The use of definite or specific articles in adpositional phrases often differs from that in other syntactic environments such äs subject or object position. In the grammars of individual languages this is generally presented äs an exception to the rules of article use in that particular language. Crosslinguistically, however, such irregularities' are so common äs to be the rule rat her than the exception. Although the details of article use in adpositional phrases vary extensively even among closely related languages, a few crosslinguistic generalisations are possible. It will be shown that there are constraints on the kinds of adpositional phrases where articles can be used "irregularly", and it will be argued that these irregularities, confined t o intermediary stages of grammaticisation, need to be explained in diachronic rather than in purely semantic terms.


In this thesis, I argue that meaning something by a linguistic expression should be thought to consist, not in following a rule, but in drawing an analogy. I argue that using a linguistic expression meaningfully involves analogically extrapolating from our past experience of that expression, by observing a similarity between the present instance (that which the expression is being applied to) and previous instances (our past experiences involving the use of that expression). This is in opposition to the classical account of meaning, according to which meaning something by a linguistic expression involves following a rule – a rule stating necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for the expression to apply. I argue that there is no one thing that all meaningful instances of many linguistic expressions have in common, such that its meaning could be captured in the form of a rule. I claim that the categories corresponding to our linguistic expressions (containing the objects that any given expression is true of), are defined not in terms of necessary and jointly sufficient conditions, but in terms of family resemblance relationships between particular instances, such that analogy plays an essential role in every meaningful application of a linguistic expression. I argue that metaphorical uses of linguistic expressions are clearly dependent on analogy, and that as we are unable to uphold a principled distinction between the literal and the metaphorical, that all meaningful uses of language should be thought to depend on analogy. I argue that conceiving of meaning as governed by analogy, rather than rules, helps to diffuse the rule-following paradox, laid out by Saul Kripke. I claim that the meaning of every linguistic expression is governed by analogy, including the word 'rule', such that there may be scope to speak of 'rules' of meaning, after all. Candidate's declaration I, Andrew Simeon Williams, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of MPhil, which is approximately 39,728 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2015. I confirm that no funding was received for this work. Date Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of MPhil in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand, unless exempt by an award of an embargo as requested below, that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that this thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use and that the library has the right to migrate this thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I, Andrew Simeon Williams, confirm that my thesis does not contain any third-party material that requires copyright clearance. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis:


Objective To study the effect of trditional chinese medicine(TCM)Shenqifanghou recipe in preveting and treating radiation reactions and sequelae of the normal tissues in head and neck cancer patients after radiotherapy(RT).Methods Eighty-three patients with head and neck cancer(nasopharygeal carcinoma ,tonsllar fossa carcinoma and tongue carcinoma ) were randomly divided into the RT group(41 patients) and the RT+ TCM group(42 patients), they were all received RT, but the latter was treated additionally with Shenqifanghou recipe. The patients' acute radiation reactions and radiation sequelae in both groups were recorded and compared.Resulst The grades of the acute reactions of the skin and the oropharygdal mucosa menbranes, the dryness of the oral and orophrygeal mucosal menbranes, the trismus and the fibrosis of muscles and connective tissue in the RT+TCM group were lower than that in the RT group(p0.05).Conclusion The chinese medicine Shenqifanghou recipe is effective in preventing and treating radiation reactions and sequelae of the normal tissue in head and neck cancer patients.


The bistable thermal donors in Czochralski-grown silicon crystals were investigated hy EPR spectroscopy attd IR-absolption techniques. It is shown that using heat treatment at a temperature _<400"C and appropriate conductivity compensation by irradiation with 3.5 MeV electrons, one can select from the total signal the EPR-signal associated with only one type, namely TDD2, of the thermal donors. Based on the model of a re, o-center core structure of the given completes, an explanation o f the EPR-spectroscopy data on the o.~wgen themml donors in silicon is suggested.


Demographic and policy shifts in U.S. schools have contributed to English learners enrolling in schools with historically few English learners. This phenomenological study used interview data to identify dilemmas that one elementary teacher navigated while working with the sole English learner in her classroom. This context has the potential to inform the design of professional development for teachers working with English learners. Using a dilemmatic spaces framework, three dilemmas were identified related to whether to privilege professional experience or professional development, collaboration with the English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher, and how to navigate conflicting administrative expectations.


Optical observations of near Earth and deep-space debris conducted at M.I.T.'s artificial satellite observatory will be discussed. A brief review of observing technique, regions of high debris density, and amount of debris in orbit will be given. The unique, duplex facilities of the observatory allow the discrimination of debris from meteors, the construction of an orbital element set, and real-time identification of catalogued artificial satellites. Near-Earth debris is present in large numbers in all the popular near-Earth orbits; at least 5-6 times the 5000-6000 objects in the NORAD catalog. In deep-space, the new presence of Ariane-related debris adds significantly to the existing population which is treble that catalogued by NORAD.


Considering the uncertainty and multi-disturbance in wind energy conversion system (WECS) and the randomness and instability of the wind power, a full-order sliding mode control (FOSMC) strategy based on an extended state observer (ESO) is proposed for the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based WECSs. First, based on the active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) theory, an ESO is developed to estimate the unknown states, uncertainties in the internal machine parameters and external torque disturbance. Second, a full-order sliding mode controller is designed to ensure the convergence of all system states with much reduced chattering phenomenon. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed ESO-based FOSMC is confirmed by simulation results. The proposed FOSMC strategy will improve the efficiency and the reliability of the WECS.


Objectives Evaluate the color regression, postoperative sensitivity, and patient's satisfaction after bleaching with different regimens over a period of 1 year clinical service. Participants and methods Twenty highly educated adolescents (age range: 18–25 years) seeking for better esthetics were enrolled into the study. Their teeth shade was A3 or darker. Participants were enrolled in a split mouth study design divided into four groups according to bleaching materials and/or desensitizer used. Groupgroup I: right mandibular anterior teeth will receive over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching material followed by desensitizer application. Group II: left mandibular anterior teeth will receive OTC bleaching material. Group III: right maxillary anterior teeth will receive in-office bleaching material followed by desensitizer usage. Group IV: left maxillary anterior teeth will receive in-office bleaching material. The color change, teeth sensitivity and patient's satisfaction were recorded along the evaluation periods at baseline, before any treatment, directly after bleaching, and in 3 months intervals for a year postoperatively. Results One-way repeated measure analysis of variance test was performed to investigate the effect of time on the color change for each tested group. A highly significant difference was recorded regarding the color change for all tested groups with P value equals 0.000. Considerable postoperative sensitivity was recorded in 13.3, 36.7, 1.7, and 30% for group I, II, III, IV, respectively. Treatments were generally well-tolerated, a percentage of zero (n = 0) patient terminated the treatment prematurely. There was no postoperative hypersensitivity at any tooth after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months evaluation periods. Additionally, after 1 year evaluation periods, five (25%) patients recorded moderately satisfaction, nine (45%) patients were satisfied, and six (30%) patients were extremely satisfied with their teeth color. Conclusion and recommendations The degree of whitening is superior in the power bleaching compared with the OTC bleaching technique. The higher incidence of tooth sensitivity was found in teeth bleached using OTC technique. It is recommended that over-the-counter products should be used under strict manufacturer's directions.


Efficient modelocking of cw solid-state lasers by SHG-based modulators has been considered. A new type of modulator that utilizes an interferometrical subtraction from the generation field of its replica attenuated by second-harmonic generation (SHG) is proposed for the first time to our knowledge. Tuning parameters that control the mode-locking efficiency are the initial transmission of the modulator and transmission derivative on intensity. Self-consistent analytical solutions of an operator equation describing the laser system were obtained which satisfactorily agree with numerical simulation results based on fluctuation theory.


A pair of OOK and BPSK to QPSK format conversion with XPM and its 50km SSMF transmission of the optically converted QPSK are experimentally demonstrated. A HNLF input power tolerance of OOK is also reported.


The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important part of modern information technology. If the sensor nodes distributed on the edge need to interact with the outside, they must have reasonable routes., It should be fully considered that the device is limited in terms of resources when designing a route, such as bandwidth and energy. In this paper, we developed a mosquitto-based program with the MQTT protocol, using improvement ant colony algorithm based on resource constraint to implement route planning in IoT. By comprehensively considering resource constraints and updating the global pheromone strategy, the device can avoid excessive attention the local information and achieve dynamic optimization. On the other hand, we achieve load balancing purposes by measuring the remaining energy of the device. Experiments on a network based on the MQTT protocol show that this model can improve the performance of IoT.


Autonomic dysreflexia is a medical emergency in rehabilitation medicine. It is an acute syndrome of excessive, uncontrolled sympathetic output which can occur in patients who suffer from spine injury above sixth thoracic neurologic level. If left untreated, autonomic dysreflexia can cause seizures, pulmonary edema, renal insufficiency, myocardial infarction, cerebral hemorrhage and death. It requires immediate recognition and prompt management Hence it is up most important for health care workers to be able to identify cases of autonomic dysreflexia. This case report aims to highlight the importance of identifying and managing in such patients.


The paper analyses the software fault that occurred in NEAX61E exchanges and meaning of PHASE information. It gives a method to collect and analyse software fault data through example.


