© 2018 Indian Dermatology Online Journal | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‐ Medknow A 36‐year‐old male presented to the skin outpatient department with complaints of itchy lesions over the body for 8 months. The lesions initially began over legs and progressed to involve both lower limbs, upper limbs, and lower abdomen. He had no known comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, or any other chronic kidney or liver disease. His blood pressure was within normal limits. On investigation, his serum creatinine was 1.32 mg/dl, random blood sugar was 94 mg/dl, and liver function tests were normal. On examination, multiple, large, discrete, hyperpigmented, and hyperkeratotic papules with central crusted keratotic plugs were present over bilateral extremities [Figure 1a and b] and lower abdomen. No oral, scalp, and nail changes were present. Hand‐held dermatoscopy done with DE‐300 (Firefly) polarizing digital dermatoscope with (20×) magnification showed bright whitish to brownish scales in the center, a structureless whitish‐gray


Collagen biosynthesis was studied using skin biopsy specimens from 9 patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and from 8 age-matched control subjects. The rate of 14 C-hydroxyproline formation, when biopsy specimens were incubated in a medium containing radioactive proline, was the same in PXE as in controls. The activity of protocollagen proline hydroxylase, the enzyme hydroxylating peptide-bound proline to collagen hydroxyproline, was increased in PXE. The concentrations of hydroxyproline and total protein as well as the ratio hydroxyproline/protein in the skin were significantly decreased in PXE. The results did not reveal any disturbances in the rate of collagen biosynthesis but they suggest that increased degradation of connective tissue components may be part of the disease proeess in PXE.


Abstract : Since the 'Revolt of the Admirals' in 1949, an interservice rivalry has persisted between the Navy and the Air Force. The current debate, similar to the one fifty years ago, has the Air Force promoting its bombers as a more cost effective weapon in comparison to the flexible and responsive aircraft carrier. In the post-Cold War world, the military has experienced a drawdown typical of past post war periods. With each new commission tasked to study the size and structure of the four services, white papers have been published justifying the existence of hardware. The Navy and Air Force, in particular, have produced a combined total of five papers to support their positions. The Air Force believes that its once dominating strategic nuclear bombers can be reconstituted as a force capable of providing forward presence through virtual means. The Navy offers no new visionary ideas; rather, it relies on history and past success to illustrate that forward presence continues to require forces that are forward deployed and visible. Over seas presence must be forward deployed and proactively engaged with friends and allies to demonstrate commitment in protecting the nation's vital interests. Virtual presence alone will not suffice, but strategic bombers and space based assets do have a part to play as a complementary force to those deployed overseas.


The employee satisfaction is the level to which the employees are pleased and content with their jobs and work environment. The current research has made an attempt to analyze the satisfaction level of selected textile employees concerning their nature of work and working conditions provided by the management. The descriptive research design has been used in the present study. Convenience sampling method has been used and 466 samples were collected from textile spinning mills in Namakkal Dist. The employees are highly satisfied with the First aid facility and Physical Working Environment provided by the management and least satisfied by the casual leave facility and flexibility in change of Shifts. Hence, it is recommended for the management of spinning mills in Namakkal district to increase the amount of casual leaves and flexibility in the shifts working hours to some reasonable extent, after consulting with the trade union of the textiles mills.


This study is about how the research of monsters and contemporary artists who create monster-related work can help create monsters from my own imagination using the process of synthesis. In it I discuss how the monsters I created in my artwork tell a story. I also talk about how this study can be used to relate art to other fields of study such as English and History, and the idea of Visual Culture. INDEX WORDS: Monsters, Fantasy, Imagination, Storytelling, Synthesis, Composition TELLING STORIES ABOUT MONSTERS THROUGH ART


Excerpt The alleviation of shock in myocardial infarction is often the most important therapeutic aim, and may be the most important factor in determining the outcome. It probably occurs in about o...


50-nm-thick amorphous Si films doped with 4.3 x I 0 17 cm· 3 phosphorus atoms were crystallized by thermal plasma jet (TPJ) irradiation. The electrical conductivity (u) of the crystallized films ranges from 1.2 x 10" 5 - 1.7 x 10" 2 S/cm, while Si films crystallized by excimer laser annealing (ELA) show much smaller u of 1.6 - 4.5 x I o· 6 S/cm regardless of laser fluence. This result can be interpreted that the defect density in the TPJ crystallized films is much smaller than that in ELA Si films. By treating the films with hydrogen plasma for 60 s at 250 ·c, u of TPJ crystallized films increased to 1.4 x 10" 2 - 1.1 S/cm, while it was 3.0 x 10" 6 - 6.5 x 10" 3 S/cm in the case of films crystallized by ELA. This result indicates that a short period hydrogenation is effective to improve the electrical characteristics of TPJ crystallized Si films.


PURPOSE: A system and a method for inspecting the outer surface of a printed circuit board are provided to reduce the size of an image data by providing a part of image with low-definition depending on an inspection area. CONSTITUTION: A system(1) for inspecting the outer surface of a printed circuit board comprises a stage(100) and an inspection unit(200). An object is placed on the stage. The inspection unit inspects the object and has a first photographing member(300), a second photographing member(400), and an image processing unit(600). The first photographing member photographs the object using a first lighting. The second photographing member photographs the object using a second lighting. The image processing unit inspects first and second areas of first and second images photographed from the first and second photographing members.


A new demodulation method is proposed for application of fiber optic interferometric system in high sensitivity and large dynamic range. On the basis of the structure and principle of the system, a phase demodulation algorithm is proposed to determine the disturbances. The signal demodulation technology is realized by software. The results show the demodulated signals are the same as the disturbing signals.


The article deals with the peculiarities of Mykhailo Drahomanov's social-political tactics at the beginning of the 1870s, in particular his attitude to the émigré way of a revolutionary struggle. Then Drahomanov in his words denied appropriate forms, means and methods determinedly and peremptorily, though secretly he had already begun to think over the plan of a publishing center abroad. Such an ambiguous behavioral matrix was defined by the vision of perspectives of a national-liberating movement and by his "double" position in Ukrainophilia: the leader of its "left" wing, who above all placed the rescue of the Russian Empire via its reformation.


The Wattled Curassow (Crax globulosa, Cracidae, Aves) is a large bird living in the Western Amazon basin and a critically endangered species in the Colombian and in the Peruvian Amazon. We carried out the first population genetics analysis of this species employing six nuclear microsatellite markers and sequences of the mtND2 gene. The main results are as follows. (1) The levels of gene diversity were high for the overall population as well as for each of the three islands for both microsatellites and mtDNA. (2) A small amount of genetic differentiation among populations was found with both types of markers (FST = 0.027 for microsatellites and NST = 0.17 for mitochondrial sequences). (3) Using microsatellites, the Geneclass 2.0 software detected a low correct assignment of individuals to their respective populations. The Structure software only detected one gene pool for the entire area studied. These results are relevant for conservation efforts of this critically endangered species.


Methods are reported for the manual spectrophotometric or fluorometric estimation of tocopherol in human cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid is centrifuged, an equal volume of ethanol is added, and the tocopherol is extracted with hexane, which is then used for the direct estimation by fluorometry. The fluorescence of tocopherol is significantly affected by the proportion of ethanol in the hexane solvent. The standards used for comparison should therefore be dissolved in hexane that had been previously equilibrated with twice its volume of ethanol:water (1:1 by vol). For spectrophotometry, the original hexane extract is dried at 40#{176}C under reduced pressure, the residue dissolved in hexane, and color developed by adding bathophenanthroline, ferric chloride, and orthophosphoric acid. The color is measured at 536 nm. Concentrations of tocopherol in the spinal fluid samples analyzed so far ranged from 40 to 210 Lg/ liter. Analytical methods for the estimation of tocopherol have been reported previously by many investigators. However, a method for estimating tocopherol in human cerebrospinal fluid has not yet been published. Because the concentration of tocopherol in spinal fluid is much lower than in the serum, a sensitive procedure for estimation has to be adapted for routine use. This report describes a method for the spectrophotometric assay of tocopherol in biological fluids such as spinal fluid. It involves extraction of tocopherol by hexane, concentration of the extract by evaporation under reduced pressure, and finally the colorimetric determination of tocopherol in the concentrate by the classical Emmerie-Engel method (1, 2) as modified by Tsen (3) and Fabianek et al. (4). A fluorometric method of assay was considered also to be desirable, because fluorescence techniques offer high sensitivity. Spectrofluorometric methods for the determination of tocopherol in body fluids such as blood have been reported by Duggan (5), and later modified for routine clinical use by Hansen and Warwick (6). The present report describes adaptation of this method for determination of tocopherol in cerebrospinal fluid. Results of a comparison between the fluorometric and spectrophotometric techniques are also presented.


