbal joints were not considered. A Monte Carlo analysis was performed to assess the pointing performance of the Payload Pointing System when mounted on Space Station Freedom and exposed to the statistical disturbance environment. It was found that pointing performance requirements were met in this linear analysis.


© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the European Political Science Association. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Cite this article: Rodon T, Guinjoan M (2021). Beaten ballots: political participation dynamics amidst police interventions – CORRIGENDUM. Political Science Research and Methods 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2021.61 Political Science Research and Methods (2021), page 1 of 1 doi:10.1017/psrm.2021.61


Development of the main transformer for AC drive locomotives and railcars in recent years is surveyed. Also depicted is the selection of winding type, winding arrangement, decoupling, shield as well as structure design in combination with the main transformer for "Blue Arrow".


Machine learning forms the base of many information retrieval applications those effect our day to day lives directly or indirectly. One of the Commonly used application of machine learning algorithms is Recommender Systems. Recommender system are information flitering system which takes users rating for items into account and predict user preferences. Many online ecommerce and other categorical websites are able to generate recommendations either on the basis of implicit feedback or explicit feedback. In implicit feedback, preferences are actually based on analysis of browsing patterns of the user, for example, purchase history, web logs etc. Explicit feedback is generated from the ratings provided by the user. In this paper we have shown adaption of collaborative filtering in Apache Mahout platforms via Eclipse on a sample data set.


1Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla-171 001, HP, India. Email: email@example.com Potato is undoubtedly one of the most important crop, high yields require both organic and mineral fertilization. Nutrients in organic forms significantly affect potato plant growth, development and yield (Plaza, 2004). The use of organic amendments such as traditional thermophilic composts has long been recognized as an effective means of improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility, increasing microbial diversity and populations (Barakan et al., 1995), microbial activity (Zink and Allen, 1998), improving the moisture-holding capacity of soils and increasing crop yields. Vermicomposts are finely-divided mature peat-like materials with a high porosity, aeration, drainage, water-holding capacity and microbial activity which are stabilized by interactions between earthworms and microorganisms in a non-thermophilic process (Edwards and Burrows, 1988). Vermicomposts is a rich source of nutrients, vitamins, enzymes, antibiotics, plant growth regulators and other plant growth-influencing materials produced by microorganisms (Shambhavi and Sharma, 2011). Though the number of buds, rate of multiplication and yield potential are mainly controlled by genetic traits but potato cultivars placed for seed purpose should show potential for producing maximum number of tubers per plant which can be enhanced by different agronomic interventions. So, a study was conducted with FYM and vermicompost to compare their effect on potato seed production.


In the article, the relationship between the highest professional specialization of philosophy and its involvement in the realities of everyday life consciousness, collective and individual, are considered. Karl Jaspers defines philosophy precisely through the natural need and ability of human being as such, from the piercing questions of children to the revelations of anomalous geniuses. Great philosophers only concentrate this sleeping ability in a person to see the world directly and every time anew. Rightly considered the most closed type of intellectual activity, philosophy at the same time provides examples of live communication and direct appeal to people and society.  The fact that each of us is the bearer of philosophical ideas (whether we are aware of it or not) leads to the problem of ideology. By analogy with the constitution of the political by Carl Schmitt through the opposition "friend — enemy", ideology is constituted by the opposition of "faith — knowledge" in a single continuum between the poles of "almost religion" and "almost philosophy". If ideology asserts the non-obvious as obvious, then the mission of philosophy is a systematic criticism of the obvious.  This conflict manifests itself both in society and in the consciousness of an individual.  The classic understanding of ideology as a purely external manipulation ("consciousness for the Other") is challenged by the presence in the consciousness of the individual subject of "internal dialogue" and "internal speech" with the effects of ideological work and ideological struggle with oneself (the individual as a micromodel of society and the state).  Postmodern all the more accentuates the non-professional dimension of philosophy by rejecting the schemes of progress and hierarchy, the logic of binary oppositions, including high and low, center and marginal, specialized and amateur.  The ability to reflect is the most important feature of a sovereign personality in its resistance to the "penetrating" ideology and new mythology, degrading to intellectual barbarism and political savagery.


Deviant behavior: In a deviation from "normal" reactivity, isocyanides underwent co-trimerization with carboxylic acids in the presence of ZnBr2 to smoothly provide oxazoles (see scheme). The reaction is thought to occur by initial nucleophilic addition of the carboxylic acid to a ligated isonitrile molecule, followed by a sequence involving double migratory insertion, metal-salt elimination, acyl migration, cyclization, and dealkylation.


This paper attempts to provide the solution in Hospital Administration, to get various jobs completed well in time, with limited Resources, viz., Medical Equipments (MRI, Cat Scanning, Ultrasound, X – Ray Machines), Medical Laboratories, Manpower, Paramedical Staff, Nurses, Doctors, Surgeons, by using Optimization Criteria, for Flowshop Sequencing Problems, with Optimizer, as Waiting Time. The problem is solved with the objective of obtaining a schedule of the given jobs which minimizes a certain performance measure, as Total Flow time & Waiting Time.


Africa has been the stage for some of the most epic campaigns of the longstanding
movement for socially responsible investment (SRI). Ethical
investors were prominent voices in the struggle against the slave trade
of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as crucial participants
in the anti-apartheid campaign concerning South Africa, especially during
the 1970s and 1980s. While Africa was essentially an object of, rather than
an actor in, these ethical investment crusades, its seminal contribution
appears often to be ignored or misunderstood in a movement that has
tended to be associated primarily with the financial markets of Western
Europe and North America. Africa has remained mostly on the periphery
of the recent expansion of SRI activities worldwide, being neither a major
market for social investors nor a rousing concern of the movement.


Internal tandem duplication (ITD) or point mutation of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) and N/KRAS mutations in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) lead to aberrant activation of FLT3 and/or RAS–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and are associated with poor prognosis (Kottaridis et al, Leuk Lymphoma Vol. 44:905, 2003; Thiede et al, Blood Vol. 99;4326, 2002 ) . Therapy with inhibitors targeting these pathways individually may at best result in short lasting responses in the appropriate mutational context (Borthakur et al, Haematologica Vol. 96:62, 2011; Cortes et al, Blood Vol. 114:636a, 2009). Persistent activation of MEK/ERK signaling pathway is seen in cells resistant to FLT3-ITD inhibitor sorafenib that harbor acquired point mutations of FLT3 in tyrosine kinase domains in addition to ITD mutation (Moore et al, Leukemia Vol. 26:1462, 2012).

E6201 is a MEK1/FLT3 dual inhibitor with inhibitory activity in low nanomolar concentrations against both targets. We tested E6201 against AML cells including FLT3-inhibitor resistant cells, AML patient samples and investigated its efficacy in murine AML model. E6201 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in AML cells with FLT3 ITD mutations (including sorafenib-resistant cells harboring ITD plus N676D/Y842C point mutations) at nanomolar levels, and showed 600 to 1000-fold more selective activity against cells with FLT3-ITD mutations than those with FLT3-WT (IC50s 0.003µM, 0.005 and 0.002µM, respectively, in Ba/F3-ITD and FLT3-ITD mutant MOLM13 and MV4-11cells compared to 3.18µM in Ba/F3-FLT3-WT cells). In addition, OCI/AML3 cells [FLT3 and RAS wild-type(WT)], which have high basal p-ERK level and are resistant to most of chemotherapeutic drugs, were sensitive to E6201 (IC50 = 0.037µM). Consistent with its MEK1 inhibitory activity, E6201 was more active against NRAS mutation carrying OCI/AML3 and MV4-11 cells than their NRAS -WT isogenic cells. E6201-induced apoptosis appears to be p53 dependent as p53-wild-type OCI/AML3 and MOLM13 cells were significantly more sensitive compared to their paired p53-knockdown cells. EC50 of E6201 was at sub-micromolar levels in all 5 FLT3-ITD mutant primary AML samples, which included one with FLT3-ITD/RAS dual mutation.

NOG mice bearing xenografts of MOLM13-Luc-GFP (FLT3-ITD mutated) cells were treated with E6201 i.v. starting on day 5 after leukemia cell injection until day 21 on a twice-per-week schedule. Bioluminescence imaging revealed that the tumor burden (mean luminescence) was reduced (3.1 x 106 and 2.7 x 106 vs. 5.6 x 106 Photons/sec, p< .01 in 20mg/kg and 40mg/kg groups compared with vehicle group)([Fig 1][1]) and histologically leukemia cells infiltrations were profoundly reduced in the bone marrows, spleens, livers and lungs on Day 9 after first drug treatment. Additionally, the median survival was modestly extended from 16 days of vehicle-treated mice to 18 days of E6201-treated mice ( P <0.01).

![Figure][2]

Mechanistically, E6201 significantly suppressed p-FLT3 and p-ERK in all tested FLT3 mutant AML cell lines and p53 wild-type OCI/AML3 cells. In addition, decrease of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 levels and increase of cleaved-caspase-3 was observed in all FLT3 mutant cell lines after treatment with E6201 for 24 hours. In conclusion, E6201 is active against AML cells with FLT3 and/or RAS mutation. A clinical trial is in development in FLT3 and/or RAS mutant AML.

