Copper-based quaternery chalcogenides such as Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf>(CZTS), Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSnS<inf>4</inf>(CZTSe), Cu<inf>2</inf>ZnSn <tex>$(S_{x} Se_{1-x})_{4}$</tex> and Cu<inf>2</inf>FeSnSe<inf>4</inf>(CFTSe) have started grabbing attention as a suitable absorber layer. However, Cu<inf>2</inf>FeSnSe4 is not as much explored material as CZTS. In the work, the study of different physical properties on CFTSe power conversion efficiency is analyzed. Discussed the numerical investigations made on different parameters such as thickness and doping concentration in the device under non-radiative recombination(NRR) and total recombination(TR). It is observed that there is an improvement in device performance as the parameters are varied accordingly in the two different recombination.


Mitochondrial is an important energy-producing organelle that can be get in many cells , and it is involved in the events of growth , development ,age , apoptosis and disease. The study on mitochondrial genome is one hot field in recent molecular biology. Mitochondrial DNA is widely used in the studying field of mechanism of disease,heredity breeding of animals, evolution of creatures, and many valuable results have been obtained.Some methods about mtDNA extraction have been adopted such as density-gradient centrifugation,enzyme digestion, high speed centrifugation, column chro-matography and Alkaline Lysis. We also compared these methods about mitochondrial DNA extraction in this paper.


The present study aimed to analyze the phytochemical compounds, and evaluate the cytotoxic, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Tabebuia serratifolia flowers. The phytochemical analysis was performed using qualitative colorimetric tests, the cytotoxicity by the Artemia salina lethality test, the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ability to deactivate the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method, against the microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella sp. The results revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and triterpenes or steroids. It was observed the cytotoxicity (LD50=679 µg/mL), antioxidant activity (EC50=86 mg/mL) and antibacterial activity on all strains tested.


We report backscattering of -19 to -36 dB per 1mm of waveguide length. We find the dependence of backscattering intensity on waveguide geometry and polarization to be consistent with backscattering being dominated by sidewall defects.


Kinetics regularities of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on Armco iron and copper anodic ionization, covered with a hydrocarbon film based on I-20A oil with a fixed amount of gun grease of the highest quality (GGHQ), were studied at room temperature. The measurements were carried out in aqueous and methanol solutions with the electrolyte composition of x M HCl + (1 x) M LiCl and 0.1 М HCl + х М LiCl + (3.9 х) М LiClO4. The Tafel slope coefficients values, and the orders of reactions, with respect to hydrogen ions (Fe, Cu) and chloride-ions (Cu) were estimated. The effect of oxyethylated amines (OEA), introduced into the solution or hydrocarbon surface coating, on the kinetics of electrode processes, for iron and copper, has been studied. It is shown that HER mechanism on Armco iron and copper anodic ionization does not change in the presence of a hydrocarbon coating on the metal surface. Large OEA molecules freely penetrate from the solution through the hydrocarbon coating to the metal surface, changing partial electrode reactions kinetics. The results are interpreted taking into account the hydrocarbon films surface porous structure.


This article sets out to re-examine the rationale for the presumption of innocence, and then assesses four contemporary threats to the presumption—through confinement, by defining offences so as to reduce the presumption's impact; erosion, by recognising more exceptions; evasion, by introducing more civil and hybrid procedures; and side-stepping, by increasing restrictions on liberty to little short of its full deprivation.


Therapeutic or medical clowning is a new concept across various healthcare settings around the world [1]. It is a paramedical practice in which clowns are associated with healthcare system to mitigate anxiety, stress, fear and sadness in admitted patients, thereby augmenting the healing process [2]. They create a more positive and constructive hospital environment and trust between patients and medical teams. Research has concluded that medical clowns have a significantly positive effect in adults [3]. A consistent observation has been seen that clowns are always appreciated by pediatric patients [4].


This paper studies scheduling of malleable fork-join tasks. In our scheduling problem, each task can be partitioned into multiple sub-tasks, and the sub-tasks are scheduled independently. The optimal number of sub-tasks is determined during scheduling simultaneously. This paper formulates the scheduling problem as an integer linear programming problem.


Effects of climatic factors on the contents of protein and four protein fractions in early hsien rice during the milking and mature period were studied.The results showed that:daily mean temperature and mean daylight hour during the milking and mature period had a great effect on the contents of protein and four protein fractions,of which daily mean temperature was a leading factor affecting the five characters.The daily mean temperature in different time sections had different effects on the five characters during the milking and mature period.Protein content,contents of albumin and glotelin were affected by temperature greatly in the early and middle stages of the milking and mature period,but the contents of globulin and prolamine were affected in the middle and late stages.Differences in distribution of temperature in different time sections affected protein content and contents of four protein fractions of the varieties with different protein contents.


Question In patients with cancer, what is the relative effectiveness and safety of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH) for perioperative thromboprophylaxis? Review scope Studies selected compared LMWH with UFH for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer. Outcomes included mortality, deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), major and minor bleeding, and thrombocytopenia. Review methods Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, and ISI the Web of Science (to Jan 2007); conference proceedings; reference lists; and the related articles feature of PubMed were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). 14 RCTs (n =5502) met the selection criteria. 6 trials reported adequate concealment of allocation, and 8 trials reported blinding. All trials used preoperative prophylactic anticoagulation. Main results Compared with UFH, LMWH reduced DVT (detected by clinical symptoms or screening with I125-fibrinogen scan, venography, ultrasonography, or impedance plethysmography) but not mortality (Table). Groups did not differ for symptomatic DVT (6 RCTs), PE (12 RCTs), major bleeding (6 RCTs), minor bleeding (3 RCTs), or thrombocytopenia (3 RCTs). Conclusion In patients with cancer having surgery, perioperative low-molecular-weight heparin does not reduce mortality more than unfractionated heparin but reduces risk for deep venous thrombosis, with no increase in bleeding. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) vs unfractionated heparin (UFH) for perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer* Outcomes Number of trials (n) Weighted event rates RRR (95% CI) NNT (CI) LMWH UFH Death 7 (3008) 4.5% 5.2% 12 (19 to 35) Not significant Deep venous thrombosis 12 (4134) 4.4% 6.1% 28 (6 to 45) 59 (37 to 275) *Abbreviations defined in Glossary. Weighted event rates, RRR, NNT, and CI calculated from data in article using a fixed-effects model for death and a random-effects model for deep venous thrombosis. Commentary Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer is usually associated with central venous catheter use, chemotherapy, or most commonly, surgery. In patients with a central venous catheter, thromboprophylaxis reduces the rate of symptomatic DVT, without effect on mortality or bleeding (1). In patients receiving chemotherapy, insufficient evidence exists that prophylaxis reduces VTE. However, the PROTECHT trial, designed to evaluate prophylaxis with LMWH during chemotherapy, has shown promising preliminary results (2). Rates of postoperative VTE without thromboprophylaxis are at least 2-fold higher in patients with cancer than in those without cancer (3). Although evidence-based guidelines recommend thromboprophylaxis in cancer surgery (4), the optimal regimen (LMWH or UFH and duration of such treatment) remains uncertain. The systematic review by Akl and colleagues compared LMWH with UFH as perioperative thromboprophylaxis in patients with cancer. No significant differences were found in mortality, rates of symptomatic PE or DVT, or bleeding events. The reported superiority of LMWH over UFH for prevention of DVT should be interpreted with caution because this was a post hoc outcome of the review. After exclusion of 1 older, unblinded, per-protocolanalyzed trial without objective confirmation of DVT (5), the pooled relative risk, although still favoring LMWH, was no longer statistically significant (0.73, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.00). Further, the diagnostic strategies used to detect DVT were nonstandardized, with the potential to influence the observed treatment effect. From a practical viewpoint, LMWH is a valid alternative to UFH for VTE prophylaxis in patients with cancer and is more convenient because of once-daily administration. For UFH and LMWH to have comparable efficacy for preventing postoperative VTE, treatment should start before surgery. Further improvement might be obtained with either fondaparinux (6) or 1 month of extended prophylaxis (7) if the positive results of these trials are confirmed in future RCTs.


This paper describes the nearly complete embryonic cell lineage of the terrestrial nematode, Halicephalobus gingivalis, up to somatic muscle contraction, resulting in the formation of 536 cells, of which 24 undergo programmed cell death. Halicephalobus gingivalis has a 94% lineage homology with both Caenorhabditis elegans and Pellioditis marina, and a fate homology of only 86% and 78%, respectively. Although H. gingivalis belongs to a different superfamily than C. elegans and P. marina, its cell lineage is remarkably consistent with them. Variations in the fate distribution of cells among the different species were only observed at the end of the cell lineage. The data presented here show that the polyclonal cell specification is much more widespread in clades 9 and 10 and is not a highly derived trait that is specifically linked to the fast development of the model organism C. elegans.


An optical biosensor system using surface-plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence has been developed, which allows high sensitivity and fast measurement available. Intensity of fluorophores in SPFS is highly dependent upon the distance from metal surface. The resonant evanescent electric field excites fluorophores within the penetration area. On the other hand, fluorescence quenching in close proximity to a metal surface interfere with the excitation. We have developed a new technology for fluorescent nanoparticles that could receive the energy from metal surface effectively. This enables technology of detecting strong and stable SPFS signals, as well as homogeneous assay method that allows us to eliminate binding/free separation process for unreacted fluorescent particles. A rate assay method has also been employed, which resolves affect from diffusion-limited access, in order to realize a fast surface immunoreaction in a microchannel. Taking advantage of these two developments, as eliminating an enzyme response process such as CLEIA, our system reaches much faster reaction time of 2 minutes to detect thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of canine serum sample at 0.1ng/mL. We believe our system with these new technologies is a powerful tool for in-vitro diagnosis which meets various clinical requirements.