The lack of therapies for neurodegenerative diseases arises from our incomplete understanding of their underlying cellular toxicities and the limited number of predictive model systems. It is critical that we develop approaches to identify novel targets and lead compounds. Here, a phenotypic screen of yeast proteinopathy models identified dihydropyrimidine-thiones (DHPMCorresponding Author: firstname.lastname@example.com. ORCID Daniel F. Tardiff: 0000-0002-5237-9652 Scott E. Schaus: 0000-0002-5877-6587 ∇D.F.T.: Yumanity Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, 02139. ○N.T.J.: Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322. ◆S.L.: Deceased. Supporting Information The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00187. Full experimental details for compound synthesis and characterization; a table of the properties and structures for the 82-member DHPM-thione library; five supporting figures that describe (1) the effects of R3 on DHPM-thione activity, (2) functional interaction between CQ/DHPM-thiones and metals, (3) chemical-genetic interactions between CQ/DHPM-thiones and metal-related genes, (4) UV/vis trace of CQ +/− copper, and (5) the relationship between Aβ levels and Cpy trafficking after compound treatment; a data set for CQ/DHPM-thione RNA-seq experiment (PDF) CQ and DHPM-thione RNA-seq data GEO accession number GSE99884 (XLSX) Author Contributions D.F.T. conceived of, conducted, and analyzed all yeast experiments and wrote the manuscript. L.E.B. synthesized the DHPM-thione library and analyzed SAR. X.Y. conducted C. elegans experiments. R.T. characterized the DHPM-thione library. N.J. conducted the NMR experiments. M.I.B analyzed RNA-seq data. K.A.C. and G.A.C analyzed the C. elegans experiments. S.E.S. designed DHPMthione library and analyzed SAR. S.L. helped conceive experiments and analyze data. All authors edited the manuscript. Notes The authors declare the following competing financial interest(s): D.F.T. is a scientific co-founder and S.L. was the founder of Yumanity Therapeutics. No funds were received for this research and there are no competing or financial interests to disclose. HHS Public Access Author manuscript ACS Chem Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 September 20. Published in final edited form as: ACS Chem Neurosci. 2017 September 20; 8(9): 2039–2055. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00187. A uhor M anscript


Summary Roentgen pigmentation in mammals and fish have to be considered as different phenomena. While the former is influenced directly by a photochemical process and therefore generally limited to the site of action of roentgen rays, the latter seems to depend on a disturbance of the chromatomotoric nervous system and, therefore, may extend over the total innervated area.


The public management activity must face a lot contradiction to be solved Because of the pluralism of contemporary social interests.Public management negotiate is an important way to solve the conflict and dissolve the contradictory in the public management field.It even has important meaning in the process of constructing socialistic harmonious society.The practice of public management negotiate needs the theoretic instruct urgently,therefore,it is extremely essential to launch the research of this respect.


ABSTRACT This article analyzes publication trends in food-borne disease research for the period 1991–2015, using data collected from the Web of Science Core Collection. A total of 11,725 research articles were used in the analysis. Results showed that the number of publications rose exponentially during the period of study. The average number of authors per article also increased. "Food Science & Technology" was the leading subject category under which the majority of articles placed. The Journal of Food Protection was the most productive journal with 794 articles. "Kang, DH" was the most productive author and the United States was the most productive country, followed by China.


We recorded phonopneumographically an index of breath sound pressure and the transmission index of white noise from the mouth over 4 lung regions between apex and base in 15 normal subjects upright and supine. In 10 subjects, we correlated these measurements with the regional distribution of inhaled xenon-133. The ratio, breath sound index/sound transmissions, partially corrects for differences in breath sound index due to differences in sound transmission. The 133Xe and breath sound indices were expressed as a percentage of the value over the apex. In both postures, breath sound index/sound transmissions correlated best with raw counts after inhalation of a bolus of 133Xe. Raw counts are measures of total ventilation, i.e., the ventilation per alveolus × the number of alveoli "seen" by the scintillation counter. Breath sound index/sound transmissions correlated as well with raw counts after equilibration with 133Xe, which is a measure of the number of alveoli. Breath sound index correlated less well than...


A 26-year-old male physician had congenital temporal alopecia. The histological findings of this type of alopecia are reported for the first time, to our knowledge, and they are compared with those found in alopecia areata. The clinical and microscopic findings of this rare form of alopecia are distinct and allow easy separation from other forms of alopecia.


The question "which utility function would homo oeconomicus choose if he could?" (Frank, 1987) is answered for interactive markets where sellers are assumed to freely choose their dependency on the other's market behavior. We first solve the market for all possible constellations of mutual dependencies and derive then the unique mutually desirable constellation of market interdependency: The sellers dream of the best market, but not necessarily to be monopolists! It is finally discussed how this result is related to the evolutionary justification of monopolistic competition (G³th and Huck, 1997) or altruism (Bester and G³th, 1998).


This study contributes to the field of electronic government by discussing the concept of electronic markets for public services. Through the study the market makers' roles in the construction of electronic markets for public services are illuminated using the quasi-market for education in Sweden as an example. The study is based on a constructivist perspective on markets and electronic marketplaces emphasizing their negotiated and constructed nature. It demonstrates that electronic market makers in quasi-markets are involved in processes of construction driven by economic motives, but also service, networking, institutional and ideological ones. The electronic markets are important elements in the construction of a quasi-market, affecting actors with relevance to this such as politicians regulating the quasi-market, but also sellers (service providers) and buyers (citizens) herein.


A simple but effective multiframe demosaicking method is proposed. Its primary goal is to replace more expensive mechanical motion compensation systems. Therefore, it is designed to be easily implemented in hardware for consumer devices. The described multiframe demosaicking algorithm is suitable for mass production devices such as mobile phones or digital cameras. It is compared to a multiframe noise reduction of similar complexity. The comparison is based on computerbased simulation of a camera being (unintentionally) shaken by a human operator. The following error measurements were taken: Mean Squared Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Normalized Color Difference (NCD) errors measurements were taken.


The Långban mines in south-central Sweden contain numerous mineral associations, many of them formed late at low temperatures and pressures Sjögren. (1910) speculated that these veins originated at widely different times, whereas Magnusson (1930) considered the whole ore deposition and subsequent mineralisations as a continuous event, except possibly for a late sulfide injection. In a discussion of the similar Franklin deposit, Frondel and Baum (1974) considered this sulfide emplacement to be a syngenetic process, largely being an analogue of how the Red Sea hot brine deposits formed (Bischoff 1969). Only a few of these problems can be touched on here, namely how many late hydrothermal events we may recognize in Långban and what pH-conditions controlled them. By tradition some of these veins have been referred to as "late, reduced veins". This is not an altogether ideal nomenclature, as shown below, but for convenience this praxis will be kept here. Aminoff (1918) was probably the first to make a more systematic identification of late mineral parageneses at Långban. He described four major associations, namely the:


In this letter, a substrate integrated waveguide-based leaky-wave antenna with wide beam scanning is presented to mitigate open stopband (OSB). The unit cell of this proposed antenna consists of a longitudinal slot and a post placed oppositely offset from the center line. By introducing inductive post along with the longitudinal slot in each unit cell, the OSB is suppressed resulting in continuous beam scanning. An equivalent circuit of the proposed unit cell is developed to explain the impedance matching technique used here to suppress OSB. Dispersion diagram is also used to analyze this seamless scanning. This antenna can scan from –49° to +69° through broadside because of wide impedance matching. Finally, the antenna is prototyped and experimentally verified. Measured results are in accord with simulated results. This antenna provides maximum gain of 14.2 dBi and low level of cross polarization.


Objective To research the effect of unreasonable belief on of teachers' pressures from different sources.Methods 202 Junior middle school leading teachers were investigated in Baotou with Ellis' idea examination and questionnaire of teachers' pressure.Results The main unreasonable believes included exteriorcommends,shirks responsibility and absolute rule.The main pressure sources were from workload,management and evaluation,living condition and society expectations.The major unreasonable believes which influencing teachers' pressures were shirks responsibility and exteriorcommends,especially item 1 and 7 in the idea examination.Conclusion Unreasonable believes have significant effects on teachers' pressures.Cognitive adjusting associated with exteriorcommends and shirks responsibility should be concerned particularly.


John Locke′s political economy lends itself to conservative, liberal and radical interpretations that frame the conceptual ambiguities that still shape our debates over government′s proper economic functions. Suggests that "masculinity" was a powerful undercurrent in Locke′s thought which linked these ambiguities and makes them explicable. In short, Locke′s political economy was a "gendered" one which juxtaposed Enlightenment hopes that "manly" men could balance freedom and equality, labour and prosperity, and political order, to ancient misogynist fears that "effeminate" men caused chaos when freed from political constraints. Ultimately, Locke′s scepticism resulted in a heavy investment in political prerogative which has been parlayed into twentieth century political hegemony.


According to the basic strategy of "Quality and Benefit" for the coal enterprises' system innovation,the author has proposed a successful way of system innovation to optimize resource disposition and promote the healthy development of coal enterprises,which focuses on parent companies and affiliates,capital operation,structure adjustment,establishment of marketing systems and the development of coal cycling economy.


The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on assessment of fetal well being among antenatal mothers in selected hospital, Bangalore. The tool used was structured interview schedule and was developed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on assessment of fetal well being among antenatal mothers. The stability of the tool was done by test retest method and internal consistency was measured by using Split half technique by Spearman Brown prophecy formula. A quasi experimental study was conducted using pre test and post test with one group research design. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 50 antenatal mothers those who were attending O.P.D's in Yediyur Maternity Corporation Hospital near Banshankri, Bangalore. The overall pre test and post test mean knowledge was found to be 19.9 percent and 35.4 percent indicating the enhancement of knowledge by 31 percent which was statistically significant (t=3.46 p<0.001). It is concluded that structured teaching program on assessment of fetal well being is effective.


The second-generation selected line of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii was constructed by a consecutive selection for faster growth in the base population.A comparison of early growth of shell length between the selected line and the control line was done.Response to selection and realized heritability for early growth of shell length were also estimated in the present study.The second-generation selected line exhibited higher growth of shell length than the control line did on the 8th,14th,21st and 35th day.Response to selection and realized heritability for shell length growth in the second-generation selected line varied from 0.63 to 0.89 and from 0.36 to 0.51,respectively.It was concluded that mass selection was an effective approach to improving growth traits in the stocks of pearl oyster Pinctada martensii.


In this paper, a novel optimization method, based on the conjugate gradient technique, is proposed for moving average (MA) system identification. The independent, identically distributed non-Gaussian input and Gaussian measurement noise are assumed. Experiments were performed to compare the proposed methods with some of current linear methods. The simulation results show that the proposed optimization method gives better performance with smaller bias and smaller standard deviation.


