Depression is common, places a large burden on the patient, their family and community, and is often difficult to treat. Magnesium supplementation is associated with improved depressive symptoms, but because the mechanism is unknown, it is unclear whether serum magnesium levels act as a biological predictor of the treatment outcome. Therefore, we sought to describe the relationship between serum magnesium and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ, a measure of depression) scores. A cross-sectional analysis of medical records from 3604 adults (mean age 62 years; 42% men) seen in primary care clinics between 2015 and 2018, with at least one completed PHQ were included. The relationship between serum magnesium and depression using univariate analyses showed a significant effect when measured by the PHQ-2 (−0.19 points/mg/dL; 95% CI −0.31, −0.07; P = 0.001) and the PHQ-9 (−0.93 points/mg/dL; 95% CI −1.81, −0.06; P = 0.037). This relationship was strengthened after adjusting for covariates (age, gender, race, time between serum magnesium and PHQ tests, and presence of diabetes and chronic kidney disease) (PHQ-2: −0.25 points/mg/dL; 95% CI −3.33, −0.09; P < 0.001 and PHQ-9: −1.09 95% CI −1.96 −0.21; P = 0.015). For adults seen in primary care, lower serum magnesium levels are associated with depressive symptoms, supporting the use of supplemental magnesium as therapy. Serum magnesium may help identify the biological mechanism of depressive symptoms and identify patients likely to respond to magnesium supplementation.


This article draws on the evaluation of a handyperson service which augments health and social services to enable older frail people to remain living at home. It considers current trends and policy, and asks why practical help is under‐valued by professionals caring for older people.


Macrocell corrosion with a local anode and a large cathode frequently occurs in chloride induced corrosion of rebars in concrete and is responsible for very high local corrosion attacks and reduction in cross section of the rebars found e.g. in bridge decks or substructures. In model macrocells in mortar and in concrete the influence of resistivity, temperature and geometrical arrangement (area ratio between cathode and anode, location of cathode) on macrocell current and its distribution on the cathode has been studied. The cathodic oxygen reduction reaction and the anodic dissolution of the steel in pitting conditions have been studied separately and used as input data for the numerical modelling of the macrocell with the same geometrical anode / cathode arrangements as the mortar experiments. A very good agreement between modelling and experiments was found for the total macrocell current, its distribution and its temperature dependance. This numerical approach allows to perform parameter studies very rapidly and to design experiments with macrocells in concrete in a rational way.


Reaction of trans-[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2] with [NMe4][nido-6-CB9H12] in solution resulted in the formation in low yields of two isomers (sym and asym) of [9-(CO)-9,9-(PPh3)2-9-H-arachno-9,6-IrCB8H12]. These new air-stable yellow compounds differ in the arrangement of the exopolyhedral {(CO)(PPh3)2H} ligand group on the metal atom. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis on the asym isomer confirmed the molecular constitution. Crystals were monoclinic, space group Cc, with a= 1 112.7(2), b= 2 184.7(3), c= 1 553.2(2) pm, β= 94.06(1)°, and Z= 4; 3 265 observed data [I > 2.0σ(I)]; R= 0.0183, R′= 0.0187. The cluster structure is of arachno ten-vertex 'boat' configuration, with the {Ir(CO)(PPh3)2} and {CH2 centres occupying the "prow" positions 9 and 6, and with the Ir–H hydrogen atom being endo over the cluster open face. N.m.r. spectroscopy permits assignment of the cluster 11B and 1H parameters and thence comparison with the equivalent parameters of the analogues [B10H14]2–, [6-CB9H14]–, 6,9-C2B8H14, and [5-(η5-C5H5)-5,6,9-CoC2B7H11], in order to assess the comparative effects of replacement of boron by carbon and metal centres in the basic ten-vertex arachno[B10H14]2– cluster type. Preparative details for [arachno-6-CB9H14]– are given.


Pure deuterium plasma discharge from plasma focus breeds 1.01 MeV tritons via the D(d,p)T fusion branch, which has the same cross section as the D(d,n)3He (En=2.45 MeV) fusion branch. Tritons are trapped in and collide with the background deuterium plasma, producing 14.1 MeV neutrons via the D(t,n)4He reaction. The paper presents published in preliminary form as well as unpublished experimental data and theoretical studies of the neutron yield ratio R=Yn(14.1 MeV)/Yn(2.45 MeV). The experimental data were obtained from 1 MJ Frascati plasma focus operated at W=490 kJ with pure deuterium plasma (in the early 1980s). Neutrons were monitored using the nuclear activation method and nuclear emulsions. The present theoretical analysis of the experimental data is based on an exact adaptation of the binary encounter theory developed by Gryzinski. It is found that the experimentally defined value 1⋅10−3<R<3⋅10−3 can be explained theoretically only if one considers that tritium burnup occurs in the plasma domains of ...


To investigate the different effects on environmental quality caused by foreign trade in China's eastern,central and western regions for the recent decade,this article selects the trade-and environment-related data of thirty provinces in China during 2000-2008 and analyzes empirically the influence of trade on sulfur dioxide emissions by panel date model.The results of the study indicate that scale effect increases environmental pollution and technical effect reduces environmental pollution of the eastern region.Structure effect increases environmental pollution of the eastern and central regions,but reduces environmental pollution of the western region.Environmental policies are also helpful to reduce the environmental pollution.On the whole,the openness of trade has a positive effect on the eastern region,but has a negative effect on the central and western regions."Pollution heaven" phenomenon does exist in the central and western regions.We need to constantly strengthen environmental protection and prevent the transfer of foreign polluting enterprises.To decrease the negative effects of foreign trade on the central and western regions and extend its positive effects,we also need to accelerate the trade structure adjustment in order to reduce gradually trade proportion of pollution industries and promote the development of clean-type and environmental protection industry.


Some diseases like mucormycosis can lead to palatal perforation which can cause limitations for dental and oral care for the patients. Nasal septal buttons may be an effective solution according to the literature.


The whole brain irradiation causes injury to the nervous system at various levels. Omega - 3 Poly Unsaturated F atty Acids are very much essential for the growth and development of nervous system. Dietary supplementation of these nutrients will promote the development of injured neuronal cells. Therefore this study was undertaken to establish the role of Omega - 3 Pol y Unsaturated Fatty Acids on oxidative stress in the brain of irradiated mice. The effect of Electron Beam Radiation (EBR) on total brain lipid concentration, Lip i d Peroxidation and total antioxidants level were investigated in male Swiss albino mice. The study groups were subjected to a sub - lethal dose of EBR and also the Flax seed extract and Fish oil were given orally to the irradiated mice. In the present study, exposure to EB resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.001) of malondialdehyde (MDA) level s. Elevated LPO by radiation exposure could be attributed to formation of free radicals and involvement of free radical induced oxidative cell damage. The observation of tot al lipids in brain show a significant decrease in concentration in the irradiated g roups, the differences in the variables follow the similar patterns as of that the MDA levels. T he oral supplementation of natural PUFA sources like Flax seed and Fish oil has led to the increase in total antioxidant levels when compared to the radiation c ontrol groups. This suggests that the PUFA supplementation in irradiated group helps in recovery of total lipid concentration by decreasing the lipid per oxidation in the brain. This study suggests that the dietary intake of PUFAs may help in prevention an d recovery of the oxidative stress caused by radiation in brain .


This paper reports hybrid electrodes efficiently working for both electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) and dielectrowetting. Virtually all kinds of liquid droplets, no matter which are conductive or dielectric, can be manipulated on these electrodes in an open environment without changing the electrode shape, electric signal form, or physical configuration. In addition, these electrodes are integrated with a slippery liquid infused porous surface (SLIPS) in order to minimize friction and biofouling. This electrode platform was experimentally confirmed effective for conductive liquids (water, protein solution, detergent and saline) for EWOD as well as dielectric liquids (dodecane, silicone oil, light and heavy crude oil) for dielectrowetting


AVIAN-ADAPTED strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium have been detected in wild birds, particularly finches (family Fringillidae), in Europe, Scandinavia and North America ([Daoust and others 2000][1], [Tauni and Osterlund 2000][2], [Pennycott and others 2006][3]). In the uk, these


A simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Zolpidem tartrate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Zolpidem tartrate shows maximum absorbance at 238.5 nm with molar absorptivity of 4.4648×10 4 lit/mol/cm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 2-16 µg/ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.038152 µg/ml and 0.114577 µg/ml, respectively. Results of analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.


Pollen grains can provide valuable information to forensic palynology, such as the time of death or the possible origin of a corpse. Forensic Palynology is a vital tool to be used in a criminal investigation because the different environment has distinct pollen signatures. Brazil has a rich and diversified flora that is suitable for the application of forensic palynology. The purpose of this research is to introduce palynology automation as a tool to improve the investigative method in forensic palynology and apply it to forensic palynology automation. The studied city has different vegetation types, in which we performed assessments to identify its correspondent pollen types. PALINOVIC algorithm was developed using computer vision and geotechnology techniques. Our results show that it is possible to correlate pollen grains found in forensic samples by automatic pollen identification and with a mapping of the likely vegetation. Our results show that it is possible to relate the presence of pollen grains found in forensic samples through the automatic identification of images together with a database of georeferenced plant species. It was possible to analyze the pollen grains collected in eight bodies, where the algorithm presented a performance of 90.51% in the pollen grain classification tests. Furthermore, pollen grains could be correlated with the type of vegetation where the body was found. Thus, the technique developed can be applied in other urban centers from a previous georeferencing of plants, as well as a pollen database.


