This article analyzes the illicit practices used by citizens of the Sovereign State of Bolivar between 1857 and 1886 to avoid state taxes. Similarly, it shows how such practices affected the functioning of the state's public administration. The main idea supported in this analysis is that among the factors that contributed to the economic instability experienced by the Sovereign State of Bolivar, citizens tax evasion was one of the most significant, seriously affecting the functioning of public administration, since the most representative state taxes (cattle slit, income tax, distillation of spirits, and consumption of foreign goods) were the ones most frequently evaded.


While there has been some concern that the focus on ICT in UK public libraries may have diverted attention away from the core business of books, there are strong indications that enormous public library interest and government finance is being channelled into the promotion of fiction. Reading promotion schemes in public libraries have been recently introduced and include initiatives by organizations such as: Opening the Book; the Reading Partnership, the DCMS/Wolfson Public Libraries Challenge Fund; and the Branching Out initiative; which demonstrate the scope for the imaginative promotion of books and reading within public libraries. The proactive promotion of fiction to adult readers is a relatively new venture for many public librarians, even though promotion in the form of displays, book lists and author visits have long been common promotional tools. The promotion of library stock and planning of reader development activities require librarians to understand why people read fiction, the needs that it fulfils and the role it plays in people's lives. While catering for the needs of readers, public libraries frequently overlook the needs of those who are unable to read. Nevertheless, there is evidence that UK public libraries are working hard to remedy this situation, with support for the development of adult basic skills and the introduction of the concept of community librarianship, with its focus on trying to make public library services more relevant to disadvantaged sections of the community. This has led to the growth of library-based literacy initiatives, such as those funded by the DCMS/Wolfson Public Libraries Challenge Fund, focusing on promoting reading to children and young people and including work with families and special needs communities such as travellers and the homeless.


Foreign periodical management includes the order, register, binding, cataloguing, circulating, reading, and so on. The order is a premise, register and binding are foundation, cataloguing is a key, and reading is important. In conclusion, the periodical management is divided into to collectingprocessing area and function area.


A method for the detection of hybrid DS/FH signal is provided,and the feasibility of this technique is testified by simulation used MATLAB.The result indicates that if the signal and noise rate is above-10dB,this way may be feasible.


Labor integration is a process with a high degree of complexity that involves reciprocal changes in state of the elements of this relationship. The transformation has a clear asymmetric nature of intensity and speed of this process, to the detriment of the individual. Speaking of work integration, specific problems arise, and these ones directly mark the person and the quality of life. The nowadays socio-economical bad fund amplifies the unwanted consequences and offers a great importance to the process of work inegration. The situation of graduates find themselves at the moment of work integration is even more difficult as the set of skills and capabilities - as provided by the educational institution - is not well suited to new tasks. This discrepancy can be eliminated by aligning the Romanian education system.


Oxygen isotopes provide a key tool in determining origins and links of diverse solar system materials. SIMS analyses of terminal particles returned from comet Wild 2 with sufficient analytical precision for useful comparison to meteorites are very limited. Generally, analyses of grains have used potted butts or single grains pressed into gold in order to provide sufficient sample thickness to analyse with high current probes. At most, only one potted butt can exist for any characterized terminal particle and in many cases it is required for other analytical techniques or no longer contains cometary material. Here we utilize the more readily available microtomed sections as a means of extracting useful oxygen isotopic information. NanoSIMS 50L isotope imaging mode allows the material available for analysis from these very thin sections (≈70 nm) to be maximized, although analytical uncertainty reported by others using this technique is large.


Deployment of sensor systems for smart, Internet of Things (IoT) environments may be subject to high cost, physical limitations, building modification regulations, or lengthy processes. Flexibility of sensor type choice can lead to overcoming various constraints. Very low cost, easily deployable sensors can provide data other than that for which it was designed. In this paper, we use temperature sensors, rather than the customarily used job-specific sensors, to measure the mechanical events of opening of a fridge door and the physical event of water flow in a pipe. A given sensor that measures a particular parameter can instead use a different, alternative low cost sensor to answer the same end question: the means by which the answer is derived differs, and thus the sensor's modality shifts. We show results of replacing flow meters in pipes and mechanical switches in refrigerator doors with temperature sensors, thereby shifting the modality of the temperature sensor from measuring the room temperature to measuring other physical parameters.


different things that are identified as " just " or " fair " ; and so forth. Among the several puzzles surrounding " the one and the many, " Plato and Socrates wondered what exactly " apple, " " red, " or " justice " are apart from the many particular instances belonging to each of these classes. " Apple, " " red, " and " justice " perhaps could be mere words, conventional labels applied when one sees sufficient similarity in disparate things to group them together (so with apples: edible items, roughly the same size with similar texture, generally sweet taste, that grow on trees, etc., are labeled " apples "). But this model of applying a single label-name after having collected similars fits less well for things that are not visible. So, one speaks of virtues or values such as " justice " or relations such as " equal to " as " ones over many, " yet the words do not supply direct perceptual clues of their shared identity, as " apples " might. It is not because of what they look like, but because of what they are, that particular instances belong together. On what basis, then, are particulars recognizable in the first place as belonging together in a single class such as " equal " or " just " ? To know what something is, what kind of thing it is, it appears that meaning must be available in advance; only then could collecting similar things proceed. This indicates that UNIVERSALS (i.e., the " ones " standing over the many particulars in each class) are not mere conventional labels applied after-the-fact of collecting. Rather, only knowledge can direct collecting, and knowing involves detecting order and unities that are already real. For Plato, these meaning-bearing unities, these intelligible " ones, " are the Forms. In any act of knowing, it is the (relevant) Form being grasped. So, in Plato's philosophy, Forms are crucial for explaining how human knowledge works; that is, how human beings recognize physical things as the kinds they are and how they understand and apply concepts. Third Man Argument. The Third Man argument challenges the claim that Forms can explain human knowledge. One sees there are many human beings, many " men, " each discrete and different, yet all of them men; this collection will be referred to as " Man 1. …


. In this article I review the efforts of eighteen scientists and theologians, recorded in this book, to describe the relation of God to the universe during a conference sponsored by the John Templeton Foundation at Windsor Castle in 2001. Theologians from several branches of Christian faith articulate their understanding of panentheism, revealing a considerable diversity. I deal with each author in relation to six issues: the way God acts, how God's intimate relation to the world is to be described, the relation of God to spacetime, whether God is dependent upon the world, what type of language is used, and the problem of dipolar panentheism. I identify significant differences between these authors, suggest where fruitful dialogue is possible, and distinguish between intelligibility and plausibility in comparing dipolar panentheism with other types.


By reaction of [N(C4H9)4]2[B12H12] with chlorotriphenyltin at 170 °C the phenylundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate anion [(C6H5)B12H11]2- is formed which can be isolated by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl(DEAE) cellulose. The crystal structure of [As(C6H5)4]2[(C6H5)B12H11] has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis; triclinic, space group P1̄ with a = 11,0066(11), b = 11.1371(6), c = 22.236(2) Å, α = 93.040(6), β = 92.981(8), γ = 100.254(6)°, Z = 2. The 11B NMR spectrum reveals the features (1:5:5:1) of a monosubstituated B12 cage with the ipso B atom at - 6.1 and the antipodal B at -17.4 ppm. The 13C and 1H NMR spectra show the characteristic patterns of the phenyl group. The IR and Raman spectra exhibit characteristic BH stretching vibrations between 2464 and 2519 cm-1 and the CC stretching vibrations in the range of 1405 to 1592 cm-1.


Unlike classical ferroelectrics, relaxor ferroelectrics are characterized by their diffuse phase transitions and dielectric properties. They can also exhibit a low coercive field and giant piezoelectric coefficients [1]. These properties are thought to arise from the existence of polar nanoregions in a non-polar matrix or a slush-like response of a nanoscale multi-domain state, but the models are fully predictive [2, 3]. If relaxor ferroelectric materials are to be designed rather than discovered, a complete fundamental understanding of their response to electric field is required – from the micro to atomic length scale. Recent advances in in situ microscopy and STEM detector technologies, such as 4D STEM and differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging [4], have the potential to unlock the structural details needed to explain the remaining mysteries in these materials.


For further exploiting the application area of phase change material (PCM) and increasing it added-value,the research on the composite and thermal properties of two kinds of phase change materials was undertaken to develop an advanced intelligent textiles with temperature conditioning function.By comparing academic calculation with practical measurement,the optimum composite proportion of the materials was selected.And then the composite phase change material was applied onto the fabric by coating with the purpose of manufacturing the temperature conditioning textiles.The influence of the coating weight,curing and baking temperature,and washing on the temperature conditioning property of the fabric was discussed,and the thermal property of the treated fabric was also tested.The results demonstrated that the fabric coated by composite phase change material had appropriate phase change temperature,higher enthalpy,and good temperature conditioning function.


This paper spotlights Field Engineering as both capable and deserving of professional status. Professional and technical qualifications of its personnel must be of a high caliber. Personal conduct and managerial attitudes must be sufficient, to satisfy the customer's demands. Such attributes are the hallmark of those engaged in the Field Engineering Profession. Numerous IEEE members are directly involved and/or closely associated with Field Engineering.