A key aspect in the study of institutional risks is the formation of mechanisms for their state regulation. But the formation of such mechanisms is impossible without the presence of political and economic instruments to influence the factors that cause them. In all the diversity of these factors, the most important are those that determine the social sustainability of society, that is, determine its ability to reproduce its livelihoods. Among such factors, a special role belongs to demographic factors, on which the dynamics of the population and its age and sex structure depend. They determine the nature of the process of formation of labor resources, the size of the economically active population, the need to export or import labor, and in general the economic development of the country and the security of the state. In our study, we focused on the study of the most significant demographic factors that have the most significant impact on the formation of institutional risks. First, an analysis of depopulation showed that a reduction in the birth rate has a negative effect on the number of labor resources, leading to a reduction in labor supply in regions with negative population dynamics. This significantly affects the sustainable functioning of the labor market as an economic institution of society. Secondly, an analysis of external migration has revealed that the departure of highly skilled labor causes significant damage to the scientific and technical potential of many countries and is a consequence of the poor quality of the institutional environment in the field of science and education. The growth of labor immigration is accompanied by increased pressure on its social infrastructure, an increase in social tensions, and gives rise to migrant-phobia in the public consciousness. Thus, depopulation and external migration have a significant impact on the quantitative and qualitative components of the labor resources, thereby enhancing the formation of the institutional risks to its personnel security.


A method is described for delay estimation of VLSI interconnects with nonlinear terminations. The method is based on piecewise decomposition and asymptotic waveform evaluation (AWE) techniques which offer two to three orders of magnitude speedup when compared to conventional circuit simulators. The analysis method involves four steps. 1. The network equations are formulated using the modified-nodal admittance matrix. 2. Using the piecewise decomposition technique, the nonlinear terminations are replaced by time-dependent sources. 3. The transient response of the resulting linear network is obtained using the AWE technique. 4. The parameters defining the time-dependent sources are evaluated using an iterative technique. The analysis algorithm can be extended to interconnects which contain distributed elements.<<ETX>>


Objective To investigate CT and MRI manifestations of inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver( IPL).Methods A total of 21 cases with pathologically-confirmed IPL were collected. The imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed. Results Of the 21 patients with IPL( 26 lesions in total),solitary lesion was seen in 18. Dynamic enhanced CT or MRI scanning was performed in all patients,including dynamic enhanced CT scanning in 19 cases and dynamic enhanced MRI scanning in two cases. Sixteen lesions took the form of peripheral-ring or gourd shape with delayed enhancement. Nine lesions showed no enhancement in all three phases. One lesion showed vague peripheral enhancement,which was faded away during venous and delayed phase. Plain CT scanning was employed in 10 cases,and the lesion was single with low-density in all cases. Plain MRI scanning was performed in 3 cases,and 5 lesions were detected. These five lesions were manifested as slightly hyperintense on T2 WI. On T1 WI one lesion was hyperintense and four lesions were isointense.Only one lesion was hyperintense on DWI. Within two lesions "blood vessel floating"sign was seen. Conclusion Inflammatory pseudotumor of the liver has some imaging features,including peripheral-ring or gourd shape with delayed enhancement,low or slight higher signal on T2 WI,"blood vessel floating"sign,etc.,which are very helpful in making the diagnosis.


We prepared the room-temperature magnetoelectric hexaferrite polycrystal Sr3Co2Fe24O41 by the conventional solid-state reaction, the maximum magnetoelectric current of |J| = 8.8 μA/m2 was obtained at about μ0H = 12.9 mT. Furthermore, We obtained a stronger magnetoelectric effect when the remnant magnetization direction was the same with the scanning field than in contrast. The most important, we have demonstrated a type of room-temperature nonvolatile memory based on this characteristic. The magnetoelectric current |J| is employed to store binary information. By applying positive and negative magnetic field pulses, |J| achieved repeatable nonvolatile switching between high and low states. Our work enriched the magnetoelectric effect of multiferroic hexaferrites and provided a new idea to implement next-generation nonvolatile information memory devices.


Although most writers on Nathaniel Hawthorne touch on the importance of Salem, Massachusetts, to his life and career, no detailed study has been published on the powerful heritage bequeathed to him by his ancestors and present to him during his years in that town. In The Salem World of Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret B. Moore thoroughly investigates Hawthorne's family, his education before college (about which almost nothing has been known), and Salem's religious and political influences on him. She details what Salem had to offer Hawthorne in the way of entertainment and stimulation, discusses his friends and acquaintances, and examines the significant role of women in his life - particularly Mary Crowninshield Silsbee and Sophia Peabody. By tracing the effect of Salem on Hawthorne's writing, The Salem World of Nathaniel Hawthorne makes clear that Hawthorne not only was aware of his "own dear native place" but also drew upon it consciously and subconsciously in his work. This book contributes to a better understanding of Hawthorne as man and writer and of Salem's vital part in his life and work.


Abstract:"Ghazal I": Traditionally inclined ghazal that is an epithalamium, which uses the Diné word for "one I spend my life with" as the form's radif. "Ghazal II": Traditionally inclined ghazal that uses dark subject matter in juxtaposition to natural imagery.


The utility model discloses an automatic cleaning device for escalator stairs. The automatic cleaning device comprises escalator stairs, a guide rail used for bearing the escalator stairs and a metal truss for fixing the guide rail, wherein an automatic cleaning structure used for cleaning the escalator stairs is installed at the position of the metal truss and is located at a revolving end of the escalator stair; and a dust collection plate is arranged below the automatic cleaning structure. Through the way mentioned above, the automatic cleaning device for the escalator stairs can be installed and maintained simply and conveniently and replaced conveniently, can remove static electricity on the escalator stairs efficiently, can clean the dust, and enables the escalator to be more energy-saving and more environment-friendly.


Preface.I Introduction to Statistics for Engineers.1.1 The Simplest Discrete and Continuous Distributions.1.1.1 Discrete Distributions.1.1.2 Continuous Distribution.1.1.3 Normal Distributions.1.2 Statistical Inference.1.2.1 Statistical Hypotheses.1.3 Statistical Estimation.1.3.1 Point Estimates.1.3.2 Interval Estimates.1.3.3 Control Charts.1.3.4 Control of Type II error-b.1.3.5 Sequential Tests.1.4 Tests and Estimates on Statistical Variance.1.5 Analysis of Variance.1.6 Regression analysis .1.6.1 Simple Linear Regression.1.6.2 Multiple Regression.1.6.3 Polynomial Regression.1.6.4 Nonlinear Regression.1.7 Correlation Analysis.1.7.1 Correlation in Linear Regression.1.7.2 Correlation in Multiple Linear Regression.II Design and Analysis of Experiments.2.0 Introduction to Design of Experiments (DOE).2.1 Preliminary Examination of Subject of Research.2.1.1 Defining Research Problem.2.1.2 Selection of the Responses.2.1.3 Selection of Factors, Levels and Basic Level.2.1.4 Measuring Errors of Factors and Responses.2.2 Screening Experiments.2.2.1 Preliminary Ranking of the Factors.2.2.2 Active Screening Experiment-Method of Random Balance.2.2.3 Active Screening Experiment Plackett-Burman Designs.2.2.3 Completely Randomized Block Design.2.2.4 Latin Squares.2.2.5 Graeco-Latin Square.2.2.6 Youdens Squares.2.3 Basic Experiment-Mathematical Modeling.2.3.1 Full Factorial Experiments and Fractional Factorial Experiments.2.3.2 Second-order Rotatable Design (Box-Wilson Design).2.3.3 Orthogonal Second-order Design (Box-Benken Design).2.3.4 D-optimality, Bk-designs and Hartleys Second-order Designs.2.3.5 Conclusion after Obtaining Second-order Model.2.4 Statistical Analysis.2.4.1 Determination of Experimental Error.2.4.2 Significance of the Regression Coefficients.2.4.3 Lack of Fit of Regression Models.2.5 Experimental Optimization of Research Subject.2.5.1 Problem of Optimization.2.5.2 Gradient Optimization Methods.2.5.3 Nongradient Methods of Optimization.2.5.4 Simplex Sum Rotatable Design.2.6 Canonical Analysis of the Response surface.2.7 Examples of Complex Optimizations.III Mixture Design "Composition-Property".3.1 Screening Design "Composition-Property".3.1.1 Simplex Lattice Screening Designs.3.1.2 Extreme Vertices Screening Designs.3.2 Simplex Lattice Design.3.3 Scheffe Simplex Lattice Design.3.4 Simplex Centroid Design.3.5 Extreme Vertices Designs.3.6 D-optimal Designs.3.7 Draper-Lawrence Design.3.8 Factorial Experiments with Mixture.3.9 Full Factorial Combined with Mixture Design-Crossed Design.Appendix.A.1 Answers to Selected Problems.A.2 Tables of Statistical Functions.Index.


The latest progress on the numerical simulation of mold-filling and solidification process of shaped iron casting in China was reviewed. In order to obtain an accurate profile of the velocity distr...


The VLEO satellites, that are orbiting at an altitude of 200-300 km and that provide advantages for high-resolution Earth observation and atmospheric science, are becoming important not only for science, but also for agriculture, forestry, and oceans observations, for military, national security and the future of satellite businesses. We evaluated, for the first time, the performance and defined the erosion yields (Ey) for a selected number of main space hydrocarbon, fluorinated, and perfluorinated polymers in the ground-based simulator facility at conditions, imitating the LEO and VLEO environments. We also compared the results with the data for polymers erosion in LEO and with the previously established predictive model, developed for polymers and composites in LEO environment. The obtained data indicated that the predictive model can be extended and used, with some corrections for the predictions of space polymers erosion in the VLEO environment.