The ZTL subroutine package is a set of assembly language subroutines that are callable from Supersoft FORTRAN and provide direct access to the Ziatech IEEE-488 interface hardware. These routines provide functions that are normally available only from assembly language and allow the programmer greater capability when using Supersoft FORTRAN. This is especially important in the development of applications programs that interface directly to hardware.


In experimental hypertext fiction workshops at Brown University, undergraduate writers work with programmers to create interactive literary experiences in immersive virtual reality. To involve the writer more directly in the process of implementation, we have created CaveWriting 2006, a spatial hypertext authoring system. Authors can manipulate a graphical front-end to position text, multimedia, and 3D models within virtual space, apply special effects, and create hyperlinks which initiate theatrical events. The result can be previewed at any time inside a desktop window. Moreover, the system's features can be extended in C++, allowing programmers and writers to collaborate directly and work simultaneously.


A new systematic method for nonlinear control design-backstepping-is applied to low-order compression system models. Backstepping achieves global asymptotic stability of both stall and surge in the presence of large uncertainties in the compressor model. Throughout our presentation, we explore the control design implications of the nonlinear equilibrium properties of compressors.


Radiological investigation of the small intestine has in the last few years been the subject of numerous contributions that are interesting from the point of view of the technique of examination. While in the investigation of the stomach and the large intestine the methods at present generally used permit an adequate examination to be made, the examination of the small intestine is far from adequate, and in the majority of cases the study of this fundamental tract of the intestine is neglected. As always happens when an outstanding method does not exist, we have in the last few years, above all in Anglo-Saxon literature, witnessed numerous suggestions for new techniques and modifications of old methods of enquiry, so that it may be said that in English speaking countries the study of the technique of examination of the small intestine has become "the order of the day". This cannot be said of countries speaking Latin tongues. In particular in Italy, after the bases of the X-ray diagnosis of the small intes...


Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are becoming a key-enabling technology and have potential applications in electric and hybrid vehicles due to their high energy density, high voltage, and long lifespan.[1] However, their rate capability which is dominated by the diffusion rate of lithium ions and the electron transport in electrode materials, needs to be improved greatly.[2] Recently, much attention has been paid to high surface area porous carbons with various nanostructures due to the expected reduced diffusion length of lithium ions and rapid charge transfer. [3] In this study, ordered hierarchical nanostructured carbon (OHNC) with multimodal porosities ranging from macroto meso-/micropores was explored as anode material in Li ion battery. Compared with other porous carbon counterparts such as activated carbon and ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3, OHNC has demonstrated a larger Li ion storage capacity (ca. 770 mAh/g at 200 mA/g) and better rate capability which are mainly attributable to its fantastic structural characteristics such as large specific surface area and mesoporous volume, particularly well-developed 3D interconnected ordered macropore framework with open mesopores embedded in the macropore walls, facilitating fast mass transport and electron transfer.


To use hyperoxia in combination with QSM to quantify microvascular oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) in healthy subjects and to cross‐validate results with those from hypercapnia QSM‐OEF.


Changes in water temperatures resulting from climate warming can alter the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Lake-specific physical characteristics may play a role in mediating individual lake responses to climate. Past mechanistic studies of lake–climate interactions have simulated generic lake classes at large spatial scales or performed detailed analyses of small numbers of real lakes. Understanding the diversity of lake responses to climate change across landscapes requires a hybrid approach that couples site-specific lake characteristics with broad-scale environmental drivers. This study provides a substantial advancement in lake ecosystem modeling by combining open-source tools with freely


The invention discloses a construction method of a fully-tamped multi-head pedestal bored concrete pile. During the pile-forming process of bored hole, pile end expanded head, tamping-expanding pile body and pile body expanded head, and vibrating-inserting reinforcing cage, as the soil around the pile and the soil under the pile end are remarkably compressed or vibrated tight under the actions of multiple soil compressing and tight vibrating and the frictional resistance of the soil around the pile and the end resistance of the soil under the pile end are enhanced, the comprehensive bearing capacities of the soil under the pile end, the soil around the pile, the foundation soil under the pile body expanded head and the foundation foil under the pile end expanded head are fully utilized, finally, the bearing capacity of the single pile is greatly improved. The construction method has the advantages that, firstly the expanded head with two or more nodes are adopted according to the characteristics of the different soil layers and the variation of the pile length, the strength of the soil layers under the bearing platform is comprehensively utilized; and secondly, according to the characteristics of the different soil layers, the shrinkage stress variation of the soil layers are coordinated based on different concrete filling coefficients, so as to ensure that the diameter of the pile body is as designed and calculated.


Ion kinetic energy in plasma reactors is controlled by applying radio-frequency (rf) substrate bias, but the efficiency and reproducibility of such control will be affected if the wafer being processed has a significant electrical impedance. Here, the effects of wafer impedance were studied by modeling and electrical measurements. Models of wafer impedance were proposed and tested by comparing model predictions to measured electrical wave forms. The tests were performed in an inductively coupled plasma reactor in 50% Ar, 50% CF4 gas at a pressure of 1.33Pa (10mTorr), rf bias frequencies of 0.1–10MHz, rf bias amplitudes of 20–300V, and inductive source powers of 100–500W. At high bias frequencies, the dominant contribution to the wafer impedance was the capacitance of the gap between the wafer and its chuck. At low bias frequencies, however, a resistance associated with the contact between the wafer and the chuck became significant. Electrical wave forms and ion energy distributions were most sensitive to ...


Resampling methods are statistical procedures that reuse the sample data for the purpose of statistical inference. However, they do not require parametric assumptions that may be difficult to verify in practice. This focus article describes four resampling techniques, the bootstrap, the jackknife, cross‐validation, and permutation tests. Another method, subsampling, is mentioned with two references but is not covered in any detail. These resampling methods and the history of their development are outlined in this paper. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Agriculture is a risky business that is subject to endogenous risks. Endogenous risks caused by input utilization, input affordability and input availability may prove detrimental to the production potential of farmers. The study was aimed at examining the risk perception, risk aversion and risk management strategies of maize producers in Awi zone, which is found in the northwest part of Ethiopia. The study involved 343 respondents who produced maize under risk. Descriptive statistics, a seven-point Likert scale, the observed economic behaviour method, factor analysis and a seemingly unrelated regression model were used to process the data. The results showed that farmers have different perceptions of the endogenous risk associated with input availability and input affordability which has a different probability of occurrence and severity of damage. The observed economic behaviour method showed that farmers in the area also have different risk aversion behaviours: about 7.29% of the respondents in the study area have high risk aversion attitudes, while about 30.61% have medium risk aversion attitudes and 62.10% of them have low risk aversion attitudes. The seemingly unrelated regression model output showed that farmers' economic, social, demographic and institutional factors, as well as their risk behaviour, determine the risk management strategies that they employ. Maize farmers in the area applied human risk management strategies, production risk management strategies, diversification, financial risk management strategies and marketing risk management strategies to tackle the endogenous risks in the area. It was deduced that maize farmers have a risk averse behaviour even if their risk aversion levels differ based on the scope of the management strategies that they employ to combat risk. Following the finding of the study, a holistic approach to risk management that encompasses all actors, such as farmers, researchers, extension services and financial institutions should be involved to make the appropriate interventions.


Autonomic computing requires that systems be self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and selfprotecting [8]. To achieve such capabilities systems must monitor their own operation and reflect on the data thus collected. To be effective, the level of monitoring must be feasible, yet sufficient for problem determination. Once problems have been identified, the knowledge thus gained needs to be shared among elements participating in a system.


Genetic transformation provides an efficient way for improving plant properties. Aiming at improving the rooting ability and reducing the plant height, we have transformed the vigorous apple cultivars 'Gravenstein' and 'McIntosh', and vigorous apple rootstock 'A2' and semi-dwarfing apple rootstock 'M.26' with the rolA or gai gene and the dwarf apple rootstock 'M.9/29' and dwarf pear rootstock 'BP10030' with the rolB gene. Transgenic clones have been evaluated in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. All rolB transgenic clones showed greatly improved rooting ability. Most of the rolA or gai transgenic clones showed a reduced plant height. The rolB transformed clones of 'M.9/29' and 'M.26' together with the untransformed controls have been used as rootstocks in a field trial. Five untransformed apple cultivars have been budded onto these rootstocks. The purposes of the field trial are to evaluate the effects of transgenic rootstocks on growth and development of the untransformed cultivars, to analyse the stability of transgene expression under field conditions and to evaluate the possible transport of transgene products, RNA and proteins, from rootstock to scion. The results showed that the survival of budding was not affected by the rolB gene. Preliminary results also showed that the rolB gene did not influence flowering of untransformed scion cultivars. The evaluation of the field trial is still going on.


"A world ruled by law, not force." This has been the World Jurist Association (WJA)'s mission since its founding in 1963. The WJA was formed in response to an international outcry for a free and open forum where judges, lawyers, law professors and other professionals from around the world could work cooperatively to strengthen and expand the Rule of Law and its institutions through the nations of the world.


