Programming is playing an increasingly important role in various fields, including science. However, traditional programming instruction tends to use small-scale and general examples to explain syntax and semantic meaning of the code, which cannot foster students' programming ability of solving real-world problems. This research was intended to develop a modelling-based instruction for scientific programming to guide students to solve programming problems based on the modelling process (phenomenon description, data modelling, algorithmic modelling, coding, and verification and debugging). A learning platform based on the proposed modelling process was also developed to assist science-major students to learn how to solve real-world scientific problems by programming. An empirical study was conducted on thirty-two science-major college students to prove the effectiveness of the modelling-based scientific programming. The experiment results show that students who engaged more in modelling had higher programming performance. The modelling-based instruction actually helps students to write programs for solving scientific problem by using both of data and algorithmic models.


FOR the purpose of establishing the Maryland Commission on Autism; providing for the membership of the Commission; requiring the membership of the Commission to consist of broad representation of the State's citizens; designating the chair of the Commission; e stablishing a quorum requirement; requiring the Commission to meet a certain number of times per year; requiring the Commission to meet a certain number of times before a certain date; authorizing the Commission to hold meetings in a certain manner; prohib iting a member of the Commission from receiving compensation; authorizing a member of the Commission to receive certain reimbursement; requiring a certain person to designate certain staff for the Commission; requiring the Commission to make certain recomm endations; requiring the Commission to make a certain evaluation; requiring the Commission to carry out certain tasks in preparing a certain plan; authorizing the Commission to undertake certain responsibilities; requiring the Commission to report to the G eneral Assembly on or before certain dates; defining a certain term; providing for the termination of this Act; and generally relating to autism awareness.


Drought is currently a serious threat for farming especially in rice cultivation, due to its substantial water requirements throughout its lifecycle. Drought is one of the major environmental constraints disrupting the growth and yield of rice plants, affecting them at physiological, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. Global climate change exacerbates this issue, leading to substantial economic losses. As rice is a major food crop worldwide, the demand for rice production is increasing in tandem with the expanding human population. Consequently, it has become imperative to utilize drought-prone areas for agriculture and develop drought-tolerant rice genotypes. In addition to conventional breeding methods, the application of multi-omics approaches proves most effective in meeting the need to enhance drought tolerance in rice plants. Protective mechanisms, such as morphological adaptation, physiological acclimatization, cellular adjustments and antioxidant defense, play pivotal roles in helping plants overcome drought stress. Plant-microbial interactions are important for plants to overcome drought-induced adversities. Furthermore, applications of conventional approaches, omics approaches and nanotechnology are very promising for generating climate smart agriculture. Our aim in this review is to focus on drought stress tolerance in rice including drought-tolerant rice genotypes, their adaptation mechanisms, the unveiling the genes, transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNA) involved, microbial assistance and exploring approaches to mitigate drought stress in rice plants. The present review might throw some light on understanding the mechanism of drought stress tolerance in rice, including its molecular crosstalk and biochemical dynamics, for future researchers.


This article provides a developmental description of the language used by an academic discourse community. Casual conversations of six post-graduate students, native speakers of English, were recorded in the Applied Linguistics common room in Edinburgh University throughout the 1991-2 course. The central hypothesis was that as common knowledge of the course and shared interpersonal knowledge increase over time, there is an increase in implicit language heavily dependent on the context for its meaning. The grammatical analysis shows that the increase in knowledge over time is associated with an increase in implicit reference, but that topic is also a major influence on the form of reference. The language of course topics is more implicit than that of non-course topics. Course topics have a higher density of non-anaphoric non-modified definite referring expressions with specific referents in the assumed background knowledge. The findings may help to equip EAP students to. interact better socially with their colleagues.


A novel and simple six-band metamaterial absorber is proposed in the terahertz region, which is composed of an I-shaped absorber and circular ring with four gaps and a continuous metal ground plane separated by only 0.125 mm polyimide dielectric substrate. Initially, I-shaped resonator gives three bands at 0.4, 0.468 and 0.4928 THz with the absorptivity of 99.3%, 97.9% and 99.1%, respectively. The purpose of this paper is to improve the number of bands, for which the authors added the circular ring with four gaps, so the simulated metamaterial absorber exhibited six absorption peaks at 0.3392, 0.3528, 0.3968, 0.4676, 0.4768 and 0.492 THz, with the absorption rate of 91.4%, 94.2%, 94.9%, 90.3%, 77.5% and 97.4%, respectively. The surface current distribution and angle independence are explained for all the six frequencies which are used to analyze the absorption mechanism clearly. Structure maximum uses the squares and circles, so it will make the fabrication easy. The multiband absorbers obtained here have potential applications in many engineering technology, thermal radiation, material detection and imaging and optoelectronic areas.,This paper presents the design of the six-band metamaterial absorber which is from the I-shaped resonator and circular ring with four gaps and the metallic ground plane separated by the 0.125 polyimide dielectric substrate. The absorber exhibited six absorption peaks at 0.3392, 0.3528, 0.3968, 0.4676, 0.4768 and 0.492 THz, with the absorption rate of 91.4%, 94.2%, 94.9%, 90.3%, 77.5% and 97.4%, respectively. From the fabrication point of view, the proposed six-band metamaterial absorber has a very simple geometrical structure, and it is very easy to be fabricated.,The authors present a new and simple design of six-band absorber based on an I-shaped absorber and circular ring with four gaps and a metallic ground plane separated by a polyimide layer having the thickness of 0.125 mm. Six different resonance absorption peaks are found at 0.3392, 0.3528, 0.3968, 0.4676 , 0.4768 and 0.492 THz. Surface current distribution and angle independence plot have been studied to understand the absorption behavior of the designed terahertz metamaterial absorber.,The multiband absorbers obtained here have potential applications in many engineering technology, thermal radiation, material detection, security, sensors, imaging and optoelectronic areas.


The current economic recession has made it difficult for millions of American households to make ends meet and cover basic needs such as food. The largest federal program that supplements food consumption is the Food Stamp Program.1 While typically, you might expect that food insecurity is lower in states that have high rates of participation in the Food Stamp Program, in Missouri we see a very different pattern. At a time when national levels remained relatively constant, Missouri's food insecurity rate rose from 9.8 percent in 1996 to 12.9 percent in 2006. What is noteworthy is that this increase in state levels of food insecurity occurred during a time when participation in the Food Stamp Program in Missouri rose from 74 percent to 98 percent of those eligible. This report shows the intersection and interplay of three metrics commonly used for examining population well being: food insecurity, food stamp participation, and the poverty level.


Five-month-old female NZB/W mice were treated with daily injections of azathioprine, cyclophosphamide or methylprednisolone. Treatment was continued for 2 or 3 months at different dosages. Renal histology, proteinuria, antibodies to DNA and survival were studied. All drugs were found to modify the disease favorably. At low doses (1.5 mg/kg/day) azathioprine was most effective. Cyclophosphamide was superior at higher doses (4.5 mg/kg/day). Different two-drug combinations were also compared. The combination of cyclophosphamide plus methylprednisolone was most effective. Combined therapy increased survival without increasing toxicity.


This article describes the new procedures being adopted by the IRS Office of Chief Counsel concerning legal advice to IRS personnel on audit matters. In the past few years, the IRS Office of Chief Counsel has become concerned that IRS Revenue Agents and Field Counsel are no longer seeking definitive legal advice from the IRS National Office concerning taxpayer-specific or industry-wide audit issues. Therefore, in August 2005, a Case Specific Advice Task Force was assembled to interview a cross-section of IRS and Chief Counsel managers to analyze the current legal advice process and to discuss ideas for improvement. In response to the comments received, the Task Force prepared a report and submitted it to the IRS Chief Counsel in April 2006. In substance, the Task Force recommended that the current process be changed, so that only three types of legal advice are issued by the IRS Office of Chief Counsel in connection with audit issues. These three forms of legal advice are Technical Advice, Case Specific Advice, and Generic Legal Advice. The article describes each of the three types of legal advice.


This thesis is a part of a twining program between schools in Sweden and schools in a town ship in South Africa. The purpose with the thesis is to study math teacher's awareness of their mathematical language and their opinion about the importance of the mathematical language for the learners learning of math. The importance of the mathematical language is written into the curriculums of high school mathematics in both Sweden and South Africa. Twelve teach-ers have among other things been interviewed about their awareness of their mathematical language and about their opinion if the mathematical language is important for the learner's mathematical learning. The results show that the teachers are aware of the mathematical lan-guage, but how the teachers are using the language differs. It is shared views on the im-portance of the mathematical language for learners learning of mathematics, some teachers says that the language is important for the learners to understand mathematics while other teachers says that the language is not the most important thing for the learners learning.