Introduction: Use of SPECT/CT data is the most accurate method for patient-specific internal dosimetry when isotopes emit single gamma rays. The manual or semi-automatic segmentation of organs is a major obstacle that slows down and limits the patient-specific dosimetry. Using digital phantoms that mimic patient's anatomy can bypass the segmentation step and facilitate the dosimetry process. In this study, the results of a patient-specific dosimetry based on CT data and XCAT phantom, a flexible phantom with predefined organs, are compared. Methods: The dosimetry results (S-value and SAF) were calculated for a patient with breast cancer who received Samarium-153 ethylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid (153Sm-EDTMP). Biodistribution of activity was obtained from the SPECT scan. The anatomical data and attenuation map were extracted from CT as well as the XCAT phantom with different BMIs. GATE Monte-Carlo simulator was used to calculate the dose to different organs based on the activity distribution and segmented anatomy. Results:The whole body dosimetry results are the same for both calculations based on the CT and XCAT with different BMIs; however for target organs, the differences between SAFs and S-values are high. In the spine, the clinically important target organ for Samarium therapy, the dosimetry results obtained from phantoms with unmatched BMIs between XCAT phantom and CT are substantially different. Conclusion: We showed that atlas-based dosimetry using XCAT phantom even with matched BMI may lead to considerable errors as compared to calculations based on patient's own CT. For accurate dosimetry results, calculations should be done using CT data.


INTRODUCTION: H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) can be used as a diagnostic tool to distinguish abnormal from normal tissue by obtaining metabolic information which can be used as biomarkers. MRSI can be improved by going to higher field strengths like 7 Tesla which offer increased spectral resolution and SNR. However, at these field strengths the non uniformity of the B1 field makes MRSI very difficult to obtain, particularly from a relatively large region of interest (ROI). Furthermore, strong chemical shift displacement artifacts occur due to the limited B1 field. Adiabatic RF pulses for localization (i.e. LASER sequence (1)) have already shown to overcome both these limitations. However, these sequences result in high RF power deposition and have relatively long echo times (TE) because they require 6 adiabatic RF refocusing pulses for localization. Another approach is a semi adiabatic LASER (sLASER) sequence (2), which results in a much shorter TE and less RF power deposition, but is still sensitive to the B1 non uniformities especially in combination with surface coil transceivers. Recently it was shown that spectral-spatial (composite) pulses can be used to obtain slice selective adiabatic excitation (3). Therefore, we propose to include a composite slice selective adiabatic excitation in a sLASER sequence (cLASER) to benefit from the reduced SAR and TE while preserving the adiabaticity of the sequence. The full potential of the proposed cLASER sequence is shown with MRSI results in the human prostate in-vivo using an endorectal transceiver at 7T.


Foreword. V. I. Arnold (12 June 1937 – 3 June 2010) published several papers where he described, in the form of recollections, his two earliest research problems (superpositions of continuous functions and quasi-periodic motions in dynamical systems), the main results and their interrelations: [1], [2] (reprinted as [4]), and [3] (translated into English by the author as [5]). The first exposition [1] has never been translated into English; however, it contains many details absent in the subsequent articles. It seems therefore that publishing the English translation of the paper [1] would not be superfluous. What follows is this translation prepared by M. B. Sevryuk. A related material is contained also in Arnold's recollections "On A. N. Kolmogorov". Slightly different versions of these reminiscences were published several times in Russian and English [6–10].


The aim of this paper is to consider and examine the impact of key principles of the Montessori Method on pre-school children's development. The Montessori Method is one of the contemporary and alternative education methods that is globally practiced by Montessori educators. It is viewed as a child-centered method of schooling. Since Montessori education has existed for about 150 years, it is true that the social, cognitive, emotional and physical development of the children had already been well examined. There are key principles in each Montessori setting that enhance children's individual development. In a Montessori learning environment, children are shown respect by teachers and classmates and they have the greater opportunity to ′absorb′ the environment. The sensitive periods are extremely significant for the appropriate development of children. The prepared environment is designed to facilitate independent learning and exploration by the child, which opens the door to children's self-education. Moreover, Montessori children have a freedom of choice and movement that indicates the way this method meets the needs of children. This paper explores the Montessori Philosophy, evaluates its effect on children's development and discusses its core principles in depth.


Purpose of Article. The goal of the research is to open the principles of the activity ballet theory in the interpretation of Jean-Georges Noverre (1727-1810), a famous French choreographer in the context of his cultural and practical heritage. Methodology. The methodology of the research is based on the method of historical reconstruction, analysis and synthesis. To solve the given task the author is guided by the principles of objectivity and historicism. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the opening the fact that Jean-Georges Noverre has called for cooperation of a choreographer, a composer, an artist and an actor. It reforms usual choreographic practice, makes this united creative process as an integral part of the success of the ballet. The French choreographer was the supporter of the additional and non-stop education of choreographer, who should bring up the feature of true creation and realistic ballet in himself. Conclusions. In the article, the specific reformist approach of the choreographer for the ballet is underlined. It consists of the rejection of masks; primacy of d'action, revival of pantomime in ballet, mutiny against irrationalism and symbolism in dance, compositional balance of ballet, which has to install the emotional dialogue with spectators, homogeneity and harmonious interaction of all ballet components; dancer costume changes and the necessity for non-stop choreographic education.


We present the first internal proper motion of the 6.7-GHz methanol maser within S269, an HII region in the outer Galaxy, which have been carried out in 2006 and 2011 using the Japanese VLBI Network (JVN). Several maser groups and weak isolated spots are detected in an area spanning by ∼ 200 mas (1000 AU). Three remarkable maser groups are aligned at a position angle of 80◦. Two of three maser groups are also detected by a previous observation in 1998, which allow us to study a long-term position variation of maser spots from 1998 to 2011. Angular separation between the two groups increased ∼ 10 mas, which corresponds to an expansion velocity of ∼ 10 km s−1. Some velocity gradient (∼ 10−2 km s−1 mas−1) in the overall distribution was found.


Review(s) of: Library and Information Center Management, 7th ed. by Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2007. 492 pp. US$46.60 soft cover ISBN13: 9781591584063. Review(s) of: Management Basics for Information Professionals, 2nd ed. by G. Edward Evans and Patricia Layzell Ward, New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, 2007. 567 pp. US$65.00 soft cover ISBN 13: 9781555705862.


Many people believe in the Law of Small Numbers, exaggerating the degree to which a small sample resembles the population from which it is drawn. To model this, I assume that a person exaggerates the likelihood that a short sequence of i.i.d. signals resembles the long-run rate at which those signals are generated. Such a person believes in the gambler's fallacy , thinking early draws of one signal increase the odds of next drawing other signals. When uncertain about the rate, the person over-infers from short sequences of signals, and is prone to think the rate is more extreme than it is. When the person makes inferences about the frequency at which rates are generated by different sources -- such as the distribution of talent among financial analysts -- based on few observations from each source, he tends to exaggerate how much variance there is in the rates. Hence, the model predicts that people may pay for financial advice from experts whose expertise is entirely illusory. Other economic applications are discussed.


This is an attempt to reconcile the formalisms of quantum mechanics with ordinary macroscopic experience. Thus the formal superposition of alternative physical states is interpreted as an actual superposition of differing "copies" of the same object or objects. Chance events usually regarded as mutually exclusive are here assumed to have simultaneous effects on different copies of the same system, including its human observers. In this way, initially superposed copies become separated and undergo differential changes. Reconvergence of differentiated copies gives rise to familiar diffraction phenomena. Specific physical examples and human experiences are treated, and the Schrodinger equation is derived.


The mycorrhizal condition of nursery-grown containerized Scots pine (Pinussylvestris) saplings planted in clear-cut and ploughed sites in northern Finland was investigated. The saplings, 15 years o...


ABSTRACT IMPACT: Recognizing Interdisciplinary Collaborative Research in Promotion and Tenure Processes OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Academic institutions have traditionally focused on individual achievements for promotion. We present our effort on identifying and measuring attitudes on promotion and tenure (PT) criteria that values and rewards interdisciplinary research (IR). We have developed a toolkit to facilitate the recognition of IR in PT processes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our group reviewed appointment, promotion and tenure (APT) policies from each of the six Health Science Schools and the College of Engineering at the University of Washington (UW) to assess language of objective criteria and attributes of IR to guide APT committees in the evaluation of interdisciplinary researchers. We surveyed faculty about their attitudes relating to IR within the context of promotion and tenure. Interviews of department chairs and administrators about institutional policies and infrastructure that supports or inhibits IR, and current best practices, were conducted. We have developed toolkits for junior faculty, department chairs, external reviewers, and APT committees to facilitate rewarding IR at promotion. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Review of APT policies found criteria that recognizes IR for APT in three schools. 118 faculty responded to the survey (44% Professor, 26% Associate, and 37% eligible for APT committees). The majority of faculty reported they were currently conducting IR (95%), considered IR important (98%), and believed the UW faculty code should encourage IR (85%). Although a vast majority considered their units supportive of IR (>80%), less than half (43%) reported that their APT criteria provided examples that included participation in IR. Our survey also found that APT committees were challenged about best practices to reward IR, APT external reviewers struggle to evaluate individual vs team contributions, and individual faculty are challenged to describe contributions for APT within context of an interdisciplinary team. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: IR is conducted and valued by UW faculty; however, current structures, policies, and APT code do not facilitate IR for promotion and tenure. We have developed a toolkit for promotion-eligible faculty, chairs, external reviewers, and APT committees to facilitate IR. Our goal is to modify UW faculty code and unit APT criteria to recognize and reward IR.


A 40-year-old Nigerian male, married with four children, was admitted to the Emergency Surgical Unit of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria, with a 2-hour history of bilateral scrotal pain. The pain had started suddenly, was very severe and dull in nature but was not affected by movement or change in posture. There was associated frequency of micturition, but no dysuria, fever or hematuria. The patients did not have any previous history of urethritis or trauma to the scrotum and had not noticed any swellings in the groin or genital areas.