A three-dimensional turbulence simulation is performed in order to understand the role of spiral structures observed in Kelvin-Helmholtz turbulence. The simulation is performed by introducing a vorticity source to drive the plasma rotation. By scanning the intensity of the vorticity source, a quasi-periodic formation of a spiral structure is obtained above a certain source intensity. The quasi-periodic oscillation can be seen in the fluctuation energy and the background, which exhibits a limit cycle oscillation. We clarify the roles of the spiral formation in the limit cycle oscillation: The dynamical change in the radial variation of the phase of the fluctuations causes a strong coupling of the fluctuations with the background through the transport of particles and momentum. The formation mechanism of the spiral structure is also studied. An instability due to the combination of the cylindrical effect and the flow inhomogeneity is consistent with the fluctuation which drives the spiral structure obtained in the simulation.A three-dimensional turbulence simulation is performed in order to understand the role of spiral structures observed in Kelvin-Helmholtz turbulence. The simulation is performed by introducing a vorticity source to drive the plasma rotation. By scanning the intensity of the vorticity source, a quasi-periodic formation of a spiral structure is obtained above a certain source intensity. The quasi-periodic oscillation can be seen in the fluctuation energy and the background, which exhibits a limit cycle oscillation. We clarify the roles of the spiral formation in the limit cycle oscillation: The dynamical change in the radial variation of the phase of the fluctuations causes a strong coupling of the fluctuations with the background through the transport of particles and momentum. The formation mechanism of the spiral structure is also studied. An instability due to the combination of the cylindrical effect and the flow inhomogeneity is consistent with the fluctuation which drives the spiral structure obtained...


Biotic indexes for the evaluation of environmental quality in stretches of the Correntoso river, Pantanal do Negro, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. This work aimed to research the aquatic insect community structure using this community as a bioindicator of the environmental quality in a stretch of the Correntoso river, in Pantanal do Negro, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Six collections were taken in different seasonal periods; ebb, dry and wet. The organisms were collected using a 300 m mesh D net sweeping five times through the roots of macrophyte banks at each sample. Three environments were compared (open, intermediary, closed) by adding the information from six collection sites. Family richness, absolute and relative abundance of insect samples and an evaluation of water quality were analyzed by using the BMWP index, BMWP-ASPT index, IBF index and Shannon diversity index, with log2. A total of 60 families from 12 orders of Insecta Class were recorded, totaling 19,773 individuals. Among the indexes applied, the BMWP index was the one that best represented the conditions of the studied environment.


Purpose of review Cardiac transplantation is a complex undertaking and an imperfect solution to end-stage heart failure. Cellular transplantation has been proposed as an alternative solution; however, clinical trials at present are small and show variable results. The mechanisms behind stem cell therapy have not yet been elucidated. Recent findings Several large trials have been presented that address the question of bone marrow stem cells as therapy for acute myocardial infarction, and also the possible benefits of therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Although some trials show a modest improvement in ejection fraction or reduction of infarct size, other trials show no change with treatment. Fewer clinical data are available on the treatment of chronic left ventricular systolic function. Many questions remain such as what cell type to use, dosing, the ideal timing for therapy, and the technique of cell delivery. Finally, further research continues on the cellular milieu, enhancement of cell engraftment, proliferation, and survival. Summary This review briefly examines the background for stem cell therapy, as well as the larger clinical trials of stem cell therapy for acute myocardial infarction and chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and possible pharmacologic enhancement options.


Background: Back pain often recurs in patients or becomes chronic. It can cause long-term incapacity for work and hamper resuming of work. Pain is a complex experience with an impact on biopsychosocial and economic levels. Pain also influences mobility and quality of life. Aim: The present paper aimed at measuring the quality of life in patients with chronic back pain. Further objectives were to determine if pain intensity was reduced during pharmacotherapy and if pain intensity has an impact on the quality of life. Methodology: The SF-36 questionnaire was employed to assess the quality of life and VAS to assess pain. Results: He results of this survey indicate that patients with chronic back pain have the lowest values in physical role functioning subscales, i.e., their health status entails limitations at work or during the performance of activities of daily living. The second lowest value was that of the bodily pain subscale, imposing limitations on both household and workplace. Surprisingly, the mental health values were higher than the physical functioning values. Depression, pessimism, sadness or nervousness were often not perceived by the respondents, rather, they felt tired and weak. Mean pain intensity before treatment in both sexes was 7.5 VAS. There was no major decrease in pain intensity during treatment. Conclusion: Pain intensity has an impact on the quality of life. The results show that pain has an influence on both physical and mental health. The respondents were often limited in various working activities or could do less than desired. Respondents reported equal or poorer health status compared to the status a year before. Pharmacotherapy did not result in pain. DOI: 10.5507/pol.2019.005


AGuIX® are sub-5 nm nanoparticles made of a polysiloxane matrix and gadolinium chelates. This nanoparticle has been recently accepted in clinical trials in association with radiotherapy. This review will summarize the principal preclinical results that have led to first in man administration. No evidence of toxicity has been observed during regulatory toxicity tests on two animal species (rodents and monkeys). Biodistributions on different animal models have shown passive uptake in tumours due to enhanced permeability and retention effect combined with renal elimination of the nanoparticles after intravenous administration. High radiosensitizing effect has been observed with different types of irradiations in vitro and in vivo on a large number of cancer types (brain, lung, melanoma, head and neck…). The review concludes with the second generation of AGuIX nanoparticles and the first preliminary results on human.


Comparative study on bacterial load in intestine, gills and skin of cultured African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from different locations (Agip; Aluu and Woji) all in Rivers State were evaluated. The result obtained indicated that the specie Streptococcus accounts for the highest bacterial occurrence (42.9%) and Pseudomonas spp. and E.coli. had the lowest (7.14%). In all the three locations under consideration the highest bacteria (0.0129±0.0040x10 CFU/g) was found in the intestine of the fish sampled from Aluu environment, while the lowest (0.0046±0.0019 x10 CFU/g) was recorded in the skin of fish sampled from Agip estate. The results of this study revealed a higher degree of bacteriological contamination in different organs of C. gariepinus fish in all the locations. The presence of these pathogenic organisms in these samples of fish could pose a serious threat and hazard to the consumers. Hence, C. gariepinus fish should be processed properly before consumption.


We consider the creation of artificial gauge magnetic and electric fields created when a two-level atom interacts with an optical Ferris wheel light field. These fields have the spatial structure of the optical Ferris wheel field intensity profile. It is shown, we believe for first time, that when this optical field pattern is made to rotate, then we have the creation of artificial electromagnetic fields that propagate in curved paths. The properties as well the limitations of these artificial electromagnetic fields are investigated and discussed.


A few years back, Mexico's College of the Southern Frontier, ECOSUR, learned a hard lesson about collaborating with foreign scientists. Nestled in the Chiapas highlands near the country's border with Guatemala, this research institute, which focuses on health and biodiversity problems, is at the heart of a region that is rich in flora, fauna, and the indigenous Mayan culture. Until recently the population also had a high rate of onchocerciasis, a debilitating disease widely known by its African name, river blindness. So in the early 1980s, ECOSUR scientists who specialized in onchocerciasis teamed up with foreign colleagues to test an experimental drug for the disease. It seemed like a perfect match. But as ECOSUR head Pablo Farfas sees it, the "collaboration" was nothing of the sort. Farfas, a Harvard University-trained medical anthropologist who took over ECOSUR (then known as the Center of Ecological Investigation of the Southeast) in 1992, describes the project as "maquiladora research," a reference to the maquiladora factories in Mexico, foreign-owned businesses that take advantage of cheap Mexican labor and export the products. Not only did the ECOSUR researchers have no say in the design of the drug trial, says Farfas, they also had no access to the data they helped collect. "It was incredible," he says. This eventually led to "a dependency on outside researchers for the definition of goals and access to resources," he contends, "and ultimately, the collapse of the [onchocerciasis] program." Yet ECOSUR has not given up on collaborations with foreign researchers. Although the institute is now wary of the kinds of arrangements it gets into, collaborative ventures continue to be common and even encouraged. ECOSUR is not alone in looking abroad for scientific connections. From Mexico all the way down to Chile, collaborating with foreign scientists is critical for Latin American researchers who want to make an impact in their field. In addition to infusing a dose of research funds into countries that have little to spare for science, the collaborations offer Latin American scientists access to the latest information, the brainpower of colleagues whose research interests closely match their own, and opportunities for their students. "It's not only the money," says Jacinto Convit of the Institute of Biomedicine in Caracas, Venezuela, who is one of the world's leading developers of vaccines against leprosy and leishmaniasis. What Convit really values in his long-standing collaboration with Barry Bloom, a Howard Hughes Medical Investigator at New York's Albert Einstein College of Medicine, is "the stimulus we get from these people." As the experience at ECOSUR illustrates, collaborations have their pitfalls, and it often takes careful maneuvering to avoid them. There is no such thing as a typical collaboration; the exact complexion of each arrangement depends on the country, the field of research, and the people taking part. But in the best cases, collaborations offer JRO through a grant to Cornell University. "There is almost no science financed by Peru," says Woodman, "and there's not even a consciousness that nothing's being done." Woodman says JRO's dependence on outside funds ultimately dictates the direction of the research, which has a decidedly international focus. "We end up doing science that's important for other countries," he says. "If there were more money, we could look at practical applications for Peru." For example, Woodman notes that the equatorial ionosphere above Peru has an electrojet, a stream of current that allows radio waves to travel beyond the horizon. JRO, he suggests, could investigate exploiting this for the benefit of Peruvians. But it's not happening, and he doesn't think it will until Peru foots the bill, which he doesn't see on JRO's financial horizon. "We've made efforts in the past to get money from our government, but I've given up," says Woodman.