Heat shock proteins family, HSP70 (HSP70.1, 70.2 and 70.8) are regarded as the most significant indicators of thermal stress. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the relative mRNA expression pattern of HSP70 gene in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The recorded temperature humidity index (THI) = 83.2; 66.7 and relative humidity (RH) = 80.3; 80.5 for summer and winter seasons, respectively. Thirty two healthy Murrah buffaloes were selected from National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) and randomly divided equally (8 each) into four groups (control and supplemented groups of buffaloes during summer and winter season, respectively). The treatment group was supplemented with Astaxanthin @ 0.25 mg/kg body weight/animal/day during the period 30 days prior to expected date of calving and upto 30 days postpartum. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was applied to investigate the variation in relative mRNA expression profile of HSP70 gene during different seasons. In the present study, the expression of HSP70.1, HSP70.2 and HSP70.8 were significantly (P<0.05) higher during summer season when compared to winter season. The relative expression of HSP was seen to be significantly (P<0.05) highest on the day of calving in control and treatment groups of both the seasons. From this study, it could be concluded that astaxanthin supplementation caused a down regulation of HSP70 expression in periparturient Murrah buffaloes which infers that its treatment ameliorates the adverse effects of heat and cold stress and augments immunity during stress in the periparturient buffaloes.


Introduction: Infantile hemangioma is a benign neoplastic proliferation of endothelial cells, resulting from an imbalance in angiogenesis. Reaches 10-12% of children under one year old, therefore it is the most commom tumor of childhood. Treatment is usually expectant, but in some cases can be used oral propranolol, corticosteroids, interferon alpha-2a, laser therapy, embolization, immunomodulators and surgery. Case report: Male child with scalp hemangioma of 3 cm diameter. It was used eye drop solution of timolol maleate 0.5%, three drops, twice daily, on the surface of the lesion, during two years. After one year, it was almost plane and completely involuted with residual alopecia. No side effects were observed during the treatment. Discussion: Infantile hemangioma has a wide spectrum of clinical presentation and varying degrees of severity, which make it difficult and controversial management. Due to the high number of side effects reported for conventional treatments, topical timolol has become an excellent alternative for uncomplicated cases. Conclusion: Topical timolol has been an effective therapeutic option devoid of side effects for treatment of infantile hemangioma, being able to accelerate tumors involution and to prevent complications. Still, it is necessary studies to standardize the safest therapeutic dose and evaluate the actual risk-benefit ratio of timolol use in treatment of this tumor.


Research studies often report results which in some way quantify the risk of an outcome. In psychiatry such outcomes include the development of a psychiatric disorder following exposure to a risk factor (the focus of epidemiological studies); the experience of a relapse in the period immediately after a patient's recovery (the focus of long-term outcome or maintenance therapy studies); and a serious event such as violent behaviour or a suicide attempt. Risks of such outcomes are presented in a number of forms, and a recurring difficulty is how to present the numerical value in a way that is most helpful to clinicians, patients and policy makers. Making sense of such risks means evaluating both the statistical significance of the risk and the dimension of the risk – often called the clinical significance of the risk. This can then be used as the basis for a meaningful clinical discussion with patients in helping them understand what risk means. The statistical significance of an estimated risk is dependent upon the size of the sample and the size of the risk (or risks) of the disorder under question; if these are low, large sample sizes are required for reliable conclusions (and it should be kept in mind that large can be very large, running into the thousands). Far more useful than statistical significance is the closely related concept of the confidence interval (CI) for the estimate. A CI – say a 95% CI – defines a range of values around the estimate for which the common interpretation is that we can be 95% confident that the true value is in that range. A wide range can encompass both 'acceptable' and 'unacceptable' levels of risk – and thus complicates decision making. While there are a number of risks used in epidemiology, two kinds are most commonly reported in psychiatry:


This thesis sets out to explore the influence exerted by Allen Ginsberg's poem Howl on the poetics of Bob Dylan and Patti Smith. In particular, it w


The Craft of Wallpaper is an exhibition of wallpapers by 11 of the UK's most innovative makers, curated by design writer Charlotte Abrahams and sponsored by Graham & Brown.

Linda Florence wallpapers are silk screen printed by hand in London using water based inks on luxury non-woven wallpaper produced from FSC certified forests. This bespoke production enables papers to be personalised for each project and colours adapted to the client's needs. This flexibility also gives an ability to create designs that respond to individual architectural spaces.
52cm wide POA www.lindaflorence.co.uk

1. Morphic Damask Hand Screen Printed Wallpaper with gold metallic foil

2. Fitzgerald Egyptian Blue
The Fitzgerald wallpaper design was inspired by the decadence and excess of the Roaring Twenties with its large scale florals and bold flowing curves.

3. Wally Tiles
The Wally Tiles wallpaper design was inspired by the ornate decorative tiles found in the Glasgow tenements from the 1880s.

4. Kaleidoscope Blue Screen Printed Wallpaper


Equine Guelph, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), Canada Research Chairs Program, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)


CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPPIV) is a 110 kD membrane‐bound extracellular peptidase with ubiquitous expressions, and has a variety of functional properties in the development of human malignancies as well as T‐cell biology. According to recent reports, stromal cell derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α), which is a good substrate for CD26/DPPIV, is expressed in various solid tumors and is involved in tumor development or metastasis. We investigated the expression of SDF‐1α and its corresponding receptor, CXCR4, in human endometrial carcinoma (EMCA) tissues and the function of SDF‐1α on EMCA cells with its regulation by CD26/DPPIV. We demonstrated that SDF‐1α and CXCR4 were expressed in human EMCA, and these immunoreactivities were significantly low in Grade 3 EMCA, which was similar to that of CD26/DPPIV, compared to those in Grade 1 and Grade 2. Additionally, exogenous SDF‐1α concentration was significantly lower in CD26/DPPIV‐transfected EMCA cells than that in vector‐transfected cells. Moreover, exogenous SDF‐1α significantly stimulated cell proliferation in vector‐transfected cells in a concentration dependent manner. In contrast, in CD26/DPPIV‐transfected cells, there was no apparent effect on proliferation shown by the addition of exogenous SDF‐1α. This is the first report showing a direct link between the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 pathway with CD26/DPPIV in solid tumors, suggesting that CD26/DPPIV is likely to directly modulate various SDF‐1α induced functions. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Small business one of the fastest growing segments of the socio-economic life of the region. Taken together, the sector provides more than 62 % of the total gross output of agriculture. For the region is characterized by reduction in the number of small enterprises engaged in agricultural production and an increase in the area occupied by them (in per farm), which is associated with the process of consolidation and selection of the most powerful economies. Improvement of legislation, create a civilized legal field for small businesses, the actions taken to normalize the financial and credit support of small business led to an increase in the main indicators of the small businesses in the region. Small business is now playing an important role not only in agricultural production, but also in solving social problems of the village. However, for the success of farms and other small businesses is not enough to state support. A characteristic feature of small enterprises is active innovative activity, helping to accelerate the development of various sectors of the economy.


Traffic congestion studies for uncontrolled crossroad in Kryvyi Rih were presented in the article. A simulation model of the crossroad was built and traffic analysis was developed, using the PTV Vissim program. Based on obtained parameters the recommendations for traffic management were elaborated.


The paper deals to proposed a cooperative communications to exploit spatial diversity gains inherent in multi-user wireless systems without the need of multiple antennas at each node. Transmit diversity generally requires more than one antenna at the transmitter. However, many wireless devices are limited by size or hardware complexity to one antenna. Which communication channels are in use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones. The proposed work optimizes the use of available radio-frequency (RF) spectrum while minimizing interference to other users. In its most basic form, CR is a hybrid technology involving software defined radio (SDR) as applied to spread spectrum communications.


Does more preservative provide better protection of wood products or does it disproportionately increase the potential for introducing pesticide into the environment? In an era of sensitivity about misuse of pesticides in the environment, it seems prudent to examine the dose-response benefits from wood preservatives for treated-wood products exposed in natural settings. Results from graveyard tests of preservative-treated wood stakes exposed in the ground are regarded as reliable models of durability in treated-wood products. In this paper, failure distribution patterns of preservative-treated stakes in long-term field plots are discussed with reference to early failures, to first quartile and median failure times, and to distribution about medians. Evidence supports a hypothesis that for inorganic wood preservatives, retention levels above a certain upper bound do not yield proportionate durability gains. Environmental factors do not appear to extensively change the upper bounds of the dose-response relationship but can significantly affect the lifespan at any retention within that dose-response range. A similar relationship is suspected for metal-organic preservatives. With organic systems such as creosote, there is a direct relationship between dose and increased durability. If this hypothesis about a truncated dose-response relationship proves to be a fundamental performance characteristic of inorganic and organo-metallic wood preservatives, then the upper bounds ofthe dose-response relationship should be an important benchmark in standards that seek to define that optimum point at which product reliability is maximized with minimal potential environmental impact.


Objective To determine and compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous iron sucrose with oral ferrous succinate for renal anemia in the patients with peritoneal dialysis.Methods Fiftyseven patients were divided into IV group(n=22) and oral group(n=35).After the using of rHuEPO 120 to 150 u/kg per week,IV group received 100 mg iron sucrose plus 100 mL saline intravenously during each peritionta dialysis session with while the oral group took ferrous succinate 600 mg per day orally for eight weeks.The efficacy and safety was compared.Results The Hb,hematocrit and reticulocyte were significantly increased in both groups,while Hb and hematocrit in IV group were significantly higher than those in oral group(P0.01),and Hb in IV group increased much quicker than oral group,which decreased the dosage of rHuEPO.Serum iron,ferritin and transferring saturation increased significantly in IW group(P0.01),as well as ferritin increased significantly in oral group(P0.05).But there was no remarkable change in serum iron and transferring saturation in oral group.There was a statistic difference between the increase of serum iron,ferritin and transferring saturation in IV group than that in oral group(P0.01).There was no statistic difference in the hepatic and renal function after the trial.Four patients had adverse reactions(10.8%) in oral group and none in IV group(P0.05).Conclusion The intravenous iron sucrose is effective and safe in treating anemic peritoneal dialysis patients.


