At present, there are no studies on the analysis of the incidence of complications in patients with concomitant lesions of the coronary and internal carotid arteries (ICA) after combined operation of carotid endarterectomy (CE) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) against the background of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is no doubt that this condition can be a predictor of cardiovascular and wound complications during in-hospital and long-term postoperative periods.Aim. To study in-hospital and long-term outcomes of combined CABG+CE in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.Material and methods. This multicenter retrospective study for the period from January 2015 to December 2019 included 653 patients with concomitant atherosclerotic lesions of ICA and coronary arteries, who underwent combined CE+CABG. Depending on presence of type 2 diabetes, 2 groups were formed: group 1 (n=183) — patients with type 2 diabetes; group 2 (n=471) — patients without type 2 diabetes. The duration of postoperative follow-up was 37,8±14,9 months.Results. During hospitalization, significant differences in the incidence of death (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =1,0%; p=0,97), myocardial infarction (MI) (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,76), bleeding events (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,76) were not detected. However, stroke (group 1 =3,8%; group 2 =0,4%; p=0,0008), sternal wound infection and mediastinitis (group 1 =3,3%; group 2 =0,2%; p=0,0006) were significantly more often developed in patients with type 2 diabetes.In the long-term follow-up period, death (group 1 =6,6%; group 2 =1,1%; p<0,0001), MI (group 1 =4,9%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,0008), stroke (group 1 =7,7%; group 2 =1,5%; p<0,0001), ICA restenosis (group 1 =8,8%; group 2 =1,6%; p<0,0001), repeated emergency myocardial revascularization (group 1 =7,2%; group 2 =1,5%; p=0,0002), repeated emergency cerebral revascularization (group 1 =8,8%; group 2 =1,6%; p<0,0001) were significantly more often recorded in patients with type 2 diabetes.Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and its comparison using the log rank test revealed that the death, MI, and stroke were also significantly more often observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (p=0,0007, p=0,003, p<0,0001, respectively).Conclusion. Patients with type 2 diabetes who are referred for combined CE+CABG are at an increased risk of stroke, sternal wound infection and mediastinitis in the in-hospital postoperative period, as well as all adverse cardiovascular events in the long-term follow-up period.


High incidence of deep venous thrombosis after radical pelvic surgery is well known. Among gynecologic malignancies, ovarian cancer, especially clear cell adenocarcinoma is likely to develop thromboembolism. We report 2 cases of pulmonary thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis in ovarian clear cell carcinoma with endometriosis and history of IVF-ET during cislatin-irinotecan chemotherapy following the surgery.


Ghana's informal apprenticeship system has been an important part of its informal economy, particularly for its role as a complimentary means of skills transfer and the development of the nation's human capital required for the overall national development. In spite of its role, little attention has been paid to this sector over the years. This study interrogates and documents the processes, institutional dynamics and challenges that confront the informal apprenticeship system of Ghana a means of skills acquisition and transfer in the wake of the ever changing social and economic conditions in Ghana. The study adopted both exploratory and descriptive approaches. Using quota sampling technique, 200 questionnaires were distributed among four broad trades namely; wood workers; auto mechanics; textile and apparel; and beauticians and hair dressers. This was complimented by key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The study revealed that the system provides an alternative path for nearly 33 per cent of students who drop out before completing Junior High School and nearly 42 per cent who drop out after completing Senior High School. It was also evident that the master craftsmen/women generally have a weak theoretical basis for what they do besides the financial challenges they have. A two part training programme has been proposed: a theoretical and practical component. It is also recommended that a policy be developed to improve the system without the state necessarily capturing and controlling it. BACKGROUND Human capital has been cited as a critical ingredient for a nation's growth and development. This fact is supported by the conscious effort that was made at Ghana's independence to produce capable and highly skilled human resource needed to drive the country's developmental agenda. In his last speech to the old Legislative Assembly in 1957, Ghana's first president outlined his government's vision which had education and skills development as the Fulcrum (McWilliam and Kwamena-Poh, 1975:94). In his view Ghana's educational system was to achieve the following: first, it was to be used as a tool for producing a scientifically literate population. Secondly, for tackling mainly the fundamental causes of low productivity; and thirdly, for producing knowledge to harness Ghana's economic potential (McWilliam and Kwamena-Poh, 1975:112). Having such a focus, traditional educational and skills transfer systems –the apprenticeship system that catered to the different needs of society prior to pre-independence, independence and post-independence eras were deemphasized and tagged unproductive hence down played in the years that followed. In Ghana, the postindependence educational reforms including the Basic Education reforms which sought to integrate skill transfer failed to deliver the goods for a number of reasons. For instance the increases in school fees; cost of textbooks; and withdrawal of state subsidies that came to be associated with Ghana's educational reforms that emphasized cost recovery in secondary and tertiary education was largely exclusionary as it priced out poor families the hardest from participation in post-basic education (World Bank 2004). The inability of the educational system to convey the requisite technical and vocational skills to the students as envisioned, made the products of the system unemployable by the formal sector. These were taking place at a time when urbanization and globalization were changing the economic, social and political landscape of Ghana. As a survival strategy and coping mechanism for a good many of those who drop out at the Basic Education level, the best option has been learning a trade and settling in the informal economy. This obviously brought a new awakening and increased interest in the informal economy in Ghana especially the apprenticeship system (Fox and Gaal 2008).


Objective: This study was aimed at assessing efficiency of the original coniferous energy supplement in the diet of cows at the end of the dry period - beginning of lactation - for improving the energy density of diets, enriching them with vitamins and major and minor nutrient elements, improving milk productivity, and maintaining productive health. Methods: The scientific-production experiment was performed on the basis of the "Lukoshkino" unit of the "Klenovo-Chegodaevo" research farm (Moscow) on twenty cows. The preparation was fed at the rate of 150 g for 20 days before calving and for 30 days after calving. Results: Studies have found the positive effect of the preparation on the average daily milk yield, natural fat content increased by 5.4%-6.9% (with butterfat percentage increased by 0.09%), and reduced cost of feed per unit of obtained product. Conclusion: The use of the preparation promoted enzymatic processes in the rumen, had positive effect on the carbohydrate-lipid and protein metabolism, and had no negative effect on the non-specific resistance of cows.


In this article, this feature of doing business on the Internet has been successfully used to track the activities of competitors. A minimal competitive advantage can lead to a significant increase in a firm's market share. The firm can anticipate competitors' actions by exploiting their weaknesses and overcoming their advantages.


A method of making a wiper arm (1) having an upper segment (2) provided with a fixing means (7) on the drive and a lower segment (3) hinged to the segment (2) and a receiving means (5) hinged to the segment (3). The arm (1) is made by multicomponent injection molding. In a first step, injecting the upper segment (2) with at least a first hinge pin (4) into a first material in a portion of a cavity wherein in a second step, is injected segment lower (3) hinged to the upper segment (2) and at least one second pivot pin (6) with a second component in the second part of the cavity by overmolding injection of the first hinge pin (4) and in a further step, is injected the receiving means of the wiper blade (5) with a third component in another part of the cavity in injection overmolding by the second hinge bolt (6).


Shan is said to be the second-largest ethnic group of Myanmar. The main motivation is to break down the communication barrier between Shan people and Myanmar people. This paper contributes to the first evaluation of the quality of machine translation between Myanmar (Burmese) and Shan (Tai Long). We also built a Myanmar-Shan parallel corpus (around 11K sentences) based on the Myanmar language of the ASEAN MT corpus. In this research, three different statistical machine translation approaches were used to carry out the experiment: phrase-based, hierarchical phrase-based, and the operation sequence model. Furthermore, two different segmentation schemes were studied, these were syllable segmentation and word segmentation. Translating with syllable segmentation achieved higher quality machine translation for both Myanmar and Shan languages. BLEU and RIBES scoring techniques are used to measure the performance of the machine translations. The operation sequence model gave the highest scores (41.85 BLEU and 0.88031 RIBES) for Shan to Myanmar syllable translation. For Myanmar to Shan syllable translation, hierarchical phrase-based machine translation gave the highest BLEU score of 34.72 and the operation sequence model gave the highest RIBES score of 0.87012. Our experimental results with syllable segmentation produced promising results even with low data resources and we expect this can be developed into a useful translation system as more data comes available in the future.


ABSTRACT This study investigates how foreign direct investment (FDI) affects the participation of developing countries in global value chains (GVCs). This inquiry is crucial as FDI is seen, at least theoretically, as a means of expediting developing countries' participation in GVCs in some ways. It provides empirical evidence of this nexus between FDI and GVC using a dynamic panel data model including 43 developing countries (2010–2019). Our results show, among other things, that FDI has a significantly positive effect on the participation of developing countries in GVCs. This is found to be the case regardless of whether the FDI is in the primary, secondary or tertiary sector. However, to benefit fully requires policymakers to strengthen the absorptive capacity of the local labour force (productivity and education level).


3H thymidine was injected intraperitoneally into six male rats on the first, second, and third days after injury to the pulp of the incisors. Forty minutes later the rats were decapitated; the teeth were fixed in formalin and prepared in the usual manner for histoautoradiography. Histologic preparations were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. No odontoblast nuclei labeled by 3H thymidine were observed on the histoautoradiographic pattern. After pulp injury, the odontoblasts behaved as irreversible postmitotic cells incapable of DNA synthesis.