Introduction: There have been several recent mi-neralogical and geomorphological discoveries of evidence for surficial liquid water and/or rainfall in the earliest history of Mars (e.g. [1,2]). However, the presence of liquid water at the surface early in Mars' history presents a conundrum. The early sun was most likely approximately 75% fainter than it is today implying that about 65-70 degrees of greenhouse warming is required to bring surface temperatures to the melting point of water. To date climate models have not been able to produce a continuously warm and wet early Mars [3]. But this may be because the " warm and wet " period was relatively short (~10


Abstract This article is part 2 of a paper whose first part was published in the Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association 34.2 (2014). This part deals with a variety of practical issues including the benefits of ecumenical cooperation and reasons behind negative perceptions of ecumenism.


glaucoma. For the most part, however, the subjects are well chosen and largely bear out the editors' contention that the sub-speciality of glaucoma is changing rapidly. Doubtless in a few years time Butterworths will ask them to reorganise the book in view of the additional advances that have occurred in the interim. In the meantime this book is well worth reading and should form part of the continuing education all ophthalmologists need to undergo.


The dramatic increase in life expectancy in the United States and all other developed nations in the 20th century is one of the greatest cultural and scientific advances in our history. Yet, we are woefully unprepared to address the challenges–such as potential conflicts aggravated by generational differences–and take advantage of the opportunities–unleashing the productivity inherent in a healthy elderly population, for example–that stand before us.


What we really need to do is to abolish education. Just get rid of it. Understand I am not saying that we should get rid of teacher education or schools of education, as many rightwing critics desire, but schools themselves. Just abolish them. And further understand that I am not making a case for Ivan Illich's deschooling either; we ought not seek to replace formal schools with informal educational networks. 1 No, I am suggesting that what we really need to do is to abandon education altogether. The worst problems of our times result from education, or, at least, what passes for education. The contemporary world's most intractable, most destructive, most dangerous problems have been made possible by education, not the lack of it. Our problems do not arise from the failures of our education system, but its successes. Educators, look around, we are the cause of this mess. Take, for example, our recent economic meltdown brought about by the dramatic increase in private securitization of sub-prime mortgages during the 1990s and 2000s. Consider the imaginative new financial strategies such as over-collateralization and disintermediation, and the brilliantly intricate "bundling" of sub-prime mortgages with AAA-rated prime mortgages which used the "law of averages" to spread the risk of these mortgages to "near zero" and, therefore, attracted investors from all over the world from the smallest to largest banks, from the individual IRAs and to large institutional pension funds, and resulted in the worst world economy since the 1930s. 2 Without extremely well-educated people to develop the ideas and to create the necessary algorithms, these illusions of security could never have been built. Or, for another example, take the growth of inequality that results from the new overlord class, the titans of the new transnational corporations, which has arisen to hover over the economic fields well fertilized with the destruction of the world's communities. 3 Consider the vulnerabilities in agricultural production due to the neoliberal policies that encourage the abandonment of traditional crops for local consumption to the attractive cash crops for the world markets, or the decrease in biodiversity that has resulted from the increase in genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for agriculture. Or consider the rapid and continued loss of the mom and pop stores that are being replaced by the large corporate chains such as Wal-Mart. Or consider the decrease in the power of labor unions due to the ability of corporations to shut down production and move the jobs elsewhere to a growing population of educated workers in other lands capable


Kinetics
of the sorption of the herbicide, pendimethalin (3,4-Dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-pentan-3-yl-aniline) on four soil
samples obtained from the banks of Rivers Benue and Katsina-Ala, in Central
Nigeria was studied by contacting 5.0 g soil samples with 100 mL 7 × 10-6 M herbicide solution. The sorption was monitored by following the herbicide
concentration in the aqueous phase spectrophotometrically at one hour intervals
for 5 hours (at 25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C and 65°C, respectively). Pseudo-first
order kinetics treatment of the data showed that sorption rates as well as the
accompanying activation energies were low, indicating that physical adsorption is
the operative mechanism for its retention in the soils and that the herbicide
tended to reside more in the aqueous phase, which raised its potential to
contaminate natural water systems, when applied on the field.


Introduction. The development and spread of robots, artificial intelligence systems and complex automated information systems are associated with the problem of causing harm by their decisions and actions, as well as the problem of legal liability for this harm. Theoretical analysis. One of the main functions of legal liability is general and private prevention. When applied to robots, it requires them to be reprogrammed, retrained, or eliminated. Thus, the issue of the possibility, forms and conditions of their existence is directly related to the problem of legal responsibility of autonomous and sometimes unpredictable software and hardware mechanisms. A systemic legal structure aimed at ensuring safety and predictability in the creation and operation of robots can be built on the basis of a classifying standard, and each class will be associated with certain forms and models of responsibility. Empirical analysis. The basis of the legal classification of robots and complex automated information systems will be the threats associated with causing harm as a result of their spontaneous actions and decisions, correlated with the forms of legal liability. The following threats can be identified: causing the death of a person; unlawful change in the legal status of the subject; causing material harm; violation of the personal non-property rights of a person; information or other property of the owner (user), not related to causing harm to third parties; the threat of illegal behavior of robots. Results. The authors propose a classification of robots and complex automated systems, as well as approaches to legal liability and security for each class, and indicate directions for promising development of legal and technical standards necessary to ensure this classification and certification.


The paper produces Nano-TiO2 doped with Fe3+,Ce3+,Cu2+,Ce3+and La3+ using sol-gel method, examines the effects of their preparation condition on catalyst performance, and then explores the influence of the adding amount of metal ions and different ions combinations on photocatalytic activity of modified Nano-TiO2. The result indicates the optimum condition for preparing doped Nano-TiO2 adopting sol-gel method as following. Firstly, at the temperature of 20℃, add 2ml of nitric acid into the testing solution with 1 hour stirring at speed of 200r/min; secondly, deposit the solution for 5 hours; and then calcinate above precipitate for 2 hours at the temperature of 500℃. The final product is Nano-TiO2 prepared by sol-gel method. In addition, the comparisons of the effects of single-group ion doped product and double-group ones show that Nano-TiO2 doped with Cr3+(2.2wt%), La3+ (0.5wt %) and Fe3+ (0.2wt %) possesses the strongest photocatalytic activity.


We construct model category structures for monoids and modules in symmetric monoidal model categories, with applications to symmetric spectra and Γ-spaces. 1991 AMS Math. Subj. Class.: primary 55U35, secondary 18D10


This paper presents econometric evidence that sheds new light on the role played by financial liberalization in the Korean and Thai financial crises. Drawing on previous empirical studies, it argues that while the banking systems of both Korea and Thailand supported their remarkable long-run growth performance, they were ill prepared to face the risks emanating from financial liberalization. New evidence is then presented which shows that financial liberalization set in motion a classic credit-asset boom and bust cycle in Thailand and created other weaknesses in the Korean financial system, which made both economies vulnerable to the sentiments of foreign investors and lenders. W hen capital flows were reversed, the ensuing liquidity crisis triggered a bust that was further magnified by currency depreciations and interest rate hikes.


There is an active digitalization of the collecting processes, consolidating and analyzing business data in the modern economy. Against this background, many classical problems of managerial accounting still remain unresolved, among which the selection of cost objects, the search for optimal methods for calculating costs, and the integration of various types and levels of accounting among themselves. The goal of the paper is to reveal key features of management accounting development in modern enterprises. The methodological basis of the work is a systematic approach, reflected in the idea of management accounting as a multi-level system that combines methodological, organizational and infrastructural aspect. The result of the study is the disclosure of the imbalance problems associated with increased attention to higher levels of management accounting without deepening the study of lower levels of business data. There are proposed the following directions of management accounting development: further division of accounting objects; expanding the possibilities of solving the problems of calculating costs due to modern technologies; integration of cost accounting with process models, which maintained in companies today outside the framework of accounting management. The results may be of interest to researchers, practitioners in the financial management and IT fields


The need for population health management (PHM) in this country has never been greater. Medical advances have improved Americans' longevity, but longer lives are not necessarily healthier lives. Nearly one‐half of Americans report at least one lifestyle‐related chronic disease (Partnership to Fight Chronic Disease, 2009), and this group accounts for 84% of all healthcare spending (Anderson, 2010). Despite this level of spending, clinical outcomes for this population are poor. The prevalence of lifestyle‐related chronic disease is steadily increasing, with the greatest increases occurring in younger individuals (Ford, Croft, Posner, Goodman, & Giles, 2013). As the population ages, the need for complex care coordination and a system to support it will increase. The current system, designed for episodic treatment of acute illness, is incapable of delivering high‐value healthcare that meets the needs of the American public (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Several interrelated concepts contribute to high‐value healthcare. Value is enhanced by improving quality—that is, outcomes, safety, and service/patient experience—relative to costs (Smoldt & Cortese, 2007; Porter & Teisberg, 2006). Outcomes are improved with PHM, which includes care coordination, prevention, health and wellness education, and lifestyle changes (Nash, 2012). Service quality and the patient experience are improved with a comprehensive, data‐driven approach (Kennedy, Caselli, & Berry, 2011), an emphasis on physician communication (Kennedy, Fasolino, & Gullen, 2014), and promotion of a culture of accountability (Kennedy, Didehban, & Fasolino, 2014). Berwick, Nolen, and Whittington (2008) assert that the Triple Aim goals—improve the patient experience and population health while reducing per capita costs—are interrelated and recommend a broad approach when implementing Affordable Care Act initiatives. Our experience supports this assertion.