We report the first X-ray structure of a spiroaminal hydrochloride. The chiral spiroaminal crystallizes as a racemic hydrochloride in the monoclinic space group P21/n and adopts the thermodynamically most stable conformation. Density functional calculations on several spiroaminals were used to establish correlations between trends in conformational energies, steric repulsions, and anomeric effects and to reveal the mechanism of the ring-opening tautomerization reaction. In the unsubstituted and backbone-substituted spiroaminals, the aminal tautomer is thermodynamically preferred. N-Substituted spiroaminals favor the amine/imine form for steric reasons, except for those with bridging N,N′ groups. The tautomerization from the aminal to the amine/imine is endergonic and kinetically hindered in the neutral species but quite facile after protonation. Anomeric effects lower the barriers but are less important than steric factors for relative energies.


The design and operation of a gas millimeter-wave spectrometer based on a tunable generator orotron are presented. The absorption cell occupies a part of the high quality (Q approximately equals 10 4 ) orotron Fabry-Perot cavity. The limit of sensitivity (gamma) min approximately equals (3- 5)X 10 -10 cm -1 has been achieved with source frequency modulation at the output band of a receiver of 1 Hz. The narrow spectral width of the orotron radiation (10 - 15 kHz without locking) provides the Doppler resolution of spectral lines.


This paper analyses processes of Europeanization within the EU INTERREG B programmes, triggering the Europe-wide development of networks that can initiate policy transfer processes. The INTERREG B programmes have—if at all—been discussed with regard to Europeanization processes being discussed as a form of horizontal Europeanization. This paper analyses how horizontal Europeanization processes may take place in INTERREG B projects and shows additionally how the INTERREG B programmes also enable other forms of Europeanization processes—top-down and bottom-up—to take place. Identifying the potential channels of influence on policies and understanding their mechanisms constitute an important basis for project actors to make more active use of these channels and thus enhance the long-term impact of their project results. Furthermore, it enables programme actors to develop a better understanding of project mechanisms and programme frameworks to increase their impact and relevance. These questions are of relevance for the quality and impact aspects of INTERREG projects. Until now, however, evaluations of INTERREG B projects have rarely taken the less "tangible" policy transfer effects into account and have not addressed questions about causal mechanisms behind project and programme impacts.


A cognitive knowledge base CKB is a novel structure of intelligent knowledge base that represents and manipulates knowledge as a dynamic concept network mimicking human knowledge processing. The essence of CKB is the denotational mathematical model of formal concept that is dynamically associated to other concepts in a CKB beyond conventional rule-based or ontology-based knowledge bases. This paper presents a formal CKB and autonomous knowledge manipulation system based on recent advances in neuroinformatics, concept algebra, semantic algebra, and cognitive computing. An item knowledge in CKB is represented by a formal concept, while the entire knowledge base is embodied by a dynamic concept network. The CKB system is manipulated by algorithms of knowledge acquisition and retrieval on the basis of concept algebra. CKB serves as a kernel of cognitive learning engines for cognitive robots and machine learning systems. CKB plays a central role not only in explaining the mechanisms of human knowledge acquisition and learning, but also in the development of cognitive robots, cognitive learning engines, and knowledge-based systems.


Although married cancer patients have more favorable survival than unmarried patients, reasons underlying this association are not fully understood. The authors evaluated the role of economic resources, including health insurance status and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), in a large California cohort.


Dynamic state estimation of a power system is the first prerequisite for control and stability prediction under transient conditions. Among the states of synchronous machine, precise, accurate, and timely information about rotor angle and speed deviation can be useful to enhance power system reliability and stability. In this paper, the popular variants of Kalman filter are used to estimate the main states of synchronous generators of an SMIB and IEEE 3-generators 9-bus test systems. A case study using a simple power system model is presented to illustrate the comparison between effectiveness of proposed approaches.


Papers in this edition have considered the role of existing or new Tuning competences in aspects of governance. We must now question the extent to which the multi -faceted nature of the evolving trends in contemporary governance and self -governance are sufficiently included in our Tuning competences. Indeed, will it be timely post COVID to reappraise the very concepts of Governance itself? How can 'evaluative' governance occur in times of crisis when finding the time for analytical reflection is itself the challenge? Indeed, is there something to be learnt from models of 'realistic/ pragmatic evaluation'?


Abstract The synthesis is described of macrocyclic poly(α-methylstyrene) (PAMS) by the lithium naphthalide initiated polymerization of AMS followed by high dilution end to end coupling with 1,4-bis(bromomethyl)benzene (DBX). The cyclization is carried out by simultaneous addition of tetrahydrofuran solutions of the PAMS dianion and DBX at about -100ºC. A sample of the matching linear PAMS is obtained by protonation of the PAMS dianion. The purified cycles are obtained by fractional precipitation that is monitored by size exclusion chromatograhy. A careful study of the coupling reactions carried out at high concentrations indicates that coupling is efficient and this is borne out by the ratios () of apparent molecular weights (MW's) of cycles and matching linear polymers. The  values of the cycles tend to vary with MW in the same manner as was demonstrated for polystyrene and other vinyl polymers and increase from around 0.74 at MW of about 30000 to values of around 0.82 at MW of about 2500. A higher apparent  value was observed for a very low MW PAMS but this sample could not be purified and analyzed adequately. As was also observed for other macrocyclic vinylpolymers, the glass transition temperatures of the cycles are MW independent above MW of about 5000 but decrease sharply at lower MW's.


By simulative calculation of a heavy haul in an urgent braking operation, a curve for braking force ratio is developed for each of different lengths of the bridge. It can provide theoretical basis for establishing braking loads of trains on bridge in our country. On the ground of this, and according to recent studies of effective coefficient of braking force on railroad simple_supported bridge, the curve for effective braking force ratio of railway simple_supported bridge in our country is proposed.


We propose a new driving method for actuating micro-tubular-tool inside the fluidic environment to apply local stimulation to a freely swimming Paramecium. The hydrodynamic drag force acting on the very thin tool is significant and the resultant deflection was compensated by utilizing permanent magnets. The positioning accuracy of the microtools were enhanced more than ten times compared to normal actuation without magnets. The microtools can be integrated as robotic arms in a robotic platform that can track a single motile cell inside a microfluidic chip for a long-time. The specific design of the stimulation system using microtools was described and the effectiveness of the new driving method was confirmed through the basic experiments. Finally, the microtools were used to apply mechanical and electrical stimulation to a freely swimming Paramecium. The microtools can be used to achieve simultaneous multi-stimulation which can induce new behaviors of the motile cells and lead for unprecedented discoveries in biological fields.


It is very important to have a functional information platform, access to which will not be difficult for users. Therefore, the implementation of such a platform often in the web-space in the form of a separate informative site with many pages to help users navigate. The development of an information system in a web-space is divided into frontend development related to the design of the structure, design, page layout, and backend development related to the work of the database, server part, etc. Using a functional information platform as a university information system to automate the department's research process will greatly simplify the paper and organizational component of the department's work. This includes accepting applications for events and notifying participants about future events and their results, with the further possibility of finalizing the university's information system and adding various functionalities. To solve this problem, the main aspects of a web development, various tools, automation tools for developing an information platform are considered.


This study aimed to develop a "Formative Feedback Assessment Rubric" to determine the formative level of online self and peer feedback. Analytic rubric was developed using the relevant studies of "formative feedback" in the literature and expert opinions. It consisted of three main dimensions (cognitive, affective, structure-shape) and nine sub-dimensions (focus, content, purpose, value, self-esteem, tone, organization, comprehensibility, format). Within the scope of the reliability study, it was found that the inter-raters agreement were between 0.80 and 0.84, while the intra-rater consistency between the first and second assessments (after a four-month period) was determined to be 0.87. The results indicated that the rubric could be used effectively to determine the formative level of written feedback provided in online environments. In addition, by adapting the rubric in accordance with different online systems and environments, it can be used to determine and improve the quality of self and peer feedback provided in online environments.