This paper presents a study on coordination of functional controllers equipped on a multi-terminal MMC-VSC-HVDC control system for enhancing grid dynamic performance. The study was carried on in a typical transmission power system embedded with a three-terminal MMC-VSC-HVDC system. The HVDC system control was equipped with Power Oscillation Damping (POD) controller, Primary Frequency Support (PFS) controller and Fast Voltage Support (FVS) controller which were designed for improving small signal stability, supporting load-flow in primary frequency control and enhancing transient stability of the AC power system, respectively. The study results showed that, there were potential incorporated interactions between the POD and FVS controllers equipped on the reactive power modulation channel. Whereas, the POD and PFS controllers equipped on the active power modulation channel were found to be well-coordinated. In this study, a counter measure was also proposed to mitigate the identified incorporated interactions between the FVS and POD controllers.


318 ABSTRACT Introduction: Wilson disease is a very rare inherited autosomal recessive disorder, with an incidence of 1 in 30,000 live births, associated with impaired copper metabolism leading to decreased biliary excretion and accumulation of copper in the liver and brain. Patients may be asymptomatic or might present with fulminant liver disease or neuropsychiatric illness. Untreated Wilson disease is related to infertility/subfertility/ recurrent pregnancy loss. Aim: To study the maternal and perinatal outcomes of Wilson disease in pregnancy. Materials and methods: It is a retrospective observational study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, India, between November 2010 and November 2015. Five patients with Wilson disease were identified during the study period. Pregnancy outcome was good in all these five women who were on regular treatment. Conclusion: Patients with Wilson disease who receive regular treatment and who remain asymptomatic and conceive normally have favorable pregnancy outcomes. They merit regular surveillance and active management in higher centers with multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists, obstetricians, neurologists, and intensivists.


This paper describes derivation of the curvature change for the transition curve in a 2nd degree increasing concave formulation. The investigation of the usability of the developed transition curve in new designs and rehabilitation of existing roads are also included in this study. New transition curves are compared with the most used transition curves (clothoid, sinusoidal and bloss) in highways, and it has been targeted to indicate whether it is the most economic and comfortable one or not.


Two field experiments were established to compare four times of fungicide application (flag leaf emergence, boot, fully headed, and milky ripe) for improving production of large seed. Quadratic models fit the data when large-seed (≥0.238-cm diameter) yields were regressed against time of fungicide application. The optimum time to apply foliar fungicides was between boot and fully headed. Four other field experiments were established to compare large-seed yields after fungicide application on 12 cultivars differing in susceptibility to foliar diseases. With moderate foliar disease pressure, linear models fit the data when increases in large seed due to fungicide were regressed against Kansas Cooperative Extension Service disease ratings. In conjunction with the expected price of seed wheat, these models can be used to help decide whether foliar fungicide is warranted. Key words: Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Puccinia recondita, Septoria tritici, Stagonospora nodorum, seed cleanout, tebuconazole, propiconaz...


Abstract. An account of the reasons which have induced the administration of the Lausanne Blood Transfusion Center to equip their institute with a computer. The electronic equipment used is described. The functions of the various programs written for the administration of the Transfusion Center with this computer are given in detail. The results which have been obtained are concisely exposed and discussed.


Hydraulic projecs of the urban environment is a new hydraulic project and a new task.Based on overall analyzing its characteristics,this article has set forth in greater detail this project design thinks-taking person as foundation,stressing ecology and nature,attaching importance to cultural quality,meeting the needs of pleasure and amusement,and has put forward the main principles followed by designer-the principle of placing life in first,the principle of putting water resources to rational use,the principle of making the best use of the situation and ar-tificial controlling,the principle of combining the man-made landscape and natural landscape.Combining many design examples,this article has summarized and analyzed all kinds of total schemes and design thinking taken in different environments,used in hydraulic project of the urban environment,and has supplied similar project with references.


Thirteen breeding bucks of Teddy goat breed maintained at the Livestock Production Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara during 1975-88 were used to rank them on the basis of performance of their progeny. The recorded weaning data were adjusted to 120 days age basis. The bucks were evaluated on the basis of weaning weight production by flock-mate comparison method. Average weaning weight of the progeny was round to 9.72 ± 1.82 kg. The weaning weight of progenies was significantly affected by the sires. The indices developed ranged from 8.68 ± 1.77 to 10.92 ± 2.30 kg. Of thirteen bucks evaluated, the indices of 53.85% were above and the remaining 38.46% were below the flock average. The deviation of buck indices from average contemporary means weight ranged between -1.06 and + 1.24 kg.


We present a universal description of the velocity distribution function of granular gases, f(v), valid for both, small and intermediate velocities where v is close to the thermal velocity and also for large v where the distribution function reveals an exponentially decaying tail. By means of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations and by kinetic theory we show that the deviation from the Maxwell distribution in the high-energy tail leads to small but detectable variation of the cooling coefficient and to extraordinary large relaxation time.


The flexural vibration of a homogeneous isotropic linearly elastic cylinder of any aspect ratio is analysed in this paper. Natural frequencies of a cylinder under uniformly distributed axialloads acting on its bases are calculated numerically by the Ritz method with terms ofpower series in the coordinate directions as approximating functions. The effect ofaxial loads on the flexural vibration cannot be described by applying infinitesimal strain theory, therefore, geometrically nonlinear strain-displacement relations with second-order terms are considered here. The natural frequencies of free-free, clamped-clamped, and sliding-sliding cylinders subjected to axial loads are calculated using the proposed three-dimensional Ritz approach and are compared with those obtained with the finite element method and the Bernoulli-Euler theory. Different experiments with cylinders axially compressed by a hydraulic press are carried out and the experimental results for the lowest flexural frequency are compared with the numerical results. An approach based on the Ritz formulation is proposed for the flexural vibration of a cylinder between the platens of the press with constraints varying with the intensity of the compression. The results show that for low compressions the cylinder behaves similarly to a sliding-sliding cylinder, whereas for high compressions the cylinder vibrates as a clamped-clamped one.


E-Sports comprise a new modality of competition which recently got major highlights in Brazil due to the popularization of electronic games, the visibility made possible by content portals, and broad investments in this line of business focused on making general gaming a show. However, people joining this new competitive field requires digital inclusion as well as investment in equipment, in addition to, in virtually all cases, a reasonable connection to the internet. This paper presents an investigation on how socioeconomic conditions and social factors can become hindrances in this journey towards professionalism in the field of e-Sports as a player, coach, or other professions in the field. Existing works in the field are discussed. Moreover, we analyze an opinion survey was applied to 253 people in order to catch a glimpse about the characteristics of the Brazilian player community and understand how negatively the socioeconomic aspects impacts entry into the e-Sports professional scene.


A review is given on the use of evolutionary techniques for the automatic design of adaptive robots, which blazes a new way in the field where traditional centralized planning method can not find effective solutions. This paper outlines the background, fundamentals, approaches and main results of evolutionary robotics(ER). Several open questions and the trend in ER are also discussed.


. In this paper, the basis properties (completeness, minimality and basicity) of the system of exponents are investigated in weighted Morrey spaces, where the weight function is defined as a product of power functions. Although the same properties of the system of exponents, as well as their perturbations, are well studied in weighted Lebesgue spaces, the situation changes cardinally in Morrey spaces. For instance, since Morrey spaces are not separable, the first difficulty arises concerning the formulation of the problem: to find the "suitable" subspace, in which the above mentioned properties have a "chance" to be true. Another difficulty, that frustrates the "usual" attempts is that, the infinite differentiable functions (even continuous functions) are not dense in Morrey spaces. Nevertheless, there are works that study these problems. For example, in [8], the basis properties of the system of exponents in Morrey space have been studied. Also, in [9, 7] the basis properties of the perturbed systems of exponents in Morrey space have been investigated. On the other hand, some approximation problems have been investigated in Morrey-Smirnov classes in [22].


. Let X be a subcategory of left S -modules and R U S an ( R, S ) -bimodule. As a generalization of an adjoint cotranspose, we introduce an adjoint X -cotranspose of a left S -module relative to R U S and study its homological properties. Let V be a subcategory of X . The relations between adjoint X -cotransposes and adjoint V -cotransposes are investigated under the condition that V is a generator or cogenerator for X . Then we give some applications of these results to some categories of interest. In particular, the adjoint counterparts of Gorenstein cotransposes are established. transpose and established a relationship between a Gorenstein transpose of a module and a transpose of the same module. Some homological properties of Gorenstein transposes were also investigated.


Abstract Calcium phosphate cements are known for their biocompatibility and bioactivity, which has led to a significant increase in their use. They have the advantage of being prepared as a malleable paste that sets in a few minutes and can be easily applied in bone defects. In this research work, 6 brushite cement formulations were prepared and the effect of collagen addition and the release of tetracycline were evaluated. All cements gave a malleable paste that set in 2 or 3 min, resulting in a material with pores of 5–20 μm. The cements showed compression resistance values between 0.8 and 1.7 MPa, and the addition of collagen was the most influential factor in the increase of this property. Up to 40 % of the drug was released after 7 days and the effectiveness of its antimicrobial activity was confirmed.


A flow-ceIl-type portable l-aser particle counter has been developed for in-sltu countlng of process-induced-particles. }Ye measured processinduced-partlcles when a very snall amounts of noisture and oxygen was intentionally added lnto SiHn gas. It was found that there existed a threshold concentratlon for particle generatlon caused by the reaction between SiHr gas and noisture,/oxygen, i.e., the number of particles was not llneally proportional to the molsture and the oxygen concentrations. We also found that the slze distribution of generated particles were varied due to complex nechanisms such as coagulation of snall particles.


A case for the production of printed subject indexes is made. The MICROPSI package which allows the production of NEPHIS (NEsted PHrase Indexing System) and KWAC (Key Word And Context) indexes on a microcomputer is described.