THE CLINICAL MATERIAL PRESENTED BY JOSEPH NEWIRTH GENERATED many different responses in the discussants. These discussions and Newirth's response to them highlight Newirth's psychoanalytic approach and how it is similar or different from the discussants'. The discussant whose theoretical orientation is most similar to Newirth's is probably James Gooch. Both of them are heavily influenced by Klein's work. Gooch is also working from a Bionian perspective, while Newirth has integrated the work of Matte-Blanco into his own. As Newirth makes clear, his emphasis on transforming the concrete thought processes of the paranoid position into the symbolic capacities of the depressive position is similar to Gooch's transformation of beta elements into alpha elements, making the analysand's toxic, intolerable experience understandable and comprehensible. Gooch and Newirth also see Gooch's distinction between verbal aspects of an interpretation and the music and dance or nonverbal sincerity of the analyst as analogous to Newirth's discursive and presentational symbols. The difference between these perspectives centers on the use of interpretation as compared to enactment. Newirth embraces the use of enactment and elaboration of the transference–countertransference fantasies as part of his effort to work within the concrete symmetrical sphere. He believes that the analysand's transformation is a developmental process within the relationship, not primarily a process of understanding and insight. Gooch, on the other hand, believes that interpretation keeps the analysand from being overwhelmed by her anxiety and confusion and reassures her that the analyst is able to provide the necessary parental alpha functions to help her. In Newirth's terms, Gooch is using symbolic symmetrical interventions, or interpretations, instead of the concrete symmetrical enactment that Newirth advocates. Newirth suggests that his approach is a two-person relational orientation while Gooch's is a one-person analytic strategy in which the "analyst remains the container for the patient's projections."


Notwithstanding the embrace of modern institutions of social control, traditional social control mechanisms still enjoy patronage in Nigeria. This paper examines the traditional structures of social control in Iraye-Oke, Lagos. In-depth interviews, key informant interviews and case studies were used to obtain data from participants. Findings established the functionality of traditional structures in checking crime and its preference over the use of modern social control structures. Traditional structures used include: traditional spiritualists who provide measures to reduce victimisation; the family courts where adjudication takes place involving elders and family chiefs; and the apex traditional court, presided over by the king, where cases like murder, land disputes, adultery and fornication are decided. Traditional extrajudicial measures involve the invocation of ancestral spirits at shrines.


The invention relates to an insulating system comprising an electrically insulating, essentially disc-shaped insulating arrangement (1, 1a, 1b) which spans a base surface. Said insulation arrangement (1, 1a 1b) comprises at least one first and one second sub-element (3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 4a, 4b, 4c). A joining gap (9) is arranged between both sub-elements (3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 4, 4a, 4b, 4c).


This research is a study of the way the small-scale pole-and-line tuna fishery in Sorong, Indonesia by examining official records of supply chains; key informant and fishers' perceptions of marketing; and personal observations of landings and selling. The main finding of the study is that the pole-and-line fishers in Sorong have made strenuous efforts to escape the constrictions of middlemen by direct selling to processors.


We report on the assembly process and reliability test development of a flexible, biocompatible optoelectronic neural stimulator for a retinal prosthesis. The design and development process for the flexible circuit are discussed. The successful bonding process between six silicon dielets and flexible substrates is presented. The characterization and accelerated lifetime testing are also detailed. The integration techniques described herein may be used to scale up the existing electrode array or for next generation higher visual acuity retinal prostheses. In addition, the methods and setup for lifetime testing may be used in the development of other optoelectronic flexible neural interfaces.


This complete handbook includes listings on all the musicians that have been part of the rock and roll phenomenom. Entries for each artist include: date and place of birth and death, instruments played, band and session work, movie appearances, Grammy awards or nominations, in-print albums, and more. All information is cross-indexed to make the book easy to use


We compared the force of extraction for peripheral nerve catheters under three different situations in a porcine model using untunnelled, tunnelled and double‐tunnelled catheters. Following insertion of the catheter into the porcine model, the catheters were either left untunnelled or a single or double tunnel was created for the catheter. The force required to displace the catheter by one centimetre was then measured in each of the three groups. The mean (SD) force required for displacement of the catheter was 0.23 (0.06) N for the untunnelled catheters, 1.16 (0.51) N for the single‐tunnelled catheters, and 4.00 (1.70) N for the double‐tunnelled catheters (p < 0.0001). Tunnelling a peripheral nerve catheter leads to a significant increase in the force required for dislodgement. This is increased further by introducing a second tunnel.


Th e report will address practical issues of the level of formation of textual competence, based on the concept of text theory, which pays great attention to the category of coherence, since it provides a structural and compositional sequence of presentation. In the Chinese audience, when teaching text formation in Russian, there are serious problems concerning both objective factors (the initial discreteness of the text and the diff erence in language systems) and subjective ones (a low level of analytical abilities, insuffi cient confi dence in their own creative abilities). Th e importance of this category is diffi cult to overestimate, because it has a multidimensional, interdisciplinary nature and should become a unifying principle in the development of curricula and programs for future translators in the courses of "Practical Stylistics," "Th eory and Practice of Translation," "Business Communication," "Introduction to Linguistics," etc. Not only does such interdependence of diff erent academic disciplines in teaching foreign languages develop students' analytics, but it also increases the level of their creativity, which largely determines the competitiveness and demand for future specialists next to computer intelligence.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by chronic synovial inflammation of multiple large and small joints in the upper and lower limbs.1 The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves the activation of several synovial cell populations and the production of many proinflammatory and destructive mediators including cytokines, prostaglandins and proteases. Many investigators have suggested that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL1) play a critical part in the pathogenesis of RA.2 The IL1 family includes IL1α, IL1β and IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra).3IL1α and IL1β are both agonist molecules that can influence the functions of most cell types by binding to the IL1 receptor (IL1R). In experimental models of arthritis IL1β causes exacerbation of disease, stimulates cartilage and bone resorption and inhibits the synthesis of articular collagen and proteoglycan.4 IL1Ra is responsible for the regulation of IL1α and IL1β by competitively binding with high avidity to IL1R. Thus, the level of target cell activation may depend on the balance between the agonistic effect of IL1α and IL1β and the inhibitory effect of IL1Ra, each competing for the same cell surface receptor.2 3

IL1Ra has been given therapeutically in several experimental models of arthritis with dramatic effects.4 For example, IL1Ra was administered intraperitoneally by continuous infusion to male DBA/1 mice with collagen induced arthritis (CIA).5 This resulted in clear suppression of established arthritis. Histological analysis demonstrated markedly reduced cartilage destruction. Moreover, the synthetic function of articular cartilage chondocytes fully recovered. Further studies of IL1 inhibition in experimental arthritis have confirmed the dominant role of IL1 in cartilage destruction and have established the hypothesis that optimal IL1 blockade will result in reduced joint inflammation and the prevention of progressive joint damage.4

Further insights into the potential merits of IL1Ra treatment have been provided …


Experiments and calculations evaluating zone melting as a process for separating D/sub 2/O from H/sub 2/O are described. The experiments were done with an equimolar H/sub 2/O-D/sub 2/O mixture in a Tygon tube spiral in a cooling bath. A mathematical analysis using Birman's matrix method was employed. It was concluded that the process is so slow that its use may be limited to theoretical studies or the procurement of ultra pure samples. (T.R.H.)


Purpose Design a set of experiment apparatus which can culture cells with the influence of shear stress. Methods Make flow field analysis of different laminar flow apparatus using FEM(Finite Element Methods), test whether the flow condition is up to laminar flow according to laminar flow theory so that a reasonable laminar flow apparatus is designed at last. Results The flow condition is reasonable and stable based on the results of the flow field analysis and the laminar flow apparatus can meet the demands of cell culture by the experimental test and theory calculation. Conclusion The system consisted of laminar flow apparatus is reliable and runs stable, which shows the availability of dynamic culture of different types of cells.


Objective To observe the curative effect of the application of Xiaojiean capsules combined with Nifedipine on hyperplasia of mammary glands(and gynecomastia) accompanied with hypertension.Methods According to the different treatment methods,76 outpatients with breast hyperplasia accompanied with hypertension,treated in our hospital from January 2011 to June 2012,were devided into two groups: Xiaojiean treatment group(38 cases)and Rupixiao contrast group(38 cases).Observe the control over the blood pressure and the relief of the hyperlasia of all the patients.Results After three months′ therapy,the significant efficiency,efficiency,total efficiency of Xiaojiean group were significantly higher than those of Rupixiao group(P0.05);The comparison of application of hypotensive drugs and the blood pressure changes taking place between the two groups:Nifedipine dosage was not adjusted durng the time of 38 patients in Xiaojiean group having taken the medincine,blood pressure of the patients was stabler,the blood pressure of the two patients in the contrast group was higher than that of before.By increasing the dose of nifedipine,the blood pressure of them got stable.The effect on the blood pressure stability of Xiaojiean group was significantly weaker than that of Rupixiao group.Conclusion The curative effect of Xiaojiean capsules combined with extended release Nifedipine tablets on breast hyperplasia accompanied with hypertension is good,its side effect is little and it is taken conveniently.


