An absolute, high sensitivity technique for the measurement of the out-of-plane expansion of thin films is presented. To demonstrate the ability of the technique to produce correct results for the thermal expansion of materials, measurements were performed on 〈0001〉 single crystal sapphire. A thin polymeric film designed for use as an interlayer dielectric (ILD) was measured to show the utility of the technique to resolve the measurement of displacement in thin films. Additionally, the ability of the technique to measure swelling (or hygrothermal expansion) was demonstrated on a typical epoxy molding compound.


An analytical formulation for the probability distribution of magnifications due to lensing by clumps on point sources is given in the low optical depth case. Then we study the influence of the source size on the statistics of gravitational lensing (low optical depth), and predict that the distribution of the probability of magnifications is two-peaked: (i) the first peak occurs for small magnifications, its position being independent from the source size; (ii) the second peak occurs at maximal amplification. This is at variance with the A −3 tail expected in the point source case. It is found that the increase of the source size progressively transfers a fraction of the probability from the first to the second peak


The degree of stability of a laser system for surface scanning with nonlinear multiplicative crosstalks is discussed. To determine its stability, the action functional is introduced, which is defined on the set of virtual (achievable) trajectories. The action functional is a measure of external action, which should be applied to a system to move it along a predetermined trial trajectory in the state space.The degree of stability of the system depends on the minimum value of the action functional which is reached on the extreme trajectory transferring the laser scanning system from equilibrium to the limit of the normal operation range. Numerical methods are proposed for calculating the degree of stability.


The structure of information streams defines the social-psychological atmosphere in a district, a city or a region. The main data carrier are people. Thus, the structure and intensity of flows of people is a defining factor of a social-psychological background for development of territories. A set of historical examples prove it. Will depression, or growth and development reign in the territory? Will the development have a sequenced character, or will criminal tendencies start to prevail? The nature of development of territories depends considerably on how flows of information will be organized..


One of the most commonly used refrigeration systems is vapour compression refrigeration system. As saving energy remains a challenge, researchers are putting a lot of efforts into finding efficient solution to improve the performance of vapour compression refrigeration systems. Mechanical subcooling and Liquid Suction Line Heat Exchanger (LSLHX) are approaches that have shown to improve the performance of Vapour Compression Cycle (VCC) systems. This experimental study is conducted to achieve two objectives. First objective is to optimize the heat source and heat sink water volumetric flow rate combination that results in the best performance. In order to evaluate the effect of using subcooling cycle and LSLHX cycle, different flow rate combinations are studied and analysed. Then, to optimize the heat source and heat sink water volumetric flow rate combination that outcome in the optimum performance. Second objective is to optimize the system performance through implementing subcooling and LSLHX. At the optimum water flow rates, the basic VCC performance of the designed system showed better performance compared to the published data. The system performance was improved by 10% at the optimum flow rate when solely subcooling was used while deteriorated by 47.5% at full LSLHX.


Abstract: The Relationship between Weight and Height with Speeds of 50-Metre Freestyle on A Student's Science Keolahragaan, Weight and height are thought to have ties with swimming speed. This research aims to provide knowledge of weight and height had anything to do with swimming speed. Use the korelasional method with a research design of engineering tests. Analytical techniques descriptive statistics using the test of normality, its homogeneity and linearity. Then test the hypothesis is analyzed with correlation product moment correlation and double. Results of the analysis of the obtained conclusions that there is a relationship between weight and height with speeds of 50-metre freestyle. Key words: weight, height, speed, 50-metre freestyle. Abstrak: Berat badan dan tinggi badan dianggap memiliki hubungan dengan kecepatan renang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan berat badan dan tinggi badan ada hubungannya dengan kecepatan renang. Menggunakan rancangan penelitian metode korelasional dengan teknik tes. Teknik analisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dengan uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan linearitas. Kemudian uji hipotesis dianalisis dengan korelasi product moment dan korelasi ganda. Hasil analisis diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa ada hubungan antara berat badan dan tinggi badan dengan kecepatan renang gaya bebas 50 meter. Kata kunci: berat badan, tinggi badan, kecepatan, renang gaya bebas 50 meter.


Recent discovery of the memristor has sparked a new wave of enthusiasm and optimism in revolutionising circuit design, marking a new era for the advancement of neuromorphic and analogue applications. In this work, we consider practical applications in which the highly non-linear dynamic response of the memristor can be employed. It is shown that the device can be utilised as a non-volatile memory element and/or a programmable dynamic load, with particular emphasis given into bio-inspired analog implementations that typically exploit the ability of the memristor to support both logic and memory simultaneously. Finally, a novel concept is presented demonstrating the capacity of memristive networks in realising demanding image processing algorithms and more specifically edge detection.


Soybean is one of economic crops in the world and also to be key developing object both for farm planting and for food processing in China today.In this paper,chemical composition,nutrition value and health benefit of soy protein are presented detailed.Product forms of soy protein,together with product characterstics,product application and sale development in US market,are also introduced or compared.Some soy protein products are suggested to be exploited in the future in food industry based on the development history of soy protein production in US and Europe.


In this paper we propose a new generalized Rayleigh distribution different from that introduced in "Aplikace Mathematiky" (1976) [23]: the construction makes use of the so-called "conservability approach" (see "Kybernetika", 1989 [26]), namely if X is a positive continuous random variable with a finite mean-value E(X), then a new density is set 1( ) ( ) / ( ) f x x f x E x − = ⋅ where ( ) f x is the p.d.f. of X. The new generalized Rayleigh variate is obtained using as ( ) f x a generalized form of the exponential distribution introduced by Isaic-Maniu and the present author in 1996 (see [12]).


Abstract The literature contains numerous predictions of an X-ray pulse associated with the emergence of the shock-wave at the surface of a star undergoing a supernova explosion. Applied to supernova 1987a, these suggest a small, solar-flare like event lasting about a minute with a terrestrial flux of order 1 μ Wm-2 and a black-body temperature between 106K and 107K occurring between 0900 and 1000 UT on February 23, 1987. Unfortunately, no direct X-ray observations appear to have been made. However, such an event would be expected to give rise to an observable enhancement of ionization in the upper D-region of the ionosphere. The absence of a detectable perturbation in VLF radio signals propagating in the earth-ionosphere waveguide sets upper limits to the X-ray flux and temperature below those predicted.


Stylus profilometry, quartz crystal microbalance, and cross-sectional microscopy [1] are widely used at both industrial and academic lab facilities for assessing the thickness of tribological nitride coatings. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows a straightforward simultaneous characterization of film's elemental composition and thickness. Among the characterization methods above mentioned, SEM-EDS coating thickness assessment is cost-effective when a nondestructive and local (lateral resolution of the magnitude order of 1.0 Freeware graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the emission of characteristic X-ray photons in SEM-EDS experiments are available They used for assessing EDS coating thickness via MC analysis of experimental EDS spectra In this contribution, the accuracy of MC predictions about EDS coating thickness assessment for TiN films magnetron sputtered onto either stainless steel, glass, or silicon is reported. Accuracy of predictions carried out using three different GUIs are compared among them, namely, Casino, DTSA-II, and MC-Xray. MC-appraised coating thicknesses are compared with reference values independently obtained by cross-sectional microscopy, and the percent discrepancy (predicted vs reference thicknesses) as a function of the nominal coating thickness and the microscope accelerating voltage (V 0 ) is studied. TiN coatings with increasing thicknesses (obtained by sputtering a Ti target for 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes) are studied. We present in this contribution a straightforward analysis methodology where MC simulations are performed to find


The utility model provides a solar photovoltaic agriculture greenhouse. The solar photovoltaic agriculture greenhouse comprises a greenhouse body and a roof on the top of the greenhouse body, wherein telescopic solar cell panel assemblies are arranged on the roof continuously or at intervals, a convex lens type condensation material and a concave lens type light diffusing material are arranged below the roof, a water tank is arranged on the focus point below the convex lens type condensation material, more than one solar shutter is arranged on the two sides of the greenhouse body, and the solar cell penal assemblies and the solar shutters are connected with an inverter and/or a storage battery through a controller. According to the solar photovoltaic agriculture greenhouse, the regulation and control of the temperature, the ventilation and the humidity can be completed according to the growth requirements of plants, and the light transmittance and the electricity generation rate can be adjusted according to the sun exposure degree.