The systematics of the $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{s}_{1/2}$ isomeric configurations was studied for the odd-Z $N=77$ isotones near the proton drip line. The isomeric decays in $^{140}\mathrm{Eu}$, $^{142}\mathrm{Tb}$, $^{144}\mathrm{Ho}$, and $^{146}\mathrm{Tm}$ were measured by means of x-ray, \ensuremath{\gamma}-ray, and charged particle spectroscopy at the Recoil Mass Spectrometer at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (ORNL). The spin and parity of ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={8}^{+}$ and ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ were deduced for the isomers in $^{140}\mathrm{Eu}$ and $^{142}\mathrm{Tb}$. New decay schemes were established, and the half-lives of the ${8}^{+}$ isomers were measured to be 302(4) ns for $^{140m2}\mathrm{Eu}$ and 25(1) \ensuremath{\mu}s for $^{142m2}\mathrm{Tb}$. No evidence for the expected ${1}^{+}$ ground-state was found in the $^{144}\mathrm{Ho}$ decay data. The proton-emission from $^{146}\mathrm{Tm}$ was restudied. Five proton transitions were assigned to two proton-emitting states. The half-lives of 198(3) ms and 68(3) ms and the spin and parity values of ${I}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={10}^{+}$ and ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ were established for $^{146m}\mathrm{Tm}$ and $^{146\mathrm{gs}}\mathrm{Tm}$, respectively. For the first time for an odd-odd nucleus, the interpretation of the observed decay properties and structure of the proton-emitting states was made by accounting for deformation and proton and neutron coupling to the core excitations. A complex wave-function structure was obtained, with dominating components of $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{h}_{11/2}$ for the ${10}^{+}$ isomer and $\ensuremath{\pi}{h}_{11/2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\ensuremath{\nu}{s}_{1/2}$ for the ${5}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ ground state.


This article demonstrates for the first time, both numerically and experimentally, the feasibility of radar-based microwave imaging of anthropomorphic heterogeneously dense breasts in prone position, requiring no immersion liquid. The dry, contactless approach greatly simplifies the setup, favors patient comfort, and further avoids lengthy sanitation procedures after each exam. We use a radar-type technique with the antennas distributed in cylindrical configuration around the breast phantom. The reflectivity map is reconstructed using a wave-migration algorithm in the frequency domain. This article presents new developed strategies to cope with the challenges of a dry setup, namely increased skin artifact due to the concomitant absence of matching liquid and nonuniform breast shape. We propose an iterative and adaptive algorithm based on singular value decomposition that effectively removes the skin backscattering under the abovementioned conditions. It is compatible with automatic processing, and computationally fast. One of its inputs is the breast three-dimensional surface information, and its distance to the antennas, all obtained automatically from a proposed low-cost procedure based on a webcam. The imaging method is reasonably resilient to the presence of fibroglandular tissues, and to uncertainties of tissue permittivity. Another tackled challenge is the miniaturization of the antenna in air, which is achieved with an optimized balanced antipodal Vivaldi of the same size as counterparts used in dense immersion liquids. Finally, all the building blocks are combined to demonstrate experimentally the overall dry system performance, with very good detection of the tumor at three different positions in the breast, even in low-contrast scenarios.


The process of learning English is slow and progressive and it could be interpreted as a series of challenges one wants to learn this language. This process consists of the developing certain skills which have been mentioned in this book. English is been considered as a global language. There are many challenges learner face during the learning English. There are different skills in learning English as a second language but I believe vocabulary is the most comprehensive and most difficult aspect of English for foreign learners to master thoroughly.


. Most water takings in Ontario in excess of 10,000 gallons per day for purposes other than domestic, farm, or fire fighting require authorization by permit by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment. The legislation imposes control beyond that under common law, but does not remove common-law obligations. Permits may not be assigned without the Ministry's consent and do not create property rights in water. Permits to take ground-water require permittees to ensure that sufficient water is made available for the needs of prior users who suffer serious water-supply interference due to the taking, or to reduce the rate and amount of taking. Permits to take surface water require permittees to maintain sufficient downstream flow to protect downstream uses of water and natural functions of streams. Specific permit requirements for city wells in the rural Hunsburger Creek basin protect existing well supplies and require maintenance of streamflow for pond levels and fish. Tobacco irrigation in the Big Creek basin reduced streamflow significantly and requires development of more detailed water-management plans for years of extreme demand. Ontario's permit program serves to resolve water-use conflicts, furnishes information on use and provides one means for implementing management plans.


The world‐wide advancement in transportation and telecommunications has brought about tremendous human exchange across international boundaries. As a result of a huge influx of people of different ethnic origins, confrontations between ethnic majorities and minorities are taking place in many countries around the world. Because a prison is a society in miniature, it is not free from the ills from which the society as a whole suffers. That is why prison administrators are tackling the problem of racial justice. As the character of society varies from country to country, so the methods of prison administration vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Therefore, studies of racial justice in one national prison system may not automatically be applicable to another system. However, it is also true that an understanding of the nature of racial justice in the prisons of different countries may provide us with a fresh theoretical perspective on this subject and provide clues as to how to solve the problems of our ...


Contrasts to the villages, cities in Chinese movies are not fully expressed. Since the 90 s, the sixth generation has become the main directors for city films. It is different from other groups that they based on urban/reality of cultural psychology and express viewpoint, presented the cities they have seen. To Understand LouYe's city film, we need to begin from space and body on which he reflects city emotional experience, make us see the person's psychology landscape behind city landscape. It is a kind of self expression under the perspective of city.


In this study, based on first-principles calculation, the structural, electronic, interfacial, and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor vertical heterostructure constructed by g-GaN and Mg(OH)2 are addressed. The g-GaN/Mg(OH)2 heterostructure is discovered to be formed by van der Waals (vdW) forces and possesses a type-II band structure which can promote the separation of photogenerated electron–holes constantly. At the same time, the calculated band edge positions of the heterostructure are decent to induce the oxidation and reduction reactions for water splitting at pH 0. Gibb's free energy change in the redox reaction for the g-GaN/Mg(OH)2 vdW heterostructure is further investigated that the heterostructure can act as a suitable catalyst in hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction for water splitting. The charge-density difference and the potential drop are calculated across the interface of the g-GaN/Mg(OH)2 vdW heterostructure, and the potential drop can induce a large built-in electric field, which is also a boost to prevent the recombination of the photogenerated charges. Finally, the applied external biaxial strain is studied that it can improve the optical absorption performance of the g-GaN/Mg(OH)2 vdW heterostructure. This study provides a possibility of method to design the 2D vdW heterostructure as a photocatalyst to decompose water.


High‐frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeted over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is widely used in research to promote neuroplasticity and cognitive enhancement. RTMS is a promising intervention to tackle cognitive decline in people with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. However, there is currently no systematic evidence examining the effects of DLPFC‐targeted, high‐frequency rTMS on cognitive function in this population. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and moderators of this treatment intervention.


The temperature of the water in a lake is an important feature because it governs many of the biological and physical processes that occur in the lake. The data set that will be examined in this report represents near daily water temperature measurements of a single lake, Lake Woodrail, located in central Missouri. Data collection occurred from September 19, 1992 to December 19, 1996 with only 29 missing values in this time span. These missing values were imputed with a linear interpolator. The resulting 1,555 water temperature values are shown in Figure 1. This dataset is possibly the finest scale of measurements for this variable within a single lake, and will allow analysis of variation across season and years. Obviously there is a nonlinear relationship between the water temperature and the day of observation. To allow for a flexible mean structure a semi-parametric regression model with penalized splines will be used. Parameters will be estimated through a Bayesian approach by specifying priors and then simulating from the joint posteriors of the model parameters.


A penning ion trap is used to generate H + n( n ≤4)at different trapped interval. It confirms that H + 4 is stable cluster ion and that H + 4is generated by impact reaction H + 3+H+H 2H + 4+H 2;H + 2+H 2H + 4.


This article examines residents' participation in local politics following the fatal shooting of two Latino men by the police in June 2012 in the city of Anaheim in Southern California. The shootings led to protests and conflicts with the police. Anaheim is the home of Disneyland. Once a suburban White town, it is now 53% Latino and about 15% Asian. The article explores the number of ways in which the residents of Anaheim attempt to ameliorate racial inequalities and make Anaheim a fairer place. The article discusses various modes of activism, including a community group comprising mothers, website activism, a Facebook group, a coalition aiming to 'takebackanaheim' and participation on individual levels. Recent scholarship on social movements has argued that there has been a shift towards a 'post-material' politics, marked by a diminished sense of the personal relevance of government and growing dissatisfaction with the working of democratic process. Empirical work in this context shows that for Anaheim residents, the issue of local government became very significant. Anaheim residents protested in fragmented and autonomous ways and used newer methods of activism, but they invoked shared ideologies about racial and economic inequalities as opposed to identity and personal politics.


This paper formulates a general recursive convolution algorithm for efficiently computing the responses of macromodels, including those with transfer functions that include a phase shift. It also details the coupling scheme for the case where an admittance (Y) matrix macromodel is interfaced with the time-domain adaptive integral method (TD-AIM) accelerated TDIE based field solver.


In the process of signal transmission in network, the stability of the system is affected by uncertainties, timedelay, data packet dropout, and sequence errors. This paper is concerned with the state feedback control of networked control systems(NCS) under these nonideal network conditions. To closely model the real system, a constant time-delay is introduced in the continuous-time system model. A sufficient condition of robust stability for NCS is derived by using an improved Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional. Based on this condition a controller design method is proposed by using linear matrix inequalities(LMI). The corresponding coefficients are obtained from the LMI by using an iterative algorithm. Simulation results of an example with MATLAB show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.