Disclosures: Borthakur: Eisai, Inc.: Research Funding. Nomoto: Eisai, Inc.: Employment. Zhao: Eisai, Inc.: Employment.

 [1]: #F1
 [2]: pending:yes


The three-level active neutral-point-clamped (3L-ANPC) inverters have been widely used in medium-voltage high-power electrical drives. The purpose of this paper is to achieve the reliable operation for 3L-ANPC inverters by reliability analysis and optimal switching and control strategies, while the performance of output waveforms of inverters is maintained. This paper starts by analyzing the power loss and the reliability of power semiconductor devices. On this basis, a mathematical model is derived for online condition monitoring of semiconductor devices. Then, the modulation strategies of the passive commutation mode and the active commutation mode are designed for the 3L-ANPC inverter, and the power loss distributions are analyzed among different semiconductor devices accordingly. Finally, three optimized strategies are designed to improve the reliability of the 3L-ANPC inverter under different load conditions based on different commutation modes and the developed reliability model. Both the simulation using MATLAB Simulink as well as PLECS have been conducted to verify the validity of analysis and control for improving reliability of 3L-ANPC inverters in this paper.


A strategy is presented for the efficient extraction of hydrocarbons from concrete to enable their monitoring. Both polar and non-polar solvents were examined with the application of several techniques: cold solvent extraction with shaking, Soxhlet, and ultrasound-assisted extraction. The impacts of sample aging and inundation with water on the extraction efficiency were investigated to elucidate the nature of analyte-matrix interactions. Organic matrix-destructive solvents that partially disintegrate concrete (ethyl acetate, methanol, and acetonitrile) were most efficient for all considered scenarios, yielding recoveries in a range of 95-100% upon a two-step, four-day, cold solvent extraction or 24-h Soxhlet extraction even for highly contaminated and aged samples.


A circular cylindrical acoustic transducer whose direction of motion is radial produces an outgoing signal whose wavefronts are concentric circles. A similar transducer can be designed to generate spiral wavefronts where the phase of the outgoing wave changes by 360 deg in one revolution around the transducer. If these two transducers are used in tandem as a beacon, short tone bursts fired consecutively from each transducer can be used to determine the aspect angle to a receiver relative to the beacon. This is an acoustic version of the VHF omnidirectional ranging systems currently in use in airplane navigation. There are several ways of designing a transducer to produce the spiral wavefront required for the beacon. Several of these designs have been modeled numerically to understand the details of the outgoing field and their impact on aspect determination. [Work supported by ONR.]


The invention relates to a multiple clutch system, optionally a double clutch system (10), for arranging in a drive train of a motor vehicle, between a drive unit and a gearbox. The clutch system comprises a first clutch configuration (20) which is associated with a first gearbox input shaft (16), and a second clutch configuration (24) which is associated with a second gearbox input shaft (18). One (18) of the two gearbox input shafts extends through the other (16). An input side of the clutch system comprises an input hub (40) or an input shaft which is, or can be, directly or indirectly coupled to an output shaft of the drive unit, said hub or shaft being connected to an input side (48) of the first clutch configuration and to an input side (50) of the second clutch configuration in a rotationally engaging manner. For each clutch configuration comprising an integrated, hydraulic slave cylinder (56 and 58) which rotates in operation, at least one hydraulic channel (68, 70) is formed in the input hub (40), by which means at least one of the slave cylinders is, or can be, connected to an associated hydraulic pressure source. For clutch configurations which are provided to operate under the effect of an operating medium, at least one channel (100) for the operating medium is formed in the input hub (40), by which means the operating medium can be supplied to at least one of the clutch configurations, from an operating medium supply.


Spectrophotometry, thermal denaturation, sedimentation, and viscometric techniques were used in a study of interaction of double helical DNA with an asymmetric phenazinium derivative, aposafranine. The results obtained indicate that aposafranine binds to DNA by a single binding mode, a wedge-like partial intercalation.


In this paper, the fatigue behavior of $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{O}_{\mathrm{x}}$ (HZO) ferroelectric (FE) capacitor is thoroughly characterized. By proposing an empirical model applicable to the entire process of fatigue, we found that the fatigue effect is dominated by the process of charge migration to non-switching regions and charge exchange with electrodes to form the localized built-in field and cause domain-pinning.


The impact of fiscal policies on poverty and inequality depends not only on who receives what but also on the degree to which these policies support growth in the short and long run. The comprehensive valuation of a tax or spending policy considers the full impact of the policy on both direct and indirect beneficiaries, and will depend on the characteristics of the local economy. This chapter considers the key elements of valuing fiscal policies and how information on the full value of policies can inform policy challenges of the current moment—challenges such as fiscal consolidation that minimizes impacts on poverty and inequality, and whether to respond to rising food prices with cash transfers or subsidies. Drawing on recent evidence, the chapter discusses the knowledge about high-value policy choices. Three broad findings come out of this discussion: (1) policies that improve early life outcomes are generally of high value, across many contexts; (2) policies that bring transformative growth tend to be of high value; and (3) spending to address market failures is often of higher value than subsidizing behavior in the absence of positive externalities. Despite the evidence, high-value policies can be hard to prioritize precisely because their benefits are not realized today but accrue over the long term. For politicians, this time frame does not align with political realities that require immediate results, and long-run benefits may also have less value to some households that are more present biased or governments that face high costs of borrowing. As a result, fiscal decision-making can often overlook long-run growth benefits. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how improving the efficiency of spending can increase the value of spending.


This classroom action research aims to determine the extent to which the application of Behavioristic Learning Theory and Stimulus Response Theory affects the improvement of mental development and attitudes of Hindu students at SMK Indraphrasta Wlingi in Semester 1 of the 2020/2021 academic year. This research was motivated by the very heterogeneity of students in terms of religion at SMK Indraphrasta Wlingi. Moreover, the number of students who are Hindu is very small compared to students who are not Hindu, so it is feared that from this situation Hindu students will easily experience religious conversion, along with weak mental attitudes and weak faith and belief in the religion they adhere to. From this situation, the researcher was inspired to try and seek a solution to the problem by applying Behavioristic Learning Theory and Theory of Stimulus Response Theory. After the data was collected through the results of the assessment in stage I, the results could be seen that it had increased from 57.44 the average value to 68.55. Furthermore, in stage II it shows an increase again to 85.77 from 68.55 average values. From these results, it can be used as a measure of the success of the application of Behavioristic Learning Theory and Theory of Learning Stimulus Response Theory to the improvement of mental development and attitudes of Hindu students at SMK Indraphrasta Wlingi. Furthermore, the researcher concluded that the application of Behavioristic Learning Theory and Stimulus Response Theory was able to improve the mental development and attitudes of Hindu students.


The concept of using handwriting dynamics for electronic identification is discussed. A piezo-electric sensor pen for obtaining the pen point dynamics during writing is described. Design equations are derived and details of an operating device are presented. Typical output waveforms are shown to demonstrate the operation of the pen and to show the dissimilarities between dynamics of a genuine signature and an attempted forgery.


A novel topology based on pentacle is proposed for network on chip (NoC). Johnson coding and global asynchronous local synchronous (GALS) are applied to improve the performance of NoC and the resource utilization of FPGA. Simulation results show that, compared with 2D Mesh and Octagon, Pentacle achieves average latency reductions of 30.7% and 15.0%, and increases throughput of 17.6% and 8.1%, respectively. Pentacle topology, which focuses on reducing latency and increasing throughput, is validated by simulation and implemented on FPGA.


Tissue edema is an important stage of the occurrence and the development of heart failure.Loop diuretics play an important role in the treatment of heart failure.Torasemide is a new kind of loop diuretics,pertains to pyridine sulfonylurea loop diuretics.Recent decades of basic and clinical research had proved that,torasemide has an excellent effect in the treatment of heart failure,including better diuretic effect,higher biological availability,a relatively longer half-life,and does not affect the metabolism of electrolyte,blood glucose,blood fat.It is metabolized in the liver,therefore,patients with renal inadequacy can use it without accumulation.This article reviews on the research of torasemide in the treatment of heart failure.