Iron (Fe) is an essential mineral nutrient for virtually all life on Earth. It serves as an important redox catalyst for many cellular processes steering growth, development


A study on Co-yFe20YNiO perpendicular magnetic anisotropy media was reviewed focusing on their fabrication process, crystallographic and magnetic properties, and recording characteristics. The merits of the media are: (a) easy preparation using reactive sputtering and atUlealing at lower process temperature than 350°C, (b) perpendicular anisotropy energy as large as 1-3 X 10 erg/cm3 and perpendicular coercivity which is extendable to 6 kOe, (c) superior hardness tolerable for contact recording without overcoat layer, (d) ultra-high-density recording capability, and (e) low media noise.


The aim of this paper is to share an experience concerning the teaching of Latin for Specific Purposes in thematic workshops. One objective of the workshops was to demonstrate that Latin is still present in Portuguese-speaking countries in scientific and legal texts, in botanical and zoological terminology, in heraldry, in terms that are practically untranslatable and are part of oral and written everyday language. This leads to a recognition of the presence of Latin as a universal language in modern times, and suggests the importance of including Latin in the syllabus of elementary and high school programs as an auxiliary to Portuguese learning. The pedagogical feasibility of the project lies on the construction of pleasurable, playing activities, using figurative characters representative of Roman History, such as the French comic book characters Asterix and Obelix, who continuously interact in the development of the historical-cultural and linguistic approach as detectives who are in constant trouble.


The origin of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic in Egypt has been attributed to intravenous schistosomiasis treatment in rural areas in the 1960s to 70s. The objective of this study was to estimate the HCV‐related morbidity in a rural area where mass schistosomiasis treatment campaigns took place 20–40 years before. The study sample included 2,425 village residents aged 18–65 years recruited through home‐based visits. Overall, HCV antibody prevalence was 448/2,425 = 18.5% (95% CI = 16.9–20.1%), reaching 45% in males over 40 years, and 30% in females over 50 years. Of those with HCV antibodies, 284/448 (63.4%, 95% CI = 58.7–67.9%) had chronic HCV infection, among which 107/266 (40.2%, 95% CI = 34.3–46.4%) had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). As part of pre‐treatment screening, 26 consenting patients had a liver biopsy: 13 (50.0%) had a treatment indication. Thus, of all patients with HCV antibodies, 13 (2.9%) were eligible for treatment and willing to be treated. The relatively low level of morbidity observed in this study is discussed in view of co‐factors of HCV infection progression, such as young age at infection, absence of alcohol intake, the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection, and the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B. J. Med. Virol. 78:1185–1189, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The invention concerns a method for making secure one or several computer installations using a common cryptographic secret key algorithm (Ks), characterised in that the way to perform said computation depends, for each computer installation and for each secret key, one secret data (Ds) stored in a secret zone of the computer installation(s).


Body modification can be done through various procedures or ornamentation. This study discusses and compares views on body modification techniques among youths from Penang and Seoul. Data were collected by conducting face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews with 30 youths in Penang and 30 face-to-face interviews in Seoul. The findings of this study shows that most participants wish to change their bodies. Most participants in Penang and Seoul are keen on reducing their body weight. Participants in Seoul are keen on the idea of using cosmetic surgery to change their bodies (specifically their eyelids) while no participants in Penang identified cosmetic surgery as an option to change their bodies. This study shows that the choice of body modification procedures is influenced by cultural and societal values even though it may not be strictly prescribed by the society. Knowledge and understanding of one's society may influence choice of body modification techniques. The concept of agency is important in understanding choice of body modification techniques.


2054 Background: patients with glioblastoma failing radiotherapy plus temozolomide are treated in Europe with nitrosourea-based regimens, but factors influencing survival are not entirely known.We investigated the factors influencing survival in a large cohort of Italian glioblastoma patients who received the nitrosourea fotemustine (FTM) at first relapse following the Stupp regimen. Methods: survival data and information on demographics, clinical, radiological, molecular and treatments factors were collected in 34 Italian Institutions. PFS and OS curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and both univariate and multivariate analysis were performed . Results: Since 2005, 921 (587 M 334 F, median age 56 yrs) patients were enrolled , and up to date 897 are evaluable. Median PFS following FTM was 103 days. Factors of prognostic significance in univariate analysis were: MGMT methylation (129 d methylated vs 90 d unmethylated tumors, p < 0.001) and association with bevacizumab (148 d the associatio...


The long-range advection of 222 Rn over the Indian Ocean has been studied using a three-dimensional coarse-grid (8° × 10°) transport model of the global troposphere based on the meteorological fields of the GWE period (December 1978–November 1979). A uniform continental source of 222 Rn and a weak, wind-speed dependent oceanic source of 222 Rn has been prescribed in the simulations. Model predictions are compared to observations of the 222 Rn concentration at three Indian Ocean islands and one station located at the Antarctic coast. The advection of continental 222 Rn to these observing sites, each being several thousand kilometers away from major landmasses, requires several days and provides a unique opportunity for the validation of the transport model on time scales ranging from a few days to the seasonal cycle induced by seasonally changing transport patterns. The model is able to simulate several features of the time series observed in the Indian Ocean; however, it fails to correctly predict the seasonal cycle and the short-term concentration variations at the Antarctic coast. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.00010.x


Abstract : A process for producing an electrical insulative material. First there is produced a composition including a thermoplastic polymer resin selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene octene, a polyethylene hexene, a polyethylene heptene, a polyethylene nonene and a polyethylene decene; a filler selected from the group consisting of expandable polymer microballoons and glass microspheres; and a blowing agent comprising a physical blowing% agent and% a chemical blowing agent. The chemical-blowing agent is selected from one or more of the group consisting of an exothermic blowing agent and an endothermic blowing agent. This composition is then continuously foam extruded.


Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous group of inflammatory sinonasal disorders with key defining symptoms, but traditionally separated into phenotypes by clinical/endoscopic findings. It is not known whether the two phenotypes have differing socioeconomic, comorbidity, and lifestyle differences. This analysis of the Chronic Rhinosinusitis Epidemiology Study (CRES) database sought to analyze any key differences in the socioeconomic variables between those with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) and those without nasal polyps (CRSsNPs). We also sought to analyze differences in comorbidities, lifestyle, and quality of life.


Due to increasing population and increasing organic and inorganic contaminants, it is essential to provide a reliable, low cost, and relatively quick method for removing contamination without any undesirable side effects for the environment. Phytoremediation is an appropriate way in this regard. This study aimed to determine the heavy metal accumulation capacity around the Iralko aluminum factory, located in Markazi (Iran) using plant Artemisia sieberi. This study employs a "factorial experiment" with completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions. It conducted four treatment plants, 3Repeat and 4 treatments of heavy metals (zinc, nickel and chromium) in control, which were 2.5,5 and 10 times more than average concentration of elements in soil to evaluate the phytoremediation methods and compare the estimated absorption in refining metals-contaminated soils. In this study the average concentration of Zink in soil is 107 mg/kg and the bioavailability is 0.4mg/kg which is more than other two metals. After analysis of plant tissues, results shows that the Zink has the highest concentration with 37.05% in leaves and then 37% in the stem of the plant. Considering the morphology terms and resistance to water shortages this plant is more efficient in absorption of zinc than absorption of Cr and Ni from the soil around the Iralko factory.


iii Acknowledgement iv Chapter I: Introduction 4 Introduction to the Problem 4 Purpose of the Study 5 Background 6 Significance 6 Theoretical Framework 8 Chapter II: Review of the Related Literature 10 Analysis of Literature 10 Prescription Drug Abuse 10 On-line Continuing Medical Education 19 The Hall Core, Care, Cure Model 21 Chapter III: Methodology 23 Design 23 Educational Website 23 Informational Postcards 25 Participants 25 NCCSRS Registration 26 Chapter IV: Results 27 Sample Characteristics 27 Major Findings 28 Chapter V: Discussion 34 Results 34 Prescription Drug Abuse 36 Online-Continuing Medical Education 36 Theoretical Framework Applied to Project 37 Significance to Results to Healthcare 38 Limitations 38 Recommendations for Practice 39


From gymnastics multi-media teaching lesson a leading for researching to manufacture thought,teaching theories according to commence with the research that create the method,create practical gymnastics multi-media teaching lesson piece.To pass the teaching fulfillment,proof the gymnastics multi-media teaching makes vivid variety in form in classroom,study that contents image is vivid to keep the view,transfer the student's study positive,benefit to its control the gymnastics profession knowledge,technique,technical ability,increases teaching efficiency with resulting theories.


In a multi-tenant cloud, a number of Virtual Machines (VMs) are collocated on the same physical machine to optimize performance, power consumption and maximize profit. This, however, increases the risk of a malicious VM performing side-channel attacks and leaking sensitive information from neighboring VMs. As such, this paper develops and analyzes a game-theoretic framework for the VM migration timing problem in which the cloud provider decides when to migrate a VM to a different physical machine to reduce the risk of being compromised by a collocated malicious VM. The adversary decides the rate at which she launches new VMs to collocate with the victim VMs. Our formulation captures a data leakage model in which the cost incurred by the cloud provider depends on the duration of collocation with malicious VMs. It also captures costs incurred by the adversary in launching new VMs and by the defender in migrating VMs. We establish sufficient conditions for the existence of Nash equilibria for general cost functions, as well as for specific instantiations, and characterize the best response for both players. Furthermore, we extend our model to characterize its impact on the attacker's payoff when the cloud utilizes intrusion detection systems that detect side-channel attacks. Our theoretical findings are corroborated with extensive numerical results in various settings as well as a proof-of-concept implementation in a realistic cloud setting.