The invention provides an atmospheric pollution data acquisition device based on an unmanned aerial vehicle. The atmospheric pollution data acquisition device comprises an automatic VOCs sampling tank arranged in a detection cabin, an air inlet device used for sucking fresh air outside the cabin in real time, an exhaust device for guaranteeing balance of pressure inside an equipment cabin, outside the equipment cabin and in an air flow pipeline, and multiple pieces of driving detection equipment and driven detection equipment connected between the air inlet device and the exhaust device in parallel. Atmospheric pollutant data can be more precisely acquired, and more accurate information is provided for pre-judgment of pollution emergency unknown information.


International Journal of Ecosystems and Ecology Science (IJEES) Volume 9, issue 4, 2019 https://doi.org/10.31407/ijees https://doi.org/10.31407/ijees94 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 17 Vol. 9 (4): 717-722 (2019) THE STUDY OF MODERN HYBRIDS OF GRAIN SORGHUM IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE STEPPE ZONE Baranovsky Aleksander Vasilevich, Kapustin Sergey Ivanovich, Kapustin Andrey Sergeevich Lugansk National Agrarian University, the town LNAU, 1, Lugansk, 91008, Ukraine; North Caucasus Federal Agricultural Research Center, Nikonov str. 49, Mikhailovsk, Stavropol region, 356241, Russia; North Caucasus Federal University, Pushkin str. 1, Stavropol, 355017, Russia; Corresponding Author Kapustin Andrey Sergeevich, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; Received June 2019; Accepted August 2019; Published October 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.31407/ijees9417


In 1953, we sat in a small, harshly lit room in the old High School of Performing Arts building on 46th Street and Broadway, our legs hanging, perched or straggled on chairs in front of us. We were tired from hours of technique and rehearsals, coming straight from the studio in our worn tights and warmers. A small woman with red curls and glasses spoke intensely about Louis XIV's court ballets; she evoked a world of magic, opulence, and beauty. I remember looking around me and thinking that if I had lived then, things would be very different. And I also remember thinking how kind of this woman to let us sit in such an unladylike way in her Dance History class. Selma Jeanne Cohen has always understood her purpose in the world, and she tolerated many mishaps for her goal—to create an academic discipline out of this amusing art form. Tired as we were, we were transfixed by the clarity of her detailed descriptions of the seventeenth-century ballet form. She was straightforward, substantive, and loving.


In this paper, from a new crosstalk noise expression based on an RLC transmission line model associated to each propagation mode, analytical expressions to predict noise amplitude and pulsewidth with a good level of accuracy are proposed. These simplified analytical expressions are sufficiently accurate to be effectively incorporated in noise calculators.


ABSTRACT The initial-value problem for hyperbolic equation in a Hilbert space H with the self-adjoint positive definite operators A(t) is considered. The second order of accuracy absolute stable difference scheme for approximately solving this abstract initial-value problem is presented. The stability estimates for the solution of this difference scheme and for the first- and second-order difference derivatives are established.


Under the hypothesis that cardioprotective agents might benefit from synergism between antiarrhythmic activity and antioxidant properties, a small series of mexiletine analogues were coupled with the 2,2,5,5‐tetramethylpyrroline moiety, known for its antioxidant effect, in order to obtain dual‐acting drugs potentially useful in the protection of the heart against post‐ischemic reperfusion injury. The pyrroline derivatives reported herein were found to be more potent as antiarrhythmic agents than mexiletine and displayed antioxidant activity. The most interesting tetramethylpyrroline congener, a tert‐butyl‐substituted analogue, was at least 100 times more active as an antiarrhythmic than mexiletine.


Vibration analysis of thick rotating cylindrical shells subjected to an initial torque is described. The basic equations, including the effects of the initial tensions and resultant shear stresses due to rotation, torque, external pressure and axial compression load, are derived by the Timoshenko-type shell theory. By the modified Galerkin's method, frequency analysis is carried out for four boundary conditions (i.e., both ends (A) clamped with axial constraint. (B) Simply supported without axial constraint. (C) Simply supported with axial constraint and (D) clamped without axial constraint). Numerical results are compared with those based on the Flugge-type shell theory and the difference between both thoeries is examined.


【Evidence based clinical practice guideline are designed to help healthcare practitioners evaluate and implement the increasing amount of evidence on best practice. Critical care area is one of the clinical sites where evidence based clinical practice guideline is needed most. This paper reviewed the definition of evidence based clinical practice guidelines, the development method of evidence based clinical practice guideline, and the current trends in guideline developing. Traditional method of guideline development is consensus based but it moves into evidence based development. Evidence based guideline is based on best available evidence and uses the strongest method to determine its effect on clinical outcomes. The current trends in guidelines is to develop the guideline at regional/national level and do subsequent modification to suit local circumstances. There is an urgent need of exploring the method of guideline development and adaptation which are appropriate for Korean clinical setting.】


Objective To compare the positive rate of lymph node metastasis between histological culture method and traditional pathological slides. Methods Tumor tissue and paratumor tissue for 14 cases nephroblastoma and 6 cases neuroblastoma were cultured, and pathological diagnosis was then made on it and compared with the traditional pathological diagnosis. Results The characteristics of the tumor tissue were same both for traditional pathological diagnosis and histological culture, but the latter was better to find out the lymph node metastasis. The positive rate was 33.3 % (3/9) and 66.6 % (6/9) for nephroblastoma, and 50% (3/6) and 33.3 % (2/ 6) for neuroblastoma. Conclusions The diagnosis rate for tumor lymph node metastasis is better by using histological culture of lymph nodes. This method may be of significance to set up the accurate clinical staging and for treatment and prognosis.


We report a case of primary pararenal leiomyosarcoma involving the inferior vena cava (IVC) in a 78-year-old woman with exertional dyspnea. In the present case, we performed the tumor resection with transient transection and primary repair of the IVC in order to avoid invasive surgery. Although the usual treatment for younger patients is complete tumor resection with wide margins (IVC and adjacent organs) to minimize relapse, this may be too invasive for aged patients. In this report, we discuss the importance of minimizing the risk of complications following treatments in aged patients.


The Israel connection whose impact on American Jews David Mittelberg examines is that engendered by a visit to Israel by an American Jew, not that of any special relationship between the nation-state of Israel and of the United States. The book's conclusions, then, are not offered with an eye toward Israeli or American foreign policy. Instead, they are offered as a possible contribution to those "formulating strategies and allocating resources which will have an impact on Jewish education and community survival" (p. 2) in the United States. Mittelberg advises those engaged in such activities that the survival of an American Jewish identity requires not only a religious component, but also an ethnic one based in a Jewish community. Moreover, that community "must choose to exist not mainly for the sake of philanthropic, social welfare, and political activities, but as an end unto itself [whose] boundaries include all of Jewish history and Jewish peoplehood" (p. 133).


Objective To compare the effect of different intensive educational models onhepatitis B,and explore the suitable intervention method for medical students. Methods 175 subjects were recruited from one medical college in Shanghai and were stratified by grade and major. Respondents with the same grade and major were randomly divided into three groups( reading group,video group,reading + videogroup), knowledge education on hepatitis B prevention and treatment was conducted after the pre-test. One week after the intervention,post-test questionnaires were distributed. The effect evaluation was measured mainly by the scores of pre-test and post-test questionnaires. Results The score was( 38. 21± 6. 07) before the intervention,the score was( 41. 22 ± 5. 11) after intervention,the score after the intervention was significantly higher than the score before the intervention( t = 6. 844,P 0. 001). The scores of the reading group,the video group,and the group of reading + video after the intervention were significantly higher than the scores before intervention respectively( P 0. 05),( 41. 43 ± 5. 21) vs( 37. 66 ± 7. 06),( 41. 13 ± 4. 59) vs( 39. 26 ± 4. 27),( 40. 47 ± 6. 63)vs( 36. 76 ± 6. 56). There was no significant difference among the increased scores of three intervention group( P 0. 05).Conclusion Carrying out various forms of hepatitis B intensive education for medical students can effectively improve their knowledge of it.


Collaborative robots are widely utilized in intelligent manufacturing to cooperate with the human to accomplish different assembly tasks. To improve the efficiency of human–robot cooperation, robots should be able to recognize human intentions and provide necessary assistance proactively. The major challenge for current human intention recognition methods is that they only deal with known human intentions of predefined tasks and lack of ability to learn unknown intentions corresponding to new tasks. This article introduces an evolving hidden Markov model (EHMM)-based approach to learn new human intentions incrementally by carrying out structure and parameter updating based on the observed sequence, in parallel with the recognition. The incremental learning ability makes it applicable in dynamic environments with changing tasks. A set of assistive execution policies has been developed for the robot to provide appropriate assistance to the human partner based on the intention recognition results in real time. Experiments have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of our approach in human–robot cooperative assembly tasks. The results show very high recognition accuracy (≥95.45%), and the human subjects show their high satisfaction with the intention learning ability of the proposed approach. Note to Practitioners—This article aims to effectively improve the productivity of human–robot cooperation by exploiting human adaptability and robot repeatability. Smooth cooperation requires the peer robot to provide proactive assistance to humans by inferring human intention after training. Moreover, the robot should also be able to learn untrained intentions online by human demonstrations. This is made possible by our proposed evolving hidden Markov model (EHMM) that unifies intention inference and incremental learning. Simplified cooperative assembly tasks have been designed to verify the proposed unified intention inference and learning model. A robotic assembly platform has been introduced to integrate the proposed EHMM with a perception module and a collaborative manipulation module. We have demonstrated, through experiments and surveys, that the proposed approach can promote efficacy and acceptance of human–robot cooperative assembly.


