From their inception, moving images were believed to hold unprecedented power to instruct. Early observers speculated about the educational power of motion pictures, going so far as to predict the obsolescence of books. In the United States, nickelodeons were cast as popular schoolhouses where immigrants supposedly learned to be American and young people learned the ways of crime. As scholarship has shown, this schoolhouse offered different lessons for men and women, boys and girls. While commercial cinema educates as surely as it entertains, other forms of media are born with the express goal—to paraphrase Devin Orgeron, Marsha Orgeron, and Dan Streible—to teach, inform, instruct, or persuade viewers.1

The term useful media plays on Charles Acland and Haidee Wasson's phrase "useful cinema." The insights of the essays collected by Acland and Wasson in their edited volume of the latter title lead them to position useful cinema as "a disposition, an outlook, and an approach toward a medium."2 It is this orientation toward media that is explicitly conceived as performing important work in the world that underpins this issue of Feminist Media Histories . While recent scholarship on what some have termed nontheatrical film, educational film, or classroom films has illuminated the way …


The present invention addresses the problem of providing a highly active protease that can be used in the preparation of a sample for mass spectrometry of a protein and has excellent stability with respect to changes in the external environment. The present invention provides: an immobilized protease that is characterized in that a crudely purified protease or a protease that has not been subjected to autolysis resistance treatment is immobilized on a nanoparticle surface; and a method for producing said immobilized protease. Since this immobilized protease can maintain high activity without being subjected to a change in the external environment, said protease is effective, for example, in preparing a sample to be supplied for mass spectrometry of a protein in a clinical specimen.


This paper presents a new approach for constructing libraries for building processing-intensive multimedia software. Such software is currently constructed either "from scratch" or by using high-level libraries. We have found that the second approach produces inefficient code, while the first approach is time-consuming. We therefore designed and implemented Dali, a set of reusable, high-performance primitives and abstractions that are at an intermediate point in this design space. By decomposing common multimedia data types and operations into thin abstractions and primitives, programs written using Ball are shorter and more reusable than hand-tuned C code, yet achieve competitive performance. This paper describes the design and implementation of Dali.


The whole DNA sequences of many organisms are being determined by international collaborations, and some of them have already been made public at various ftp sites. Now the main topic of researches on such organisms has shifted to the systematic functional analysis of the genes. Our research group has installed a systematic experimental method which allows both multiple gene disruptions and multiple gene overexpressions. By using this method, we have launched a project whose purpose is to reveal the gene regulatory networks between the 6,200 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae while many laboratories have also started similar projects. This project consists of two different tasks in addition to the task of experiments. One is to develop algorithms (strategies) for constructing gene regulatory networks from experimental data and testing the consistency of data with already known gene regulatory networks. The second is to construct a knowledge base of gene regulatory networks which have been already known for various organisms. By combining the results of these two tasks, our project will determine a rough figure of the gene regulatory network. For the first task, we have developed several strategies. In this short abstract, we briefly describe the theoretical results implied by these strategies. Although the developed strategies are not yet practical, we believe that they give a foundation for developing practical strategies. Readers interested in details may refer Ref. [1].


This research aims to investigate university students' problems and reasons and find solutions to the problems. The researcher utilized the questionnaire to investigate this kind of problem of 84 Faculty of Foreign Languages (FFL) sophomores from class 20AV01 and conducted paired samples T-test on one of the classes, which consisted of 22 participants in the experimental group within a month. The findings show that FFL sophomores- their listening ability, in general, was lower than expected since a considerable number of them could only understand simple and slow English utterances. The lack of vocabulary and pronunciation knowledge and in respect of speaker factors, "informal language", "fast and instant speech", and "the accents" from the speaker are the main causes of their failure to understand English utterances. The Paired-Samples T-test results revealed a significant difference between the pretest and post-test scores (r=0.529, p<0.001), and on average, the post-test scores were 14.3 points higher than the pretest scores. This finding suggests the importance of vocabulary and pronunciation in English listening and self-study through mass media should be taken into more concern.


This paper addresses the adaptive synchronization control problem of networked robot systems characterized by the Lagrangian function, where exact dynamic models are unknown and velocity measurements are unavailable. A class of distributed observers, comprised of multiple dynamic variables and static variables, are established based on no a priori restriction on the boundness of the observer states. The observer is compatible for different control schemes with or without structure uncertainties. Using the estimated states given by the observer, adaptive distributed control input is developed, and then, closed‐loop dynamic models for filtered vectors are established. It is proven that our proposed control scheme permits global exact state estimation and global asymptotic synchronization while compensating for structure uncertainties. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the results.


Using Fourier series expansion of the involving temperatures and the forcing parameters i.e. the solar radiation and the ambient temperature, an iterative procedure has been developed to solve the heat transfer problem with moving boundaries. Calculations specific to a typical summer and winter day in Delhi have been presented for a numerical appreciation of the developed analysis. Experiments have been performed to validate the developed theoretical analysis. A good agreement is seen between theoretical and experimental results with in the domain of the applicability of theory.


Since the early nineties the language of Dutch researchers and policymakers has been 'enriched' by a new conceptual pair, the terms allochtoon and autochtoon. The term allochtoon for immigrants was used for the first time in 1971, in a volume edited by the sociologist Hilda Verwey-Jonker to capture a heterogeneous bunch of residents, according to the elaborate subtitle: "repatriates (so-called, from Indonesia), Ambonese, Surinamese, Antillians, foreign laborers, Chinese, refugees, and foreign students." At that time the Netherlands considered itself as a seriously overpopulated country. Until far into the 1960s government had been propagating emigration rather than immigration. In his book Perils of Belonging Peter Geschiere relates how one of the contributors to the book and now Nestor of Dutch migrant studies, Hans van Amersfoort, had come up with the term allochtoon, a term he was acquainted with from physical geography, where it was used to speak of allochthonous sediments. Verwey-Jonker was very happy with this alternative, because it carried no political connotations whatsoever. But apart from a few academic researchers, the terminology did not really catch on. Van Amersfoort himself for instance, spoke of immigrants. It was only when the wrr (the Scientific Council for Governmental Policy) in a report published in 1989 replaced the term ethnic minorities with allochtonen that the word gradually became adopted, first by researchers and policymakers, then by the media and subsequently the public at large. It is worthwhile to go back to the text of the 1989 wrr report and reconstruct the Council's initial motives for introducing this terminology. Why depart from speaking about ethnic minorities? Because, the Council explained, this term did not capture groups whose culture is from strange origins ('van vreemde origine') but who do not occupy the lower ranks of the social ladder. In other words: it did not capture groups who were ethnically different from the indigenous Dutch yet not in a minority position. Why not immigrants? Because it suggests permanent residence which need not always be the case (here we see the WRR also still struggling with the Netherlands being an immigration country, which elsewhere the Council acknowledges), and (more to the point) because it does not capture the position of the children of immigrants who often face the same kind of obstacles as their parents.


Shuttle mission plans recently developed by NASA for the time period 1980-1991 are presented. Standard and optional services, which will be available to users of the Space Transportation System (STS) when it becomes operational in the 1980's, are described. Pricing policies established by NASA to encourage use of the STS by commercial, foreign and other U.S. Government users are explained. The small Self-Contained Payload Program, which will make space flight opportunities available to private citizens and individual experimenters who wish to use the Space Shuttle for investigative research, is discussed.


An electrical plug assembly comprising: - a base (1) comprising at least two first electrical contacts (120, 121) and a first magnetic portion (13) arranged to move by a magnetic effect to move the first two contacts electrical outwardly from the base (1), - a plug (2) comprising two second electrical contacts (220, 221) for electrically connecting to the two first contacts (120, 121) power when they are in the outside the base (1) and a second magnetic portion (23) for moving, by magnetic effect, the first magnetic portion (13) for driving the first electrical contacts (120, 121) outwardly of the base, - the first part magnetic (13) or the second magnetic part (23) comprises at least one permanent magnet (15, 16, 25, 26) so as to form a magnetic circuit when the plug (2) approached the base (1).


This article engages with the work of Antoine Dondaine on inquisitors' manuals of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, which laid the groundwork for modern scholarship on these texts. While following Dondaine's line on the texts' importance to the development of the inquisition of heresy, it questions the emphasis that his reading put on their literary development, and the subsequent tendency by scholars to read these texts as driven by generic concerns. The article surveys thirteen manuals from the high medieval period, produced between 1248 and 1330. The textual exchange that exists between the manuals and across different regions of inquisition and the relationship of the texts to the developing practice of the inquisition of heresy are explored. It is suggested that the typological reading of manuals be set aside, and that changes in their form are more helpfully understood in terms of their practical function.


A case of false deployment of a self-expandable TAVI prosthesis due to inadvertent and incorrect release of an eyelet in the crown of the valve resulting in a tilted valve.