This paper describes a process for automatically inferring maps from large collections of opportunistically collected GPS traces. In this type of dataset, there is often a great disparity in terms of coverage. For example, a freeway may be represented by thousands of trips, whereas a residential road may only have a handful of observations. Additionally, while modern GPS receivers typically produce high-quality location estimates, errors over 100 meters are not uncommon, especially near tall buildings or under dense tree coverage. Combined, GPS trace disparity and error present a formidable challenge for the current state of the art in map inference. By tuning the parameters of existing algorithms, a user may choose to remove spurious roads created by GPS noise, or admit less-frequently traveled roads, but not both. In this paper, we present an extensible map inference pipeline, designed to mitigate GPS error, admit less-frequently traveled roads, and scale to large datasets. We demonstrate and compare the performance of our proposed pipeline against existing methods, both qualitatively and quantitatively, using a real-world dataset that includes both high disparity and noise. Our results show significant improvements over the current state of the art.


High particle emissions and strong mutagenic effects were observed after combustion of vegetable oil in diesel engines. This study tested the hypothesis that these results are affected by the amount of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils and that blends of diesel fuel and vegetable oil are mutagenic. Three different vegetable oils (linseed oil, LO; palm tree oil, PO; rapeseed oil, RO), blends of 20% vegetable oil and 80% diesel fuel (B20) and 50% vegetable oil and 50% diesel fuel (B50) as well as common diesel fuel (DF) were combusted in a heavy duty diesel engine. The exhaust was investigated for particle emissions and its mutagenic effect in comparison to emissions of DF. The engine was operated using European Stationary Cycle. Particle mass was determined gravimetrically while mutagenicity was determined using the bacterial reverse mutation assay with tester strains TA98 and TA100.
Combustion of LO caused the largest amount of total particulate matter (TPM). In comparison to DF it particularly raised the soluble organic fraction (SOF). RO presented second highest TPM and SOF, followed by PO which was scarcely above DF. B50 revealed the lowest amount of TPM while B20 reached as high as DF. RO revealed the highest number of mutations of the vegetable oils closely followed by LO. PO was less mutagenic, but still induced stronger effects than DF. B50 showed higher mutagenic potential than B20. While TPM and SOF were strongly correlated with the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the vegetable oils, mutagenicity had a significant correlation with the amount of total unsaturated fatty acids. Vegetable oil blends seem to be less mutagenic than the pure oils with a shifted maximum compared to blends with biodiesel and DF.
This study supports the hypothesis that numbers of double bounds in unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils combusted in diesel engines influence the amount of emitted particles and the mutagenicity of the exhaust. And the peak of mutagenicity shifts in blends with vegetable oil. Further investigations have to elucidate the causal relationship and where the maximum of the blends lays.


The technology of FricDiff, an abbreviation of Frictional Diffusion, can be used to separate gases by adding a third gas, a so-called sweep gas, to the system. It is based on the diffusion difference of the feed molecules in the sweep gas. FricDiff is a proven principle and works at lab scale. The aim of the research is to study the technical and economical feasibility of separating H2 and CO2 with a FricDiff separation process at large scale. It includes the design of H2/CO2 separation unit for a medium size power plant using IGCC technology and a feasibility study. The results are compared with other separation methods that are used to capture and separation CO2 from H2


Fire control system has been existed for over 60 years and plays more and more important roles in the war today. The process of development of the avionics system in general and its modification are described. The technique performance and properties of several fire control system seekers are analyzed, and development trend are discussed.


A symposium on the pathology of asbestos related disease, held in Edinburgh on 27 and 28 April 1983, was attended by leading British research workers and hospital pathologists, and by doctors from the pneumoconiosis medical panels and the asbestos industry. The topics discussed were the relationship between lung dust burden and disease; the diagnosis of mesothelioma; the patterns of present day asbestosis; and the medicolegal requirements for determining when individual cases of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, bronchial carcinoma, or mesothelioma are related to asbestos. Informal presentations were made by experts on the subject and this paper is a summary of the main conclusions drawn from these presentations and subsequent discussion.


The question of relative motion between the earth and the neighbouring ether has been under discussion for many years. It has, from time to time, been the subject of important investigations; but these have all resulted negatively. The experiment about to be described is not different from them in this respect, yielding, as it does, no definite information on the main point. It was suggested and commenced by one of us some years ago; but the serious difficulties which invariably attend measurements of such delicacy have delayed its completion till the present time. Indirectly, the aim was to measure the direction and magnitude of etherdrift; the actual method having been to attempt to demonstrate the existence of the Fitzgerald-Lorentz shrinkage which has been supposed to mask the effect in the direct experiments of Michelson and Morley, and of Trouton and Noble. It may be as well to say at once that if such a shrinkage be real, it is in this experiment also obscured by some other exactly compensating change or changes, no effect approaching that to be otherwise expected having been observed. The principle of the measurement is a very simple one. Imagine a uniform wire AB (fig. 1) of length l and cross-sectional area a moving through the ether in a direction parallel to its length with a velocity v . Let ρ be its specific resistance and R its total electrical resistance. The relation R = ρ l / a is then true. Differentiating logarithmically, we obtain δR/R = δ ρ / ρ +δ l / l -δ a / a .


Abstract : In an attempt to reduce skin friction drag, air bubbles were emitted from a porous girthwise section near midships on a 28 ft-(8.5 m-) long rowing shell at speeds up to 20 ft/s (6.1 m/s). Air flow rates were scaled up from previous studies which yielded large skin friction reductions on small, submerged geometries. Increases in total drag occurred in the present experiment at most conditions. The smallest percentage drag increases occurred at the highest towing speed. Several possible reasons for the difference from the previous work are discussed. Drag reduction using localized air emission from a long, slender hull does not appear to be possible at low absolute speeds, due to the influence of buoyancy. The apparent requirement of high speed leads to difficulties in model-scale testing for surface ships. The governing parameter for microbubble drag reduction in most of the ARL/PSU configurations is the ration of injected air flow to the water flow rate in the boundary layer. This parameter is applicable for air microbubbles confined to the boundary layer either by buoyancy (body geometry) or high speeds. It is not clear that the same parameter will correctly scale up air flow rate requirements for higher Reynolds numbers on arbitrary geometries.


Brain aging associated impairment in synaptic plasticity and memory increases vulnerability for neurodegenerative pathologies. However, lacunae in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying such impairment have hindered the development of recovery strategies. In this context, the emerging evidences for modifying the synaptic morphology by activity dependent plasticity proteases are noteworthy. Neuropsin (NP) is one such serine protease implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory acquisition, though it has never been explored in aging brain. Recently, we reported regional variation of NP expression in aging mouse brain. It was predominant in forebrain regions exhibiting age dependent decline in cerebral cortex, sharp increase in adult olfactory bulb and hippocampus and thereafter reduction in old age. The expression pattern of NP was strongly correlated with cleavage of its substrate, L1CAM and downstream dendritic marker MAP2c level in different brain regions during aging. In the present research highlight, we provide a brief overview of our laboratory findings related to brain aging with particular focus on NP expression and its implication in MAP2c dependent dendritic morphological changes. Such novel findings suggest NP as a potential therapeutic target for age associated decline in memory and related disorders.


Rhetorical criticism performs two relatively distinct functions. Social criticism evaluates the means used and the ends advocated in contemporary rhetoric in order to raise issues and encourage public discussion. As such, it is ephemeral—linked to particular issues, times, and circumstances. "Academic" criticism attempts to discover and explicate the processes of human symbolization and, as such, makes enduring contributions to rhetorical theory. Standard definitions of critical objects and objectives obscure these distinctions and are partially responsible for our failure to produce a significant number of practicing critics.'


