By using the methods of documentary,investigation and mathematical statistics,this paper analyzes the Current Situation of the Major of Management and Administration of sports in comprehensive universities in China,put forwards developing suggestions for the Major of Management and Administration of sports in comprehensive universities,


The objectives of this study were to investigate the effectiveness and acceptability of a 10 week training programme to improve the physical parameters namely repeated short sprints, repeated high intensity intermittent runs and aerobic power in Malaysian football referees. It also investigated whether there was a significant difference in the two training methods used. Sixty national football referees (purposive sampling) participated in this study. The participants were randomly assigned (fishbowl method) into three different groups namely Experimental Group 1, Experimental Group 2 and Control Group. Each group comprised of 20 participants. Experimental Group 1 strictly followed a 10 week training programme supervised by qualified trainers. They trained for three days in a week. Experimental Group 2 also reported for training three days a week at a different venue and trained using their own training programme. The design of this study focused upon the individual performances in physical parameters in the pre-test, providing training for 10 weeks and determining if the referees improved in the three variables using post-test results. A mixed between-within subject analysis known as split-plot ANOVA (SPANOVA) was used to test the objectives. The comparison of pre-test and post-tests results indicated that there was a statistical significant difference in performance of Experimental Group 1 in repeated short sprints t (19) =20.2, p<0.05. Repeated high intensity intermittent runs t (19) = 22.4, p<0.05. Aerobic power t (19) = 19.4, p<0.05. There was also statistical significant difference in performance of Experimental Group 2 in repeated short sprints t (19) = 3.3, p<0.05. Repeated high intensity intermittent runs t (19) = 8.6, p<0.05. Aerobic power t (19) = 5.6, p<0.05. The results of Control Group indicated that there was a statistical significant difference in performance in repeated high intensity intermittent runs t (19) = 2.18, p<0.05. As for repeated short sprints and aerobic power there was no statistical significant difference.
iv
Repeated short sprints t (19) = 0.4, p>0.05. Aerobic power t (19) = 0.7, p>0.05. Further, the results indicated that there was a significance difference in the performance of the three groups in repeated short sprints after 10 weeks of training [F (2, 57) =154.75, p<0.05]. As for repeated high intensity intermittent runs, it was found that there was a significant difference in the performance of the three groups after 10 weeks. [F (2, 57) =75.86, p<.05]. Finally, as for aerobic power, the results showed that there was a significant difference in the performance of the three groups after 10 weeks.[F (2, 57) =141.18, p<.05]. The results of multiple comparisons among groups indicated that the performance of all the three groups differed from one another with Experimental Group 1 showing the best performance and the Control Group the poorest. The results provide meaningful support for the conclusion that a planned training programme is likely to be effective and acceptable to improve performance in repeated short sprints, repeated high intensity intermittent runs and aerobic power of football referees. The training programme therefore, can be adopted as a formal training programme for football referees.


Pre-outburst and post-outburst light curves and post-outburst eclipse timings are analyzed to measure any period (P) change related to nova CI Aql's outburst of early 2000 and a mean post-outburst dP/dt, which then lead to estimates of the accreting component's rate of mass (M) change and its overall outburst-related change of mass over roughly a decade of observations. We apply a recently developed procedure for unified analysis of three timing-related data types (light curves, radial velocities, and eclipse timings), although with only light curves and timings in this case. Fits to the data are reasonably good without need for a disk in the light-curve model, although the disk certainly exists and has an important role in our post-outburst mass flow computations. Initial experiments showed that, although there seems to be an accretion hot spot, it has essentially no effect on derived outburst-related ΔP or on post-outburst dP/dt. Use of atomic time (HJED) in place of HJD also has essentially nil effect on ΔP and dP/dt. We find ΔP consistently negative in various types of solutions, although at best only marginally significant statistically in any one experiment. Pre-outburst HJD0 and P results are given, as are post-outburst HJD0, P, and dP/dt, with light curves and eclipse times as joint input, and also with only eclipse time input. Post-outburst dP/dt is negative at about 2.4σ. Explicit formulae for mass transfer rates and epoch-to-epoch mass change are developed and applied. A known offset in the magnitude zero point for 1991–1994 is corrected.


Beginning with the meaning of economic profit,the trajectory of profit in the business process is expatiated from the perspective of market competition.As the market competition will eventually become a relatively stable state,that is,a balanced competition,corporate returns on invested capital will be equal to the cost of capital in the full competition,and economic profits ultimately will tend to zero.The thought of economic profits and economic profits trending to zero have put new challenges on the traditional methods of valuation.Thus,based on Economic Value Added(EVA) and Residual Income(RI) valuation model,how to apply the new concept to the two model has been discussed in the paper.


With the rapid advances in large scale integration, a growing number of digital signal processing operations becomes attractive. The convolution property of certain transforms can be used to compute the cyclic convolution of two discrete signals. One such transform is the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) in the modified version of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) which operates on signals in the complex number field (4,7). The FFT of length N requires (N/2)log2(N/2) complex multiplications, which take most of the computation time. In addition, the FFT implementation of cyclic convolution introduces significant amounts of round-off error, thus deteriorating the signal-to-noise-ratio. Number-theoretic transforms (NTT) were introduced as a generali zation of the DFT over residue class rings of integers in order to per form high-speed and efficient cyclic convolutions and correlations with out round-off errors (1,2). Interesting applications of the NTT are in fast coding, decoding, digital filtering, image processing, and deconvolution. A large number of transform methods were developed. The main drawback of the NTT is a rigid relationsship between computer word length and obtainable transform length and a limited choice of posible word length. In order to enlarge the transform length of conventional NNTs, complex number-theoretic transforms (CNT) were introduced (3). However, it is not easy to find convenient moduli m that are large enough to avoid overflow, and to find primitive Nth roots of unity modulo m with small binary weight for transform lengths N that are highly factorizable and I arge enough for practical applications (5). In a recent paper (6), we have presented a solution to this problern in the ring Z of integers by studying cyclotomic polynomials. In this Ietter we present simple constructive methods for the finding of all convenient


Multistage interconnection networks, or MINs, have long been studied for use in telephone switching and multiprocessor systems. Since the early 70's several MINs have been proposed to meet the communication needs of multiprocessor systems in a cost-effective manner. These MINs are typically designed for N = m{sup n} inputs and N outputs and contain n stages of (N/m) crossbar switching elements of size m x m. The switches in adjacent stages are connected in such a way that a path can be found from any input to any output. Such MINs have many properties that make them attractive for multiprocessor systems, including O(NlogN) hardware cost as opposed to the O(N/sup 2/) hardware cost of crossbar switches, the ability to provide up to N simultaneous connections, and O(logN) path lengths. Moreover, they can employ simple and distributed routing algorithms - algorithms that make a central routing controller unnecessary and also result in relatively low communication latency times.


In a complex environment,the network appears as the situation of three-dimensional distribution,on-deterministic link,heterogeneous application scenarios,the unstructured deployment region and other new features.Thus,traditional positioning technology has been unable to apply.The irregular shape of the network is likely to lead to inaccurate sensor node localization results,causing larger localization errors.This paper proposed a 3D localization algorithm based on the triangulation model and MDS.First,it decomposed 3D network model into a number of regular triangle sub-areas by the triangulation mo-del,then used the MDS algorithm in each sub-area to obtain every node's location,and could establish a local relative position of the map.Finally,it merged the sub-area to establish the location map of the entire global network.The experimental results show that the algorithm is effective to improve the localization accuracy,and has some practical applications.


The ternary compound InAlP is an wide-band-gap semiconductor material. The high band gap and large delta Ec provide high electron mobility and high breakdown voltage, high schottky barrier height and low leakage current. InAlP layer also provides high etching selectivity during gate recess process. However, it is evident that although relatively high barrier is achievable for InAlP, there may be disparity between the measured results. The measured barrier height depends on the characterization techniques used, the InAlP epitaxial grown and the quality of the semiconductor surface, and the contact metal used.


BACKGROUND
Pneumomediastinum (PNM) can develop as a severe complication of severe COVID 19 and may be correlated with greater morbidity and mortality. PNM is a rarely reported complication in COVID-19 patients and usually associated with endotracheal intubation.

METHODS
Our aim is to describe the characteristics of patients with PNM in twenty-one patients with COVID-19 related pneumonia and acute respiratory failure in a retrospective case series.

RESULTS
Twenty-one patients were diagnosed, two were treated with high flow nasal cannula, five with non invasive ventilation and four with invasive mechanical ventilation. In four cases PNM was massive PNM was often associated to subcuatneous emphysema; more rarely associated also with pneumothorax. Conservative management was the most used therapeutic strategy.

CONCLUSIONS
PNM should is s serious but not extremely rare complication of severe forms of pulmonary involvement of COVID 19. The clinician should consider this rare complication; moreover, we advise careful attention when clinicians start mechanical ventilation.


Objective To search for the potential correlative factors of infection by monitoring the infectious condition of surgical site in patients so as to adopt the effective measures for controlling infection and reducing the infection rate of surgical site. Methods The records on medical history and surgical correlative risk factors in surgical patients were checked. The investigation form of incision infection in surgical patient was filled up. The general situation and surgical site were analyzed. Results Among the inpatients from July 1,2011 to June 30,2012,there were 10 cases of surgical site infection( SSI). Of those cases,the surgical infection rate of cleaning incision was 0. 37%,that of cleaning contaminating incision was 0. 40%,that of contaminating incision was 4. 88% and that of infection incision was 7. 14%. The infection rate of contaminating incision was not different statistically as compared with that of infection incision( P 0. 05). Conclusion The occurrence of SSI is related to the risk factors such as types of surgical incision and surgical risk index. Reducing SSI morbidity benefits not only the evaluation of risk factors in patients themselves,but also the improvements of the recognition of doctors on the situation and character of surgical patients.