This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between transport, city development and Third World development. It commences by outlining the problems of defining the Third World, and by summarising the characteristics common to such countries. These include: dependence on the industrialized world; rapid growth, expecially of urban areas; a dual economy and a dominant role played by the public sector in national development. The interaction of this rapid urbanisation land use and transport is discussed briefly, as are urban transport characteristics and trends and urban transport related costs. The goals which should be attained by urban transport are also presented and discussed. For the covering abstract of the book see IRRD 829920.


In pursuing the goal of a political theater, Bertolt Brecht's Lehrstücke such as Der Jasager and Der Neinsager neither efface nor exalt the individual, but provide insight into how the representational aspect of political power in the modern world is linked to the individual's aesthetic experience of sacrifice. In a move that distinguishes his idea of Einverständnis from Ernst Jünger's notion of individual sacrifice on the one hand and links it to Carl Schmitt's notion of acclamation on the other hand, these plays revolve around the individual's decision to make a self-sacrifice, an act that most clearly embodies the aesthetic component of politics at its most basic level of an affective mobilization of individual consciousness for a collective cause that goes beyond the individual.


Operating systems differ in function and design. ROM able operating system is an operating system that is small in size and can be operated with minimal hardware. It can be fitted into a ROM chip for use with embedded systems. This project develops a kernel for ROM able operating system. A kernel is the core of the operating system that handles processes and system calls. The kernel is tested on Flight-68K single board computer. The language used is assembly language.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a medical treatment catheter wire which is at least partly coated with a hydrophilic coating, has a superelastic metallic core, has a substantially rectilinear and invariable distal wire section, is preferably reduced in the hardness of the wire in the distal part and is larger in the profile of the front end of the wire than the distal wire section. SOLUTION: This medical treatment catheter wire assembly used in the tubular cavity of the medical treatment catheter has a proximal wire section, an intermediate wire section, the distal wire section which is more flexible than the intermediate wire section and is substantially rectilinear and invariable and the superelastic metallic core having the lubricative coating covering at least a part of the intermediate and distal wire sections as well as the diametrally expanded wire front end which is adjacent to the distal wire section, has the larger wire front end profile than the wire front end profile of the distal wire section and is substantially invariable.


Marco del Giudice has set himself a daunting task to write a book describing an approach to psychiatric disorders which offers a fresh understanding, with overarching ideas informed by evolutionary theory. The scholarship is very impressive, there are nearly 2500 references stretching over almost 150 pages and to underpin his arguments. He brings together ideas from many fields of research: genetics, epigenetics, physiology, brain anatomy and function, epidemiology, psychology experiments and theories, psychiatric research and more. The book starts with a brief tour of human evolution, and basic, but up to date, ideas within evolutionary theory: natural selection, gene selection, adaptation, conflict, e.g. parent offspring, sexual selection, mating strategies, group selection, cooperation, altruism and so on. The section on the "evolved mind" discusses various concepts such as motivations, executive function, and mentalising and mechanistic cognition. There is a useful summary of some key individual and sex differences. A major chapter is on life history theory and the distinction between fast and slow life histories. These concepts are applied in many of the later discussions. Richer, J.M. (2019). Disorders or Ranges of Human Difference. Human Ethology, 34, 110-114. https://doi.org/10.22330/he/34/110-114


Rendering songs into another language poses numerous difficulties for translators. Songs may be considered as poems set to music, and in translating them, these professionals confront not only routine translation problems such as expressing the meaning, ambience and style of the original work, but they also have to attend to other requisites such as creating a new version of the song within the restrictions of rhythm and rhyme. In this article, I examine songs from Spanish literature and from Spanish and South American popular music, and explore translators??? ways of converting the original texts into English. We shall see that sometimes they have captured meaning by translating virtually word for word, while on other occasions translated songs manage to encapsulate only the general sense and atmosphere of the original Spanish song. In some cases, sounds from the original have acted as a catalyst for the topic of a new song, while in others the song???s main topic has been discarded altogether. As a result of these perhaps inevitable adjustments and shifts in topic and atmosphere there will nearly always be some kind of ???loss??? in the translation of songs, but on rare occasions their rendition into English almost seems to ???improve??? on the Spanish version. I will outline Low???s (Low, 2005) ???Pentathlon Principle??? which offers five criteria for assessing song translation, and examine specific translations from this persective. Song examined are Mar??a Josefa???s song ??? Ovejita, ni??o m??o ??? from Federico Garc??a Lorca???s ??? La Casa de Barnada Alba ???, Luis Aguil?????s ??? Cuando sal?? de Cuba ???, Agust??n Lara???s ??? Granada ???, and Osvaldo Farr??s???s ??? Quiz??s, quiz??s, quiz??s .???


Applications of nanomaterials in environmental protection have created conditions to improve environment and control pollution, which will bring breakthrough progress to environmental science and engineering. Using nanomaterials to solve environmental issues will become an inexorable trend in the future. Applications of nanomaterials in green chemistry, photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, remediation of polluted soils or water, pollutant sensing and detection, and so on, have been introduced. Besides, the potential risks of nanomaterials were also briefly discussed.


The variation of percent gypsum with depth in gypsiferous soils requires a special calibration curve for each layer in order to obtain accurate results in soil-water studies using a neutron probe. To overcome the tedious work of the field calibration for each layer, a correction factor for percent gypsum and bulk density was suggested. The effects of gypsum and bulk density on the neutron probe calibration curve were studied in the laboratory, using a special drum that can be bolted together in two halves, and in the field. The effect of bulk density determined on core samples was negligible for the soil studied in the laboratory, whereas it was significant for one of the field calibrations carried out on gypsiferous soils. An increase in the slope of moisture content on a volume basis vs. count ratio with increasing gypsum content determined by precipitation with acetone method of the soil was observed in the laboratory calibration. A simple method for correction of the calibration curve for gypsum content was adopted to obtain a specific curve for each layer. The adopted method requires the gypsum fraction to be estimated for each layer and then incorporated in the calibration curve to improve the coefficient of determination. The field calibrations showed improvements of the determination coefficient by introducing gypsum fraction, calcium carbonate fraction determined by the calcimeter, and bulk density in one calibration in addition to count ratio using moisture content on a volume basis as a dependent variable in multilinear regression analysis. The presence of gypsum in the soil increases count ratio in that some of the water is water of hydration, unavailable to plants. The effect of bulk density is not as clear in the case of organic soils and when hydrogen exists in the soil in forms other than free water


The occurrence of fires on bridges usually has a low probability but it has a high impact on the economic and social aspects. However, bridge design codes and standards do not explicitly incorporate fire safety concepts in design stage which is in contrast to the design provisions in building codes. With the occurrence of several high profile bridge fire incidents around the world, bridge fires have now become an area of concern. Furthermore, bridges in bushfire prone areas in Australia may be exposed to extreme fire conditions. It is noted that fire loads are dependent on quantity, type of fuel and the ambient conditions. Although concrete has a very good fire resistance capacity as it has low thermal conductivity and high specific heat. There are limited research investigations done on the fire performance of composite bridges.


Although depression is the leading cause of disability and death in bipolar illness, current medications are more effective for manic than depressive


The design methods of earthing from standards recommend the choice of electrode lengths and propose that the distances between electrodes to be 1–3 times larger than their length. The number of electrodes is determined from the condition of achieving the design earth resistance, while the design ends with the choice of one of the variants. This paper presents the methodology for calculating the earthing system with cylindrical, vertical electrodes arranged in a line. The main variables are the length and the number of earth electrodes, as well as the distance between adjacent ones. Firstly, a set of technologically advantageous values for the earth electrode length is established (e.g., 10 values). For each value of the electrode length and different numbers of electrodes (e.g., 11 values), the distance between adjacent electrodes is determined (e.g., for 110 cases), which leads to the design value resistance. Finally, optimal solutions are identified based on the five optimal applied criteria. The proposed optimal criteria for earthing design are the footprint area, the total earthing volume, the total dispersion surface, the total metal mass, and the investment costs. Comparing the optimal solutions with other technically possible solutions clearly highlights substantial savings concerning space, material, and cost.


This is an informal note that explains that the classical Langlands theory over function fields can be obtained from the geometric one by taking the trace of Frobenius. The operation of taking the trace of Frobenius takes place at the categorical level, and this we deduce that the space of automorphic functions is the trace of the Frobenius on the category of automorphic sheaves.


Culture can provide impor tant support for economic and social development. Tianjin Vocational Education Reform and Innovation Demonstration Area should be a national base for all kinds of talent training. In order to have its ourn special characteristies and up to international levels and standards,it does not only need favorable policies, rules and regulations, bot also important culture. Higher vocational education is an important part of cultural development in our cities. Therefore, it is of vital importance to reform our higher vocational education and develop the Demonstration Area form a cultural perspective.


Schachter's two factor theory of emotion and the misattribution of arousal paradigm have been applied to perceptions of euphoria, anger, humour, fear, erotica, discomfort, and love. This paper attempts to review this research and assess both the theory and the misattribution paradigm. The classic Schachter and Singer (1962) study is reviewed, along with criticisms and later attempted replications. Other early research on Schachter's theory is also critqued. The reduction of fear through the misattribution of arousal is examined and its limitations noted. A plausible alternative explanation for many effects of the misattribution paradigm is presented. Research concerning the misattribution of arousal and cognitive dissonance, interpersonal attraction, helping behaviour, and aggression are reviewed and discussed. An overall assessment of Schachter's two factor theory and the misattribution paradigm is also presented. Schachter's (1964a, b) theory is not well supported by the research, but the available evidence has not necessarily disproven the theory either. The misattribution paradigm has proven to be very effective, yet the theoretical basis for this effect is still in doubt. Surprisingly, the most widely cited research is generally of limited value, while little known research has been of much greater significance.