Milan Kundera's novel The Book of Laughter and Forgetting has the most laughable loves after his first and last collection of the short stories Laughable Loves. The love between Mirek and Zdena in Part One entitled 'Lost Letters' turns into a tragicomedy when the anti Mirek's efforts to erase their past love ends in a failure, while the party-liner Zdena clings to it, it being her single love in her life. Unlike the love between Mirek and Zdena which is distorted by their egoism as well as their political ideology, the love of Tamina for her late husband Pavel is pure and devotional. However, her desperate love for her husband, which is a great contrast to the mechanical and orgasmic supremacist love of the Western World, is also blind and unrealistic because of her ignorances to the influences of time that of which is the nature of forgetting. The love triangle between Karel, his wife Marketa, and their friend Eva in Part Two entitled 'Mother' is an entirely physical love, exclusive of the soul. Even though their physical ecstasies have some positive qualities like liberating the body from the oppressed soul, their success was conditioned on getting rid of his wife's head and her husband's head as well upon his wife's betraying her husband, during sex. The student's love with Kristina, butcher's wife, in the Part Five entitled 'Litost' is one of the most comic loves of the novel. While making love with her in his room, his soul is in ecstasies, while his body is desperate to reach inside her body more than twenty five times, without any success. He is made the victim of the litost, full of sorrow, misery, regret, and other feelings likewise. On the other hand, at the moment when the student is made the victim of litost, the author of the novel falls to a victim to the litost as well, because he fears that his nation is now at the crisis with it's very existence as the result of 'organized forgetting' work done by the totalitarian regime and it's 'president of forgetting'. Part Seven entitled 'Border', the last part of the novel, has many laughable and comic loves. The love between Jan and his mistress Hedvika is based on mutual misunderstanding, and the love between Jan and his girl friend, a girl who works in the sports goods shop, is mechanical because of the girl's record-oriented sexual behaviour. The loves of the orgy in Barbara's villa belong to the most comic loves of the novel because of the participants' meaningless automatic sexual motions and gestures. A mythical love between Daphnis and Chloe, which was suggested by the Czech emigrant Jan as an ideal love and also as an alternative to the love of the Western people with which he was much disappointed, is insufficient and incomplete with it's barrenness and sterility which is symbolized by the dull and listless sexual organs drooped down to the yellow sands of the nudist beach. Most of the loves of the novel The Book of Laughter and Forgetting are laughable loves that make their appearances in variation which comprises, with the unity of the themes, a framework of the architectonics of the novel. And through the absurd laughable loves of the novel, which are permeated with ironies and paradoxes the writer of the novel brings us to an awareness of the crises of modern life which has neither hopes nor perspectives in the eastern world as well as in the western world for the meantime.


In this paper, we propose a new method to construct the joint probability model from a specified first-order distribution and correlation structure. The construction procedure can be interpreted in two ways: (1) It embodies the maximum entropy principle, or (2) It is considered as a correlated non-Gaussian source generated by a nonlinear transformation from a correlated Gaussian source. Its stochastic properties [mean,correlation] and information-theoretic properties [entropy, rate-distortion bound] are examined. An example for the lognormal distribution is given to illustrate the construction process and the characteristics of the source. This approach should remove the limitations imposed by earlier methods, and make for more realistic modeling of medical images.


This paper introduces TableView, a tool that helps generate preview tables of massive heterogeneous entity graphs. Given the large number of datasets from many different sources, it is challenging to select entity graphs for a particular need. TableView produces preview tables to offer a compact presentation of important entity types and relationships in an entity graph. Users can quickly browse the preview in a limited space instead of spending precious time or resources to fetch and explore the complete dataset that turns out to be inappropriate for their needs. In this paper we present: 1) a detailed description of TableView's graphical user interface and its various features, 2) a brief description of TableView's preview scoring measures and algorithms, and 3) the demonstration scenarios we intend to present to the audience.


The 2013 Southern Weekly Incident was a confrontation of Chinese citizens against authority around the long-term issue of press freedom. It generated both online and offline action that pushed the limit of collective action in China. To understand people's commitment to taking action, I introduce embodiment as a key factor for mobilising individuals in action. Then I present the case study of the 2013 Southern Weekly Incident, which I argue demonstrates the logic of connective action and individuals' embodied mobilisation. A format of online and offline action being seemingly segmented by different groups of people is also highlighted in this case study, suggesting multiple action frames being facilitated by the use of the Internet in collective democratic action in China.


W I D M A N 1 I N T R O D U C E D T H E reverse bevel scalloping type of gingival incisions in 1916 as a modification of Neumann's 2 periodontal flap surgery. Widman made a scalloped gingival incision around the neck of the teeth about 1 mm. away from the teeth, raised a high mucoperiosteal flap beyond the apices of the teeth, curetted away the remaining soft tissue collar around the teeth, did a thorough root planing of the teeth, a minor trim ming of bone for flap adaptation, and closed the flap by individual interproximal sutures. The procedure was a mode of treatment of periodontal pockets aimed at re attachment and readaptation of the pocket walls rather than surgical eradication of the outer walls of the pock ets. Essentially the same procedure was described more recently by Morris. 4


Research shown that solutions for children with special education needs are successful in improving their academic performance, but less successful in improving their social inclusion. This article presents a case study of additional support from mobile special and rehabilitation educators for students who need extra encouragement to achieve their goals but are not identified as children with special needs. The research focus was understanding of inclusion and identifying overlapping activities with established practices. A patchy understanding of inclusion was found and a focus on working differently with students. Despite the encouraging findings, designing inclusive practices stays a major challenge.


Resumen en: Introduction. Increasing Awareness of the importance of vocational agricultural education has driven various regimes in government and Educators to embar...


This literature review aims to survey Swedish and foreign design solutions tomeet mainly speedand accessibility requirements of roundabouts and to see if foreignexperiences are relevant forSwedish ...


The non-pillar sublevel caving method with large structural parameters used in Mao Gong Iron Mine is of high rate of dilution and loss, and the ore recovery rate is less than 50%. Aiming at this problem, this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of the caving step on the mining index by means of the matching relationship between the shape of caved ore body and the drawn-out ore body, then through the physical simulation experiment in laboratory, the mining index such as the volume of pure ore drawing, ore recovery ratio and rock mixing ratio are studied under different caving step. The results show that the mining index under caving step of two row of blast hole is better than that under caving step of one row of blast hole. The research has guided significance for production of the mine.The non-pillar sublevel caving method with large structural parameters used in Mao Gong Iron Mine is of high rate of dilution and loss, and the ore recovery rate is less than 50%. Aiming at this problem, this paper analyzes the influence mechanism of the caving step on the mining index by means of the matching relationship between the shape of caved ore body and the drawn-out ore body, then through the physical simulation experiment in laboratory, the mining index such as the volume of pure ore drawing, ore recovery ratio and rock mixing ratio are studied under different caving step. The results show that the mining index under caving step of two row of blast hole is better than that under caving step of one row of blast hole. The research has guided significance for production of the mine.


Caricatures of famous scientists, particularly when done by competent artists, often have historical as well as entertainment value. Two amusing caricatures of Isaac Newton, one by John Leech, the other by George Cruikshank, are here reproduced primarily for the reader's entertainment.


Radiation-induced bystander effects (RIBE) can cause genomic damage in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) residing in the lung cancer microenvironment. This effect appears in the short-term as well as in the long-term and can be characterized by different levels and types of cytokines. Depending on the degree of damage, stem cells have different survival fates. Here, we describe the molecular mechanism of tumor-associated BMSC genomic instability caused by differential changes of TGF-β1 and TNF-α in RIBE after different windows of analysis in the different time point clinical setting. We found that both short- and long-term RIBE induced genomic instability. We could show a high expression of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and HIF-1α in tumor-associated BMSCs after short-term RIBE whereas only TNF-α and HIF-1α expression was increased in long-term RIBE. We further confirmed that genomic instability is associated with the activation of the HIF-1α pathway and that this is mediated by TNF-α and TGF-β1. In addition, we found differences in the mechanisms of genomic instability in the considered RIBE windows of analysis. In short-term RIBE, both TNF-α and TGF-β1 play a role, whereas only TNF-α plays a decisive role in long-term RIBE. In addition, there were differences in BMSC recruitment and genomic instability of different tissues with a more pronounced expression in tumor and bone marrow than compared to lung. Therefore, our results may serve as a guideline for the administration of radiation protection adjuvant drugs at different clinical stages.


However, the experience of her work has shown that modern technology has violated to a certain extent the relationship of the body of pigs with the environment with traditional conditions of keeping and feeding. But recently, the latest technical developments in the provision of methods for keeping pigs of different technological groups, methods and means of ventilation of premises, which have a significant impact on the level of metabolic processes and productivity of animals, have been rapidly introduced in pig breeding. This is especially true for such a vulnerable technological group as weaned piglets, during the growing period of which there are a number of critical life threats. Therefore, the only effective way is to optimize the technological parts of keeping pigs under the conditions of industrial pork production technology. The two-phase technology is characterized by the fact that, after weaning from sows, piglets are grown in nests, in the same pens where they were born, up to 90–120 days of age. Until they have a mass of 30–40 kg. And only then the animals are transferred to fattening. When growing according to the accepted technological scheme, young animals change only two production premises, therefore such a system of animal fattening is called two-phase. It reduces the stress on the animals, both due to the minimum movement of young animals, and because there is no struggle for leadership in newly formed groups of piglets. The criterion for evaluating various production technologies is the correspondence of physiological needs and genetic characteristics of farm animals to artificial environmental conditions. The article considers the influence of different terms of combining nests in the suckling period on individual productivity indicators, as well as on the ethological and hematological indicators of piglets. The expediency of combining three nests of piglets at the age of 21 days for subsequent rearing by one group has been proved. Although this method of combining nests predetermines a certain physiological stress in the animal organism, as evidenced by hematological parameters, however, it does not go beyond the normal range and no stress state is observed.