In March 2020, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection can develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the most concerning complication of which is acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In this context prone position ventilation is an established method to improve oxygenation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and its application was able to reduce mortality rate. Prone position has been used since the 1970s to treat severe hypoxemia in patients with ARDS because of its effectiveness at improving gas exchange. Compared with the supine position, placing patients in prone position effects a more even tidal volume distribution, in part, by reversing the vertical pleural pressure gradient, which becomes more negative in the dorsal regions. Prone position also improves resting lung volume in the dorsocaudal regions by reducing the superimposed pressure of both the heart and the abdomen. In contrast, pulmonary perfusion remains preferentially distributed to the dorsal lung regions, thus improving overall alveolar ventilation/perfusion relationships. Moreover, the larger tissue mass suspended from a wider dorsal chest wall effects a more homogeneous distribution of pleural pressures throughout the lung that reduces abnormal strain and stress development. This is believed to ameliorate the severity or development of ventilator-induced lung injury and may partly explain why prone position reduces mortality in severe ARDS. In this review we investigate the physiological aspects of the pronation. © 2022 Journal of Innovation Management. All rights reserved.


Electronic waste or e-waste is composed of unwanted electrical or electronic parts that are outdated or damaged components of electronic goods. The fast rate at which electronic goods are becoming obsolete, intensified by dumping of these products by created nations, has brought the e-waste issue in India into an intense crisis. Bangalore being home to numerous abroad and residential innovation firms, figures conspicuously in the risk rundown of urban communities that face e-squander peril. The perilous substance of e-squander materials represents a danger to human wellbeing and condition. E-squander including PCs, iceboxes and TVs contain a huge number of various harmful materials and are non-biodegradable, if dishonorably arranged these materials can filter lead and different substances into soil and groundwater. A large portion of the e-squander in Bangalore is dumped in landfills or is burned, discharging destructive poisons into air and soil. Think attempts by various players in electronic thing production network, educational gathering and the governing body are required to progress and realize a broad electronic waste organization structure in Bangalore. This paper examines the present e-squander administration strategies in Bangalore and proposes new systems for e-squander administration, for various territories in Bangalore.


A camera was developed for producing Debye x-ray patterns at pressures up to 30,000 atm. The camera and the experimental arrangement are sketched. Preliminary studies of bismuth showed that its discontinuous change of volume must be associated with a change in the crystal structure and not with intra- atomic transitions. (J.S.R.)


This essay aims at offering a general overview on the Galician exile of 1936, with a particular focus on America, as well as at underlining its differences and peculiarities from the general Spanish case. Thus, several factors are treated, such as the relevance of the interaction between exiles and migrants, as well as the different dynamics of social integration experienced by Galician exiles in the main host countries, and the way in which the communities of exiles interacted with the pre-existing communities of Galician migrants.


In explaining the uneven spatial distribution of economic activity, urban economics and new economic geography (NEG) dominate recent research in economics. A main difference between these two approaches is that NEG stresses the role of spatial linkages whereas urban economics does not do so. We estimate simple versions of these two views on economic geography and also establish if the relevance of spatial linkages varies across aggregation levels or time. For our sample of 14 European countries and 213 corresponding regions, we find that spatial linkages are more important at the country level and that its relevance varies across time.


Scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach, known as diffusely infiltrative carcinoma or Borrmann's type-IV carcinoma, Linitis plastica-type, is characterized clinically as having the worst prognosis among various types of gastric cancers, because of frequent metastases due to peritoneal and pleural dissemination. However, the mechanisms responsible for the dissemination processes are not clearly understood. Therefore, establishment of relevant animal metastatic models is highly important for elucidating mechanisms and providing leads to therapeutic approaches. Transplants of human tumors in nude mice are increasingly used as experimental systems for this purpose. We have established two human signet ring cell gastric carcinoma cell lines (designated as HSC-44PE and HSC-58) from body fluids of Japanese patients with scirrhous gastric carcinomas. Subcutaneous injection of both cell lines into nude mice gave 100% tumor take rates with production of lymph nude and lung metastases in 20% to 33% of recipients. We next established three sublines with highly peritoneal metastatic potential (designated as 44As3, 58As1 and 58As9) from the HSC-44PE and HSC-58 cell lines using the technique of repeated orthotopic implantation and limitation dilution, respectively. Peritoneal metastasis with ascites formation in 90% to 100% of recipients developed within 40 days after orthotopic injection of 44As3, 58As1 and 58As9 cells into nude mice. It is important to now elucidate the metastatic processes with each orthotopic model include all the steps leading to peritoneal dissemination. These models should be useful for analyzing the mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis of human scirrhous gastric carcinoma. The high reproducible metastasis and its short latency period should prove to be of advantage for the screening of agents active in suppression of metastasis.


The invention discloses a device for performing reduction treatment on drilling waste water by using diesel exhaust and a treatment method thereof, and belongs to a device and a method for treating the drilling waste water. The device comprises a rotary evaporator (1) and a heat exchange muffler (3). In the unit and the method, the exhaust of a drilling diesel is taken as a heat source without additional fuel supply, so the diesel exhaust is reasonably used, and the cost is low. Simultaneously, vapour evaporated from the drilling waste water can be recovered in a form of distilled water through the unit for additional use; and the drilling waste water after the reduction and concentration treatment is carried away to reduce the pollution to the environment. The device has the advantages of reduction treatment for the drilling waste water, the recovery of the distilled water, the utilization of the exhaust of the drilling diesel reasonably and thoroughly and the use of the rotary evaporator, simple treatment process flow, high efficiency, simple unit structure, wide application range and suitability for various drilling and exploration places.


In Amazonian Ecuador and beyond, indigenous Waorani people have received considerable attention for their history of revenge killings during much of the twentieth century. In pointing to the heterogeneous forms of social memory assigned to specific generations, the article describes how oral histories and public performances of past violence mediate changing forms of sociality. While the victim's perspective in oral histories is fundamental to Waorani notions of personhood and ethnic identity, young men acquire the symbolic role of 'wild' Amazonian killers in public performances of the past. Rather than being contradictory or competing historical representations, these multiple forms of social memory become specific generational roles in local villages and in regional inter-ethnic relations. The article suggests that, beyond the transmission of a fixed package of historical knowledge, memory is expressed in the multiple and often contrasting forms of historical representation assigned to particular kinds of people.

Resume
En Amazonie equatorienne et ailleurs, les peuples autochtones Waorani ont beneficie d'une attention considerable pendant une bonne part du XXe siecle pour leur histoire de vendetta. En pointant l'heterogeneite des formes de memoire sociale associees a differentes generations, l'auteur decrit la facon dont les histoires orales et les performances publiques des violences passees medient des formes changeantes de socialite. Tandis que le point de vue de la victime dans ces recits oraux est fondamental dans les notions de personnalite et d'identite ethnique des Waoranis, les jeunes gens acquierent le role symbolique des tueurs amazoniens « sauvages » lors de performances publiques evoquant le passe. Plutot que des representations historiques contradictoires ou concurrentes, ces multiples formes de memoire sociale se muent en roles generationnels specifiques dans les villages locaux et en relations interethniques regionales. L'auteur suggere qu'au-dela de la transmission d'un bagage immuable de connaissances historiques, la memoire s'exprime dans les formes multiples et souvent tres differentes de representation historique attribues a certaines categories de personnes.


Hexagonally ordered nanohole patterns were produced on Ge(100) surfaces by focused Ga+ ion beam and broad Ga+ ion beam irradiations with 5 keV energy under normal incidence. Identical patterns were obtained by irradiations with a scanning focused ion beam under different irradiation conditions and with a broad Ga+ beam without scanning and five orders of magnitude smaller ion flux. Thus, we could demonstrate that nanohole pattern formation is independent of ion flux over several orders of magnitude and scanning of a focused ion beam under appropriate conditions is identical to broad ion beam irradiation.


Retrospective analysis of 575 CT fluoroscopy-guided epidural injections was done to detect inadvertent arterial or venous injections. Intravascular injections occurred in 26% of cervical transforaminal injections, 9% of cervical interlaminar injections, 8% of lumbar transforaminal injections, and 2% of lumbar interlaminar injections. These findings are similar to previous reports using conventional fluoroscopy and demonstrate that intravascular injections may be detected with CT fluoroscopy. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inadvertent intravascular injection during epidural steroid injection can result in complications and has been investigated previously with conventional fluoroscopy, but not CT fluoroscopy. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of intravascular injections recognized during CT fluoroscopy–guided epidural steroid injection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 575 consecutive CT fluoroscopy–guided epidural steroid injections. Procedures were assessed to determine the incidence of intravascular injection. Cases positive for intravascular injection were classified on the basis of anatomic location, distance from the needle tip, washout pattern, and presence of combined epidural and vascular injection. Cases were also graded as either venous or arterial by using a 5-point scale. RESULTS: Intravascular injection was observed in 26% of cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (7/27), 9% of cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections (4/47), 8% of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections (22/275), and 2% of lumbar interlaminar epidural steroid injections (4/222). Vessels were most commonly identified close to the needle, but in 30% of cases, they were visualized in the anterior paraspinal soft tissues remote from the needle. Washout was most commonly delayed (86%), though rapid washout occurred in 14% of cases. Simultaneous epidural and vascular injections occurred in 32% of cases. Most visualized vessels were venous, but 2 cases were classified as probably arterial. CONCLUSIONS: Intravascular injections can be detected with CT fluoroscopy. The incidence in our study was similar to that in previous reports using conventional fluoroscopy. Technical factors such as the "double-tap" on CT fluoroscopy following contrast injection, assessment for discordance between injected and visualized contrast volume, and maintenance of an appropriate FOV facilitate the detection of such events.