Significant improvements in smart healthcare are only possible if a multidisciplinary approach is taken to the design, implementation, and application of technology in their respective social context. Pregnant women living with type 1 diabetes (PWT1D) face a series of challenges including ongoing management of diet and physical activity, continued delivery and adjustment of insulin doses. These women often feel socially and geographically isolated, due to the rarity of their condition, the paucity of accurate personal healthcare information, and the demands of a high-risk pregnancy. ITenabled smartpumps which allow information to be shared between women with type 1 diabetes and their healthcare team, are one possible solution to this problem. This paper highlights the adoption and application of IT-enabled smartpumps by PWT1D. Using a Cross Community Information Systems (CCIS) approach we examine some of the benefits and drawbacks of smartpumps from the perspective of a range of stakeholders associated with the health and wellbeing of PWT1D and their unborn children. Ultimately we argue that with a considered approach to their adoption and use smartpumps provide an effective tool for ongoing support and collaboration within the healthcare team.


their feelings and their sense of alienation. Rock shows a schism to exist between the impassioned, subjective arguments of the survivor-activists and the more dispassionate, objectifying discourse of the professionals. At times Rock struggles to impose a pattern and theoretical shape on to the history of the groups. Rock notes that the organisations are predominantly white and female, and that the membership is disparate, united only by their shared experience of violent bereavement. It struck me that the


Background: Novel therapeutic approaches against influenza are required. Bakuchiol is a phenolic isoprenoid found in Babchi seeds. Results: Bakuchiol enantiomer-selectively inhibited influenza A viral infection and growth and activated the Nrf2 pathway. Conclusion: Bakuchiol showed novel enantiomer-selective anti-influenza viral activity. Significance: The study of bakuchiol will contribute to the development of novel approaches to influenza therapy. Influenza represents a substantial threat to human health and requires novel therapeutic approaches. Bakuchiol is a phenolic isoprenoid compound present in Babchi (Psoralea corylifolia L.) seeds. We examined the anti-influenza viral activity of synthetic bakuchiol using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. We found that the naturally occurring form, (+)-(S)-bakuchiol, and its enantiomer, (−)-(R)-bakuchiol, inhibited influenza A viral infection and growth and reduced the expression of viral mRNAs and proteins in these cells. Furthermore, these compounds markedly reduced the mRNA expression of the host cell influenza A virus-induced immune response genes, interferon-β and myxovirus-resistant protein 1. Interestingly, (+)-(S)-bakuchiol had greater efficacy than (−)-(R)-bakuchiol, indicating that chirality influenced anti-influenza virus activity. In vitro studies indicated that bakuchiol did not strongly inhibit the activities of influenza surface proteins or the M2 ion channel, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Analysis of luciferase reporter assay data unexpectedly indicated that bakuchiol may induce some host cell factor(s) that inhibited firefly and Renilla luciferases. Next generation sequencing and KeyMolnet analysis of influenza A virus-infected and non-infected cells exposed to bakuchiol revealed activation of transcriptional regulation by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf), and an Nrf2 reporter assay showed that (+)-(S)-bakuchiol activated Nrf2. Additionally, (+)-(S)-bakuchiol up-regulated the mRNA levels of two Nrf2-induced genes, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase A3. These findings demonstrated that bakuchiol had enantiomer-selective anti-influenza viral activity involving a novel effect on the host cell oxidative stress response.


Avoidance—Avoidance combines a play staged amongst art works presented in 4 iterative exhibitions, performances alongside a book. Presented at Museo Marino Marini Florence, Monitor Gallery Rome, Mendes Wood DM Sao Paolo and Steirischer Herbst Graz, each iteration comprised a unique performed script or 'act' and a body of accompanying artworks that function as both autonomous works in a gallery setting and as stage props for a bitter argument between two ex-lovers about the infidelities that led to their break up.


The structure of (R)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl(R)(+)-α-methylbenzylaminebis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) has been determined by X-ray analysis. The crystal is monoclinic, the space group P21 Z=2 with a=7.899(5), b=16.397(2), c=9.054(7) A, and β=90.98(7)°. The structure was deduced by the heavy atom method and refined by the block-diagonal least-squares method to a final R value of 0.048 for 2146 observed reflections. The bis(dimethylglyoximato) cobalt moiety is twisted around its long axis, owing to the steric repulsion from the (R)-1-(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl group and the optically active amine. It is proposed that this twist is one of the factors inducing the asymmetry in the hydrogenation catalyzed by the complex of bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt and the active amine. At the step of Co–C bond cleavage the reaction proceeds mainly through inversion of the configuration.


From the Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Reprints: Avrum N. Pollock, MD, FRCPC, Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 2115, Wood Bldg, 324 S 34th St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (e‐mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


The present paper is concerned with the phenomenon of interspecific allo metry in primates and its relationship to the concept of adaptation. A metrical study of the primate skull was performed to investigate the extent to which particular dimensions of the primate skull (e. g. foramen magnum area, second lower molar length) can be used as indicators of body size and to analyse the allometric relationships involved in the evolution of specific features (e. g. cranial capacity, foramen magnum size, tooth dimensions). Fourteen standard dimensions were taken from the skulls of 48 nonhuman primate species. The logarithmic relationship between these dimensions and body weight was analysed. Most consistent indicators of body size in living primates are skull length, zygomatic width, condylar area, and foramen magnum area. Brain size and foramen magnum area have both increased by adaptive shifts in primate evolution.


The genus Ototylomys is revised taxonomically. One species and three subspecies are recognized. Generic and intraspecific relationships are analyzed and discussed. Size and color of venter seem related to altitude or differential gene flow between populations. Ecologie and zoogeographic factors influencing distribution of Ototylomys are discussed.


At present,slow convergence of traditional precise point positioning(PPP) with float ambiguity prevent the wide application in various fields.And the uncalibrated phase biases originating in receivers and satellites prevent the integer ambiguity resolution of PPP,so it can not be directly fixed by using carrier wavelength.In order to solve this problem,an estimation model based on directional statistics is proposed.Then the validity of the phase bias correction for PPP fixed solution is analyzed in terms of the reliability of ambiguity resolution,convergence speed and positioning accuracy.The results show that both reliability of ambiguity resolution and convergence speed of PPP with phase bias correction are improved,and the accuracy of PPP fixed solution can be improved by one order of magnitude.


This paper explores differences in the party system development of two former Yugoslav republics: Slovenia and Montenegro. Despite sharing a communist institutional system, after that disintegrated Slovenia had a much faster pace of democratic consolidation and economic development than Montenegro. Similarly, the nature of the party competition and party system structure are also quite different. Using a quantitative and descriptive approach applied to the period between 1990 and 2018, we outline patterns of party competition and party system development and explore how they complement the stages of democratisation. We investigate how the comparatively faster democratisation in Slovenia is reflected in the competitive party system with a focus on the ideological divide as the chief source of electoral competition. In contrast, we look at how the prolonged transition in Montenegro is reflected in the closed party system with party competition occurring mainly along ethnic lines.


This paper discusses some degree of Julio Cortazar stories to show that Cortazar's stories, especially the fantastic cut, foreshadow a kind of ideal reader Cortazar called "reader accomplice" and we have called on the theory of Umberto Eco "Reader model ". The reader of stories like "Blow-up" "secret weapons" or "Second time" must move travei of "interpretive strategy" that allows you to find the veiled intention of the author in his "generative strategy." These tales Cortazar accompanied by a theory about the story and that is in the text: "Some aspects of the story" and "the short story and surroundings." This theory is part of the "generative strategy" and explained in many ways the construction of Argentine writer tales from a preference for the break of forms, narrative structures and themes, here what fantastic as choice of topic and genre, is part of the complexity of such stories Cortazar.


A contemporary status of radar technology in the Czech Republic is reviewed in this paper. We may find activity in many different directions in this field now. Those are: new primary radar development both for military and civil application, primary and secondary radar upgrades, new passive radar development for civil application, ELINT and ESM equipment, intruding alarm radar sensors for commercial application/high mass production, radar warning and seeking receivers and military targets RCS minimization.


Pyridinium pKa values and rates of quaternization with ethyl iodide in various solvents are used to evaluate the effect of substituents on the pyridine nitrogen reactivity. Substituent effects on nitrogen reactivity are found to be intrinsic properties of the pyridine system independent of specific reaction type or solvent. The relevance of hydrogen-bonding in methanol and its influence on pyridine quaternization is discussed. The influence of potential resonance acceptors is shown to be due to their inductive effect alone, and the general question of the applicability of the dual substituent parameter equation to substituent effects on nitrogen reactivity in pyridine is considered.


Service to the community by utilizing technology is an obligation that must be carried out by every village government, including the Cemara Jaya village government in Wasile, East Halmahera, public services using manual methods can cause several problems such as loss of documents and undocumented letters issued by Cemara Jaya village government in a structured manner. This service is carried out in an effort to assist the village government and its community in using the Cemara Jaya Village Information System (SID). The training and mentoring methods that have been carried out show that the service system carried out by the Cemara Jaya Village government is more efficient, saves time and data management that was previously manual-based to digital-based in the form of a village information system.


An extensive archaeological excavation occurred between 1991 and 1998 in Rua das Pedras Negras, Lisbon, but data remains mainly unpublished. The authors publish and describe the assemblage of medieval imported pottery dating from late 13th to 14th centuries, turning back to the theme already previously treated (Silva et al., forthcoming). Productions include fabrics originated in Valencia, Seville and Granada, Saintonge («polychrome», «highly decorated», plain and «mottled»), North French («highly decorated»), Flemish (from Bruges and perhaps Antwerp), English (London) and, eventually, the Low Countries. The overall assemblage demonstrates that ceramic productions exported through Bordeaux and La Rochelle harbours are predominant over the remaining, and quantity and diversity are symptomatic of high acquisition capacity verified by Lisboners between the reigns of Afonso III and Pedro I, as well as of the chief role played by Lisbon in the network of commercial maritime relations then established between Portugal and the north Atlantic European façade.