Historical masonry construction are prone to brittle failures under seismic or static overloads. Thus retrofit and strengthening of masonry structures, in order to furnish struc- tural ductility and additional strength, is of primary importance for the maintenance of the European Architectural Cultural Heritage. Confinement with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) materials demonstrated to be an effective solution in a large number of cases. In this research program extensive experimental tests were conducted to calibrate design guidelines for FRP- confined masonry columns, which were introduced in the CNR DT-200 Italian document. Col- umns built with lime or with calcareous blocks, commonly found in Italy in historical buildings, were tested under compression static loads. Rectangular masonry columns were tested taking into account the influence of several variables: different strengthening schemes, curvature radius of the corners, number of composite layers, cross-section aspect ratio and height of the speci- mens. Materials characterization was carried out to study the properties of plain masonry. For all cases the experimental tests evidenced a significant increase in load carrying capacity and ductility after FRP-strengthening, which identified the columns as ductile elements despite to the brittle nature of the unconfined masonry. Differences in mechanical behavior due to the ge- ometry of the columns, to the nature of different materials, to different strengthening schemes and to the amount of reinforcement are presented and discussed in the paper. The calibration of design equations recently developed by Italian CNR was conducted by using experimental re- sults.


The processes of development of education in the conditions of the emergence of various crises and other phenomena require research. Crises, including axiological crisis, identity crisis, collapse, explosion, madness, dead ends and traps of education, etc., have different content and influence on the real processes of education, different degrees of manifestation depending on many factors and reasons. Each of these types of crisis is a real possibility in the world, and none of the states can protect their national education system from their appearance. Some of these phenomena are from the field of constantly used, some are only alarming symptoms of impending upheavals. For the first time, I conducted a systematic analysis of these phenomena. Particular attention is paid to the culturalanthropological and cultural-historical aspects of phenomena, their transformation as an objective adequate response to changes in modern education. In one case, crises affect the foundations of the development of education itself as a system, in the other case, they directly affect the effectiveness of the process of educating a person. The reasons for the emergence of crises and ways to counter their manifestations are considered. Among the most important actions that can protect the education system is its aspiration to the future, the implementation of the ideas of advanced education in society.


We model the unsteady evolution of turbulent buoyant plumes following temporal changes to the source conditions. The integral model is derived from radial integration of the governing equations expressing the evolution of mass, axial momentum and buoyancy in the plume. The non-uniform radial profiles of the axial velocity and density deficit in the plume are explicitly captured by shape factors in the integral equations; the commonly assumed top-hat profiles lead to shape factors equal to unity. The resultant model for unsteady plumes is hyperbolic when the momentum shape factor, determined from the radial profile of the mean axial velocity in the plume, differs from unity. The solutions of the model when source conditions are maintained at constant values are shown to retain the form of the well-established steady plume solutions. We demonstrate through a linear stability analysis of these steady solutions that the inclusion of a momentum shape factor in the governing equations that differs from unity leads to a well-posed integral model. Therefore, our model does not exhibit the mathematical pathologies that appear in previously proposed unsteady integral models of turbulent plumes. A stability threshold for the value of the shape factor is also identified, resulting in a range of its values where the amplitudes of small perturbations to the steady solutions decay with distance from the source. The hyperbolic character of the system of equations allows the formation of discontinuities in the fields describing the plume properties during the unsteady evolution, and we compute numerical solutions to illustrate the transient development of a plume following an abrupt change in the source conditions. The adjustment of the plume to the new source conditions occurs through the propagation of a pulse of fluid through the plume. The dynamics of this pulse is described by a similarity solution and, through the construction of this new similarity solution, we identify three regimes in which the evolution of the transient pulse following adjustment of the source qualitatively differs.


Understanding of the natural history and basic biology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has increased greatly in recent years. In view of this, the following are reviewed here: (a) recent advances in HBV biology pertinent to the rheumatic disease population; (b) the risks of HBV reactivation in patients with rheumatic disease undergoing immunosuppression; and (c) potential strategies to manage these risks.


Abstract. The proposed strong positive relationship between dimethylsulphide (DMS) concentration and the solar radiation dose (SRD) received into the surface ocean is tested using data from the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme. In situ, daily data sampled concurrently with DMS concentrations is used for the component variables of the SRD (mixed layer depth, MLD, surface insolation, I0, and a light attenuation coefficient, k) to calculate SRDinsitu. This is the first time in situ data for all of the components, including k, has been used to test the SRD-DMS relationship over large spatial scales. We find a significant correlation (ρ=0.55 n=65 p


Interval-censored event time data often arise in medical and public health studies. In such a setting, the exact time of the event of interest cannot be observed and is only known to fall between two monitoring times. Our interest focuses on the estimation of the eect of risk factors on interval-censored data under the semiparametric additive hazards model. A nonparametric step-function is used to characterize the baseline hazard function. The covariate coecien ts are estimated by maximizing the observed likelihood function, and their variances are obtained using the prole likelihood approach. We show that the proposed estimates are con- sistent and have asymptotic normal distributions. We also show that the estimator obtained for the covariate coecien t is the most ecien t estimator. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the performance of the estimate. The method is illustrated through application to a data set from an HIV study.


The digold(I) diacetylides [4-RC6H9(4-C6H4OCH2C⋮CAu)2], which contain a cyclohexylidene hinge group 4-RC6H9 with R = H or t-Bu, react with diphosphine ligands Ph2PZPPh2 to give the corresponding macrocycles or [2]catenanes [{4-RC6H9(4-C6H4OCH2C⋮CAu)2(μ-Ph2PZPPh2)}y] [Z = C⋮C, (CH2)2, (CH2)3, or (CH2)4; y = 1, 2, or 4]. When R = t-Bu, the bulky tert-butyl group locks the cyclohexane ring conformation and so provides a good NMR spectroscopic probe of the structure. The organogold(I) [2]catenane complexes are chiral when R = t-Bu, and the complex with Z = (CH2)4 gives an equilibrium in solution between ring, double-ring, and [2]catenane. When R = H and Z = (CH2)3, the variable-temperature NMR spectra give new insight into the fluxionality in the [2]catenane complex, and when R = H and Z = (CH2)4, it is shown that the complex exists in solution as the ring structure, although it crystallizes as a doubly braided [2]catenane.


ABSTRACT Carrying out effective and efficient research on Mexican law presents special challenges. Some of these are structural because they condition the entire research process. This guide covers all aspects of Mexican legal research, providing a contextualized overview of the subject. The guide is organized into three main sections: Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, and Online Resources. The reader of this guide will gain a solid foundation in how to do research on Mexican law.


ABSTRACT The question whether a Berry phase should be included in the calculation of rovibronic states of the ozone molecule in its electronic ground state has been addressed in the present work. Since several conical intersections connect the three lowest singlet states, a phase of π generated by a symmetry-demanded conical intersection between states 2 and 3 might be present, or it might be compensated by further conical intersections. Hyperspherical coordinates were employed here as they provide a natural choice for the cyclic coordinate that is needed to investigate the presence or absence of such a topological phase. On a hyperspherical grid, we have computed the electronic energies of the three lowest singlet states using a multi-reference configuration interaction procedure. Non-adiabatic coupling terms (NACTs) along the cyclic variable were evaluated numerically. Investigation of the behaviour of the adiabatic-to-diabatic transformation angles, using the quantisation criterion of the NACTs [M. Baer and A. Alijah, Chem. Phys. Lett. 319, 489 (2000)], shows that a geometrical phase is retained. This phase has no practical effect on the well-established energy values of the rovibrational states located deeply in the three equivalent potential wells, but will come into action as highly excited states reach the dissociation region. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the activities conducted in the third grade to develop attention skills of the students on mathematical perception and achievement of elementary school students. The present study was a mixed-method research that utilized a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The study was conducted with the application of 71 different activities that aimed to improve attention skills and developed by Özmen (2006) with 1198 students attending 3rd grade in 20 primary schools located in the central Diyarbakır province during 2016-2017 academic year. A total of 40 classes (20 experiment and 20 control classes) were determined in each of these 20 central elementary schools with the convenience sampling method. In Mathematics class, the topic was instructed with the support of activities that aimed to develop attention skills in the experimental group and the program specified in the curriculum was implemented in the control group. Quantitative data were obtained with the achievement test developed by the researcher in the study. The obtained data were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 software and the Kuder-Richardson-20 (KR-20) reliability coefficient in the test was determined as 0.842. The qualitative data were obtained with the semistructured interviews conducted with 20 teachers in the experimental group in the study and the data were analyzed with content analysis. Based on the study findings, it was determined that there was a significant difference between the study and control groups that favored the study group based on mathematics achievement. In other words, activity-supported mathematics classes that improved attention skills * Bu metin I. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu INCSOS 2017 Malaga'da sunulan bildiriden türetilmiştir. ** Doç. Dr. Dicle Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi İlköğretim Bölümü, El-mek: firstname.lastname@example.com *** Öğretmen-MEB, El-mek: firstname.lastname@example.com 1006 Cemil İNAN Serdar ERKUŞ Turkish Studies Volume 13/19, Summer 2018 caused the students feel more competent in mathematics and succeed more. There was no significant difference between the groups based on gender. In conclusion, it could be stated that attention skills could be learned, and have a positive effect on achievements and perception in mathematics.