Multi-layered nanofiber textiles can be utilized in many applications. In such case the individual layers are laid in more stages and the question arises whether the connection is perfect. Two kinds of samples of PVA nanotextiles having the weight of 1.3 g/m2 (single-layered, AI) and 2.8 g/m2 (double-layered, AII), respectively. It was shown that mechanical properties, in particular the average tensile strength (24 N/mm for AI and 51 N/mm for AII) and stiffness (950 N/mm for AI and 1600 N/mm for AII), are independent of the number of layers, only their weight per unit area matters. This indicates that the bond between the individual layers is perfect.


Objective To discuss the different effects of newborn umbilical cord ligation method,then summarizes the best methods and techniques.Methods 300 normal newborns were divided into three groups randomly,and adopt umbilical cord clip,double valve core and thick line three ways respectively,to cut umbilical cord.Results Compared the consuming time,the time of stump ecclasis,residual hilum bleeds and inflammation betwwen three umbilical cord ligation methods of newborn,he difference were statistically significant (P 0.05).Conclusion Both umbilical cord clip group and double valve core group of umbilical cord ligation have good effects,with less bleeding and inflammation.It is beneficial to the umbilical dry and axillary healing.So it is worthy to be popularized as long as pay attention to conventional skills.


The purpose of this thesis is to examine how relatives experience the care in dementia homes and how they perceive the communication with the care staff. The purpose is illuminated through the foll ...


The invention discloses a formula of a ceramic for an insulator ceramic body and a preparation method of the insulator ceramic body. Beneficial effects of a technical scheme of the invention comprise that the formula contains specific proportions of silicon oxide and alumina and the silicon oxide and the alumina are sintered into mullite to improve a mechanical strength and a hot and cold performance of a ceramic material, and silica can reduce a dry degree, a firing shrinkage degree and a bending deflection degree of a ceramic blank, play a supportive role in a ceramic blank and improve a mechanical strength of a ceramic blank; alumina can improve greatly a mechanical strength of ceramic blank; added potassium dioxide can reduce a sintering temperature, fill gaps of a ceramic blank and improve a compactness of a ceramic material, and a mechanical strength and an electrical performance of a ceramic blank; and through a cooperation with a preparation method, an insulator ceramic body obtains improved greatly hydrophobic properties, anti-fouling properties, insulating properties and mechanical properties.


Elementary and secondary principals ' perceptions of the severity of problems in public schools were investigated in this study through the analysis of data from a nationally representative sample of public school principals (N = 8,221, weighted N = 71,946). The study also inquired into whether principals' perceptions were related to school size and school location. The sample was constructed from the Schools and Staffing Survey 1993-94, a national survey conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. The results indicated that most of the school problems were more serious in secondary schools than in their elementary counterparts, and that there was no association between the rank order of school problems in elementary and secondary schools. The findings also indicated that school problems were more severe in urban and rural school than in suburban schools, and more severe in large than in medium-sized and small schools. Implications of the findings were discussed It is becoming increasingly difficult for school administrators and teachers nationwide to provide America's youths with a safe environment conducive to learning. The juvenile crime rate in America is on the rise. According to Uniform Crime Reports,juvenile arrests were up 11% from 1993 to 1994. Even more disturbing is the fact that while fifteen- and sixteen-year olds make up only a small proportion of our population, they commit a large percentage of all violent crimes (Sexton, 1996). Students need orderly surroundings to learn, but this environment is continually threatened. The National Crime Victimization Survey data show that an estimated 2.7 million violent crimes take place annually either at or near schools (Nolin, Davies, & Chandler, 1996). Violence among teens is prevalent in towns of all sizes, and many students feel schools have become more dangerous. A survey by Roper Starch Worldwide indicates that 31% of high school students think teen violence is a serious problem in their own schools, and 45% think it has become more dangerous over the past five years (USA Today, 1995). No district or child is immune from the abuse that occurs at or around schools. According to Nolin, Davies, and Chandler (1996), substantial percentages of United States students in grades 6-12 face crime or threat at school or on the way to or from school. Fear of crime is on the rise in our nation's schools. A national poll administered by the Children's Defense Fund in 1993 found that more than half of the ten- to seventeen-- year olds surveyed indicated violence was their number-one worry. Growing up in American schools today, students have a variety of school problems in addition to violence. Substance abuse is one of the problems. Children are experimenting at a much younger age and often bring the drugs onto school grounds. As the students grow older they tend to continue to use the illegal substances. Drug use increases as the grade level increases (Morgan, 1995; Penfield & University, 1990). Many students become involved in using illegal substances because of peer pressure and others due to an emotional need. A feeling for need fulfillment may propel adolescents into the destructive behavior of substance abuse (Mainous, Martin, Oler, Richardson, & Haney, 1996; Smith & Rosenthal, 1995). Dropping out of school is another serious school problem. Dropping out of high school is a multiply-determined process, with early influences beginning in childhood, which involves family as well as child and adolescent factors (Gamier, Stein, & Jacobs, 1997). Drop-out varies not only with anticipated opportunities and costs but also with prospects for valued participation in a socially, economically, and culturally viable community. High school students who have a valued place and a positive sense of affiliation with peers and teachers are less likely to drop out than others (Bryk & Thum, 1989). Zimmerman, Bandura, and Martinez (1992) found a significant causal path between efficacy for self-regulated learning, efficacy for academic achievement, and academic attainment. …


The present work reports the results of writer verification under different writing conditions and different ink widths. It is observed that the style of a writer and the type of writing instrument used greatly affects the handwriting. The objective of our work is to verify a writer under the changing conditions. To improve verification rate, the directional information is captured and the histogram of chain code and differential chain code are used as features. The discriminating character used is `f'. The system is tested for 30 writers with 15 samples each with different writing instruments. Total of 270 samples are used to train the system and the system is tested for remaining 180 samples. The system is tested using chain code, first order differential chain code, second order differential chain code and curvature feature. Chain code is found to outperform the other methods with 2.76 % as the average error rate (AER).


Different ultrasonic and mechanical techniques were performed in order to determine the mechanical (Young modulus, elastic coefficients), acoustic (velocity) and passive elastic (dynamic, static forces and stresses) properties of bone (human cortical bone) and muscle (soleus of rat) samples. These different tests were performed at the macroscopic (osteons, isolated muscles) and microscopie (osteon lamellae, muscle fibers) levels. Additionally, the morphologie al (porosity, pores diameters, fibers surfaces) and biochemical (degree of mineralization, content of hydroxyproline and titin) properties were determined with microscopes (optical, environmental), micro QCT and electrophoresis techniques performed on bone and muscle tissues. The mechanical properties measured at the microscopie level allow to explain the modifications" recorqed ,'at the macroscopic level. Furthermore, this study showed strong correlation between themechanical and morphologie al properties for these two tissues.


The open-source SUMMA Platform is a highly scalable distributed architecture for monitoring a large number of media broadcasts in parallel, with a lag behind actual broadcast time of at most a few minutes. The Platform offers a fully automated media ingestion pipeline capable of recording live broadcasts, detection and transcription of spoken content, translation of all text (original or transcribed) into English, recognition and linking of Named Entities, topic detection, clustering and cross-lingual multi-document summarization of related media items, and last but not least, extraction and storage of factual claims in these news items. Browser-based graphical user interfaces provide humans with aggregated information as well as structured access to individual news items stored in the Platform's database. This paper describes the intended use cases and provides an overview over the system's implementation.


Synthesis of non-substituted metal phthalocyaninates starting from phthalonitrile in various alcohols in presence of chemically activated Rieke zinc and magnesium in three forms (ordinary magnesium turnings, activated Rieke magnesium and complex Mg(anthracene) · 3THF) at low temperatures (20–50°C) is described. It is shown that the presence of active elemental metal causes a rapid PcM formation in low-weight alcohols.


Selecting the leaf and tuber of Zantedeschia hybrida as explants carried on the industrialized rapid propagation research.Study the effects of 6-BA and NAA on the callus induction to decide which was the best medium.The results showed:MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1 mg/L was the best medium for callus induction and growth,1/2MS+0.5 mg/L NAA was the best medium for rooting induction.


"more easily adopted by the Koreans than was the western democratic system sponsored by the American command." The Koreans had no problem in understanding dictatorial government and ruthless thought control. What lessons do we draw from this experience? The first lesson involves a correct understanding of the nature, techniques, and objectives of the Soviet Union in its use of the international Communist movement. This is better understood now, perhaps, than before June 25th. The other lesson, however, is much more difficult to learn and to formulate. Part of the lesson is that the peoples of Asia for the most part are determined to run their own affairs and to secure a much more important place in the councils of the nations than they have had previously. The fact that they have been infected with ideas of Western European and American origin—political freedom, rising standards of living, industrialism, civil liberties—does not mean that they are proAmerican. So the other part of the lesson is that we desperately need to discover a democratic program for action that can be expressed in terms of the problems of Asiatic agrarian peoples. How we go about the recovery and reconstruction of Korea will provide a case study for many peoples and problems far removed from that unhappy country. GEORGE E. TAYLOR. University of Washington.