Fronm the Godfrey Robinson Unit (Royal National Institute for the Blind),' Department of Research in Ophthalmology, Royal College of Surgeons, London; the Galton Laboratory,2 University College, London; the Institute ofChild Health,3 Children's Hospital, Birmingham; the Department ofAnatomy,4 St. Thomas' Hospital Medical School; and the Paediatric Research Unit,5 Guy's Hospital Medical School, London


each station before proceeding to the next one. When students arrived at the 3D printed model station, they were asked to complete a pre-and post-intervention survey with the aim of assessing their knowledge and understanding of cardiac lesions, as well as their opinion towards the educational benefit of each modality (presented at each station). Results showed that student's knowledge was significantly improved for every cardiac lesion (p<0.001) after the use of 3D printed models. There was a strong positive correlation between the mean knowledge increase and improved understanding of the complexity of CHD (p=0.03). Regarding the preferred teaching tools in CHD, pathology, 3D printed models and spoken explanation were ranked as the most helpful teaching methods with 80.7%, 74.2% and 65% of students rating them as the top 3 choices, respectively. Further, students strongly agreed that 3D printed models increased their confidence in explaining and understanding congenital heart anatomy and disease when compared to other modalities (mean score: 4.24 ± 0.69 out of 5).


The existing amount and water holding properties of litters in two types of shrub vegetations(including Spiraea pubescens shrub and Corylus heterophylla shrub) in west region of Yanshan mountain were studied in the paper.The results show that the litters stock of two shrub vegetation was lower than two types of forests(including birch forest and larch forest) and that of Corylus heterophylla shrub was higher than Spiraea pubescens shrub.The closure could lead to the increase of litters stock.The order of most water holding rate in descending was Corylus heterophylla shrub(311.91%) birch forest(288.54%) larch forest(232.89%)Spiraea pubescens shrub(156.84% and 155.44%,including closure part and non-closure part).The relation between the water absorption rate of litter and the immersed time could be described by power function,and the initial water absorption rate of litter of Corylus heterophylla shrub is biggest,followed birch forest and larch forest,and the last is Spiraea pubescens shrub.For the water holding capacity of litters,two types of shrub vegetation were lower than the larch forest and birch forest and Corylus heterophylla shrub was higher than Spiraea pubescens shrub.The water capacity of litters in two kinds of Spiraea pubescens shrubs was very slow,and closure could increase it markedly.


Abstract Interdisciplinary research and transdisciplinary processes as part of environmental management respond to the increasing complexity of socio-natural changes in recent decades. Two similar studies of eutrophication in raw water reservoirs for drinking water production in Norway and China are used to discuss interdisciplinary research and transdisciplinary processes organised through the DPSIR framework (drivers, pressures, states, impacts, and responses) as instruments for environmental management. The conclusion is that interdisciplinary research and transdisciplinary processes can enhance the understanding of complex socio-natural processes under distinctly different institutional systems. The DPSIR framework was not necessary for achieving the desired result.


The promise of virtual exhibitions has been attractive to faculty and staff at the University of Virginia (UVa1) for well over a decade.The use of Virtual Exhibitions is threefold: (i) 'Exhibitions' is a useful metaphor for publishing; (ii) 'Exhibitions' suggests curated collections and mixed media; and (iii) 'Virtual' suggests that this new form of publication is accomplished online. This case explores the current ways faculty and graduate students at UVa are meeting their needs as well as an earlier development effort of the Virtual Exhibition Tool (VET). Development on the VET continued for more than a year as part of UVa's response to the appeal of virtual exhibitions. At UVa, a large part of this need is now met using Omeka VisualEyes and WordPress.Several other solutions are also in use currently at UVa. All these solutions are being recommended by SHANTI (Sciences, Humanities and Arts Network of Technological Initiatives), a faculty-led center at UVa. Omeka is an open source tool for building online exhibitions. At UVa, Omeka is chosen to meet this need for online virtual exhibitions rather than to continue development of the VET. There are at least two other solutions being used for online exhibitions building at UVa that are also briefly analysed here. This paper explores these current solutions in use at UVa and outlines the lessons learned from them and from the earlier development effort on the VET. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.33.4605


Given the density matrix ρ of a bipartite quantum state, the quantum separability prob-lem asks whether ρ is entangled or separable. In 2003, Gurvits showed that this problemis NP-hard if ρ is located within an inverse exponential (with respect to dimension) dis-tance from the border of the set of separable quantum states. In this paper, we extendthis NP-hardness to an inverse polynomial distance from the separable set. The resultfollows from a simple combination of works by Gurvits, Ioannou, and Liu. We applyour result to show (1) an immediate lower bound on the maximum distance between abound entangled state and the separable set (assuming P ≠ NP), and (2) NP-hardnessfor the problem of determining whether a completely positive trace-preserving linearmap is entanglement-breaking.


A compact and high rejection broadband bandpass filter (BPF) with source-load coupling is proposed using the quadruple-mode stub-loaded resonator. Two identical folded open stubs near the centre plane can adjust high resonant frequencies fm3 and fm4 into the desired passband and create two transmission zeros to sharpen the upper skirt and suppress the resonant frequency fm5. Owing to the source-load coupling, two transmission zeros are created in the upper-stopband and near the lower cutoff frequency not only to deepen the upper-stopband, but also to sharpen the lower skirt. A filter with the fractional bandwidth 50% is simulated, fabricated and measured. Measured results agree well with EM simulations.


Delamination of composites is a fairly common failure mechanism. Its sensitivity to the interference of environmental parameters e.g. temperature and moisture is generally well known. Accelerated delamination induced by moisture at high temperature, which lowers the Tg (the glass transition temperature of the matrix), has been studied for decades. Also, predictive tests for durability of composite materials suggest boiling of composites as a technique to develop the predictive index for lifecycle prediction (Dewimille and Burnsell, 1983). However, these approaches ignore the dramatic degradation process of composites at subzero temperatures, and are based probably on the misleading but general concept that low temperature improves performance of materials. Of course, at subzero temperatures, there is a drastic increase in strengths (shear and tension), and hygroelasticity, (Ip, Dutta and Hui, 1996), but a sequence of processes conducive to fracture growth are also set in, especially when there are frequent incursions between the sub-zero and above-zero temperatures in moist environment. First, the thermal expansivity mismatch of the constituents induce mechanical stresses as high as 50% of the matrix strength (Lord and Dutta 1988), leading eventually, or under accelerative action of thermal cycling, to thermal cracking (Figure 1) (Dutta and Hui, 1996), which, in turn facilitates moisture penetration into the structure. Second, the liquid phase transport of moisture by capillary flow or microcracks (and to a lesser degree by diffusion) involves both flow and storage of water in microvoids, which lead to further degradation by chemical (e.g. hydrolysis), and physical (e.g. swelling strains) processes in an auto-accelerated manner. And the third, which has been least studied in literature, is the dramatic effect of expanded frozen water on interlaminar or interfacial crack extension at the sub-zero temperature.


The solution of integropartial differential equations resulting from statistical formulations of the behavior of cell populations has been investigated. In particular, a statistical model that views the microbial population as distributed according to its mass has been analyzed in detail. Solutions were obtained for growth in a well-stirred vessel for batch and continuous systems by the method of weighted residuals. The trial solutions were expressed as linear combinations of basic functions from a set complete in LZ [0, 00) and the coefficients of the expansion determined by weighting the residual with functions also from a set complete in LZ [O, co). The solutions obtained by the method of weighted residuals were found to be sufficiently accurate in most cases. By using them as initial approximations to a successive approximation scheme, increased accuracy could be obtained within a short number of iterations. Various choices of basic and weighting functions were considered. The method used in this work may be pertinent to other particle fission processes. INTRODUCTION Fredrickson, Ramkrishna, and Tsuchiya [6] have presented a general statistical theory of a population of unicellular microorganisms that reproduce by binary fission. The theory was based on the assumption that the physiological state of a cell can be represented by a vector whose elements are the quantitative amounts of the various biochemical constituents of the cell. Further, the specification of this physiological state vector together with that of the organism's environment (also a vector) was sufficient to predict at least in a probabilistic sense : (i) the instantaneous rate of change of the physiological state vector; (ii) whether the organism would divide in the next instant of time. By assuming that the *Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Mathematical Biosciences 10 (1971), 1-23 Copyright 1