The DSM-5 petition is now 12 days old and has already been signed by nearly 3500 people. It can be accessed at http://www.ipetitions.com/petition/dsm5/


"[Knowledge is] like the swift flight of a sparrow through the room where you sit at supper in winter…whilst the storms of rain and snow prevail outside; the [data]…while [it] is within, is safe from the wintry storm; but after a short space…[it] immediately vanishes out of your sight, into the dark winter from which [it] had emerged. So [data] appears for a short space, but of what went before, or what is to follow, we are utterly ignorant…"(after Bede, 1969, p104).


GDP growth remained below trend into the second half of this year. Early estimates of GDP show the economy expanding by 0.4 per cent in the third quarter of the year, similar to the rate we projected when constructing the forecast. The economy has now expanded at a rate below 0.6 per cent for five consecutive quarters (chart 1), and this is now affecting the annual figures. Our forecast shows GDP growth this year at 1.7 per cent. This is the weakest growth rate observed in the past decade in a single calendar year.


The growth morphology and electronic structure of the Bi/InP(110) interface is investigated and compared to the Bi/GaAs(110) system. High‐resolution synchrotron radiation core level and valence band photoelectron spectroscopy is employed in the determination of the local order, epitaxy, and electronic structure development for these systems. Valence band spectra show the development of a density of states between the InP valence band maximum and the Fermi level in the coverage range 0–1 monolayer. These Bi‐derived states show a 450 meV gap between the onset of emission and the Fermi level indicating the first monolayer is semiconducting. At all coverages beyond 1 monolayer, the Bi‐derived states show emission at the Fermi level. Core‐level intensity attenuation profiles indicate a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode. Computer fitting of the Bi 5d core level shows two bonding sites for Bi on the surface, with a third Bi 5d component at all coverages above 1 monolayer. A zigzag chain model used for the Bi/GaAs(1...


The geography and climate of Guangxi are suitable for termite breeding,so termite is very commonly seen and there exist termite at most of reservoir dams in Guangxi.With regard to termite prevention and control of reservoir dams in Guangxi,combined with administration experience,the authors present the current status and existing problems,analyze the termitic harm and seriousness,probed into the methods of prevention and control,and put forward countermeasures and suggestions.


Balloon catheters with expansion capabilities from 1 mm to 6 cm have been developed. They feature torque control and can be selectively positioned within vessels as easily as the ordinary diagnostic angiographic catheters. The balloons can be utilized for hemorrhage control, conventional embolectomy, operative angiography, vena cava occlusion, and purposeful vascular thrombosis or dearterialization. In the event of unsuccessful control, the balloon can be readily deflated and removed within minutes.


Abstract Faba bean is an important pulse crop in area coverage and volume of annual production in Ethiopia. However, the productivity is still far below its potential mainly due to the emerging faba bean gall disease. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate and demonstrate the integrated disease management options of using a combination of Noble 25 WP fungicide and moderately disease-resistant varieties. The treatment arrangement was designed as an un-replicated simple block considering farmers as replications. Foliar application of Noble 25 WP fungicide was used at a rate of 1 kg ha−1 using 400 l ha−1 water. The agronomic, economic, and farmer preference data were collected and analyzed in descriptive statistics. The result revealed that the highest grain yield of 3.96 tons ha−1 was obtained from a sprayed plot of Gora variety and had an overall yield advantage of 130.8% over farmers' unsprayed local variety under the existing practice. Besides, the highest final faba bean gall disease percent severity of 45.6% was recorded from the unsprayed control plots. Using a combination of Gora improved variety with foliar application of the fungicide reduced the severity of the disease by 59.3% compared with that of the sprayed local variety. Similarly based on the partial budget analysis result, the highest (783.8%) marginal rate of return was obtained from the use of Gora variety with three times sprays of Noble 25 WP. The results of this study suggested that the proper application of fungicides combined with improved varieties is important for the economic management of faba bean gall disease.


Fabrication of FeSi2 nano- and microdot array was performed by utilizing droplet ejection through nanosecond laser-induced forward transfer (ns-LIFT). An amorphous FeSi2 source film on a transparent support was illuminated from the support by a nanosecond excimer laser pulse patterned into migcrogrid form, resulting in size- and site-controlled deposition of microdot array onto a silicon substrate. Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed β-FeSi2 crystalline phase even on unheated substrates. Moreover, the dot size was successfully reduced to approximately 500 nm in diameter, smaller than any previously reported by ns-LIFT. This technique is useful for integrating functional nano- and microdots under atmospheric room-temperature conditions.


Abstract Background Donor human milk (DHM) became available in Japan when the first human milk bank was established in 2017. This study investigated the effects of DHM on enteral nutrition (EN) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants in the single center in Japan. Methods Seventy‐six VLBW infants hospitalized between April 2017 and March 2020 at Showa University Hospital were included in the study. We retrospectively evaluated age (hours) at which EN was initiated and age (days) until complete feeding (EN > 100 mL/kg/day) was achieved. We compared the DHM and non‐DHM groups, or the early human milk (EHM) and non‐EHM groups. The EHM group was defined as those in which EN was initiated with the mother's own milk or DHM within 12 h of birth. Results In 30 extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, EN was initiated at significantly earlier postnatal hours in the DHM group compared to those in the non‐DHM group. Complete feeding was achieved at significantly earlier ages in the EHM group after adjusting for gastrointestinal complications and gestational age. Additionally, the changes in body weight z‐scores from birth to term‐equivalent age were significantly greater in the EHM group after adjusting for exclusive breastfeeding and small for gestational age, compared to the non‐EHM group. Statistical significance was not noted in 46 subjects (birth weight, 1000–1500 g). Conclusion The use of DHM may contribute to earlier initiation and achievement of EN, resulting in greater early postnatal growth in ELBW infants in Japan.


The opening up of India's economy in the early 1990s brought several shifts in its policy approaches. One such definite and visible shift was in India's approach towards the Indian diaspora. Indians have been migrating since time immemorial. However, the emergence of transnational diaspora communities which had effective participation in the countries of settlement, while at the same time having strong connections with the homeland, was baffling not only for India but in general also for all the countries which had large-scale populations beyond their borders. Although the multiple belongingness of diasporas has its both perils and rewards, very soon they became valuable partners in the developmental processes of their home lands. India was a bit late in realizing this hidden potential. Since the 1990s, New Delhi has adopted a proactive policy to engage with the diaspora which has opened up vast avenues of cooperation.


Across the United States, teachers and teacher educators are facing increased accountability for improved student achievement. Using assessment results to inform instruction provides a catalyst to improve student outcomes and is a key skill for preservice teacher candidates. The process of data-based decision making is integral to performance tasks by teachers. Therefore, teacher– educators need to develop teacher candidates with the knowledge and skills to collect and use data to assess their own teaching and, ultimately, improve student achievement. In addition, these student achievement data are now also important to the accountability processes and accreditation of educator preparation programs. The purpose of this article is to describe a conceptual model, including specific skills and processes of data-based decision making, to address accountability demands for continuous improvement based upon student learning results across multiple contexts. Considerations for implementation by teacher educators will be shared to build a comprehensive system of sustained school reform.