The paper explains the main problems of anti-corruption security in public authorities. The lack of and disorganization of the state system of personnel selection and recruitment is the main determinant factor that contributes to the emergence, development and growth of corruption in public authorities. The author came to the conclusion that the lack of control and state monopoly in the state system of selection and recruitment of personnel has led to the situation when individuals (groups of individuals) have the opportunity to carry out activities for the selection and recruitment of state personnel pursuing their personal interests. In fact, this type of activity exists in parallel with legitimate state authorities. State personnel selection activities are carried out under the influence of shadow structures or individuals integrated into the system of state power, who have corrupt views and antisocial attitudes. The actual absence of a unified, effective state system of personnel selection creates corruption risks that directly affect the independence of state power. As a result, a partizan official does not seek to carry out socially useful activities or achieve socially useful results or social justice and equality. The main motive for staying in power for such officials is meeting their unfair personal needs, interests, and ambitions. The very fact that an official has an internal selfish motivation or other interest inevitably leads to the destruction of the public administration system. This is confirmed by the fact that the internal motivation of such an official (egoism, self-interest) does not allow him to achieve a socially useful result in his activities because his driving force is personal ambitions or other interest.The author substantiates the need to distinguish between legal and illegal protectionism at the legislative level and to establish a state monopoly over this type of activity.


In this paper we obtain a new common random fixed point theorem for a pair of random mappings satisfying weakly contractive condition under generalized altering distance function in polish spaces.


The research focuses on the analysis of the foreign direct investment (hereinafter FDI) inflows to Ukraine and the macroeconomic risks connected with investing. According to the State Committee of Statistics, the largest FDI inflows to Ukraine as of January 1, 2011 were from Cyprus, with 22.2 per cent of cumulative FDI, Germany with 15.8 per cent, the Netherlands with 10.5 per cent, Russia with 7.6 per cent, Austria with 5.9 per cent, France with 5.3 per cent and the United Kingdom with 5.1 per cent. The lion's share of FDI to Ukraine was invested in the financial services and industry sector: USD 15 billion or 33.7 per cent of total FDI and USD 14 billion or 31.4 per cent of total FDI respectively. There are several key macroeconomic risks for foreign investors to Ukrainian economy. The critical external factors for Ukraine's economy include global commodities prices, primarily steel and oil and global appetite for emerging markets debt. Regardless before mentioned risks, according to the United Nations trade and development body annual report on global FDI, Ukraine is the leader among the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter CIS) countries in the FDI growth. FDI flow into Ukrainian economy increased by 35 per cent up to USD 6.5 billion in 2010, making Ukraine one of the leading investment recipients in the CIS region. Recently, the global rating agency Fitch Ratings raised Ukraine s long-term foreign credit rating from stable to positive. Notably, according to the World Investment Report 2011, the Ukrainian FDI flow constitutes 23 per cent of gross fixed capital formation. At the same time, the average rate for the CIS is 15.1 per cent and for the world – 9.1 per cent.


This paper continues an argument with James Crosswhite concerning Hannah Arendt's agonism. Using John Quincy Adams's 1841 speech against Henry Wise, this paper pursues the three questions raised by Crosswhite, concerning wrangling, pedagogy, and elitism.


Magnetized plasma dynamics is of central importance in a great variety of astrophysical phenomena, and poses particular challenges to computational studies. We review the development history of the Versatile Advection Code, a software package designed for simulating magnetohydrodynamic processes, and discuss its current extension to grid-adaptive simulations. Adaptive mesh refinement is essential to capture plasma flow details which play a role in long-term dynamical evolutions. A specific example is given for magnetized shear flow layers, where large-scale coalescence effects go hand-in-hand with small-scale magnetic field reconnections. Grid-adaptivity is also a prerequisite for accurately handling relativistic hydroand magnetohydrodynamic flow problems. Examples of the latter are presented with an outlook to ongoing astrophysically relevant applications.


The application of std. polymer anal. techniques, such as gel permeation chromatog. (GPC) or matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to metal contg. polymers can be complicated because of interaction of the charged materials with the GPC column material in the first and fragmentation due to the applied laser energy in the latter case. Therefore, a MALDI-TOFMS model study with a series of metal complexed terpyridine ligands was performed with the result of a better understanding of the mentioned compds. under MALDI conditions. These results were later on very helpful for the interpretation of the MALDI-TOFMS spectra obtained from the equiv. supramol. polymers. Moreover, for GPC anal. the choice of solvent and additive was found to be crucial for a successful characterization. Both aspects are discussed in detail with the result of a better understanding and improved anal. possibilities of the mentioned metal contg. polymers


Abstracts Nowadays, whether we discuss either adult education or continuing training we possess comprehensive knowledge of the input side of the trainings. We have detailed data of the accredited institutions, instructors, the structure, content and operational indicators of the trainings, still we know less of the drop-outs, absentees and the reasons for the low participation rate in adult education. We have minimal information even when we analyse the existing data concerning the outcome of the successfully finished adult educational programs.


Several authors are working in the possibility to use air-coupled medium in ultrasonic non-destructive testing. These studies are offering important industrial applications in a near future such as aerospace, naval and automotive. However, at present several experimental prototypes have been developed only at a laboratory level. The Time-Frequency characteristics of ultrasonic signal present valuable information pertaining to the characterization of materials and detection of defects. In this paper, our first interest is focused on the time characterization of the ultrasonic signal propagating in different materials in order to determine material properties and to identify inside and/or surface defects so as to predict and prevent failure of structural systems. The method is based on extract information of the test sample material from: Maximum value of ultrasonic signal, Energy, Number of times that exceeds a certain amplitude and Time delay. Experimental images results are obtained and compared. The other interest is the study of the effect of noise in these time characteristics of the ultrasonic signal. It is shown that the Energy of the ultrasonic signal is the parameter which give the best information of the material characteristics and this parameter is not very affected by the inherent noise of the system. The aim of this process is the establishment of an optimal automated system of materials inspection when the environment is more affected by noise. Introduction The ultrasonic non-destructive testing [1-3] is an essential tool for the quality control in the manufacturing of high expensive products, such as the control of welds in the refrigeration systems pipelines of thermal and nuclear head plants. This inspection tool is also very important in the production of aeronautical structures based on resins reinforced by carbon fiber. In the ultrasonic inspection of large structures, it is necessary high speed of inspection and precision while keeping the cost of the tests as low as possible. Conventional methods of non-destructive testing demand a certain coupling medium between the transducers and the material under inspection, generally a thin layer of liquid or gel is used; this makes them ineffective for a rapid inspection, specially when we are trying to evaluate surfaces with irregularities. For this reason, the automation of the inspection turns out to be complicated. An alternative solution that solves the coupling of the acoustic energy is the utilization of a water jet or the complete immersion of the transducers and the material to be evaluated inside water. Unfortunately, this system can not be used when the specimen under study is composed of honeycomb-shape structures. In this case, is used a manual inspection with gel as a coupling medium. A way of proceeding in conditions similar to that of the water jet is the air coupling [2]. However, the potential advantages and limitations of using air coupling in non-destructive material inspections have been studied to a great extent in the literature. In particular, air coupling was found desirable in applications involving the inspection of materials that could not be immersed in water or that would be damaged by physical contact with an ultrasonic transducer [4]. Such materials include propellants, certain wood and paper products, foams, art objects, and many advanced composite materials used by the aerospace industry. A major difficulty of using air coupling in non-destructive testing is the 140-dB reduction in the available signal [5] when compared with standard water-coupled systems. This arises from air attenuation and impedance mismatch between the transducer/air/test specimen interfaces. Due to these high insertion losses, a solution has to be found in order to provide the signal with a signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) large enough for good quality signal processing and imaging. The solution of this problem involves the improvement of the impedance matching between the transducer and air by means of matching layers [6,7] or the use of efficient capacitive ultrasonic transducers [8,9], the excitation with high voltage spikes of the transmitter transducer [10] and use of extremely low-noise receivers [11]. In this paper, two air-coupled ultrasonic measurement setups are studied: through transmission and Lamb waves inspection in order to extract the information of flaws from ultrasonic signals received by non focused piezoelectric transducers. The main goal in this work lies in the time characterization of ultrasonic signal propagating in different materials and the study of noise effect in these time characteristics of the ultrasonic signal. This characterization will proved us with a dear identification of inside and/or surface defects in order to predict structural failures in systems. WCU 2003, Paris, september 7-10, 2003


On the basis of studying reference one,the author reviewed the experience and lessons of earthquake prediction facing society in Yunnan province in recent 40 years,referred to the pre-warning classification of all kinds of natural disasters,terror and threat at home and aboard,and put forward that earthquake pre-warning classification is a kind of technological method of earthquake warning facing society.


A CMOS image sensor is presented which uses a feedback loop to keep the reverse bias voltage of the photo diode on a constant value in order to reduce the dark current. In order to preserve pixel cell area the amplifier required in the feedback loop is located partly in the pixel cell and partly in the readout circuit. The sensor has an on-chip calibration facility, the resulting fixed pattern noise is less than 0.02%. When operated in voltage mode it has a logarithmic response, but it can also be operated in current mode where it shows linear behavior. The proposed pixel cell has been implemented in a 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. With its size of (15 /spl times/ 15)/spl mu/m/sup 2/ it is only slightly larger than a standard integrating pixel cell with approximately the same photosensitivity while having approximately the same power dissipation. The fill factor is about 27%. The pixel cell is suited for video rate operation (50 fps) in image sensor arrays with moderate resolution.


The results of experimental investigation revealed, that administration of mineral water Arshan and Baikal-7 in experimental CCI4 -hepatitis inhibited peroxide oxidation of lipids and increased antioxidative status. These date show, that mineral water Arshan and Baikal -7 like a karsil decrease inflammation, radical oxidation, and increase ferment activity of antioxidative system.