We have developed a Fabry-Perot Velocity Interferometer System (F-PVIS) to measure the velocity of materials, moving with very high speeds. The F-PVIS has e.g. been applied to measure the velocity of a flyer launched by an electric gun. This gun is capable of accelerating thin plastic flyers to very high velocities (up to 8 km/s). The velocity measuring system consists of a one Watt laser, a Fabry-Perot etalon with lenses, a rotating-mirror streak camera and fiber optics to optically connect the laser and the F-P etalon to the object to be measured. The total system very efficiently handles the available light, and is able to measure velocities in the range of 100 m/s to several km/s. Currently we are able to perform two kinds of velocity measurements: (1) The evolution of the velocity of the flyer during the acceleration process. This kind of measurement is performed to calibrate the velocity of the flyer as a function of the voltage on the capacitor bank of the electric gun and as a function of the thickness, diameter and specific mass of the flyer. (2) The time resolved particle velocity at the interface of a sample, subjected to a shock wave, and a transparent material like PMMA or quartz. From the interface velocity the pressure in the sample can be determined, both for inert, solid materials and for detonating substances. With a minor modification in the above mentioned set-up we can also measure the particle velocity in a ceramic powder. Recently we also succeeded in measuring the particle velocity of the tip of a multimode quartz fiber, inserted into an explosive sample. Interpretation of this measurement is still a problem.


The recycling of asphalt materials is increasing every year in the paving industry, mainly for economical reasons because it reduces the consumption of raw materials such as aggregates and asphalt binders. The use of higher contents of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a challenge, since they are typically aged and show brittle behaviour, requiring the use of rejuvenators. The present work aims to investigate the potential of the sap of the Petroleum Plant (Euphorbia Tirucalli) as an asphalt rejuvenating agent. For this purpose, a PG 64-22 base asphalt binder was previously short and long term aged (by the rolling thin film oven test, RTFOT, and a pressure aging vessel, PAV, respectively), and then mixed with 30% by weight of the sap. All the samples (Original, RTFOT aged, PAV aged, and Rejuvenated) were subjected to physical tests (penetration and softening point), rheological tests (Rotational Viscosity and Frequency Sweep with a dynamic shear rheometer), multiple stress creep recovery and linear amplitude sweep tests. The results showed that, with the addition of the sap, penetration, softening point, master curves, rotational viscosity, MSCR parameters and fatigue curves of the PAV aged sample returned to the conditions it presented right after RTFOT procedure (or even to earlier stages), meaning that the sap was able to superimpose the effects of the oxidative aging. Thus, the sap of the Petroleum plant demonstrated potential as an asphalt rejuvenator.


members of the Groups, as well as by the type of young men and women who give themselves to the work, going forth without script or purse and trusting their all to the work of the Kingdom of God.' If we analyse the movement from this point of view we discover that there are many factors in the appeal. Probably the most prominent is the factor already mentioned that these young people go forth and risk all for Christ and His Kingdom. Such abandonment, such an experiment of faith whenever and wherever practised has its appeal to the


Transition to low emission transportation and cleaner cities requires a broad introduction of low- and zero-carbon alternatives to conventional petrol- and diesel-powered vehicles. New-generation gas buses are a cost-effective way to reduce local air pollutants from urban transportation. Moreover, major greenhouse gas (GHG) savings may be achieved using biogas as the power source. The main objective of this research was to investigate CH4 and other gaseous emissions of a biogas-fueled urban bus equipped with a three-way catalyst (TWC) in real-world conditions. The study focused on emissions from a six-year-old gas-powered city bus, supplementing emission data from aging bus fleets. Impaired CH4 oxidation and NOx reduction were observed in the catalyst after its service life of 375,000 km–400,000 km. The main reason for low CH4 and NOx conversion over the TWC was concluded to be the partial deactivation of the catalyst. Another critical issue was the fluctuating air-to-fuel ratio. The results show that the efficiency of exhaust after-treatment systems should be closely monitored over time, as they are exposed to various aging processes under transient driving conditions, leading to increased real-world emissions. However, the well-to-wheels (WTW) analysis showed that an 80% GHG emission benefit could be achieved by switching from diesel to biomethane, giving a strong environmental argument for biogas use.


Objective: Pregabalin (PGB) is a compound used in the treatment of epilepsy, anxiety, and neuropathic pain. Experimental data also indicate that PGB can reduce inflammatory pain. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PGB on carrageenan (CAR)-induced paw edema and its effects on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukine-1β (IL-1β) acting as acute phase cytokines in inflammation, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, in rats. Materials and Methods: Single doses of PGB 30, 50, and 100 mg/kg and indomethacin (INDO) 5 mg/kg in the treatment groups and saline in the control group were injected once intraperitoneally prior to administration of 100 μl of 1% CAR into the right hind paw of the rats. The paw thickness was measured using gauge calipers (Vernier calipers) before (0 hour) and every hour afterwards for 6 This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as: Kilic FS, Kaygisiz B, Aydin S, Yildirim C, Karimkhani H, Oner S. Pregabalin attenuates carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine levels. Eurasian J Med 2015; 50: DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2018.17261. ©Copyright 2018 by Atatürk University School of Medicine Available online at www.eajm.org hours following the inflammation induction. The cytokine levels in the blood serum obtained intracardiacally were determined after 6 hours using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was no significant difference between the 0 and 6th hour considering the paw thickness in all groups, except in the CAR group. CAR significantly increased the paw thickness at 6 hours compared to the 0 hour. All doses of PGB and INDO significantly reduced the paw thickness after 6 hours compared to the CAR group. The TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the PGB and INDO groups were comparable to the control group, whereas in the CAR group, these levels were increased. The IL-10 level was enhanced in the PGB 50 mg/kg and INDO groups. Conclusion: It was observed that all doses of PGB exerted anti-inflammatory-like effects comparable to INDO, supported by their effects on the levels of cytokines.


We present new approaches to Arabic font development for AlQalam. In order to achieve an output quality close to that of Arabic calligraphers, we try to model the pen nib and the way it is used to draw curves as closely to the ideal as possible using METAFONT. Parameterized fonts are also introduced for a more exible and dynamic combination of glyphs, to be used in forming ligatures and in drawing whole words as single entities. Quality will improve if words are created as single entities since the Arabic script is cursive. We compare our method to the basic binding of glyphs using simple box and glue mechanisms and also to currently existing font design technologies.


This paper reads a range of nineteenth-century texts for children that retell either Shakespeare's The Tempest or mermaid narratives, considering the models of feminine subjectivity and sexuality that they construct. It then moves on to two key contemporary texts — Disney's film adaptation of The Little Mermaid (Clements and Musker 1989) and Penni Russon's Undine (2004) — that combine the
Shakespearean heroine with the mermaid, and reads them against the nineteenth-century models.
Ultimately, the essay determines that, while these texts seem to perform a progressive appropriation of the two traditions, they actually combine the most conservative aspects of both The Tempest and mermaid stories to produce authoritative (and dangerously persuasive) ideals of passive feminine sexuality that confine girls within patriarchally-dictated familial positions. The new figure for adolescent female subjectivity, the mermaid-Miranda, becomes in turn a model of identification and aspiration for the implied juvenile consumer.


Abstract To summarize fertility preservation (FP) guidelines and consensus provided by medical facilities worldwide. Five reference databases (PubMed/Embase, China BioMedical Literature Database, ClinicalKey, Wanfang Data, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated) and 7 guideline databases (Guideline International Network, National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health, National Guideline Clearinghouse, The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, New Zealand Guideline Group, and Canadian Medical Association infobase) were searched. Official websites of societies were searched to find relevant guidelines and consensus, and guidelines and published systematic reviews and consensus were reviewed from inception through May 2021. A literature search was performed regarding guidance offered in professional facilities, and 304 records (including 4 in Chinese) of existing guidelines for full-text review were found. Moreover, 55 guidelines were identified after a manual search. The literature review demonstrated that FP guidance and options were unevenly distributed worldwide for women who wanted to post-pone pregnancy or had impaired fertility after gonadal toxicity. With promising cancer survival rates and diversified family decisions, more attention should be paid to the improvement and update of accessible guidelines and regulatory infrastructure to inform patients about the available options and empower them to make informed choices. Restrictions to such services can be gradually eased due to the efficacy and safety of certain FP techniques for the right candidates to initiate pregnancy conception.