Along with the arrival of the experience economy ages, more and more consumers have transferred their attentions from the quality and price of the products or service to the emotion experience during the consuming process. Conforming with the changes of the consume behavior, experience marketing is coming. Experience marketing claimed that the enterprise should make the satisfying of customer's individualistic demands as the keystone of marketing, the increasing of customer's experience as the marketing concept and the enhancing of trans-action between the enterprise and customer as the marketing method and so on. On the foundation of the travel enterprise feature's analysis,the text claimed that the travel enterprise need to make some adjustments. For example, making the emotion experience as the springboard of marketing strategy, strengthening tourist's positive participation as the marketing method, and then compounding several sense-stimulations to satisfy tourist's omni-directional experiences. In addition, travel enterprise can take the advantage of some goods related to the experience subject closely to make a unforgettable experience for tourists, and then, it can realize the durative development of the travel enterprise.


ABSTRACT Fear of childbirth may be a major problem among pregnant women because it affects their daily lives negatively and results in negative consequences of both mental, physical and social character. The purpose of this literature study was to describe the factors associated with the pregnant women's fear of childbirth, and whether fear of childbirth differs between nulliparous and multiparous women. Women's ways of dealing with their fears, their experiences and needs of the midwife's response and support has also been studied. The method is a systematic literature review of 15 scientific qualitative and quantitative articles from Nordic countries. The result shows that fear of childbirth in pregnant women may have biological, psychological, social and secondary causes. The only difference between nulliparous and multiparous women that have been shown is that nulliparous are afraid of the unknown situation while multiparous are afraid of re-experiencing a traumatic birth. Women have several coping strategies to deal with fear such as obtaining knowledge, reading and talking about their fears. Others avoid discussions about childbirth, thoughts and situations that may be associated with fear or provoke it. Women don't dare to talk about their fear because they feel that health professionals avoid talking about it and don't show openness and interest in their feelings. Health-care workers' central role is to see the women and their needs, supporting their ability to give birth and respond to them so that they dare to open up, show their feelings and talk about their fears. Conclusion: Health professionals have a key role in identifying women with fear of childbirth as early as possible in the pregnancy in order to avoid the negative consequences of fear and reduce the number of caesareans. Reducing unnecessary suffering among women may also result in decrease of the health care costs.


In this paper, we present a new steganographic technique for embedding messages in palette-based images, such as GIF files. The new technique embeds one message bit into one pixel (its pointer to the palette). The pixels for message embedding are chosen randomly using a pseudorandom number generator seeded with a secret key. For each pixel at which one message bit is to be embedded, the palette is searched for closest colors. The closest color with the same parity as the message bit is then used instead of the original color. This has the advantage that both the overall change due to message embedding and the maximal change in colors of pixels is smaller than in methods that perturb the least significant bit of indices to a luminance-sorted palette, such as EzStego [1]. Indeed, numerical experiments indicate that the new technique introduces approximately four times less distortion to the carrier image than EzStego. The maximal color change is 4− 5 times smaller for the new technique than that of EzStego. A technique that introduces less distortion to the carrier image will generally cause changes that are more difficult to detect, and will therefore provide more security.


To the Editor: Previous studies have suggested an association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and steroid-refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently, we demonstrated that the CMV DNA load determined in intestinal tissue was predictive of resistance to steroid treatment and to three-drug regimens in ulcerative colitis (UC). Crohn's disease (CD) may also be associated with CMV infection but in a proportion of patients that needs to be carefully evaluated in order to refine the present recommendations regarding the diagnosis and treatment of CMV infection in IBD. The aim of the present study was therefore to assess the prevalence of CMV infection in patients with steroid-refractory CD when compared to that reported in UC patients. From January to November 2009, a single-center, prospective, observational study was carried out in 60 consecutive adult patients exhibiting moderate to severe acute flare of IBD. All patients were included after they gave written informed consent. The diagnosis of IBD was based on clinical, endoscopic, radiologic, and histological criteria. The clinical activity was appreciated by Lichtiger and Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores in UC and CD, respectively. In CD patients, a moderate and severe colitis was defined by a CDAI score comprised between 300 and 400, and >400, respectively. All included patients underwent a blood sample collection and colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy less then 24 hours after inclusion. Intestinal biopsies were sampled during endoscopy from the mucosal lesions. A single, trained pathologist (M.L.C.), blind for clinical, endoscopic, and virological results, screened the biopsies (10 to 20 high-power fields, depending on the biopsy size) for the presence of inclusion bodies with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), and of markers of CMV infection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with antiCMV monoclonal antibodies (Argene Biosoft, France). A severe colitis was defined by a CDEIS score >20. Systematic virological studies included the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to CMV in blood (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), the measure of CMV DNA load in whole blood using the CMV R-gene kit (Argene) as previously described and the quantitative determination of CMV DNA by realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on frozen biopsy fragments using the same kit (Argene) as previously described. All molecular data were interpreted by a single virologist (S.P.). The results in intestinal biopsies were expressed in copies of CMV genome per mg of tissue. Extraction and amplification steps were controlled for the absence of Taq polymerase inhibitors by amplification of the human aldolase gene as previously described. A total of 60 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study, including 42 UC cases and 18 CD cases. The characteristics of the UC patients have been reported. Those of the 18 CD patients were as follows: mean age of 34.9 years (SD: 14.2), male/female sex ratio of 0.9, mean disease duration of 77 months (SD: 68), and mean CDAI score of 360 (SD: 60). According to the Montreal Classification, the following percentages were observed for CD patients: 23 and 77 for A1 and A2 phenotypes, respectively, 44, 33, and 22 for B1, B2, and B3 phenotypes, respectively, and 22, 28, and 50 for L1, L2, and L3 phenotypes, respectively. Eight UC patients received azathioprine 12 6 3 months prior to inclusion. IgG antibodies to CMV were present in 10 of the 18 patients for CD when compared to 25 of 42 for UC patients (not statistically different). CMV DNA at the rate of 10 copies/mg of tissue was detected in inflamed tissue of 18 patients (30.0%), two of them being CD patients. The prevalence of CMV infection at the tissue level was higher in UC patients (16 of 42, 38.1%) than in CD (2 of 18, 11.1%) (P < 0.05). Histological markers of CMV infection, analyzed by both H&E staining and immunochemistry, were detected in none of the biopsies from any patients. The clinical evolution of the two CD patients with CMV was favorable without antiviral therapy. A second set of biopsies was performed in these two patients: the CMV load was stable in one case and under the rate of 10 copies/mg of tissue in the other one. Table 1 summarizes the results of several studies (including the present one) that, by using different methods for detecting CMV at the intestinal level, reported a trend to a clear difference in the prevalence of CMV infection in IBD, which was shown to be much higher in UC than in CD. The explanation of the low prevalence of CMV infection in patients with CD in comparison with UC probably relates to the differences in the immune mechanisms underlying the two diseases. It is well known that tumor necrosis factor plays an important role in reactivation of CMV in both monocytes and dendritic cells. Conversely, interferon-gamma (IFN-c) productive T lymphocytes are protective against CMV infection. As CD is considered a Th1-type inflammatory process and thus associated with great expression levels of IFN-c, this may partly explain the lower incidence of CMV infection in patients affected by that disease. Copyright VC 2012 Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of America, Inc. DOI 10.1002/ibd.21907 Published online 9 January 2012 inWiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com).


Two commonly used elicitation modes on strength of preference, equivalence and ratio judgments, were compared in an experiment. The result from the experiment showed that ratio judgments were less effective than equivalence judgments. Based on an iterative design for eliciting multiattribute preference structures, equivalence judgments outperformed ratio judgments in estimating single-attribute measurable value functions, while being nearly more effective than ratio judgments in assessing multiattribute preference structures. The implications of the results from the experiment are that multiattribute decision-making techniques should take advantage of the decision maker's inclination of making effective equivalence trade-off judgments, and that useful techniques should be devised to incorporate different commonly used techniques, such as multiattribute utility theory and the Analytic Hierarchy Process, to elicit and consolidate equivalence trade-off judgments.


The research describes how the students' interest with listening of English song and answer listening question to know their listening skill, to measure the interest the researcher uses questionnaire and to measure listening skill the researcher uses the test. And the researcher also given information what correlation between interest in English songs and students' listening skill at Twelfth Grade Of State Islamic Senior High School (Man) Pelaihari.

 The subject in this study is a sample populations of twelfth grade is number 61 students combines of science, social, and religion class. While object this study is correlation between interest in English songs and students' listening skill at Twelfth Grade Of State Islamic Senior High School (MAN) Pelaihari.

 To collect the data, the writer uses questionnaire and test. Data processing in this study is divided into three: tabulating, scoring, and correlation analysis. Then all data are analyzed using quantitative and concluded with the result of interest and done by the test.

 The result of this research indicates that correlation between interest in English songs and students' listening skill at Twelfth Grade Of State Islamic Senior High School (Man) Pelaihari is in low category.