Objective: To determine the potential of directional diffusivities from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to predict clinical outcome of optic neuritis (ON), and correlate with vision, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and visual evoked potentials (VEP). Methods: Twelve cases of acute and isolated ON were imaged within 30 days of onset and followed prospectively. Twenty-eight subjects with a remote clinical history of ON were studied cross-sectionally. Twelve healthy controls were imaged for comparison. DTI data were acquired at 3T with a surface coil and 1.3 × 1.3 × 1.3 mm3 isotropic voxels. Results: Normal DTI parameters (mean ± SD, μm2/ms) were axial diffusivity = 1.66 ± 0.18, radial diffusivity = 0.81 ± 0.26, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) = 1.09 ± 0.21, and fractional anisotropy (FA) = 0.43 ± 0.15. Axial diffusivity decreased up to 2.5 SD in acute ON. The decrease in axial diffusivity at onset correlated with visual contrast sensitivity 1 month (r = 0.59) and 3 months later (r = 0.65). In three subjects followed from the acute through the remote stage, radial diffusivity subsequently increased to >2.5 SD above normal, as did axial diffusivity and ADC. In remote ON, radial diffusivity correlated with OCT (r = 0.81), contrast sensitivity (r = 0.68), visual acuity (r = 0.56), and VEP (r = 0.54). Conclusion: In acute and isolated demyelination, axial diffusivity merits further investigation as a predictor of future clinical outcome. Diffusion parameters are dynamic in acute and isolated optic neuritis, with an initial acute decrease in axial diffusivity. In remote disease, radial diffusivity correlates with functional, structural, and physiologic tests of vision.


Abstract After a quick review of the existing methods that enable the quaternarization of the anomeric position of carbohydrates via a C–H bond functionalization process, we summarize recent contributions from our group related to the preparation of α- and β-ketopyranosides by the 1,5-insertion of metal carbenes. 1 Introduction 2 Early Developments: Anchoring of Reactive Species at the Anomeric Position 2.1 Radical-Promoted Quaternarization of the Anomeric Position 2.2 Photochemically Induced Quaternarization of the Anomeric Position 2.3 Alkylidene-Promoted Quaternarization of the Anomeric Position 2.4 Nitrene-Promoted Quaternarization of the Anomeric Position 2.5 Any Possible Extension to the Preparation of α- and β-Ketopyranosides? 3 Carbene-Mediated Functionalization of the Anomeric C–H Bond of Carbohydrates 3.1 Functionalization of Carbohydrate Scaffolds by the Insertion of Metal Carbenes: A Challenging Task 3.2 Preparation of Carbene Precursors 3.3 Transition Metal Catalyzed Decomposition of Diazo Sugars 3.4 Dramatic Effects of Molecular Sieves 3.5 Ring Opening of γ-Lactones 4 Development of a Stereoselective Glycosylation/Diazo Transfer/Quaternarization Sequence 4.1 Preliminary Studies with a Permethylated Acceptor 4.2 Stereoselective Access to Quaternary Disaccharides: Scope and Limitations 5 Concluding Remarks


We propose testing asset pricing models using multihorizon returns (MHRs). MHRs effectively generate a new set of test assets that is endogenous to the model and that identifies a broad set of possible conditional misspecifications. We apply MHR-based testing to prominent linear factor models and show that these models typically do a poor job of pricing longer-horizon returns, with pricing errors that are similar in magnitude to the risk premiums they were designed to explain. We trace the errors to the conditional factor dynamics. Explicitly incorporating factor timing into the models often makes mispricing worse, thereby posing a challenge for future research.


Synthesis, storage, secretion, delivery, and utilization of thyroid hormones are dependent upon specific enzymatic activity; inherited disorders may cause thyroid disease.


Time-dependent, radiative instabilities in the creation and transport of polarized astrophysical maser radiation in the presence of a magnetic field are calculated. The instabilities are similar to and occur under the same conditions as those found previously by Scappaticci & Watson for unpolarized maser radiation. The common limits in which the Zeeman splitting is much greater than, and much less than, the spectral line breadths are both considered in the current investigation. The resulting fluctuations in the emergent radiation are potentially relevant for the OH 1665 MHz masers which have been reported to fluctuate on timescales of 1000 s and which tend to be polarized. Instabilities occur and alter the transport of maser radiation only under a quite limited range of conditions. In particular, we find here that the instabilities do not occur for conditions that are appropriate for astrophysical masers with small Zeeman splittings such as the SiO and H2O masers. The time-independent, numerical solutions to the GKK equations of radiative transfer that have been obtained in previous investigations are thus essentially always valid except within a narrow range of conditions relevant for the OH masers.


Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 has been prepared by the evaporative decomposition of solutions method. Nitrate and mixed anion solutions were atomized and decomposed at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 950°C. The resulting materials have been characterized using x-ray powder diffraction, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The powder consists of 0.3 micron agglomerated hollow spheres with a primary particle size of 0.06 micron. TGA and x-ray diffraction indicate the presence of barium nitrate and barium carbonate due to incomplete decomposition and/or product contamination by the process environment.


Abstract The reactivity of 3 and 4-OH in 3,4-diol myo -inositol derivatives were observed through the phosphorylation, acylation and silylation. The results indicated that 3-OH is much more reactive than 4-OH, giving regiospecifically 3-mono-functionalized products. This investigation provided a concise methodology for the synthesis of natural d -form of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and d -Ins(1,4,5)P3 from l -1,2- O -cyclohexylidene-3,4- O -(tetraisopropyl disiloxane-1,3-diyl)- myo -inositol.


Clustering method has attracted wide attention in the area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to its significant contributions to balance the loads and prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes. This paper focuses on the clustering method in UAV-assisted WSNs, in which UAV can fly to a sensor node to collect data and then fetch the collected data to the nearby base station. We firstly execute the clustering procedure using Kmeans++ considering the uneven distributions of sensor nodes in the real world, which is different from LEACH and grid divide method typically used in previous clustering methods. Secondly, we apply the fuzzy logic method to dynamically choose cluster heads according to the remaining energy and storage of sensor nodes. Simulation results show that our method performs better on the lifetime prolongations and package loss reductions compared to LEACH, Voronoi divide algorithm, and grid divide algorithm.


Assessments of the recent protest movements against neoliberal globalization differ considerably. Is it the ''first social movement of postmodernity'' (Der Spiegel) or a ''Network Guerilla'' (Financial Times)? Is it a corrective, or a fundamental opposition, to neoliberal globalization? Can we speak at all of one movement in the singular or is it not, rather, movements in the plural? Does it, or do they, struggle for a globalization with a human face, global justice, the disarmament of the (financial) markets, the re-regulation of the world economy, the democratization of international organizations, global socialism or communism? Do they struggle against neoliberal globalization, the commodification of ever further areas of life (''The world is not a commodity!''), the negative consequences of privatizations, the increasing division between North and South, institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, brand-name fetishism (''No logo!'') and corporate rule? The list could be continued. It is just as diverse as the spectra of the movement are heterogeneous?


In our country,we are replacing thrichloroethane and thrichlorothylene degreaser,which harm to atmosphere,with harmless degreaser in the CRT manufacture.This paper introduces the method to clean the metal parts in the tube by aqueous alkali detergent and the use of equilibrium concentration principium of oilstain cleaning in design.As well as the structure of system,control of product cost,and the level of cleaning.


This paper presents a new method of automaticpath planning and trajectory generation for roboticsurface finishing. Initial development is on aplatform integrated from commercially availablecomponents including AutoCAD and a low costCMM. Automatic program execution isdemonstrated using a 6 DOF manipulator on avariety of complex shaped surfaces.IntroductionThe focus of research described in this paperwas determined by the needs of end-users associatedwith The Automated Surface Finishing Consortium.The mission of the Consortium is to developfinishing automation as an end-user technology forU.S. manufacturers. Members are military andcommercial manufacturers, universities, federal labs,and commercial suppliers of abrasive processtechnology and robotics technology.An objective measure of technologydevelopment/deployment impact is the availability ofsuccessful commercial off-the-shelf technology. Thesynergistic interactions of the Consortium membershave yielded impressive results to date. Forcecontrolled robot end effectors commercialized bycollaborating members have significantly broadenedthe boundaries of available compliant finishingprocess capability. A generic off-the-shelf integratedrobotic finishing system, the product of anothercollaboration, is now distributed and supported bythe largest robot company in the world. Likewise alow cost high performance simulator based surface*Professor, Department of MechanicalEngineering, UTAt Chairman, Department of Electrical Engineering,UTApath programming aid is now a commercial product.ARRI is host to the Consortium, and a member.BackgroundMost material forming processes do notproduce finished parts. Most machining operationsleave burrs and sharp edges. Large aircraft wingskins are milled by three axis terra6e cutting leavingsmall steps which must be blended to preventfatiguing stress concentrations. Complex curvedsurfaces like ship propellers and aircraft landinggear are machined with rounded milling tools whichleave a pattern of tool marks which must be groundoff by hand. Cast parts require gate and sprueremoval and deflashing. When castings aremachined they require deburring. Many parts musthave their surfaces conditioned for appearance orsubsequent plating and coating operations. Thestamping and forging of automobile door panels andengine components leave "imperfections" which arefinished out by hand. Die cast surfaces of hardwarefor door handles and hinges are ground andpolished. Wrenches, golf clubs, vacuum cleaners,furniture, boat hulls, all have to be ground, sandedand polished to have a nice appearance.The costs of manual finishing are high. Arecent report by the National Center forManufacturing Sciences suggests that directfinishing costs exceed 25 billion dollars annuallybased on mechanical manufacturing industry grosssales of 1,000 billion dollars ] . Often in precisionparts manufacturing and particularly with complexshaped parts there is high finishing labor content.Jet engine component manufacturers in the U.S. andCanada report that between 15% and 30% of thedirect cost content of their products is finishinglabor. A major consequence of manual partfinishing is scrap and rework. Although difficult toquantify, interviews of finishing Workers in highvalue added manufacturing invariably reveal costlyscrap and/or complicated expensive rework640 Copyright c 1993 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reservedhttps://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950005117 2020-05-31T20:23:03+00:00Z


Cannabis (marijuana) is among the most widely used of all psychoactive drugs. Despite the fact that its possession and use is illegal in most countries, cannabis is used regularly by as many as 25 million people in North America and Europe and by millions more in other parts of the world. There has been renewed interest in the potential medical uses of cannabis (Cannabis sativa) in recent years, with voters in several areas of Canada strongly supporting such a move. Opinion polls suggest similarly strong popular support for the reintroduction of medical cannabis in the USA, the UK, and many European countries. Expert reviews of medical and scientific evidence on this topic carried out on both sides of the Atlantic in the past few years have encouraged further clinical and scientific research 1-3. This paper seeks to give a brief review of the scientific facts, ranging from the botany of the cannabis plant and the biochemistry of the receptors it binds, to the potential uses of the plant for medicinal purposes.