This thesis presents an approach to building more intelligent computer music systems. Motivated by the shortcomings of previous systems, I maintain that an enumeration and quantification of musical common sense concepts is necessary for the construction of musically intelligent systems. Demonstrating this approach, a computer system for analyzing and generating improvisational jazz solos has been designed as an initial exploration into the quantification of musical intelligence. The system development has concentrated upon the creation of a knowledge representation and control structure as a model of improvisation in this domain. The design of an architecture to organize and manipulate musical knowledge is influenced by the Society of Mind approach of [Minsky 86], and the spreading activation networks of [Maes 89]. This document provides a description of the approach, its motivation, its realization in the system design, and an evaluation of this ongoing project. Thesis Supervisor: Tod Machover, M.M. Associate Professor of Music and Media This work was supported in part by the Yamaha Corporation and Sega of America. Representing Musical Knowledge


The utility model relates to a vibratory micromachined gyroscope, belonging to the technical field of an inertial sensor in a micro-electromechanical system. A driving mass block is fixed on the anchor point of the glass substrate of the micromachined gyroscope, and a detecting mass block and an isolation mass block are positioned in the driving mass block; the detecting mass block is fixed on the anchor point of the glass substrate of the micromachined gyroscope, and the isolation mass block as well as the driving mass block and the detecting mass block are oppositely fixed; detecting capacitance fixed electrodes and detecting capacitance movable electrodes are positioned in the detecting mass block, and the detecting capacitance fixed electrodes are fixed on the glass substrate of the micromachined gyroscope; the detecting capacitance movable electrodes and the detecting mass block are oppositely fixed, and driving capacitance movable electrodes and the driving mass block are oppositely fixed; and driving capacitance fixed electrodes are fixed on the glass substrate of the micromachined gyroscope. The micromachined gyroscope has the advantages of no mechanical coupling problems, complete elimination of the detection interference brought by mechanical coupling, improvement on the sensitivity of themechanical gyroscope, and easy mass production.


Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA), caused by human papillomavirus infection (HPV), is the most frequently diagnosed form of anal cancer (85%-90%). SCCA incidence has increased dramatically among the general population in Puerto Rico (nearly 5% annually) and the risk is disproportionately elevated among patients living with HIV. SCCA is preventable through HPV vaccination and screening. Therefore, the study of the cost of anal cancer care could have significant implications for understanding preventable economic burden in Puerto Rico. Objective: Determine the lifetime and phase-specific cost of SCCA cases aged ≥21 diagnosed during 2009-2016 in Puerto Rico. Method: This population-based study used the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry-Health Insurance Linkage Database (PRCCR-HILD), which links PRCCR data with health insurance claim data from the principal health insurance companies and the government health plan. PRCCR-HILD has information for almost 90% of Puerto Rico's cancer cases from 2008. We matched SCCA cases and non-cancer control (1:1) by age and sex for each phase of care (initial, continuation, and terminal). SCCA-related costs were calculated by subtracting the costs between SCCA patients and the control group. We used the phase-specific monthly cost estimates combined with survival data, stratified by age and cancer stage (localized, regional, and distance), to calculate the lifetime and average annual cost (discount at 3%) for SCCA. The cost was adjusted to 2019 US dollars using the consumer price index. We used the number of SCCA incident cases for 2019, stratified by age group and multiplied by the lifetime SCCA cost estimates, to calculate the SCCA-related lifetime economic burden for Puerto Rico. Results: Of the 351 patients with SCCA included in this study, the mean age at diagnosis was 64 years, 66.4% were women, 57.6% were diagnosed at a localized stage, and 23.1% were enrolled in private insurance. The overall survival after cancer diagnosis was 18 years. Meanwhile, the average monthly costs per patient were higher in the initial phase ($4,755), followed by the terminal phase ($3,499). The main cost driver in all phases was the outpatient costs. However, inpatient costs increased substantially at the terminal phase of care. The average lifetime cost for patient with SCCA was $137,343 (95% CI: $130,873-$145,241) (2019 US dollars). The average SCCA per year cost was $9,193 (95% CI: $8,744-$9,895), while the SCCA-related lifetime economic burden for 2018 in Puerto Rico was nearly $8.7 million. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the cost of SCCA management in Puerto Rico. Although SCCA continues to be relatively rare among the general population, our study shows that the SCCA-related lifetime economic burden is substantial and could continue to rise due to the rising SCCA burden in Puerto Rico. These findings could support the evaluation of the impact of strategies to reduce the SCCA burden through HPV vaccination and anal cancer screening for high-risk populations.
 Citation Format: Karen J. Ortiz-Ortiz, Axel Gierbolini-Bermúdez, Ana P. Ortiz, Karen Pabón-Cruz, Chi-Fang Wu, Jeslie Ramos-Cartagena, Reydi Morales-Martínez, Ashish A. Deshmukh. Lifetime cost of care associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in Puerto Rico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A052.


Researchers and practitioners have been preoccupied with identifying ways for larger organizations to acquire and manage knowledge, however far less research attention has been directed towards these same pursuits in small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs. This paper examines how SMEs engage in knowledge identification and acquisition; in particular how they identify knowledge needs and source this knowledge to enhance their business. The research studied six SMEs in Australia and Denmark. Contrary to prevailing assumptions, the findings suggest that SMEs engage in identification and sourcing of critical knowledge, albeit often with less than formal processes. These organizations relied on business plans to direct knowledge activities and ensure balance between long-range planning and flexibility. The results address a lack of empirical evidence about SME approaches to knowledge identification and acquisition, and demonstrate that although SMEs may approach such activities in an informal way, they are nonetheless deliberate and strategic in their knowledge activities.


This research was conducted on July 2014, which is held in the Laboratory of fishing Gear Materials, Utilization of Water Resources, The Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau. The purpose of this study was to know breaking strength of Tetoron yarns which have experienced the preservation of different extracts and drying times. This study used an experimental method by performing the experiments effect of Tetoron yarns which will experienced the preservation by the extracts of papaya leaves, guava leaves and betel leaves that were soaked in the equal concentration. The Breaking strength of yarns that used betel leaves in 10 days of drying times are higher than the yarns with both of the other extracts. It is caused by the tanin degree of betel leaves is higher than the other extracts, that is amount 20% of tanin degree. By the computation of ANAVA test obtained the result Fhit > Ftab, sig < 0,01, it means that there are the differences of Tetoron yarns breaking strength with different extracts soaking and drying times. Keyword : The breaking strength of yarns with different exstract soaking and drying times.


A fractured retainer ring of wheel hub of an aircraft was analyzed. Analysis showed that there was multiple fatigue crack initiation all along the circumference of the ring at the fillet of change in the cross section. The cracks propagated to about 30 % of the cross section before culminating in final overload failure by shear. There were no metallurgical abnormalities associated with fatigue crack initiation and fatigue appears to be stress related. Due to post fracture damage in the crack initiation regions, the reason for fatigue crack initiation could not be determined unambiguously. However, analysis suggests that the most probable reason for fatigue crack initiation could be heavy landing (s) of the aircraft sometime in the past.


In the last few years, embryonic stem cell research has been widely debated in Brazil and a "star" in the national media. Because of the notoriety of the issue, the media have sometimes been criticized for oversimplification, exaggeration and distortion. In this context, we analyzed the media during an important time: in 2008, the Federal Supreme Court held historical hearings to decide whether Brazilian scientists could continue using embryonic stem cells. First, we focused on letters sent by readers to one of the most popular newspapers, O Globo. Second, we analyzed the Brazilian news coverage of embryonic stem cells during a crucial week in the public debate. At the end of May 2008, under pressure from Brazilian media and society, the Ministers of the Supreme Court approved research using embryonic stem cells.


Every two years this conference convenes the leaders in the general topic of relativistic astrophysics to survey the latest results and the status of the field. The proceedings cover the full range of topics where speeds near the velocity of light and/or high gravitational fields apply to astrophysics. These include cosmology, galaxy formation, dark matter and energy, black holes and neutron stars, gamma-ray bursts and ultra-high energy cosmic rays.


The theme of this event implies that there is considerable reason for alarm about "Secrecy in Litigation." Against that backdrop, one who argues against public openness cannot avoid feeling like the Grinch. Consider the sort of hypothetical that would be launched against a pro-confidentiality position: Defendant produces, through discovery, a document from a member of its professional staff that acknowledges that one of defendant's products poses a significant danger to users of the product. Defendant has assiduously avoided release of this information and claimed that its product is safe. It then asks that the court keep its secret. Does one who says discovery is not inherently public insist that the court accede to this request? The easy answer is no; the court has more than enough discretion to refuse defendant's request and, presented with a situation as stark as that suggested by this example, it is likely that all, or nearly all, courts would refuse. But that scenario is not, I submit, the real problem. Rather, the real problem is that the overbroad notion that all information turned over in discovery (no matter what it contains, or what the court or even the parties, know about the material involved) is presumptively open to the public, even if no party wants to permit public access to the information. Yet, in court, representatives of the media still urge just such a broad proposition. Moreover, this position is said to be commanded by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and is occasionally accepted by courts as a decisive factor in determining whether use of discovery fruits may be restricted to litigation purposes.


Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a unique serum marker highly sensitive to any form of therapy for prostatic cancer. Based on the character of hormonal dependence of the cancer cell, and rogen ablation is one of the best therapies for advanced prostatic cancer. From April 1990 to April 1995, 74 patients with the diagnosis of stage D prostatic cancer had received bilateral orchiectomy. Twenty-four of them had completed regular follow-up at our out-patient clinic. Serum PSA level was checked every two to three months and analyzed. Twelve patients who had no adjuvant anti-androgen therapy were categorized as group I. Another twelve patients who received post-operative anti-androgen medication were categorized as group II. In the group I patients, the serum PSA level reduced to the minimum 7.3±5.2 months after orchiectomy but relapsed 10.6±10.6 months later. In the group II patients, the post-operative PSA level reduced to the minimum in 9.9±6.6 months and raised 7.8±5.7 months later. There were no statistic differences between both groups (p>0.05, Student's t test). Our preliminary results, warranted no conclusion on the role of adjuvant complete androgen blockade therapy for stageD prostatic adenocarcinoma.