Introduction: Surgical extraction of third molars is carried out in dentistry worldwide and is mostly performed under local anaesthesia on an outpatient basis. In minor oral surgery, various antibiotic regimens have been used. Antibiotic medication can be given immediately after surgery and continued for several days or as single or multiple doses several days before surgery as a preventative measure. Antibiotics can also be given prior to surgery and continued after surgery. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of single dose preoperative injectionamoxicillin1gmadministered1hourbeforetheprocedure, over routine 5 days postoperative peroral antibiotic therapy in decreasing the frequency of postoperative complications after third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomised clinical trial was conducted at JSS Dental College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India, during the period of August 2020 to April 2021, among 30 patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars. Each subject underwent removal of impacted tooth on one side with oral amoxicillin 500 mg thrice daily for 5 days postsurgically (Group A) and that on the other side was removed after two weeks with a single dose intravenous (i.v.) 1 gram Inj. amoxicillin 1 hour preoperatively (Group B). Postoperatively each patient was evaluated on the 3rd, 7th and 14th postoperative day for variables like surgical site infection and alveolar osteitis. Oedema, erythema and Purulent Discharge (PD) were the parameters assessed to diagnose surgical site infection. Pain greater than 36 hours, Loss of Blood Clot (LOBC) and Evidence of Exposed Bone (EEB) were the parameters to diagnose alveolar osteitis. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Amongst 30 patients selected for this study, 14 (46.7%) were females and 16 (53.3%) were males with a mean age of 25.17±5.74 years. In 30 subjects, oedema, erythema and pain more than 36 hours were evident by the (p-value=0.559, 0.80, 0.436 respectively on 3rd day) which resolved completely by 14th postoperative day. There was no occurrence of alveolar osteitis and surgical site infection among both groups. Conclusion: Inj. amoxicillin 1 gm administered 1 hour prior surgery was found to be equally effective as compared to capsule amoxicillin 500 mg administered per orally thrice daily for 5 days. Hence, Inj. amoxicillin 1 gm an hour prior surgery was found to be a viable option.


Summary Two species of Euphydryas butterflies were studied in California, USA, and showed considerable diet overlap at the species level. They utilize many of the same plant genera for oviposition. However, E. editha is less likely to use woody perennials than is E. chalcedona. Both butterfly species are known to specialize on different host plants in different populations, so species level divergence may not be a good predictor of community level divergence. Within five communities, E. editha and E. chalcedona showed no dietary overlap. A major component of the niche of E. editha in one community was occupied by E. chalcedona in a second community, even though both butterfly species occupied both communities. These resource use patterns indicate that community level interactions may affect diet divergence. The degree to which divergence within communities is greater (or less) than expected from a species level comparison may be used to provide a measure of community organization. Equations are given in the Appendix for calculating overlap probabilities from presence/absence types of data; in this study, presence is oviposition on a particular plant species, absence is no oviposition on that plant species. Given the various assumptions of the model, E. editha and E. chalcedona show significant community level components of their dietary divergence in the areas studied. However, in some other communities E. editha and E. chalcedona do share host plant species. Therefore, we could not demonstrate community level divergence conclusively, nor has this been demonstrated for any other pair of insect herbivore species. We do not know whether this is because the phenomenon is truly rare or just very hard to demonstrate.


A method for the treatment of voice data of a conversation between a first human and one or more second human interlocutors and a call acceptance system, in which generated from the conversation voice data and the voice data is wholly or partly analyzed by an automatic speech recognition system and converted to text, and in which the call is automatically forwarded to a specific collection point by the analysis, characterized, - that the first call is confronted with predetermined call structures, - that a recognition of the language by comparison of features from the speech analysis is performed with stored characteristics which are typical for a particular language, - that the language of the greatest number is found on matching features in the comparison is determined as a likely language and - that the call is automatically routed to the intended for the most likely language collection point.


An experiment was conducted to study the response of organic sources on the growth, yield, and quality of semi-rabi green gram. The experiment was conducted during semi rabi season 2021, at Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, comprising one chemical treatment with nine integrated nutrient management and biofertilizer treatments i.e. total 10 integrated organic manures treatments impose in semi rabi green gram. The layout of experiment was done according to Randomized complete block design with three replications. Growth attributes like plant height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation  plant-1 and dry weight of nodules plant-1 of green gram as influenced by an application of 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 ml kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1. Significantly higher green gram yield attributing character and biological yield was observed significantly higher where application done by 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 mL kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1. Quality parameter and content is most important factors for green gram, an application of 75% N through vermicompost + ST (5 ml kg seed-1) of Rhizobium + Bio NPK consortium 1 L ha-1 treatment reported significantly higher seed and straw NPK content and uptake.


Background: Previous works revealed the beneficial impact of Vitamin D 3 (VitD) on host defense and withal, VitD deficiency is common in patients with chronic pulmonary disorders. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of VitD on the pulmonary host defense system during infection. Methods: C57BL/6N mice were fed on a diet with or without VitD for ten weeks. The VitD deficient and the control mice were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae . After well-defined points in time the colonization and the inflammation of the lung were analyzed. Results: The serum 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D 3 concentration was dramatically lower in mice on the VitD deficient diet. The deficient animals did not show any other phenotype. In infection experiments with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumonia , no differences could be observed in number of viable bacteria or in differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavages. Measurements of inflammatory cytokines (KC, IL-1beta) did not show a consistent pattern. Conclusions: In the present study no significant breach in pulmonary host defense could be observed in VitD deficient animals. The analyzed parameters did not show a direct influence of VitD on the immune system of the lung.


We study independently even Clfford structures on Riemannian manifolds and quantum resonances on asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds. In the first part of this thesis, we study even Clifford structures.First, we introduce the twistor space of a Riemannian manifold with an even Clifford structure. This notion generalises the twistor space of quaternion-Hermitian manifolds. We construct almost complex structures on the twistor space and check their integrability when the even Clifford structure is parallel. In some cases we give Kahler and nearly-Kahler metrics to these spaces. Second, we introduce the concept of a Clifford-Weyl structure on a conformal manifold. This consists of an even Clifford structure parallel with respect to the tensor product of a metric connection on the Clifford bundle and a Weyl structure on the manifold. We show that the Weyl structure is necessarily closed except for some "generic" low-dimensional instances,where explicit examples of non-closed Clifford-Weyl structures are constructed. In the second part of this thesis, we study quantum resonances. First, we consider the Lichnerowicz Laplacian acting on symmetric 2-tensors on manifolds with an even Riemannian conformally compact Einstein metric. The resolvent of the Laplacian,upon restriction to trace-free, divergence-free tensors, is shown to have a meromorphic continuation to the complex plane. This defines quantum resonances for this Laplacian. For higher rank symmetric tensors, a similar result is proved for convex cocompact quotients of hyperbolic space. Second, we apply this result to establish a direct classical-quantum correspondence on convex cocompact hyperbolic manifolds. The correspondence identifies the spectrum of the geodesic flow with the spectrum of the Laplacian acting on trace-free, divergence-free symmetric tensors. This extends the correspondence previously obtained for cocompact quotients


Achieving highly reliable networks is essential for network operators to ensure proper packet delivery in the event of software errors or hardware failures. Networks must ensure reachability and routing correctness, such as subnet isolation and waypoint traversal. Existing work in network verification relies on centralized computation at the cost of fault tolerance, while other approaches either build an over-engineered, complex control plane, or compose multiple control planes without providing any guarantee on correctness. This paper presents Carbide, a novel system to achieve high reliability in networks through distributed verification and multiple control plane composition. The core of Carbide is a simple, generic, efficient distributed verification framework that transforms a generic network verification problem to a reachability verification problem on a directed acyclic graph (DAG), and solves the latter via an efficient distributed verification protocol (DV-protocol). Equipped with verification results, Carbide allows the systematic composition of multiple control planes and realization of operator-specified consistency. Carbide is fully implemented. Extensive experiments show that (1) Carbide reduces downtime by 43% over the most reliable individual underlying control plane, while enforcing correctness requirements on all traffic; and (2) by systematically decomposing computation to devices and pruning unnecessary messaging between devices during verification, Carbide scales to a production data center network.


The information on the nature and degree of diversity in the genotypes is crucial for efficient utilization of existing genetic resources. Thirteen (13) field pea genotypes along with two standard and one local checks were evaluated in triplicate randomized complete block design for three consecutive years to estimate the genetic variability and identify superior genotypes that generate putative transgressive segregates. Genotypes differed significantly in respect to phonological, yield and some yield related traits, and were highly influenced by the environment. Large magnitude of variability among the genotypes contributed to pod length and reaction to Ascochyta blight. High heritability was observed for days to flower (39.11%) and moderate for seed yield (15.98%). Genetic gains that could be expected from selecting the top 5% of the genotypes was 17.36% for seed yield. Four of the twelve principal components accounted for more than 89% of the total variations. The sixteen (16) genotypes were grouped into five clusters based on D2 values for which the maximum distance was found between cluster three and five. Thus, crossing of Tegengech with col 26 and col 23 would result high magnitude of heterosis that would produce superior breeding materials that can be utilized in future breeding program.

 Key words: Field pea, genetic variability, multivariate analysis, principal component, cluster.


The role of Organic Farming in India Rural Economy can be leveraged to mitigate the ever-increasing problem of food security in India. With rapid industrialization of rural states of India, there has been a crunch for farmland. Further, with the exponential population growth of India, the need for food sufficiency has become the need of the hour. Furthermore, the overuse of plant growth inhibitor, pesticides and fertilizers for faster growth of agricultural produce is detrimental to human health and the environment as a whole. The proposition of Organic Farming in India Rural Economy holds good, as an alternative to arrest this problem. Rural development policy of India can be featured by multispectral and integrated approach. The introduction of the process of Organic Farming in India's Rural Economy is a very new concept. Against this backdrop, this paper made an attempt to critically analyses the role of organic farming in rural development further it also examine the global and Indian scenario trends of organic farming at the country and global level.