This report describes a testing machine on which 35 millimeter bearings (bore) can be run at speeds of the order of 21,000 rpm, while the following factors are recorded: 1) oil circulation through bearing and oil temperature. 2) maximum temperature of outer bearing ring, 3) radial and axial load on bearing, 4) radial, axial, and angular clearance of bearing, 5) power consumption of bearing. The experiments show that the lubrication was most reliable and oil consumption lowest when the oil was introduced through a hole in the outer or inner ring of the bearing.


Employing nanofluids is an innovative way to enhance heat transfer in cooling system of internal combustion engine. However, the local flow enhancement due to the adding of nanoparticles, which is one of the key mechanisms behind heat transfer enhancement in nanofluids, still lacks a microscale-level understanding. The aim of this work was to study the microscopic mechanism for local flow enhancement in nanofluids by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Local flow characteristics of nanofluids were simulated by MD method and statistically analyzed, and the microscopic mechanism for local flow enhancement was discussed. The MD simulation results revealed that the microscopic mechanism for local flow enhancement in nanofluids is mainly because the irregular movements of nanoparticles, including rotational and translational motions, enhance momentum exchange between fluid molecules and cause disturbance of base fluid. And therefore flow of nanofluids would be more active, which is better for heat transfer. The present work suggests the microscopic mechanism of local flow enhancement in nanofluids, which is the basis of understanding heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids and further application of them in cooling system of internal combustion engine.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


A new geometric structure inspired by multisymplectic and contact geometries, which we call multicontact structure, is developed to describe non-conservative classical field theories. Using the differential forms that define this multicontact structure as well as other geometric elements that are derived from them while assuming certain conditions, we can introduce, on the multicontact manifolds, the variational field equations which are stated using sections, multivector fields, and Ehresmann connections on the adequate fiber bundles. Furthermore, it is shown how this multicontact framework can be adapted to the jet bundle description of classical field theories; the field equations are stated in the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalisms both in the regular and the singular cases.


Commodity prices ended 2012 close to where they began, but major global events created significant upward and downward price movements through the course of the year. The first half of 2012 brought declines in most commodity prices, especially energy and metals as European sovereign debt troubles intensified and emerging economies, especially China, slowed. Price pressures were distinctly upward in the second half of the year, however. Maize and wheat prices spiked as parts of the United States, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia were gripped by a summer heat wave. Crude oil prices were driven up after an EU embargo on Iranian oil imports went into effect in July and violence and political instability continued in several oil-producing countries in the Middle East. In addition, renewed monetary policy easing by the central banks of the EU and the United States as well as weakness of the US dollar put upward pressure on industrial commodities. Most commodity prices are expected to ease marginally in 2013. The forecast presented in this report indicates that crude oil will average US$102/bbl in 2013, just 3 percent lower than in 2012. Agricultural commodity prices are also forecast to decline: food by 3.2 percent, beverages by 4.7 percent, and raw materials by 2.2 percent. Metal prices are expected to rise slightly but still average 14 percent lower than in 2011. Fertilizer prices are set to decline 2.9 percent, while precious metal prices will increase almost 2 percent. The 2013 commodity market outlook is subject to a number of risks. In regards to crude oil, global supply risks remain from ongoing political unrest in the Middle East. A major supply cutoff could limit supplies and result in prices spiking above US$150/bbl. For metals, prices depend importantly on economic conditions in China, which accounts for almost half of global metal consumption. Should conditions there deteriorate, metal prices could decline substantially. Weather is a key risk for agricultural commodities. Given historically low stocks, a major adverse weather event would induce sharp increases in maize prices. Wheat prices may come under upward pressure as well. In contrast, better-supplied rice and oilseed markets face limited upside price risks.


It has been observed that the maximum vibration levels experienced by a launch vehicle occur in the regions of q max and transonic flight. Flight‐vibration data from Ranger launches 1 through 4 have been correlated with available wind‐tunnel transonic buffet fluctuating‐pressure data in order to establish a realistic basis for vibration‐test definition for vehicles that have not previously been flown. Statistical analysis of the wide‐band vibration data suggests a linear correlation with the wind‐tunnel wide‐band fluctuating‐pressure data. Good correlation was obtained between the average vibration‐response spectra calculated using the empirical method of P. Franken of Bolt Beranek & Newman Inc. and the 95 percentile log‐normal acceleration confidence level obtained by spectral analysis of the flight data.


A new hollow fibre liquid phase microextraction technology with an ionic liquid as the carrier was developed to determine the fluoroquinolone antibiotics in milk. In this technology, a porous polypropylene hollow fibre was filled with aqueous ionic liquid and the extraction efficiency of different factors, such as the type of hollow fibre membrane carrier, the pH and ionic strength of the donor solution, the pH of the acceptor solution, the stirring rate and the extraction time, were investigated. The optimised extraction condition was: [OMim][BF4] impregnated in the pores of the hollow fibre; 0.1 mol L−1 of Na2HPO4 (pH 11.0) as the acceptor solution was injected into the lumen of the hollow fibre; 0.1 mol L−1 H3PO4 (pH 5.0) was used as the donor solution; 600 rpm was selected as the stirring rate; 120 min was the optimum extraction time. The proposed method provided very high factors with 130-fold, 156-fold and 116-fold enrichment of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively.


In recent years, several works on grid-forming converters in transmission networks have been performed. Since these high voltage grids are mainly inductive, a natural decoupling exists between active and reactive power controls. This decoupling facilitates the design and the performance of the grid-forming controllers. However, in distribution applications, it is well known that the R/X ratio of the line impedance is substantially higher, preventing the system from a natural decoupling effect. This paper proposes an original solution to decouple the control and gives an application to a low voltage connection of a grid-forming converter.


Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of crude oil plays a vital role in the refining of petroleum products. With ever-increasing regulations restricting the allowable concentrations of sulfur in fuel, further research is required to produce more efficient and effective catalysts. Herein, we have synthesized carbon nanotube (CNT)-supported cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) catalysts for HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) via Co-first and Mo-first sequential impregnation as well as co-impregnation. Spectroscopic analysis shows the formation of a CoMo catalyst with no free sulfided Co phase present. Additionally, CoMo catalysts are found to be predominantly single-layered nanocatalysts layered on the CNT support. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) measurements show differences in reducing temperature of the sulfided CoMo catalysts prepared by the different methods, but catalyst activities for HDS of DBT did not fully align with the TPR-predicted order. Thus, provided the reaction temperature is high enough, reducibility may not...


This study investigated self‐disclosure, interpersonal communication motives, and communication satisfaction in the father‐young adult relationship. A total of 159 father‐young adult dyads participated. Individuals reported on how they communicated with the other person in their relationship. The results of this study indicated that: (a) young adults and fathers are similar in their interpersonal motives and self‐disclosures in communicating with each other; (b) interpersonal motives for communicating are related to self‐disclosure behavior; and peoples' motives and self‐disclosures in the young adult‐father relationship explain their satisfaction with that relationship. The findings of this study support the proposition that the communication that takes place in the family and the reasons for that communication affects the satisfaction that is felt by members of the family.


Background: The increase in Covid-19 cases in Indonesia as well as the hospital length of stay is unpredictable. The degree of lung damage in Covid-19 largely determines the severity of the disease, a serial chest X-ray using Brixia score can be used to assess changes in pulmonary parenchymal damage and could predict the length of hospitalization. This study aims to analyze the correlation of Brixia score with the length of hospitalization in Covid-19 patients. Subjects and Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sumber Waras Hospital from November 2021 until January 2022. The samples are Covid-19 confirmed patients who were treated at Sumber Waras hospital. Independent variable is Brixia score and dependent variable is length of hospitalization. Brixia's score assessment from two serial chest X-rays was divided into 4 categories: low to low, low to high, high to low, and high to high. All the categories were analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis method then continued with Mann- Whitney U test. The multivariate variable was analyzed using linear regression. Results: There are 190 samples, the median score of Brixia at the beginning of treatment is 4 (range 0 - 18), and the median score of Brixia on serial examination is 6 (range 0 - 18). Patients in low to low category had median 10 days length of hospitalization, low to high category and high to low category had median 11 days, and high to high category had median 8 days. There was no statistically significant correlation between Brixia score and length of hospitalization (p = 0.377). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between the median Brixia score changes with the length of hospitalization of covid-19 patients.