The structure characteristics and working principle of the large flow relief valve used in hydraulic supports were introduced.The dynamic mathematic model and simulation model were built by means of power bond graphs and state space method.Digital simulation analysis for dynamic characteristics of the valve was made by Simulink.It had the curve of valve mouth on pressure,the curve of valve disk on displacement and the curve of valve disk on speed when the roof sinked in the rapid speed.Simulation results show that the appropriate increase in the stiffness of the spring can improve the sensitivity of valve,and reduce the oscillation of the valve disk,and achieve the optimization of the large flow relief valve on dynamic capability.


This paper presents the design, fabrication and testing of capacitive RF MEMS swithces for microwave/mm- wave applications on high-resistivity silicon substrate or glass and then the feasibility study and demonstrator fabrication of a new concept using MEMS switch. These switches can be accurately modelling using 3―D static solvers. The loss in the up-state position is equivalent to the CPW line loss and is 0.1―0.3 dB at 10―40 GHz. It is seen that the capacitance, inductance and series resistance can be accurately extracted from DC to 40 GHz S-parameter measurements.


Diversity has been proposed as a key criterion to improve testing effectiveness and efficiency. It can be used to optimise large test repositories but also to visualise test maintenance issues and raise practitioners' awareness about waste in test artefacts and processes. Even though these diversitybased testing techniques aim to exercise diverse behavior in the system under test (SUT), the diversity has mainly been measured on and between artefacts (e.g., inputs, outputs or test scripts). Here, we introduce a family of measures to capture behavioural diversity (b-div) of test cases by comparing their executions and failure outcomes. Using failure information to capture the SUT behaviour has been shown to improve effectiveness of history-based test prioritisation approaches. However, historybased techniques require reliable test execution logs which are often not available or can be difficult to obtain due to flaky tests, scarcity of test executions, etc. To be generally applicable we instead propose to use mutation testing to measure behavioral diversity by running the set of test cases on various mutated versions of the SUT. Concretely, we propose two specific b-div measures (based on accuracy and Matthew's correlation coefficient, respectively) and compare them with artefact-based diversity (a-div) for prioritising the test suites of 6 different open-source projects. Our results show that our b-div measures outperform a-div and random selection in all of the studied projects. The improvement is substantial with an average increase in average percentage of faults detected (APFD) of between 19% to 31% depending on the size of the subset of prioritised tests.


The Ewenki nationality is one of the four small ethnic groups living on forest and hunting in the Heilongjiang River Valley with only language but no characters. The graphic image, as a kind of art culture, records the traditional production and life of the Ewenki nationality, and also shows the traditional aesthetic emotion and unique taste of the Ewenki nationality. Therefore, the art culture of graphic images is more important to the national cultural heritage of the Ewenki nationality. From the research perspective and method of art anthropology, this paper discusses the importance of the Ewenki national art culture, the concept evolution of the Ewenki national art culture, and the application and development of the form expression of the Ewenki national art culture, and then, it explains the influence of the Ewenki nationality's natural living environment, living habits and concepts on the Ewenki nationality art culture, and verifies the contemporary value of the Ewenki nationality art.


A 62-year-old woman, who had undergone left nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma and had received interferon-alpha for metastasis to the lung, was hospitalized because of cough, dyspnea and anorexia 16 months after nephrectomy. Chest radiography showed collapse of the right lung. We performed bronchoscopy and found a red polypoid tumor completely obstructing the right bronchus. Biopsy specimens showed clear cell carcinoma, similar to previous specimens of renal cell carcinoma. We removed the endobronchial tumor with laser and electrosurgical snaring, after which the right lung reinflated.


With the development of society, the ideological education of our country has been paid more and more attention. College
English teaching reform has also entered people's sight, and the related reform has been gradually implemented. College English
education needs to pay attention to the mastery of students' theoretical knowledge, improve students' practical comprehensive
ability and pay attention to the development of students' moral cultivation. This is the inevitable demand of the development of the
new era. Only by conforming to this trend can we cultivate the constructive talents needed by socialism. School as the main base
of English education, more should clear the important role of college English to cultivate talents, strengthen their consciousness
of education, actively seeking a new English teaching method, speeding up the reform of college English mode upgrade, with
new ideas provide students with broad vision, constantly seeking breakthroughs and innovation on education level, To effectively
improve the level of English education. This paper analyzes the current situation and development of English reform from the
perspective of grasping the problems and overall management, so as to provide reference for the relevant people to exchange.


A reasonable grazing policy of "returning grazing to grass" is the key to boosting the regional economy, preventing desertification of grasslands and safeguarding people's livelihoods. In this paper, the Woodward model is used to establish the quantitative relationship between grazing and plant growth from the perspective of mechanistic analysis. To analyse the effects of different grazing strategies on the physical properties of Xilinguole grassland, this paper establishes a water balance equation for the soil-vegetation-atmosphere system and obtains a mathematical model for the effects of the physical properties of soil and vegetation biomass in Xilinguole grassland. Finally, on the basis of keeping the current grazing strategy unchanged, a model is developed to predict the future soil moisture.


Studies regarding vegetal extracts and essential oils from native plants have demonstrated efficiency in controlling phytopathogens of fungitoxic action, hampering the development of phytopathogenic fungi. This study aims to determine the fungicide effect of vegetal extracts during the mycelial growth of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The experiment was conducted in the phytosanitary laboratory of the UEMS in the unit of Cassilândia-MS, Brazil. A completely randomized design was used with a factorial scheme 4 x 5, comprising leaves, bark, and branches of cinnamon and mint leaves in the concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20%, with six repetitions per treatment. The evaluations were made 24, 48, and 96 hours after the transplant, obtaining the diametrically opposite means with a caliper to determine the measures. The results indicate a higher inhibitory efficiency against fungi development using extracts of mint leaves and cinnamon leaves and branches.


Even with advancement of communications technologies, home automation and application have received major attention. Today's digital world is mostly reliant on the internet so that there is a need to design such a solution to make more efficient from unauthorized components to safeguard the data that may work in wireless mode alone. This system provides guidance towards operational operations specifically surveillance on the areas and its structure and managing assets over the internet utilizing web applications employing IoT techniques. Home automation is a vital unit which must meet the main criteria like user interface and safety. In the current situation, the complete process depends on the Bolt IoT platform, a home automation system where it can access and manage house devices remotely from anywhere. The user may use this system to operate different equipment like LEDs, fans, or DC motors as well as to keep an eye on the environment's temperature. In addition, the Bolt IoT module enables cloud connectivity to the system, and sensor data is communicated to the cloud.


A 1V 600muW BAW-tuned quadrature VCO designed in 0.13mum CMOS is presented. The BAW QVCO operates at 2.1GHz and achieves a phase noise of -143.5dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset with a FOM of 212.1dB. The QVCO uses time-varying source degeneration to quadrature-couple the two VCO cores.


We describe physical habitat and aquatic biota of a relatively undisturbed canyon reach of the Purgatoire River and its tributaries in southeastern Colorado. Flow regimes are highly variable due to unpredictable, brief, intense summer floods. River habitat consists of long, deep, silty pools with few large boulders separated by short cobble riffles, whereas tributaries contain isolated pools maintained by groundwater. Water chemistry and temperatures were within ranges tolerable by plains stream fishes at all sites. Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages included representatives of four regional faunas. At lotic sites, a few taxa of two detritus-collecting functional groups predominated. The fish fauna is depauperate, consisting of only 11 native species which we divided into river, perennial stream, and generalist faunal associations. However, most fishes have generalized habitat, trophic, and reproductive requirements, which seem to adapt them to survive the harsh environmental conditions in this plains stream. Although the four species that made up 95% of individuals generally persisted at river sites over the 5to 7-year period sampled, the abundance of red shiners declined markedly from 1983 to 1987 despite favorable flow regimes. Little is known of the ecology and physical characteristics of streams of the western Great Plains (Matthews, 1988). However, fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages in such systems can be expected to differ from those in more mesic regions due to extremes in physical characteristics such as flow, turbidity, and temperature. Relatively pristine habitats in streams of the western plains are scarce due to a profusion of human activities, such as channelization, damming, dewatering, mining, overgrazing, use of agricultural chemicals, release of municipal and industrial wastes, and the introduction of nonnative species (Cross and Moss, 1987). Although the Purgatoire River is not immune to these perturbations, the reach we discuss here is one of few comparatively undisturbed remnants in the region and, therefore, offers an opportunity to study habitat and aquatic biota in a relatively natural stream of the western plains. The purpose of this paper is to describe the flow regime, physical habitat, and water chemistry of the Purgatoire River and its tributaries in Pifion Canyon and to document the species composition, distribution, and ecological characteristics of assemblages of benthic macroinvertebrates and fishes of these waters. Few reports of aquatic biota exist for this general area (Cope and Yarrow, 1875; Jordan and Evermann, 1891; D. Vana-Miller, in litt.), and none for the specific reach. We show that this reach harbors depauperate assemblages of entirely native aquatic biota which have generalized ecological requirements that adapt them for persistence in plains