The research on elections is one of the motifs of political science in Taiwan. But scholars of political science are, more often than not, inclined to conduct a research on the making of governmental policies or on the analyzing of political phenomena. This research will be dedicated to the discussion on the similarities and differences between marketing employed in commercial behavior and political behavior as well as the feasibility of applying related marketing theories to political campaign. The frame of this research will focus on the how to employ the marketing theories in political campaign rather than the nuts-and-bolts studies of political campaign. This research will also probe into the features of the dimensions of political development in Taiwan, so as to build a political campaign mode in Taiwan. And it is also hoped that this article will spur the researchers of related fields on to a greater attention and further research on modern political marketing. 1. Introduction The marketing methods employed in the political campaign are different from those used in commercial marketing; nevertheless, the fundamental theories remain unchanged. It is quite a particular thing to analyze political affairs from the marketing points of view, and the main purpose of this article is to comprise the electoral marketing in this research. Furthermore, it seems insufficient to apply the conventional concepts of commercial marketing to the present electoral marketing modes; hence, it is the focal point of research in this article concerning how the concepts of electoral marketing could be applied as widely as possible. In the electoral history of Taiwan, the formal application of marketing theories to political campaign started in the 1983 election for legislators in the Taipei electoral district. Accompanied by the process of Taiwan's democratization, marketing theories have been applied more and more widely in political fields thereafter. In the process of Taiwan's presidential election in 2000, there had been an unprecedented fierce battle in the application of electoral marketing strategy. So far as the result of election is concerned, the rotation of political parties as well as the peaceful transfer of regime had appeared in Taiwan's political development for the first time. To scholars of political science, they are source materials for the positivistic study of party politics. To the research, they have proved that marketing theories have already been implemented in Taiwan's political campaign, and whether political parties or political figures have more or less referred to or applied the points of view of marketing theories. It is also the belief of this article that. In Taiwan, whether conventional norms, state identification or historical backgrounds etc. are all the variables that should be taken into account in the process of political campaign; are based on Taiwan's political dimensions. We must construct a mode suitable for Taiwan's political campaign and appraise the actual effect of the theories of electoral marketing as the basis of research a development. 2. The Properties of Political Campaign Any marketing theory, before being applied to political campaign, ought to be tested and verified once again for its feasibility so as to understand the particularities of political campaign. This research will probe more deeply into three properties of political campaign-status of competition, roles of voters and modes of communication etc. 2.1 Status of Competition Basically, candidates and marketers are of common problems and purpose; both are striving for support from target groups. What is more, both are trying to achieve their own goals under the same limited conditions (limited time, money, and staff). This viewpoint had first appeared in the argument between Schumpeter (1950) and Chamberlin (1962) on economics, and was later adduced into the field of political science by Downs (1975). …


This review of Dementia Reimagined: Building a Life of Joy and Dignity from Beginning to End by Dr. Tia Powell describes its unique, scientifically-informed approach to the topics of caring for family members with dementia within the confines of the current United States healthcare system and preparing for their long-term care. Her book serves to provide an important account of many difficulties confronted along the course of dementia, ultimately seeking compassionate, dignified care for a loved one during the many years following diagnosis that allow for the experiencing of life's joys that are unique to each individual. This book is tailored to a broad readership, providing information for all individuals caring for people with dementia, and maintains a candid voice as it relates to our pursuit of curative treatments for an incurable illness. This review raises further questions related to how autonomy and beneficence can be amplified when interdisciplinary conflicts arise, as well as how education reform may improve patient care.


Analysis of Langzhu follklore is a typical case of studying cultural transmission order.The folkore of Liangzhu which is withering gradually is a household legend for more than 2500 years.Recently,different art forms of Liangzhu,such as drama and movie,exert great influence on its existence.On the one hand,its plot has been fized.On the other hand,it begins to wither because of lack of transmission market and channel.


The A+B --> C reaction-diffusion process is studied in a system where the reagents are separated by a semipermeable wall. We use reaction-diffusion equations to describe the process and to derive a scaling description for the long-time behavior of the reaction front. Furthermore, we show that a critical localization-delocalization transition takes place as a control parameter which depends on the initial densities and on the diffusion constants is varied. The transition is between a reaction front of finite width that is localized at the wall and a front which is detached and moves away from the wall. At the critical point, the reaction front remains at the wall but its width diverges with time [as t^(1/6) in mean-field approximation].


Tests were made of a large-scale tilt-wing deflected-slipstream VTOL airplane with blowing-type BLC trailing-edge flaps. The model was tested with flap deflections of 0 deg. without BLC, 50 deg. with and without BLC, and 80 deg. with BLC for wing-tilt angles of 0, 30, and 50 deg. Included are results of tests of the model equipped with a leading-edge flap and the results of tests of the model in the presence of a ground plane.


Let [Zit : j= 1, 2...k, t = 0 ± 1, ± 2, ..... ..] be k independent stationary processes, with spectral density functions Szi(w) ,j = 1.2....k In nzany real wend situations there is a need to compare two or more spectra. Tests to compare spectra already exist in the literature In this paper we propose a test, based on Bartlett's modification of the likelihood ratio criterion, for comparing two or more spectra. Simulation studies show that for k=2 this test is comparable and in some cases better than existing test procedures. The performance of this test for k=3 is also assessed


Due to demographic change, age diversity is increasing in many organizations. We aimed to understand how organizations can use age diversity training to overcome the challenges and realize the bene...


The object detection method employing the 1D feature has benefit that the calculating speed is fast. However, detection accuracy and performance is low in complex background. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an ensemble learning algorithm that combines 1D feature classifier and 2D DNF cell classifier to improve the performance of object detection in single input image. The reason for selecting 2D DNF classifier is that the classifier is able to classify the object not categorized in traditional weak classifier. And we proposed method to choose the feature for reducing the time of learning. In the experiment, we select the haar-like feature as input of 1D feature, and prove the performance of algorithm for face data.


In this paper, we prove that the open and closed strings are $O(D,D)$ equivalent. The equivalence requires an AdS geometry near the boundaries. The $O(D,D)$ invariance is introduced into the Polyakov action by the Tseytlin's action. Traditionally, there exist disconnected open-open or closed-closed configurations in the solution space of the Tseytlin's action. The open-closed configuration is ruled out by the mixed terms of the dual fields. We show that, under some very general guidances, the dual fields are consistently decoupled if and only if the near horizon geometry is $AdS_5$. We then have open-closed and closed-open configurations in different limits of the distances of the $D3$-brane pairs. Inherited from the definition of the theory, these four configurations are of course related to each other by $O(D,D)$ transformations. We therefore conclude that both the open/closed relation and open/closed duality can be derived from $O(D,D)$ symmetries. We then demonstrate the open/closed relation does connect commutative open and closed strings. By analyzing the couplings of the configurations, the low energy effective limits of our results consequently predicts the AdS/CFT correspondence, Higher spin theory, weak gauge/weak gravity duality and a yet to be proposed strong gauge/strong gravity duality. Furthermore, we also have the Seiberg duality and a weak/strong gravitation duality as consequences of $O(D,D)$ symmetries.


Diagnosis Communication and Credibility Multiaxial Assessment From the Bottom Up The V Codes Almost a Mental Disorder The Adjustment Codes A Disorder for Everyone The Anxiety Codes A Disorder for Anyone The Depression Codes When Sadness Becomes a Disorder The Cognitive Codes Problem Learning or Learning Disorder Attention Disorder Codes Biology and Politics Adolescent Codes Developmental Stages and Developmental Disasters Diagnostic Codes Is This All There Is?


The major eptiope domain of porcine parvovirus structural protein VP2 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pGEM-T vector, then inserted into the downstream of T7 promoter to construct an expression plasmid, pET-32 (a). After induction by IPTG, the fusion protein was highly expressed in Escherichia Coli BL21 (DE3) in the form of inclusion bodies. BandScan analysis showed that the ratio of the protein is 65.2% to the total protein. The recombinant protein was purified with His-Bind affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis revealed that the recombinant protein with the expected 39.1KDa could react with pig serum containing antibody against PPV. All results indicated that the recombinant fusion protein can be used as an antigen of diagnostic assay to detect the PPV antibody in serum.


In an influential article, Paul Boghossian [1] has argued that externalism about mental content and a priori self-knowledge are incompatible doctrines. Commandeering the slow switching thought experiment introduced by Burge [3] (where an agent unknowingly switches between Earth and Twin Earth), Boghossian argues that it appears possible for an agent S to know his thoughts at time t, forget nothing, yet at some time later than t (perhaps having been informed that switches were taking place) be unable to say what the contents of his thoughts were at t. As Boghossian argues,


A 5-bit 1 GSample/s two-stage ADC is designed and simulated in TSMC 0.18-mum CMOS technology. The new architecture combines the characteristics of flash, subranging and folding ADC. The analog front-end of this work is the same as that of a typical flash ADC. By replacing folding amplifier with the current-mode multiplexer (MUX), cyclic thermometer code, the digital output of folding ADC, is obtained and frequency multiplication effect is avoided. Besides, the slow switching of the reference voltage range is also avoided. The number of the comparators is reduced to 16, and it is 32 typically. Operating at 1 GSample/s, the ENOB is 4.92 and 4.71 bit at input frequency 10 and 500 MHz, respectively. This ADC consumes 63 mW from a 1.8 V supply, achieving FOMs of 2.4 pJ/conversion-step at 1 GSample/s.


A field trial was conducted during winter season at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P. in the years 2003 & 2004 to test the efficacy of treatments including some plant protection measures described in the verses of "Vrikshyurveda" against serpentine leaf miner population on tomato. Lowest population was recorded in synthetic pesticide Colfas (Ethion 40% + cypermethrin5%) treated plot. In case of botanicals treatments Achook is found most effective followed by Kuchala (S. nux-vomica) against this pest.


Several pesticides?and their effective and economic dosages were screened?out with highly efficiency,low toxicity and?low residue to control leafhoppers on alfalfa.[Methods] the contrast tests among four pesticides such as thiamethoxam were carried out with three doses per pesticide.[Results] The?field trial results showed that three pesticides thiamethoxam,acetamiprid and deltarmethrin exhibited sustainable and highly efficiency against leafhoppers on alfalfa.[Conclusions] The recommended usage in fields of thiamethoxam was 62.5-83.3 mg/L,acetamiprid was 50-66.7 mg/L and deltarmethrin was 8.3-12.5 mg/L.