The aim of this study was to illustrate the significance of handicraft techniques of the ancient Chi- nese painted clay sculpture in both the cultural heritage inheritance and the conservation metho- dology research. The historical development of the handicraft techniques of the painted clay sculpture were summarized and documented through extensive literature review and actual sam- ple investigations. The origins of those handicraft techniques were discussed by looking at raw soil materials, mixing materials, the ways of molding, architecture, surface modification, applied pigments as well as surface decorations. Historically, the development of handicraft techniques of the ancient Chinese painted clay sculpture could be divided into three stages: the starting stage beginning around 6000 years ago, the early-development stage from 6000 years ago to 3000 years ago, and the well-development stage beginning from around 2000 years ago. Among the various handicraft techniques, the pretreatments of the raw materials including soil, modular design and molding of the parts, precise assembly of the parts as well as delicate decorations on the sculpture, etc., were thought to be world-leading at that time. Nowadays, more efforts are needed to be put on promotion, broadcasting as well as further development of the handicraft techniques.


From three aspects of the dampproof,heatproof and lightproof of the archival,this paper expounds the influences of the architecture of the archival repository on the service life of the archival,and puts forward some protection measures.


This study aims to determine the effect of the number of foreign tourists, the number of tourists, the number of attractions and the number of hotel rooms / hotel occupancy rate on regional economic growth Sabang City. The data in this study using time series data in the period 1996 to 2015 with a sample of 20 years. The analysis model used is multiple regression (multiple linear regression) through Ordinary Least Squrae (OLS). The results showed that the number of foreign tourists, the number of tourists, the number of attractions and the number of hotel rooms / hotel occupancy rate positive and significant impact on regional economic growth Sabang City. Expected for policy makers to continue to improve the tourism sector, improve and add to the transportation facilities and improve local facilities so as to make tourists feel at home and want to come back to visit City of Sabang, increase the number of tourist sites and the promotion of the tourism sector to support economic growth in the city of Sabang.


Irradiation tests of materials at HANARO have usually been conducted using a standard capsule at temperatures of about 300°C for irradiation of materials used at PWR. Thus, the standard capsule uses aluminum as the specimen holder, which acts to dissipate the thermal energy. Future nuclear systems such as a VHTR and SFR require the irradiation tests at a relatively high temperature. As an alternative to aluminum which has been used as the thermal media in a standard material capsule, the characteristics of liquid metals such as NaK and LBE are reviewed. The temperatures of the capsule are affected by the variation of parameters such as the gap and wall thickness of the container. In particular, the external gap is most important in determining the temperature of the specimen. LBE raises the temperature of the specimen higher than NaK at the same configuration of the capsule. Thus, LBE can lessen the gap of the parts and reduce the vibration for a stable long-term test in reactor.


Green marketing is a new concept and mode of marketing.Green marketing's implementation in the enterprise not only involves many chains and aspects in its operation,but also is affected by the consumers' purchasing decision.The truthfulness choice of green marketing results from the game between the enterprises and the consumers.The static and dynamic game under the complete information show that the enterprises and the consumers bath respond actively to green marketing,but the consumers' choices decide the enterprises' choices,and at the same time,the effect of the government and the medium should also be specially paid attention to.


In the first paper of this series, an experimental technique for measuring the current-density distribution with a resolution better than the sub-millimeter scale of the channel and rib structures in the flow-field plates of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) was introduced. This method is extended to the determination of local membrane resistance with the same spatial resolution in the present paper. The combined measurement of current and resistance allows for investigating the interaction of mass- and charge-transport processes, which determine the local rate distribution across the domain of channels and ribs. Therewith, the influence of relevant operating parameters such as reactant composition, dew points, and cell compression on local current generation is investigated. The results show that the distribution of water and oxidant across the channel and rib are the main reasons for significant current gradients on a scale smaller than a millimeter. Humidity variation mainly affects the membrane resistance under the channel, while reactant concentration predominantly influences current generation under the rib-covered cell area.


How to calculate time-domain Green function and its gradients efficiently is the key problem to analyze ship hydrodynamics in time domain.Basing on the Bessel function,an Ordinary Differential Equation(ODE) was derived for time-domain Green function and its gradients and is presented in this paper.A new efficient calculation method by taking the advantage of solving ODE is proposed,which can improve the precision of the time-domain Green function,and it is proved by the numerical calculation.


Cortactin contributes to growth cone morphogenesis by forming with dynamin, ring‐shaped complexes that mechanically bundle and stabilise F‐actin. However, the regulatory mechanism of cortactin action is poorly understood.


Consumer pressure for fast and efficient delivery systems is driving retailers and distribution companies to develop a new generation of supply chain management tools. The efficient consumer response scorecard combines self‐assessment and benchmarking techniques to kickstart streamlining and improvement programmes.


This paper presents a new approach to distortion (phrase reordering) in phrase-based machine translation (MT). Distortion is modeled as a sequence of choices during translation. The approach yields trainable, probabilistic distortion models that are global: they assign a probability to each possible phrase reordering. These "segment choice" models (SCMs) can be trained on "segment-aligned" sentence pairs; they can be applied during decoding or rescoring. The approach yields a metric called "distortion perplexity" ("disperp") for comparing SCMs offline on test data, analogous to perplexity for language models. A decision-tree-based SCM is tested on Chinese-to-English translation, and outperforms a baseline distortion penalty approach at the 99% confidence level.


The trophoblast was dissociated from the underlying mesenchymal layer either with acetic acid after short‐term prefixation or with mechanical power after fixation twice. The colcemid treatment time was shorted to 16 min and trypsin solution of low pH (6.2) was used for banding. By these steps, the quality of chromosome banding was greatly improved and complete standard chromosome diagnoses were made in 24 of 24 cases.


There is an increasing need for flexibility in manufacturing systems. Achieving flexibility in a cost effective way, directly impacts the hardware and software used to control the system. One way to reduce this impact is through reuse. To increase the opportunity for reuse, we propose a control software development methodology which allows control software to be partitioned into components, based on their likeliness to be modified. Our approach consists of two parts, a software architecture for reuse and a modeling formalism. The architecture decouples the control software into components based on their likeliness to be modified. We employ software/hardware components, a modern software engineering tool, to design and construct portions of this decoupled component architecture.
The modeling formalism is based on finite automata. Finite automata have an enormous base of established theoretical and practical results, and are easily used to represent the dynamics and control of manufacturing systems, as well as many other Discrete Event Dynamical Systems (DEDS). We use the formalism in specifying, designing, and constructing portions of the control software. In particular, the formalism helps us to understand the dynamical behavior of the system, the way this behavior can be modified, and the way the system's entities interact with each other. It also helps in expressing the tasks to be implemented by the control software. Our contribution builds on earlier results by including comprehensive representations for concurrency and control information, and by emphasizing the duality between automata and formal language representations. In addition, we provide specific constructs for capturing interactions between components of the system.
We demonstrate the utility of our approach in the construction of control software for a typical manufacturing system application. In this application we are able to illustrate all of the aspects of our modeling formalism, and show how the software architecture and modeling formalism are used together to improve reuse.