As key devices to lift deep-sea oil and gas, mixed-flow pumps can transport multiphase flow with high inlet gas volume fraction (IGVF). Performance parameters of mixed-flow pumps may be disturbed by the complex flow and gas–liquid distribution under various conditions that need an accurate two-phase flow numerical methodology for prediction. In this work, the gas–liquid mixed flow performance of a mixed-flow pump is investigated based on the modified drag force model, which considers the bubble deformation at high IGVF. The effects of the IGVF on pressure increment and gas phase distribution are explored. The influences of flow rate and rotational speed are studied as well. Experiments are conducted to obtain performance parameters and gas–liquid distribution images. The results show that performance parameters and gas–liquid distribution predicted in simulations are consistent with those obtained in experiments. The pressure increment of the mixed-flow pump is decreased as the IGVF and flow rate increase. Especially when IGVF increases from 5% to 15%, the pressure increment drops sharply, which is the surging phenomenon. The increased speed may improve the performance. The evolution of gas phase distribution is deeply analyzed to improve the understanding of gas–liquid flow characteristics in mixed-flow pumps.


To explain the difference in the magnitude of synergistic extraction among organic solvents, the water solubility in hexane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and chloroform was measured, and then the residual hydration number of europium(III) in the β-diketonato chelate and in their adducts with 1,10-phenanthroline as well as the adduct formation constants were determined. Using the data, the formation constants of the adduct according to a novel definition, in which the water concentration in the organic phase is treated as one variable, were determined. The constants are approximately constant irrespective of the organic solvents, although those according to the conventional definition are different among the solvents. It has been concluded that one of the most important factors controlling the magnitude of synergistic effects is the presence of water, such as the water content dissolved in organic solvents, and the hydration and dehydration of the relevant species, because water molecules compete with a ...


Objective To explore the effects of Tongxinluo on serum glucose,lipid,ET-1,NO and NOS in patients with DM2 complicated with coronary heart disease.Methods The 120 type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease were randomly divided into treatment group and control group:the 60 of them were treated with routine western medicine(control group) and the other 60 patients(treatment group) were treated with Tongxinluo on the basis of routine medicine for two months.Another 60 cases of healthy people were as a normal group.Serum ET-1、NO、NOS were measured at the following time before and after the treatment by ELISA,nitrate reductase method,enzymatic colorimetric method,respectively.Results FPG,2 h PG,HbAlc,TG,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and ET-1 levels before treatment of treatment group and control group were significantly increased compared with those in normal group(P0.05),NO,NOS levels,EDD and EID were significant lower than those in the normal group(P0.05).FPG,2 h PG,HbAlc,TG and ET-1 levels after treatment of treatment group and control group were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment of treatment group and control group(P0.05),NO,NOS levels,EDD and EID were significantly increased(P0.05).Systolic and diastolic blood pressure after treatment were significantly decreased in comparison with those before treatment in treatment group(P0.05),improvement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure,ET-1,NO,NOS,EDD and EID in treatment group was superior to that in control group after treatment(P0.05).Conclusion Type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated with coronary heart disease have serious endothelium dysfunction.Tongxinluo can improve vascular endothelial function by regulating release of ET-1,NO and NOS.


Based on the principle of Finite Element Method( FEM) and Power Bond Graph theory,used Ansoft and AMESim,which are the electromagnetic computation software and the multi-physical modeling software,a complete model of proportional solenoid valve was built,which achieved the coupling of its electrical,magnetic,mechanical and hydraulic multi-physical. As compared with the existing typical model,the proportional solenoid valve model accuracy was perfected by the modeling method,as well as the completeness and dynamic response characteristics. The model was verified by experiments in comparison for its accuracy and static and dynamic characteristics,started from considering separately electromagnetic force,displacement,flow and other target parameters of the proportional solenoid valve. The similarity of the simulation model and the actual physical model is in full compliance with requirements of the hydraulic control system design. Subsequently,it provides reference for the following design of the precision proportional solenoid valve control system.


The launching of the earth satellites, the space rockets and the space ships has dealt a serious blow to the residue of religious belief in the consciousness of man. However the problem of education in scientific atheism is still on the order of the day. Therefore teaching in school should be designed so that students who graduate have a clear concept of the material nature of the world, the infinity of the universe, the objectivity of the laws of nature and their cognizability, i.e., they should have a dialectical materialist world outlook.


I mean to analyze the reciprocity between urban policies and economic growth; and the role of agents and estate developers in China. Emergent economy with high inequality rates. The roles of capitalist corporations and the Government in the construction and reconstruction of cities, Examine the infrastructures, business and commerce developers, sport and leisure areas, academic and cultural centers, and housing in the Chinese metropolis. The Asian country has become one of the most polluting ones as result of the fast urbanization, and the rapid growth of industry and infrastructures. Teams of architects have planned sustainable building but megalopoleis make eco-cities necessary.


Existence of crisis in professional competence which is experienced by many teachers who are already working in higher education institution, but not possessing rather developed, personal qualities providing humanization of their pedagogical activity is stated. The number of teachers, carriers of the knowledge, having passed to the senior age group increases around the world. Science is constantly evolving. Knowledge and skills of teachers cannot be modified. Retraining of teachers is a problem of the present. This problem can be solved by using the principles of andragogy. Intellectual development of teachers can be used as method of anti-aging and obtaining of new knowledge. I propose a model of activities of physical education teacher. This model will help the teacher in his profession. Thus, education becomes more humane. The analysis of situation shall help in designing the educational technology for experienced physical culture teachers, fulfilling their activities within the frames of humanitarian paradigm.


We present results from global VLBI, VLBA, MERLIN and VLA observations of the quasar 3C395 at 5.0 GHz, global VLBI and VLBA observations at 8.4 GHz, and VLBI test observations at 22.2 GHz. These combinations allow us to obtain radio images with resolutions ranging from 0.2 to 200 milliarcseconds, which show the continuity of the radio structure of 3C395 from parsec to kiloparsec scales. On parsec scales we find clear signs of activity in the compact core and show that the component separations have remained unchanged since epoch 1990.8. On larger scales we confirm the existence of a very sharp bend in the jet at a distance of ∼ 70 mas from the core, the magnitude of which we ascribe to projection effects when the jet is viewed very close to the line of sight. We suggest that 3C395 is a double radio source viewed end-on, with two extended lobes appearing superimposed as a low brightness halo.


Growth processes of single gold nanorods (AuNRs) on a glass coverslip surface were monitored in situ via photoluminescence and dark-field scattering spectroscopy. We found that the growth of gold nanorod (AuNR) was light driven and the growth rate was dependent on the excitation light power and polarization. Specifically, the AuNRs can regrow to a larger size upon intense light irradiation, even if the AuNRs have reached an equilibrium state in original growth solution. Furthermore, the resonance wavelength shift during the regrowth was found to be reversible by switching on or off the light illumination. A plausible explanation for such light driven phenomenon could be due to photothermal effects, in which plasmon-induced hot electrons result in Au ions being reduced more easily upon light illumination. These findings suggest a flexible method to control AuNRs synthesis and contribute understanding to plasmon-mediated metal nanoparticle synthesis at the single nanoparticle level.


Mental health problems in childhood are often categorized into two broad categories of symptoms. The first involves externalizing behavioral problems (conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder); the second involves internalizing behavioral problems (emotional disorder) [1] that manifest as depression, anxiety, withdrawal, and psychosomatic diseases. Behavioral problems include repeated deviant behavior or aggression among children. Such conduct problems often lead to criminal behavior or substance abuse and place the society as a whole under substantial financial burden and distress. Thus, these conditions are serious public health concerns. Such mental health problems in children may be caused by developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorders (also known as ADHD), and mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Externalization and internalization may occasionally coexist, as seen in individuals who withdraw from society and subsequently engage in domestic violence. This chapter focuses on externalizing behavioral problems in children. Behavioral problems in children are believed to be caused not only by mental and physical problems but also other issues, such as family poverty and/or breakdown, poor academic performance, and parental unemployment [2]. We examine whether chil-


Preliminary studies of the effectiveness of benzene hexachloride, or more exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6–hexachlorocyclohexane, against the paralysis tick, Dermacentor andersononi Stiles, have revealed an acaricide more promising than any hitherto tested by this laboratory.


In this paper, the achievements of cemented carbide industry of China and the differences compared with external plants are summarized, the development trends of techniques and markets of cemented carbides at home and abroad are analysed also.


A new process has been developed for the selective construction of 2,6-disubstituted, 2,4,6-trisubstituted, and 3,5-disubstituted pyridines based on the catabolism and reconstruction behaviors of amino acids. Molecular iodine was used as a tandem catalyst to trigger the decarboxylation-deamination of amino acids and to promote the subsequent formation of the pyridine products.


After removing Basswood; one kind of Antrodia basswood cultivation method, which has been completely sterilized in the aseptic environment of the local Fujian leaflets red camphor basswood immersed in natural Antrodia seed fermentation broth of Antrodia Preparation in a cool dark moist chamber culture, harvested performed when the fruiting body of Antrodia cinnamomea on a plane basswood to 1-1.5 cm long; after harvest, cut basswood section plane 1-2 cm thick, sterilized been fully after the plane basswood Antrodia then spray broth, and then repeat the above steps at an inoculation until no basswood camphor far greasy. In the present invention, Coptis extract, lotus leaf extract, dandelion extract, Polygonum cuspidatum extract, Artemisia capillaris extract, corn starch, protein and water as medicine additives ridge natural Antrodia seed fermentation process, so that the present invention is cultivated basswood get the law Antrodia fruiting body of wild Antrodia ingredients make up the same, regardless of appearance, aroma, bitterness and chemical composition, etc. can completely replace the wild Antrodia.