Velocity measurements were made in vitro using a laser-Doppler anemometer downstream from prosthetic aortic heart valves with distinctly different designs. The valves studied were an Ionescu-Shiley tri-leaflet bioprosthesis, a Bjork-Shiley convexo-concave tilting-disc prosthesis, a Smeloff caged-ball prosthesis, and a St. Jude bi-leaflet prosthesis. Velocity measurements were made in steady and in pulsatile flow using a Newtonian fluid with a viscosity of 0.001 kg/ms. Velocity components in all three coordinate directions were measured at 305 locations distibuted systematically across a cross section of the flow system at an axial distance of 31.8 mm downstream from the valve mount. This systematic approach to the data acquisition allowed a detailed analysis of the disturbed flow fields generated by each of the four valves. Large shear stresses were estimated in the bulk flow which were potentially hemolytic and which could potentially activate platelet chemical-release reactions. A well-controlled, comparative analysis of the steady-flow and pulsatile-flow velocity results revealed that measurements made in steady flow could be used to approximate the dynamics of pulsatile flow during the middle of the pulse cycle only. Shear stresses estimated for steady flow were found to be an upper bound on those estimated for pulsatile flow. A comparison of the pressure-drop and regurgitant-flow characteristics of these four valves showed that there was a significant range in the hydrodynamic performance of these prostheses. The St. Jude prosthesis generated the lowest pressure drop among the four valves studied while the Smeloff prosthesis generated the largest. The St. Jude prosthesis also allowed the least amount of regurgitant flow of the three valve designs which, when closed, did not totally occlude their orifice for flow. Because it has a totally-occluding design, the lonescu-Shiley bioprosthesis allowed the least regurgitant flow of the valves studied. The Smeloff prosthesis allowed the largest amount of regurgitant flow of the valves studied.


The variables a manager faces in making decisions may be divided into two broad categories—those which are determined by the manager and those which are outside of his control. Agricultural economists have made many efforts to develop expectation models for one or more of the uncontrollable variables facing farmers and have suggested procedures for utilizing the resulting expectations. Recent developments in statistical decision theory provide a logically consistent framework for incorporating the predictions of expectation models [4, pp. 192-196]. Applications of Bayesian analysis utilizing predictions of one uncontrollable variable have been reported in the literature [1, 3]. However, many decision problems logically require expectations of two uncontrollable variables (such as price and yield) or more. This article illustrates a method of including predictors for more than one uncontrollable variable in the Bayesian framework, and reports some empirical results of an application to a stocking rate problem.


On the Dutch road network, about 60,000 road sensors are located of which 20,000 sensors are on the Dutch highways. Both vehicle counts and average speed are collected each minute and stored in the National Traffic Daffic statistics several methodological challenges needed to be solved. The first was developing a method to check and improve the data quality as quite some sensors lacked data for many minutes during the day. A cleaning and estimation step was implemented that enabled a precise and accurate estimate of the number of vehicles actually passing the sensors for each minute. The second challenge was monitoring the stream of incoming and outgoing data and controlling this fully automatic statistical process. This required defining quality indicators on the raw and processed sensor data. The fourth challenge was determining calibration weights based on the geographic locations of the road sensors on the roads. This was needed because road sensors are not uniformly distributed over the road network. As the number of active sensors fluctuates over time, the weights need to be determined periodically. As a result of these steps accurate numbers could be produced on the traffic intensity during various periods on regions in the Netherlands.


Abstract Antisense oligonucleotides directed against HSV- 1 immediate early gene mRNA were synthesized with replacement of the internal pyrimidine nucleotides by the corresponding 5-(l-hexynyl) analogues and with end-capping by phosphorothioates. These compounds were found to have improved binding affinity, increased stability towards nucleases and enhanced antiviral activity in a cell culture assay.


Near 4-μm-thick Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (PZT) films with Zr/Ti ratios of 60/40, 52/48, and 45/55 were coated onto platinized silicon substrates by using 2-methoxyethanol based sol-gel spin-on techniques with a special thermal treatment process. The scanning electron microscopy observations show the columnar growth of grains. The analysis of x-ray diffraction data indicates that all PZT films exhibit (100) texture. The dielectric constants and dissipation factors of the films were measured at elevated temperatures and frequencies. It is found that Curie points of 60/40, 52/48, and 45/55 films are at 350, 375, and 422 °C, respectively. All these films exhibit high dielectric constants and remnant polarizations. A permittivity of 1658 and remnant polarization of 35 μC/cm2 had been achieved for the 60/40 films. No enhancement of the dielectric constant was observed in films with a Zr/Ti ratio close to morphotropic phase boundary. The high dielectric constant observed in films with the higher Zr content was explained b...


In low-field nuclear magnetic resonance in solids, transitions are not driven directly by the oscillating field, but by the dipole-dipole interactions modulated by the applied oscillating field. This results in strong Am =2 transitions due to oscillating internal field gradients. Tunnel sidebands, symmetry forbidden in ordinary NMR, become strongly allowed. Tunnel frequencies of rotating molecular groups are measured in a previously inaccessible frequency range.


Ground water recovery in reclaimed surface mine blocks follows an exponential relationship of the form: E{sub w} = RC log(t) + E{sub o}: where E{sub w} is the water elevation at any time (t), E{sub o} is the elevation of the pre-recovery water table and RC is the Recovery Coefficient. The Recovery Coefficient is a measure of the rate of recovery and is controlled by the Mine block Dimensions (MD), Hydrostratigraphic Setting (HS), Hydraulic Properties of the spoil (HP), regional Moisture Balance (MB) and the Surface Water contribution to spoil resaturation (SW). The Recovery Coefficient: (1) increases as the volume of the mine block decreases, as the thickness of the resaturated section increases, in deep and narrow mine pits and as the lag time between reclamation and the start of water table recovery decreases [MD]; (2) increases as the surface infiltration increases, as lateral recharge from mine pit walls increases and as the rate of recharge from confined aquifers below the mine floor increase [HS]; (3) decreases if replaced overburden has a lower hydraulic conductivity than the pre-mine condition [HP]; (4) increases as the amount of excess moisture available for recharge increases [MB]; and (5) increases as the hydraulic conductivitymore » of the reclaimed land surface increases and as leakage from surface water bodies increases [SW].« less


:- Assam is the congregation of many races, cultures, languages and religion which have largely moulded into a unified cohesive culture. Due to continuous interaction and cultural adaptation of multiple ethnic groups, a symbolic culture has developed. The tribes of Assam belong to the Mongoloid stock. Each of the tribes has its own importance and unique heritage. This paper attempts to study the process of assimilation as observed among the different ethnic communities residing in the South Kamrup (Guwahati) Tribal Belt due to continuous interaction with non tribal population. The South Kamrup (Guwahati) Tribal Belt was constituted on 27th February, 1950 (Vide Notification number ( RD74/46/172). A tribal belt generally refers to the areas pre-dominated by indigenous and other backward communities notified under Chapter X of the Assam Land And Revenue Regulation Act of 1886 that was amended in the year 1947. Most of the traditional Assamese cultural elements have made inroads into the culture of the various tribes residing in the study area. These changing trends have gained momentum during the last decades. The adoption of the Assamese way of life is a distinct feature in the study area.


The Latin translations of the Greek work known after the name of its presumed author as Physiologus provoked Latin adaptations across (at least) what are now England, France, and Germany; and these in turn inspired the copying and often illustrating of manuscripts across an even wider area.1 From these Latin works sprang vernacular texts in (at least) English, Icelandic, German, French, Italian, Occitan, and Catalan.2 In researching these varied and far-flung developments, specialists have often unintentionally further dispersed and even fragmented the tradition from which they stem. Anglophone scholars call the texts on which they work 'bestiaries' whereas their continental colleagues continue to refer to them as manifestations of Physiologus.3 In French, 'bestiaire' may be used in the title of texts (Le Bestiaire de Pierre de Beauvais) but it does not designate a textual tradition so much as any set of animal representations possessing meaning, in any medium.4 Continental scholarship has been driven mainly by philological concerns whereas in the anglophone world it has been dominated by art historians. Ways of categorizing texts have changed over time as well as place, creating further inconsistencies in nomenclature. The result has been a historical fracturing of what was, at least initially, a unified literary phenomenon. At the most fundamental level, this affects how manuscripts are recognized, described, and catalogued. The fluctuations in medieval designations, and the variations which individual texts manifest from one copy to another, would be enough to make identification challenging even without these differing apprehensions of the Physiologus tradition and their conflicting terminology for designating its components.5This article is the outcome of my struggles with these hydra-like difficulties. It has two main aims: first, to integrate the conflicting accounts of the bestiary/ Physiologus put forward by anglophone and continental scholarship, marshalling them into a single narrative; and second, to identify some of the points of interaction between the kinds of text more typical of the Anglo-Norman domain and those more prevalent further east, in the parts of France less exposed to Anglo-Norman influence and in territories which, in the period relevant to this study, lay within 'the Empire', such as the present Low Countries, Germany, and northern Italy. Emphasis is thereby displaced from the model predominant in bestiary scholarship, focused on diachronic filiation, towards an interest in broadly synchronic intersection. Some of the important developments in the bestiary/ Physiologus tradition during the early twelfth century, such as the structure of Philippe de Thaon's bestiary and the emergence of the awkwardly named 'H-type B-Isidore' bestiary, may be best viewed as products of such intersection, as I will argue below. Another, later example that I also discuss is the French-language bestiary of Gervaise, often seen as somewhat marginal but which appears much less so when viewed in this context.A consequence of integrating the anglophone and continental histories of the bestiary/Physiologus is that what is now France emerges as a major zone of exchange and transaction between different textual traditions, a role that it played the more effectively because relatively little of the modern hexagon fell under the control of the medieval French crown, much of it being ruled or dominated by its powerful imperial neighbours on either side. Although the focus of this article is on textual relationships rather than the historical conditions that produced them, it is likely that monastic, ecclesiastical, or aristocratic networks operating between, rather than within, these imperial powers were responsible for much of the traffic in which these relationships between texts were forged.In the first part of this article I work towards a unified chronology of the European bestiary/Physiologus tradition so as to identify roughly contemporary groups of texts within a single narrative arc; these groups provide a framework in which to recognize moments of intersection that are analysed in its second part. …


In this paper the progress of Finite Element Method(FEM) based simulation of a deformable object in virtual reality is presented. Mass and stiffness matrix for FEM is calculated from meshed object which is generated from surface model for visualization. Deformation of the object is calculated from obtained matrices and external force at each time step and displayed in real-time. A simple cantilever deformation example and deformation of a kidney model including pushing and pulling was performed and deformation results of two models are presented. Developed simulation framework of deformable object will be implemented in surgical simulation including haptic feedback eventually.