Frédéric Piel and colleagues combine national sickle cell anemia (SCA) frequencies with projected demographic data to estimate the number of SCA births in children under five globally from 2010 to 2050, and then estimate the number of lives that could be be saved following implementation of specific health interventions starting in 2015. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary


The Kerr effect has been used for many years to study space charge variation and make electrical measurements, Measurements are normally made with two parallel plates surrounded with nitrobenzen, or other suitable Kerr liquid. The plate to separatien size ratio is normally kept large to assure uniform fields for measurement.


Objectives:To begin to address the problem of heterogeneity of distribution of oxycodone (OC) in humans, we developed an organ-specific microcirculatory capillary-tissue exchange 2-compartment model for studying regional OC mass transport. Materials and Methods:The model was developed in silico. It quantifies OC's organ-specific mass transport rates, clearances and recycling, and it considers the effects of blood flow on OC's convective and diffusive transport. Results:What is new is the finding that OC undergoes local recycling at the level of organ-specific capillary-tissue exchange units in humans. Results indicate recycled OC occurs in sufficient amounts to function as a reusable source of circulating OC; which has important implications for OC dosing. Results show the brain, which is central to OC effects only receives about 8% of OC delivered to all organs via the microcirculation. This suggests that differential regulation of receptor binding, trafficking, internalization, or desensitization in the brain likely plays a dominant role in OC's central analgesic effects. Discussion:Organ-specific OC mass transport kinetics provide new information for OC dosing in pain management. The model promotes patient safety in opioid prescribing because it allows predictions to be made about the relative contribution that OC recycling makes to circulating OC levels. The model indicates that pharmacologic modulation of the microcirculation may give way to site-specific delivery of opioids in the future. Our study demonstrates that translation of bench in silico research data into clinical practice, although still challenging, is feasible and can assist in OC dose regimen design for patient safety.


The authors used murine pregnancy as a model to investigate the regulation of IgG glycosylation. Pregnancy is associated with decreased levels of circulating IgG. The oligosaccharides on this IgG from late (day 15), but not early (day 8), pregnant Balb/c mice exhibited increased levels of terminal galactose. The levels remained elevated 8 days post‐partum in lactating mice. Nonetheless, splenic β1,4‐GalTase mRNA and enzyme activity remained relatively constant throughout pregnancy and into lactation. This was in contrast to a pregnancy‐associated increase in mammary gland β1,4‐GalTase mRNA. Thus the increased IgG galactose levels seen in pregnancy are regulated by mechanisms which are independent of transcriptional control of β1,4‐GalTase expression.


Under the roof of one controversial assumption about physics, we discuss five big questions that can be addressed using concepts from a modern understanding of digital informational processes. The assumption is called finite nature. The digital mechanics model is obtained by applying the assumption to physics. The questions are as follows:
What is the origin of spin?

Why are there symmetries and CPT (charge conjugation, parity, and time reversal)?

What is the origin of length?

What does a process model of motion tell us?

Can the finite nature assumption account for the efficacy of quantum mechanics?

Digital mechanics predicts that for every continuous symmetry of physics there will be some microscopic process that violates that symmetry. We are, therefore, able to suggest experimental tests of the finite nature hypothesis. Finally, we explain why experimental evidence for such violations might be elusive and hard to recognize.


Water management in cathode channel of polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is essential for achieving high current density operation, because excessive liquid water generated at cathode clogs gas channel and disturbs air flow. This phenomenon known as "channel plugging" is one of the critical issues for high-performance PEFC. In this study, the liquid water behavior in the cathode flow channel of an operating PEFC was directly visualized through the transparent separator using a high-speed camera. Furthermore, the differential pressure between the inlet and outlet of the cathode channel was quantitatively measured to predict the liquid water accumulation, and the effects of wettability (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) and flow direction (vertical or horizontal) of the cathode channel on the plugging phenomena were investigated. It was found that the hydrophobic treatment of the cathode channel is effective in draining liquid water smoothly and reduces the averaged differential pressure. The fluctuation of the differential pressure tends to be large due to the sufficient water removal. On the other hand, in the case of hydrophilic treatment, much water attaches to the channel wall and remains inside the gas channel. In addition, the liquid water transport within the cathode channel is largely affected by the flow direction. The averaged differential pressure in the horizontal flow is much lower than that in the vertical flow. The horizontal flow has the advantage of discharging much water to the outside of the cell because the gravity effect can be neglected.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Jerky was prepared from lamb, mutton and beef using the same formulation and thermal processing schedules. Semimembranosus and adductor muscles for each treatment were crust frozen, sliced, marinated and thermally processed. Sensory evaluation was accomplished by using three groups of consumers. The first group of panelists (n=45) were familiar with the flavor of lamb and mutton, the second group (n=75) was not characterized and the third group (n=23) was given a questionnaire to classify themselves into groups that either liked or disliked like lamb and mutton products. Regardless of the consumer group, there were no significant differences in sensory attributes between lamb, mutton or beef jerky.


Objective To investigate effects of IL-10 transgene into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) on proliferation using recombinant replication-deficient adenoviruses carrying rat IL-10 cDNA(AdIL-10). Methods The pAdIL-10 constructed by our laboratory was transferred into HEK 293 cells by lipofectamin for packing, and the recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus, AdIL-10, was finally obtained. Rat hepatic setellate cells were prepared from male Sprague-Dawley rats by the pronase/collagenase method and a single-step density gradient centrifugation with Nycodenz. Primary cultured HSCs were trypsinized at 80% confluency and seeded on a 96-well plate at a density of 5×10 4 cells per well for 24 h. Then HSCs were infected with AdIL-10 by MOI 50 . HSCs proliferation was detected by MTT test. Results GFP expression could be observed on the third day after packing of the linearized pAdIL-10 in 293 cells. GFP expression could be observed on the third day after HSCs were infected with AdIL-10 and HSCs proliferation was inhibited. Conclusion AdIL-10 could infect HSCs and inhibit HSCs proliferation.


Although most populations of non‐native species arriving in new environments fail to establish, mechanisms behind failed biological invasions are still poorly understood. Propagule pressure has been found to be a dominant driver of establishment success, underpinned by processes such as stochasticity and Allee effects. While studies have revealed the presence of a component Allee effect in field populations, empirical support for demographic Allee effects has been limited. We used the leaf‐feeding beetle Neolema ogloblini, a biological control agent against the plant Tradescantiafluminensis, as a proxy invasive species to experimentally study the process of establishment. We investigated how the initial size of the population released affects the probability of establishment and population growth in the first season after introduction at isolated sites in New Zealand. The probability of establishment was found to increase with numbers of individuals released. A significant quadratic relationship was found between population size released and per capita population growth rate; that is per capita population growth rate initially increased as population size released increased but decreased at higher population levels. These results support the presence of a demographic Allee effect. However, as the influence of stochasticity (environmental and demographic) could not be completely separated from that of a demographic Allee effect, we conclude that extinction probability in the experimental populations of N. ogloblini was influenced by both a demographic Allee effect and stochasticity. Our study demonstrates and supports the concept that experimental biocontrol agent releases can be used for testing hypotheses regarding invasion biology.


Two blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters bearing di-tert-butyl carbazoles as the electron donor groups and pyrazine (DTCz-Pz) or dipyrazine (DTCz-Pz) as the electron acceptor are presented. The DFT calculations predict DTCz-Pz and DTCz-DPz to possess high S1 energies (3.19 eV and 3.08 eV, respectively), and relatively large EST values (0.52 eV and 0.56 eV, respectively). The closely layered intermediate triplet states between S1 and T1, predicted by DFT calculations, are expected to facilitate the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and improve spin-vibronic coupling efficiency between the excited states even the relatively larger ΔESTs. The ΔESTs for DTCz-Pz and DTCz-DPz are 0.27 eV and 0.38 eV, and both molecules show high photoluminescence quantum yields (65%, and 70%, respectively) and the decay lifetimes show temperature dependence in a PPT host, which is consistent that both molecules are TADF emitters in PPT. The OLEDs based on DTCz-Pz exhibit deep blue emission with λEL of 460 nm and CIE of (0.15, 0.16). The maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) reaches 11.6%, with a maximum luminance (Lmax) of up to 6892 cd m-2, while the device based on DTCz-DPz exhibits sky blue emission with λEL of 484 nm and CIE of (0.15, 0.30), an EQEmax of 7.2%, and Lmax of 8802 cd m-2.


The phase behavior of ten polyisoprene-polystyrene (PI-PS) diblock copolymers, spanning the composition range from 0.24 to 0.82 polyisoprene volume fraction (f PI ), has been studied near the order-disorder transition (ODT). Dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and neutron and X-ray scattering have been used to characterize phase transition temperatures and ordered state symmetries. Five distinct microstructures were observed for this chemical system : spheres, hexagonally packed cylinders (HEX), lamellae (LAM), hexagonally perforated layers (HPL), and a bicontinuous cubic phase having an Ia3d space group symmetry. The bicontinuous Ia3d phase only occurs in the vicinity of the ODT between the HEX and LAM states at compositions of 0.65 ≤ f pI ≤ 0.68 and 0.36 ≤ f pI ≤ 0.39 (prior report). Farther from the ODT, within these composition ranges, the HPL phase occurs. We did not find the ordered bicontinuous double diamond (OBDD) morphology at any composition or temperature studied, and the overall phase diagram is qualitatively different from those reported previously for PI-PS block copolymers.