One of the characteristics of diabetic patients in recent years is the increase in the body weight. The reasons for the rapid increase in obesity and the number of patients with lifestyle-related diseases are diverse and include energy intake from fatty foods, lack of exercise, excessive stress, etc. Interestingly, a negative correlation between the number of diabetics and the number of people who go to bed at 10:00 p.m. was observed, suggesting that the shift to a nighttime lifestyle may be a factor in the development of lifestyle-related diseases. This shift in the time of day is expected to have a strong impact on the circadian rhythm of biological functions. The circadian rhythm of biological functions is a mechanism that has been conser ved throughout evolution and is precisely controlled by the clock genes. It has long been known that the onset of disease has a specific onset time, but recently there have been a series of reports suggesting the involvement of clock genes in the onset of lifestyle-related diseases, especially metabolic diseases such as metabolic syndrome. In this ar ticle, we will discuss the relationship between circadian rhythm abnormalities and metabolic diseases from the viewpoint of clock genes.


Objective To discuss the influence of intravenous anesthesia with procaine on the release of central nervous Ach. Methods 50 samples of plasma were collected from healthy people, and 30 samples of plasma from cases prior to surgical operation, during anesthesia and after operation respectively. The activity of Ach in the plasma was measured. Then observe the dropping speed and concentration of procaine at different time during anesthesia, and the subsequent changes of the activity of plasma Ach and the slowdown of its activity. Results The data showed that the activity of plasma Ach prior to operation was considerably lower than that of the control group (P 0.01), and that the activity of Ach during anesthesia was lower than that prior to operation. The activity of Ach recovered to normal level when the patient woke up after operation. Conclusions Anesthetics can restrain the release of Ach. The function of synapse on releasing Ach is restrained during anesthesia while the patient wakes up after anesthesia its function turns to normal.


Objective To explore the isolation,multiplication and differentiation into endothelial cells induced by shear stress of green fluorescent protein(GFP)-expressing mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) in vitro.Methods GFP mouse bone marrow was aspirate from thighbone by aseptic technique.MSCs were obtained and cultured in DMEM.Then,cells were induced by shear stress to differentiate into endothelial cells,and were detected by immumofluorescence method.Results The numbers of MSCs increased five to eight-fold with each multiplication passage.The multiplied cells exhibited typical vWF staining.Conclusion MSCs of the GFP mouse bone marrow can multiply vigorously and be induced by shear stress to differentiate into endothelial cells in vitro.


In the article the actuality of the raised problem is marked; the factors promoting prompt distribution of the sectarian organizations in territory of Russia are examined. In the article the results of research of psychological features of members of religious sects of Christian direction are stated; the psychological techniques of empirical material gathering are described. In materials of the article there are presented the results of studying of psychological features of ordinary parishioners (adherents), and also heads (pastors, instructors, "senior brothers") of religious communities; there are established the essential distinctions of personal features of these categories of examinees; there are given the generalized psychological portraits of the head and the ordinary member of Christian religious sect. Materials of the article can be used in preventive psychological work, pedagogical and social services, and also in legal structures.


The verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors of consultants and consultees were examined in this study. The problem identification interviews (Bergan, 1977) of two consultants and 20 consultees were videotaped as they discussed school problems being experienced by the consultees. A modified version of the Message Process category of Bergan's (1977) Consultation Analysis Record was employed to measure verbal behavior. Nonverbal behaviors (Facial, Voice, and Body) were assessed as either positive, negative, or neutral following the coding scheme employed by Gottman, Markman, and Notarious (1977). Consultant and consultee verbal and nonverbal behaviors were coded each 10 sec using a system of momentary time sampling. Preliminary mapping of consultation communication behaviors are presented. A more complex behavior code is suggested to better understand the nature of communication interactions during consultation sessions. Limitations of the' current study are examined and results are discussed in terms o...


Electrical resistivity method was adopted in mapping sand/gravel beds for commercial mining and delineation of water table in Njaba river bank and environs. To achieve this, 10 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out within the study area. Along the Njaba river bank, one profiling using the Wennerelectrode array was also carried out to determine the lateral extent of the sand/gravel beds. Field data were acquired using the Ohmega-500 resistivity metre and accessories. The Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum electrode spread of 700m was adopted. At each VES point, the coordinates and elevation were measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The field data were interpreted using Advanced Geosciences Incorporation (AGI) 1D software and the Schlumberger automatic analysis version. The results revealed that the area is underlain by multi-geoelectric layers with about 7 to 9 lithologic units identified. Sand and gravel were mapped along Njaba river bank to a depth of about 5 to 10 m and at Amucha erosion site. The beds are thick enough for commercial mining for building and construction materials. The profiling along Njaba river bank shows the lateral extent of the sand/gravel bed with concentration increasing towards the river. The depth to aquifer varied across the study area while aquifer resistivity ranged from 0.10Ωm to 14978.2Ωm. The aquifer is thick enough especially around Njaba area for drilling water boreholes as alternative source of potable water to the polluted Njaba river.


Recurrent ovarian cancer is considered incurable and the current standard of treatment (surgery and chemotherapy) is palliative. For isolated, localized recurrent tumor, brachytherapy with Cesium-131 is a promising treatment because of its localized radiation yet limited exposure to healthy tissue. Compared to its predecessors, Cs-131 has a very short half-life, allowing for highly localized radiation that decreases toxicity of treatment and convenience for the patient. Our case shows a patient diagnosed with recurrent ovarian cancer metastatic to the right paraaortic odes. The first successful application of Cs-131 brachytherapy was performed with 100% local control without added toxicity. This shows a favorable addition to the current standard of care for highly localized ovarian cancers.


WiMedia UWB platform consists of two specifications; WiMedia MAC and PHY. WiMedia MAC may give support to allow industry protocol applications to share UWB resource. Actually, in addition to certified wireless USB, wireless 1394 and TCP/IP, many other industry protocols can reside on top of the WiMedia UWB platform. Thus the mechanism to decide medium access time between them is very important to support QoS. However current WiMedia MAC only defines differentiated medium access idle time via Access Categories(ACs) for traffic data type. The medium access idle time by the ACs may not guarantee QoS for multiple industry protocol applications. For example, if two industry protocols, wireless USB and wireless 1394, use the same AC by same traffic data type, the protocols may easily have contention collision due to same idle time through same AC, because ACs decide medium idle time. Within WiMedia MAC specification, all application devices shall wait for specific idle time called Arbitration Interframe Space(AIFS), which is defined by ACs and PCA parameters, before accessing the shared medium. After AIFS duration, devices can transmit data on the shared medium. Since same AC has the same AIFS Duration, in the multiple industry protocol environments, an idle time via the ACs may be very inadequate for a medium access QoS. In this paper, we concentrate on defining an industry protocol-based AIFS parameter for a new medium access method. The values of industry protocol-based AIFS parameters are determined by priority of industry protocol applications. End user can set the priority of an industry protocol for its own use case.


The article deals with the problem of taking responsibility for creating an image of their future in the late teens. Based upon the study of psychological nature and conditions of responsible attitude formation of late adolescents to creating the image of their future, it describes the results of an empirical study, which provides a detailed characteristic of structural and content components of identity of late adolescents as one of its major determinants. The analysis is built on a comparison of self-awareness characteristics among the respondents with a relatively high and relatively low level of responsible attitude to creating the image of their future. The characteristic differences are given for these groups of respondents in the narrative part of the "I" image in such important areas of the existential "I" like "attitude to oneself," "aptitudes and abilities", "hobby", "cognitive ability and cognitive activity", "attitude to work "," willpower "," emotional sphere "," behavior "," decision-making"," responsibility and control over the circumstances, "" the process of self-determination "," future "; also the differences in the level of self-esteem and aspirations have been analyzed.


Several interesting examples of non-compact manifolds M 0 whose geometry at infinity is described by Lie algebras of vector fields V ⊂ Γ(M ; T M) (on a compactification of M 0 to a manifold with corners M) were studied for instance in [28, 31, 46]. In [1], the geometry of manifolds described by Lie algebras of vector fields – baptised " manifolds with a Lie structure at infinity " there – was studied from an axiomatic point of view. In this paper, we define and study the algebra Ψ ∞ 1,0,V (M 0), which is an algebra of pseudodifferential operators canonically associated to a manifold M 0 with the Lie structure at infinity V ⊂ Γ(M ; T M). We show that many of the properties of the usual algebra of pseudodifferential operators on a compact manifold extend to Ψ ∞ 1,0,V (M 0). We also consider the algebra Diff * V (M 0) of differential operators on M 0 generated by V and C ∞ (M), and show that Ψ ∞ 1,0,V (M 0) is a " microlocalization " of Diff * V (M 0). We also define and study semi-classical and " suspended " versions of the algebra Ψ ∞ 1,0,V (M 0). Thus, our constructions solves a conjecture of Melrose [28].