Feature extraction and fusion are two critical issues for the task of multisource classification. In this article, we propose an enhanced multisource fusion network (EMFNet) to address them in an end-to-end framework. Specifically, two convolutional neural networks are employed to extract features from two different sources. Each network is mainly comprised of three convolutional layers. For each convolutional layer, feature tuning modules are designed to enhance the extracted feature of one source by taking advantage of the other source. After getting the features of two sources, a weighted summation method is used to fuse them. Considering that fusion weights should vary for different inputs, a feature fusion module is designed to achieve this goal. In order to test the performance of our proposed EMFNet, we compare it with state-of-the-art fusion models, including the traditional models and the deep-learning-based models, on two real datasets. Experimental results show that the EMFNet can achieve competitive classification results in comparison with them.


A LCD and a method of driving the LCD are provided. The LCD includes first and second gate lines extending in a first direction, a data line insulated from the first gate line and crossing the first gate line, a pixel electrode including first and second sub-pixel electrodes, the pixel electrode being disposed in a pixel having a long side in the first direction, a first thin film transistor (TFT) connected to the first gate line, the data line, and the first sub-pixel electrode, a second TFT connected to the first gate line, the data line, and the second sub-pixel electrode, and a third TFT connected to the second gate line, the second sub-pixel electrode, and a charge-sharing capacitor, the charge-sharing capacitor sharing a data voltage applied to the second sub-pixel electrode.


This study assessed the agreement between cardiac output estimated by inert gas rebreathing and bioreactance methods at rest and during exercise.


Degas, like many of his contemporaries, made fan-shaped pictures. He produced at least twenty-five fans between ca. 1868 and 1886 and exhibited five in the 1879 Impressionist exhibition. This article presents Degas's works in this format and examines their artistic, personal, and financial reasons for being, their relation to the contemporary fashion for fans, their place in his work, their use as vehicles for decorative and compositional experimentation, and their sources of inspiration. They are visually delectable and expressive works that have not heretofore received the attention they merit.


Objective To compare the prevalence of disinfectant-resistant genes between nosocomial infection and community-acquired Escherichia coli.Methods 112 Escherichia coli strains were collected from clinical specimens and divided into two groups,nosocomial infection group and community acquired infection group.Disinfectant-resistant gene qacEΔ1 was detected by PCR,and the detection rates were compared between the two groups.Results Detection rates of disinfectant-resistant genes of nosocomial infection and community-acquired Escherichia coli were 58.1%(43/74) and 23.7%(9/38) respectively.There was a significant difference between the two groups(χ2=11.96,P0.01);ESBL-producing strains accounted for 71.6%(53/74) in nosocomial infection isolates,while only 39.5%(5/38) in the community-acquired ones.The detection rates of qacEΔ1 were 64.2%(34/53) and 6.7%(1/15) respectively in ESBL-producing nosocomial infection E.coli and ESBL-producing community-acquired E.coli.There was also a significant difference between the two groups(χ2=15.47,P0.01).Conclusion The positive rate of disinfectant-resistant genes in nosocomial infection E.coli is higher than that in community-acquired ones,and the positive rate of disinfectant-resistant genes in ESBL-positive strains is significantly higher than in the negative ones.These may be caused by the selection pressure of disinfectants and/or the prevalence of the strains carrying disinfectant-resistant gene in the hospital environment.


This is the third paper in the series of eight, studying voids and blowholes in PTH printed circuit boards. In the previous papers the industrial significance of this problem has been established and moisture identified as the primary cause of the gassing. Now, particular attention is focused on the understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of moisture uptake in the FR‐4 laminate. From the authors' data the rate of moisture uptake and the rate of drying of laminate can be predicted as a function of temperature and relative humidity.


This article investigates mid-century singer/dancer/actor Eartha Kitt's ambiguous racial aesthetics, which ran the gamut from Eastern and Western Oriental sound and embodiment in dance, Afro-Latina voicings in song, and feline impersonation. Borrowing a figure from music theory, the author calls this performative aesthetic strategy "racial modulation." She argues that while Kitt's staged modulations of the black/white "yella gal" into "international" registers subverted white audiences' assumed access to Kitt's performing body, it also forged intimacies and associations with Asia and Latin America – geographies that, at the height of Kitt's career, were implicitly linked to both U.S. Cold War imperialism and Third World decolonizing movements.


The advances in technology have enabled people to develop services and products that can reach millions of people around the world. Facebook and Google are examples of successful startups. However, most startups fail in their first years of life. From an education standpoint, even though universities are adapting their curriculums in order to embrace startup education content, the challenge still remains: how can we provide real world experiences for students to build relevant startups? In order to fill this gap, this paper introduces the Challenge Based Startup Learning, a framework that combines the Challenge Based Learning methodology with Lean Startup and Customer Development concepts, supported by software development techniques. We have applied and evaluated the framework in an undergraduate digital entrepreneurship course. Our preliminary results indicate that students not only understood what it takes to run a real startup, but they also felt engaged and empowered by delivering a useful and meaningful software.


When cultured cerebellar granule neurones are transferred from a medium containing high extracellular potassium concentration ([K+]e) (25 mm) to one with lower [K+]e (5 mm), caspase‐3 activity is induced and cells die apoptotically. In contrast, if cells in non‐depolarizing conditions are treated with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), caspase‐3 activity, chromatin condensation and cell death are markedly diminished. In this study, we show that the C‐terminal domain of the tetanus toxin heavy‐chain (Hc‐TeTx) is able to produce the same neuroprotective effect, as assessed by reduction of tetrazolium salts and by chromatin condensation. Hc‐TeTx‐conferred neuroprotection appears to depend on phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase, as is demonstrated by the selective inhibitors Wortmannin and PD98059, respectively. Hc‐TeTx also induces phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase BDNF receptor, activation of p21Ras in its GTP‐bound form, and phosphorylation of the cascade including extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases‐1/2 (ERK‐1/2), p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90rsk) and CREB (cAMP‐response‐element‐binding protein). On the other hand, activation of the Akt pathway is also detected, as well as inhibition of the active form of caspase‐3. These results point to an implication of both PI3K‐ and ERK‐dependent pathways in the promotion of cerebellar granule cell survival by Hc‐TeTx.


The purpose of the research was to explore the influence of Independence, Integrity, Professionalism and Professional Scepticism on the Accuracy of Giving Audit Opinion by Government auditors, in this case the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK-RI). The research seeks to broaden empirical evidence on the relationship between the influence of Independence, Integrity, Professionalism and Professional Scepticism with respect to Accuracy of Giving Audit Opinion by BPK-RI. The research using associative method approach. Data analysis using Partial Least Square (PLS) approach which is a model of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) that is component or variant based. Data analysis methods consist of: (1) Outer Model Analysis, (2) Inner Model Analysis, and (3) Hypothesis Testing. Data were came from a convenient selected sample of 55 auditors spread in 3 (three) AKN (Government Auditor). The findings show that Independence has positive and significant influence on the accuracy of giving audit opinion by BPK-RI, Integrity has positive and no significant effect on the accuracy of giving audit opinion by BPK-RI, Professionalism has positive and significant effect on the accuracy of giving audit opinion by BPK-RI, and Professional scepticism has negative and no significant effect on the accuracy of giving audit opinion by BPK-RI.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and sequential chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Methods Literatures were retrieved from Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,VIP,CBM,Wanfang and other databases by computer and those from conference papers and thesis by hand. Randomized control trials( RCT) of concurrent chemoradiotherapy and sequential chemoradiotherapy for treatment of esophageal cancer were collected. The duration of searching was from the establishment of the databases up to August 2012. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5. 1 software,in accordance with the cochrane handbook. Results The meta-analysis included 9 RCTs and involved 754 patients. The meta-analysis showed that the overall efficacy,1,2,3-y survival rates and local control rates in concurrent chemoradiotherapy group were higher than those in sequential chemoradiotherapy group( P 0. 05). There was no significant difference in distant metastases between two groups( P = 0. 85). The incidence of radiation esophagitis and gastrointestinal reactions in concurrent group was higher than that in sequential group( P 0. 05). There was significant difference in the incidence of leukopenia( P 0. 05),but not in thrombocytopenia between two groups( P = 0. 53). Conclusion Concurrent chemoradiotherapy has better short-term efficacy and higher 1,2,3-y survival and local control rates than sequential chemotherapy in treatment of esophageal cancer,but has higher toxicity rate.


Scientific and technological cooperation is an important part of establishment and development of Sino-Russian strategic cooperative partnership relationship facing the 21st century,which has an irreplaceable role to enhance our scientific and technological strength,implement economic leap-forward development,promote the four modernizations,and comprehensively build a moderately prosperous society.This article analyzes Russia's scientific and technological strength.And,with the historical origins of Heilongjiang Province,it points out the necessaries for coal industry of Heilongjiang Province to cooperate with Russia in science and technology,and proposes several promotion countermeasures of coal industrial upgrading of Heilongjiang Province,which are thought to be of great significance.