Abstract There are many records of the family Sarcoptidae in bats. The species Notoedres (Notoedres) yunkeri has been reported only once, parasitizing a molossid bat in Panama. In the present study, we expand the occurrence of the species to Brazil.


Objective To explore the possible role of growth hormone receptor(GHR) gene exon 10 in the etiology of idiopathic short stature(ISS).Methods Thirty children with ISS were chosen as ISS group and 30 cases of healthy children as the healthy control group,diagnosed in the Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University during Sep.2008 to Jul.2009.Two mL venous blood was withdraw,genomic DNA was extracted,amplification of GHR exon 10 sequence was performed by application of polymer polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and PCR products were purified for DNA sequencing,and the detected sequences were compared with the ones published by United States National Center for Biotechnology Information(national center for biotechnology information,NCBI),and the allele frequency and genotype frequency in case group and control group were statistically analyzed using χ2 test by the SAS 8.0 statistical software.Results GHR gene exon 10 had 2 single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) loci,site 685 and site 790.On site 685,base A mutated heterozygously to base C,resulting in the No.526 amino acid changed to proline from histidine,or I526L.This site existed 3 genotypes(AA,CA,CC),by comparison of the genotype frequency and allele frequency between subjects in 2 comparison groups had no statistical significance(Pa0.05).The base C he-terozygously mutated to base A on site 790,resulting in the No.561 amino acid changed to aspartic acid from alanine,or P561T.This site existed 2 genotypes(CC,CA),and the genotype frequency and allele frequency had no statistical significance between the 2 groups(Pa0.05).Conclusion The SNPs on site 685 and site 790 of GHR gene exon 10 are not concerned with the morbility of ISS.


Therapeutic horseback riding can be recommended as a useful health promotion intervention for individuals with disabilities who face challenges to optimal health and wellness. This qualitative study examined the perceived benefits of a therapeutic riding program for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), with particular focus on aspects that can potentially help maximize the physical, emotional, and social health of this population.

This study utilized multiple methods to gain an …


In recent decades, there has been increasing consensus that sustainable urban development is critical to the future of human societies and planetary systems. The effects of population growth and th ...


With an increasing participation of women in the labour market and the transformation of the ways of life into couples, the families with two workers are now a model dominating. It is then legitimate to wonder whether a new distribution of roles is set up, men taking from now on more responsabilities at home, just like women take some within work.


Following the intuitively familiar concept of wave breaking discussed in Section 1.2, a variety of phenomenological definitions can be formulated. Wikipedia suggests such a definition, applicable across the range of wave processes, including water waves as well as electromagnetic waves, waves in plasmas and in other physical media: "In physics, a breaking wave is a wave whose amplitude reaches a critical level at which some process can suddenly start to occur that causes large amounts of wave energy to be dissipated. At this point, simple physical models describing the dynamics of the wave will often become invalid, particularly those which assume linear behavior" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_breaking). The Glossary of Meteorology of the American Meteorological Society defines the breaking of ocean surface waves more specifically: "A complex phenomenon in which the surface of the wave folds or rolls over and intersects itself. In the process it may mix (entrain) air into the water and generate turbulence. The causes of wave breaking are various, for example, through the wave steepening as it approaches a beach, through an interaction with other waves in deep water, or through the input of energy from the wind causing the wave to steepen and become unstable" (http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse? s = w&p = 11). As discussed above, a more explicit physical, yet only mathematical definition of the wave-breaking phenomenon is hardly possible.


Post Tenure Faculty Development: Building a System of Faculty Improvement and Appreciation. ERIC Digest........................... 2 WHAT IS FACULTY DEVELOPMENT TODAY?.......................... 2 WHAT TYPES OF POSTTENURE FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS HAVE....................................................... 3 HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES BE DESIGNED TO IMPROVE AND............................................................ 3 WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHOOSING TO DEVELOP TENURED FACULTY?................................................... 4 REFERENCES.................................................................. 5


A microcomputer-controlled CAMAC system has been adapted for automated testing and calibration of health physics survey instruments. Once the survey instrument is mounted, the system automatically performs tests for angular dependence of geometry dependence. The instruments are positioned by a computer-controlled stepping motor, read-out is performed by an autoranging digital voltmeter, and data stored on computer disks. The results of an angular response test are presented. >


Commission "Archaeology & Conservation 2/3" ABSTRACT: After stressing the importance of knowledge and listing the different phases regarding the preservation and valorisation of artistic heritage, the authors have analysed the inherent problems of preserving the integrity and identity of a particular object of cultural heritage, also from a legislative point of view (from national law n. 1089 of 1939 to the recent New Code for Cultural Heritage and Environment of 2004).


Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is one of the most common acute and critical illnesses in general wards and intensive care units. Its high morbidity and high fatality rate have become a major global public health problem. There are often serious lags in clinical diagnosis of AKI. Early diagnosis and timely intervention and effective care become critical. The use of electronic medical record data to build an AKI risk prediction model has been proven to help prevent the occurrence of AKI. However, in actual clinical applications, the distribution of historical data and new data will continue to vary over time, resulting in a significant decrease in the performance of the model. How to solve the problem of model performance degradation over time will be a core challenge for the long-term use of predictive models in clinical applications. Aiming at the above problems, this paper studies the classic Transfer-Stacking model migration algorithm. Aiming at the lack of this algorithm, such as the loss of a large amount of feature information of the target domain and poor fit when integrating the model of the target domain, the Accumulate-Transfer-Stacking algorithm is proposed to improve it. Improvements include: 1) Optimize the input vector and model integration algorithm of Transfer-Stacking's target domain model. 2) Optimize Transfer-Stacking from a single-source domain model to a multi-source domain model. The experimental results show that for the improved algorithm proposed in this paper when the data is sufficient and insufficient, the average AUC value of the model on the data of subsequent years is 0.89 and 0.87, and the average F1 Score value is 0.45 and 0.36. Moreover, this method is significantly better than the unimproved Transfer-Stacking algorithm and baseline method, and can effectively overcome the problem of data distribution heterogeneity caused by time factors.


In this article, the development of a control framework for a soft robotic table is presented. The framework aims to enable the soft table to effectively manipulate an object to track a reference trajectory. The table system has been modeled using empirical methods via experiments and finite-element analysis simulations. A closed-loop trajectory tracking system, including a trajectory controller, a vision feedback, and a reference trajectory, has been designed. An algorithm to allocate actuation has been developed to implement the tracking system into the existing soft table system. Finally, simulations and experiments using different tracking controllers of an object tracking a circular trajectory have been conducted to validate the proposed trajectory tracking system. The experimental result shows that the tracking error remains within 3.4 mm for the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$X$</tex-math></inline-formula>-axis and 4 mm for the <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Y$</tex-math></inline-formula>-axis. The error in orientation remains within 12.8<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>. All the errors are bounded in the acceptable margin, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed trajectory tracking control method.


A study was made of the diffusion of silver oxide through separator membranes, by use of radioactive silver and an improved technique. Three different types of membrane behavior were found: (1) membranes composed of methyl cellulose intimately mixed with carboxylated polymers took up only very small amounts of silver but allowed small amounts of silver oxide to diffuse through. (2) Membranes composed of cellophane or polyvinyl alcohol, or compositions containing large amounts of hydroxyethyl cellulose reduce considerable amounts of silver oxide to metallic silver, allowing relatively small amounts to pass through. (3) A film of S-type polymer developed under another project was unique in that it showed very little tendency either to pick up silver or let it pass through.


Governments played an essential role in mitigating the social, political, health and economic impact and outcomes of COVID-19. Most literature limits the role of the state at the national level by focusing on the pandemic's impact on economic growth, unemployment, poverty and state responses. This approach neglects the role played by subnational governments in managing the pandemic. In response to this predicament, this article explores the territorial socio-economic impact of COVID-19 and the responses adopted by subnational governments through the case studies of eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality and KwaDukuza Local Municipality in South Africa. A territorial understanding of the pandemic and responses is important because of the spatial dimensions of the pandemic. Methodologically, the article utilises data from a survey conducted with informal workers in the two municipalities. The article shows the diverging impact and responses from the two municipalities, and how pre-existing socio-economic structures reinforced prevailing challenges. The article argues that a territorial understanding of the pandemic allows governments to adopt targeted interventions to enhance the effectiveness of responses to the different spatial dimensions of the pandemic.


In universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), the interference caused by location management procedures is expected to have an impact on the capacity of the network, since it is an interference-limited system. The grouping of the cells into LAs, RAs and URAs will affect the amount of paging and thus, will have an impact on the capacity of the network. In this work, we set up a simulation platform to study the effects of paging procedures in the Release 99 version of UMTS on the network capacity. Simulation results show how the capacity of the system changes as the paging load is increased. The results presented are important in providing an insight into the impact of paging procedures on the system throughput and capacity of the UMTS forward link


Background: Percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy or balloon compression for trigeminal neuralgia carries a potential risk for the brainstem, the carotid artery, and the basilar artery. Objective: To detail the relation of critical neural and vascular structures to expanded balloons used for percutaneous compression of the trigeminal ganglion. Method: A retrospective analysis of preprocedural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and procedural X-ray-based imaging for 9 patients detailed balloon proximity to the brainstem, carotid artery, and basilar artery. Results: Balloons extended 10.96 ± 5.54 mm (mean ± SD) posterior to the clival line. The average distance from the balloon to the brainstem was 6.89 mm, and that to the basilar artery was 12.12 mm (range: 0–18.2). The medial edge of the balloon was an average distance of 1.39 mm from the baseline position of the carotid lumen. Conclusion: Preprocedural MRI, merged with 3-D rotational angiography suite imaging, detailed the proximity of the balloon to critical neural and vascular structures. Our study found that the standard technique for percutaneous trigeminal compression, with balloon placement at an average depth of 10.96 mm posterior to the clival line, on average, provided an additional 6.89 mm of space before the brainstem would have been encountered, demonstrating safe positioning.