This paper presents a simple procedure for constructing reduced-order models that match some Markov parameters and time moments of an original system as well as the energies of its impulse response and of other combinations of the system modes. In this way, the stability of the reduced model of a stable system is ensured. >


In this study, the trends of Pollution Standard Index (PSI) and the levels of related air pollutants are analyzed based on the database monitored at two selected roadside air quality monitoring stations: Aghdasieh and Fatemi in Tehran during 2000–2006. The original measured pollutant data and the resultant PSIs are statistically analyzed in different time series, including daily, monthly and seasonal patterns. The daily mean PSIs in seasonal period can be regarded as nonstationary time series. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method implemented by the Box–Jenkins model is used to forecast the PSI time series. The performance evaluations of the adopted models are also carried out and discussed according to Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). The results indicate that both ARIMA (1, 1, 1) and ARIMA (2, 1, 1) models can provide reliable satisfactory predictions for both time series.


become more competitive for variable speed drives used in automotive and industrial applications. One of the most promising approaches to reduce the torque ripples of a SRM is the use of a direct instantaneous torque controller. In the paper the effectiveness of this type of control will be proved for a fault tolerant segmental stator SRM. By advanced simulation techniques the working principle of the direct instantaneous torque controlled drive system is illustrated, and its performances are demonstrated.


Breeding system and pollination biology of Paeonia delavayi (Peaoniaceae) from Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, southwest of China were studied. Flowering phenologies and flower visitors were observed or collected from 2008 to 2011. The pollen viability, stigma receptivity and pollination efficiency of different visitors were detected and tested. The florescence lasted for 69d in a single flower from mid-May to late June. A high percentage of flower damage promoted early anther dehiscence. Flowers started disseminating pollen at 1-2 d after flowering, and lasted for 5-6 d. Pollen viability could be preserved for more than 10 d at normal temperature. High seed rate from the stigma was observed at 1 d before flowering to 3d after flowering, and the dissemination hysteresis was defined as protogyny. The P/O ratios were 6,124 to 9,713:1, suggesting that the larger quantity of pollen to increased the seed setting rate. Three species of bees, eight species of beetles, seven species of syrphid flies, four species of ants, and three species of butterflies were observed on the flowers. P. delavayi rewarded to the visitors by releasing fragrance, providing pollen and nectar. On the bodies of the visitors under stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM), much pollen from the plants of similar flowering period inner community were found which indicated that these incompatible visitors were not species-specific pollinators. The bagging experiments showed that P. delavayi was selfincompatible and no apomixes. Anemophily only played a minor role in the fertilization. A few seeds with poor plumpness can be produced by geitonogamy. Seed setting rate of artificial xenogamy was higher than natural pollination. Artificial control of the visitors' species showed bees being the most important pollinators. Beetles and ants participated in pollination to some extent and were unstable. Syrphid flies and butterflies were very unreliable with low pollination efficiency. Reproductive success depended largely on cross-pollination assisted by pollinator activities, especially the bees.


Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders and despite of the longtime history of researches under this disease the etiology of almost 70% of its cases is still unknown. The investigation under the pathogenesis of epilepsy are rarely carried out based on the human tissues, which can be obtained only post mortem or during the resection of epileptic foci. Therefore, different animal models of epileptic seizures are used. Epidemiological studies shows that the most frequently occurring type of epilepsy in adults is temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and the main features of TLE are [1]:


During the last decades the need for eecient and reliable information transmission and processing has been extremely increased. Since the brute force improvement of the processing and transmission speed of communication systems is often too costly or technically infea-sible, one has to nd eecient ways of data representation in order to increase the amount of information that can be transmitted or stored. The method of converting a stream of analog or very high-rate discrete data into a stream of data with much lower rate suitable for transmission through a discrete channel or storage by some digital device is called data compression, and it is realized by removing the redundant or less important part of information from the stream. Since the cost of transmission or storage is roughly proportional to the amount of data, the aim of data compression is to provide a low-rate version of the signal with acceptable resemblance to the original. The theoretical background of the above problem is provided by rate-distortion theory. The rate-distortion function has a key role in exploring the fundamental limits in lossy source coding. In fact, for most sources, it represents the minimum amount of information required to describe the source with a given delity. Therefore, rate-distortion theory ooers a powerful tool by which the performance of a communication or coding system can be examined in some sense, or eecient codes can be designed. Thus, its practical importance is undeniable. In the rst part of this report the fundamentals of rate-distortion theory are presented from the basic deenitions to the signiicant role of the rate-distortion function in information transmission over a noisy channel. This section also describes the basic properties of vector quantizers which form a fundamental building block of advanced data compression systems. The second part of the report deals with the calculation of rate-distortion functions. Since generally there are no closed form analytic expressions, good bounds on the rate-distortion function are of great interest. First, we give a survey of known bounds. Then we present the main contribution of this report concerning the asymptotic (small distortion) behavior of the rate-distortion function of an n-dimensional source vector with mixed distribution. Prior methods are not applicable to such sources. As a consequence of our main result, we show that the expected number of coordinates with a joint density is shown to equal the rate-distortion dimension of the source vector. We also show how …


Disclosed is steel with the extending rate larger than or equal to 44 percent for an electrogalvanizing automobile outer plate. The steel comprises, by weight, C smaller than or equal to 0.0018 percent, Si smaller than or equal to 0.015 percent, Mn ranging from 0.05 percent to 0.18 percent, P smaller than or equal to 0.015 percent, S smaller than or equal to 0.010 percent, Ti ranging from 0.02 percent to 0.03 percent, Nb ranging from 0.03 percent to 0.05 percent, Als ranging from 0.02 percent to 0.05 percent and N smaller than or equal to 0.003 percent. The production steps comprise smelting and continuous casting to form a billet, hot rolling, reeling, cold rolling, continuous annealing and cooling. The method comprises the steps of slow cooling and then rapid cooling, finishing, alkaline washing, brushing, electrolytic degreasing and rinsing, and electrogalvanizing through a gravitational method. The steel has the advantages of being good in surface quality, stable in performance, free of aging, excellent in forming performance, excellent in welding performance and the like; according to the material object performance (perpendicular to the rolling direction) of a finished electrogalvanizing super-deep punching board DC07+ZE for the automobile outer plate, the yield strength is 100 MPa to 150 MPa, the tensile strength is 250 MPa to 310 MPa, the plastic strain ratio r is larger than or equal to 2.3, the work-hardening exponent n is larger than or equal to 0.25, and the extending rate A80 mm is larger than or equal to 44 percent.


The asymmetric unit of the title salt, 2C6H5CH2NH3 +·H2P2O7 2−, contains two independent benzylammonium cations and a dihydrogen diphosphate dianion. In the crystal, O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (010). Within this network, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether removing the compartments of hemopoietic stem cells by immunoadsorption would improve the proliferation of fetal hepatocytes after transplantation.

METHODS
The purification of fetal hepatocytes was performed by immunoadsorption, and the proliferative capability of fetal hepatocytes after intrasplenic transplantation was evaluated by image analysis and flowcytometry analysis.

RESULTS
The yield of fetal hepatocytes after immnoadsorption was (2~3)+/-10(7) in total per fetal liver and the viability is over 85%. The square densities of fetal hepatocytes with image analysis at 3, 7, and 14 days after transplantation were (1603+/-337), (3788+/-605), (8129+/-1025) micrometer(2)/mm(2), and the adult hepatocytes were (1007+/-128), (2013+/-242), (3780+/- 772) mum(2)/mm(2) accordingly. The S phase rates of fetal hepatocytes by flowcytometry analysis were (14.25+/-4.11)%, (16.07+/-5.35)%, and (17.32+/-5.17)%, and the rates of adult hepatocytes were (5.66+/-1.02)%, (4.98+/- 0.74)%, and (6.83+/-1.37)% correspondingly. The S phase rates and the square densities of fetal hepatocytes were significantly higher than those of adult hepatocytes.

CONCLUSIONS
Fetal hepatocytes are highly proliferative and potentially suitable as donor cells in hepatocytes transplantation after immunoadsorption.


Objectives: Phobia of natural childbirth is one of the most important and influencing factors leading women to request cesarean sections. The present study aimed to prepare a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the type of interventions related to fear of childbirth (FOC). Materials and Methods: The data collection was based on an extensive search of articles related to clinical trials (1990-2019) posted on Google Scholar, Cochran, SID, Magiran, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed electronic databases. In general, 109 abstracts were selected after eliminating similar publications. As a result of the qualitative evaluations of these articles, 11 studies were kept for investigation. Results: The studies were categorized into three groups including prenatal education with childbirth counseling, yoga courses, and psychoeducational-based interventions. Based on the meta-analysis, psychoeducational interventions have a significant effect on childbirth fears and anxiety in comparison with the control group (mean difference: 0.85, 95% CI: -1.20–0.45, P < 0.0001, I2 = 82%). Conclusions: Psychologically-based interventions, can creatively play an essential role in reducing the FOC during pregnancy and even childbirth. It can also create a pleasant and traumatic-free experience which is essential for encouraging women to have a natural childbirth.