Improved knowledge of the melting and gas-phase release behavior of ash from biomass fuels is of premium importance, to reduce ash-related problems in straw-fired boilers. In this study, a simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) instrument was used to characterize the behavior of 12 significant different annual biomass ash samples, and several model compounds, such as SiO2, KCl, K2SO4, K2CO3, CaSO4, CaCO3, and some of their mixtures. The STA analyses provided information on mass loss and exothermic/endothermic reactions as a function of sample temperature. The mass loss curves of the biomass ashes during STA heating could, in most cases, be explained from the chemical composition of the ash. Below 800 °C, weight loss is caused by the release of CO2 from CaCO3. At temperatures of 850−1150 °C, KCl evaporates and K2CO3 reacts with SiO2 and CO2 is released. Above 1150 °C and up to 1450 °C, a weight loss from the ash samples may be caused by the release of K2O produced from the K2CO3 decomposition or from silicate...


RAMAN Effect and infra-red data have been successfuUy used in studying and explaining the intermolecular and intramolecular association caused by different processes. The formation of the hydrogen bond has received particular attention. Errera and Mollet (1936), Fox and Martia (1937), Williams, Hofstadter and Herman (1939) have studied the effect of polymerization in ethyl alcohol and phenol on the vibrations of the O-H linkage. Murthy and Sheshadri (1941) have recorded the Raman shifts in mixtures of esters and phenol, esters and alcohol, w_ith a view to study the behaviour of carbonyl link. The bond formation in such mixtures is caused by the C = O group in the donor molecules and the O,--H group in the acceptor molecules coming together. Consequently, the electron distribution gets readjusted and the carbonyl frequency i n the donor gets reduced.


The invasion of ecosystems by nonindigenous (nonnative) species is a global economic problem. In the United States alone, rough estimates suggest that environmental damage and other losses from nonindigenous species range from tens to hundreds of billions of dollars per year (Pimentel et al.), though the true value is highly uncertain. Uncertainty also pervades attempts to identify economically efficient management strategies for any given nonindigenous invasive species. Sources of uncertainty regarding relevant state variables (e.g., the biomass of an invasive plant species in a particular geographic area) include a paucity of data, measurement errors, and substantial variability in intrinsic rates of spread. Significant uncertainty, regarding the impacts of various management measures applied to any invasive species, also exists. In addition, the problem of invasive species management has characteristics that suggest the use of fuzzy logic. Descriptive terms for categorizing the state of an infestation are inherently vague and often depend on sitespecific contexts. For example, one scientist may categorize a particular weed infestation as "minimal," while another classifies the same state as "highly" infested. Such observational categorizations affect management decisions since numerical (objective) measures of the degree of invasion (e.g., a density or percent cover measure) are often completely lacking or based on incomplete field data. Further, any given scientist may classify an infestation of a given density as "minimal" at one location but "high" at another, depending on the nature and human uses of the sites. This means that invasions possess the properties associated with fuzzy sets, and are thereby subject to analysis through fuzzy membership functions (see, e.g., Zadeh). In addition, decisions for managing invasive species need to account for fuzzy variables, such as rate of spread, whose values are uncertain. Fuzzy membership functions developed to deal with such variables are different from traditional probability distribution functions (Kosko). The above characteristics of the problem recommend the collection of data, and ultimately the use of a bioeconomic modeling approach that addresses both the stochastic and fuzzy properties of the invasive species' management problem. In this study, we employ insights from fuzzy set theory to develop an expert survey of the spread and damage caused by an invasive plant species that adversely affects rangeland in California and Nevada. The survey instrument is described as are preliminary results based on survey responses to date. In particular, we construct and discuss membership functions describing infestation levels for nonindigenous weed management. Then, we employ a stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model to identify economically optimal management choices from a portfolio of potential options, with the results compared to those of a program that seeks to eradicate the invasive species. Our approach differs from previous ones in the following ways. First, while a number of dynamic models for invasive weed management decisions have been constructed, most are deterministic (Taylor and Burt; Gorddard, Pannell, and Hertzler; Jones and Medd; Wu; Eiswerth and Johnson). Second, we utilize formally elicited probabilistic expert judgments within an SDP framework for nonindigenous invasive species. Previous studies of weed control decisions utilize SDP (e.g., Pandey and Medd), but apply it to agricultural crop systems for which good data are available, rather than eliciting probabilistic judgments. Third, our application focuses on a non-cropland setting for which data on invasive species state Mark E. Eiswerth is research assistant professor in the Department of Applied Economics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno and G. Cornelis van Kooten is professor in the Department of Economics, University of Victoria in Canada. The authors wish to thank Steve Schoenig, Joseph DiTomaso, and Wayne Johnson for suggestions in survey design, and John Zimmerman for research assistance.


Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations form an essential tool for exploring high‐dimensional target distributions. Metropolis developed a fundamental random walk algorithm which was improved by Hastings later. The result is known as the Metropolis‐Hastings algorithm, which enables the exploration of multi‐dimensional distributions. The main drawbacks of this algorithm are its high auto‐correlation and slow exploration of the target distribution space. In order to increase efficiency, researchers have proposed various modifications to this algorithm. In particular, the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo simulation enhances the efficient exploration of the target probability density. The algorithm uses mechanisms inspired by Hamiltonian dynamics to propose a new sample for the target distribution. For reliability analysis, the incorporation of subset simulation and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods has shown promising results. However, using the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method to sample is computationally expensive, especially when dealing with high‐dimensional problems and performing several steps to propose a new state. In this contribution, we show the general applicability of Hamiltonian neural networks to speed up the proposal of new samples within the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo method.


Sharpe, Jensen and Treynor composite measures are generally employed to measure the performance of a portfolio (or mutual fund). Friend and Blume [FB] have regressed the composite performance measure of random portfolios on the systematic risk (and standard deviation) to show that there exists strong bias in these composite performance measures. Employing actual mutual fund data, Klemkosky claims to have shown that the bias associated with composite performance measures using the semi-standard deviation and mean absolute deviation as risk surrogates is much smaller than that of the Sharpe, Jensen, and Treynor composite measures. Miller and Scholes have pointed out that both the functional form and skewness effect can affect the risk-return relation in capital asset pricing. Lintner has argued that the variance-return instead of the standard deviation-return relation is linearly related. However, one has never formally tested whether the functional form employed in investigating the risk-return relation is independent of different statistical risk proxies used. Furthermore, the impact of the skewness effect on the ex-post risk-return trade-off test has not been carefully investigated.


This paper is a development of a project assigned to a graduate class in Numerical Methods in the Fall Semester 1980 at USC. This approach to teaching shows some similarities with the Claremont Mathematics Clinic, see [4].


SummaryA case of toxoplasma encephalitis and myositis following cadaver kidney transplantation is reported. The clinical picture consisted in a dystonic syndrome associated with painful muscular spasms. Post mortem examination showed toxoplasma granulomata within the basal ganglia, as well as necrotic and atrophic damage in many skeletal muscles. The pathogenesis of the clinical findings is discussed. From data of the literature it is concluded that the immuno-depressive therapy used to enhance allograft tolerance was responsible for the occurrence of a florid toxoplasma infestation of cerebral and muscular tissues in a young adult.


A field experiment was conducted at Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat to study the impact of weather variables on population dynamics of leaf hopper, A.biguttula biguttula in summer and Kharif okra for two consecutive years (2005-06 and 2006-07). Peak activity of leafhopper population was found during 16th, 18th, 24th and 33rd meteorological standard week (MSW) in summer and Kharif season, respectively for both the crops (organically and inorganically grown crop). Temperature (maximum and minimum), vapour pressure (morning and evening), evening vapour pressure deficit and wind speed had significant positive effect on population of leafhopper, while temperature range showed significant negative impact of this pest during summer season in both the crops. Bright sunshine hours showed significant positive impact with the population of leaf hopper, while evening vapour pressure showed significant negative impact to this pest during Kharif season.