Pollinating flowers with drones In a beehive, the female worker bees are the ones that fly out to gather pollen and nectar—transferring pollen from one flower to another in the process—while the main job of the male drones is to romance the queen. But in Eijiro Miyako's lab at the Nanomaterials Research Institute in Japan, another kind of drone is being readied for fieldwork. By adding sticky fibers to the underside of a flying robot, Miyako and his group have shown that such drones can act as artificial pollinators (Chem 2017, DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.008). A decade ago, Miyako developed an ionic-liquid gel for use in batteries and other electrochemical applications. But it didn't perform better than conventional ionic-liquid gels, so he put it away and forgot about it. When he found it again two years ago, he accidentally dropped the material on the floor and noticed how well it picked up


102 DOI: 10.37398/JSR.2021.650915 Abstract: Predictive modelling in data science is a growing area. Historical data are used to develop predictive models. Predictive models can help to manage the resources efficiently. Classical statistical modelling technique 'Binary Logistic Regression' is primarily used to develop predictive models when the response variable is binary. Binary logistic regression models, the probability of success conditioning on the set of factors/independent variables and is one of the most preferred methods used in Classification Problem. Other methods such as the Naïve Bayes classifier and Random Forest are being used as an alternative to Binary Logistic Regression. This paper compares binary logistic regression, Naïve Bayes method and Random Forest method. All these methods were performed on the open data sets. These methods were compared using the AUC, area under the ROC curve (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) obtained on the validation dataset called, the test data. ROC curve plots sensitivity vs. 1-specificity for various probability cut-offs. Independent variables were selected using the domain expertise and the same set of variables was used in all the methods. Although Binary Logistic Regression remains the most preferred modelling technique, other methods may outperform in specific cases. It is advisable to check the performance of other modelling techniques before the model is implemented.


Rates of 3α-, 5α- and 20α-reduction of progesterone have been measured in homogenates of rat uterus at varying stages of gestation. The activity of 5α-reductase was low at days 14-16 and increased 2.5-fold before the end of pregnancy. The activity of 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase increased 3.5-fold during the latter half of gestation. Removal of endometrium by scraping indicated this increase was limited to the endometrium.(Endocrinology92: 624, 1973)


Although the 1995 black box warning on droperidol was issued on the basis of limited data for potential to induce arrhythmias in patients with


Gabriel Kolko. Main Currents in Modern American History. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. 433 + xiv pp. Gabriel Kolko needs little introduction. With over half a dozen books to his credit, not to mention scores of articles, he deserves the notoriety he enjoys both in North America and abroad. It seems appropriate, therefore, that at this stage of his prolific career he should produce a volume that is intended to be both a work of synthesis and a balance-sheet of his contributions to American history. Main Currents in Modern American History returns to the themes of Kolko's earlier writings and elaborates them into a broader and more up-to-date historical vision.


Introduction. The acquisition of scientific status by theology requires the theological community to introduce a special thesaurus into scientific circulation, as well as to develop the methodology of theology itself. In this connection we consider it expedient to turn to comprehension of Coincidentia oppositorum which will promote the expansion of theological vocabulary, paying special attention to the principle of combining opposites in theological research and formation of a special type of dialectical thinking, inherent to a theologian. Theoretical analysis. The presented research analyzes, systematizes and introduces in chronological order the ideas of philosophers, historians of religion, psychologists and theologians who pay considerable attention to the dialectical (paradoxical) type of thinking. Conclusion. An attempt has been made to comprehend the concept of "Coincidentia oppositorum" considered as one of the principles shaping the theologian's thinking, as well as a special way of dialectical thinking, aimed at achieving a high unity of coincidence of opposites, which results in "a beautiful harmony of transcendental beauty", overcoming the laws of contradiction, thereby giving birth to a new "Higher Logic", acting in defiance of the finiteness of reason, by means of heroic tension breaking through it into a new ontological form, leading it beyond, taking it to the heights of human possibility in relation to God.


Objectives: The aim of the study was to know the histopathological pattern of ovarian neoplasms and their distribution in various age groups in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: 80 cases of ovarian specimens received from Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, local nursing homes and hospitals were studied in Department of Pathology of a tertiary care hospital for a period of 1 year from May 2014 to April 2015. The ovarian tumours were classified according to WHO classification and the age distribution was noted. Results: Eighty cases of ovarian tumors were studied during this period. Benign tumors comprised 91.25% and malignant tumors were 8.75%. Surface epithelial tumor was the commonest variety accounting for 83.75%, followed by germ cell tumor (13.75%) and sex cord stromal tumors were least common comprising 2.5 % of all ovarian neoplasms. No metastatic tumor or tumors with borderline malignancy were seen. Serous cystadenoma was the commonest tumor (49.31%) seen in 30-50 years age followed by Mucinous cystadenoma (32.87%) seen in 30-60 years age. Mature cystic teratoma comprised 81.8% of germ cell tumours seen in 20 -40 years age. Fibrothecomas were seen above 50 years of age. Among the malignant tumors, malignant surface epithelial tumors were the commonest seen above 40 years. Conclusion: Benign ovarian tumors are seen more common than malignant tumors. The most common benign ovarian neoplasm is Serous cystadenoma and the commonest malignant neoplasm is Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Benign ovarian tumours are seen in 20 to 50 years of age and Malignant tumors are seen after 40 years of age.


Blindsight is the ability of patients with an impaired visual cortex to perform visually in their blind field without acknowledging that performance. This ability has been interpreted as a sign of the absence of phenomenal consciousness, and neuroscientific studies have extensively studied cases of it. Different proposals separate visual form recognition from motion perception, and attempt to show that either the former or the latter is solely responsible for blindsight performance. However, a review of current experimental evidence shows that a poor performance (on both form and motion) is accompanied by poor awareness. Blindsight cases do not influence the qualia debate, because they denote a severe visual performance deficit, and not because of a purportedly non-phenomenal nature of consciousness.


Xinyang tea is one of important economical crop resource.This area lie North semi-tropical,Having warm climate,Complex environment. Abundant resource,It is a land flowing with milk and honey in Henan.The area have especial climate condition,Tea grow all right.Although tea garden is a little while on Xymj tea,The crop is a little while,But the crop quality is fine.The tea be love by many peoples,The area is a importance plce that produce green tea. Auording to the advantage of Xinyang tea resource and environment,Bring forward developing clean green tea;developing tea industrialization;studying the standard of tea manufacture and strengthening the co-operation of economy and technology with exterior.Offer the basis of sustainde deveopment of Henan Xinyang tea.


In this paper, regulatory policies and their effects on NGA investment are analysed through a categorisation of four-part: (i) conventional (e.g., copper-based) type regulation, (ii) no imposition of mandatory access, (iii) regulatory holiday, (iv) deregulation. While EU's regulatory policy towards NGA networks originally was denoting somewhere between the first two options, the recent developments refashion an approach near the first. While US experience clearly exhibits deregulation under the fourth category, Turkey's NGA policy repsesents an approach near the third yet marking a difference with the regulatory steps taken recently. This study first elaborates Turkish experience, then deepens EU regulatory approach from the beginning to the its current NGA strategy under the recommended principles and Commission's decisional practice. Throughout the discussion, the interplay beween copper based regulations, e.g., LLU prices and the NGA investments are delved into with factual analysis along with the market behaviours. At last, it is found that conventional regulatory approach has hazardopus effects over NGA investment, and needs to be overhauled in view of some tools that could be gained from Turkish experience, e.g., protecting first-mover advantages from regulation along with ascertained rules of level playing field. Last but not the least, rather than US based deregulation, a controlled regulatory holiday would rather be an appropriate option given the need for regulatory predictability and the hazards of conventional regulatory approach in an emerging NGA environment.


In this study, it was hypothesized that morphological differences were evident between the surface-dwelling and cave ant faunas. There were 9 species of ants found in the study area, namely; Aenictus sp., Anoplolepis gracilipes, Aphaenogaster sp., Carebara sp., Crematogaster sp., Hypoponera sp., Odontoponera sp., Polyrhachis sp., and Tetramorium sp. In this study, limited ant species are present in the cave; in fact, only one species of ant, Aphaenogaster sp., was found in the cave entrance. This study identified no morphological changes between surface-dwelling and cave ants. For accurate data, this research recommends more studies on cave ant morphology.