ABSTRACT In this paper we present the results of a study which was carried out in an inquiry-based teaching and learning environment with the use of 'what if not' methodology coupled with the integration of dynamic geometry software. The vast majority of the students reported that they perceived themselves as participants rather than spectators. Most of the prospective teachers came to the conclusion that the implementation of the findings of this study in their future teachings was a good idea and that it will raise the students' motivation and enhance and deepen the knowledge pool of the learners.


In an endeavour to understand the various contributions to the spin scattering of conduction electrons in aluminium, the conduction-electron spin resonance linewidths of polycrystalline, pure and dilute alloy foils of aluminium have been measured in reflection at 42.5 MHz, 9.27 GHz and 20.9 GHz, over the temperature range 4.2-100K. From these linewidths the phonon spin scattering contribution at 42.5 MHz and 9.27 GHz is obtained and is found to be proportional to the phonon contribution to the resistivity scattering. At 42.5 MHz and below 25K a temperature dependence proportional to T2 is recorded, indicative of an electron-electron scattering process. The probability of a spin flip when an electron collides with the surface is also calculated from measurements of the linewidth at 42.5 MHz, and is found to agree with earlier measurements. At higher frequencies there are other contributions to the linewidth which may be attributed either to the complex Fermi surface of aluminium or to the breakdown of motional narrowing by the conduction electrons of the g anisotropy over the Fermi surface. In pure samples, one contribution is found at low temperatures and is linearly dependent on both the observational frequency and the resistivity scattering time. A second contribution, which is also linearly dependent on the frequency but independent of temperature, is reported as well. Finally, at the highest frequencies used or at high impurity levels an extra contribution to the temperature dependence is found, which is evident even at temperatures as high as 100K where motional narrowing is expected to be complete.


Before I enter into the particulars of raising pine-apples in water, it will be necessary to tell you that my hot-house is covered with the best crown-glass, which I apprehend gives more heat than the common sort of green glass generally used for hot-houses. In the front part of the house, and indeed any where in the lowest parts of it, the pine-apple plants will not thrive well in water. The way in which I treat them is as follows. I place a shelf near the highest part of the back wall, so that the pine-plants may stand without absolutely touching the glass, but as near it as can be: on this shelf I place pans full of water, about seven or eight inches deep; and in these pans I put the pine-apple plants, growing in the same pots of earth as they are generally planted in to be plunged into the bark-bed in the common way; that is, I put the pot of earth, with the pine-plant in it, in the pan full of water, and as the water decreased I constantly fill up the pan. I place either plants in fruit, or young plants as soon as they are well rooted, in these pans of water, and find they thrive equally well: the fruit reared this way is always much larger, as well as better flavoured, that when ripened in the bark-bed.


We present a system, TransProse, that automatically generates musical pieces from text. TransProse uses known relations between elements of music such as tempo and scale, and the emotions they evoke. Further, it uses a novel mechanism to determine sequences of notes that capture the emotional activity in text. The work has applications in information visualization, in creating audio-visual e-books, and in developing music apps.


The Data and Program Library Service for the Social Sciences at the University of Wisconsin announces the availability of a collection of computer program abstracts pertaining to software of utility to social science researchers. This effort is sponsored by the National Science Foundation as part of a project entitled &dquo;A National Program Library and Central Program Inventory Service for the Social Sciences (NPL/CPIS)&dquo; which was initiated in the latter part of 1969. The information contained in each of these brief abstracts is sufficient to enable a user to make a tentative judgement whether or not a


Abstract Crossing boundaries, change and continuity in the history of learning disability Brigham, L., Atkinson, D., Jackson, M., Rolph, S. and Walmsley. J. (eds) (2000) BILD, London, 186pp, £18.95, ISBN 1-902519-21-3.


A phenomenal amount of research output on Tuberculosis (TB) exists in print and/or digital form at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT). Archiving such materials serve twin purposes – conservation and visibility. The emergence of Internet and digital technology has ushered in the IR (Institutional Repository) model, promising to be extremely advantageous.  As the NIRT Library has already introduced digital Library services in 2001, it marches in another direction to set up an IR to preserve its intellectual assets and make it available to its community working to explore research for tuberculosis control and its eradication  Key words: institutional repository, tuberculosis, Eprints, archive, IR


View Online References [1] X.-Y. Pen; J.-H. Teng; X.-H. Zhang; Y.-L. Foo, Distortion analysis of pulsed terahertz signal measured with spectral-encoding technique. Journal of Applied Physics 108, 093112 (2010); doi:10.1063/1.3499639 [2] X.-Y. Peng; J. Teng; H. Liu; H. Tanoto; H. Guo; Z.-M. Sheng; J. Zhang, Distortion reduction in strong terahertz signals using broadband attenuators with flat transmittance. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 49, 015501 (2016). doi: 10.1088/00223727/49/1/015501 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. © The Author(s) 2017 Generation and Detection of Terahertz Radiation from Laser-Plasmas Xiao-Yu Peng,* Hai-Wei Du Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 266 Fangzheng Avenue, Beibei District, Chongqing, China Corresponding Author. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Received: 25 May 2017, Accepted: 15 June 2017, Published Online: 02 October 2017 Citation Information: Xiao-Yu Peng, Hai-Wei Du. Nano-Micro Conference, 2017, 1, 01004. doi: 10.11605/cp.nmc2017.01004 Abstract Broadband terahertz (THz) radiation from laser-plasma interaction and a corresponding broadband THz time domain spectroscopy based on optically-air-biased-coherent-detection technique are presented. One of the singleshot detection techniques for THz time domain spectroscopy, the spectral-encoding technique, is also reviewed [1]. Distortions of the signals measured by this technique and the corresponding strategies to reduce them are demonstrated [2].Broadband terahertz (THz) radiation from laser-plasma interaction and a corresponding broadband THz time domain spectroscopy based on optically-air-biased-coherent-detection technique are presented. One of the singleshot detection techniques for THz time domain spectroscopy, the spectral-encoding technique, is also reviewed [1]. Distortions of the signals measured by this technique and the corresponding strategies to reduce them are demonstrated [2]. Figure 1. (a) Attenuated and corrected THz waveforms using 10 Si wafers as attenuators vs. the original strong THz signal. (b) THz spectrum of the corrected THz signal with 10 Si wafers vs. that of the original one.


It is shown that the (diagonal) size Ramsey numbers of complete $m$-partite graphs $K_{m}(n)$ can be bounded from below by $cn^22^{(m-1)n}$, where $c$ is a positive constant.


The dynamic behavior of a solution heat‐treated, water‐quenched and aged U‐0.75wt%Ti alloy was studied in planar (disk‐on‐disk) and reverse ballistic (disk‐on‐rod) impact experiments performed with a 25 mm light‐gas gun. The impact velocity ranged from 100 to 500 m/sec. The impacted samples were softly recovered for further metallographic examination. The VISAR records of the sample free surface velocity, obtained in planar impact experiments, were simulated with 1‐D hydrocode for calibrating the parameters of modified Steinberg‐Cochran‐Guinan (SCG) constitutive equation of the alloy. The same SCG equation was employed in 2‐D AUTODYN simulation of the alloy response in the reverse ballistic experiments, with VISAR monitoring of the lateral sample surface velocity. Varying the parameters of the strain‐dependent failure model allows relating the features of the recorded velocity profiles with the results of the examination of the damaged samples.


In this paper, we consider the problem situation related to the drying of wood, which requires significant energy costs. To solve the problem, the traditional technology of wood drying is analyzed and the main shortcomings are identified. The use of an electro-osmotic phenomenon is proposed to remove moisture from the mass of wood, which will reduce energy consumption for wood drying.


The emission-type CT which utilizes the radiation from the radioisotope (RI) injected into the body can reconstruct the biochemical information inside the body as an image. At present, the multicross-sectional method is employed in reconstructing the three-dimensional distribution of RI, as in the case of X-ray CT.

In this method, a spatial nonuniform resolution is produced in the reconstructed RI image. It should be noted, on the other hand, that RI injected into the body emits radiations in all directions in the space. By utilizing all those radiations, a three-dimensional image can be reconstructed without a nonuniformity in the resolution.

This paper shows that the three-dimensional distribution of RI can directly be reconstructed from the radiations emitted spatially from inside the body. It is shown first that the problem to determine the three-dimensional distribution of RI from the radiations is the inverse problem with the exponential line integral as the measured value. The relation between the Fourier transform of the projections by the exponential line integral and the Fourier transform of the original three-dimensional image is analyzed. Then it is shown that the radiation attenuation coefficient of RI can be determined only from the projection data.

Furthermore, based on the relation between the Fourier and Hankel transformations, a method is derived for the direct three-dimensional image reconstruction from the radiation projection using the series expansion.