The weight of newborn piglets in domestic pigs depends on the maternal environment. Using an original algorithm based on the comparison of the coefficients of correlation between the half-nests (the same average genotype and the same conditions of the embryonic environment) and the twin sockets (the same genotype, different conditions of the embryonic environment), it was possible to estimate the relative contribution of the various components to the weight of the newborn in the domestic pigs. Our investigation found that the relative contribution of environmental conditions during prenatal development into newborn weight variation is equal to 0.4717, the contribution of genotypic component is 0.4032; the contribution of interaction between environmental conditions and ambivalence of the "genotype–phenotype" relationships is 0.0846, indeterminacy of phenotypic realization of the littermate's genotypes is 0.0405. Maternal resource plays the main role amongst factors forming the environmental conditions of prenatal development. The gene pool will remain unchanged in any number of generations, despite a change in the popu lation parameters of the trait. In principle, it can be assumed that when a population reaches a certain level, when the mean value of the trait and the gene pool are optimal (the selection pressure vectors are mutually balanced), selection becomes less effective in transforming the average phenotype than changing environmental conditions. Obviously, therefore, livestock maintenance and feeding are paid as much attention as breeding, and breeds of farmed animals are zoned.


There has been limited research on understanding the educational implications for young people with intermittent hearing impairment resulting from Glue Ear (Otitis Media). Increasingly, there is recognition that it can have longer term academic and social implications (Wilson 2009). It tends to be constructed as a temporary situation curable through grommet surgery so much of the research has been conducted from a medical perspective. Parental proxies have previously been the main way of identifying its impact on young people. However, we provided the opportunity for young people to use their own voices. In this paper we use an example of the different interpretations by a mother and her son of the same educational and social situations. This demonstrates that when they are asked directly, young people can evaluate the best way for educators to support them. Each research participant was asked to independently create a photomontage of images illustrating how Glue Ear affected them. The Photovoice methodology was adapted for use with individuals, rather than through the more usual group approach. It was combined with Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to give depth to the data analysis. We conclude that there is an urgent need for more research into the ways in which educators can encourage young people with this condition to express their needs to ensure they achieve their full potential.


preparation of a handy manual which presents it, provided, of course, that this same manual makes it possible for the great host of amateurs to determine their plants with satisfaction. Concerning the other features of this Manual there can be no real discussion. The Engler and Prantl sequence is a matter of course, and is not under discussion as contrasted with that used in Gray's Manual. The use of the metric system is another well approved step which calls for no special comment, except that our manuals have been too slow in adopting it. As to the work of the publishers, it deserves very high praise. Thin but tough paper, clear type, and narrow margins, so that a book of over iooo pages can be carried in a good-sized pocket and can be bought for $2.25 is a triumph of the publisher's art and common sense.-J. M. C.


To provide a convenient organic matrix‐free spray‐on sample preparation for laser desorption ionization (LDI) that is compatible with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) techniques, silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs) were applied on a 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) lipid sample. Application of Ag and Au nanoparticles to the POPC sample allowed POPC lipid fragments to be detected using NP‐LDI in both positive and negative polarities. In addition, the same sample prepared for NP‐LDI experiments was used for C60 SIMS lipid analysis, and a secondary ion signal enhancement was obtained for the [M + H]+ ion of the POPC lipid as well as for characteristics POPC lipid fragments in positive ion mode. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Series of 11 transmission holograms made at Conductron Corporation in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Image is visible in three dimensions when lit from the back and viewed from the front.


Type 2 diabetes affecting children is a global epidemic that can be addressed by applying leadership models traditionally applied to corporate business structures. Leadership models provide the guidelines to apply to a problem and create a vision of change. Approximately 346 million individuals currently suffer from diabetes worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), of those individuals with diabetes, 90% have type 2. Once a disease characterized by middle-aged, overweight adults, type 2 diabetes is now being diagnosed in children and adolescents. The severity of type 2 diabetes is greater than the diagnosis portrays due to the many co-morbidities and risk factors that patients with type 2 diabetes are at risk of obtaining. Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease and can be examined from many different disciplines including, but not limited to, economic, environmental, and cultural factors. Kotter's Eight Step Change Model displays how a leadership model can be applied to a public health issue such as diabetes in order to develop change. Once applied to Kotter's Eight Step Change Model, the complexity of the global epidemic becomes less intimidating and more approachable and obtainable. Florida Public Health Review, 2012; 9, 62-65. Background Health threats are constantly introduced to communities. Globalization has only increased the number of new bacteria and viruses exposed to environments on a daily basis. Herd immunity usually is capable of battling new bacteria and viruses and as a result, epidemics rarely form. However, what happens when a change within a population results in the selfexposure to new health risks? What happens when a culture evolves into an at risk target population for a chronic disease? Due to cultural evolution children around the world are now battling conditions once known as "adult" diseases. One example of this phenomenon is type 2 diabetes. Due to obesity, type 2 diabetes is now an epidemic that affects youth worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). Because of the co-morbidity, type 2 diabetes is a complex problem that is multifaceted in nature. It is through leadership approaches and methods that public health educators can begin to address public health issues, such as type 2 diabetes in youth. Kotter's Eight Step Change Model, designed by John Kotter, is a sequential process that builds upon each step to produce the final product (Kotter, 1995). Applying Kotter's Eight Step Change Model to type 2 diabetes among youth provides a distinct process to prevention, treatment, and management. Significance of Type 2 Diabetes in Youth Any epidemic is of public health concern, but type 2 diabetes presents a particularly interesting issue to address. In the past, type 2 diabetes was a chronic disease only experienced by adults. However, youth worldwide are now being affected by type 2 diabetes and by the multiple complications induced by the disease. Considering the exponential growth of type 2 diabetes among children and its ease of prevention, public health educators must take leadership and address the type 2 diabetes epidemic. Type 2 diabetes is a result of the body's ineffective use of insulin (WHO, 2011). According to Kaiser Permanente, type 2 diabetes "develops when the pancreas cannot make enough insulin or when the body's tissues cannot use insulin properly" (Pope, 2010). Insulin is a hormone that regulates the body's glucose (sugars). Glucose needs to enter the cells for energy (Pope, 2010). If glucose is unable to enter the cells, it remains in the blood stream and causes high blood sugar levels. An individual diagnosed with type 2 diabetes frequently has abnormally high blood sugar (Pope, 2010). The most common co-morbid condition associated with type 2 diabetes in youth is obesity. According to the WHO (2011), 346 million people worldwide have diabetes. Ninety percent of those individuals affected by this chronic illness are experiencing type 2 diabetes. The effects of diabetes continue to worsen. According to the British Medical Bulletin, between 1976 and 1997, type 2 diabetes diagnoses increased 10-fold in children between the ages of 6 and 12 years old. During the same period, the rate of diagnosis among adolescents doubled (Matyka, 2008). Children as young as four years old have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Currently, the average age of diagnosis is 13 years old (Nwobu & Johnson, 2007). This chronic illness disproportionately affects subpopulations targeting different ethnic groups and


This article considers the significance of the 'blered' eye as a figure for covetousness in Piers Plowman and 'The Canon's Yeoman's Tale'. It argues that Langland and Chaucer drew on the particular symptoms of the 'blered' eye, and on its complex moralized, idiomatic, and allegorical meanings, to describe covetousness as a characteristically 'unkynde' sin, which alienates people from 'kynde' relationships and 'kynde' knowledge.


Based on the characteristic of the self-simulation of the vertical temperature profile and the property that the integral of similarity function is equal to constant at each layer, the sea was divided into 4 layers. The heat conduction equations of similarity function were deduced with considering heating from sea surface and nonheat transform at bottom. The equation set consists of 7 characteristic values of the vertical structure for the intermediate cold water. After these values were calculated, they were substituted to the temperature formulas of the self-simulating function. The temperature profile can be predicted. In order to examine this model efficacy the hindcastings were done. The effectiveness for a given period of time is 5 d. The results shows that the root-mean square error between the predicted and measured of the characteristic temperature was lower than or equal to 0.23 1C , the characteristic depth was lower than or equal to 1.18 m and the profile temperature was lower than or equal to 0.20 1C . It is shown that the results of trial prediction are satisfactory.