Vaccination with tumor-specific antigens is one of several attempted therapies seeking to harness the immune system, but—unfortunately—this strategy has been unsuccessful, possibly because of the immunosuppressive properties of the tumor microenvironment. Kraman et al. (p. [827][1]; see the Perspective by [ Schreiber and Rowley ][2]) have identified immunosuppressive cells of mesenchymal origin in mice comprising 2% of the tumor stromal cell population. They were identified by expression of the fibroblast activation protein–α. Deletion of these cells in lung or pancreatic cancers in mice allowed successful therapeutic vaccination against the tumors, which was dependent on the adaptive immune system and the cytokines interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor–α. These findings reveal that multiple cell types contribute to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and will inform therapeutic cancer vaccine design.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1195300
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1198345


Data collection is a critical activity in the management of water systems because it supports informed decision making. Data are collected by means of monitoring networks in which water level gauges are of particular interest because of their implications for flood management. This paper introduces a number of modifications to previously published methods that use information theory to design hydrological monitoring networks in order to make the methods applicable to the design of water level monitors for highly controlled polder systems. The new contributions include the use of a hydrodynamic model for entropy analysis, the introduction of the quantization concept to filter out noisy time series, and the use of total correlation to evaluate the performance of three different pairwise dependence criteria. The resulting approach, water level monitoring design in polders (WMP), is applied to a polder in the Pijnacker region, Netherlands. Results show that relatively few monitors are adequate to collect the information of a polder area in spite of its large number of target water levels. It is found, in addition, that the directional information transfer DITYX is more effective in finding independent monitors, whereas DITXY is better for locating sets of monitors with high joint information content. WMP proves to be a suitable and simple method as part of the design of monitoring networks for polder systems.


Aims Invasive plants can alter soil physicochemical properties by changing the soil microbial community (which is closely related to plant growth and development) and thus further promote the invasion process. Our objectives were to (a) compare changes in soil bacterial diversity with cultivation of four replacement plants (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense, Helianthus annuus, Medicago sativa and Lolium perenne) mixed with Flaveria bidentis in different growth period and (b) determine the responses of the soil bacterial community to F. bidentis invasion and replacement. Methods Total soil bacterial DNA was extracted by PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit, 16S rRNA V3 fragments were amplified with bacterial universal primers, and purified fragments were cloned into pGEM-T-Easy vector. Sequence results were aligned on NCBI. Important findings Soil bacterial diversity was decreased in F. bidentis monoculture and was lower than in the soils of the monocultures of the four replacement plants and in the soils of the replacement plants and F. bidentis. There were Hsignificant differencesH in soil bacterial 16S rRNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting patterns between the mixedand monoculture soils. Also, there were characteristic bacterial communities with each mixed culture soil on different dates. The Shannon diversity index of soil bacteria peaked in July and decreased starting in August, and this change was synchronous with plant growth. Soil bacterial diversity was reduced following the invasion of F. bidentis, and that the diversity level was increased by cultivating replacement plants with F. bidentis. Therefore, we proposed that soil bacteria play an important role in F. bidentis invasion and control.


Because family is viewed as a private association, social values are assumed to be an intrusion. Love and self-sacrifice are primary family values; justice and solidarity are not, because family is supposed to be primarily about relationships, and at most a place to prepare good citizens for the public sphere. The family, it is assumed, must first take care of its own, and this necessitates a certain withdrawal from the community.[2]


The review of the literature shows that conceptual evaluation program is numerous and evolves over the time, which can be used as the guideline for the researcher. Although it is not a new model, CIPOO evaluation model which is introduced in this article can be useful for guiding the plan, implementation and evaluation of industrial internship program. Through this review of the literature, Stufflebeam's evaluation model named CIPOO (Context, Input, Output, and Outcome) is recommended for a systematic and comprehensive framework that can provide feedback and the assessment of industrial internship program, as well as its implementation and continuous improvement. The CIPOO model consists of five dimensions namely Context, Input, Process, Output and Outcome, which is: a) Context is seen from the policy and environment of the program; b) Input is seen from the system of students' recruitment, human resources, curriculum, infrastructure, and funding; c) Process is taken from the program's old system, pre-program, also the process and the ending of the program; d) Output which has been achieved is considered from the benefit of the industrial internship program (internship's score and summative test) and skill certification; and e) Outcome is considered from the period of time since the students' graduation until their first job, and its relevance. This article gives the representation of industrial internship's implementation and evaluation. Keywords— evaluation, industrial internship, CIPOO


A population of Fowler's toad (Bufo woodhousei fowleri) living on a golf course in New Haven, Connecticut, was studied for 3 years by the capture–mark–recapture method. Individual growth rates were determined using tibia length, which is isometric with body length, as the measure of size. Growth was rapid, with an average 6.58-fold length increase during the 1st year after metamorphosis. Males began to show secondary sexual characteristics about 1 year after metamorphosis; at this age the cohort began to overlap in body size with the older males. Females grew faster than males, but also reached a larger size, and the body sizes of the maturing female cohort began to overlap with the older females 1 month later than the males. The growth curve for length was inflected, which is predicted by von Bertalanffy's growth model.


We present an experimental system aimed at mapping the magnetic field created by a ring magnet in the working region of a single-magnet magnetic levitation system. The key idea is based on the photoregistration of a transparent air-filled cavity formed in a thin magnetic fluid layer due to balancing the gas pressure and the pressure emerging due to magnetic forces. As a result, the contour of the magnetic field lines in 3-D space is visible. It was shown that the theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experimental results are consistent.


We propose a new model-independent technique for mass measurements in missing energy events at hadron colliders. We illustrate our method with the most challenging case of a single-step decay chain. We consider inclusive same-sign chargino pair production in supersymmetry, followed by leptonic decays to sneutrinos χ+ χ+ → ℓ+ ℓ'+ ν(ℓ)ν(ℓ') and invisible decays ν(ℓ) → ν(ℓ) χ(1)(0). We introduce two one-dimensional decompositions of the Cambridge MT2 variable: M(T2∥) and M(T2⊥), on the direction of the upstream transverse momentum P→T and the direction orthogonal to it, respectively. We show that the sneutrino mass Mc can be measured directly by minimizing the number of events N(Mc) in which MT2 exceeds a certain threshold, conveniently measured from the end point M(T2⊥)(max) (Mc).


Provided is a nonvolatile storage device (10) which has a reduced initiation voltage and can have a low driving voltage. The nonvolatile storage device (10) comprises a semiconductor substrate (100), a first electrode layer (105) formed on the semiconductor substrate (100), an oxygen-deficient first tantalum oxide layer (106x) formed on the first electrode layer (105) and having a composition represented by TaOx (0.8 = x = 1.9), a second tantalum oxide layer (106y) formed on the first tantalum oxide layer (106x) and having a composition represented by TaOy (2.1 = y), and a second electrode layer (107) formed on the second tantalum oxide layer (106y), wherein the second tantalum oxide layer (106y) has a columnar structure composed of multiple columnar bodies.


Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can cause permanent damage to skin and is believed to be responsible for the development of skin cancers. As the use of nonwoven fabrics for protective garments for outdoor workers continues to increase, it is necessary to provide information on UV-protective properties of nonwoven fabrics in order to provide a safe working environment for outdoor workers from UV radiation. The objectives of this study are to characterize UV-protective properties of nonwoven fabrics currently available for protective garments and to explore fabric parameters affecting the UVR transmission through nonwoven fabrics. Also, a statistical model that estimates UVR transmission of nonwoven fabrics using simple fabric parameters is developed. Twelve nonwoven fabrics commercially available for clothing were selected, and the fabric weight and thickness were measured. Solid volume fraction was calculated based on the fabric measurements. Statistical analyses were performed to examine the relationship between fabric parameters and UVR transmission through nonwoven fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics available for clothing exhibited a wide range of ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) values. More than half of the nonwoven fabrics provide little protection against UV radiation. Statistical models estimating the level of UV-A and UV-B transmission were developed using two significant fabric parameters, fabric weight and solid volume fraction. The R² values for models developed for UV-A and UV-B transmission were 0.91 and 0.96, respectively. These findings could be useful in providing recommendations for selecting nonwoven fabrics for protective garments for outdoor workers.


Background: To study the efficacy of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant on central macular thickness in patients with BRVO.Methods: A prospective, longitudinal and interventional study was conducted on 30 patients of BRVO presenting to our OPD over a period of one year. Thorough history and detailed ocular examination was done. All cases included in this study received intravitreal injection of dexamethasone implant and were followed up at the first, third and sixth month post-injection to record any change in BCVA, CMT and IOP.Results: In this study, the mean age of patients was 60.67±7.02 years with a M:F ratio of 1:2. Maximum patients (46.6%) were of 61-70 years age group. A significant change from baseline was observed in BCVA and CMT at 1, 3 and 6 months post injection. BCVA significantly improved at 6th month (0.46±0.20 log MAR) compared to the mean BCVA at 3rd month (0.39±0.15 log MAR) (p<0.001). At the 6th month follow up, the mean CMT (338.33±77.91 µm) (p<0.001) was significantly lower compared to the baseline value (536.23±114.56 µm) (p<0.001) but got significantly increased compared to the mean CMT at third month (p<0.001). IOP values were significantly higher at 1 month (p<0.001) and 3 months (p<0.001) compared to the baseline value.  Conclusions: Dexamethasone implant 0.7 mg is beneficial in the improvement of BCVA and treatment of macular edema due to BRVO. However, any beneficial effect on visual acuity and macular edema on OCT seen initially, starts weaning off after 3 months.