The Alberta oil sands are vast deposits of crude bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay located on the Treaty 6 and 8 lands of the Cree, Dene, and Métis First Nations. The oil sands sector represents 10% of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions (Environment and Climate Change Canada, 2018) and contributes about 2.5% of national GDP (Statistics Canada, 2016). Due to the high energy needs of extraction, the carbon intensity of Canadian oil is among the highest in the world, after only Algeria, Venezuela, and Cameroon (Masnadi et al., 2018). Because oil sands bitumen is a low-quality high-sulphur heavy crude (Millington, 2018), it may be among the first oil resources to suffer devaluations as a result of various regulatory changes, including global decarbonization efforts. This situation makes Alberta a salient jurisdiction to study as a potential site of stranded assets, a concept that refers to "assets that have suffered from unanticipated or premature write-downs, devaluations, or conversion to liabilities" (Caldecott, 2018). A proposed typology for environment-related drivers of stranded assets includes changes in regulation, environmental impacts, resource landscapes, technologies, social norms, and litigation (Caldecott, 2018). This paper focuses on the first type of driver: regulation.


The paper addresses an approach to robust stabilization of chemical continuous stirred tank reactors. State feedback was used for the stabilization and the feedback controller was designed using the robust model-based predictive control algorithm in which the symmetric constraints on input and output variables are taken into account. The known strategy was modified by adding integral action to the controller. Parameters of robust feedback controllers with and without integral action were found as solutions of a constrained optimization problem solved on the infinite prediction horizon. The possibility to stabilize chemical reactors with uncertainty using the robust model-based predictive control has been verified by simulations and compared with the optimal linear quadratic control and the model-based predictive control. The obtained results confirm that the robust model-based predictive control provides better results than other approaches.


In this paper, a study of technical and economic indicators is used in the design and selection of production equipment. Since the indicators currently used are considered independently of each other, they are rarely agreed upon. To overcome this drawback, it is proposed to consider them depending on five levels: parametric, structural, technological, economic and social. This immediately introduces the hierarchical subordination of indicators and their connection with social needs and a rapidly changing economic environment. As an example, a reconfigurable production system is considered, the equipment load factor, which requires increased flexibility from the system, is chosen as the main parameter. The reconfigurable production system, in addition to software or parametric flexibility, allows you to increase it due to the ease of changing the production structure, and when it is not enough, and this can move to reconfigurable production, which provides greater adaptation to changing conditions and expands the range of products produced through the use of transforming machines. The developed approach is applied to the technological system of a regional enterprise. The results, presented in the form of histograms, show a progressive increase in the equipment load factor as it moves along the hierarchical scheme. Thus, to answer the question what equipment should be designed or selected at the operating enterprise, it is necessary to consider five hierarchical levels with their own indicators each. At the same time, the indicators of the lower level can be determined only after the determination of the indicators of the higher level.


A new procedure to prepare a clean surface of TiO2 (110) by UV light irradiation in air at room temperature was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A clean (1×1) surface consisting of atomically flat terraces was obtained when the surface was irradiated with UV light and subsequently annealed at 970 K. A (1×2) reconstruction on large flat terraces was also observed with increasing annealing temperature. Compared to the UV light irradiation, Ar+ ion bombardment left the surface rough and disordered. Surface damage with holes about 6–9 Å deep caused by cycles of Ar+ ion sputtering was not easily recovered even after annealing at high temperatures. Ar+ ion bombardment readily induced surface reconstruction compared to UV light irradiation. A (1×3) reconstruction was formed by Ar+ ion sputtering and annealing at high temperatures.


To support the diverse requirements of mobile clients and fluctuating network bandwidth, video content for wireless streaming is usually transcoded into several versions. However, transcoding requires a lot of computation, resulting in high power consumption by the server. We examine the characteristics of transcoding workloads and characterize them in terms of deadline and computation time. We then propose a new dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) scheme that allocates a frequency and a workload to each CPU with the aim of minimizing power consumption while meeting all transcoding deadlines. Experimental results show that our scheme can reduce system-wide energy consumption by 10% to 16% compared with the Linux On-demand governor while ensuring all the transcoding tasks meet their deadlines.


The aim of this paper is to suggest a design method of the optimal model following control system using genetic algorithm (GA). This control system is designed by applying GA with reference model to the optimal determination of weighting matrices Q, R that are given by LQ regulator problem. The method to do this is that all the diagonal elements of weighting matrices are optimized simultaneously by GA, in the search domain selected adequately. And we design the model following control system to boi1er-turbine equipment by the proposed method. The model following control system designed by this method has the better command tracking performance than that of the control system designed by the trial-and-error method. The effectiveness of this control system is verified by computer simulation.


Detailed maps of most elliptical galaxies reveal that, whereas the greatest part of their luminous mass originates from a smooth distribution with a surface brightness approximated by a de Vaucouleurs law, a small percentage of their light is contributed by low surface brightness distortions termed 'fine structures'. The sharp-edged features called 'shells' are successfully reproduced by merger and infall models involving accretion from less massive companions. In this context, dwarf spheroidal and compact disk galaxies are likely progenitors of these stellar phenomena. However, it is probable that the sources of shell-forming material also contain significant amounts of gas. This component may play an important role in constraining the formation and evolution of shell galaxies. To investigate the effects of the gaseous component, numerical simulations were performed to study the tidal disruption of dwarf galaxies containing both gas and stars by more massive primaries, and the evolution of the ensuing debris. The calculations were performed with a hybrid N-body/hydrodynamics code. Collisionless matter is evolved using a conventional N-body technique and gas is treated using smoothed particle hydrodynamics in which self-gravitating fluid elements are represented as particles evolving according to Lagrangian hydrodynamic equations. An isothermal equation of state is employed so the gas remains at a temperature 104 K. Owing to the large mass ratio between the primary and companion, the primary is modeled as a rigid potential and the self-gravity of both galaxies is neglected.


The crucial but undocumented Dolan-McCrea variational method is richly applied. Using the said method, we analytically derived a field equation comprising entirely of geometric structures and we investigate how effectively it describes gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena. The procedure we adopted involved constructing a scalar invariant as was the case for Einstein's General Relativity (GR) except that the scalar of parameterized Absolute Parallelism geometey consists of the Ricci scalar plus an additional term, which is essentially the contortion. %Based on earlier discourse, a good starting point for this section would be the connections of the PAP-space.


An experiment was undertaken involving maternal dietary manipulation (NRC, 1994-diet A or higher plane of nutrition-diet B), in ovo nutrient injection (in ovo essential amino acidsINA; linolenic acid, linoleic acid, retinol and DL-alpha-tocopherolINFV; in ovo essential amino acids, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, retinol and DL-alpha-tocopherol-INAFV, sham control-S and un injected control-C) in a 2 × 4 factorial design. Two hundred turkey breeder hens and twenty-four viable toms of 30 to 35 weeks of age of small white variety were distributed into two treatment groups comprising of four replicates of 25 hens and 3 toms in each treatment. First four replicates were offered diet A and other four replicates were maintained on diet B for eight weeks. Five hundred and forty eight fertile eggs were collected and on 21st day embryonic day (ED), the eggs were in ovo injected with nutrients. Irrespective of the plane of breeder nutrition, SGOT levels were significantly higher (P<0.01) in day old chicks in ovo injected group compared to control. Similarly, poults subjected to INA had significantly higher (P<0.01) uric acid levels at day old compared to other in ovo injected groups. However, there were no significant differences observed in other serum biochemical attributes. Further, there was no significant difference among different treatment groups in carcass quality characteristics and cut-up-parts at eight weeks of age. Thus, it may be concluded that in ovo injection of nutrients may not adversely affect the serum biochemical attributes of the neonates and carcass quality characteristics of turkey poults.


The present invention discloses an evaporating semi-centralized air-conditioning system combined with a usual cold water machine set as a cold source, which comprises an evaporating cold water machine set, an evaporating cooling new wind machine set, a mechanical refrigeration cold water machine set and a dry work-condition fan coil which are connected with each other through tube networks. In the evaporating semi-centralized air-conditioning system, the using range of the dry work-condition fan coil and a new wind system is enlarged to a middle humidity area, which solves a cold source problem of the dry work-condition fan coil in the middle humidity area, and has an obvious energy saving advantage.


Here the term 'co-elastic' is formally defined as a generalisation of ferroelasticity. It is argued that both ferroelastic and co-elastic phase transitions can be treated within the framework of Landau-Ginzburg theory and that is exactly what will be done later. When a ferroelastic crystal is heated we usually find that the ferroelastic effect disappears at a well defined temperature. At this temperature a structural phase transition between a ferroelastic and a paraelastic phase takes place with the main feature being that a ferroelastic hysterisis exists in one phase but not the other. A possible transition mechanism is that the thermal excitation of domain switching occurs in such a way that the crystal maintains the crystal structure of the ferroelastic phase on a local scale even in the paraelastic phase. The domain boundaries between the different ferroelastic domains would be highly mobile and thus no macroscopic domain switching is possible; the crystal is macroscopically paraelastic. This transition behaviour has indeed been observed in very few ferroelastic materials, such as high purity lead phosphate, and we shall comment on the significance of mobile domain boundaries in Chapter 8. In the vast majority of all ferroelastic crystals, however, one finds that the physical mechanism of the transition between the paraelastic and ferroelastic phase is only indirectly correlated with the ferroelastic effect itself. Looking at it in a different way we may ask ourselves what makes a crystal ferroelastic.


Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) design and operation must incorporate the expected long-term performance from a water quantity perspective to sustainably mitigate hydrologic impacts of groundwater overexploitation. Gravity driven infiltration ditches are one of many MAR schemes that could augment the available water resources. In the present study, an infiltration system (IS) consisting of 8 ditches was monitored to determine its hydrologic performance over time and its possible export to similar areas of the Brenta Megafan (Northern Italy). The IS displayed an almost constant capacity to infiltrate the diverted water with a total amount of 0.8 Mm3/ha/y. The good results suggest to promote this technique in other areas that suffer from groundwater resources depletion


Abstract : The technique for this work was based on measuring the adhesive force at the moment when an ice coating came off the substrate due to centrifugal force.


Currently, there is an increasing
interest in adding value to corncob,
since corncob is a low-cost, green, and reliable cellulose material
that is often discarded as waste without utilization. To increase
the value of corncob, we developed a multifunctional corncob-based
material by grafting polyethylenimine on oxidized corncob (PEI-g-OC). The PEI-g-OC was then used to remove
the heavy metal ions and kill bacteria from water. We found that PEI-g-OC presented high adsorptive capabilities to Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ at 159.5, 212.6, and 224.0
mg/g in water, more potent than the other corncob-based biosorbents.
Moreover, the PEI-g-OC is able to kill the model
bacteria of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) at
3.5, 12.0, and 8.5 mg/mL, indicating its effect on antibacteria. Hence,
PEI-g-OC with multiple functions improved the recyclability
of corncob and added its value for application in water treatment.


(57) Abstract: The composition having a blood sugar reducing and / or blood lipid lowering activity, isolated from natural sources derived yeast and goosefoot plants (Atriplex spp Halimus). Further, preparing synthetic chromium complex. Composition having blood sugar reducing and / or blood lipid lowering activity, with or without chromium containing natural and synthetic compounds are formulated for use in animals and humans. In combination use with the only use or antioxidants composition, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, provides a method of modulating glucose and lipid levels in inflammatory and cell proliferative diseases and skin diseases.


— Image retargeting aims at altering images' size while preserving important content and minimizing noticeable distortions. However, previous image retargeting methods create outputs that suffer from artifacts and distortions. Besides, most previous works attempt to retarget the background and foreground of the input image simultaneously. Simultaneous resizing of the foreground and background causes changes in the aspect ratios of the objects. The change in the aspect ratio is specifically not desirable for human objects. We propose a retargeting method that overcomes these problems. The proposed approach consists of the following steps. Firstly, an inpainting method uses the input image and the binary mask of foreground objects to produce a background image without any foreground objects. Secondly, the seam carving method resizes the background image to the target size. Then, a super-resolution method increases the input image quality, and we then extract the foreground objects. Finally, the retargeted background and the extracted super-resolued objects are fed into a particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The PSO algorithm uses aesthetic quality assessment as its objective function to identify the best location and size for the objects to be placed in the background. We used image quality assessment and aesthetic quality assessment measures to show our superior results compared to popular image retargeting techniques.


Purpose: To evaluate frailty and its relationship with geriatric syndromes in the context of socioeconomic variables. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, elderly people aged 65 years old and over who received homecare in the reference region of Crete, Greece, were enrolled. Geriatric syndromes such as frailty, dementia, and depression were evaluated using the SHARE-Frailty Index (SHARE-Fi), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), respectively. Level of education, annual individual income, disability in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and homebound status were also assessed as 'socioeconomic factors.' Results: The mean age of 301 participants was 78.45 (±7.87) years old. A proportion of 38.5% was identified as frail. A multiple logistic regression model revealed that elderly people with cognitive dysfunction were more likely to be frail (OR = 1.65; 95% CI: 0.55–4.98, p = 0.469) compared to those with normal cognition, but this association was not significant. Although elderly people with mild depression were significantly more likely to be frail (OR = 2.62; CI: 1.33–5.17, p = 0.005) compared to those with normal depression, the association for elderly people with severe depression (OR = 2.05, CI: 0.80–5.24, p = 0.134) was not significant. Additionally, comorbidity (OR = 1.06, CI: 0.49–2.27, p = 0.876) was not associated with frailty, suggesting that comorbidity is not a risk factor for frailty. In addition, patients with mild depression were significantly more likely to report frailty (OR = 2.62, CI:1.33–5.17, p = 0.005) compared to those with normal depression, whereas elders with an annual individual income (>EUR 4500) were less likely to be frail (OR = 0.45, CI: 0.25–0.83, p = 0.011) compared to those with <EUR 4500 per year. Conclusions: Our data analysis shows that higher annual individual income and mild depression were independently associated with frailty, suggesting that a lower poverty threshold and mild depression are risk factors for frailty.


The concept, needs and efforts in social forestry in India are described. Social forestry is seen to be the production of trees over scattered lands wherever tree growing is possible. Such farm forestry aims at tree culture in association with agriculture and can provide relief for farmers by enabling them to be self-sufficient in firewood, small timber and fodder. Additional benefits include the possibility of selling extra firewood, achieving soil stability and conserving water. It is pointed out that much work has been done in this area in Haryana, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. It is noted that one hectare of plantation activity can generate 150 to 500 man-days of employment during the first 3 years, thereby contributing to alleviating problems of unemployment. 13 references.


Objective To observe the lung lesions in asymptomatic smokers and no-smoking healthy subjects using low dose volumetric data with high-resolution CT(HRCT) reconstruction and assess its diagnostic value on lung lesions in smoker.Methods The imaging findings of low dose volumetric data with HRCT reconstruction examination in asymptomatic smokers(n = 57) and no-smoking healthy subjects(n = 48) were analyzed.Results Compared with no-smoking healthy subjects,in asymptomatic smokers,the detectable rates of localized or diffuse pulmonary emphysema(36.8% vs 20.8%,P 0.01),air trapping(29.8% vs 6.2%,P 0.01),and pulmonary parenchyma micro-nodules(31.6% vs 6.2%,P 0.01) significantly increased,but interlobular sepal thickening(21.1% vs 10.4%,P 0.05),and ground-glass attenuation(15.8% vs 4.2%,P 0.05) were similar.Conclusion The lung lesions in asymptomatic smokers are more obvious than those in no-smoking healthy subjects.Low dose volumetric data with HRCT reconstruction examination is an effective method early to display the lung damage which cannot be viewed by X-ray film and routine CT in asymptomatic smokers.


To assess the fermentation quality of mixed silage with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis leyss), they were mixed and ensiled in different proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 respectively). 15 bag silos were prepared for each treatment and three bag silos per treatment were randomly opened after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling and the contents were processed for quality assessment and laboratory analysis. Results indicated as follows, (1) compared with alfalfa silage (0:100), all treatments improved fermentation quality and attained lower pH. The 100:0 treatment had the lowest (P10 cfu/g fresh material) varied from 7.8 to 9.2., while that of the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments kept the highest (P<0.05) level during almost all ensiling periods. No yeast was detected in all silages after 14 days of post-ensiling and mold was below detected level at all ensiling periods. All the results indicated that the 100:0 and 75:25 treatments tended to have the best fermentation quality in this study. Overall, increasing proportions of bromegrass in the mixed silage could improve the fermentation quality.


Summary Four pairs of identical twin heifers of the Jersey and Guernsey breeds were used in six lactation periods to compare the production of heifers milked in the usual manner with that of heifers that nursed their calves until they were of vealing size. Milk production in the first week after vealing averaged 5.1 lb. per cow per day lower in the nursed group than in the milked group. Lactation of the nursed groups increased gradually after vealing until at 6 weeks the groups were producing equally. The total loss of milk due to the calf nursing averaged 1,496 lb. per cow.


This paper introduces an analysis technique, commutativity analysis, for automatically parallelizing computations that manipulate dynamic, pointer-based data structures. Commutativity analysis views computations as composed of operations on objects. It then analyzes the program to discover when operations commute, i.e. leave the objects in the same state regardless of the order in which they execute. If all of the operations required to perform a given computation commute, the compiler can automatically generate parallel code. Commutativity analysis eliminates many of the limitations that have prevented existing compilers, which use data dependence analysis from successfully parallelizing pointer-based applications. It enables compilers to parallelize computations that manipulate graphs and eliminates the need to analyze the data structure construction code to extract global properties of the data structure topology. This paper shows how to use symbolic execution and expression manipulation to statically determine that operations commute and how to exploit the extracted commutativity information to generate parallel code. It also presents performance results that demonstrate that commutativity analysis can be used to successfully parallelize the Barnes-Hut hierarchical N-body solver, an important scientific application that manipulates a complex pointer-based data structure.