SUMMARY The time elapsed from death until the moment the corpse equals its temperature to ambient temperature is known as "Early Post Mortem Interval", and during this period the decrease in body temperature –algor mortis– is a useful routine measure to estimate postmortem interval (IPM) in human forensics. Early IPM for humans is 24 hours on average, but there is no information regarding animals that allow the use of algor mortis as an estimator of IPM. In this study, the core body and ambient temperature were measured continuously in 50 dead laboratory rats. Results showed that, on average, early IPM was 11 hours 14 minutes, ranging between 8 hours and 32 minutes and 17 hours with 7 minutes. An equation that estimates the IPM in rats was also obtained, minimizing residuals. This is the first experimental study aimed to obtain parameters to estimate the postmortem interval from algor mortis in animals.


In this paper, a high-efficiency transceiver antenna with embedded high magnetic permeability core of segmented two-turns loop is presented. It can be applied in the implanted device of monitoring human body neural with a wireless charging and bi-directional data transmission. The whole structure of transmitting and receiving antenna is basically similar; the difference is that receiving antenna is composed of double-sided ring and an embedded magnetic core at central position, transmitting antenna can be realized by dividing ring and welding fixed-value capacitor at corresponding position. The efficiency of wireless energy transfer has been improved and the specific absorption rate value has been reducing by simulation optimization. Compared with conventional loop antenna, our transmission efficiency has been exceed doubled and average SAR reduced by approximately 52%, when the distance of wireless transmission is 5mm. Finally, we fabricate a conventional loop antenna, a segmented loop antenna with embedded magnetic core and a kind of mixed liquid that have the same dielectric parameters with skin at 402MHz. Experiences show that actual results of transmission efficiency are in good agreement with the simulation results.


The model experiments were performed in tile circular water tank on the simple cambered and the super-V otter boards attached with the slotted fowler flap at the trailing edge in order to develop more efficient shearing characteristics. The dimension of the model otter boards was varied slightly in the flap chord ratio and in the area in accordance with the flap angle . The maximum shearing coefficient and hydrodynamic efficiency in the superV type were higher than their efficiencies and in the simple cambered type. As the shearing forces of the otter boards with flap were increased mere than these without flap in spite of increasing the drag and the instability. The effect of flap should be fully investigated for the application.


Context: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) are the leading cause of death and globally kill 1.2 million people every year and leave 20 - 50 million people injured and disabled. In Iran, traffic related fatalities are the leading cause of death among all inadvertent fatal injuries imposed on children under five. Herein, authors review the epidemiological studies performed on vehicle accidents among Iranian children and adolescents to improve the knowledge about these preventable events. Evidence Acquisition: International databases including PubMed, Google scholar, science direct Cochrane library, and national data bases such as scientific information database (SID) were searched for terms; children, motor vehicle accident, road traffic injuries, Iran 2000 - 2015. Publication in Persian or English language related to the subject including Iranian children and adolescent's age groups were included. Among the 312 articles, 11 (two abstracts and nine full texts) were selected. Nine full texts were reviewed. Results: From 22865 victims, about 3578 children and adolescents under 19 years old were identified. Males were more affected than females. Pedestrian injury with 43.66% was the most common case of road traffic injuries. Head trauma was the most common cause of injuries reported by eight of the reviewed articles. Most of the accidents occurred between 1:00 - 6:00 PM. Most of RTIs occurred in summer. Care by emergency medical services (EMS) (29.14%) was reported by five out of the nine reviewed article. Conclusions: Most of the road traffic injuries among Iranian children and adolescents are preventable using appropriate preventive strategies such as safety facilities, safe vehicles, and safe traffic behavior, and establishing comprehensive public education programs for older children and their parents. Language: en


Objective To evaluate the correlation of CYP1A1 gene MspⅠ polymorphism and CYP2D6*10 allele C188T polymorphism with the genetic susceptibility to lung cancer.Methods The distribution frequencies of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms were detected in 86 lung cancer cases and 86 controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP),and the relationship between the genetic polymorphism and genetic susceptibility to lung cancer was also analyzed.Results The frequencies of CYP1A1 gene CC,TC and TT genotypes in case group were 17.44%,38.37% and 44.19%,but that were 12.79%,29.07% and 58.14% in control group.Compared with TT genotype,the odd ratios of TT and TC genotypes were 1.79(OR95%CI:0.68-4.77) and 1.74(OR95%CI:0.84-3.59).The frequencies of CYP2D6 gene C188/C,C188/T and T188/T genotypes in case group were 31.40%,38.37% and 30.23%,but that were 44.19%,33.72% and 22.09% in control group.Compared with T188/T genotype,the odd ratios of C188/C and C188/T genotypes were 1.93(OR95%CI:0.83-4.48) and 1.60(OR95%CI:0.75-3.44).The individuals with both CYP1A1(CC+TC) genotypes and CYP2D6(C188/C+C188/T) genotypes showed 2.75-fold increase of risk(OR95%CI:1.06-7.20).Conclusion Single polymorphism of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 does not show the risk of developing lung cancer,but the combination of two genetic polymorphisms significantly increases the risk of developing lung cancer.


As an old industrial base,northeast remains a wealth of industrial heritage,to protect these non-renewable valuable asset and for tourism using,not only requires the joint efforts of all aspects of society,but also needs the government to play a necessary role.The government through formulates scientific and rational development planning,improves the relevant laws and regulations,sets up a strong support system,not only be able to speed up the process of northeast industrial heritage conservation and tourism using,but also be able to achieve the unity of economic and social benefits,thus contributing to The revitalization of old industrial base.


Abstract This article outlines how and why new tools and approaches for understanding landscape character, intended to inform and involve a wide range of professional disciplines, have developed. As one of these tools, HLC aims to map the character and time-depth of the whole landscape. It is ensuring that the inherited character of the present landscape is taken into account, both at a strategic and site-based level. HLC can also inform new – as yet tentative or unclear – avenues of research.


Objective: To quantify different emphysema evolution in current and former smokers. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed low-dose computed tomography scans from a lung cancer screening study of 59 current and 75 former smokers. The quantitative emphysema analysis was performed using a home-built software (YACTA version 0.9), yielding the parameters lung volume, emphysema volume (EV), emphysema index (EI), mean lung density, and 15th percentile. Results: The baseline EV and EI were significantly different (median EVformer =422 mL vs EVcurrent =249 mL, P = 0.0003; and median EIformer =7.6 % vs EIcurrent =4.1 %, P = 0.0001, respectively). On the annual repeat scan, the median EI and EV for former smokers had decreased significantly (&Dgr;EIformer = −0.257%, P = 0.004; and &Dgr;EVcurrent = −0.203 mL, P = 0.020), whereas there was no emphysema change in current smokers. Conclusions: We were able to demonstrate different emphysema evolution in current versus former smokers; emphysema parameters decreased in the former smokers and remained stable in current smokers.


Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individual-level affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group's affective composition. We discuss explicit and implicit processes through which this affective combination occurs by examining the research on emotional contagion, entrainment, modeling, and the manipulation of affect. We also explore how elements of the affective context, such as organizationwide emotion norms and the group's particular emotional history, may serve to constrain or amplify group members' emotions. The outcome, group emotion, results from the combination of the group's affective composition and the affective context in which the group is behaving. Last, we focus on the important interaction between nonaffective factors and affective factors in group life and suggest a possible agenda for future research.


Block Jin98 has poor physical properties and connectivity,showing poor development response and low production rate for a long time.Models of structure and well pattern are reestablished on the basis of meticulous reservoir description,pattern and spacing optimization as well as laboratory physical modeling for water flooding.Secondary development modification program is formulated focusing on water flooding.Field application of the program has achieved good effect,thus providing a new technical direction for efficient secondary development.