73) Assignee: International Business Machines (57) ABSTRACT Corporation, Armonk, N.Y. A chemical etchant (and a method for forming the etchant) is disclosed for removing thin films of titanium-tungsten 21 Appl. No.: 260,049 alloy in microelectronic chip fabrication. The alloy removed is preferably 10% Ti and 90% W, which is layered onto a 22 Filed: Jun. 15, 1994 substrate under chromium and copper seed layers for elec Int. Cl. ......................... H01L 21/00; B44 trodeposition of C4 solder bumps. In this application the L51 t. 3. E; Ti-W etchant should not attack aluminum, chromium, 52 U.S. C. ................................... 156,656.1. 1566soil. copper, lead-in solders, and should dissolve TY a. rapidly. The invention achieves this with a mixture of 30% 752/794; 437/192; 437/228; 437/245 58 Field of S h 252/79.2, 79.4 by weight hydrogen peroxide and water, to which is added 58 Field o esf656,659.1,664:437f192 228 245. EDTA and potassium sulfate. The hydrogen peroxide etches A 4. 246 Ti-W rapidly at temperatures between 40° C. and 60° C. EDTA forms a complex with tungsten to prevent plating of 56) References Cited the Pb-Sn solder with W, and potassium sulfate forms a protective coating on the Pb-Sn solder to protect it from U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS chemical attack.


This paper first explores how the issue of Confucianism and democracy has been discussed since the founding of the Republic of China in 1912. It reveals the emergence of an established pattern of approaches to the issue. However, with the gradual corrosion of democracy in the face of the globalization of capital, the author argues that new ways of thinking about the issue are desperately needed. As one part of world civilization, Confucianism offers an important frame of reference for reestablishing democracy as a common global value. The paper also looks into the basic mindsets that will be necessary to complete this transition and the important theoretical questions where Confucianism can make a contribution.


Abstract : Approximately 95 percent of the world's trade moves by containers, primarily on large ships, but also on trains, trucks, and barges. The system is efficient and economical, but vulnerable. Until recently, theft and misuse have been as accepted as a cost of doing business. However, the rise of terrorism and the possibility that a container could be used to transport or actually be the delivery vehicle for weapons of mass destruction (WMD) or high explosives have made it imperative that the security of the shipping container system be greatly improved. Aside from the direct effects of an attack, the economic, social, and political consequences of a significant disruption in the transport chain would be staggering. In response to recent terrorist attacks the United States, the European Union, and international organizations and industry have instituted new measures to improve security in the shipping trade, including some procedures on containers. These include bilateral agreements involved in the Container Security Initiative (CSI) and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI). These measures are useful, but shipping containers remain vulnerable. The authors recommend a comprehensive multilateral agreement on the use of containers in international trade rather than numerous bilateral agreements. This paper recommends, as a key step in this approach, the development and adoption of a comprehensive Code of Conduct that would be globally recognized and enforced for such an important component of global commerce. The implementation measures should provide incentives for the industry involved to comply with the obligations of the Code. The G8 and China, or the World Customs Organization, could take the lead in negotiating a global agreement on container security. A draft outline of such a Code is presented in the Annex to this Report.


Reaction of alkaline benzenearsonous and 2,3-dihydroxypropylarsonous acids with rac-glycidol affords the corresponding arsinic acids, which after reduction with thiophenol are acylated with either fatty-acid chlorides/pyridine or fatty acids/dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4-dimethylaminopyridine and oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to give the arsinolipids (rac-2,3-diacyloxypropyl)phenylarsinic and bis-(rac-2,3-diacyloxypropyl)arsinic acids. The latter is a non-isosteric analogue of bisphosphatidic acid. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Under the competitive relationship between belligerents, the structural contexts of civil war have important effects on the strength of rebel forces. The stronghold enables a rebel group to exert great influence on civilians and exclusively mobilize combatants. In contrast, the rivalry with the government checks the group's mobilization of combatants in contested areas. With the increase in size of a contested area, rebel leaders come to lose influence over civilians as well as information about their actions as the distance between the leaders and followers is in inverse proportion to influence and the acquisition of information. Given that the group has a common identity with those civilians, however, the loss of influence and information will be shrunk for the mobilization of combatants. A better strategy for those rebel forces in contested areas is to call for recruits who can be motivated by their political affiliation or consistency with their groups. The quantitative analysis of civil wars, 1946-2005, tests a hypothesis that rebel forces are more likely to expand relative to government forces in identity-based conflict as contested areas expand. While this type of conflict has a negative impact on the strength of rebel forces, the expansion of a contested area diminishes the reductive effect.


The use of colour mapping is fundamental to visualisation research. It acts as an additional layer beyond rendering in the spatial dimensions and provides a link between values in any dataset. When designing and building visualisation research software, the process of creating and managing a colour mapping system can be time-consuming and complex. Existing alternatives offer niche features and require complex dependencies or installations. We present Spectrum; an open source colour map management library that is developer friendly with no installation required, and that offers a wide variety of features for the majority of use cases. We demonstrate the utility of the library through simple snippets of code and a number of examples which illustrate its ease of use and functionality, as well as a video demonstrating the installation and use of the library in under two minutes. It is a very valuable jump-start tool for developers and researchers who need to focus on other tasks. CCS Concepts •Software and its engineering → Software libraries and repositories; Software design engineering; Open source model;


Synergid cells are two specialized cells that lie adjacent to the egg cell in the female gametophyte of angiosperms and play an essential role in pollen tube guidance and function. The term synergid comes from the Greek "synergos," which means "working together" and was reportedly coined by


The 242 m Am isomer, a well-known candidate for photodepopulation research, has been studied in this first ever Coulomb excitation of a nearly pure ( ≈ 98%) isomer target. Thirty new states, including a new rotational band built on a K π = 6 – state, have been identified. Strong K -mixing results in nearly equal populations of the K π = 5 – and 6 – states. Newly identified states have been assigned to the K π = 3 – rotational band, the lowest states of which are known to decay into the ground-state band. Implications regarding K -mixing and Coulomb excitation paths to the ground state are discussed. PACS numbers: 21.10.-k, 23.20.Lv, 25.70.De, 27.90.+b, 28.60.+s DOI: 10.1134/S1054660X07050222


In its attempt to halt the alarming spread of drugs and international terrorism, the current administration has begun to advocate, more and more vehemently, the use of so-called nonconsensual extraterritorial arrests—i.e., kidnapings—to bring alleged offenders who cannot be obtained through normal extradition procedures before U.S. courts to answer for crimes against U.S. citizens perpetrated anywhere in the world. While the adoption of such a policy is alarming for many reasons both legal and political, more alarming still is the Justice Department's rationale that the President, in pursuance of his foreign affairs powers, can commit or order the violation of international law at will by sending U.S. agents to abduct foreign criminal suspects without the consent of the territorial sovereign state. Much debated on the pages of this and other journals of late is the question whether the President has the authority under domestic law to commit or order a violation of customary international law. While this debate has received extensive scholarly attention—and will continue to do so at least until the Supreme Court gives a definitive answer to the question—a yes or no answer really only scratches the surface of the issues posed. Assuming that the Justice Department is right that the President does have some power to take or order action contrary to customary international law under some circumstances, what are the domestic legal limitations on that power? In our constitutional system, is customary international law no more than what the President says it is? Can he act for the country in ways that may create international responsibility, relying solely on his own conclusion that customary international law will not be or should be violated? If the answer to all of these questions is yes, is the Department of Justice correct that there is no legal constraint at all on the President's discretion to decide what the content of customary international law is? And may the President in the exercise of that alleged discretion change his mind from one day to the next as to customary international law?


Introduction: Aging is linked to a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment. Seniors presenting with loss of cognitive functions have high fall rates. The development of activities of daily living encompasses two or more tasks that require cognitive and motor components. Objective: To analyze the performance in simple and dual tasks of subjects living in a residential environment with different degrees of cognitive impairment. Materials and methods: An observational cross-sectional study was performed in a population of institutionalized elderly >65 years (n=80). Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and participants were asked to perform simple and dual tasks using the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG). Results: The participants were divided into three groups. Significant differences were found between the groups with cognitive impairment and the group without cognitive impairment in the 6MWT (p<0.05) and TUG (p<0.05) tests, both in simple task and dual tasks. Poorer performance was associated with lower cognitive capacity. Conclusion: The severity of cognitive impairment is correlated to performance in dual tasks.


Abstract : Performance, stability, and control tests at supersonic and hypersonic speeds have been performed on two versions of a shuttle orbiter configuration designed for reduced length. One of the test configurations had twin dorsal fins rolled out 15 deg, the other a centerline single dorsal fin. Effects of eleven and body flap deflection, rudder flare, planform fillet, and aileron deflection were examined. The supersonic tests were over the Mach number range from 1.6 to 4.63 at a Reynolds number based on model length of 4.3 x 10(exp 6). The hypersonic tests were conducted at a Mach number of 10.3 and Reynolds number of 0.67 x 10(exp 6). Aerodynamics, Supersonic and hypersonic, Space vehicles.


The authors describe the design of a Maisie program to simulate the Shark's World problem and present the timings for both sequential and parallel executions of the model. The sequential implementation of Maisie used a single event-list and a global simulation clock. The parallel implementation was executed on a multicomputer architecture using a space-time simulation algorithm. Experimental results indicate that reasonable speedups may be achieved for a relatively small number of creatures; further, the speedups increased linearly as the number of creatures in the system was increased. For a configuration with 2048 creatures, the parallel implementation with 32 nodes and 32 sectors was better by a factor of almost five over the best sequential implementation. The performance of the space-time algorithm depends on a number of factors, including frequency of checkpointing, time-length for which multiple incarnations of an entity are created, and the algorithm used to detect the time up to which the simulation has converged.<<ETX>>


A number of new absorption bands have been found in the vacuum ultraviolet spectrum of O2 that has been excited by a discharge. The lower states of these bands are the and a1Δg states. The analysis of the bands, together with some newly analyzed bands arising from ground-state O2, has allowed us to identify four new electronic states. It has not been possible to assign these states to particular electron configurations of O2.