Introduction Periprosthetic cyst formation following ankle replacement, requiring revision surgery, has previously been reported. The exact pathogenesis of cyst formation is unclear but considered to be due to a combination of biological and mechanical factors. Our objective was to review the incidence of periprosthetic cyst formation following Mobility ankle replacement and their outcome. Patients and methods We reviewed all the Mobility ankle replacements performed by the senior author from Oct 2005 till May 2012. Serial radiographs were reviewed to identify the presence of cystic lesions in the tibia or the talus. Results 124 Mobility ankle replacements were performed in 116 patients during our study period. Average age was 65 years (22 to 88) with male to female ratio of 2:1. Average follow-up was 32 months (7 to 73). Radiographic review of the most recent available radiograph showed cystic changes in the distal tibia in 10 patients (8%). One patient had cystic appearance pre-operatively which was not found to be progressive after replacement. Seven patients were asymptomatic. Three patients presented with ankle pain, which was thought to be due the cyst. One of the symptomatic patients had undergone revision of tibial component and bone grafting of the cyst 32 months after primary surgery. The second patient is awaiting surgery for exploration and possible bone graft (40 months after primary surgery). The 3 rd patient is awaiting CT scan for further evaluation of the cyst. Conclusion Our study shows that cystic changes were present in 8% of TAR at medium term review. 70% (7 patients) were asymptomatic and 30% required intervention for being symptomatic. Regular review of the TAR patients is essential to identify the patients who develop cyst formation.


We present an extension of the Myers and Majluf (1984) model to examine private placements issued to owner-managers. Our main conclusion is that allowing private placements to insiders can mitigate, if not eliminate, the underinvestment problem. Our model predicts that announcement period returns for private placements should be: (1) positive; (2) dependent on regulatory constraints that determine the issue price; (3) positively related to volatility; (4) negatively related to leverage; (5) negatively related to owner-managers' shareholdings (6) related to proxies of manipulation; and (7) negatively related to illiquidity. We empirically test the model's predictions on a sample of 164 preferential allotments (private placements) issued in the Indian capital markets during 2001-2009 and report empirical evidence largely consistent with the model. In addition to the predictions of our model, we also find that announcement period returns of: (8) firms affiliated to business groups are not lower than those of stand-alone firms and (9) private placements made to (active) private equity investors are not higher than those made to (passive) banks or financial institutions.


Purpose: The effectiveness of scanning laser polarimetry (by the nerve fibre analyser, NFA) and of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in estimating nerve fibre layer thickness (NFLT) and the correlations between NFLT and cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio or values of mean deviation (MD) from static visual field tests were compared using patients with glaucoma. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four eyes from 24 glaucoma patients were enrolled. The NFLT was measured along a circle with a diameter 1.5 times that of the optic disc around the optic disc. The averaged estimated NFLT of the circle or of each quadrantal NFLT (nasal, temporal, superior, inferior) was compared. Results: The co-variant indexes measured by the NFA were significantly smaller than those measured by OCT in both the averaged NFLT (p = 0.0002) and in each quadrantal NFLT (p < 0.05). The C/D ratio was significantly correlated with the averaged NFLT when measured by OCT (r = 0.425, p = 0.038), but not by the NFA (r = 0.179, p = 0.407). However, when measured by OCT, these values showed a significant correlation (r = 0.425, p = 0.039). Although both the OCT and NFA data showed significant correlations between NFLT and the MD (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.038, respectively), the OCT data showed a stronger correlation than did the NFA data (r = 0.677 and r = 0.422, respectively). The correlation between the averaged NFLTs obtained by NFA and OCT was not significant (r = 0.289, p = 0.172). Conclusion: OCT is thought to have an equal or better effectiveness for estimating NFLT, in spite of a lower reproducibility than that of the NFA.


An in situ NDE dielectric impedance measurement method has been developed for ascertaining the cure processing properties of high temperature advanced thermoplastic and thermosetting resins, using continuous frequency-dependent measurements and analyses of complex permittivity over 9 orders of magnitude and 6 decades of frequency at temperatures up to 400 C. Both ionic and Debye-like dipolar relaxation processes are monitored. Attention is given to LARC-TPI, PEEK, and poly(arylene ether) resins' viscosity, glass transition temperature, recrystallization, and residual solvent content and evolution properties.


Risk of venous thrombosis increases 2–3 fold with oral estrogen‐type therapies. To determine how oral estrogenic treatments affect venous reactivity, femoral veins were removed from sexually mature, ovariectomized, female pigs randomly assigned to one of four treatment (4 weeks) groups: untreated, 17β‐estradiol (E2), conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) or raloxifene. Veins with (EC+) and without endothelium (EC‐) were suspended for measurement of isometric tension in organ chambers. EC+ and EC‐ rings from a single animal were studied in parallel in the absence and presence of L‐NMMA or L‐NMMA + indomethacin. Dose‐responses separated by three washout periods were obtained for 5‐HT, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1). Responses to A23187 (EC+) or nitric oxide (NO; EC‐) were obtained on the maximal contraction to ET‐1. All three treatments modulated veins' responses to substances released from activated platelets, 5‐HT and ADP. However, each treatment had different effects on the endothelium‐derived factors produced: E2 increased endothelium‐dependent inhibitory prostanoids, sensitivity of the smooth muscle to exogenous NO and possibly an endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor. Raloxifene increased sensitivity to 5‐HT, ET‐1 and contractile prostanoids; all are implicated in vasospasm and platelet aggregation. CEE produced intermediate effects compared to the other two treatments, probably because CEE contains metabolites of E2 with mixed biological activity. Therefore, although all three treatments increase risk of venous thrombosis, they do so through different mechanisms.


Huffman coding and decoding is an effective technique of loseless data compression. This article elaborates how to carry out the Huffman coding and decoding. What' s more, it mainly recommends the process of putting the language of C into effect.


ABSTRACT Excitatory amino acid transporter type 3 (EAAT3, also known as SLC1A1) is a high-affinity, Na+-dependent glutamate carrier that localizes primarily within the cell and at the apical plasma membrane. Although previous studies have reported proteins and sequence regions involved in EAAT3 trafficking, the detailed molecular mechanism by which EAAT3 is distributed to the correct location still remains elusive. Here, we identify that the YVNGGF sequence in the C-terminus of EAAT3 is responsible for its intracellular localization and apical sorting in rat hepatoma cells CRL1601 and Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, respectively. We further demonstrate that Numb, a clathrin adaptor protein, directly binds the YVNGGF motif and regulates the localization of EAAT3. Mutation of Y503, N505 and F508 within the YVNGGF motif to alanine residues or silencing Numb by use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) results in the aberrant localization of EAAT3. Moreover, both Numb and the YVNGGF motif mediate EAAT3 endocytosis in CRL1601 cells. In summary, our study suggests that Numb is a pivotal adaptor protein that mediates the subcellular localization of EAAT3 through binding the YxNxxF (where x stands for any amino acid) motif. Summary: Numb binds the YxNxxF motif in the cytoplasmic C-terminus of EAAT3 and drives its endocytosis in non-polarized cells and its apical sorting in polarized cells.


The common law began its career long ago and far away, in England in the 12th century. Unlike other of the world's great legal traditions, the common law did not produce an authoritative law book comparable to the 'Corpus Juris Civilis' of Roman law or the Code Napoleon of French law. Instead, the common law generated a collection of judicial decisions, a set of institutions and a distinctive way of resolving disputes. Common law rules, derived mainly from decided cases, were multifarious and sometimes seemingly contradictory, yet susceptible to rational organisation and harmonisation. Common law institutions, principally courts, were for many years a confusing collection of ancient offices with often unclear and overlapping jurisdictions, but they benefited from a tradition of orderliness and a crude but recognisable effectiveness. The 'common law way' of reasoning from case to case within a rigid set of procedures was at bottom and necessarily practical, but it included an element of ancient anachronism that contributed an air of mystery and majesty.


The report presents the regional development policy in Bulgaria after 2007 with focus of the stated and implemented support for application of a green economy transition's instruments. The green economy is defined by relevant economic sectors and themes that add value to quality of life, reducing carbon emissions and creating jobs. Objective: to review the applying of instruments for transition to a green economy in the regions as part of regional development policy and promotion of the regions' competitiveness. Methods: Descriptive analysis and review of documents were used; review of planning documents at regional and municipal level and analysis of the type of applied instruments for the transition to a green economy; comparative evaluation of the already applied instruments with the forecasts for the new programming period 2021-2027. Results: The applied in the period 2007 - 2020 instruments for supporting the transition to a green economy and their connection with the development of the regions in Bulgaria are traced. The results correlation of the already applied instruments with the approach envisaged in the programming period after 2021 has been assessed. Elements of the connection between transition readiness and the regions' competitiveness are considered. Conclusions: Conclusions are drawn about the Bulgarian regions experience and capacities gained to exploit the potential and opportunities to increase competitiveness and well-being.


This paper presents two kinds of new evidence for dating the ballad "Southeast Fly the Peacocks". The Japanese scholar Takagi Mazakau has shown that the tonal prosody of Recent Style poetry began to take shape during the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th. The present author shows that lines 1-10, 236-249, and 342-355 of the ballad by and large conform to Resent Style prosody, and therefore could not have been written earlier than 450 A. D. The second part of the paper discusses ten grammatical or lexical items. It was shown that these items, as used in the ballad, contain innovative features unattested elsewhere before the middle of the 3rd century. The overall conclusion is that the "Southeast Fly the Peacocks" was written during the 5th or 6th century, about two centuries later than the traditional date of 196-219 A. D.