The localization properties of multiwire chamber was studied experimentally in the SelfQuenching Streamer mode. The distribution of induced charge at neighboring wires and cathodes was measured in two chambers with different structure at different high voltages. Through the measurement of the ratio of induced charge on the two neighboring wires and the center of gravities of cathode indueed charge, we gor the position accuracies σ_x≤35μm and σ_z≤250μm.


In this study, energy consumption of three types of basic rope skipping was measured, together with an investigation of work intensities. The subjects were 5 healthy adult male. The results of this study were as follows : 1) The average relative metabolic rate (RMR) of 1 skip (one skip to one forwardturn of rope), 2 skip (double skip to one forward-turn of rope) and running skip were 13.6, 11.7 and 10.3, respectively, and it was noted that work intensities decrease in order of 1 skip, 2 skp and running skip. 2) On the three types of five minute rope skipping, the oxygen intake for the last one minute of exercise of 1 skip was equivalent to 63.7-78.0% of maximal oxygen intake, and in cases of 2 skip and running skip were 57.5-76.3% and 56.8-67.2%, respectively. 3) When skip frequencies of 1 skip were 92, 120 and 156 skips/min, respectively, oxygen requirement for 120 skips/min was the lowest, therefore, it was noted that skip frequency of 120 skips/min was optimal. (J, Physical Fitness Japan 1974, 23: 89•`95)


A process for producing silicon which is suitable as starting material for preparing a silicon melt for the fabrication of silicon blocks or silicon crystals, comprising the steps of: introducing a gas mixture of monosilane and hydrogen into a reactor, thermal decomposition of the gaseous mixture with formation of silicon powder, separation of the resulting silicon powder from the gas mixture and mechanical compacting of the separated silicon powder.


The invention provides a method of processing information prior to transmission from a multi-antenna device in a multi-user network, e.g. MU-MIMO, the transmission comprising a plurality of subcarriers including pilot symbols and data symbols, and the information being in the form of a data vector, the method comprising arranging the pilot and data symbols such that at least one of the plurality of subcarriers comprises at least one of the pilot symbols and at least one of the data symbols 150 (see figure 10), with the data vector corresponding to the at least one of the plurality of subcarriers such that it comprises data elements corresponding to the at least one of pilot symbol and data symbol, and precoding the data vector prior to transmission. The precoding comprising applying a perturbation 152 to the data vector in order to generate a perturbed data vector in which data elements corresponding to the pilot symbols remain unperturbed, and scaling the data vector by means of a precoding matrix 154. Spreading the pilot symbols in such a way before applying precoding allows for non-perturbation of pilot symbols without deteriorating system performance.


A new type of photonic crystal (PC) named graded index (GRIN) PC was proposed by E. Centeno in 2005. It is obtained by appropriately modifying the parameters of a regular PC, thus resulting in gradual index variation. Many applications are inspired by this notion. This review will introduce different ways of designing GRIN PCs from both theoretical and experimental point of views. Some typical applications based on GRIN PCs are presented, followed by the focusing mechanism of GRIN PC.


Artificial intelligence in man-machine systems and automation.- Knowledge representation in the software development process: A case study.- Design and applications of expert systems.- The role of natural language in advanced knowledge-based systems.- Cognitive science: Information processing in humans and computers.- Knowledge-based controller for intelligent mobile robots.- Knowledge-based pilot aids: A case study in mission planning.- Dynamic planning and time-conflict resolution in air traffic control.- Outline of a computational approach to meaning and knowledge representation based on the concept of a generalized assignment statement.


The human visual system is often equated to a photographic camera. This is a poor analogy because the differences are far greater than the similarities. The processing of the human visual system is complex and non-linear so that even optical transfer function concepts must be applied with caution. Holographic optics offers some extra degrees of freedom with respect to refractive optics. Unlike refractive optics, diffractive effects are not, in the first order, dependent on material and geometric shape and require no significant volume. On the other hand they may suffer from fractional efficiencies and strong wavelength dependencies. The Pilkington 'Diffrax' lens invented by the author is an example of a product which steers between the disadvantages and maximises the advantages to provide the world's first diffractive bifocal contact lens. Indications for other visual applications are not very propitious although time and development may show this to be incorrect. This paper will review the interaction between the preferences and antipathies of the human visual system and the optical effects of diffractive systems.


The invention relates to a rapid desalination method and a purification recycling device of hazardous waste incinerator flue gas washing tower high-concentration salt-containing wastewater. The method is characterized in that: evaporating, desalinating and recycling are directly carried out on the high-concentration salt-containing wastewater generated in a flue gas washing tower by using the heat of high temperature flue gas in a quench tower; once the concentration of the salt-containing wastewater in the flue gas washing tower reaches a set value of 50000 mg/L, an automatic control system starts a desalination recycling system, a pipeline is arranged between the washing tower and the quench tower top, the high-concentration salt-containing wastewater in the washing tower is pushed back in a atomizing nozzle of the quench tower top through a pump and is simultaneously sprayed into the quench tower in mist and cooling water forms to evaporate the high-concentration salt-containing wastewater, and the crystallized salts are scattered to the tower bottom and discharged from a slag collecting-discharging mechanism below the tower. According to the invention, on condition that the wet process unchangeably leads the process flow, the waste heat of the flue gas in the quench tower is ingeniously utilized to process and utilize the high-concentration salt-containing wastewater generated in the flue gas washing tower, no waste water is discharged, and a large amount of energy is save.


The effect of chloride ion on the dissolution properties of papaverine-HCl was studied. The solubility and dissolution rate of papaverine-HCl were decreased by the common ion effect in a medium rich in chloride ion. The effect of chloride ion on the plasma levels of papaverine-HCl was also tested in rats, and lower plasma levels were observed when the drug was administered with 0.9% NaCl than in its absence. The results suggest that it may be possible to formulate sustained release preparations of papaverine-HCl by combination with NaCl.


To assess the role of the cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS), as measured according to spontaneous cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), in the type and degree of cognitive performance in healthy young‐elderly individuals, taking into account the presence of other vascular risk factors.


The subject librarian institution is widely applied in university libraries in China because its creative service concept and powerful service functions. Subject librarians play an important role in subject construction. They are constructors of subject resources, educators of subject users, transmitters of subject information, and promoters of subject development. Libraries should consider their own conditions and gradually apply the subject librarian institution from the simple to the complex and from one point to the whole.


The invention discloses a bracket, which comprises a first plate, two second plates which are connected with the first plate and are relatively spaced with each other and at least a third plate extending from the external side of the second plate outwards. The invention also discloses a machine, which comprises a frame, transmission components and a bracket connected with the transmission components and the frame. The bracket comprises a first plate, two second plates which are connected with the first plate and are relatively spaced with each other and at least a third plate extending from the external side of the second plate outwards; wherein, the second plate is fixedly connected with the transmission components and the third plate is fixedly connected with the frame. In addition, the invention discloses a relevant fixing method and the method comprises fixedly connecting two second plates for bracket with the transmission components and fixedly connecting the third plate for bracket with the frame.


Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) has emerged as a paradigm for efficient, flexible and agile network function provisioning. In such NFV-based networks, ensuring network performance and cost efficiency is an important challenge to tackle when network traffic is steered through a chain of virtual network functions (VNF). In this work, we consider the dynamics of traffic demand in different time periods, and multipath routing for minimizing the routing cost in NFV. We focus primarily on optimization models and algorithms for finding a traffic steering solution that effectively splits a demand volume into several flows and selects appropriate links and nodes for these flows. We formulate the problem as a mixed linear integer programming model for obtaining an optimal solution taking into account the dynamics of service demand, multipath routing and service function chaining. For the large scale problem, we propose a heuristic algorithm to find an approximation solution. Particularly, our proposed model and algorithm allows a controller to update a link weight system for effectively steering traffic demand to appropriate nodes in a NFV infrastructure. The evaluation results show that our approach to traffic steering significantly improves a number of major performance metrics including the routing cost, the maximum link utilization, and the accepted demands. In addition, the approximation solution is very close to the optimal solution.


Generalized radical rings (braces) were introduced for the study of set- theoretical solutions of the quantum Yang-Baxter equation. We discuss their relationship to groups of I-type, virtual knot theory, and quantum groups. Introduction. Some problems and conjectures arose from the study of set-theoretical solutions (1) of the Yang-Baxter equation. A theory of non- degenerate solutions was developed by Etingof, Schedler, and Soloviev (3) for the involutive case, and by Lu, Yan and Zhu (19) and Soloviev (27) for the general case. In (3, 19, 27), a structure group is associated to a non-degenerate solution, which amounts to a universal linear extension of the solution. In an equivalent context, this construction was anticipated by Gateva-Ivanova and Van den Bergh (8). Moreover, the structure group G gives rise to a matched pair (G, G) of groups (30, 31). Using the structure group, a non-degenerate unitary solution S: X 2 → X 2 defines a surjection X ։ X such that S induces a non-degenerate uni- tary solution S on X, the retraction (3) of S. So it may happen that after finitely many steps, X is mapped into a singleton. In this case, X is called a multipermutation solution.


Planned Obsolescence, which is a controversial concept with its positive and negative criticism in the literature, is a concept that refers to the limited life span of products. It attracts the attention of researchers that the concept is both identified with consumption culture and seen as an important development tool. Based on the question of "Is planned obsolescence a socioeconomic opportunity or a trap for consumers?" it is aimed to reveal the approaches of the experts in this study. Based on the qualitative research design semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 experts. As a result of the study generally two approaches of the interviewers towards the concept of planned obsolescence can be mentioned. According to the first approach, planned obsolescence is considered as a necessary and ethical concept for social, economic, technological and ecological development. Planned obsolescence has been "positively" received in that it allows consumers to get rid of repair and maintenance costs and lower income groups to access services. According to the second approach, planned obsolescence is considered as the sum of characteristics that pollute the environment, exploit consumers, waste resources and push people to crime.