As an important safety protection device of elevator, the performance of the brake directly affects the safety of elevator. This article designs a kind of image processing software for elevator brake wheel monitoring. The purpose of the software is to calculate and process the angular velocity of the brake wheel during the elevator braking, and record the data to the database. The software analysis the image data of the elevator brake during braking process taken by the industrial camera. The software has three main functions: picture browsing and reading function, image processing function and record and query function. The software has strong applicability and is easy to operate. The interface of software is also intuitive. By processing the image and outputting the treatment results of the elevator brake wheel, the software can provide professional reference for the inspector. The inspector can judge whether the elevator brake wheel still meets the requirements through this software.


We investigate how the presence of a non-thermal tail beyond a Maxwellian electron distribution affects the synchrotron process as well as Comptonization in plasmas with parameters typical for accretion flows on to black holes. We find that the presence of the tail can significantly increase the net (after accounting for self-absorption) cyclo-synchrotron emission of the plasma, which then provides seed photons for Compton upscattering. Thus, the luminosity in the thermally Comptonized spectrum is enhanced as well. The importance of these effects increases with both increasing Eddington ratio and black hole mass. The enhancement of the Comptonized synchrotron luminosity can be as large as ∼103 and ∼105 for stellar and supermassive black holes, respectively, when the energy content in the non-thermal tail is 1 per cent.

The presence of the tail only weakly hardens the thermal Comptonization spectrum but it leads to the formation of a high-energy tail beyond the thermal cut-off, which two effects are independent of the nature of the seed photons. Since observations of high-energy tails in Comptonization spectra can constrain the non-thermal tails in the electron distribution and thus the Comptonized synchrotron luminosity, they provide upper limits on the strength of magnetic fields in accretion flows. In particular, the measurement of an MeV tail in the hard state of Cyg X-1 by McConnell et al. implies the magnetic field strength in this source to be at most an order of magnitude below equipartition.


Due to complex terrain and different geological differences,it will encounter various difficulties in construction of sinking and driving engineering,especially the mine sinking and driving engineering.3D modeling system of mine sinking and driving engineering was developed.This paper focuses on the analysis of this system and carries on introduction on how to build model for mine roadways.


Environmental issues of building located in complex and dense cities are easily exposed to be affected by surrounding buildings. However, the building energy simulation generally has not been reflecting the solar shading of adjacent buildings. This paper investigates the impact of adjacent buildings on the loads. Based on EnergyPlus simulations of a building, the relationship between shaded area ratio and cooling/heating load was analyzed. In addition, this study was conducted with variables of direction, distance and exterior materials. As a result, the more the distance is further away, nearer to the south-facing and the higher the reflectivity of the material, the cooling load was reduced. However, heating load showed the opposite trend. Annual loads was reduced from 11% to 17% due to the adjacent buildings. The research findings would contribute useful base information for building design and study materials, such as related field of cooling/heating load calculation in density urban cities.


The article presents the results of experimental studies on 3D-modeling of the room, using smartphones and integration with the Unigine Engine virtual reality platform. A flow chart for performing such work has been proposed. Assessment of the accuracy of the obtained 3D model for compliance with the requirements of the unified state real estate market and the proposed further direction of research on this issue.


The Western Kuala Lumpur Traffic Dispersal Scheme (WTDS) project is an important road system, which provides the necessary dispersion of traffic in the western part of Kuala Lumpur. It consists of a new orbital route to complement the Middle Ring Road 1 and 2, a new radial link and also of the upgrading of an existing radial link (namely Jalan Damansara). The upgrading and improvement works on the existing Jalan Damansara dealt with light traffic throughout the construction period. Typically, the 8.5 km long Jalan Damansara generates about 165,000 vehicles a day. As such, careful planning and coordination was required in order to achieve minimum disturbance to the road user while maintaining the same level of service. One critical section on this road namely the Jalan Johar - Jalan Maarof junction and the Jalan Beringin - Jalan Semantan junction required a more complex traffic management planning than the rest because this two junction (with 3 or 4 phase signalization) will be upgraded into an interchange and they are less than 1 kilometer apart. The complexity arises as this road traverses an upper class elite residential areas and a major commercial area, the Damansara City Centre (DCC). The DCC when fully developed will be able to accommodate more than 7900 vehicles of parking space. However, currently the area is partially occupied by some office blocks and shop lots only. The initial proposal of constructing a multi-tier interchange at the Jalan Johar - Jalan Maarof junction will cause a nightmare to the road user and the adjacent residence. As an example certain routes/turning movements need to be closed for more than 6 months causing major disruptions to the traffic that may inconvenience the public, there is insufficient road space (constraint by residential properties) to provide adequate temporary lanes for traffic diversion, and the public may have to endure with a longer construction period. As a counter measures to mitigate this arising issue, an alternative proposal was made to convert the current two-way traffic flow surrounding the DCC i.e. along Jalan Johar - Jalan Beringin - Jalan Semantan and Jalan Damansara - Jalan Semantan into a one-way traffic system forming one big single roundabout. With this new one-way system, two flyovers at Jalan Johar - Jalan Maarof junction and one flyover at Jalan Beringin - Jalan Semantan junction would be built in place of the earlier proposed multi-tier interchange. This new traffic system would provide for a free-flow routing between the mainline traffic flow and the DCC traffic including its future development and at the same time segregating the local traffic movement. The realization of this new one-way traffic system involved 4 stages of traffic management during construction that will follow through until construction works completed which will be described in this paper. This new one-way traffic system provides more construction space that eases construction complexity with better managed traffic system that increases capacity of the road system by two fold once completed and will be able to cater.


Row applications of Telone (1,3-dichloropropene and related chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons), at 45 and 90 liters/ha were injected 15, 30, and 45 cm below the soil surface and ridged up an additional 15 cm. Telone, at 90 liters/ha injected at 15 cm, gave the best control of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek. 1941, in the top 0–20 cm of soil. The degree of nematode control in the top 20 cm of soil was inversely correlated with injection depth. Though the degree of nematode control with 45 liters/ha of Telone at 30 cm was considerably less in the 0–20-cm soil layer than with the 90-liter rate at the 15-cm depth, the yields of flue-cured tobacco were about equal for both treatments. Good control of nematodes in the 20–40-cm soil layer was obtained with both rates of Telone regardless of injection depth. At the recommended rate of 90 liters/ha there appeared to be no advantage to injecting Telone deeper than 15 cm. Where no Telone was applied, the levels of NO−3-N in the soil ...


This paper introduced the characteristics and structure and principle of the Mould Monitoring System(Breakout Prediction System) in casting slab.By precise detection measure in the actual production to realized the function of the mould breakout prediction.According to analysis the factors which affect accuracy,put forward the optimization method,achieved the satisfied results.


This paper aims to explore buying motives as demand factors for life insurances and private pensions in emerging and developed markets, based on the comparative analysis of findings of surveys and interviews conducted in Romania and Austria.1 The comparative analysis between the quantitative research has shown that in Romania several more factors were influencing the steps between having no intention, the intention and the decision to buy a life insurance and private pension product than in Austria. However, trust in insurance companies and the central role of the sales agents have shown to be decisive for wanting to buy or having already acquired a life insurance in both countries. In Austria it is a personal choice, if the customer wants to invest in life insurance, in Romania, however, it is a challenge related to the regulatory and economic perspective of the country.


In recent years,results of quantitative theory research on rural tourism are becoming richer. The quantitative evaluation methods of rural tourism mainly include hierarchy analysis,service quality model,statistical analysis,customer satisfaction index analysis,grey relational analysis and fuzzy mathematics theory. Through analysis,we find that there are some problems in quantitative research method of rural tourism,such as the lack of innovation research and quantitative trends research,the limitation to traditional statistical software,the lack of dynamic analysis and comprehensive research methods,etc.


This study uses Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe data and event history analysis to determine the effect of sector of employment on retirement timing of older workers aged 50+ in 11 European countries. The findings suggest that older workers in the industrial and financial sectors retire earlier than those in the service sector.


The present invention relates to an audiovisual stream transmission method between at least one device controlled by a user and a server. The audiovisual streams specified by user requests are displayed in the unit. The user enters a first server of the destination stream change command to establish a communication for the transmission of the determined stream. The server then sets the determined flow and at least one second stream with a reduced bandwidth. This second stream corresponds to a flow immediately accessible by a second command from the utilisateur.L'invention also relates to a receiver and a transmitter for implementing the method.


The article attempts to consider the influence of the geopolitical factor on the foreign economic relations of Canada in 2014-2018. The author concludes that the Canadian political elites associate their foreign economic © Комаров А.Н., 2019


The newly developed methods of Geochemical Exploration will un-doubtedly play an important role in the exploration for oil and gas fields. There has been a tendency in this country to undervalue the role of surface evidences of such deposits. Most of the great oil fields of the world have been indicated by surface evidences. Sawtelle shows that 75 of the 141 salt domes discovered in the Gulf Coast prior to 1936, owed their discovery, in part at least, to the presence of gas or oil seeps or mineralization phenomena. The gas seeps had to be large and probably under water to permit detection, and the detection of mineralization phenomena depended on the chance location of water wells. The prevalence of visible oil and gas seeps indicate microscopic seeps in much greater abundance. Leaking gases, which are absorbed and polymerized to heavier hydrocarbons by the earth particles near the transport quantities of subsurface waters and the dissolved min-erals. This results, in many cases, in high mineral concentrations near the surface.