331 Background: Varlitinib is a nanomolar inhibitor of EGFR, HER2, and HER4 and has shown potent anti-tumor activity as monotherapy in preclinical BTC models. During Phase (Ph) 1 development, significant tumor shrinkage was observed in biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients (pts). Tissue microarray analysis has revealed that ~70% of BTC pts exhibit HER overexpression, suggesting varlitinib could be beneficial in BTC. Methods: Data from BTC pts were pooled from 3 Ph1 trials of varlitinib (dosed 200-500 mg BID) in combination with cisplatin and 5-FU/capecitabine (cape) (Study 002); oxaliplatin and 5-FU/cape (Study 002SG); cisplatin and gemcitabine (Study 007). The depth of tumor response, disease control rate (DCR), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were analysed. Results: As of 12 June 2018, 43 pts were recruited: 12 (27.9%); 10 (23.3%) and 21 (48.8%) from study 002; 002SG and 007 respectively. 002SG and 007 were still ongoing at data cut-off. 20 (46.5%) pts were male and the median age was 62 years (range 42-82). Most tumors were cholangiocarcinoma (74.4%), followed by gallbladder cancer (16.3%) and carcinoma of the Ampulla of Vater (9.3%). 14 (32.6%) pts had received ≥ 1 prior lines of treatment. Of the 37 pts evaluable for efficacy (those with measurable disease and received ≥ 1 dose of treatment), partial responses were observed in 10 (27.0%) pts and stable disease in 16 (43.2%) pts, with a DCR of 70.3%. The median depth of tumor response was -10.8% (range 49.5% to -87.1%). Of 43 pts, the most frequent (≥ 30%) TRAE (any grade) were fatigue (37%), decreased appetite (34%), and nausea (32%) and the most common Grade ≥ 3 TRAE were hyperbilirubinemia (12%), increased AST (9%), and neutropenia (9%). The median PFS data is not matured and will be provided if evaluable at the time of presentation. Conclusions: Varlitinib with platinum-based chemotherapy has a promising efficacy and safety profile in BTC. A Ph2/3 randomised study of varlitinib and cape in 2nd line BTC and a Ph1b/2 study of varlitinib with platinum-based chemotherapy in 1st line BTC are ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02648425, NCT02435927, and NCT02992340.


For the speed tracking control problem of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), a disturbance observer-based (DOB) backstepping speed tracking control method is presented in this paper. First, to reconstruct the load disturbance, a slowly time-varying disturbance observer for PMSM is constructed. Next, by stability theory, the norm of the observation error and disturbance observer design method are obtained. On the basis of these, through the designing of the virtual control input that include the reconstruction disturbances, and using backstepping control strategy, the DOB controller of the closed-loop system is proposed. The obtained controller can achieve high precision speed tracking and disturbance rejection. Finally, some results of evaluative experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed method for high-performance control and disturbance rejection for the PMSM drive.


The present invention provides 5-HT3 receptor antagonists of Formula (I): which are useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of 5-HT3 receptor such as emesis, pain, drug addiction, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and GI disorders. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.


Minor enterprise play very important actor in regional economic development.This article selects four regions,such as Ningbo,Nanjing,Hunan,Xi'an,which represent different development in eastern,central and western area.The article is based on detailed research on security system of small and medium-sized enterprise,which analyzes problems and sums up experience.At last,the article brings forward the advice on financial policy of security system in the eastern,central and western region.


We investigate a $D$ dimensional generalization of the Schroedinger-Newton equations, which purport to describe quantum state reduction as resulting from gravitational effects. For a single particle, the system is a combination of the Schroedinger and Poisson equations modified so that the probability density of the wavefunction is the source of the potential in the Schroedinger equation. For spherically symmetric wavefunctions, a discrete set of energy eigenvalue solutions emerges for dimensions $D<6$, accumulating at D=6. Invoking Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to assign timescales of collapse correspoding to each energy eigenvalue, we find that these timescales may vary by many orders of magnitude depending on dimension. For example, the time taken for the wavefunction of a free neutron in a spherically symmetric state to collapse is many orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe, whereas for one confined to a box of picometer-sized cross-sectional dimensions the collapse time is about two weeks.


The floral development of two species of Peperomia, Peperomia reflexa A. Dietr. (P. tetraphylla (G. Forst.) Hook. et Arn.) and P. serpens C. DC., is described. The initiation order is in an acropetal succession and resembles that in P. metallica L. Lind. et Rod., P. pellucida (L.) Kunth and Il rubella Hook., although many more bracts are produced in these two species than in P. metallica. The arrangement of bracts and floral primordia is orthostichous in P. reflexa: but parastichous in P. serpens. The floral apices in P. reflexa are transversely ellipsoidal protuberances at first, then become saddle-shaped when they begin to produce simultaneously staminal primordia. They are similar to those of P. metallica, P. pellucida and P. rubella. However, their initiation of floral primordia is much delayed compared to the size of the bracts. The triangular ol transversely cuneate ridges then become L-shaped in P. serpens; this shape is related to the parastichous phyllotaxy of the bracts. So, the staminal primordia are successively initiated and develop at different rates. Therefore, they are not always the same size. The staminal primordia are initiated above the level of the floral apex in P. reflexa and P. serpens but below it in P. metallica, P. pellucida and P. rubella. The abaxial position of the carpel primordium on the apex and the closure of the ovary in 19 reflexa and 19 serpens are also similar to those in P. metallica, P. pellucida and P. rubella. The shape of the upper part of the ovary, stigmas and indumentum vary between the species. In P. reflexa, the upper part of the ovary becomes ovoid and acclivous, or leaning acropetally, to the axis of inflorescence. In P. serpens, it becomes helmet-shaped. The flowers of P. serpens are surrounded by the outgrowth of the axis of the inflorescence. The ontogenetical features of ovaries in Peperomia indicate that the fruit characters are useful in the taxonomy of the genus. (C) 1999 The Linnean Society of London.


Here we provide a method for comparing geometric objects. Two objects of interest are embedded into an infinite dimensional Hilbert space using their Laplacian eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, truncated to a finite dimensional Euclidean space, where correspondences between the objects are searched for and voted on. To simplify correspondence finding, we propose using several geometric invariants to reduce the necessary computations. This method improves on voting methods by identifying isometric regions including shapes of genus greater than 0 and dimension greater than 3, as well as almost retaining isometry.


A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted across 2101 individuals with an age range of 19-60 years. The condition was assessed via a detailed questionnaire comprising symptoms, habits, dental history, general health, sleep patterns, along with the completion of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, followed by an examination of the hypothesized clinical signs. The obtained data were tabulated and characterized the study population in a descriptive analysis in forms of percentages and frequencies. The significance level was set at P-value less than or equal to 0.005. The chi-squared test was implemented to assess the relationship between the multiple TMD symptoms reported and the potential risk factors.


In the process of quantifying
optimum seismic design parameters, the losses implying the failure of the
system must be assessed. Intangibles such as human lives may lie among indirect
losses. In this paper, we propose a model to calculate the value of the investment that society should be willing to make for saving lives. In order to do this,
we analyze both individual and social problems. However, special treatment is
given to the individual problem where the value of the life of a human being is
inferred by what the person should be willing to pay or willing to accept to
reduce the risk of dying. Due to the use of utility curves in the calculation
of this kind of intangible, we pay special attention to shape and requirement
conditions of these curves. We also pay attention when personal impact and
legacies or bequests are considered in utility curves. The results are shown
through some applications, especially in the computation of optimum seismic
design coefficients at a low seismicity site.


In recent years there has been renewed focus on workplace design and its impact on workers' productivity and satisfaction, particularly in open plan offices. Extensive research has been conducted to date on the topic of Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ). Here we sought to understand how perceived personal space is influenced by a number of variables that could influence IEQ; specifically, we tested how different levels of social density, spatial density, environmental noise presence, and type of view impact the appreciation of personal space in a shared office environment. We employed virtual reality (VR) technology to simulate shared and single occupancy offices and tested a sample of 60 participants over three experiments. We devised a novel measure of personal space estimation using a virtual disc around the participant which could be extended and retracted to indicate the perceived amount of personal space. We also used a traditional personal space satisfaction score. We found that participants experienced greater perceived personal space when 1) in a sparse rather than a dense office, 2) in a private office rather than an open plan office, and 3) having any view outside of the office. We did not find an effect of the presence of noise or increased social density (with spatial density held constant) on the perception of personal space. The results confirmed that simulated personal space in a VR environment can elicit natural, realistic responses of perceptions of spatial dimensions and that the features of the virtual office determine individual levels of personal space.


The authors' automated framework evaluates blog posts in a social-political blogosphere and, by aggregation, entire blogs according to their relevance, specificity, timeliness, and credibility. These metrics are superior to current methods in information retrieval for blogs because they better reflect the distinctive hyperlink structure of a social-political blogosphere than do other methods. The authors chose the Malaysian social-political blogosphere as a case study because of the role Malaysian bloggers played leading up to that country's 2008 general election, and afterward.


This thesis is devoted to the study of traffic routing in large-scale heterogeneously created and operated networks. In many such networks it is often infeasible to directly enforce optimal traffic routes. Instead, the network users are left to choose the paths that best match their objectives, and they often do so in an uncoordinated and purely self-interested fashion. Such selfish behavior usually results in a socially inefficient outcome, whereby the users overcrowd the better paths in the network and thus reduce the overall quality of the routing. An important question in this setting is to estimate the extent of this inefficiency.
We address this question in two routing contexts. In the first context, the underlying network is owned by service providers, who compete for traffic by setting prices for their links. The network users choose their routes by trading off the delay on the route against the price being charged for using that route. The service providers extract profit proportional to the price they charge from the volume of traffic that uses their link, and they are solely interested in maximizing that profit. Our goal in this setting is to study the extent of social inefficiency that is caused by the competitive pricing on the part of the service providers.
The second context involves the existence of coalitions among the network users. The coalitions are assumed to display full collaboration in that each coalition chooses routes for its members with the objective of minimizing the average delay within the coalition. While coalitions clearly have the potential to improve the overall quality of the routing (in particular if all users form a single coalition, the routing will be optimal), we demonstrate that in many routing models coalitions can also harm the quality of the routing. In light of this, we study the extent by which forming coalitions can decrease the social welfare of the outcomes achieved in various routing scenarios.