The article describes the developed intellectualization method and model of the complex system failures risk technical condition assessment and prediction by diagnostic features. The developed model has a relative insensitivity to incomplete data about the system and is considered as a conceptual one for an intelligent system for assessing and predicting the complex technical systems failures risk on network infrastructures. Developed method and model can take into account the hierarchical levels of subsystems (components), intersystem (interelement) links when searching for the failures causes. Proposed method and model allow us to control the risk of failures in complex technical systems when information about failures in their structures is received. In addition, the application of the method and model makes it possible to predict trends in the risk of system failures, taking into account changes in the risk of failures, in order to further choose a strategy for their recovery.


The work described in this paper is part of a systematic study of ohmic contact strategies for GaN-based semiconductors. Gold contacts exhibited ohmic behavior on p -GaN when annealed at high temperature. The specific contact resistivity ( ρ _c) calculated from TLM measurements on Au/ p -GaN contacts was 53 Ω • cm^2 after annealing at 800 °C. Multilayer Au/Mg/Au/ p -GaN contacts exhibited linear, ohmic current-voltage (I-V) behavior in the as-deposited condition with ρ _c = 214 Ω • cm^2. The specific contact resistivity of the multilayer contact increased significantly after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) through 725 °C. Cross-sectional microstructural characterization of the Au/ p -GaN contact system via high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) revealed that interfacial secondary phase formation occurred during high-temperature treatments, which coincided with the improvement of contact performance. In the as-deposited multilayer Au/Mg/Au/ p -GaN contact, the initial 32 nm Au layer was found to be continuous. However, Mg metal was found in direct contact with the GaN in many places in the sample after annealing at 725 ° C for 15 s. The resultant increase in contact resistance is believed to be due to the barrier effect increased by the presence of the low work function Mg metal.


We consider the problem to reconstruct the location and shape of an unknown number of sound-soft obstacles from the far field pattern of scattered acoustic waves. First, the point source method is used to generate an estimate for the area where the obstacles are located. In its simplest form the point source method will provide the convex hull of the set of obstacles. Then, we investigate a novel evolutionary Newton algorithm which integrates the Newton scheme with elements of an evolutionary approach. The Newton method is an efficient local method to find obstacles if the number, approximate location and shape of all obstacles is known. Without this knowledge the method quickly runs into local minima or diverges. The evolutionary algorithm is capable of finding the number of obstacles, their location and shape. However, in its typical form the algorithm is not appropriate for inverse scattering problems due to the expensive evaluation of the forward scattering map. Evolutionary algorithms usually use a large number of target function evaluations on a population of solutions and converge slowly. We will employ principles of both algorithms to formulate a novel evolutionary Newton scheme which does combine the strength of both evolutionary methods and the Newton scheme and does avoid their particular limitations. This shows that a combination of statistical and deterministical reconstruction methods can be used to significantly extend the range of the algorithms of both areas. In our last part we illustrate the feasibility of the scheme by numerical examples.


To explore the cutaneous toxicity of thioglycolic acid(TGA) and to confirm the possibility of the rat pseudo skin as suitable replacement of rat skin to study cutaneous toxicology. Large number of rat keratinocytes and fibroblasts were obtained by the conductive polypyrrole electrical stimulation technique. The pseudo dermis was formed with a mixture of fibroblasts and type Ⅰ calf collagen,and then the keratinocytes were seeded on it. After a period of 19d submerged culture and air liquid interface culture,a piece of rat pseudo skin was formed. The rat pseudo skin and new born rat skin were topically exposed to TGA for an hour and the pathological changes of them were observed under microscope. It was shown that the rat pseudo skin was similar in morphology to that of newborn rat skin with dermis,basal layer,granular layer and stratum corneum. Topical application of TGA could cause some pathological damages to both rat pseudo skin and rat skin,such as lysis of stratum corneum,acanthosis,disappearance of stratum granulosuma,the vacuolating degeneration of the upper epidermis cells and liquefaction of basal cells and so on. [Conclusion] Obvious damage in both rat skin and rat pseudo skin occurred with topical application of lower dose of TGA than that of National Cosmetics Hygiene Standard. The rat pesudo skin established in this study can be used in cutaneous toxicity study instead of normal skin in some toxicological fields.


The principle of homogeneous immunoassay, Emit, is described. This one-minute semi-quantitative method has been applied to screening of urine for opiates, amphetamines, barbiturates, methadone, benzodiazepines, propoxyphenes, and cocaine metabolites. Recent applications of the technique include assays for phencyclidine and cannabis in urine as well as assays for benzodiazepines and barbiturates in serum. The sensitivity, interpretation and clinical results are described.


PURPOSE:To evaluate the role of ~(18)F-FDG PET in the identification of head and neck neoplasms in contrast to CT/MRI.METHODS:Fifty four patients with head and neck primary tumors underwent PET and CT/MRI two weeks before surgery.Histopathologic analysis was used as the gold standard for diagnosis.Difference of sensitivity, speeificity and accuracy between PET and CT/MRI was analyzed using SPSS13.0 software package for Chi-square test.RESULTS: PET correctly identified the primary tumors in 48/54 patients and CT/MRI identified the primary tumors in 43/54 patients. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PET for the identification of primary, tumors were 7.4%,15.3% and 9.3%, higher than those of CT/MRI, but not significantly.CONCLUSIONS:The sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of PET for identification of head and neck primary tumors is higher than those of CT/MRI,but the difference was not statistically significant.


The Hopkinson bar technique with a furnace and a driving mechanism is utilized to determine the dynamic property of materials at elevated temperature and high strain rates.The specimen is heated by a furnace independently.While the temperature in specimen reaches the desired temperature,a driving mechanism shifts the transmission bar and the specimen to contact the incident bar,so that the transmission bar,the specimen and incident bar fully contact each other just before the stress wave reaches the interface between incident bar and specimen.The dynamic properties of single crystal copper and polycrystal copper at the temperature range from room temperature to 1 085 K are tested.The results show that the flow stress of both materials decreases with increase of temperature,and strain hardening rates at a temperature below 585 K are greater than that at the temperature above 585 K.


A policy discussion document for the UK Cohousing Network, considering what aspects of housing and design policies need to be considered that can add impetus to the promotion and development of new cross-tenure cohousing neighbourhoods


Nadia Kornioti revisits the early period of British rule on the island, as a means of obtaining an improved understanding of the constitutional framework for Cypriot independence and, by extension, of the complexity of international relations in the Eastern Mediterranean to this day [ ]Stalo Constantinou's paper focuses on rural Cyprus in the period 1920-1940, and investigates/compares two agricultural factories operating during that period under different conditions [ ]our latest Call for Papers can be found, which is entitled COVID-19 in Doctrinal Context: Analysing, Theorising, and Surpassing the Pandemic Crisis


We tested the hypothesis that a relationship between ill health and deprivation exists for patients with diabetes, distinct from that experienced by the non‐diabetic population. Age standardized admission and appointment rates and proportion of total activity for patients with and without diabetes were determined by electoral ward and correlated with the Townsend index of social deprivation for the health district of South Glamorgan (population 408000). Both diabetic (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) and non‐diabetic (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) in‐patient admissions were positively correlated with social deprivation. This relationship also existed for attended out‐patient appointments (r = 0.67, p < 0.001 and r = 0.45, p < 0.01, respectively). The proportion of diabetic to non‐diabetic admissions by ward also showed a positive correlation for in‐patients (r = 0.47, p < 0.001). This remained true for IDDM (r = 0.23, not significant) and NIDDM (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) diabetes, for admissions for coronary heart disease (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and cerebrovascular disease (r = 0.29, p < 0.05), elective admissions (r = 0.30, p > 0.05), and emergency admissions (0.46, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that secondary care utilization is positively correlated with social deprivation and that this relationship is stronger in the diabetic population. This may be due to different prevalence rates or increased complications requiring hospital treatment in different social circumstances. Further research is required to examine these factors more closely. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This research aims to determine the role of Woman Farmer Group (KWT) members and factors related to the role of KWT in actualizing Sungai Langka as an Agrotourism Village.  The research location was chosen purposively in Sungai Langka Village of Gedong Tataan Sub-district of Pesawaran Regency.  Respondents were 61 respondents using Proportional Random Sampling.  This research was conducted from January to February 2018.  Data analysis method used descriptive method with quantitative approach.  To answer the first purpose used descriptive analysis, and the second goal by using a quantitative approach of Rank Spearman analysis method.  The results indicated that the role level of KWT members in mini jackfruit planting and handicraft production is included in a low classification, the roles of KWT members in the manufacture of vegetable quoting galleries, fruit pickling and in Small and Medium Enterprises processing of agricultural products are included in medium classification, KWT in actualizing as Sungai Langka Agrotourism Village is generally included in the middle classification. Factors associated with the role of KWT members in actualizing the Agrotourism Village Sungai Langka are the motivation, cosmopolite character, and the level of knowledge.  Whereas, the age and level of education were not significantly related to the role of KWT members in actualizing Sungai Langka Village as the Agrotourism Village. Key words: agrotourism village, KWT members, role


The importance of accurate and timely information describing the nature and extent of land resources and changes over time is increasing. This research examines the application of deep learning neural networks (DLNN) to the analysis of satellite imagery with specific focus on the production of land use/land cover maps. DLNN have made considerable strides in pattern recognition and machine learning over the last several years. However, their application to remote sensing is less well developed as the technology was originally designed for simple photographs and not satellite imagery. This research presents the results of an experimental study conducted that developed a DLNN to generate land use/land cover maps of the southern agricultural region of Manitoba, Canada. The results of this approach demonstrate a clear advantage in processing time once the DLNN is properly trained when compared to human based semi-automated process.