An efficient one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-1,3,4-selenadiazoles from isoselenocyanates, hydrazine hydrate and aromatic aldehydes has been developed. This approach provides a simple, mild and facile way to construct various derivatives in moderate to good yields (57–82%). A plausible mechanism is proposed for the formation of the target products.


Taking a high grade ecological residence community in Yueqing City,Zhejiang Province as an example,the cost effective analysis method was used to assess the cost as well as economic and environmental benefits of each component in ecological design.Results showed that the cost effectiveness ratio of 1.208 will be favourable to the ecological design with a notable economic,social and environment benefits.


Summary Recently, we demonstrated that agonist-induced activation of the platelet surface collagen-receptor integrin α1 β2 converts it to an active form that can bind soluble collagen with high affinity (Jung, SM, Moroi, M: J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 14827-37). Here, the involvement of α2 β1 activation and the high affinity binding property of activated α2β1 in platelet adhesion to a collagen surface under flow conditions were analyzed. Platelet adhesion to immobilized collagen was measured in the presence of TS2/16, an activating anti-integrin α2β1 antibody, and inhibiting antibodies, Gi9 and 6F1. TS2/16 decreased the moving velocity of platelets on the collagen surface, but Gi9 and 6F1 increased it, indicating that α2β1 activation induces the tight binding of platelets to immobilized collagen under flow. Platelet adhesion, expressed as the surface area occupied by adhered platelets, in the presence of TS2/16 was similar to that in its absence. In contrast, adding Gi9 or 6F1 caused biphasic adhesion composed of a first phase, a lag phase whose length differed in each experiment, and a second phase adhesion with a rate similar to that of the control. This biphasic adhesion indicates that α2β1 activity is inhibited and also suggests that some other factor(s) may contribute to the adhesion under flow. At concentrations where neither 6F1 nor Gi9 affected collagen-induced aggregation, these antibodies inhibited soluble collagen binding to thrombin-activated platelets. Only at much higher concentration did 6F1 inhibit collagen-induced aggregation. TS2/16 had no effect on the aggregation. The present results are evidence against the major involvement of integrin α2β1 in platelet aggregation; instead, they indicate that integrin α2β1 would be mainly associated with the tight binding of platelets to collagen.


High proportion of renewable energy was increased in the distribution network, which will face complex grid complex test and show the scale the diversity and complexity of the operating state. So that the evolution of Wind-photovoltaic-energy storage(Wind-PV-ES) hybrid network transient process is not clear. In the other hand, Transient simulation tool plays a significant role in obtaining a full and detailed response under various operation conditions. However, the simulation capability and speed become limited with increased system size. In order to study the background of high proportion of Wind-PV-ES in the distribution network, this paper model Wind-PV-ES and its control system in the multi-CPU cluster fine-grained real-time simulation platform. The control system was further decoupled according to its topology. The multi-CPU can be easily realized, and the computation loads are balanced by DG modeling. The model is used to calculate the load balancing as the optimal condition to be decoupled by the distribution parameters. Parallel computing to ensure the accuracy of the transient simulation results and convergence effect and improve the simulation speed. Then this paper used two typical examples to realize the verification of Multi-CPU simulation results. The simulation results show that the simulation accuracy decreases with the increase of model computation, but the simulation speed is greatly improved. The result reflects the characteristics and transient characteristics of grid -connected transient operation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated in integrated simulation of distributed generation system.


Highly conducting freestanding graphene (FSG) was synthesized by the simple vacuum filtration method and utilized as a cathode current collector for (fluorine doped tin oxide) FTO free quasi-dye sensitized solar cell (q-DSSC). Subsequently,conducting polymers (CPs) viz., polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylene-di-oxythiophene) (PEDOT) was decorated on FSG surface by electrochemical polymerization which acts as a electrocatalytst for Pt free q-DSSC. Entirely, the FSG/CPs affords as a novel cathode architecture for FTO/Pt free electrode for q-DSSCs. Remarkably, the FSG paper electrode exhibits lower sheet resistance (9-11 Ω sq-1) than the FTO which was directly utilized as current collector. Interestingly, the FSG/CPs based cathode shows an improved electro-catalytic behaviour towards tri-iodide reduction and in particularly, the photovoltaic performance of FSG/PEDOT shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.4 % compared with Pt/FTO of 5.1 %. It can be stated that synergetic effect of FSG/PEDOT proves to be a cost effective and efficientsubstitute for cathodes in q-DSSC.


An electrical apparatus for hair care comprising a handle, the handle includes a wall and outer wall, the wall forms a primary fluid flow path extending into the electrical apparatus from the primary fluid inlet, the outer wall has an outer surface which, hair of the electrical appliance the electrical apparatus are disclosed for care. The outer wall can be substantially extend in a row along the wall around the wall. And the insulating layer may be provided between the wall and the outer wall, the insulation layer can be substantially continuous along the wall around the wall, it is possible to reduce one or more of noise, vibration and heat generated by the electrical appliance . The handle may be along into the primary fluid inlet and a primary fluid flow path comprise a fan unit for drawing in the fluid.


The utility model relates to an automatic air-temperature control electric heating device applied in food, textile, paint and other industries, comprising an electrical control cabinet, a box, a support shelve, an electric heater, an air inlet at a side of the box and an air outlet at the other side of the box. A fan connecting opening is arranged on the air inlet, a temperature sensor is arranged on the air outlet, the electric heater is positioned in the ventilation passage of the box and is connected with the electric control cabinet, a temperature control meter, heating shelves, fan control keys and a general electric power control key are arranged on the panel of the electric control cabinet. The utility model is convenient to be removed, safe, and reliable, has high heating efficiency, simple operation and long lifetime, and can control the temperature of the air outlet within effective scope according to the practical requirement of the user.


In 1989 the Soviet Union withdrew its forces from Afghanistan leaving the embattled Afghan Communist government of President Mohammad Najibullah to fight against an emboldened mujahideen insurgency. Most experts expected a quick mujahideen victory once the Soviets were no longer directly involved in counterinsurgency operations in support of the Afghan government. But in the spring of 1989 the Afghan Communists beat the odds and defeated a mujahideen rebel offensive designed to capture the eastern city of Jalalabad. This proved to be a turning point, and for the next three years the Najibullah regime held out against the mujahideen 'freedom fighters'. In fact the Afghan Communist regime actually outlasted its sponsor the Soviet Union. The reasons for this remarkable achievement can be traced, in part, to ethnic–tribal divisions among the quarreling mujahideen parties and the Afghan government's ability to exploit them. This largely untold story has obvious implications for understanding the future of post-Karzai Afghanistan, tribalism, ethnicity, and foreign sponsorship in post-US Afghanistan. This article will explore the reasons for the resilience of the Najibullah Communist government and then assess possible implications for a post-2014 Afghan government.


Emotion plays an important role in people's everyday routine and work. Using electroencephalograph (EEG) signals to identify emotional states of human brain is one of the most valuable methods for emotion recognition. This paper studied positive and negative emotional valences identification from EEG signals via memory-informed deep neural network with entropy features. To quantify EEG signals over time, we first used sliding time windows to calculate sample entropy in EEG signals. Then we integrated a life-long memory module into deep neural network to accumulate prior knowledge of the entropy features of positive and negative emotional valences during training phase, so as to enhance the performance of emotional valences identification. Finally, we performed our experimental analysis with the SEED (SJTU Emotion EEG Dataset) dataset, a publicly available EEG dataset for emotion analysis. The average accuracy of 92.22% was achieved for the identification of positive and negative emotional valences for 15 subjects in SEED dataset. The experimental results showed that the proposed framework could effectively achieve the identification of positive and negative emotional valences from EEG signals, which had broad application prospects in healthcare decision-making system.


This paper describes the core concepts and challenges in developing Trinity - a high-assurance neuro-symbolic approach to trustworthy and resilient machine learning for applications in open-world, contested, and rapidly-evolving environments. The two central concepts in Trinity are a neuro-symbolic factored world model that identifies entities, activities, and complex events, and the notion of surprise against this world model that is used for self-adaptation and learning, as well as runtime assurance. The world model is not derived purely as a bottom-up inference from sensors treating each observation as independent uncorrelated input; instead, we iteratively interleave bottom-up inference (conditioned on context) with top-down predictions and context identification using a three-layered hierarchical predictive processing (HPP) stack. Thus, the neuro-symbolic inference in Trinity is bidirectional – learning-based bottom-up pull that is uncertainty-driven and reasoning-based symbolic top-down push that is decision-driven. The progressively symbolic higher layers capture a larger context than the bottom layers finally culminating in the highest layer implemented using large language models. Any surprise arising from the mismatch between the top-down prediction and the bottom-up inference is used for the continual adaptation of Trinity. The inference in Trinity produces a factored temporal world model as the result of perception. The predictions are accompanied by a quantitative measure of surprise from the 3-layered HPP stack. This surprise corresponds to the confidence of the model in its current inference. The continuous monitoring and adaptation accompanied by risk analysis make Trinity robust to semantic adversarial perturbations and more efficiently generalizable to novelties. The hierarchical nature of Trinity also enables adaptation of the architecture to the available compute resources.