An extensive experimental seismic testing programme named JETBIS project (Joint Experimental Testing of Base Isolation Systems) has been developed within the RELUIS II project (Task 2.3.2) involving partners from different Italian universities. This paper describes the shaking table test performed by research unit of University of Basilicata (UNIBAS) on the experimental model with seismic isolators based on Double Concave Friction Pendulum (DCFP). The DCFP isolator contains two separate concave sliding surfaces and exhibits different hysteretic properties at different stages of displacement response. The experimental model was a 1/3 scaled steel framed structure with one storey and one bay in both directions. Four DCFP bearings with equal properties of the concave sliding surfaces were mounted under each column. The base isolated experimental model was subjected to a set of 7+1 natural earthquakes increasing seismic intensity in order to achieve the safe displacement of seismic bearings. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the DCFP effectiveness considering different experimental configurations (with both symmetrical and eccentric masses) and different sliding surfaces conditions (with and without lubrication). A further goal is to verify the reliability of the DCFP isolation system when relevant residual displacements occur due to previous earthquakes. Finally, this paper also shows the experimental testing outcomes compared with the results of non linear time history numerical analyses using SAP2000.


A new conception of mining technology with fewer wastes is developed in the present paper.It expatiates on how bio-mimetic biocoenosis could be used to decrease waste materials.It is described in detail that biocoenosis has better internal circulating system and perfect function of self-purification of three (solid,liquid and gaseous) wastes. They grow on the fixed land for a long time, but they never cause environment to deteriorate. Moreover they improve the environment on the earth to a great extent. From such consideration,the present paper proposes a new mining system based on the properties of the bio-mimetic biocoenosis.With such conception several self-purificating circulating mining methods are discussed.An embryonic form of such system is the one once used in a tungsten mine in the western Hunan Province in 1950′s, i.e.the filled cliff stopes method with floor pillars without studding (Fig.1).A self-purification potential mining method is illustrated (Fig.2).The self-purification closed circulating mining method is pointed to be used in the lead-zinc mine in Fankou,Guangdong Province and in the lead-zinc-silver mine in Nanjing.In summary,the present paper concludes that bio-mimetic biocoenosis combines organically the process from production to consumption with the disposal of three wastes. It makes the mining industry with most waste produce lesser wastes or no wastes in order to make the existing mining industry achieve the sustainable development.


The flexural behavior of thin spherical shells in the elastic range of stresses is discussed. Attention is restricted to cases in which the displacements under loading are of smaller order than the thickness of the shell. The class of problems considered is that of a loading which produces stress concentrations in the proximity of the loaded zone and in which deformations are small. Equations and solutions are presented for the elastic analysis of small displacements in thin spherical shells under bending. The use of the conical co- ordinate system transforms the spherical shell into a conical one. Solutions are accurate in a region closely approximating the corresponding actual spherical shell region and are valid in a shallow region around the point of tangency of the conical coordinate system to the spherical shell. Special design charts and tables applicable to specific problems which frequently arise in practice are presented. (H.G.G.)


The deep convolutional neural network has achieved great success in the Single Image Super-resolution task. It is obviously that among the well-known super-resolution methods, the deep learning-based algorithms show the most advanced performance. However, the most advanced algorithms currently use complex networks with a large number of parameters, which makes it difficult to apply deep learning algorithms on mobile devices. To solve this problem, we propose a lightweight dual-residual network(LDRN) for single image super-resolution, which has better reconstruction quality than most current advanced lightweight algorithms. Due to its fewer parameters and computational expense, real-time and mobile applications of our networks can be easily realized. On the basis of the residual module, we propose a new residual unit, which uses two depthwise separable (DW) convolution to obtain better balance between feature extraction capacity and lightweight performance. We further design a dual-stream residual block, which contains a multiplication branch and an addition branch. The dual-stream residual block can improve the reconstruction performance more effectively than expanding the network width. In addition, we also designed a new up-sampling module to simplify the previous up-sampling methods. Extensive experimental results show that our network has better reconstruction performance and lightweight performance than most existing state-of-the-art algorithms. Our code is available at https://github.com/Jiangyichun-cust/pytorch-LDRN.


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of irbesartan by comparing the antihypertensive effect and safety of irbesartan with enalapril. Me thods: 229 patients with mild to moderate hypertension, having not been treated with antihypertensive medicine before, were randomly divided into two groups. One gro up was treated with irbesartan 150~300mg/d(irbesartan group), the other gr oup w ith enalapril 5~10mg/d(enalapril group)for 8 weeks.Sitting blood pressure and l aboratory examination of the patients were observed at baseline and post-treatme nt. Adverse reactions were recorded.Results: Effective rate was 84.3% in irbesartan group and 69.3% in enalapril group(P0.05).There was no significant difference in response rates between two groups. The addition of diuretic was required in 26.96% of patients on irbesartan group and 54.38% of p atients on enalapril group.At the end of 8 weeks SeSBP/SeDBP was decreased in two gr oups.The decreace of SeDBP was more significant at the end of 2,4,6 and 8 weeks in irbesatan group than that in enalapril group. Conclusion:Irbesartan 150~300mg/d is as effective as and much more tolerated than enalapril 5~10mg/d in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.


Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that can cause several complications. Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most frequent microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus due to its 60-70% incidence and can significantly worsen patients quality of life due to decreased sensory sensation which result a vulnerability of diabetes mellitus patient to foot injuries. Factors that influence the incidence of diabetic neuropathy include age, gender, and duration of diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To determine the profile of diabetic neuropathy patients in University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital period October-December 2019.
Methods: This research is a descriptive observational study with a case control study approach. The technique used in this research is purposive sampling with a total of 180 respondents.
Result: The frequency distribution of diabetic neuropathy patients in University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital period October-December 2019 based on age, mostly in the range of age 60-69 years of age by 44% and at least age 20 years by 8%.
Conclusion: Diabetic neuropathy patients in University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital period October-December 2019 were mostly in the age range 60-69 years, women, and duration of diabetes mellitus 1-10 years.


Background: Placenta previa is associated with increased maternal and perinatal complications like malpresentation, premature labor, higher rates of caesarean section, peripartum hysterectomies, postpartum hemorrhage, sepsis, shock and retained placenta and even death. Antepartum haemorrhage may frequently result in low birth weight babies, preterm labour or repeated small events of haemorrhage causing chronic placental insufficiency and foetal growth retardation or intrauterine fetal death.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, SMGS, hospital, Jammu over a period of 1 year. All admitted cases of placenta previa were included in the study.Results: The total numbers of deliveries in one our hospital were 18567 during the study period. 364 patients admitted with antepartum heamorrhage so the incidence of APH in our hospital was 1.96%. 157 cases out of 346 were of placenta previa. It was observed that placenta previa cases were highest in the maternal age group of 26-30 yrs, i.e. 55.42%, 71.97% were multigravidae and those with prior caesarean section. 15.92 % had undergone peripartum hysterectomy due to massive PPH. The percentage of perinatal death was 18.23% and the main cause was prematurity.Conclusions: Based upon observation made during this study, it is concluded that placenta previa is a serious condition with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Improvements in management of placenta previa have helped in improving neonatal survival and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.


Earlier investigators on spike disease of Sandal formulated theories regarding the cause of the disease, such as "unbalanced circulation of sap", and deleterious effect of the host plants on sandal, etc., without adducing sufficient or any experimental data. The infectious nature of the disease was established by us for the first time, by reproducing the spike symptoms on a healthy plant by grafting a small spiked twig on it. Haustorial connections between spiked trees and healthy trees were carefully traced out to infer the possibility of the underground transmission of the disease through the roots. Many methods of sap inoculation to transmit the disease were tried, but were not successful. Some promising methods are yet to be tried. Cytological investigations, carried out in great detail, revealed that in the diseased tissue intracellular inclusions adpressed to the nuclei, were regularly present. These inclusions are characteristic features of some of the plant and animal virus diseases, worked out by other investigators. An article entitled "Cytological investigations on spike disease of sandal" was published by me in Phytopathology.


Kant's perception of civil rights consists of such rational principles as freedom,equality and universal love in connotation while it includes the civil rights of a state citizen and those of a international citizen.To guarantee the civil rights of a state citizen,a representative republic must be established whereas to guarantee the civil rights of an international citizen,a coalitionsystem of free states must be introduced.Preservation of civil rights means both respect for man's internal values and necessary means to maintain permanent peace of human beings.However,Kant failed to offer an adequate philosophic argument for permanent peace.


Some mean-value theorems of the Cauchy type, which are connected with Jensen's inequality, are given in \cite{Mercer2} in discrete form and in \cite{PPSri} in integral form. Here we give the generalization of that result for positive linear functionals. Using that result, new means of Cauchy type for positive linear functionals are given. Monotonicity of these new means is also discussed.