Once undertaken primarily by museum professionals, the activity of curatorship has been popularized via the Web. Social media tools, such as YouTube playlists and Pinterest Web bulletin boards, enable users to curate a diverse range of materials for personal use and for broader publication. But what makes one set of "curated" items more interesting than another? In this paper, we show how findings from an initial humanistic inquiry led to a lab-based user experiment, and how combined insights from these studies have illuminated new research streams in both humanistic and design research modes.


How do we, as educators, create and support effective teamwork with our students? This study focuses
on the role of profiling tools. In particular we look at the use of such tools to create diverse, or
heterogeneous, teams. We find that although there is a general preference for heterogeneous teams,
there are other more powerful factors at play, including the nature of the task, familiarity of the
participants, and cultural background. It is possible to have highly effective homogeneous teams given
the right circumstances. Exploring further, we find that individuals in such teams consciously adapt
their style to fit with the environment. Thus, equipping students with knowledge of their own (and
others') profiles can be a valuable enabling factor in effective teamwork. We therefore suggest that
profiling tools are useful as: a tool for self development; and a way of developing team work within a
high trust culture.


This bachelor thesis deals with the legacy of the holocaust survivors, concretely with its impact on the personal life of the holocaust-survivors' grandchildren. A part of this thesis characterizes the posttraumatic stress disorder, the psychological trauma and its intergenerational transmission, which is analyzed as a controversial topic from different points of view. Along with overview of various studies there are also specified problems of all three generations effected by the Holocaust trauma.An analysis of a story of a concrete Jewish family, whose history connected with the Nazi persecution blend together with family conflicts across generations, is analyzed in the last part of the thesis.


Conceptualising the term Islamic means the process of reconciling the different uses of the adjective Islamic. There have been attempts to conceptualize the role of Islam in different levels of educational institutions by documenting the applicability of its epistemology and institutional value to the development of holistic human beings. Following privatization in the early 1990s, Tanzania incorporated religious institutions, including Islamic schools, in the mainstream education system. This conceptual paper aims to reflect the use of the adjective Islamic in Islamic schools in Tanzania. The paper reflects its various classifications and suggests key questions to reconcile the incoherent use of the adjective Islamic in Islamic schools. It is hoped that the paper will further contribute to the scholarly discourse on educating students through its provision of a philosophically comprehensive Tawhidic paradigm and integrated knowledge. The literature search conducted through ERIC, ProQuest, PsycArticles and PsycINFO and Islamic electronic journals and texts provided valuable and reliable information for this paper. The results show that the adjective Islamic in Islamic schools can mean education for Muslims, education of Muslims, education about Muslims and education in the Islamic spirit. It is concluded that sustained intellectual and spiritual commitment and reflection is needed by intellectuals and parents to realize the essence of the term Islamic of Islamic schools.


A new high sensitive photo-radical initiator, N-[2-(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)ethyl]biphenyldicarboximide (BDI-5) was developed. BDI-5 was prepared from diphenic anhydride and aminoalcohol, followed by the reaction with acryloyl anhydride. BDI-5 is soluble in organic solvents, has no absorbance above 380 nm and high thermal stability over 300 °C. BDI-5 acts as a hydrogen transfer type photo-initiator in the presence of triethanolamine (TEA) as a proton donor, and has good compatibility with a matrix such as pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). The photosensitivity of BDI-5 with TEA for the polymerization of PETA was comparable to the excellent photo-radical initiators, 2-methyl-4′-(methylthio)-2-morpholinopropiophenone (Irg907).


Solar power and wind are the most promising distributed energy sources, being a growing component of electricity grids around the world due to its contributions to energy system de-carbonization, long term energy security, and expansion of energy access to new energy consumers in the developing world. Although the benefits are numerous, grid integration and power quality issues are also of growing concern. This paper gives a brief overview of the grid integration challenges and power quality issues, and then the results of on-site power quality measurements in the grid before and after the connection of the solar photovoltaic system to the grid.


Many nursing home residents with dementia exhibit responsive behaviours including agitation and aggression. Psychotropic drugs are often prescribed to manage responsive behaviours but increase the rate of falls, strokes and death in residents with dementia. Therefore, the aim of this research is to conceptualise the barriers and facilitators to implementing non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours.

 Twenty-five interviews were conducted with nursing home managers, nurses and healthcare assistants from twenty-one private and voluntary nursing homes. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to conceptualise the barriers and facilitators to implementing non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours. Ethical approval was obtained from the University Research Ethics Committee (Ref. FHMREC20091). All participants provided written informed consent.

 Three themes were constructed conceptualising the barriers and facilitators to taking a non-pharmacological approach to manage responsive behaviours. Strong leadership, specialised training in gerontology or dementia care and retention of staff long term supported the development of trusting relationships with residents. Treating residents with dementia with love and respect while providing meaningful activities enhanced resident's self-esteem, facilitating a non-pharmacological approach to managing responsive behaviours. In addition, the engagement of families in residents' care was found to be a powerful facilitator. However, sub-optimal teamwork between nurses and healthcare assistants and a lack of multidisciplinary collaboration posed barriers to taking a non-pharmacological approach to behaviour management. Furthermore, most healthcare assistants perceived that they were not valued, this also had a detrimental impact on residents' care.

 Conceptualisation of the barriers and facilitators to taking a non-pharmacological approach to manage responsive behaviours enables formulation of recommendations to address these barriers. These recommendations will assist in the development of dementia policy including the national dementia strategy, to implement sustainable non-pharmacological strategies to manage responsive behaviours of nursing home residents with dementia.


One of the challenging control problems of an underground coal gasification (UCG) process involves maintaining a desired heating value from the extracted product gases. In this paper, a model-based control and state estimation of UCG process is described. For the purpose of control and state estimation, a sophisticated model of the UCG process using partial differential equations is approximated by a gain-scheduled nonlinear control-oriented model. Based on this approximated plant model, a robust integral sliding mode control is designed to track a desired trajectory of the heating value. Furthermore, for the estimation of unknown states of the system, a gain-scheduled modified Utkin observer is designed as well. The robustness of the nonlinear control and estimation techniques is assessed by introducing parametric uncertainties in the UCG plant. The simulation results highlight the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear control and estimation techniques in comparison to a conventional PI controller.


Gnammas in central Victoria occur at Kooyoora, Terrick Terrick, Mt Pilot near Chiltern and Bald Rock near Euroa. Though similar structurally and with similar hydroperiods to those in the Western Australian Wheatbelt and on Eyre Peninsula (EP), South Australia, many are smaller and all have fresher waters. Momentary species richness in pan gnammas range from 2.7 at Bald Rock to 9.3 at Terrick Terrick and in pit gnammas from 7.6 at Kooyoora to 15.3 at Terrick Terrick. These figures are significantly lower than figures of ca 30 for WA pans and ca 10 for EP pans, but ambivalent for pits, cf 12 in WA, and 9 on EP. Central Victorian gnammas have only one endemic species compared with many in WA and a few on EP. Species seem to have few special adaptations for life in Victorian gnammas, compared to many in WA. Factors thought to be influencing these differences include habitat size (a function of site age), number of gnammas per rock exposure (habitat variability and availability), and past climatic fluctuations (promotion of speciation). All these factors enhance diversity in WA, but mostly inhibit it in central Victoria, with Eyre Peninsula being intermediate.