An 86-year-old woman presented with a six-month history of bilateral hand and feet numbness and diffuse weakness. On examination cranial nerves were intact. The motor examination revealed decreased bulk throughout with no fasciculations. There was diffuse weakness (grade 3 to 4-) in all muscle groups with diffuse 3+ hyperflexia. Sensory examination showed 'glove and stocking' pattern loss of proprioception and vibration with preservation of 'pin prick'pain. Computed tomography (CT) of the cervical spine (Figure 1AC) revealed a large, slightly hyperdense mass, containing multiple small calcifications, located at the C1/2 level. This extended from the tip of the clivus superiorly to the lower third of C2 vertebra inferiorly, along the posterior aspect of C2 vertebra. There was erosion of the dorsal portion of the dens with marked compression of the cord at C2 level. On MRI the lesion was isointense to muscle on T1-weighted (Figure 2) and hypointense on T2-weighted images (Figure 3). In addition to compression of the cord there were also changes of myelomalacia. The posterior aspect of the dens appeared to be remodeled with preservation of the cortical line. A benign extraosseous etiology was favored as the lesion showed remodeling of bone rather than destruction, was hypointense on T2-weighted images rather than hyperintense, and had smooth obtuse angles of contact with the dens. The differential diagnosis included synovial osteochondromatosis, inflammatory masses and benign chondroid lesions. Posterior decompression from the lower part of the occiput to the upper part of C3 vertebra was performed and a biopsy of the epidural mass was obtained. The specimen showed robust calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition with no evidence of neoplasm or inflammation (Figures 4-6). A final diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition disease resulting in compressive cervical myelopathy was established. At four months post surgery follow-up there was complete clinical recovery with no residual neurological deficit. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease is a general term for a disorder characterized by the presence of CPPD crystals in or around joints.1 These weakly, positively birefringent crystals can cause an inflammatory arthropathy and lead to characteristic chondrocalcinosis.1 One of the clinical patterns associated with this crystal deposition is called pseudogout, due to its similarity with gouty arthritis.1 Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition may take place in the peripheral joints, particularly the knees, ankles, wrists, and second and third metacarpophalangeal joints.1 Though involvement of the lumbar spine is not uncommon,2 CPPD deposition in the cervical spine is, however, rare.3 Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease is found in both males and females and is generally observed in the middle aged and elderly.1 However, the mechanism of CPPD crystal precipitation in cartilage is yet unknown.1 Va r i o u s theories include increased production of pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals in articular structures, a leakage of crystals from the articular cartilage and a decrease in rate of clearance of normal CPPD crystals from cartilage or synovium.4 In the spine there is frequent involvement of the intervertebral disc resulting in characteristic, though not specific, calcifications. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition in the spine can also be found in the ligamentum flavum, posterior longitudinal ligament, interspinous and supraspinous ligaments and the interspinous bursae.5 To the best of our knowledge, cervical myelopathy resulting from CPPD deposition has been reported in only 26 patients to date in the English literature,3 of which 80% have been older women. This gender predilection also applies to our patient. Apart from presenting with chronic cervical symptoms, crystal deposition diseases like CPPD and hydroxyapatite deposition disease can sometimes manifest as acute neck pain.6,7 When this clinical presentation is associated with a tomographic appearance of calcification surrounding the odontoid process, the condition is termed 'Crowned dens syndrome'.6,7 This disease (which affects only adult females) presents with inflammatory signs and can be usually treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with good recovery.6,7


The effect of RRA(Retrogression and Re-aging)treatment on the mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu aluminum alloys was investigated using tensile test and aging curves. The result shows that the strength of 7XXX alloy without Ag decreases with the increasing of retrogression time, the peak of elongation is achieved at 300s;while GP zones and η′ phase solution temperature range are changed because of the additon of trace Ag,the stability of GP zones and η′ phase of 7XXX are improved; the strength of the alloy decreases and the elongation increases dramatically after RRA treatment.


Weather radar simulation technology has many applications in civil aviation, military and other fields. Using the emulator, weather radar signals from the past can be observed repeatedly. With the development of electronic circuit technology, weather radar emulators develop to a faster response speed. This paper introduces a weather radar emulator based on DDS technology and details its design and realization. The test results show that the system can output the waveform specified by the upper computer and drive the upper computer to produce weather radar images.


This paper investigates the performance of a single-phase induction motor (SPIM) drive operated as two-phase motor (TPIM) and controlled basing on fuzzy logic (FL). Because of coupling behavior between fluxes in motor, it is still necessary to advance in controller tuning. The applied control strategy proposed in this paper is the vector control based on fuzzy controllers. The application of this control strategy to the single-phase motor operating as two-phase motor increases its dynamic performance and constitutes a contribution to the study of this machine. Indeed, this type of machine has not yet taken its whole share from various works present until now, compared to the three-phase induction machine. The performances of the proposed control; applied to the single-phase induction motor supplied by voltage source inverter; are investigated by simulations under different operating conditions. The obtained results; compared to the traditional control method based on conventional controllers (CC); show the effectiveness and stronger robustness of the control system.


Labor has a very important position as actors and objectives of development, therefore all activities carried out by workers will contain aspects of social relations, legal relations, interm organizational relationships that give rise to rights and obligations and are carried out based on the values contained in Pancasila. One of the problems in labor is Industrial Relations Disputes. One of the problems in industrial relations disputes is Termination of Employment. Termination of employment, according to Law Number 13 Year 2003 concerning Manpower Article 1 paragraph 25, the definition is the termination of a work relationship due to certain matters resulting in the termination of rights and obligations between workers / laborers and entrepreneurs. This research uses normative juridical research and analytical descriptive research. The techniques used in data collection through library research and field research. Layoffs are not only factored by employers / employers, there are several other factors that influence including factors from the workers / laborers. It is also undeniable that the process of terminating employment has constraints and obstacles based on the employer / employer, worker / laborer and also the Industrial Relations Settlement institution.


We investigate the switching current density reduction of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy spin transfer torque magnetic tunneling junctions using micromagnetic simulations. We find that the switching current density can be reduced with elongated lateral shapes of the magnetic tunnel junctions, and additional reduction can be achieved by using a noncollinear polarizer layer. The reduction is closely related to the details of spin configurations during switching processes with the additional in-plane anisotropy.


We have experimentally investigated the patterns in the influence of opening angle of the scraper unit, inclination angle of scrapers, and motion speed of the scraper unit, on specific energy consumption by the improved scraper unit. We have experimentally substantiated the hourly schedule of manure accumulation and a schedule for turning the scraper unit on; it is proposed to remove manure 5 times during 24 hours: at 7, 9, 14, 18, 22, which would significantly reduce resource consumption and energy costs associated with the launch of a conveyor. Experimental study enabled determining the structural (opening angle of the scraper unit and inclination angle of the working surfaces of scratchers) and technological (motion speed of the scraper unit) parameters, at which the improved scraper unit would demonstrate minimum specific energy consumption. The optimal parameters for a scraper unit, at which the improved scraper unit would have minimum specific energy consumption, are the scraper unit opening angle in the range of 105 to 115°; inclination angle of the working surface of scrapers is 60°, motion speed of the scraper unit is 0.13 m/s. Based on these indicators, we assembled the developed scraper unit for manure removal. We have conducted comparative experimental study into operation of the developed scraper unit for manure removal and the prototype, commercially available scraper unit USG-3. This study demonstrated the advantage of the developed scraper unit compared to USG-3; specific energy consumption reduces by the amount of 44 to 48 % to 0.34‒0.36 kW h/t. The established rational parameters and operating modes of the scraper unit reduce energy consumption of the scraper unit required, while maintaining the required quality for cleaning a manure channel, which confirms the feasibility of its industrial production. The research results reported here could be applied when designing the bulldozers and other melioration equipment.


We analyze the maximum transmission distance and hop count of M-QAM signals, where link and node transmission characteristics are jointly considered. With the modulation format optimally determined by the analyses, spectral efficiencies of ultra-dense wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks are maximized.


This paper evaluates a 20-item assessment of citizenship literacy in an adult sample comprising 179 persons of English-speaking and non-English speaking background. The results indicated that the assessment was internally consistent and that as expected it distinguished English-speaking from non-English speaking participants. The pattern of answers provided an initial, albeit partial, understanding of what might constitute citizenship information but it also highlighted some limitations. The assessment failed to tap the ability levels of those with higher knowledge. Nevertheless, the results also indicated some deficits in adult general knowledge. The potential failure rate even with a cut-off point of 60% correct was quite high. Just over one-in-five failed to pass. The results have implications for the proposed revisions to the Australian Citizenship Test.


Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is a liver derived plasma pattern recognition molecule that plays an important role in innate immune defence. Genetically driven deficiencies in MBL level and function are associated with increased frequency and severity of infection, and increased prevalence of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. Extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) are at increased risk of acquiring infection and innate immunity is particularly important in this group. We assessed functional MBL level and capacity to activate the complement cascade in ELBWI.

 ELBW infants (< 1500 g, n=141) were recruited from the Mater Mothers' Hospital (informed parental consent, ethics #492M). Whole blood was collected into EDTA coated tubes at birth (cord blood), and at D7 and D28 postpartum (heel prick). Functional MBL level and C4 deposition capacity were determined by ELISAs. MBL genotype was determined by PCR. MBL oligomerisation was determined by western blot. Full birth weight infants (n=190) and healthy adult blood donors (n=236) were used as comparators (unpaired t-test P<0.05).

 Compared to both full term neonates and adults, new born ELBW infants had significantly reduced MBL level (both P<0.001) and C4 deposition capacity (both P<0.001). Mannan binding and C4 deposition capacity of MBL in ELBW neonates increased over the first 28 Days, reaching comparative function to full term neonates by D7. Increased mannan binding and C4 deposition was associated with increased oligomerisation of MBL.

 Development of functional MBL was delayed in ELBW infants. MBL oligomerisation was associated with increased capacity to activate the complement cascade.


The data includes the answers to a structured survey of the author for energy policymakers in the provider and donor institutions of the technical assistance program for the development of the Turkish energy sector.