Time- and energy- resolved d- He fusion reactions have been measured to Infer the energy of the d or He minority Ions heated near their cyclotron frequency by the magnetosonlc fast wave. The average energy of the reacting J He ions during J He minority heating Is in the range of 100-400 keV, as deduced from the magnitude of the reaction rate, its decay time, and the energy spread of the proton reaction products. The observed reaction rate and its scaling with wave power and electron density and temperature are In qualitative agreement with a radial reaction rate model using the minority distribution predicted from quasilinear velocity space diffusion. Oscillations in the reaction rate are observed concurrent with sawtooth and m=2 MHD activity in the plasma.


The surface structures of InP and InAs thermally cleaned in an arsenic flux were investigated using an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope multichamber system equipped with a molecular beam epitaxy facility. The InP surfaces thus treated at 510 °C showed In‐stabilized (4×2) reconstructions which depended on the time of thermal cleaning. The surface structure of this substrate after thermal cleaning for 3 min comprised one In dimer and three missing dimers. This structure was the same as that of InAs treated under the same conditions. These In‐stabilized (4×2) structures formed on both InP and InAs substrates changed to an As‐stabilized (2×4) structure when the substrate temperature was lowered to below 480 °C under the same arsenic pressure.


Focusing on the basic provisions of Federal state educational standards of secondary and higher education, as well as the Professional «Teacher» standard, the authors developed an integrated model of a modern training session. On the one hand, it is necessary for a teacher of secondary school. However, on the other hand, it will be very useful to teachers of higher and additional professional education institutions. The developed model is a system that includes individual blocks of the conceptual, invariant, variable and efficient components. These blocks can be further divided into components. As a result, we have a model with clear logical connections and relations between the blocks and their components. The core of the model is formed by stages of a current training session, each of which is designed to solve a particular didactic task.


In this paper analytical investigation has been done on the closed-loop carrier recovery scheme for a 16-QAM receiver. Additional filter called random w alk filter has also been used to reduce symbol clock jitter, particularly when the signal constellation contains many points.


The purpose was to examine the relationship of attitude, vocational interests, personal needs, academic achievement, background factors, and academic ability to success in stu dent teaching of home economics. Data were collected during six consecutive semesters from 90 home economics education student teachers and were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression statistical methods. Scores from the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory, Strong Vocational Interest Blank, the Ohio State University Psychological Test, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule were used. All but three of these were found to be unrelated to success in student teaching of home economics. Of the background factors investigated in this study, father's occupation, high school extracurricular activities, and college extracurricular activities were significantly related to success in student teaching of home economics as were grade point average and home economics course work grade point average. However, the significant variables identified did not show a high enough correla tion value to be useful in prediction of success in student teaching of home economics.


Bandwidth-aware workflow scheduling is required to improve the performance of a workflow application in a multisite Grid environment, as the data movement cost between two low-bandwidth sites can adversely affect the makespan of the application. Pegasus WMS, an open-source and freely available WMS, cannot fully utilize its workflow mapping capability due to unavailability of integration of any bandwidth monitoring infrastructure in it. This paper develops the integration of Network Weather Service (NWS) in Pegasus WMS to enable the bandwidth-aware mapping of scientific workflows. Our work demonstrates the applicability of the integration of NWS by making existing Heft site-selector of Pegasus WMS bandwidth aware. Furthermore, this paper proposes and implements a new workflow scheduling algorithm—Level based Highest Input and Processing Weight First. The results of the performed experiments indicate that the bandwidth-aware workflow scheduling algorithms perform better than bandwidth-unaware algorithms: Random and Heft of Pegasus WMS. Moreover, our proposed workflow scheduling algorithm performs better than the bandwidth-aware Heft algorithms. Thus, the proposed bandwidth-aware workflow scheduling enhances capability of Pegasus WMS and can increase performance of workflow applications.


Objective:Abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA) is a serious threat to human health,and the CTA imaging has become an indispensable diagnosis means.It's very important to automatically locate the position of the AAA from the flood of 3D CTA images for such aided diagnosis systems.Methods:First,3D topology thinning algorithm is used to extract skeleton of the abdominal aorta and its branching vessels.Secondly,A-Star optimal path algorithm is used to find the aortic centerline,then smoothing it.Thirdly,do reconstruction of vascular cross-sectional slice along aortic centerline to straighten aorta.Finally,calculate the aortic cross-sectional area to locate the tumor.Results:Four cases of AAA CTA data gathered by GE 16-slice spiral CTacquisition tested,the present method can detect all the tumor,and the coincidence rate of automatic positioning and artificial tagging the layers of tumors in the original image is above 90%.Conclusions:This method can automatically locate the tumor position from massive abdominal aorta CTA data,and has a strong clinical value.


Background: In Italy, a large cohort study (VEdeTTE1) was conducted between 1998–2001 to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments in reducing mortality and increasing treatment retention among heroin addicts. The follow-up of this cohort (VEdeTTE2) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments on long-term outcomes, such as rehabilitation and social reintegration. The purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol of the VEdeTTE2 study, and to present the results of the pilot study carried out to assess the feasibility of the study and to improve study procedures.


The reaction of pentaphenyltellurium chloride 2 with silver perchlorate afforded the pentaphenyltelluronium salt, Ph5Te+ClO, (1b), and treatment of 2 with silver triflate and sodium tetrakis{3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl}borate provided Ph5Te+[3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]4B− (1c), which were isolated as stable yellow solids. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the hypervalent telluronium salts revealed square-pyramidal geometry around the tellurium, which are rare examples for penta-substituted main group element compounds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:380–384, 2001


Adopting the methods of subjective questionnaire and objective test, the indoor air quality (IAQ) of residential buildings in Lhasa were analyzed in summer and winter, and the results were compared with that in Chongqing. Firstly, the data shows that the overall IAQ in Lhasa is better. Excepted total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), the concentration of formaldehyde, carbon dioxide (CO2), PM2.5 are low. Secondly, more than 80% residents accepted the IAQ in Lhasa, which means the satisfaction rate is high. Thirdly, the IAQ in Lhasa is better than that in Chongqing, such that the exceed-standard rate of formaldehyde is only 2.5% in Lhasa, while 85.7% in Chongqing, and residents' satisfaction rate in Lhasa is higher. Meanwhile, there are some difference about IAQ in different seasons. The overall concentration of indoor pollutants in summer is lower than that in winter, and residents satisfaction rate on the summer IAQ is higher than winter in Lhasa. Finally, the main effect factors on IAQ were analyzed, and some suggestions to improve the IAQ of residential buildings were provided.


Water shortages limit agricultural production in the world's arid and semi-arid regions. The Northern region of China's Shaanxi Province, in the Loess Plateau, is a good example. Raising the water productivity of rainfed grain production in this region is essential to increase food production and reduce poverty, thereby improving food security. To support efforts to increase crop water productivity (CWP), we accounted for limitations of most existing studies (experimental studies of specific crops or hydrological modeling approaches) by using actual field data derived from statistical reports of cropping patterns. We estimated the CWPs of nine primary crops grown in four counties in Northern Shaanxi from 1994 to 2008 by combining statistics on the cultivated area and yields with detailed estimates of evapotranspiration based on daily meteorological data. We further calculated both the caloric CWP of water (CCWP) and the CWP of productive water (i.e., water used for transpiration). We found that regional CWP averaged 6.333 kg mm–1 ha–1, the CCWP was 17,683.81 cal mm–1 ha–1, the CWP of productive green water was 8.837 kg mm–1 ha–1, and the CCWP of productive green water was 24,769.07 cal mm–1 ha–1. Corn, sorghum, and buckwheat had the highest CWP, and although potatoes had the largest planted area and relatively high CWP, they had a low CCWP.


[Objective] To study the major external factors influencing the survival rate of grafted plants of Pinus massoniana.[Method] The tender branch pith cambium grafting was adopted.[Result] The survive rate of grafting plant of Pinus massoniana was significantly influenced by weather conditions and rootstock diameter.The survival rate was 64.50%-65.06% when cloudy or raining and 80.07%-85.01 % when sunny.When the rootstock diameter was below 1.5 cm,the annual average survival rate of the grafted plants decreased to 63.70% and 62.50% respectively;while when the diameter was above 1.5 cm,the survival rate increased to 89.09% and 94.79% respectively.[Conclusion] The grafting should be carried out in sunny days by using the rootstocks with above 1.5 cm diameter.