The effects of Extracellular products (ECP) of Aeromonas hydrophila on Penaeus indicus were assessed by haemolymph study. ECP was obtained by growing the pathogenic bacterium on sterile cellophane sheets over TSA plates followed by suspension in normal saline, centrifugation and filtration. Protein profile of ECP was analysed by SDS PAGE. Five groups of P, indicus and a control group were maintained to study the effect of five different concentrations of the ECP of A. hydrophila on haemolymph factors. There were rapid behavioural changes and gross pathological alterations like loss of appetite, abnormal swimming behaviour, melanisation on abdomen and soft shell syndrome. The mortality rate for each concentration of ECP was determined. The total haemocyte count was assayed in all groups at different hours. There was reduction in the number of haemocytes with each higher concentration of the ECP. These changes are attributed to the virulent factors in the ECP of Aeromonas hydrophila.


To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Roddy et al (1) published recently in Pediatric Critical Care Medicine describing their case-control study assessing the impact of unplanned extubations (UEs) on hospital cost and length of stay (LOS). Their major findings were that UE was associated with increased hospital costs and longer LOS when compared with controls without UE events. These results are in line with previous adult studies; however, some details reported in the study by Roddy et al (1) still need clarification for a better understanding. The results of this study were obtained from two different settings, PICU and cardiac ICU, and assessed as a single population. As the literature has reported different outcomes between surgical and medical patients experiencing UE (2), further exploratory analyses would be helpful if conducted separately for surgical and medical patients. Due to the potential for prolonged duration of weaning from mechanical ventilation in some diagnosis categories, it would be interesting to describe the UE population according to the diagnosis category (for instance, neurological diseases, heart disease, etc). Furthermore, information regarding the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or ventricular assist device that are highly resource-demanding procedures would be useful for better understanding of the resource use and costs. The longer PICU stay associated with UE had a large impact on resource utilization making the distribution of the cost components important. A previous study (3) on hospital costs reported a cost distribution for laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, respiratory therapy, and others in PICU patients of 18.3%, 8.4%, 7.6%, 5.7%, and 8.0%, respectively. However, in the study by Roddy et al (1), in both groups, pharmacy, respiratory therapy, blood bank, radiology, and laboratory were responsible for less than one third of the total cost. There is here a considerable difference among the cost components. If we call, the remaining costs in the study by Roddy et al (1) "room cost," it would be roughly responsible for almost two thirds of the costs. What are the expenses included in it? Another important finding was that a large proportion of patients with UE (58%) did not require reintubation; however, even in this group of patients, the costs were still increased in relation to the matched controls ($73,673 vs $58,870; p = 0.007). The data also showed that between UE patients who were reintubated and those who were not, there was huge cost difference ($73.673 vs $167,121). Reintubation after UE has also been associated with significantly higher incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and ICU-acquired urinary tract infections (4, 5), which, in turn, may lead to a higher resource utilization and ICU LOS. Also, a prior pediatric study showed that nosocomial infections were associated with the largest increase in hospital costs (6). Therefore, knowing more about what happened to these patients after the UE could help us further understand the resource use and cost differences. Did these UE patients use noninvasive ventilation or high flow oxygen therapy after the event? Was there any difference in the proportion of each component of care between those patients that needed to be reintubated and those who did not? The authors suggested that UE patients who do not require reintubation represent missed opportunities for planned extubation, but would it not also be the case for patients in the control group? To conclude, we congratulate the authors of this article for performing this important study and shedding more light on this theme. Their description of the cost components provides a glimpse into the microcosting of their PICU, and their data may serve as basis for additional studies related to resource allocation in the future. This study was performed at the Hospital do Servidor Publico Municipal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Dr. Marcelo Cunio Machado Fonseca disclosed that he is scientific director of a consultancy company that provides various works to distinct healthcare stakeholders. For this he receives a salary. The article in question is not part of his consultancy work. It is fully related to his academic relationship as he also teaches at the Federal University of São Paulo. This article has nothing to do with any other consultancy he has performed in the last 36 months and he did not receive any payment or support for the work presented in this article. The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest.


Automation in agriculture has vast potential to enhance productivity in the industry. Incorporating agricultural robotics can significantly improve work efficiency, enhance product quality, reduce expenses, and minimize manual labor. Despite significant advancements in robotic and sensing technologies, their practical implementation in agriculture, particularly in the palm oil sector, remains limited primarily to laboratories and spin-off companies. The utilization of robots in the palm oil complex agricultural environment presents more significant challenges than conventional flat agricultural landscapes, primarily due to the unstructured nature of agricultural settings. Complex coordination is required to address the need for collaboration with human workers, establish long-distance communication networks, and enable autonomous navigation in areas far from power sources. This article explores the various environmental challenges in oil palm plantation estates and in-field operations and proposes a robot built from an all-terrain vehicle into an agricultural robot.


The main idea of this paper is using a manager server on the top of the tree-based P2P network construction for smartly providing alternative parent peers to reconnect in a case, when the downloading parent is down or crashes. The solution for these issues is considered to use minimum reconnection time for the parent change and solving the problem as lack in alternative peers. This is one of the main demands in the peer-to-peer video streaming system, as seamless streaming is one of the main issues in the P2P network.


In the title compound, C15H11NO2S, a new thio-benzoxazole derivative, the dihedral angle between the benzoxazole ring and the phenyl ring is 9.91 (9)°. An interesting feature of the crystal structure is the short C⋯S [3.4858 (17) Å] contact, which is shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of these atoms. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked together by zigzag intermolecular C—H⋯N interactions into a column along the a axis. The crystal structure is further stabilized by intermolecular π–π interactions [centroid–centroid = 3.8048 (10) Å].


Qualitative research provides lessons for the psychology of physical activity. Specifically, qualitative research highlights the social context, multiple truths and multiple paths to those truths. All methods are limited and all knowledge is incomplete. No one method can provide a complete understanding of complex, dynamic physical activity behaviour. Incorporating those lessons can broaden our vision to move beyond the qualitative–quantitative dichotomy and value all forms of scholarship in an engaged social psychology of physical activity.


Translating electrical engineering modules from connexions to create educational content in both English and Spanish has given birth to an idea for an ambitious project to bring high quality educational materials to the English and Spanish speaking populations of the world


This article is part of the research in language Ciacia. Language Ciacia as one of the local languages in Southeast Sulawesi, especially in Buton has equal status to the languages of other regions in Indonesia results showed that in the language of Ciacia are implementing maxim namely (1) maxim of wisdom or maxims adhili (2) generosity maxim or maxims minculungi (3) maxim praise or maxim kapuji (4) maxim sukughu humility or (5) an agreement or maxim pohokolo (6) sympathy maxim or maxims Konami.


Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a strategy of urban planning that aims to maximize the efficient use of the territory near the transport hub and facilitate the transition to sustainable development of cities and regions. The research is aimed at studying the emergence and development of TOD as part of New Urbanism concept in the history of urban planning and the most important characteristics of TOD. The typology of transit-oriented development plays an important role in urban planning. Its application simplifies the management of infrastructure projects by applying standards in planning and development, as well as ensuring consistency in various areas. In addition, support for planners, administrative staff and developers is of great importance for development, depending on such characteristics as population density, mixing of functions, ways of movement of citizens, activities, etc. The introduction of typology makes it possible to identify the territory and its users with already existing design solutions or experience for more thorough spatial planning.


Twelve amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate) (ATBC) samples ranging in weight-average molecular weight from 1.7 × 104 to 1.7 × 106 have been prepared and studied by light and small-angle X-ray scattering, sedimentation equilibrium, viscosity, infrared absorption (IR), and optical rotation in methanol (MeOH), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and their mixtures at 25 °C (or 20−25 °C for IR). Data for the mean-square radius of gyration, the particle scattering function, and the intrinsic viscosity are analyzed on the basis of the wormlike chain to yield h (contour length per residue) = 0.32 nm and λ−1 (Kuhn's segment length) = 11 nm in MeOH and h = 0.26 nm and λ−1 = 75 nm in THF. The high stiffness in THF indicated by λ−1 = 75 nm is most likely due to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding (between C═O and NH groups of ATBC) observed as the splitting amide I band in the IR spectra. Furthermore, the h value in this solvent is considerably smaller than the helix pitches per residue of 0.37−0.40 nm for amylose triesters in the cry...