With the growing emphasis that the Bank is placing on the rural sector, especially on efforts to raise the productivity and income levels of the rural poor, it has become involved in a number of integrated rural development projects. Although rural populations are largely dependent on agriculture, rural development is not synonymous with agricultural development. The focus of rural development projects should be on rural poverty, and objectives should include increased productivity and higher incomes for the rural poor. In addition, benefits derived from these projects should reach large numbers of low-income producers, should be financially viable and able to raise incomes of this group, and should be replicable. Bank experience has led to several conclusions: (i) new technology will be used only when it is profitable; (ii) development and sustaining of low-cost delivery systems for support services is difficult; (iii) low-cost, effective credit programs are urgently needed; (iv) assistance to small farmers will require subsidization; (v) the degree of acceptance of new technology and of taking advantage of new opportunities varies; and (vi) maximization of local financing and maintenance of investments are essential from the onset.


Abstract Introduction Delusional hypergeusia has not heretofore been reported. Methods: Case report A 62-year-old right-handed woman described a plethora of complaints after exposure to a solvent aroma, including headaches, diffuse weakness, fatigue, hallucinated smells and tastes, burning mouth syndrome, and panic attacks. The apogee of her symptoms was that salty taste was 800% of normal, making food taste disgustingly salty. She was unable to tolerate potato chips, pizza, spaghetti sauce, Coca Cola, root beer, Sprite, 7 Up, and even bottled water. Sugar was also too sweet, 600% of normal. Foods which were unbearably sweet included cookies, sugar, and breakfast cereals. Sour and bitter were normal. Results Abnormalities in Neurological Examination: Mental Status Examination: hyperverbal, loud, overly inclusive, irritable with pressured speech; disheveled, racing thoughts, and tangential. Motor Examination: Drift Test: right pronator drift with right abductor digiti mini sign. Gait Examination: heel walking with bilateral decreased arm swing. Reflexes: bilateral quadriceps femoris 3+, positive left (L) Hoffman's reflex. Chemosensory Testing: Olfaction: Brief Smell Identification Test: 12 (normosmia). Retronasal Olfactory Testing: Retronasal Smell Index: 1 (Anosmia). Gustatory Testing: Propylthiouracil Disc Taste Test: 10 (normogeusia). Waterless Empirical Taste Test: sweet: 4, sour: 3, salty: 7, bitter: 5, brothy: 0, total: 30 (ageusia to umami, otherwise normogeusia). Neuropsychiatric Testing: Go-No-Go Test: 2/6 (abnormal). Discussion Perhaps hypergeusia may not have been true hypergeusia but a misperception of retronasal smell associated hyperosmia with physiologic synesthesia manifested as taste. Peradventure, the perceived hypergeusia, is just one component of a generalized delusional paradigm, where many sensory perceptions are intensified. The perceived delusional hyperosmia may be intensification of the sensory misperception due to an underlying dysgeusia. This may represent a variant of the two-factor hypothesis of delusions whereby a distorted sensory perception is then misrepresented in a delusion. Dysfunction of the right hemisphere, which normally acts to censor the left, allows the delusion to manifest. While two different anatomical abnormalities (one left and one right hemisphere) have been postulated to be the foundation of such delusions, it is distinctly possible that a single lesion of the inferior parietal lobule may be sufficient for both sensory distortions to be produced as well as loss of inhibition of delusional interpretation of distorted sensation of the frontal lobe by the right parietal lobe, yclept the sensorialist hypothesis. In those who present with hypergeusia, search for delusional origin is warranted and in those who present with delusions, query as to perceived hypergeusia may be revealing. Funding No Funding


This research examines the effects of using a combination of Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) and Hydrated Lime (HL) as alternative cement ingredients on the mechanical and microstructural properties of ternary mixed concrete (Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)+GGBS+HL). The OPC was replaced with GGBS in increments of 10% from 10% to 70%, while HL was substituted at levels ranging from 0% to 20% in increments of 10%. The results showed that the highest compressive strength (56.20 MPa), split tensile strength (4.25 MPa), and flexural strength (5.58 MPa) were observed for the ternary concrete mixture containing 60% OPC, 30% GGBS, and 10% HL with 0.36 water binder ratio after 28 days of curing.


Using wavelet modeling for the GPS velocity field may lead to an ill-posed problem.The Tikhonov regularization and regularization parameter selection methods(GCV,L-curve and OCV)were introduced in the paper.The Tikhonov regularization was used to impose a unique solution of the Spherical Wavelet Model of GPS Velocity Fields by introducing aproper parameter and matrix.The effect of regularization parameter selection methods applied in the spherical wavelet model of GPS velocity fields with CMONC and APRGP GPS velocity fields data sets were analyzed based on the Tikhonov regularization.The results showed that the Tikhonov regularization imposed a unique solution,and the accuracy of the optimized solutions(selected by minimizing MSE)with 3types of regularization parameter selection methods was at the same level.


The potential of mean force (PMF) between two methane molecules in water is calculated using molecular dynamics with Ewald boundary conditions for two water models, the WK model (a nonpolarizable model) and the PSRWK model (a polarizable model), for the purpose of understanding what role many-body polarization plays in the hydrophobic interaction. These models of neat water have the same static dielectric constants and similar structural and thermodynamic properties. The methane-water interaction is taken to be exactly the same in both fluids. Nevertheless, the simulated potential of mean force between two dissolved methane molecules is very different for these two models. In the polarizable model, solvent-separated pairing is dominant over contact-pairing, while in the nonpolarizable model the reverse is true. -


Chitin-binding lectins from mistletoe (Viscum album L.) fruit were examined for insecticidal activity against Apamea sordens Hufn. and Pyrausta nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) larvae at different stages of development. Lectins affected larval survival and showed delay of pupation time. The results demonstrate that mistletoe chitin-binding lectins have obvious anti-nutritive effects on Lepidoptera insects. © 2010 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.


* The Proper Rebel * From Apprentice to Journalist * A Search for Certainty * The Missing Years, 1930--1932 * A Desk with a View * Political War Years, 1939--1944 * Postwar Fighting, 1945--1950 *"The Last Battle" * Epilogue * Bibliographical Note * Notes * Acknowledgments * Index


In Poland, the function of social rehabilitation for convicts with intellectual disabilities is implemented by both: the penitentiary and probation system. In prisons there are therapeutic departments adapted to the needs of prisoners' disabilities. In community supervision, methodology of working with offenders with intellectual disabilities is not regulated by any procedures. This paper presents results of a research focused on the probation service supervision of offenders with mild intellectual disabilities. Difficulties in implementing social rehabilitation tasks, methodology of probation officers' work, as well as legislative proposals that may improve the probation system in Poland for offenders with mild intellectual disabilities are indicated. The study is based on qualitative methods using the focus panel method. The research group are probation officers for adults from the District Court for Bydgoszcz. The data is analyzed using legal provisions regulating probation service, as well as selected theories and concepts of special education and social rehabilitations of convicts.


Malaria is responsible for about 350 to 500 million clinical cases annually, remaining as one of the largest health problems worldwide. Studies on the influence of the vector gut microbiota in the life cycle of the parasites are being performed. In mosquitoes, studies have shown that infection with midgut microbiota may inhibit the sporogonic development of malaria parasites. Here, the role of intestinal microbiota of Aedes aegytpi infected with
Plasmodium gallinaceum was assessed. The insects were subjected to five different
antibiotics (kanamycin, carbenicillin, spectinomycin, gentamicin and tetracycline). Only kanamycin and carbenicillin had effect over the infection process. The response of treated groups and control was analyzed by: bacterial culture techniques of isolation and sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA. Asaia bogorensis, Asaia krungthepensis, Asaia siamensis, Bacillus licheniformis and Chryseobacterium meningosepticum were identified for the control group.
In the carbenicillin treated group Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Microbacteriaceae family bacterium were identified. In the kanamycin treated group Lacticum microbacterium was found. This work suggests that the interaction between C. meningosepticum and Asaia species is relevant in the resistance/susceptibility balance in the A. aegypti/P. gallinaceum
model. To observe the effect of treatment over the expression of antimicrobial peptides, gambicin and defensin levels were measured by Real-time PCR. Levels of defensin proved to be up-regulated when the mosquitoes were subjected to treatment with kanamycin and carbenicillin. Gambicin levels were be up-regulated in mosquitoes treated with kanamycin and down-regulated in those treated with carbenicillin. The expression of these two AMPs was also measured when these groups of insects were fed with blood and infected blood. Our results showed that the expression of defensin and gambicin in carbenicillin treated blood fed group increased between 24 to 36 hours, and decreased in the blood fed control group.
Infected insects treated with kanamycin increased the expression of defensin between 24 to 36 hours after feeding, while it decreased in those treated with carbenicillin. An inhibition in the expression of gambicin in the infected group treated with carbenicillin was observed,
suggesting that activation of these peptides does not occur only by the parasite, or microbial action, but by both. These results indicate that the microbiota associated with A. aegypti has an important role in infection and immune response to the parasite.


ABSTRACTThis article presents a self-tuning type neural net controller for robotic manipulators. A parallel recursive adaptation algorithm is described for on-line implementation of the neural net controller. The proposed control scheme does not require any information about the system dynamics. The control system was implemented for a cylindrical robot by computer simulation. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the neural net controller and its adaptation and learning capability for nonlinear time-varying robot systems.


The Ro-sgrungoccupies an important position in Tibetan people's daily life.Polyandry,a special form of marriage,has been well reflected in Ro-sgrung.The Ro-sgrung has different versions of different geographical spread.Besides the survival environment reason for this general cognition,the author explores the reasons for other three aspects such as "the gender imbalance",the wrong understanding of the physiological,different attitudes in traditional ethics and kinship.


The crystal and molecular structure of dl-2-cis-4-trans-abscisic acid has been determined by the X-ray method. The crystal is monoclinic, P21/c, with lattice parameters a=6.316(1), b=33.575(3), c=7.607(1) A, and β=118.42(1)°. The molecule has two independent conjugated systems forming respective planes which are orthogonal to each other. The molecules form a dimer by the hydrogen bonding and are connected by the other hydrogen bonding along the c-axis.