The paper presents taxonomy as a methodological tool which serves to better understand the architectural morphose (act of giving shape), and its contribution to form manipulation, produced through a morpho-digital combination. The interest is to exploit digital processes to decipher an underlying architectural grammar. It is thus a matter of releasing the morphological knowledge in conformations (observed forms' system). This orientation stipulates that the produced shape results from a system of morphose which we can formalize and understand by the identification of the structural attributes and the organizational logic, as well as the inherent morphological laws of generation. We stipulate that the interest of our morpho-digital method is the characterization and the development of a constructive morphological model governed by internal relations. Thus, a collection of dwelling buildings is characterized by both the morphology decomposition and the morphometric study. Based on the questions about the form produced, the method promotes a creative situation in the field of architectural design.


THE oedema of pre-eclamptic toxaemia of pregnancy is, like other forms of oedema, associated with retention of sodium as well as water. In recent years attempts have been made to control the oedema by controlling the sodium intake of the patient, in the hope of improving the patient's general condition and preventing the onset of eclampsia (see Dieckmann, 1952, for review of subject). Willson (1949) and Willson and Penman (1950) have shown that a diet low in sodium (less than 2 g. of salt) will reduce the amount of oedema in patients who have shown an excessive weight gain in pregnancy due to fluid retention, but they found that this treatment, which was slow and produced only a moderate loss of body fluids, was of little value in the fully developed pre-eclamptic state. Penman (1951) used cation exchange resins in the management of the fluid retention of pregnancy and found that they permitted the ingestion of up to 2-3 g. of salt per day and yet still mobilized the excessive fluid present in the tissues. Penman (1952) has treated a series of cases of excessive fluid retention and mild cases of toxaemia of pregnancy as out-patients with such a resin. He has found it to be effective in controlling fluid retention and quite safe in doses of 45 g. a day. Carey (1952) used these resins in the treatment of fully developed pre-eclamptic toxaemia and found that a rapid weight loss occurred with the mobilization of tissue fluid, so that he maintained the pregnancy for a longer period than he would otherwise have done. There are, of course, dangers to be considered in any line of treatment in which pregnancy is continued under these circumstances. For the mother there is the possibility of producing permanent vascular or renal damage. For the child there is the risk of foetal death in utero or post-partum as a result of placental insufficiency. The possibility of permanent vascular or renal damage to the mother resulting from the preeclamptic state is not yet definitely settled. Dieckmann, Smitter and Rynkiewicz (1952) have recently decided in favour of the view that no permanent damage results from a true preeclampsia; but a certain diagnosis is very difficult at the time and can often best be made only in retrospect, so that even if we hold this view we may still have some cause for anxiety from prolonging the pregnancy. The danger of foetal asphyxia from placental insufficiency naturally increases the longer that the foetus is in utero. A difficult problem therefore arises if the pre-eclamptic state develops when the baby is so small that its chance of survival is slender. It is in these cases that it may be worth while to try to prolong the pregnancy, if only for a few weeks, until the child is thought to have a better chance of survival. Such cases are not uncommon and it was therefore decided to treat with a cation exchange


This paper explores what is meant by the word 'simplification' in relation to documents. It starts with a discussion of some confusions that exist around the issue – for example, an assumption that simplification necessarily results in documents that are shorter or visually simpler, and that short or visually simple documents are always as clear as they look. Then it identifies and discusses a range of simplification strategies, under four headings: Reduction, Amplification, Stratification and Personalisation. The strategies are described, with observations about potential benefits and pitfalls of each.


The goal of long-term survival or cure of the patient with infiltrating bladder cancer continues to be a seemingly insurmountable challenge for the urologist. The last two decades have witnessed continued efforts not only in the form of earlier 1 and more radical 2 surgical approaches, made possible by well recognized advances in operative technique with associated supportive measures and by improved methods of urinary diversion, but also in the form of improvement in techniques and facilities of radiation therapy, particularly the increasing use of high-energy external teletherapy equipment such as radioactive cobalt, linear accelerators, and betatrons. We look hopefully to the discovery of a biologically specific chemical agent to further augment the therapeutic modalities available to the patient and his physician. It is impossible and obviously unwise to attempt to make routine the treatment program for patients with infiltrating bladder cancer. The many variaables include the site, extent, and


While there are some studies mapping non-governmental organizations ' (NGOs) responses to human tra ffi cking, insu ffi cient attention has been devoted to antitra ffi cking responses of Faith-Based Organizations (FBO). To remedy this gap, this article surveys 59 antitra ffi cking organizations through the analysis of their websites, assessing their level of faith-infusion and mapping their antitra ffi cking strategies. To identify the distinctiveness of FBOs, these are compared to their secular NGO counterparts. The survey shows that compared to their secular NGO counterparts, FBOs tend to focus more on the post-trauma stages of interventions and that FBOs tend to have individual and church-based donor networks. To further explore these patterns, I draw on qualitative case studies of three Christian FBOs in Thailand and Cambodia. Together, the survey and the case studies suggest that FBOs approach antitra ffi cking in a distinct spiritualized way, in particular for FBOs with higher degrees of faith-infusion. Faith is seen as an added value but employed in varied ways in antitra ffi cking; from integrating spirituality in programmes to de-emphasizing religious identity in favour of the theory of change emphasizing collaboration. The former illustrates the resistance to the secular paradigm while the latter illustrates adaptations to the same.


Different fertilizers were used in the moderately degraded grassland in Maqu County in order to study their impacts on plant community diversity and productivity. The results showed that fertilization increased the height and above-ground biomass of the degraded grassland vegetation. Among them,the height and aboveground biomass in the treatments of FYM and N-P-K increased by 221% and 227%,332% and 316%. Fertilization also reduced weeds,in contrast,enhancing the proportion of Gramineae and Cyperaceae plants. For example,in the P treatment,the weeds reduced by 32.90%,but Cyperaceae increased by 73.43%. Gramineae in the FYM treatment increased by 19.69 %. All the fertilized plots had increases of Cyperaceae,Gramineae and Leguminosae,but decrease of weeds. The species richness was also reduced due to fertilization except the FYM treatment. The N-P-K treatment had high Simpson's index of species,Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index. The FYM treatment had high richness and Simpson dominance index. Nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase of Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance. Both P and K treatment decreased Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index,Pielou evenness index,richness and Simpson dominance index. Based on our results,it can be concluded that using FYM and N-P-K can be benefit to rehabilitation of the degraded grassland.


Cementitious materials are particularly creep active at early ages. The authors here perform an ageing creep test on a cement paste sample exhibiting an initial water-to-cement (w/c) mass ratio amounting to w/c = 0.50. The sample is conditioned to 20°C. The creep test is started 24 hours after production and runs for 48 hours. The loading amounts to 15% of the uniaxial compressive strength of the material at the time instant of loading. Inspired by a recently developed new testing protocol consisting of hourly-repeated three-minutes long creep tests, the authors exploit force and deformation readings recorded during the first three minutes of the authors 2-days creep test, i.e. the authors identify Young's modulus and power-law creep properties. Given that the chemical hydration process does not progress significantly during the analyzed three minutes, the identified creep properties refer to non-ageing creep. The identified properties are combined with measurements of autogenous shrinkage, in order to predict the strain evolution over the entire 2-days runtime of the authors ageing creep test. When fitting of the creep function targets, through an appropriately chosen weight functions, the end of three minutes creep interval, in terms of both absolute creep strain and creep strain rate, then the resulting creep function remarkably well predicts creep up to a time period of 2 days.


The development of multicellular organisms involves a series of morphogenetic processes coordinating a highly dynamic and organized interplay between cells and their environment. Thus, the generation of forces that drive cellular and intracellular movements is prerequisite to shape single cells into tissues and organs. The actin cytoskeleton represents a highly dynamic filamentous system providing cell structure and mechanical forces to drive membrane protrusion, cell migration and vesicle trafficking.


Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) in aqueous solution has been carried out with TiO2 nanoparticles, prepared by sol-gel method. The effects of various factors, such as different calcination temperatures of TiO2, amount of catalysts, and intensity of light sources were attempted for the efficient degradation of 4-CP. Pt doped TiO2 photocatalysts were also prepared by photo-reduction method and applied for 4-CP degradation. Pt-TiO2 catalysts showed higher rate of degradation of 4-CP than the P-25, commercially available TiO2 . Multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) were used as solid support for TiO2 catalysts and proved to be useful materials to speed up the settling process within 1 h after the reaction was over. The intermediate products formed during the degradation of 4-CP were identified using LC-MS.


ABSTRACT An increasing number of studies have looked at the value of corpus-based data-driven learning (DDL) for second language (L2) written error correction, with generally positive results. However, a potential conundrum for language teachers involved in the process is how to provide feedback on students' written production for DDL. The study looks at DDL-mediated error correction across 61 written samples submitted by 32 tertiary students during a series of short DDL courses. Teachers provided feedback on errors present in the samples, and students highlighted corrections made with or without the corpus. The results suggest that students used corpora to correct errors of word choice, word form, collocations and phrasing, but were less likely to use corpora to correct errors of deletion or morphosyntax. When the corpus was used, students were likely to successfully correct errors of collocation but were less successful for errors of morphosyntax. Post-course questionnaires suggested that perception of the usefulness of DDL for grammar learning was less than that for vocabulary and the learning of phrases, and that time and effort spent on analyzing concordance data and understanding the teacher's feedback on their writing were perceived as difficulties. To explore these findings further, a qualitative analysis of the feedback teachers provided suggests significant difficulties devising appropriate feedback that promotes autonomous, inductive language acquisition for all error types on the one hand, and at the same time does not eliminate the need for corpus consultation nor is too vague for students to formulate appropriate corpus queries. This study is therefore an initial yet important step in identifying the type of errors that teachers can address in a timely manner with focused feedback leading to corpus consultation, and how such feedback affects the success of this consultation.