In this paper, Von Karman random media is constructed with power spectrum method. The random media with Von Karman autocorrelation cannot be constructed in time domain but in frequency domain. So power spectrum method is utilized to solve the problem. The spectrum of random function is generated in frequency domain with random field and auto-correlation function. With inverse Fourier transformation, the Von Karman random media model is constructed. With different correlation lengths, six group of Von Karman random media are constructed.


With priming technique,bilingual speaker's semantic representation of metaphors are studied from the aspects of the interpretation mechanism and trans-language priming effect.The empirical statistics tell that,in the brain of bilingual speakers,the interpretation mechanism of the metaphors in two languages is similar;the priming effect for translation equivalence has the same effect in understanding the same metaphor.The conclusion is that metaphor of two languages shares the same semantic representation.


A study on fatigue behavior of bitumen and mastics is currently led at University of Lyon, ENTPE/DGCB in collaboration with TOTAL Company. An innovative device, the Annular Shear Rheometer (ASR), is used to perform advanced experimental investigation. It allows practicing fatigue tests, which could be considered as homogenous, on large scale specimen contrary to other devices. Different types of materials, including pure bitumen and mastics (phase composed of bitumen and filler) are tested. In this paper, the ASR is presented, as well as the testing procedure and the tested materials. A fatigue life analysis of the results, based on the use of five different criteria, is proposed. The first criterion is classically used: it consists in defining the failure as a 50% loss of the initial stiffness. The other criteria establish a link between the appearance of non-homogeneities in the sample and the occurring of macro-crack, both due to repeated loadings. Two approaches are developed. The first one is based on the evolution of global parameters. The second one takes into account local measurements at different locations in the tested specimen. These two approaches give compatible results, whereas the classical criterion may give very different results, for some loadings conditions. The proposed analysis reveals the limits of traditional approach, mainly due to biased phenomena occurring during fatigue tests such as heating and thixotropy. The analysis provides an objective method to compare fatigue performance of tested materials.


equential transfer learning (STL) techniques aim to improve learning in the target task by leveraging knowledge from a related domain using pre-trained representations. Approaches based on these techniques have achieved state-of-the-art results on a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In the context of event detection and key sentence extraction, we propose to explore STL-based techniques using the last generation of pre-trained language representations, namely, ALBERT, BERT, DistilBERT, ELECTRA, OpenAI GPT2, RoBERTa and, XLNet. Experiments are conducted as a part of our contribution to the CLEF 2019 ProtestNews Track, which aims to classify and identify protest events in English-language news from India and China. Averaged results show that a STL-based method with OpenAI GPT2 outperforms prevailing methods in this domain by achieving better performance across event detection and key sentence extraction tasks. In addition, OpenAI GPT2 also obtains the best results on the majority of datasets tested in comparison to the best system presented during the CLEF 2019 ProtestNews challenge.


AbstractThe gasification of wood allows the production of wood gas, which can be used as an energy source in large spark-ignition (SI) piston engines located in agricultural areas for generating electric power. The composition of wood gas depends on the fuel source and the processing technique. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the main performance and emission characteristics of a multicylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged, spark-ignited engine fueled with three different types of wood gas at various air to fuel excess ratios. This engine is used for electricity production especially in small generator sets. In order to examine the effect of wood-gas composition on performance and exhaust emissions, a theoretical investigation is conducted by using a comprehensive two-zone phenomenological model. The results concern some of the main engine performance characteristics, i.e., brake specific fuel consumption and maximum cylinder pressure, and specific NO and CO emissions. The predictive ab...


A combinatorial algorithm based on the directional segmentation is proposed for the pre processing of the fingerprint images, which can improve the accuracy and reliability of the automatic recognition of fingerprint images. This combinatorial algorithm is composed of directional image computation, smoothing, directional filtering, local self adaptive binarization, noise elimination and thinning. Such an algorithm can enhance the fingerprint images and reduce the effect of the rotation and shift of the images on the fingerprint recognition.


The electrochemistry of Prussian blue mixed in a polymer medium containing MClO4 (M = Li+, Na+, K+, TBA(+)) as the supporting electrolyte was studied by means of solid-state voltammetry. This approach is new in Prussian blue studies. The behavior of PB in polymer electrolytes is somewhat similar to the well-known behavior for an electrochemically synthesized PB film in aqueous media. Besides, K+, Li+ and Na+ ions can also transport through the crystal of PB because of its zeolitic nature. The transport of TBA(+) ions is possible. Kinetic control lies in the diffusion of cations in and out of the lattice of Prussian blue. Reduction waves of Prussian blue depend on both the size and type of cations. PB is very stable upon electrochemical cycling in polymer electrolytes and air. This system may be used in rechargeable batteries and electrochromic devices.


Recent political discourse about the 'Big Society' has stimulated thinking among historians and others about the relationship between state and societal action concerning social welfare and other important areas of daily life, past and present. Implicit, sometimes explicit, in the Big Society rhetoric is the assumption that voluntary/philanthropic/community/non-governmental/third sector (the terminology is itself as diverse as this large terrain) action to promote social improvement has declined from some past golden age, normally located in the nineteenth century. That the growth of the 'Big Welfare State' has been a major agent of that decline, and the 'Big State' and the 'Big Society' are and always have been at odds, as state welfare grew through the twentieth century, 'crowding out' non-governmental action. This declinist discourse itself has a history that has persistently been invoked by critics of the welfare state. It has been reinforced by academic writing. In the USA and Britain, Robert Putnam made a big impact with Bowling Alone, describing the apparent decline in social bonds in US communities in recent times, though his more recent work calls this interpretation in


Public participation in water management emerged out of the French experience and was structured on the basis of the basin committees. However, participation in the French system has evolved during the last 40 years and presents today a set of differences in participation strategy, result of a long process of active involvement of the society, in the evaluation and reformulation of management policies. Other countries followed the French principles in public participation but did not accommodate this evolution. However, in these countries, responses to the conflicts allowed for reinterpretation of the French model and its appropriation became contextualized with the achievement of maturity of their systems. In European countries the European Union legislation - Water Framework Directive - imprints a new strength to the participative component challenging State-Members that, despite a few exceptions, have not been able to fully respond to it. This work allows for the reflection about strategies of participation adopted by public policies in water management in Southern countries - Brazil and Mozambique and in the North - France and Portugal, revealing differences between active and passive processes in the improvement of its management systems


Upon introduction to new continents, invading species encounter novel communities of consumers, pathogens, and competitors. Both phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution can facilitate adaptation across these heterogenous communities, facilitating further invasion. However, the rate and extent of adaptive evolution on contemporary timescales can be constrained by phenotypic plasticity and limits imposed by genetic co-variation for traits under selection. We measured phenotypic plasticity and quantified genetic co-variation for growth, competition, and fitness among 23 naturally inbred seed families of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) collected across its invasive range in eastern North America. After growing a self-pollinated generation in a uniform common garden to reduce maternal effects, we reared second-generation plants in a two-year greenhouse and field experiment with naïve soil from an uninvaded habitat. We measured selection gradients and lifetime fitness when reared alone, with an intraspecific competitor, and under interspecific competition with naïve Acer saccharum (sugar maple) saplings. Total glucosinolate production was strongly correlated with the production of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (R2 = 0.45) such that first principal component (PC1) accounted for 84% of variation in these two traits. Furthermore, PC1 exhibited high plasticity across growing environments (p < 0.001) with limited broad-sense heritability (H2 = 2.91; p = 0.08). In contrast, investment in glucosinolate production relative to Chl a (PC2) was significantly heritable (H2 =16.91, p < 0.001) with minimal plasticity across treatments. Causal analysis revealed that plastic variation for higher Chl a + glucosinolate production (PC1) had an indirect positive effect on A. petiolata fitness via a direct, negative effect on A. saccharum performance. In contrast, heritable variation for higher glucosinolate investment (PC2) had a direct, positive effect on A. saccharum performance and an indirect negative effect on A. petiolata fitness. Synthesis. Applying causal inference, we find that evolution of allelopathy in A. petiolata has been constrained by (i) a lack of genetic variation, (ii) selection against glucosinolate investment under interspecific competition, and (iii) phenotypic plasticity. These factors limit adaptive evolution but maintain fitness during population growth as plants switch from interspecific to intraspecific competition during invasion.


The editor deserves to be commended for bringing out this book which contains refreshing articles by Rajat Datta (The Agrarian Economy and the Development and the Dynamics of Commercial Transactions) and Ajay Sakaria (Being Jangfi: The Politics o f Wildness) which explore the hitherto uncharted field of pre-colonial Indian history. It is a timely publication as worldwide interest in eighteenth century is growing fast and students will benefit from i t . Marshall has written a lengthy Introduction to locate the problematics of the eighteenth century. One would recommend this book wholeheartedly both to the students and teachers of History.


This page is designed to report about the 2003 Young and Emerging Artists Initiative 2003, Out there Everywhere and include information on where these international residencies are geographically aswell as information about the participants. The page incl