The publication of Professor J. G. F. Powell's new edition of the Appendix Probi in the same issue of the Classical Quarterly as this article will enable readers to assess the arguments presented here in the perspective of a full and reliable text. My thanks are due to Professor Powell for his courtesy in giving me advance access to his readings, which I have been able to take into account in presenting the results of my own investigations. We have, however, worked independently, and he is in no way responsible for the views I express, nor I of his.1


It is known that there are many methods to study the convexity for second order elliptic PDE.In this paper,we mainly give an application for certain second order semilinear elliptic PDE making use of deformation technique.


An assay is available to determine the presence or absence of oestrogen receptors in breast cancer cells. The presence of oestrogen receptors predicts a 60% response rate to empirical hormonal therapy, and the absence a 10% response rate. Early evidence suggests that the additional presence of other hormone receptors in breast cancer cells will improve this response rate.


This paper presents a method for assessing the performance of a flexible multi-point measurement system. This system features utilization of the high-precision timing source allowing to record voltages and currents synchronously at different points of the grid. The quality of time synchronization is crucial if high frequency harmonic components are to be evaluated and allocation of emission limits performed. Experimental tests for characterizing the measurement system accuracy for power system harmonics are briefly discussed.


The method of aligning an inertial unit in axially symmetrical vibrating sensor that generates a vibration includes the step of establishing the vibration in a position for which the sensor has an error variation of drift is minimized with respect to a variation in the drift error for other positions of the vibration.


Twenty years ago the distinguished astronomer Gerasimovich noted that "No attempt has been made to apply the well-ripened methods of theoretical astrophysics to the world of the planets, except for Kothari's very interesting endeavor of applying the theory of white dwarfs to the problem of the internal constitution of the planets." There are good reasons why the proven methods of analysis of stellar structure are not suited to the study of planetary interiors, even in the exceptional case referred to by Gerasimovich. The classical theory of stellar constitution owes much of its perfection to the circumstance that matter inside the stars is highly ionized and to a good approximation obeys the laws of ideal gases. The planets on the other hand, although their central temperatures may amount to several thousands of degrees, are simply "cold" bodies, by cosmic standards. Hence the theory of planetary constitution is inextricably bound up with the complicated behavior of matter at low temperatures. The bulk of planetary matter is in the condensed, i.e., solid and liquid, state. The compressibility of solids and liquids does not obey any simple physical laws which, with complete confidence, can be extrapolated to such high pressures as prevail in the deep interiors of the planets. Moreover, many solids at certain pressures undergo discontinuous changes in density, so-called phase transitions, which result from a major rearrangement of their crystal structure.


To cultivate a more informed citizenry, we argue that service-learning as a pedagogy has the potential to transform argumentative discourse by creating space for both compassion and rationality in a politically contested learning environment. The paper describes a service-learning experience where engagement with the prison population exposed students directly to issues surrounding rehabilitation. The study found that service- learning relationships between students and prisoners, coupled with reflective writing, provided students with new evidence to support claims about the need for rehabilitation programs in prisons.


The present invention relates to a nonvolatile memory device and a method of manufacturing the same capable of improving the current communication with the string from the signal line structure. The first and second select lines of the non-volatile memory element is parallel to the intersection on the semiconductor substrate, the active region and the device isolation regions, including the shift of the active regions arranged in and the device isolation regions with each other according to the present invention, the first and the 2, the first engagement regions formed in the active region between the select lines, a first and a second junction region claim formed deeper than the first junction region to the spacer, a first junction region formed on the side wall of the second select line, the second joining region contact plug connected to one side of, and a and a dummy plug is connected to the other side of the second junction region. String structure, the current communication, the spacer, the joining region, a bridge


There are many and varying views on the effect of the amount of long-term financing of current assets on the profitability of companies. There are also views that public companies in different sectors in Kenya follow different working capital management policies. The objective of this research study was to establish the working capital management policies of companies in Kenya. The research also addressed the question as to whether there is any significant relationship between working capital management policy and the profitability of a company as measured by the return on equity. The population of interest for the study was all public companies as listed at the Nairobi stock exchange. These companies were fifty one as at 31 5 t December 2002. A random sample of these companies was used. The classification of the companies was based on the categorization as done by the Nairobi stock exchange. The secondary data for the research was extracted from the audited financial statements of the companies sampled. For each firm sampled annual data on the assets (split between current and non-current assets), liabilities (split between current and non-current liabilities), total shareholders' equity and the profit after tax were collected for the penod 1998 to 2002. The data collected was analyzed to determine the individual company' nnu working capital management policy as mea sur d by h long·t rm m nctng of cur r nt ass ) and also the profttabilrty of th camp n . h nnu I or in m nt policy nd profit bilr y w s v r t til ftv y r for ell of h rou1 d nto


The exhaust valve bolt of an ultra supercritical unit broke during its service. This paper makes an all-round study on the fracture reason through macro fracture analysis, chemical composition and material analysis, metallographic structure analysis and hardness analysis. The research shows that the bolt is made of 25Cr2MoV, and the main reason for the fracture of the bolt is the insufficient strength caused by low hardness and uneven structure.


Training has traditionally been a recognized responsibility of EDP shops. The primary objective in training is to indoctrinate new and often inexperienced) hirees on the systems and applications of the organization. Otherwise, the EDP training function is limited to critical events, such as when the hardware or software is enhanced and updated or when a new software package is installed. In recent years, however, there has been a radical shift in the goals and purpose of EDP training. Today, a major portion of EDP training consists of enhancing or retooling the skills of analysts and programmers. The reasons for this shift are twofold: First, the complexity level of the new applications is steadily rising, seriously affecting the ability of the DP shops to complete projects on time and within costs. Second, new techniques for designing and implementing software systems have surfaced that often are not yet a part of the repetoire of the average system analyst or programmer.
 In this paper the author presents his views on the basic questions of: (1) the nature of structured methods, (2) the need and motivation for training DP professionals in the art and science of structured methods and (3) a suggested content for a training program in structured methods. The paper concludes with the author's experience of conducting training in structured methods and an analysis of the factors essential for a successful implementation of such training.


The  article  considers  the  task  of  creating  of  the  Atlas  of  the  Tyumen  Region Heritage as a fundamental publication,  summarizing the results of cultural and  natural  heritage  of  the  region  studies  by  the  beginning  of  the  21st  century.  The  goals  for  such  a cartographic  creation  are  formulated,  and  the  first  samples  of  the  created  maps  are demonstrated:  overview  small-scale  thematic  maps  throughout  the  south  of  the  Tyumen region  and  regional  large-scale  maps  for  municipal  districts  and  urban  settlements.  The structure  of  the  Atlas  of  the  Tyumen  Region  Heritage  was  proposed  and  an  approximate list of maps and additional information material included in it, was compiled.


Objective:To summarize the method of sequential mini-invasive treatment of combined laparoscopy,choledochoscopy and duodenoscopy for biliary stones.Methods:The clinical data of 2 012 cases of biliary stones treated by laparoscopy combined with choledochoscopy and duodenoscopy from May 2001 to May 2010 was retrospectively analyzed.Results:One thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven of the 2 012 patients were cured.Laparoscopy was used in 1 491 cases,and duodenoscopy in 45 cases,laparoscopy combined with duodenoscopy in 279 cases,laparoscopy combined with duodenoscopy and choledochoscopy in 142 cases.55 cases were converted to laparotomy.The success rate of the sequential treatment was 97.27% and the complication occurrence rate was 2.09%.No death occurred.Conclusions:This method has the advantages of little trauma and rapid recovery.It improves the success rate of mini-invasive treatment of biliary stones and the clinical effect is satisfied.


This research aims to provide information about the making of an application with the Student Email reports based WEB site built using PHP and MySQL. The research methodology used is a combination of literature study and field study consisted of four stages, namely analyzing the problem, analyze the needs of software and data collection, making the application and final design testing applications. This application is used to record data into the email contact Student Site and organize these data in order to have ease in finding the necessary information and preparing reports of such information for each month. As for how that can be added to this application to add keefesiensian process of inputting the data is to use speech recognition method that can be adopted from the technique of expert system.


Agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, play an important role in agricultural operations to control unwanted pests and maximize crop yield. However, these chemicals may also threaten aquatic life. The abundance of agricultural chemicals, specifically atrazine and metolachlor, was measured in eighteen headwater streams of the Upper White River Watershed (UWRW) of central Indiana. Sites were selected to represent a range of agriculture activity within the watershed. Sites were sampled seasonally over one year (N54) to assess temporal variation in herbicide abundance and the influence of physiochemical factors. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess independent variables influencing stream herbicide concentrations. All sites had measurable concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor during June 2010 sampling; no herbicides were above the detection limit in August; only two sites had measureable concentrations of metolachlor in November; and, one site had measurable concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in May. These data indicate concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in central Indiana streams are temporally variable, being highest in late spring. Concentrations measured were comparable to other studies in agricultural areas and frequently exceeded concentrations known to have adverse effects on aquatic organisms.