The importance of constructing a learning hospital was elaborated.The creative ideas and practice in such a process were introduced and summarized.The role of hospital libraries in constructing a learning hospital was stressed and analyzed.


This thesis studies the representation of winning strategies in infinite games as Turing machines. We show that Turing-machine-based strategy representation (by "strategy machines") – if compared to the standard setting of Mealy automata – allows for a finer classification of strategies, provides a better understanding of the structure of strategies, and can successfully be used in areas that are difficult to reason about with automaton strategies, such as composition of games and strategies. We give a formal definition of strategy machines and adapt the classical Turingmachine complexity measures to our setting – called latency, space requirement, and size. The latency is the number of computation steps that is required to produce a next move, the space requirement states howmuchmemory is required for this computation and the size is the number of control states of the machine. These complexity measures are not present in representations of strategies that are based on automata and thus provide a finer view on strategies than currently used models. We show that strategy machines of polynomial size with a polynomial space requirement can be synthesized for Muller games. Moreover, we show that for Streett games a polynomial latency can be guaranteed in addition to these bounds. The synthesis procedure is an adaption of Zielonka's algorithm, now making use of the computational power of a Turing machine to spread costly computations across the infinite play. Turning to composition of games and strategies, we study reachability and Büchi games on arenas that are products of several component arenas. We focus on composing a winning strategy on the product arena from winning strategies in suitably chosen games on the components. We define strategy composition based on subroutine calls and show that as long as the component arenas cannot communicate, a composition of polynomial size and latency can be computed in polynomial time. If components may communicate, a similar composition result exists iff Pspace = Exptime. Finally, we study mean-payoff parity and mean-penalty parity games as examples of quantitative games. We prove that optimal and ε-optimal strategies in mean-payoff parity games have a very homogeneous structure and can can be composed of a linear number of positional strategies. Using this, we derive a strategy machine implementation of polynomial size of optimal and ε-optimal strategies. For ε-optimal strategies, the latency is moreover logarithmic in ε. This bound is optimal. We lift this result to mean-penalty parity games. For this we introduce permissive strategy machines and translate strategies via a reduction that does not allow for the transfer of automaton strategies. This again demonstrates the usefulness of Turing machine representations of strategies.


A 68-year-old woman showing necrotic tumor on right soft palate was admitted to the Kitakyushu municipal medical center. Tissue biopsy revealed well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A lcm and a 1.2cm lymph nodes could be palpated in the right upper-jugular chain and submandibular area. Before operation 30Gy of external radiation combined with weekiy administration of CBDCA (50mg) was done. A total excision of soft palate including right tonsillar pillar and right radical neck dissection were performed. We reconstructed entiere soft palatal defect with both superiorly and inferiorly based pharyngeal flap, and mucoperiosteal flap from the hard palate. The patient can speech and swallow with no difficulty after reconstruction. Compared with reconstructive surgery using forehead flap or deltopectoral flap or free flap, our method has some advantages mentioned below.1. This method is non-invasive, short-time operation, and does not require specific technique.2. Management following operation is simple.3. This patient reveals satisfactory function in speeking and swallowing.


In order to study the influence of different laser parameters on the microstructure and property of the melted layer of Mg alloy,two laser melting techniques at high power,rapidly scanning speed (13J/mm~2~33J/mm~2) and low power,slowly scanning speed (100J/mm~2~250J/mm~2 ) were used to melt the surface of Mg alloy respectively. The results showed that the melted layers with both the techniques were composed of α-Mg and β-Mg_(17)Al_(12) phases,however,the melted layers at low power,slowly scanning speed had more β-Mg_(17)Al_(12),about 16%. The microstructure of the melted layers were typical dendrite,however,the dendritic spacing of the melted layers at high power,rapidly scanning speed was much smaller. The microhardness and wear resistance of the melted layers at high power,rapidly scanning speed were 1.5 and 3 times of that of the melted layers at low power, slowly scanning speed,respectively. The melted layers at high power,rapidly scanning speed had better corrosion resistance too.


Under acid‐catalyzed transglycosylation conditions 5′,8‐cyclo‐8‐oxo‐1,N 2‐isopropenoguanine nucleosides (1, 10) undergo a ring‐opening reaction to 8‐oxo‐1,N 2‐isopropenoguanosine derivatives (4, 11) followed by recyclization to fluorescent 5′,3‐cyclonucleosides (2, 12). †In honor and celebration of the 70th birthday of Professor Leroy B. Townsend.


Abstract : The purpose of the informal test, reported in this QSTR, was to analyze General Dynamics, Land Systems Division's interpretation and use of the CALS standards in transferring technical publications data. General Dynamics used its CALS Technical Data Interchange System to produce data, in accordance with the standards, and delivered it to the AFCTN technical staff on a 9-track magnetic tape.


This study describes and demonstrates a new Model Recovery Anti-Windup scheme with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. PID control has been widely used in the industrial processes. However, if a control system has an integral element, the windup effect causes control system performance deterioration. To solve this problem, it is necessary to add an anti-windup (AW) compensator to the control system. In the proposed method, PID controller gain and feedback gain of an AW filter are obtained simultaneously using a linear matrix inequality method. Simulation results prove the proposed method to be robust against external disturbances and to provide better performance than previous AW strategy.


Improper pipe size is a common fault of vacuum supply systems on California dairies. Data presented in this study indicate that a minimum vacuum supply pipe diameter of 1 1/4 inches is needed to handle four or five milking units and 2-inch pipe is the minimum size required for 7 to 12 units.


The structure of real time system of monitoring water vapor derived from ground-based water is introduced. Its applications in meteorology are analyzed based on the precipitable water vapor derived from ground-based GPS. The time series of real time GPS-PWV is retrieved from observation data of being high spatial-temporal resolution,continuous,whole day and real time supplied by GPS networks. The application system of water vapor monitoring by ground-based GPS is constructed based on that. It supplies instruction for monitoring atrocious weather and short-time weather forecast,establishes the foundation for studying spatial-temporal distribution of atmospheric water vapor and exploiting atmospheric water resource through many disciplines.


Forests are of significance as natural carbon sink in climate change mitigation and the global carbon cycle. The interferometric coherence and height can be used for land use monitoring as well as for estimation of biophysical parameters, like aboveground biomass of forests. This paper has developed an approach which automatically accept input image and classify the vegetation regions. Here use of morphological filter and bilinear filtration is done for increasing the efficiency of the neural network training. Experiment is done on real images of Tandem-X, Biotope, etc. Results shows that proposed work is better as compare to previous work on different evaluation parameters.


Abstract Measurements of the electrical properties of polycrystalline Na x WO3 thin films in the range 0<x<0·17 are reported and interpreted. The resistivity and Seebeck coefficient were measured in the range 220 to 330 K. The data are interpreted in terms of a double Schottky barrier model in which the grain boundaries provide a high density of states in the energy gap (of the Na x WO3), and the sodium atom donors make the bulk of the grain a highly degenerate semiconductor. Activated conductivity, considerably modified at lower temperatures by tunnelling, is observed. The Seebeck data confirm the model adopted, and are largely a measure of the bulk properties of the grains of the films.


Malawian farmers long to be exposed to maize varieties before buying them on the market. Mother-Baby trials along side with NSIMA and DTMA projects, farmers become teachers and involve the community to participate in choosing best varieties for their area before one can go buying it on the market. Twelve maize varieties comprising eight hybrids and four open pollinated varieties were evaluated at nine sites using the Mother-Baby approach during 2007/08 season. The evaluation involved testing maize varieties under recommended fertiliser application of 92 kg N ha-1 (green block) and at farmers' fertilizer practices (yellow block). The overall mean yield was 3198 kg ha-1 in the green blocks compared to 2915 kg ha-1 in the yellow blocks reflecting no significant yield difference between green and yellow blocks on this research. Yields were particularly highest at Zombwe in the green block, the hybrids SC 403 and SC 717 were top and second respectively. In the yellow block, hybrids SC 717 and SC 403 ranked highest followed by OPV'S ZM 521, ZM 623, and ZM 621 respectively. Like mother-like daughter; farmers made their choices and their preferences varied from site to site. In general, most hybrids were rated poorly by farmers during field days conducted. However, farmers gave low overall ratings for larger grain borer resistance, storage and milling qualities. While as drought tolerance, ear aspect, grain colour and texture were rated well. Overall favoured varieties were ZM 521, ZM 621and ZM 623. Most hybrids were rated quite poorly due to eating habits by Malawians who prefer flint to hard dent maize because of processing.


Non-invasive bioimpedance measurements are an important part of routine diagnostic procedures. ECG (Electrocardiograph), EEG (Electroencephalograph), EMG (Electromyography) and EOG (Electrooculograph) measurements are amongst the most common non-invasive measurements used for diagnosis. The advances in microcontroller technology over the past 25 years have resulted in general-purpose, low-cost, low-power devices that can perform many of the operations involved in the measurement, and analysis process. Although the data acquisition system architecture is similar for the different noninvasive biopotential measurements, practical considerations have to be taken into account for each particular biopotential measurement: rate of amplification, filter bandpass frequency, overall bandwidth and Analogue-to-Digital conversion rate. This chapter presents an overview of the electrical characteristics of different biopotential measurements and general data acquisition architecture for portable biopotential measurement equipment. This chapter also addresses the importance of electrical isolation to ensure patient safety while using biopotential measurement equipment. Two case studies are presented: a microcontroller-based EEG data acquisition system for measurement of auditory evoked potentials for diagnosis of hypoacusis and a microcontroller-based ambulatory ECG data acquisition system.