The shrimp is the largest contribution to foreign exchange earnings. This
study aims to determine business analysis and risk of vannamei shrimp
cultivation in research and pilot project of Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic
Sidoarjo. This research was a descriptive study. Business analysis were, the initial
capital Rp 202.342.750 (including interest), the production cost Rp 143.521.561 in
one cycle. Revenue obtained was Rp 190.296.000, with a profit Rp 46.774.439 each
cycle (100 days). The value of R/C ratio was 1,325. Payback periode (PP) 6
months. Break event point (BEP) of price was Rp 55.212, and the BEP unit was
2.031 kg. Return on investment (ROI) obtained was 18,72 %. Every effort must
have risks, and risk analysis was very important for fish farmers in decision
making. Liquidity risk analysis of current ratio was 1,236 and networking capital
ratio was 15.946. Analysis of the solvency of the debt to equity ratio (DER) was
1,34. Analysis profitability, return on equity (ROE) was 16,227 and net profit
margin (NPM ) was 42.105. The conclusion based on the result business and risk
analysis of vannamei shrimp intensive cultivation in research and pilot project of
Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic Sidoarjo can be continue, developed, and also
can be applicable for the other vannamei shrimp farm.
Key words: business analysis and risk, vannamei shrimp, business system,
management.


This paper systematically investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of various winding configurations for synchronous reluctance motor (SyRM). The influence of winding configuration on effective saliency is analyzed and verified using finite element analysis. A select few slots per pole per phase combinations of SyRM are designed and preliminary comparison of their performance presented at rated operation. Rotor geometry optimization is utilized to identify desirable geometric design characteristics based on the winding configuration. The dependency of the SyRM rotor geometry on space harmonics generated by the winding function allows for a winding configuration dependent design strategy of SyRM rotor based on the analysis presented in this work.


BACKGROUND: Babesiosis is an important tickborne disease in the sheep of Iran. OBJECTIVES:Amolecular study was carried out in North Khorasan province, Iran in 2010-2011, designed to identify Babesia spp. infection of both sheep and ticks. METHODS: Ninety sheep from different flocks were clinically examined and blood samples were collected with ixodid ticks . The collected ticks were separated into 82 tick pools and the salivary glands were dissected out in 0.85% (w/v) saline under a stereomicroscope. The blood and the salivary glands were examined using semi-nested PCR. RESULTS: Piroplasm infection was detected in 37 blood smears using microcopic examination while 80 blood samples were piroplasm positive in the first round of semi-nested PCR and Babesia ovis was only detected in 6 (6.6%) of positive samples in the second round of semi-nested PCR. Of the 434 ticks that were collected, the most prevalent species was Rhipicephalus turanicus (69.3%) followed by Hyalomma marginatum turanicum (18.4%), Dermacentor marginatus (6.4%) and Rhipicephalus bursa (5.7%). One pool of H. m. turanicum salivary glands and one pool of R.turanicus were infected with B. ovis. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it is concluded that B.ovis has a low prevalence among the sheep of North Khorasan province and H. m. turanicum and R. turanicus may be the vectors of B.ovis in this area.


The purpose of this book is to analyze the relationship between human capital and economic growth as recent studies cast doubt on the importance of this factor input. Researchers in the field argue that this finding is likely due to imperfect measures of human capital. Therefore, the accumulation of human capital and its measurement are evaluated before addressing the relationship of the two variables in an empirical setting. The book proceeds as follows: First, the variables relevant to the decision-making process of human capital investment are tested in a binary probit model. Second, the book shows that it is possible to construct a more accurate measure of human capital by considering a labor supply and demand framework. Finally, the performance of the newly derived measure is tested empirically in growth regressions with least squares dummy variable estimators as well as general method of moments techniques. The book should advance the discussion of the relevance of human capital and serves as a starting point for researchers and professionals who may be studying educational improvements and skill developments of the labor force in aggregate economies.


Language, either oral or written, is meant both to convey and to preserve meaning. Semiotics is the discipline which permits the extraction of a meaning from systems of linguistic signs. Written texts are static, while the world is about them is in flux. Meaning is thus intimately connected to this marriage of flux and stasis in texts. Here, three views on semiotics are examined: First, Plato's treatment of signs and flux in the dialogue Kratylos is dissected. The conventional and mimetic aspects of signs are contrasted, and a connection between inquiry and stasis is intimated. Next, the Augustinian theory of signs, as delineated in De Doctrina Christiana, is presented. The diversity of signs and several principles of hermeneutics are considered. In addition, the existence of the some Post-Modern notions of polysemy, trace, and fore-structures of understanding in Augustine's thought is indicated. Also, the concepts of ineffability and of res summa in De Doctrina Christiana are examined as starting points for a deconstructive critique of Augustinian semiotics. Third, Derrida's treatment of signifiers in Of Grammatology is analyzed as a (re)turn to a semiotics of the flux. Finally, the oral concept of memory reveals a connection between flux and stasis. The memory plays a role in the system of signs in creating a "generative reconstruction". According to Augustine, sign-making is also "incarnational." Humans retain something of the signs in memory; memory preserves the basis of the sign. This mnemic fundament may be constantly adjusted to the present reality, i.e. the flux; the epistemological and semiotic data base in oral cultures is generative or fluid. Memory ameliorates the semiotic tension between the flux of the world and the stasis of information in the system of signs. The lord whose oracle is in Delphi neither speaks nor conceals but makes signs [sêmainei]. (Heraclitus, Fragment 93; in Kirk and Raven, 211) War [polemos] is the father of all .... some he makes slaves, others free.(Heraclitus, Fragment 93; in Kirk and Raven,195) ISSN 1393-614X Minerva An Internet Journal of Philosophy 7 (2003): 173-207 ____________________________________________________ J. Keith Wright 174 ... there are also a whole set of deities, gods, shrines, call them what you will, who change in emphasis and in actuality. (I have argued that) this change is related to the kind of internal contradiction that is generalized by human thought about the universe ... It is therefore the problem of the God who failed ... In oral culture such contradictions are more easily swallowed up ... (Goody, The Interface between the Written and the Oral, 155-156) This war of words [pugna verborum] is to be passed over in silence rather than resolved verbally. (Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana, I.6) This process of substitution, which functions as a pure play of traces ... operates within the order of the pure signifier which no reality, no absolutely external reference, no transcendental signified can come to limit, bound, or control; ... this unleased chain is nevertheless not lacking in violence. One would not have understood anything of this linguistic "immanence," if one saw it as the peaceful milieu of a merely fictional war, an inoffensive word-play, in contrast to some raging polemos in "reality." (Derrida 1981, Disseminations, 89) Signs and Leaky Pots In the dialogue Kratylos, later appended with the subtitle "On the Correctness of Names," the roles both of nature and of convention in language are explored. One participant, Hermogenes, argues that language, and hence the system of signs, is purely conventional in origin. Kratylos, on the other hand, maintains that there exists ISSN 1393-614X Minerva An Internet Journal of Philosophy 7 (2003): 173-207 ____________________________________________________ J. Keith Wright 175 a natural or intrinsic correctness (i.e. meaning) in the bestowing of names. Kratylos ... says that everything has a right name [onomatos orthotêta] of its own which comes by nature [phusei] and that a name is not whatever people call a thing by agreement [xunthemenoi] .... I have often talked with Kratylos and many others, and cannot come to the conclusion that there is any correctness of names other than by convention and agreement [xunthêkê kai homologia]. (Plato, 383-4; references refer to the classical textual divisions of the dialogue as employed for example in the Loeb Classical Edition. Volume 4) Hermogenes further notes that we can change the names [metatithemetha] of servants and that such new names functions just as well as the former. (Plato, 383) Socrates counters by inquiring about truth and the problems of objectivity and subjectivity. To this interrogation, Hermogenes responds that truth is speaking of things as they are. This response, however, prompts Socrates to cite Protagoras: Pantôn khrêmatôn metron eînai anthropon (Humankind is the measure of all things. Plato, 385). But this observation raises the question of whether or not there is an absolute reality beyond that created by the one who constitutes the linguistic object. After considering various crafts, Socrates elicits a concession that: "A name, also, then, is a kind of tool [organon] . (Plato, 388, cf. "Zeichen" [sign] and "Werk-zeug," [tool] as discussed by Heidegger in Sein und Zeit, §17; references refer to the standard divisions of Being and Time) A toolmaker, to be sure, produces such objects ISSN 1393-614X Minerva An Internet Journal of Philosophy 7 (2003): 173-207 ____________________________________________________ J. Keith Wright 176 appropriate to particular tasks. Furthermore, the toolmaker fashions these objects according to an ideal, a mental image, a Form. Thus, the naming of tools requires a knowledgeable artisan who is cognizant of their proper and correct uses. Most importantly, the proper and correct name must somehow embody the Form (Plato, 390 E). This discussion moves Socrates to suggest that the names applied to the eternal and divine must have been bestowed with special care and attention. Thus, a long discourse on the appropriateness of the names of the gods ensues. Socrates eventually returns to the concept of "name," which he interprets provocatively as "this being about which our search is [on hou masma estin]." (Plato, 421 B) "Truth" he relates to the notion of "divine wandering [theia alê]," while "falsity" is "the opposite of motion." (Plato, 421 B) Notice that truth as alê theia constitutes a significant alternative to the Heideggerian envisioning of truth as alêtheia or un-covering. (Heidegger, §7B) In Plato, such associations of truth and naming with flux and stasis acquire additional significance in view of Socrates' final stance in the dialogue and in view of Derrida's metaphor of movement in discussing differance. Now Kratylos turns towards a conversation on the mimetic theory of language (Plato, 423,424,427) with the following question: "Oh Socrates, what sort of imitation [mimêsis] is a name?" (Plato, 423 C) In the ensuing, we can sense that Socrates is laying a trap for Hermogenes, because the description of the name-maker [onomastikos] revives unsavory associations from Republic, Phaidros, and