Abstract. Explorations of secunder metabolic, especially non active fraction of Clathria reinwardtii, of spons from South Sulawesi have been done. Bioactivity test against Artemia salina was carried out with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test method. Separation techniques contain of extraction, fractionation, and purification. Qualitative tests and structure elucidation on the compound obtained was based on the physical and spectroscopic data UV, IR and NMR. Two compounds which are isolated from Clathria reinwardtii are suggested as fenolic compound and steroid group i.e. β-sitosterol. Keywords : β-sitosterol, Artemia salina Leach, Clathria reinwardtii, fenolic.


Activation barriers and jump rates for translational proton motion in zeolite H-ZSM-5 are calculated by a combined quantum mechanics–interatomic potential function approach (QM-Pot). The potential energies of the stable intermediate proton positions and the transition structures for proton jumps between two neighboring Bronsted-sites, spatially separated by 14 A, show an almost symmetrical trend, which reaches a maximum value midway between these sites. The highest barrier is 210 kJ mol−1 above the initial and final state energies. The energy barrier for the initial step of the translational motion (leaving the AlO4− site) is 127, 119 and 83 kJ mol−1 for Al–Al distances of 14, 8 and 6 A, respectively. Thus, decreased separation of Bronsted sites leads to decreased energy barriers for proton jumps due to increased interaction of their Coulomb potentials. Proton jump rates calculated by classical transition state theory vary over wide ranges, 10−5 to 108 s−1 and 103 to 1010 s−1, at temperatures of 373 and 673 K, respectively, depending on the particular proton path and the Al–Al distance.


Abstract : This thesis considers the problem of time-optimal spacecraft slew maneuvers. Since the work of Bilimoria and Wie it has been known that the time-optimal reorientation of a symmetric rigid body was not the eigenaxis maneuver once thought to be correct. Here, this concept is extended to axisymmetric and asymmetric rigid body reorientations with idealized independent torque generating devices. The premise that the time-optimal maneuver is not, in general, an eigenaxis maneuver, is shown to hold for all spacecraft configurations. The methodology is then extended to include spacecraft control systems employing magnetic torque rods, a combination of pitch bias wheel with magnetic torque rods, and finally to control systems employing single gimbal control moment gyros. The resulting control solutions, designed within the limitations of the actuators, eliminate the requirement to avoid actuator singularities. Finally, by employing sampled-state feedback the viability of real-time optimal closed loop control is demonstrated.


The magnetic properties and the recording capability of sputtered tape media are evaluated using hard-disk-drive (HDD) components. The sputtered tape media consists of a CoPtCr-SiO2 granular magnetic layer capped with a CoPtCrB magnetic layer. We find that the magnetic cap improves the properties of the sputtered tape significantly. The recording performance is also much improved compared to samples without the cap. We demonstrate that such sputtered tape could achieve an areal density of 400 Gb/in2 under shingled magnetic recording conditions. Comparison to a perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) hard disk having a similar magnetic stack and fabricated for hard disk drive development circa 2009 is also provided, showing potential for further improvements of the tape medium.


The development of social modernization runs through the modern industrialized and informationalized way that it should liberate and promote the productivity. The most important responsibility of the way should promote the economy and develop the society on the basis of material resources. Today the art design education in the circumstances of the mixed economy is facing the reform task of economy, culture and education. We must bring forth new ideas in concept, system and technology.


HE COMMONLY-HELD view that parasitic infections are rare in man in Britain is largely unjustified, -*and is based on the fact that the subject is rarely discussed either privately or in print. Furthermore, the infections in question are not included in the DHSS list of ~ 'notifiable' infections, so the official publications rarely contain any reference to them. During the recent search for the causative organism of AIDS, a number of parasites such as Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium and Pneumocystis


Necropsy and histological examination were made on bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles fed commercial rations with 32, 36, 45 or 55% crude protein (CP) to establish the relationship between dietary crude protein and health of the animal. In the necropsy, the tadpoles did not show externally any changes, however, the liver of animals at all crude protein levels, presented a straw color and stained. Histological analysis showed livers with rarefaction and degeneration of cell protein, intestines, with colitis and flattening of microvilli, spleen with lymphocyte hyperplasia, heart, without alterations, kidneys with glomerulonephritis and areas of tubulonefroses; mononuclear gastritis and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of regional lymph nodes. In all organs, there was hemossiderin deposit. These injuries suggest degenerative nutritional condition, with development of inflammatory processes, spreading to all organs. The results suggest that the animals were fed diets with low biological value proteins, therefore, poor quality, which affects health and performance of the animals. Further studies are necessary to understanding the biochemical behavior of bullfrogs in the tadpole stage, aiming to adequate nutrition of these animals.


Abstract The study of crack growth in microstructure of ceramic materials is important for establishing the relationship between homogeneous microstructures and mechanical properties. This paper has modelled the fracture behaviour of Al2O3/ZrB2/ZrO2 ceramic materials, and the cracking propagation and fracture resistance are investigated by numerical and experimental analysis. The crack propagation in AZ20 ceramic materials becomes more tortuous as the addition of reasonable reinforced phase, and the deflection occurs in the crack propagation. AZ20 ceramic composites are superior to the AZ40 ceramic composite materials in absorption of crack propagation energy. Comparison between the numerical and experimental results shows that the present numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.


Objective To study the effects of Bisoprolol on midmyocardial repolarization in rabbit models with congestive heart failure(CHF).Methods Bisoprolol was used to treat the rabbit models of CHF,and evaluating ventricular fibrillation threshold(VFT),transmural dispersion of repolarization(TDR) and action potential duration at 90% repolarization(APD) in epicardium,midmyocardium and endocardium.Results Compared with the control group,VFT remarkably decreased,and all APD of 3 myocardial layers were extended in rabbits with CHF,while the extension of midmyocardium was more markedly.TDR significantly increased in CHF.Treatment with Bisoprolol further extended APD of 3 myocardial layers in CHF rabbits,the extension was more marked in endocardium and epicardium,and the TDR significantly decreased,VFT increased.Conclusion Bisoprolol can decrease the transmural heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization and depress malignant ventricular arrhythmias in CHF.


Entrepreneurs carry the economic world on their shoulders. They take risks and face all uncertainties that are hidden in any market ventures. They are working hard for enhancing social well-being and productivity. Entrepreneurs do not come from vacuum. They need a conducive entrepreneurial culture for their thriving and preservation. In this article I explore the need and significance of the role of the state in creating conducive entrepreneurial culture for young, educated and talented prospective entrepreneurs in India. More than fifty per cent of Indian population are youth so we cannot let their future to be taken care of crony capitalism alone. We should help them to reach their own destiny on their feet. Cultivating a new entrepreneurial class of youth who can tap the economic potential of liberalised India is one of the major objectives of the state. State is not a passive spectator of the onward march of crony corporate capitalism is the basic premise upon which this article has been articulated.


Electric energy consumption is progressively increased requiring new investments in the network to meet. Demand response programs (DRPs) are of practical tools to defer and/or decrease these investments. In this study, a real-time DRP is proposed to promote consumer participation in the energy delivery. The proposed DRP is designed on behalf of the Load Serving Entity (LSE) and aims to maximise its profit. The LSE purchases energy from the up-stream wholesale market and offers to the consumers in the retail market. The consumers, with the objective of maximising the profit, have the choice to purchase energy from the retail market or the LSE. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear bi-level programming model wherein LSE and aggregators, on behalf of the consumers, act as the leader and followers of the problem. Also, to avoid creating a new peak profile in light load periods promoted by the designed LSE prices, the upper level problem is tailored as a multi-objective formulation wherein flattening load profile in addition to the maximising LSE profit is considered. The proposed model is implemented on a test case and the results show that the both LSE and consumers benefit is increased with a smoother load profile.


A Public Hearing will be held before the Charter Revision Commission of the City of Bridgeport ("Commission") on Wednesday evening, May 23, 2012 beginning at 6:30 p.m., in the City Council Chambers, City Hall, 45 Lyon Terrace, Bridgeport, Connecticut, relative to the following: to elicit public testimony pertaining to the revision of the Charter of the City of Bridgeport. This second statutory hearing is conducted in accordance with C.G.S. Sec. 7-191 (a) and in furtherance of the purposes set forth in City Council Resolutions nos. 30-11 -31-11. Copies of the Proposed Revised Charter of the City of Bridgeport will be posted on the following web-site, at least, forty-eight hours prior to the public hearing and will be available for review and purchase at the Office of the City Clerk. Persons intending to testify are reminded to sign the list for speakers upon arrival at the Public Hearing; and are invited to submit written testimony at the Public Hearing in addition to, or in lieu of, presenting live testimony.


The invention discloses method and equipment for receiving and transmitting scheduling information. The method comprises the steps of: determining an idle MCH (Multicast Channel) or PMCH (Physical Multicast Channel), wherein the idle MCH or PMCH has an idle MBSFN (Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network) subframe; determining an indication MCH or PMCH, wherein the indication MCH or PMCH and the idle MCH or PMCH are positioned in the same MBSFN region; carrying indication information in scheduling information corresponding to the indication MCH or PMCH, wherein the indication information comprises whether an MCH or PMCH in the indication MBSFN region is an idle MCH or PMCH, and/or resource positions of idle MBSFN subframes on the indication idle MCH or PMCH; and sending the schedulinginformation on the indication MCH or PMCH. By using the invention, user equipment can obtain information of an idle MBSFN subframe, and can avoid the waste of wireless resources on the idle MBSFN subframe.