Depression is denoted as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or mental apprehension affecting over 120 million people globally. Epidemiological studies conducted in general population have revealed that the lifetime prevalence of depression is in the range of 10–15 % (Lepine and Briley, 2011). World Health Organization (WHO) have reported that, depression may become the second cause of illness-induced disability by the year 2020.


EVAN S S CHOOL POLI CY ANAL YSI S A ND RESEA RC H (EPA R) | 1 Abstract Labor is one of the most productive assets for many rural households in developing countries. Despite the importance of labor—and time use more generally—little research has empirically examined the quality of timeuse data in household surveys. Many household surveys rely on respondent recall, the reliability of which may decrease as recall length increases. In addition, respondents often report on time allocation for the entire household, which they may not know or recall as clearly as their own time allocation. Finally, simultaneous activities such as tending children while preparing dinner, may lead to the systematic underestimation of certain activities, particularly those that tend to be performed by women. This paper examines whether the identity of the survey respondent affects estimates of time allocation within the household. Drawing on the Ugandan LSMS-ISA household survey, we find that individuals responding for themselves report higher levels of time use over the previous week than when responding for other household members. Moreover, male respondents tend to underreport time allocation for females over the age of 15 as compared to female respondents, especially time spent on domestic activities. In addition, an analysis of the effects of two economics shocks—having a baby and floods or droughts—suggests that the identity of the respondent can affect substantive conclusions about the effects of shocks on household time use.


In the decade since the dramatic flash floods in Boscastle, Cornwall there have been major developments in UK flood-forecasting techniques and systems, particularly for 'rapid-response' catchments. Oliver Pollard and Tim Harrison of the Environment Agency explain.


In this work we discuss coupling difficulties that arises when solving phase and species conservation equations. We present a compositional formulation that avoids these difficulties, and allows solving multiphase reactive transport problems for a generic number of species and reactions. The formulation is illustrated by an example.


We compute the contribution to the Lagrangian from the leading order (2.5 post-Newtonian) radiation reaction and the quadrupolar gravitational waves emitted from a binary system using the effective field theory (EFT) approach of Goldberger and Rothstein. We use an initial value formulation of the underlying (quantum) framework to implement retarded boundary conditions and describe these real-time dissipative processes. We also demonstrate why the usual scattering formalism of quantum field theory inadequately accounts for these. The methods discussed here should be useful for deriving real-time quantities (including radiation reaction forces and gravitational wave emission) and hereditary terms in the post-Newtonian approximation (including memory, tail and other causal, history-dependent integrals) within the EFT approach. We also provide a consistent formulation of the radiation sector in the equivalent effective field theory approach of Kol and Smolkin.


The genus Sorghum has received attention from purely a systematic standpoint and also from a cytotaxonomic angle at the hands of different investigators. The high diversity observed and the constancy in the characters of populations has led to the recognition of more than fifty distinct species on taxonomic considerations (Snowden 1955). However, the validity of the species thus recognised has not been fully substantiated from a cytotaxonomic view point (Garber 1950, Celarier 1958). Crosses between species within the sub-section Arundinacea are easily effected and have been taken advantage of, for the study of the inheritance of certain characters and for crop improvement by recombinations. But species belonging to the sub section Halepensea have been crossed only with difficulty to species of the Arundi nacea. Cytogenetical studies of these hybrids and their progenies provided some evidence to indicate the relationships of the species and the barriers to gene trans fer (Krishnaswamy et al. 1956, Raman 1964, Magoon 1964, Raman and Menon 1965). From the point of view of improvement of cultivated species by interspecific hybridisation, the species grouped under Arundinacea appear to offer more poten -tialities, due to a greater concentration of characters of economic value and the greater range of variability within this group. The Halepensea consisting of truly wild species whose hardiness due to deeper root system and high regeneration capacity is not surpassed by any other. But in respect of economic attributes the species under Halepensea do not show high variation which could be exploited satisfactorily. However, the hardiness has been sought to be transferred to culti vated sorghums for improvement of grain and fodder yield. The interrelationships between the species are of importance in such gene transfers from one species to the other. The results of a study of this nature carried out in four diploid hybrids and their progenies are reported below:


The article studies the performance of a multiphase brushless synchronous motor with excitation from permanent magnets (PMSM). The motor has two sets of independent and unconnected three-phase windings on the stator, which resulting magneto-move forces are shifted by 30 electrical degrees. These windings are supplied with two independent three-phase current systems. The study is based on the analysis of the so-called magnetic mechanical characteristic (MMC) as a multidimensional dependence of the flux linkages of the phase windings and the machine electromagnetic torque from all phase currents and the angle of the rotor position. The analysis is based of the FEM calculation of the 2D machine magnetic field. The mutual influence of dependent and independent MMC variables have been researched with changes in the magnitude of load currents, the initial phases of these currents and the angle of the rotor position. The obtained calculation results are analyzed with regard to the expansion of the machine speed range in the constant power mode at field-oriented control (FOC).


The article examines influence of the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia on the competitive advantages and disadvantages of the Russian economy.


Education, in all its manifest forms, is an inextricable element in the mainstream of social concerns and development. Not only are education systems the major form of preparation of individuals to take part in society and, therefore, need to be a reflection of social concerns and developments, but the kinds of preparation the individuals receive are also major contributors to the future development and well-being of those societies. To a large extent, the content of education in any given society is an expression of the values which the society cherishes and is a conceptualisation of the kind of society which is hoped will be achieved. In this sense, the content of education and the forms in which it provided is both reactive, in terms of its enablement of those being educated to take their places in contemporary society, and proactive, in terms of preparing individuals to help shape the future of that society. Education, in both its content and its form, is essentially laden with a wide variety of social values.


Control of mercury emissions is one of the major challenges faced by power generation in coal burning and incineration plants, due to the increasing emission control regulations in the electricity generating sector. This study focuses on the elimination of mercury from the combustion flue gases via the oxidation of elemental mercury (nonsoluble) into its oxidized form (soluble) by the addition of halogens (chlorine, bromine, and iodine). A detailed reaction mechanism is developed and comparisons of mercury loss versus halogen, NO, SO2, and H2O presence in a typical combustion effluent stream are presented. The influence of different air-fuel equivalence ratios is also illustrated. The removal of mercury is evaluated with an elementary reaction mechanism (957 reactions, 203 species) developed from fundamental principles of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Thermochemistry and rate constants are from the literature or calculated at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ-PP (mercury species) and CBS-QB3 (nonmercury ...


3q p(t)dt i2 . The result reduces to the well-known quadratic form of the optimal tuning curve in the special case of a uniform prior distribution p(s) [2]. We have generalized our analytic derivation to account for other types of noise, such as e.g. stimulus dependent, additive Gaussian noise. Furthermore, our analysis can be extended to optimize other information theoretic quantities such as mutual information. Numerical simulations successfully validated our theoretical results. In addition, we analyzed electrophysiological recordings of the spiking activity of the blowy H1 neurons , with visual motion stimulus


The crystal structure of legrandite -- Zn 2 (AsO 4 )(OH)(H 2 O), monoclinic, a 12.8052(3), b 7.9249(2), c 10.2173(2) A, β 104.4329(3)°, V 1004.13(6) A 3 , space group P 2 1 / c , Z = 2 -- has been refined to an R 1 value of 1.2% based on 2844 unique [| F o | > 4σ F ] reflections measured with a Bruker D8 three-circle diffractometer equipped with a rotating-anode generator (Mo K α X-radiation), multilayer optics, and an APEX-II detector. The legrandite structure is a heteropolyhedral framework of (AsO 4 ) tetrahedra, (Znφ 5 ) square pyramids, and (Znφ 6 ) octahedra [φ = O, (OH), (H 2 O)] with extensive hydrogen bonding across its interstices. All hydrogen positions were located, all hydrogen bonds were assigned, and the H...O distances are in reasonable accord with the published relation between O–H stretching frequency and H...O bond-length.


Magnetically confined fusion plasmas feature a large variety of waves. In the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF), radiofrequency waves are routinely used for plasma heating and non‐inductive current‐drive, whereas unstable modes in the Alfven range of frequencies are observed in ongoing experiments and are expected to play a crucial role in future devices. In experiments where Alfven and ICRF waves co‐exist, a strong interplay between them is observed via the intermediary of the wave accelerated fast ions. A Hamiltonian description of the resonating particles is particularly well adapted to describe accurately their interaction with ICRF and Alfven waves. It provides a convenient framework for self‐consistent calculations of the wave propagation and the kinetics of resonating plasma species. In the wave‐field calculation, this formulation allows to account for non‐local effects caused by wide fast particle orbits (e.g. wave accelerated fast ions and alpha particles). We present here the progress ma...


Abstract Entrepreneurship has existed since ancient times, and the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ exemplified business, buying and selling, and expanding business opportunities. Economic development has as one of its objectives the provision of employment opportunities to anticipate labor force growth that exceeds job opportunities and creates new job opportunities. Some factors determine this. To begin, population growth is typically greater than capital growth. Second, the demographic profile is younger, which means that a more significant number of people are entering the workforce. Thirdly, the industrial structure, which is characterized by a lack of economic diversification and an insufficient level of population skills. Additionally, entrepreneurial activity is still low, and new young businesses have not been particularly active in starting a business opportunity that can be created and run after they graduate from college, which has an effect on a country's level of entrepreneurial growth among youth.