The operation of silicon carbide (SiC) power semiconductor devices under high ambient temperature requires high temperature gate drivers adjacent to the devices. This paper presents a three-phase isolated gate driver circuit suitable for HybridPACK Drive (HP Drive) power modules with operating ambient temperature up to 175°C. First, an overall introduction of the gate driver structure and layout design method for reducing thermal coupling are presented. Second, detailed designs are presented in the form of sub-circuits such as desaturation protection circuit, isolated power supply, active Miller clamp, undervoltage lockout and so on. Finally, the proposed gate driver design is validated through double pulse test, continuous full-load operation under 145°C and continuous light-load test under 175°C. Comprehensive performance evaluation of proposed high temperature gate driver is presented.


Low value add gained by farmers of Sumba Barat Daya (Southwest fo Sumba) as they sell coffee as beans rather than processed product. We conducted a research to explore opportunity to develop microenterprise based on ready to consume processed coffee production. A case study was implemented through direct observation to activities of a micro industry producing ginger coffee in Wewewa Tengah SubDistrict of Sumba Barat Daya District of East Nusa Tenggara Province. In-depth interview was used for data collection in order to gain quantitative depiction of the business. The data was inserted in financial calculation to find out business feasibility. Financial analysis reveals a positive Net Present Value of IDR109,696,529 and Internal Rate of Return of 5.76% assuming that the interest rate of Credit for Bussines (KUR) ia 9,0%. It also shows 3.05 Probability Index which indicate the prospect of developing the business sustainable in micro scale providing that 1) they acquire continuous assistance of technology as well as business management 2) the business is managed based on socio-business system accommodating sosio-economic condition of the locals 3) the business is managed as a community owned cooperative in which fair share system is applied. To conclude, this could be a feasible business system to achieve prosperity for rural.


Increasing evidence indicates ATP1B3, one of the regulatory subunits of Na+/K+‐ATPase, is involved in numerous viral propagations, such as HIV and EV71. However, the function and mechanism of ATP1B3 on hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation is unknown. Here, we demonstrated that ATP1B3 overexpression reduced the quantity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in supernatants of HBV expression plasmids cotransfected HepG2 cells. Correspondingly, small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA mediated ATP1B3 silencing promoted HBsAg and HBeAg expression in the supernatants of HBV expression plasmids transfected HepG2 cells. Mechanically, we reported that ATP1B3 expression could activate nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway by inducing the expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear import of P65 for the first time. And NF‐κB inhibitor (Bay11) impaired the restraint of ATP1B3 on HBV replication. This counteraction effect of Bay11 proved that ATP1B3‐induced NF‐κB activation was crucial for HBV restriction. Accordingly, we observed that anti‐HBV factors interferon‐α (IFN‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) production were increased in HepG2 cells after the NF‐κB activation. It suggested that ATP1B3 suppressed HBsAg and HBeAg by NF‐κB/IFN‐α and NF‐κB/IL‐6 axis. Further experiments proved that ATP1B3 overexpression induced anti‐HBV factor BST‐2 expression by NF‐κB/IFN‐α axis in HepG2 cells but not HEK293T cells, and ATP1B3 silencing downregulated BST‐2 messenger RNA level in HepG2 cells. As an HBV restriction factor, BST‐2 cooperated with ATP1B3 to antagonize HBsAg but not HBeAg in HepG2 cells. Our work identified ATP1B3 as a novel candidate of HBV restrictor with unrevealed mechanism and we highlighted it might serve as a potential therapeutic molecule for HBV infection.


Organic electro-optic thin films and nanowires intended for hybrid integration with Si have been prepared. The realization of optical microresonators based on these fast responding materials and on ion-sliced LiNbO3 thin films will be presented. Article not available.


We can easily find well-known narratives of experiences, vignettes and case stories of psychoanalysis written by the analysts; they constitute a great part of which what we call our "literature". Much less frequent are the texts of sessions and of cures in which the authors are the "patients" (classical psychoanalysis) or the "analysands" (Lacanian vocabulary) themselves. This paper deals on just these and in the descriptions they give and wrote about. We quote cases seen by Freud, Jung, Winnicott and Lacan. It is noteworthy to see the fictitious characteristics of these testimonies that end up being true novels of what happened during the analysis... very like what happens with the clinical cases that swarm in magazines and book collections specialized in psychoanalysis. The "memories" of the analysts and analysands do not tell the "truth" of what happened because they are constructions that make us ask ourselves about the desire of the narrator in telling them. "It is not the memory which accounts for the unconscious but the unconscious which accounts for the memory". The Lacanian dispositive of "la passe" is an attempt to free psychoanalysis from the distortions of the memories of what really happened in a cure by taking it out of the subjectivity of the couple: analyst/analysand.


This article describes the analytical study of multi-metallic sensing layer of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. The monolayer gold, bimetallic silver-gold, trimetallic gold-silver-gold, and four-metallic layer silver-gold-silver-gold are characterized in this study. Furthermore, novel adhesive layer 3 nm of the aluminum film is proposed to replace the chromium. The four-layer of silver and gold around 40 nm in total thickness is proposed to enhance the quality factor of reflectivity dip, sensitivity, and the dynamic range of the sensing. The four-metallic sensing achieves the highest intrinsic sensitivity value of 27.6 RIU−1 and the detection range of refractive index value up to 1.407 RIU. This finding is potential for the sensor development for high refractive index solution.


Despite the fact that most adult humans worldwide are latently infected by the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), only a very small percentage of them will develop an EBV‐associated malignancy. We do not know whether this situation reflects the existence of more sensitive individuals or of particularly tumorigenic EBV strains. We postulated that if highly tumorigenic EBV strains did exist, they would be preferentially found in consistently EBV‐associated tumors, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and differ significantly from the strains present in other, non‐pathological sites of the same patients. To test this hypothesis, we compared the BNLF1 gene of the EBV strains present in tumors and in "reservoir lymphocytes" of 6 NPC‐bearing patients from Tunisia. Our results show that all of these patients were infected by more than 1 (and up to 7) EBV strains. Moreover, lymphocytes and tumor cells from the same individual were systematically infected by different viral strains. The origin and biological significance of these multistrain infections are discussed. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Such key problems in the research of genetic diversity by molecular markers were discussed,such as how to get samples,choose suitable molecular markers,and the advantage and disadvantage of different markers,suitable range of markers,comparability of genetic parameters,correlation between different markers,and the reason resulting in different genetic clustering.


Group irritability is a universal existence of cell-to-cell communications in bacteria,i.e.bacteria can release expandable signal molecules to percept the density of cell group and regulate some physiological behavior of their own.Recent studies have found that among fungi also exist pheromone similar to bacterial group signal molecules,and participate in regulation of their physiological behaviors such as phase diversion,pathogenesis,secondary metabolite production etc.Recent progress on group irritability system in fungi was reviewed in this paper.


The paper proposes new algorithm for solving the flat problem of computed tomography by direct method of Fourier for the symmetric functions using spline-interlination. The algorithm reduces the number of operations needed to compute the Fourier series asymptotically twice.


One of the most pressing issues concerning policymakers today is the choice of an exchange rate regime. Despite the intricacies of this problem, monetary authorities could narrow down their list of options if they were to focus on the following principles: full implementation to ensure credibility and synchronization with domestic realities and economic infrastructure. This paper proposes an optimal exchange rate regime for Pakistan based on a historical study of the outcomes and performance of different monetary stances adopted over the last 40 years.


Calcium mishandling in Duchenne dystrophic muscle suggested that dystrophin, a membrane‐associated cytoskeleton protein, might regulate calcium signaling cascade such as calcium influx pathway. It was previously shown that abnormal calcium entries involve uncontrolled stretch‐activated currents and store‐operated Ca2+ currents supported by TRPC1 channels. Moreover, our recent work demonstrated that reintroduction of minidystrophin in dystrophic myotubes restores normal capacitative calcium entries (CCEs). However, until now, no molecular link between the dystrophin complex and calcium entry channels has been described. This study is the first to show by coimmunoprecipitation assays the molecular association of TRPC1 with dystrophin and α1‐syntrophin in muscle cells. TRPC1 was also associated with α1‐syntrophin in dystrophic muscle cells independently of dystrophin. Furthermore, glutathione S‐transferase (GST) pull‐down assays showed that TRPC1 binds to the α1‐syntrophin PDZ domain. Transfected recombinant α1‐syntrophin formed a complex with TRPC1 channels and restored normal CCEs in dystrophic muscle cells. We suggest that normal regulation of CCEs in skeletal muscle depends on the association between TRPC1 channels and α1‐syntrophin that may anchor the store‐operated channels to the dystrophin‐associated protein complex (DAPC). The loss of this molecular association could participate in the calcium alterations observed in dystrophic muscle cells. This study provides a new model for the regulation of calcium influx by interaction with the scaffold of the DAPC in muscle cells.—Vandebrouck, A., Sabourin, J., Rivet, J., Balghi, H., Sebille, S., Kitzis, A., Raymond, G., Cognard, C., Bourmeyster, N., Constantin, B. Regulation of capacitative calcium entries by α1‐syntrophin: association of TRPC1 with dystrophin complex and the PDZ domain of α1‐syntrophin. FASEB J. 21, 608–617 (2007)