Background. Protein intake is considered a determinant of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Urinary urea is an objective marker of protein intake. The population-based study investigated, cross-sectionally and longitudinally, the association of protein intake with GFR, indexed by estimated GFR (eGFR). Methods. Data were collected on overnight urinary urea, serum creatinine (S-cr), eGFR and other variables in 1522 men and women aged 45–64 years who participated in the Gubbio study (baseline). S-Cr, eGFR and other variables were re-assessed in 1144 of the 1425 survivors after 12-year follow-up. Results. At baseline, mean ± SD was 84.0 ± 11.4 mL/min × 1.73 m for eGFR calculated by CKD-Epi equation and 1.34 ± 0.57 g/day per kg of ideal weight for protein intake assessed by measurements of overnight urine excretion of urea nitrogen. Cross-sectional analyses of baseline data indicated a positive correlation of protein intake with eGFR (R = 0.180, P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression, 1 g/day higher protein intake related to 4.7 mL/min × 1.73 m higher eGFR [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.7/5.7]. At follow-up, mean ± SD of 12-year eGFR change was −11.6 ± 9.0 mL/min × 1.73 m. Baseline protein intake correlated with more negative eGFR change (R =−0.251, P < 0.001). In multi-variable regression, 1 g/day higher protein intake related to −4.1 mL/min × 1.73 m more negative eGFR change (95% CI =−5.1/−3.1) and to 1.78 risk for incidence of eGFR < 60 mL/min × 1.73 m (95% CI = 1.15/2.78). Conclusions. In middle-aged adults, high protein intake is associated cross-sectionally with higher GFR but longitudinally with greater GFR decline over time.


We present the case of Ms A, a 56-year-old woman with DSM-III-R major depressive disorder diagnosed in 1993 and treated as an out-patient at our institution. In 1997 she was hospitalized for an episode of DSM-IV major depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms. Since then she has been treated with clomipramine (75 mg/24 h) and haloperidol (1 mg/24 h) as a long-term maintenance therapy with no relapses in her symptomatology. Some weeks before the present episode she referred fatigue and general weakness to her general practitioner who prescribed a ginseng root extract solution that she started taking at a dose of 300 mg/ day per os. Two weeks later, Ms A phoned her family saying she was 'the winner of a very important lottery prize', mentioning the plans she had made about the money (shopping, invitations, gifts, etc.). Her relatives described her as 'euphoric, full of energy'. The patient was hyperactive, dysphoric, slept very little and presented episodes of verbal and physical heteroaggressiveness. Ms A had had no similar episodes in her past history. She was eventually seen in the Psychiatric Urgency Unit where she reported that she 'felt like a bull', and was not at all aware of her very disturbed state. A clearcut manic episode was diagnosed and she was hospitalized. Both ginseng and antidepressant medication are discontinued immediately and therapy with haloperidol (7 mg/24 h) and lorazepam (3 mg/24 h) initiated. The whole clinical picture disappeared completely within the next 48 h and the patient subsequently became euthymic with no evidence of disrupted behaviour. Furthermore, she criticized all the contents of the episode. Previous antidepressant treatment was reintroduced progressively before discharge. Six months later the patient remains asymptomatic.


In gene therapy for malignancy, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk)‐ganciclovir (GCV) system has been widely used. For pancreatic cancer targeting, we estimated the therapeutic efficacy of gene transduction by an adenovirus‐carrying HSVtk gene under the control of a carci‐noembryonic antigen (CEA) promoter (AdCEAtk) followed by systemic administration of GCV. Four cell lines, CEA‐producing Su.86.86, BxPC‐3 (pancreatic cancer cells), MKN45 (gastric cancer cells) and CEA‐nonproducing HeLa, were used for analysis of GCV sensitivity induced by adeno‐viral gene transduction. To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of AdCEAtk and GCV administration in human CEA‐positive pancreatic cancer in vivo, a subcutaneously implanted tumor‐bearing nude mouse model was used. When the HSVtk gene was transduced with a ubiquitous promoter into these cells, increase of the GCV sensitivity was independent of CEA‐production. In contrast, when the cells were transduced with a CEA promoter, the cell‐killing effect of GCV was increased in only CEA‐producing cells. For in vivo analysis, AdCEAtk was delivered into subcutaneously established tumors of Su.86.86 cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumor showed that HSVtk protein was expressed only in tumor cells, and tumor growth was markedly suppressed by administration of GCV. These results suggest that the adenovirus‐mediated transfer of HSVtk gene with CEA promoter specifically increases the GCV sensitivity of CEA‐producing pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This strategy may provide a useful tool for treating pancreatic cancer, especially CEA‐producing tumor cells.


Conversion of esters to amides with dimethylaluminum amides: N,N-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxamide

reactant: 7.10 g. (0.0500 mole) of methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate

product: N,N-dimethylcyclohexanecarboxamide

Keywords:

benzene;
methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate, preparation of


Abstract ALPS is characterized by chronic lymphoproliferation in combination with autoimmunity; mutations of molecules involved in FAS-dependent pathways play causative roles in this syndrome. The hallmarks of ALPS are an elevated CD4/CD8 double-negative T (DNT) cell count and attenuated induction of apoptosis by FAS stimulation. Autoimmune thrombocytopenia and/or hemolytic anemia are common in cases of ALPS; the combination of autoimmune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia is referred to as Evans syndrome. ALPS is diagnosed in 47% of patients who present with Evans syndrome. Some patients with ALPS-like syndromes harbor mutations in RAS or PRKCD. In this study, we performed whole-exome analysis of undiagnosed patients exhibiting autoimmunity in combination with lymphoproliferation. Fifteen pediatric patients presenting with autoimmunity were enrolled in this study. Although not all of them fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of ALPS, most of them exhibited an ALPS-like phenotype, an autoimmune hematological disorder such as Evans syndrome, or immune thrombocytopenia with hepatosplenomegaly. Elevated counts of DNT cells among TCRαβ-positive cells were observed in some cases. All of the subjects screened negative for mutations in FAS, FASL, KRAS, and NRAS. These patients were subjected to whole-exome analysis, which revealed several mutations with known disease associations. One patient carried a mutation in CASP10, a causative gene for ALPS-CSAP (ALPS 2). This patient exhibited a typical ALPS phenotype with an elevated DNT cell count. In addition, we identified CTLA4 mutations in two patients, one of whom was described as ALPS type V (ALPS 5) and the other as CTLA4 haploinsufficiency with autoimmune infiltration (CHAI). A mutation in STAT3 was present in one patient. Dominant-negative mutations in the STAT3 gene result in hyper-IgE syndrome. Recently, an activating mutation of STAT3 was reported in infantile-onset multisystem autoimmune disease (ADMIO). It should be noted that an activating mutation of STAT3 results in a phenotype very similar to that of ALPS. Intriguingly, two autoinflammatory associated genes, PSTPIP1 and RNASEH2B were identified. Mutations in RNASEH2B causes Aicardi-Goutiere syndrome (AGS), which phenotypically overlaps with SLE. Typical AGS develops as a results of biallelic mutations in causative genes. In this case, a heterozygous frame shift mutation was identified. Further evaluation is required to confirm whether this heterozygous frame shift mutation RNASEH2B really causes SLE or ALPS like symptoms. PSTPIP1 mutation causes pyogenic Arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne (PAPA) syndrome. The identified E250K mutation was one of the typical mutation in this disease. This patient exhibited SLE like symptom with hepatosplenomegaly without typical PAPA syndrome like symptoms, such as acne or pyoderma of the skin. Sequencing of the remaining patients yielded inconclusive results. The classical ALPS diagnostic procedure is well designed and suitable for identification of FAS-dependent apoptotic dysregulation. However, the measurement of FAS-dependent apoptosis requires technical skill, and the data quality is therefore dependent on the investigator. Moreover, RAS-associated ALPS-like disease (RALD, ALPS 3) and ALPS 5 (CHAI) cannot be identified by conventional ALPS diagnostic procedures. Therefore, the methods for diagnostic classification of these diseases need to be updated. It is interesting that mutations of autoinflammatory associated genes are involved in ALPS or SLE like patients. Our results reveal that a comprehensive genomic approach is a powerful tool for the characterization of ALPS or ALPS-like diseases. Together with recent progress in genome analysis in the PID field, our analyses provide an updated list of genes for use in differential diagnosis of ALPS-like diseases. This update will facilitate convenient genomic approaches such as comprehensive targeted sequencing focusing on genes involved in ALPS or ALPS-like diseases. This approach can be directly applied in the clinic to yield diagnostic benefits. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


A tissue cell growth-promoting solution manufactured using this invention will comprise water containing active oxygen as a prime ingredient. When the solution is applied to an internal or external wound, it supplies active oxygen originating from outside the biobody to supplement the active oxygen produced by the biobody's own protective system cells (such as neutrophils and macrophages) which gather at the wound site. The solution thus increases the concentration of active oxygen at the site of the wound, a state mimicking one in which a large quantity of such biosignals is secreted by the biobody itself. The tissue cell growth-promoting solution described herein promotes the reconstruction of tissues, a process that corresponds to the last of the four main steps involved in wound healing biochemical processes of "blood vessel reaction", "blood vessel coagulation", "inflammation", "reconstruction of tissues" and which would otherwise have to rely on the natural healing power of the biobody itself.