Series-fed coplanar waveguide embed- ding circuits are recently being developed for tera- hertz mixers using, in particular, superconducting devices as sensors. Although these mixers show promising performance, they usually also show a considerable downward shift in the resonating fre- quency, when compared with calculations using simplified models. This effect is basically caused by parasitics due to the extremely small details (in terms of wavelength) of the device and by the impedance of the remaining embedding circuit (in particular the RF filter). In this paper, we present an improved equivalent network model of such de- vices which agrees with measured results. We first propose a method to calculate the character- istic impedance and the propagation constant of the coplanar waveguide, etched between two semi- infinite media, that connect the receiving slot an- tennas to the superconducting device. In the for- mulation we take into account, for the first time, the radiation power leakage. We then describe the procedure to calculate the reactances due to the de- tailed geometry of the mixer device and circuit and we correct the input impedance, calculated with a commonly used simplified network. By comparing our results with a complete set of measured data, for seven mixers in the range between 500 GHz and 3 THz, we analyze the features of our model and propose further improvements. Indeed, based on the good results obtained with our improved equivalent network, a new set of THz mixers has been fabricated and is currently being tested. Use- ful guidelines for designing THz mixer circuits are also given.


The present case study is focused to reveal the efficiency of the therapeutic methods and techniques for people with mild mental retardation. State of the art was reviewed before presenting the case study. The participant to the case study is a person, Mr. M. diagnosed by the Commission for the Examination of Persons with Disabilities, with: Mild delay in mental development, I.Q.= 47 and severe aggressive behavior. He was institutionalized in 1985 and being abandoned soon after birth. Some of the therapeutic plan objectives are as follows: Developing communication skills; Development of creativity; Increase of self-esteem and self-knowledge; Communication, collaboration and group integration; Decrease of anxieties, frustrations, stress and tension release. Conclusions underline the establishment of causal relationships between manifested behavior and the latent one and propose was for reducing most of the behavioral manifestations.


Anodic current density influence of on current efficiency of iron (II) and iron (III) and on potential change of anodes from steel St.3, Armco-iron, pig-iron and graphite in chloride and sulfate iron plating electrolytes is studied. It is shown, that in chloride iron plating electrolyte it is possible to use all investigated materials, with the exception of graphite, as soluble anodes in a range of current densities of a 2−20 А/dm2 In sulfate iron plating electrolyte it is possible to use Armco-iron and steel St.3 as soluble anodes at current densities 2-5 А/dm2 insoluble anode at current densities not higher than 2 А/dm2 and pig-iron at current density of approximately 2 А/dm2 . Graphite can be used as the .


The purified protein derivative (PPD), or tuberculin, test is a reliable means to determine whether a person has active tuberculosis or has been exposed to the disease. In a previously sensitized individual, the intracutaneous injection of the protein-lipopolysaccharide component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction. We were consulted about an immigrant patient with results of a PPD test that were strongly positive but who had no remarkable chest radiograph findings. We found controversy about whether to recommend chemoprophylaxis. Specifically, there was confusion regarding whether to account for a possible previous BCG vaccination as responsible for the positive PPD test results. Therefore, we reviewed the literature and present our findings. Report of a Case. A 32-year-old Pakistani man (who immigrated to the United States more than a decade ago) was admitted to the hospital because of a severe reaction at the site of a PPD test. He


To understand the fueling process in a fusion device by a spheromak-like compact toroid (SCT) injection method, magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations, where a SCT is injected into magnetized target plasmas, have been carried out so far. As a result, it has been found that the SCT penetration into magnetized target plasmas is accompanied by complex physical dynamics, which is not adequately described by the conventional simple theoretical model. In this study, based on the previous simulation results, a new theoretical model to determine the penetration depth of the SCT is represented. Here, the SCT is considered to be decelerated not only by the magnetic pressure force but also by the magnetic tension force, which is generated by the bending of the target magnetic field as a result of the SCT penetration. Furthermore, by comparing the penetration depth of the SCT estimated from the theoretical model with that in the simulation, the accuracy of the model is examined. Finally, the effect of magnetic reconnection on the SCT penetration is discussed.


In response to the continually increasing appetite for bandwidth, most transistor technologies have recently made great strides towards higher cutoff frequencies: Silicon MOSFETs, SiGe HBTs, InP-based HEMTs and a variety of InP -based HBTs all show cutoff frequencies fT and/or fMAX exceeding 300 GHz, and in some cases approaching 800 GHz. Proponents of various technologies have stated that the development of THz bandwidth devices is an attainable milestone for their technology of choice. Such ambitious goals naturally raise the question of whether such performances are in fact realistic given the well-known trends relating breakdown voltages and cutoff frequencies. Can the contending technologies be scaled in a way enabling THz cutoff frequencies while maintaining the well-behaved characteristics of less aggressively scaled previous generations? The present Invited Paper focuses on our efforts to push InP/GaAsSb DHBTs toward THz bandwidths.


The ultra-high speed processing and large storage capacity are the requirement of information technology. The multi-layer CD storage technology is used to enlarge the storage capability. In order to avoid some problem such as the crosstalk in different layer and the tracking of arbitrary layer, the dip-incidence and dip-reflection device is proposed in the focus system of wave-guide multi-layer CD. The improved astigmatism method is applied in focus system for better linearity. It can be proved by the simulation and experiment that the light intensity reflected from each layer is strong enough to receive; Moreover, only one layer's photospherical facula is leaved on the receiver for a size-limited receiver. It is identical with simulation result and sampled image signal in experiments. It can be proved by the focusing results of simulation and experiment that the signal of each layer is received and separated by the receiver.


Obesity is now in an epidemic proportion. By 2013, it was estimated that 1 in 4 children would be obese in Hong Kong. The long term metabolic and cardiovascular complications are well known but the significant respiratory involvement leading to life-threatening condition is not as well known. We presented a case of an obese girl who presented with respiratory failure secondary to various obesity related respiratory complications that mandated intensive care support.


Insect population decline has been reported worldwide, including those of pollinators important for ecosystem services. Therefore, conservation actions which rely on available rigorous species distribution data are necessary to protect biodiversity. Niche modeling is an appropriate approach to distribution maps, but when it comes to bumble bees, few studies have been performed in South America. We modeled ecological niches of nine Colombian Bombus species with MAXENT 3.4 software using bioclimatic variables available from WorldClim. This resulted in maps for each species that show the potential distribution area at the present time. Modeled species maps accurately represent potential niches according to the description of bioclimatic conditions in the species' habitat. We grouped the species into three clusters based on our results, as well as on distributional information from literature on the topic: High Mountain, Mid- Mountain and inter-Andean, and the Amazon and Eastern Plains Basin. Niche modeling depicted bumble bee species' distribution in Colombia, the results of which can serve as a useful tool for conservation policies in the country.


NATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL AND MILITARY PRESTIGE HEAVILY INFLUENCED THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY UNITED STATE SPACE POLICY by Michael A. Barboza Thesis Supervisor: Professor Richard P. Binzel Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the relationship between U.S. space policy and: 1) national technological prestige 2) military superiority 3) and ultimately the political competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. The paper will focus primarily on national and military prestige, while briefly touching on the price tag of the early space advancements. It will concentrate on the early days of space exploration. The thesis will examine the impact the Russian satellite, Sputnik, had on the American people and the reaction of the United States. The thesis will also look at the beginning of the Apollo program and the decision to send man to the Moon. In conclusion, the thesis will look at a possible future for the United States space program and analyze the decision of America's leaders to abandon ambitious endeavors since the Apollo Moon landing.


Linear predictive coding is an efficient method for transmitting the amplitudes of moving-area picture elements (pels) in a conditional replenishment coder for video-telephone signals. It has been conjectured that if the linear predictor can dynamically adapt to the speed and direction of motion in the scene, then greatly improved performance should result. To test this conjecture and to get a first-order estimate of the possible saving, computer simulations were carried out using pairs of video-telephone frames stored on digital discs. Using this data, picture quality could not be studied. However, differential signal entropies could be estimated, and this was done for several nonadaptive and adaptive linear predictors. Entropies (in bits per moving-area pel) for adaptive linear predictors were significantly lower than for nonadaptive predictors, indicating that substantial bit-rate savings should be possible. However, simpler implementations will have to be devised before adaptive prediction becomes practicable.


QoS is very important in current internet and NIT(next generation internet), with the development of application, the QoS function is also more and more complex. At present, the application of multi-core processor is becoming more and more popular, because the performance of multi-core is stronger, the QoS function is also implemented by software. This paper describes the background of QoS, discusses the traditional algorithm implementation with software, and describes the shortcomings of the traditional implementation, then presents and analyses the ideas of improvement, at last, proposes a new improved algorithm to solve the problems encountered. This algorithm is fully verified in network controller.


Between August 1988 and July 1990, 17678 women in the Gateshead, Sunderland, South Tyneside and Durham districts attended the national breast screening programme. A total of 131 cancers were detected. The morphology of cancers detected by screening was compared with that of tumours in 71 patients presenting clinically in the same period. Screen‐detected cancers included a higher proportion of tumours of more favourable histological grade and type, were smaller in size and had less axillary lymph node involvement than those detected clinically. Survival was predicted from the Nottingham Prognostic Index. Patients with screen‐detected cancer had an expected survival advantage (95 per cent confidence interval) of 26.5 (12.3–40.6) per cent at 5 years, 26.5 (11.8–41.2) per cent at 10 years and 29.1 (14.5–43.7) per cent at 15 years. This survival advantage in screened patients expected at 5, 10 and 15 years is consistent with the 30 per cent reduction in mortality rate demonstrated in the Health Insurance Plan study and the Swedish two counties trial.