It is already known that for being effective readers we need explicit strategy training and it is generally agreed that well-developed reading comprehension ability is the key to students' academic success .This comprehension ability is not a passive state which one possesses, but it is an active mental process which needs to be nurtured and improved. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of using summarization strategies makes any significant difference in EFL learners' level of comprehending English texts. It also aims to examine whether using summarization strategies at undergraduate level affect significantly the performance of male and female students' comprehension of texts. The data for this study were collected through two comprehension tests and a personal questionnaire from 40 English students who study at one of Payam Noor University branches in Isfahan. The data were analyzed descriptively and also inferentially. The overall findings of the study which enjoys pretest-posttest design indicated that after receiving summarization strategies training participants outperformed in posttest and there was not a significant difference between performance of female and male participants. The findings of the present study would help teachers and teacher trainers to construct and implement summarization strategies in EFL classes more effectively.


The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effect of Topacal C-5, a casein phosphoprotein amorphous calcium phosphate formulation and Home care 0.4 % stannous fluoride gel in the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions.The first part of the study compared the effect of Topacal C-5 and stannous fluoride gel in preventing enamel demineralization. Thirty sound premolar teeth were divided into 3 equal groups of tens: Group I was treated with Topacal C-5, Group II was treated with stannous fluoride, and Group III was used as control group and received no treatment. Standard edgewise brackets were bonded to all teeth then the teeth were coated with an acid resistant varnish leaving about 2mm occlusal and gingival to the bracket. The teeth were cycled between artificial saliva and artificial caries solution everyday for 35 days. Polarized light microscope pictures were taken and the depth and area of the demineralized zone was measured and compared statistically. The Topacal C-5 group showed the least depth and area of demineralization compared to the other two groups. The fluoride group also showed some reduction in the depth and area of demineralization compared to the control group. The second part of the study evaluated the effect of Topacal C-5 CPP-CP and stannous fluoride gel in treating white spot lesions. Artificial white spots were induced in 30 sound premolar teeth. The teeth were then divided into 3 groups: Group I was treated with Topacal C-5, Group II was treated with stannous fluoride, and Group III received no treatment and acted as a control group. The teeth were cycled between artificial saliva and caries solution for 4 weeks. Stereomicroscopic pictures were taken and a scoring system was used to evaluate the severity of the white spot lesions after two weeks and 4 weeks. The number of teeth which showed an improvement in the severity of the white spot lesions from the baseline was greater in the group treated with Topacal C-5 than the stannous fluoride and control group although the improvement was not statistically significant.


Good altitude performance of lubrication system ensures flying performance of the helicopter. Both engine and reducer need lubricating oil to cool themselves, to keep stable and decrease malfunction in flying tasks. In this article, a multi-factor coupling calculation method is put forward for altitude performance analysis of lubrication system in "Zhi X" main reducer system, taking into consideration of heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics of every component, off-design performance of the fan and dynamic characteristic of heat exchanger. Performance parameters of each component are calculated, such as temperature, pressure and flux. The results are in good agreement with numerical results of FM2. Then an analysis software for altitude performance of lubrication system is developed for "Zhi X" based on the multi-factor coupling calculation method, which is regarded as a scientific and practical tool for altitude performance prediction and integrated design of lubrication system in helicopter.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


primarily as a security organization designed to prevent wars and punish aggressors. The core of the U.N. – its Security Council – was set up in such a way that the five most formidable powers of that era, Great Britain, the United States, France, Russia and China, dominated it by dint of their military might and their veto power. Through the U.N. Charter, these five nations were expected to gain a sufficient enough number of votes from the Council to impose a mandate binding on other U.N. members to undertake enforcement actions. This fairly aggressive (and in some ways undemocratic) posture was deliberately fostered in order to make the central thrust of the »security« in the Council one of compulsion rather than voluntarism. This was because the world had just endured the bloodiest conflict in human history – the Second World War, a few decades after surviving the other most tragic war of the 20th century, the first World War. There was a determination among the countries of the planet never to permit these sorts of horrors to happen again. The U.N. Security Council, unlike its weaker predecessor, the League of Nations' Executive Council, was emphatically designed to deter or prevent such calamities. What is often forgotten, then, about the U.N. is that it was the cauldron of war, not the warm bath of peace, that conceived and shaped this organization. This is important to remember because it suggests that only an event of staggering destruction, of truly memorable violence, mayhem and human loss, was able to overcome the historical resistance of nations to ceding any of their authority to a supranational organization and, in effect, surrendering a part of their national sovereignty. But the question this immediately raised historically was: once the circumstances have disappeared which produced such an international body and countries no longer feel threatened, do they still need a global assembly? This is a conundrum which is not yet resolved. Indeed, the nations of the U.N. today seesaw between the desire to stamp out wars and gain safety collectively, and yet maintain their separateness and own national or regional power. This is an underlying tension which has never gone away and helps explain the ambiguous response that many nations have, fifty years or so after its inception, toward the U.N.. This salient factor could be seen from the beginning at the U.N.'s founding conference in San Francisco 1945. At the start of the Spring 1945 meeting, one of the central controversies was the issue of the veto. The veto was demanded by the main three actors responsible for the organization's birth – the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union – out of their concern about how they could each maintain their freedom of action from the entangling restraints of an international organization even as they supported its creation. In order to allay these misgivings, all three nations were accorded the power to bar enforcement actions if they infringed on their sovereignty (the veto authority was also later given to France and China). But, unlike the old League of Nations, no other countries received the right of veto. By the same token, the smaller powers, desirous of protecting their authority within regional groupings, also insisted that the U.N. accommodate its Charter to recognize the rights of their regional pacts to serve as the forums of first resort for handling local crises before the U.N.'s assumption of responsibility. Similar reservations attended the construction of other facets of the U.N. organization in 1945. For example, the Trusteeship Council was given only limited powers to oversee decolonization, because colonial powers like Great Britain, France and the Netherlands objected to the U.N.'s meddling with their possessions. The Economic and Social CounSTEPHEN SCHLESINGER


Li LANNAH ARENDT'S work seems to divide sharply into two parts. Her early political and historical writing, up to and including Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), stands as an eloquent, somber, and relentlessly serious meditation on this century's dubious contribution to western political experience-totalitarianism. By the late 1950s, however, Arendt's concerns shifted to politics and its importance in human selfunderstanding. Her work took on, if not an optimistic tone, at least a more hopeful one. Once the chronicler of dark times, she became a celebrator of the public life.' An explanation for the intellectual Kehre is difficult to come by. It scarcely is acknowledged in Arendt's own writing as though the left hand hardly knew or remembered what the right one had done. Nor does Arendt's biographer, in an otherwise engrossing account of her life, describe or explain what another student of Arendt's work has called a "genuine disjunction" in her thought.2 This is not to say that Arendt's oeuvre is so fragmented as to frustrate any attempt to make sense of the whole. Indeed some have argued that Arendt's apotheosization of politics was her way of offering a theoretical antidote to the historical horrors she had analyzed, while Bernard Crick considers Origins to be the source of the themes Arendt developed more fully in her later work.3 There is indeed considerable evidence that Arendt was concerned with the political quite early. Writing to Karl Jaspers in March 1951 (just as Origins was appearing), Arendt referred to a possible thread linking the problems of radical evil, politics, and the philosophical tradition of the West. In contrast with thinkers such as Karl Popper, Jacob Talmon, Eric Voegelin, and Isaiah Berlin, figures who treated


The Speccie Thawley Essay Prize had me thinking about a person or event that helped shape modern Australia. Much has been said about Gough Whitlam and his influence on Australian history. In the contemporary period North Queenslander Noel Pearson, an Indigenous leader, educator and activist has dominated debates in Australian society about Indigenous Rights, education and recognition. I wondered, however, if individuals alone can influence and shape a society, or whether it is the collective consciousness of the people of a country that impacts upon history. This essay therefore is a questioning of modern Australia's perception as an egalitarian society, with its ethos of 'A Fair Go for All', and if it extends to Indigenous and Torres Strait Islanders, the original inhabitants of Terra Australis? My thoughts have been provoked by the failure of successive governments to address the recognition of Indigenous and Torres Islander people in the Australian Constitution.


It is well known that the traditional form of the Amonton-Coulomb law is not applicable to the elastomer friction on smooth solid surfaces, which is essentially adhesive in nature. By this we understand a process consisting of creating and breaking off adhesive links between the parts of polymeric macromolecules and a solid smooth wall. It was probably first suggested by Schallomach' that the slide friction of rubbers on smooth surfaces may be considered as an activation process with the activation energy depending on the force applied. This idea has been developed further by Bartenev' similarly to the elementary kinetic theory of a fluid's viscosity.' The formulas obtained in Reference 2 are inconsistent with some well-known experimental facts. In particular, experimental stress-velocity and stress-temperature dependences for sliding friction have clearly defined maxima?' whereas the dependences obtained in Reference 2 are monotonic. In order to account for these maxima, Schallomach in his following works6,' developed a more detailed concept which treats forming and breaking off the links as separate activation processes. An attempt has been made to describe these processes in terms of a kinetic equation.' This work is based on ideas that are rather similar to those proposed in References 6 and 7. The adhesive friction that arises between a smooth solid wall and an elastomer body sliding over it is thought to be due to elongating the sections of polymer macromolecules attached to the wall. The rigid contacts between the sections and the wall are believed to break down either because of thermal excitations or the external force applied to the body, each contact restoring again after relaxational processes in the macromolecules are over. The interacting process as a whole is considered below as a stationary random process.