The descriptors of molecular structure and property were chosen based on dynamical and thermodynamic theory of chromatography.The parameters of quantum and physical chemistry of the polychlorobiphenyl were calculated by PM3 Hamiltonian.The model of quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) of the molecules on Apiezon L stationary phases were established through stepwise regression techniques,which were used to interpret the chromatographic retention mechanism of polychlorobiphenyl.


The role of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) in developing standards and recommended practices for communication, navigation and surveillance systems is well known. The emphasis is on system characteristics and the definition of airborne equipment is limited to essential characteristics. For many years, the world's airlines have collaborated in the Airline Electronic Engineering Committee of ARINC to produce engineering characteristics to ensure interchangeability and hence freedom of choice in their selection of airborne equipments. Thus 'box' dimensions, types and pin connection, interfaces cabling, coding etc are covered. For the electronics industry designing equipment to meet the needs of both the aircraft constructors and their customers, the airlines and the Airworthiness Authorities responsible for the certification of equipment installed in passenger carrying aircraft more detailed specifications are essential. This problem was recognised in the USA and a solution was found in the formation of the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA). With the direct support and involvement of USA Government Departments, the Electronics and Aircraft Construction Industry, the Airlines and General Aviation operating as 'Special Committees' of experts, RTCA developed Minimum Performance Standards. These documents are used by the FAA as the basis for equipment certification.


In this paper,a case study of a mechanical and electrical business in China is done to explore the antecedents,consequences and capability factors of the transformation of enterprise from the traditional business model of state-owned manufacturing enterprises to platform-based B2B e-commerce business model.The results show that both the external environment and the internal cognitive of platform-based B2B e-commerce will lead to business transformation;the consequence of transformation is to enhance the performance of enterprise in many aspects;the transformation process can be influenced by the IT capability,B2B e-service capability and the three capabilities interacted each other.These conclusions contribute the transformation theory by rich it,while has practical significance by guiding the transformation of Chinese enterprises to platform-based B2B e-commerce business model.


Aim at the gateway reactive power control range in traditional nine-area strategy cannot adapt to the changes in the operation mode, the correlation characteristic between the active loss and gateway reactive power in 110kV power grid is analyzed in the paper, and a gateway reactive power optimization oriented control strategy and the basis for setting the optimization oriented network loss increment is put forward, according to the method based on boundary conditioned parameter, gateway reactive optimization interval of 110kV power grid is analyzed, and a differential gateway reactive power control range can adapt to different operation modes is given, and the control range is quantitatively assessed through evaluation model. Results show that the proposed method not only improves the economy and safety of power systems but is also easy to implement.


A hypermedia simulation, Sickle Cell Counselor, has been deleloped to anchor instruction for museum visitors using the task of advising couples about the decision to have children when there is a substantial genetic risk of sickle cell disease. A visitor can perform simulated laboratory tests and ask questions via interactive video. The anchored instruction model is closely related to cognitive apprenticeship theory. Patterns of interaction between the user, simulating the role of a genetic counselor, and the program are illustrated through an annotated example. The genetic counseling role makes the Sickle Cell Counselor a compelling program, but the human interest facet is really just a motivational device. The program supports the acquisition of the target knowledge well. The user is supported with knowledge from an experts screen, from learner-initiated coaching, and from implicit task guidance. An evaluation with adults at a community church (21 pretests and 10 posttests) suggests substantial gains in knowledge about sickle cell disease, as well as confidence in the material learned. Ten figures present evaluation findings. (Contains 10 references.) (SLD) ***************************************/ * ********************* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OP. e F,.1,,Canona Wesean, and Imotovement EDUC IONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER tERIC. rus ddcwr.erd has Deer, teprodaced as teceoed ihe oe,sen organaatton ong.natng .1 M.not Changes nave Deer ',rade to .TIrgove reprodult,00 Quhr.t, Pcynts dpm.ons sated.0 Iro5 00C, ,ent do nO1 ^P. essa , .eoesent ott,c,at OE R, Dos t,o, "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL. HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


: Up-to-date network telemetry is the key enabler for resource optimization by capacity scaling, fault recovery, and network reconfiguration among other means. Reliable optical performance monitoring in general and, specifically, the monitoring of the spectral profile of WDM signals in fixed- and flex- grid architectures across the entire C-band, remains challenging. This article describes a two-stage spectrometer architecture amenable to integration on a single chip that can measure quantitatively the spectrum across the entire C-band with a resolution of ∼ 1 GHz. The first stage consists of a ring resonator with intra-ring phase shifter to provide a tuneable fine filter. The second stage makes use of an AWG subsystem and novel processing algorithm to synthesize a tuneable coarse filter with a flat passband which isolates individual resonances of a multiplicity of ring resonances. Due to its maturity and low loss, CMOS compatible Si 3 N 4 is chosen for integration. A fabricated ring resonator functioning over the entire C-band with 1.3 GHz FWHM bandwidth resonances tunable over a complete free spectral range of 50 GHz is experimentally demonstrated. The complete system operation is demonstrated using an industry standard simulation tool and AWG constructor data. The operation of the circuit is invariant to the optical path length between individual components substantially improving robustness to fabrication process variations.


The inductor used in the post heat treatment of straight welded seam was divided into two parts,named as chief coil and sub-coil,respectively.And accordingly,three kinds of chief coil and sub-coil were fabricated.Thus different combinations of transverse magnetic inductors can be studied,and the structure of the inductor was optimized.As a result,the influence of different inductor on the heated straight seam were analyzed.The parameters concerned in the study include:the groove size and width in the chief coil and the angle between chief coil and sub-coil,and so on.


With great interest, I read the recent article by Inoue et al[1][1] on the diagnostic significance of cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) for Alzheimer disease in a memory clinic setting. In line with other recent studies on the topic, the authors found cSS in 12 of 347 (3.5%) patients in the


The precise GPS satellite measurements were carried out with the use of measurement equipment manufactured by Ashtech and accessories (cables, electric cells). Two-frequency, twelve-channel GPS receivers: 1) Z-Xtreme, with ASH701975.01A aerial – 7 pcs, 2) Z-XII, with ASH700228.D aerial – 3 pcs were used for the measurements. Methods of forced centring of GPS aerials were applied at the reference and check points. GPS aerial centring was carried out by substages fixed directly to the point heads (Fig. 1), the aerials altitude in relation to the three altitude points situated in each of the heads was measured with a slide calliper within an accuracy of 0.05 mm. Centring of GPS aerials at the check points was carried out with the appropriate construction of 2.22 m long poles (Fig. 2), placed directly on the ground altitude points and stabilised with geodetic tripods equipped with additional adjustable heads (Fig. 3). The length of each pole was measured (calibrated) with high accuracy (0.05 mm); it determined the altitude of the main point of the GPS aerial above the altitude point.


Seven agroforestry tree species were grown in a clay loam soil treated with different levels of selenate‐Se, viz. 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg supplied through sodium selenate. After 1 year of growth, a progressive decrease in dry matter of leaves, stem and roots was observed with increasing levels of applied Se. However, a significant decrease in dry matter yield was observed only at or above 2.5 mg Se per kg soil and shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) proved to be highly sensitive to the presence of selenate‐Se in the soil. On average, the largest above‐ground and below‐ground biomass was accumulated by arjun (Terminalia arjuna) and the lowest by the acacia tree (Acacia tortillas). The selenium content of leaves, stem and roots of all the tree species increased significantly with increasing levels of applied Se, although a large variation within species was observed. In the stem portion of different trees, the highest concentration of Se was found in dek (Melia azedarach) (5.1 mg/kg) and the lowest in mulberry (Morus alba) (2.6 mg/kg). The efficiency of selenium removal (including leaves, stem and roots) was the highest in arjun followed by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus hybrid) – Clone 10, mulberry, jambolin (Syzygium cumini), dek, shisham and acacia. Effective removal of Se takes place through the stem portion of different trees where it constitutes 30–50% of total Se. Large variation in Se uptake by different tree species suggests that trees vary in their potential for phytoremediation of seleniferous soils. In one growing season, shisham aged 24 years, poplar (Populus deltoides)– Clone G 48 (10 years old) and eucalyptus – Clone 10 (10 years old) could remove 2385, 1845 and 1407 g Se per hectare respectively. Corresponding reductions in Se capital of the soil varied between 24 and 37, 19 and 29 and 14 and 32%, respectively, in the surface layer (0–15 cm) alone or 7–11, 6–9 and 4–7% for the whole soil profile (0–120 cm). Removal further increased to 4207 g Se per hectare under an agroforestry farming system of poplar–mentha/wheat with Se being reduced from 43 to 65% for the surface layer and from 13 to 20% for the whole profile.


Inhibitor adsorption is specific and leads to decreased surface heterogeneity; this is demonstrated in tests with the acetylenic alcohol 1-octyn-3-ol. Finally, corrosion of steel in 28% HCl (8.7N) is fundamentally different than in 15% HCl, and the inhibition mechanisms in the two media differ as well


A study of neighboring forest stands seventy, one hundred and fifty, and three hundred years old was made in the hemlock area of southwestern Nova Scotia. Soils, drainage and climate were similar. Evidence pointed to fire as the agent in the removal of the original forest in the case of the two younger stands. The number of short-lived trees decreased with the age of the stand, and the abundance and distribution of hemlock indicated its ultimate dominant position. From trends apparent in the younger stands, it appears that having reached an age of three hundred years their composition will be similar to the present composition of the three hundred year old stand. It is concluded that fire may play a major role in the initiation of the development of pure hemlock stands.