Thin Mgln204 spinel films were grown on cleaved MgO(OOl) substrates by a surface reaction between the MgO substrate and an ln203 vapour at temperatures around 1400 °C. Investigations by SEM, EDX, TEM, SAED, and HREM revealed the films to grow in almost [001] orientation and to develop a specific morphology. They are composed of domains, whose crystal lattices are tilted by about 3° around two different (110) axes. A network of interfacial dislocations with Burgers vectors a/2 [011] and a/2 [101] was found accommodating the large lattice misfit of +4.5%. The observations are discussed in terms of a model featuring the interplay between the atomic mechanism of the solid state reaction, and the properties of the interfacial dislocations persisting at the moving reaction front.


In this study, a mix design for self compacting concrete was based on Okamura's method and concrete incorporated just a ground granulated blast furnace slag. Replacement ratio of slag is in the range of of cement matrix by volume. For the optimal self compactability in mixture incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag, the paste and mortar tests were first completed. Then the slump flow, elapsed time of 500mm slump flow, V funnel time and filling height by U type box were conducted in concrete. The volume of coarse aggregate in self compacting concrete was in the range of to the solid volume percentage of coarse aggregate. Finally, the compressive and splitting tensile strengths were determined in the hardened self compacting concrete incorporating ground granulated blast furnace slag. From the test results, it is desirable for self compacting concrete that the replacement of ground granulated blast furnace slag is in the range of of cement matrix by volume and the volume of coarse aggregate to the solid volume percentage of coarse aggregate with a limit of .


In terms of electric energy measurement principle, combined with relative mathematic theory, this paper analyzes the harmonic power's impact on linear and harmonic source load and unreasonable mode now. Based on this, using DSP technique, combing with the discrete Fourier transform, we set up a new calculation algorithm of electric power measurement fairly and with no fault to harmonic source load, and prove its reasonability and validity in practice.


PURPOSE
This article describes a pilot study that compares the ability of a novice interpreter and an experienced interpreter to interpret ultrasound images of peripheral nerves in the anterior compartment of the forearm.

METHODS
Twenty subjects between 18 and 50 years of age were included. A student was taken through tutorials in which she was guided through identification of the peripheral nerves of the anterior forearm. After the tutorials, the experienced interpreter traced the subjects' ulnar nerve and artery neurovascular bundle proximally in the anterior compartment of the forearm until just before it separated into the artery and nerve. Here the distance between the median and ulnar nerve was measured by the investigators. The Bland and Altman design and paired t tests were used to compare the agreement between the results of the two investigators.

RESULTS
The Bland and Altman analysis reveals that the difference between two sets of measurements (experienced investigator vs. student) is calculated to be 0.08 mm ± 0.22 mm for the left arm and 0.16 mm ± 0.43 mm for the right arm. A paired t test revealed that there is no significant difference in the measurements obtained by the two investigators (left arm: p = .12; right arm: p = .10). These results suggest that the measurements of the two investigators may be interchangeable.

CONCLUSIONS
This pilot study shows that after tutorials combining dissection and sonographic interpretation, the ability of a novice interpreter to identify ultrasonographic images of peripheral nerves in the anterior compartment of the forearm is comparable to that of an experienced interpreter.


Abstract This article describes the attempts made by one teacher, with the help of a supportive colleague, to deal with difficulties created by the recruitment of a large number of pupils into a Year 9 class. Initially, the teacher attempted to change the behaviour of the pupils by asking them to reflect on a videotaped teaching sequence. When this attempt failed the teacher changed his teaching style and approach to lessons, with a subsequent improvement in the attitude and behaviour displayed by the pupils.


Abstract Repassivation kinetics of rapidly scratched scars on the surface of type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel (SS) in a chloride solution was examined using an ampero-chronometric method. Its ...


The growth and Cr(VI) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 was examined using a mini‐bioreactor system that independently monitors and controls pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and temperature for each of its 24, 10‐mL reactors. Independent monitoring and control of each reactor in the cassette allows the exploration of a matrix of environmental conditions known to influence S. oneidensis chromium reduction. S. oneidensis MR‐1 grew in minimal medium without amino acid or vitamin supplementation under aerobic conditions but required serine and glycine supplementation under anaerobic conditions. Growth was inhibited by DO concentrations >80%. Lactate transformation to acetate was enhanced by low concentration of DO during the logarithmic growth phase. Between 11 and 35°C, the growth rate obeyed the Arrhenius reaction rate‐temperature relationship, with a maximum growth rate occurring at 35°C. S. oneidensis MR‐1 was able to grow over a wide range of pH (6–9). At neutral pH and temperatures ranging from 30 to 35°C, S. oneidensis MR‐1 reduced 100 µM Cr(VI) to Cr(III) within 20 min in the exponential growth phase, and the growth rate was not affected by the addition of chromate; it reduced chromate even faster at temperatures between 35 and 39°C. At low temperatures (<25°C), acidic (pH < 6.5), or alkaline (pH > 8.5) conditions, 100 µM Cr(VI) strongly inhibited growth and chromate reduction. The mini‐bioreactor system enabled the rapid determination of these parameters reproducibly and easily by performing very few experiments. Besides its use for examining parameters of interest to environmental remediation, the device will also allow one to quickly assess parameters for optimal production of recombinant proteins or secondary metabolites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Significance People ought to care more about how the government spends their taxes compared with oil or foreign aid revenues. Yet, in developing countries, obfuscation by value-added taxes and citizens' feelings of ownership over all public revenues may equalize distinctions. Four experiments in Ghana and Uganda conducted on citizens and members of parliament indicate no significant differences between taxes, aid, and oil in perceptions that the revenues will provide public goods or leak to corruption. All revenue types equally motivate citizens to demand accountability, prompting reevaluation of the claim that taxes promote greater political action. Citizens do see meaningful differences for aid delivered through nongovernmental organizations, suggesting that the channel of funds matters for accountability. Received wisdom argues that citizens more readily demand accountability from government for taxes than for nontax revenue from oil or foreign aid, giving rise to an important mechanism underlying the "resource curse," which posits that nontax revenue causes citizen quiescence and hampers government accountability. However, in developing countries, obfuscation through value-added taxes and strong popular feelings of ownership over all revenues may minimize differences across revenue sources. Identical experiments on representative samples of Ghanaians and Ugandans, and similar experiments on members of parliament, probe the effects of different sources and delivery channels of government revenues on citizens' actions to monitor governments and members of parliament (MPs') beliefs about accountability pressures. Roughly half of all citizens take action to monitor all 3 sources. However, neither Ghanaians nor Ugandans demand more accountability for taxes than oil or aid when the revenues go to the government. MPs likewise saw no difference. Citizens do differentiate between aid money given to nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) compared with revenues delivered to the government. Findings are robust to numerous alternatives and subgroups. Against strong expectations from prior research, little evidence exists showing that taxes strengthen citizens' demands for accountability or that MPs perceive differences across revenue sources in these 2 representative African countries. However, aid channeled through NGOs motivates more accountability pressures.


There are two main reasons why people often choose to travel by car rather than by train. On the one hand, there is the transport of luggage, which many find too difficult. This is especially true when changing trains or travelling with children. Secondly, concern about the lack of mobility options at the holiday destination without a vehicle of one's own is a reason to prefer to go on holiday in one's own car. The paper refers to the easytravel project, an extensive research project in the Ötztal valley, a typical holiday region in Austria with a pronounced winter and summer tourism. The paper addresses the needs and concrete requirements of holidaymakers with regard to luggage transport and mobility offers in the holiday region and shows concrete measures how the willingness to travel by train can be improved.


The sequence-domain impedance using harmonic linearization technique can well describe the harmonic behavior of the interconnected system consisting of the grid and converter. However, fast phase-locked loop (PLL) design, unbalanced current controller structure will cause the unneglectable off-diagonal components in impedance matrix of converter. Due to the frequency coupling and sequence coupling effect in the sequence domain, the traditional single input single output transfer function lacks the capability to accurately express this frequency shift relationship. Therefore, in this paper, the harmonic transfer matrix (HTM) is used to model the frequency shift existing in the sequence-domain impedance model. By unifying positive sequence and negative sequence components, the complexity of impedance model derivation can be reduced. The linear time-periodic system is transformed to a linear time-invariant system in harmonic domain. And then, Nyquist criteria is applied to analyze the stability of the interconnected system. Finally, simulation results verify the proposed HTM-based sequence-domain impedance modeling method.


The general principles of determining, from a bore-hole, the dip and strike of subsurface formations by a continuous profiling method are discussed. The profiling type dipmeter is based on the principle that the softer formations erode to a greater extent than the hard formations during the drilling process. A part of a dipmeter-survey record is shown to illustrate the computation of dip by measurements taken directly from the log. The device, which makes a continuous measurement of the logging tool's orientation with respect to compass North as well as the amount and direction of the bore-hole inclination, is demonstrated. A true dip computer is discussed briefly. Results of dipmeter surveys on drilling wells are illustrated and discussed. The results obtained with the profiling type dipmeter have been proved valuable in the study of subsurface conditions. End_of_Article - Last_Page 187------------


The present invention is fed into a cooled reaction together with a method for preparing melamine by pyrolysis of urea in a high pressure process, the component is reacted with ammonia converted into melamine, so that the melamine more elements of the molten material is obtained as the the melt is cooled to a temperature of 1 to 30 ℃ preferably to 1 than the melting point of the melamine 50 ℃ higher, which is dependent on the prevailing ammonia pressure. By injecting ammonia as reflux, the resulting carbon dioxide is discharged, the melamine melt may be collected as desired. Melamine, urea, ammonia and the melt, the melting point, carbon dioxide, of melamine