One of the problems of current fuzzy recognition for power quality (PQ) disturbances is that the conclusion part of fuzzy rules is commonly fuzzy variable needing defuzzification, and the parameters of membership function are always determined by trial-and-error method. To solve this problem, this paper presents a new recognition method of power quality disturbances based on T-S fuzzy logic. On the basis of features extracted from disturbances by generalized S-transform (ST). The T-S fuzzy inference mechanism is proposed in this paper, of which equalized universe method is used to determine the membership function parameters and universe division. The Recognition results of simulation and experimental data show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Vulcanizates of blends of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber and polyamide copolymers were prepared by reactive compatibilization. A reactive route was employed for compatibilizing these blends with the addition of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE). The influence of the compatibilizers, crosslinking agents, blend compositions, and addition modes of the compatibilizers on the mechanical properties of the blends was investigated. The morphologies of the blends were determined with scanning electron microscopy. The addition of CPE was found to reduce the particle size of the dispersed phase remarkably. The stability of the blends with compatibilizers was measured by high-temperature thermal aging. The mechanical properties were examined by stress–strain measurements and dynamic mechanical thermal measurements; the addition of polyamide copolymers caused significant improvements in the tensile properties of these blends.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1727–1736, 2003


The subject of my interest is to present the most important determinants of relations between the Russian Federation and Israel. The main purpose of this paper is to describe the current state of affairs in mutual contacts and their importance for international security. In addition, it will be important to try to answer the question of whether Russia will continue to play an important role as an economic and political partner of Israel in the near future, in the face of the gradual containment of the Syrian conflict.
At the beginning, I intend to refer to the history of relations of both countries, dating back to the time of the existence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the breaking of diplomatic relations after the Six-Day War in June 1967. In the following part of the discussion, I present the relations of both entities immediately after the collapse of the Soviet empire and coming to power of Vladimir Putin, who from the beginning of his term in office has sought to significantly improve contacts with Israel. Then, I raise the problem of Moscow-Tel Aviv contacts after Benjamin Netanyahu took over as prime minister again and after the Arab Spring, which implied the conflict in Syria, during which Russia and Israel established cooperation. It will also be important to trace the attitude of the authorities in Tel Aviv to the annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine. I would also like to refer to the relationship of both entities on the historical and cultural level, as well as on the economic and military level.
In the summary, I highlight future perspectives and try to determine whether the current relations of both countries will intensify in the face of the end of war in Syria, and whether we can observe a close alliance of both countries now and in the future, or a limited partnership, determined by the need to implement real policy in the world.


Multiplication operators defined on function spaces have been receiving enormous attention from both operator-theoretic and function-theoretic experts. One of the problems is to study reducing subspaces of them. The one-variable case has obtained fruitful remarkable results. However, little has been done in the multi-variable case. Under the setting of the Bergman space L 2 a ( D 2 ), this paper addresses those multiplication operators M p defined by special polynomials p , where p ( z,w ) = αz k + βw l , α,β ∈ C . Those reducing subspaces of M p are completely determined


This article uses the development of a 'Research Quality Framework' in Australia as a focus for reflection on the way in which quality is assessed in relation to education research, and a consideration of the role and situation of a national association of education research in relation to that. The study examines ways in which 'quality' and 'impact' are being defined in particular practices, and how the broader context of the status of education research impacts on debates and strategies with regard to quality. It is argued that the current focus on measures of quality assessment need to be re-coupled with more attention to contexts of production of education research and the issue of how quality research can be developed. It is argued too that education research associations do need to engage with the quality assessment exercises, but that doing this will pose some real tensions for them.


The leading source of information in our modern era is the internet, but there is no assurance that all the material available is reliable or even comprehensible to the general population. There must be guidelines for the effective creation of eHealth websites which have the aim of patient education. Using the example of Orthopaedics, this piece aims to be a guide to medical staff for the effective delivery of health information to the public. The goals of readability, reliability and usability are key in allowing us to augment the process of patients making well-informed decisions.


For the errors in the original depth data obtained by TOF depth camera, which lead to image distortion, the method of establishing BP neural network space registration model was proposed to calibrate the depth data deviation caused by non-systematic random error in the process of TOF camera depth data measurement and systematic error of TOF camera measurement principle. The results are compared and analyzed with the calibration results based on the principle of keyhole imaging, BP algorithm is adopted to establish the space registration of BP neural network model, and its precision is higher than the calibration results based on the principle of keyhole imaging, stronger generalization ability, better able to recover the real scene depth data. It provides a new idea and method for the calibration of depth data measured by TOF camera.


Simple Summary The intestinal microbiota plays a vital role in the health of animals, and food is an important factor that influences the intestinal microbial community. During the winter months, waterbirds require certain foods to supply them with energy through the cold winter. Due to changes in the plant resources available to waterbirds, their intestinal bacteria will vary accordingly. In this study, we analysed the relationship between food composition and intestinal bacteria in hooded cranes (Grus monacha). We found that food resources from similar habitats were more similar, and the corresponding hooded crane intestinal bacteria were also more similar. The results show that the intestinal bacteria of hooded cranes had a certain adaptability to the type of food being consumed. This study contributes novel insights into the diet of hooded cranes in the winter months, allowing for improved protection and management strategies. Abstract As food is recognised as an important factor affecting the intestinal microbiota, seasonal changes in diet can influence the community composition. The hooded crane (Grus monacha) is an endangered migratory waterbird species, with some of the population wintering in the sallow lakes in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain. Their food resources have changed seasonally, with a reduction resulting from wetland degradation. To cope with seasonal changes in food availability, hooded cranes must constantly adjust their foraging strategies to survive. We studied the effect of changes in diet on the intestinal bacterial diversity of hooded cranes at Shengjin Lake, using faecal microanalysis and high-throughput sequencing. The results show that the main foods of hooded cranes were Polygonum criopolitanum, Oryza sativa, and Carex spp., which were significantly related to the composition of the intestinal bacterial community. In addition, foods available from the similar habitats were more similar, and the corresponding hooded crane intestinal bacteria were also more similar. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus acidipiscis in January and March was significantly higher than in November. Our research shows that the intestinal bacteria of hooded cranes actively adapt to diet changes to overcome the negative impact of the reduction in food resources, which is vital to the survival of hooded cranes.


This article presents a new approach to the design of confocal differential heterodyne interferometer (CDHI), which is a combination of differential heterodyne interferometer (DHI) with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The CDHI can measure a step height over a quarter of wavelength of the light source, which can not be accurately measured by DHI and CLSM, respectively. The approach is that it utilizes a beam-scanning method instead of transporting a sample to be measured. The measurement results carried out for samples having step height are found to be comparable in precision with those measured by commercial scanning electron microscopes.


This white paper is submitted as part of Snowmass2013 (subgroup CF2). The extraordinary sensitivity of torsion-balances can be used to search for the ultra-feeble forces suggested by attempts to unify gravity with the other fundamental interactions. The motivation, the results and their implications as well as the future prospects of this work are summarized. The experiments include tests of the universality of free fall (weak equivalence principle), probes of the short-distance behavior of gravity (inverse-square law tests for extra dimensions and exchange forces from new meV scale bosons), and Planck-scale tests of Lorentz invariance (preferred-frame effects, non-commutative geometries).


The technique of the device for nut extraction from the cedar cone is offered in the article. Dependence of a twisting moment on a screw shaft on the screw geometrical parametres, stop α slope angle and on the friction forces and stop reaction is determined.


Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to interleukin (IL)-5, a cytokine critical in promoting eosinophil generation, recruitment, activation, and survival. In the current original BLA submission, GlaxoSmithKline is seeking approval of mepolizumab for add-on maintenance treatment in patients aged 12 years and older with severe eosinophilic asthma identified by blood eosinophils greater than or equal to 150 cells/μL at initiation of treatment or blood eosinophils greater than or equal to 300 cells/μL in the past 12 months.


IN December 1957, the subject of pharyngeal pouch was discussed by the Section of Laryngology of the Royal Society of Medicine in London. Differing opinions about treatment were expressed by the two opening speakers. Boyes-Korkis, from his own experience of nineteen cases and the published results of others, _suggested that one-stage excision of the pouch was the treatment of choice in patients fit for operation. SpencerHarrison had used diathermy division of the partition between the pouch and the oesophagus in seventeen out of twenty-seven cases and considered this to be the best form of treatment in many patients. Dohlman had used diathermy treatment in thirty-nine cases since 1935 when he reported to the Fourth International Conference of Otolaryngology in London in 1949. He had encountered no difficulties or complications and advocated diathermy treatment rather than excision of the pouch in most cases. He demonstrated his technique at the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, Grays Inn Road, London, in 1957 and these demonstrations followed by the discussion at the Royal Society of Medicine encouraged many surgeons to obtain the necessary instruments and practice the diathermy method of treatment. I am not aware of any report of the results obtained by diathermy treatment in this country since 1957 and recent personal experience has lead me to make this brief report of cases of pharyngeal pouch treated in Ipswich in the last 12 years.