It is well documented that cardiovascular disease and risk factors, including hypertension, tend to cluster in people from lower social classes, with lower incomes and with less education.1 It is, however, less obvious why this is the case, and several explanations have been proposed. Adverse social factors are often associated with a poor lifestyle including less healthy diet, less exercise, more smoking, and therefore an increased preponderance to abdominal obesity and the so-called metabolic syndrome.2 This will increase the risk of developing hypertension in susceptible individuals, but other explanations have also been proposed. The influence of psychosocial stress on blood pressure regulation has been studied in various settings. In one population-based study from Sweden it was shown that job strain at the workplace could influence blood pressure increase, but more so in men than in women.3 Other studies have shown that a number of biological pathways are possible to link psychosocial stress with increased levels of cardiovascular risk, including activation of the sympathetic nervous system.4 Adverse social factors, for example less education, could also influence self-help knowledge and the way that patients seek and get medical attention for various medical needs, including risk factor control. This could mean, for example, that the subjects from less socially privileged strata of the population could have less likelihood of participating in screening activities for hypertension, or receive less health care. In addition, the compliance with medical treatment could also be suboptimal in these subjects and therefore the risk factor control also less optimal. This is influenced by availability of health care resources but also by …

Corresponding author. Email address: Peter.Nilsson{at}med.lu.se


In his penultimate chapter, a more extended look at Christine, Chau cer, and Abelard, Blamires's immersion in the debate and his commit ment to feminism leads him to some unexpected findings-unexpected at least to those of us accustomed to detaching literary from moral judg ments. He admires Abelard for "his sweeping historical vision ... his characteristically defiant interpretive moves, and above all [for} champi oning feminine auctoritas" (p. 207). Christine he judges to have pro duced "the most powerful profeminine work of the Middle Ages" (p. 219). Chaucer, on the other hand, he finds evasive, so fascinated with the possibilities of irony and the complexities of voice that he is incapable of "giving women serious auctoritas" (p. 208 ). What is personally crucial to Abelard, who wrote his defense of women in order to provide Heloise and her nuns with an authorizing tradition, and to Christine as a woman, thus appears, in the Legend at least, to be merely another intel lectual and rhetorical game for Chaucer.


Immobilized microorganism is a new biotechnique, which has a lot of advantages comparing with normal biological treatment. The paper introduces the methods of microorganism immobilized, immobilized carries, the characteristics of immobilized cell, its application and study status in contaminated soil remediation. The problem and development in the future are also presented.


The problem of agriculture,countryside and peasant has sharply becoming an obstruction to enlarge home demand and maintain healthy growth of national economy.The current ways to deal with the problem,such as inner structure adjustment in agriculture and transfer of spare labor in countryside,have obvious some limitation,namely the nature of the problem has not been grasped.From three angles,the paper suggests the agriculture industrilization is a efficient solution to the problem.


Abstract: This article analyzes the Russian Supreme Court's practice of overturning jury acquittals. Because juries acquit more often than judges, some prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars have expressed doubts about whether Russians are legally sophisticated enough to serve on juries. Yearly statistics provided by the Russian Supreme Court confirm that acquittals are appealed more often than convictions and that the Supreme Court overturns a much higher percentage of appealed acquittals than appealed convictions, most often because jury question lists fail to conform to the Criminal Procedure Code. While the Supreme Court has the legal authority to overturn acquittals, this article suggests that overturning acquittals in such high numbers undermines the future viability of jury trials. This article encourages the Russian Supreme Court not to be so quick to overturn acquittals. In a country where people were oppressed for so many years, jury acquittals play a vital role in protecting the fundamental rights of citizens. Key words: acquittal, Criminal Procedure Code, jury trial, question list, Russia, Supreme Court ********** "Our people are not ready for jury trials." --Aleksandr Dmitrievich Chernov, chairman of the Krasnodar Regional Court, 1999 (1) In just more than ten years, a revolution has happened in the Russian judicial system. Russia went from a country with a Soviet judicial system and almost a 100 percent conviction rate to a country where juries are active in the gravest cases in eighty-eight (2) of Russia's eighty-nine regions and are acquitting in about 15-20 percent of the cases that they hear. (3) With such a drastic change in the way justice is administered, it is not surprising that judges such as Chernov are skeptical about whether the Russian people are ready for jury trials. The Russian Supreme Court has also expressed its skepticism of jury trials by being particularly active in overturning jury verdicts, especially acquittals. (4) This article argues that the practice of overturning jury acquittals in such high numbers is detrimental to Russia's fledgling jury system. The practice also raises questions about whether the jury system is fight for Russia at this time or if some alternative would better reflect the current legal consciousness. If jury trials are to remain a permanent fixture in the new Russian judicial landscape, reforms are needed to ensure their long-term success. The first part of this article looks at the evolution of the fight to trial by jury in Russia from 1993 forward. (5) The second part examines the current jury trial system in practice, including the phenomenon of overturning acquittals. The third part analyzes whether the current appeals process violates Russian and international law. Finally, the fourth part takes a broader look at whether jury trials can survive in Russia and what it will take to ensure their success. Evolution of the Right to Trial by Jury in Russia Under the 1993 Russian Constitution, a defendant has the right to a trial by jury in cases provided for by federal law. (6) What became known as the Jury Law was enacted by the Supreme Soviet on July 16, 1993. (7) Under the Jury Law, jury trials were reintroduced in Russia on an experimental basis, and numerous limitations were placed on the right to jury trials. (8) The law provided for jury trials in only nine of Russia's eighty-nine regions. (9) Further, the right to jury trials was only available to defendants in regional and territorial courts (not in lower courts of general jurisdiction) and only for thirty-five of the most serious criminal offenses. (10) As jury trials began to function in the nine regions, the Russian Constitutional Court was inundated with requests from people living outside the select regions, demanding their right to a jury trial under Article 20 of the Russian Constitution. (11) After more than five years of jury trials in the nine regions and no foreseeable expansion to other regions, the Russian Constitutional Court ruled that, at least with respect to defendants facing the death penalty, the right to a jury trial had to be provided for in all eighty-nine regions. …


This paper contains a survey on real-time communication in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS).Due to the requirement of sensors and computation nodes in Robotics and Automation domains; we need a selfreconfigured nature of CPS. Therefore, a self-adaptive system may reduce deployment and maintenance cost by adjusting its own configuration based on the required QoS. This would be most suitable if a CPS could react to the presence of a new component and reconfigure itself to run afterwards with the new component integrated to the CPS. To achieve this capability called Plug-and-Produce is enabled in CPS to support reconfiguration, which makes use of three layered software architecture.


Reduced postural stability are symptoms of many medical conditions. Depending on the conditions, there are training or medication strategies to ameliorate the balance of a subject. After medical treatment (surgery etc.) or in the context of an intervention/recovery strategy, these patients are often assessed in functional gait assessments (FGA). An expert, e.g. a Physio Therapist, can decide based on the outcome of such an assessment on future treatment plans. FGAs are often performed with no technological assistance: a subject performs pre-defined tasks and the performance is evaluated visually by an expert. Existing technological assessment tools are scarcely used due to time and monetary restrictions. In this paper, we present a wearable sensor system that can be used for FGAs. Our system comprises a pressure-sensing component and inertial sensors to assess features known to correlate with balance. We validated our system against technological state of the art. We used the system on 6 patients and 5 healthy subjects. The system can distinguish between normal stance and stance with reduced postural control with an accuracy of more than 93%. Walking episodes were classified into two categories with 91%. Based on features of stance and features of gait, our system can discriminate between healthy subjects and subjects with reduced postural stability with an accuracy of 94%


Internationalization is often seen as posing distinctive human resource problems that are difficult to overcome. This paper takes an alternative approach by considering the processes by which firms, large and small, internationalize and the way they sustain overseas activity at different stages of their internationalization. It does so by reference to six challenges faced by firms in the course of internationalization. the result is to highlight continuities and regularities between international human resource management and the creation of an effective domestic organization, along with common underlying processes and skills centred on networking, teams and organizational learning.

It is argued that this shifts attention from the specific tasks of the human resources function to more broadly defined human resource activities and processes which affect the growth of firms internationally. Secondly, it helps firms to think more positively about becoming international and to address relevant skills. Thirdly, it identifies appropriate activities, tasks and situations that business schools need to provide as part of an international management education.

However, the paper also recognizes that internationalization involves specific differences between domestic and international business management. A number of these are rooted in country-specific institutional factors which human resource management, the function, has to address. While processes may be common, knowledge is context-bound.


The Kuktarev band transport equations predict exponential decay in the space charge field associated with photorefractive holograms erased with uniform illumination. We have found, in contrast, that in certain conditions the amplitude of the space charge field, monitored via the diffraction efficiency, can increase dramatically before eventually decaying when a hologram is erased by uniform Bragg mismatched light. This effect can be explained using the multiple active trap model proposed by Valley in 1983. We describe experiments demonstrating this effect in LiNbO3. We analyze the effect in the context of the multiple trap model and consider its effect on the recording process. The use of volume holographic media for high density information storage requires multiple exposures. We consider the difficulties the multiple trap model creates for multiple exposure recording in photorefractive materials.


This article analyses reactions in the Netherlands to news of the St Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. Although historians have previously studied international reactions to the massacre, they have largely neglected the Netherlands due to the paucity of printed responses to the event in the Low Countries. Through the study of a great number of diaries and chronicles, this article demonstrates how news about the massacre spread rapidly throughout the Netherlands. Chroniclers in the Low Countries reflected on the content and credibility of the horrible news reports from France while writing them down. The ongoing religious wars had made them aware of manipulative strategies that influenced news and its media, including false reports that were spread deliberately by the enemy. This article argues that the study of transnational news reports illuminates contemporary questions on authority and trustworthiness in a rapidly polarizing religious climate.