Abstract Historically, racism as it is understood in South Africa or in parts of the Southern United States has not existed in Peru. The absence or at least the existence to a lesser degree of this type of tension grants us a superiority over our northern neighbours. In Peru, emancipation of slaves was relatively easy. This is not to say that there do not exist prejudices against Indians, cholos, and blacks, however these prejudices have not been sanctioned by the law and they have, more than a profound racial feeling, an economic, social and cultural character. Colour does not prevent an aborigine, mestizo, or Negroid from occupying high positions if they can accumulate wealth or achieve political success. Notwithstanding these fortunate cases, there is an enormous distance between the pongos [serfs] of a highland hacienda … and those highly cultured and refined Limenos, who routinely travel to Europe. This distance is neither racial, nor based on place of origin, rather it corresponds to what can be termed an historical state of things ( Jorge Basadre, 1964: 4686).


This paper focuses on the analysis of effects that the transfer of ownership from a state-owned Paper Mill Company to a corporate private ownership has had environmental and economic shrinkage in Atenquique. This transfer was the result of the ongoing economic process of globalization, after the industrial boom of the paper mills during the second half of the last century. The paper also focuses on how the employees of this Paper Mill Company live and how they have corporate owners. The methodology used was descriptive and exploratory. A simple of forty workers at the company who lived in Atenquique was chosen for an interview. After being inhabited the town of Atenquique developed in terms of population, society and economy. On the other hand the Industrial Company of Atenquique grew during the period when it was a property of the Mexican State. After the company's privatization, the town started to decline and shrink in three above-mentioned variables. The impact on the environmental and economic development has initiated the shrinking and declining of Atenquique and the surrounding cities and towns.


Based on the Terzaghi′s bearing capacity theory for deep foundations,a new approach for soil plug assessment is put forward,in which the surcharge effect and the influence of driving piles on surrounding soil have been considered;and the dynamic effect coefficients are included. The approach has been applied to practical engineering projects;and the calculated results agree with the observed data very well,indicating that the approach can give more reasonable results than the currently used method.


Methods due to Gurtin and Ainola are used to extend the well-known Stratton-Chu formulae in electromagnetic theory to the initial value problem. A suitable Green's Function is obtained, and a variational principle is posed which generates the equations governing the electric and magnetic fields.


Plants must make decisions to balance their growth versus defense against pathogens. Signaling of the plant peptide hormone phytosulfokine (PSK) has emerged as a critical stimulus for growth promotion. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Ding et al (2022) show that PSK signaling promotes nitrogen assimilation via phosphorylation of glutamate synthase 2 (GS2). In the absence of PSK signaling, the plants growth is stunted, but its resistance to disease is reinforced.


Hardy's proof is considered the simplest proof of nonlocality. Here we introduce an equally simple proof that (i) has Hardy's as a particular case, (ii) shows that the probability of nonlocal events grows with the dimension of the local systems, and (iii) is always equivalent to the violation of a tight Bell inequality.


This research is aimed to identify (1) the influence of Micro Teaching learning and Field Experience Program (PPL) towards the interest of becoming a teacher of the Economic Education students in the year of 2017; (2) the influence of Micro Teaching learning towards  the interest of becoming a teacher of the Economic Education students in the year of 2017; (3) the influence of Field Experience Program (PPL) towards the interest of becoming a teacher of the Economic Education students in the year of 2017. This research includes as a qualitative research. The research includes as a population research. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires. The validity of the data was obtained through the result of tryout of 30 respondents. The data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis.  The research finding shows that: (1) the value of F-test is obtained F count >F table (5,736>3,14) with the value of p = 0,005, therefore H o is rejected and H a is accepted. It means that there is a significant influence between Micro Teaching learning and Field Experience Program (PPL) simultaneosly towards the interest of becoming a teacher. (2) the value of t-test with the variable of Micro Teaching learning is t count >t table (2,009>1,99) with the value of p = 0,049, therefore H o is rejected and H a is accepted. It means that there is a significant influence between Micro Teaching learning and Field Experience Program (PPL) partially towards the interest of becoming a teacher. (3) the value of t-test with the variable of Field Experience Program (PPL) is t count >t table (2,157>1,99) with the value of p = 0,035, therefore H o is rejected and H a is accepted. It means that there is a significant influence of the variable of Field Experience Program (PPL) partially towards the interest of becoming a teacher. (4) the determinant coeffisient (Adjusted R Square) is 0,127. It can be concluded that 12,7% of interest of becoming a teacher is influenced by Micro Teaching learning and Field Experience Program (PPL), meanwhile the rest of  87,3% is influenced by various factors which are not included in this research.


This study is aimed on treating produced water of polymer/Cr(Ⅲ) weak gel profiling/flooding reservoir at Chaheji,Huabei. The experimental water sample is characterized by following data in mg/L: TSD 8432;oil content 1189;suspended solids 51;weak gel content 201;and COD 1152.The conditions and the effects of external factors on COD removal in the water sample by using Fenton's reaction are investigated.The reaction temperature is of 30℃ and the time duration——2 hrs unless otherwise noted.At H2O2 to Fe2+ mass ratio=5∶3,the dosages of H2O2+Fe2+ in g/L needed for maximal COD removal to be reached is of 2.0+1.2 in dark reaction and of 1.5+0.9 under UV radiation.With H2O2 dosage being of 1.5,the optimal dosage of Fe2+ is 0.9 in the 2 cases.At H2O2+Fe2+ dosages 1.5+0.9, the optimal reaction temperature is in range 40—50℃ in dark and 30—60℃ under UV radiation.At H2O2+Fe2+ dosages 1.5+1.0,the highest COD removal rate reached and the reaction time needed are as follows: 92.0% and 2.5 hrs in dark;95.7% and 2.5 hrs under UV radiation;97.8% and 1.5 hrs under UV radiation and O2 expose;and 99.0% and 2 hrs under UV radiation O2 expose and sodium oxalate added.With increasing sodium oxalate dosage from 0.1 to 0.6 g/L,the COD removal rate at lower H2O2+Fe2+ dosages continuously increases and at higher H2O2+Fe2+ dosages reaches a maximal value and then drops a little and the maximal value is of 97.1% and 99.0% at H2O2+Fe2+ dosage 1.0+0.6 and 1.5+0.9,respectively,and dosage of sodium oxalate 0.5.


Scoring system of student evaluation in simulation of fired power unit's cold-state startup was introduced.The scoring standards and arithmetic of student evaluation in cold-state startup were established.The whole process was researched by the way of disintegration-integration.By C++ Builder 5.0 language with friendly man-machine interface,the interface of Excel report forms was also realized.Through the application of the scoring system on the power plant simulator,the results of scoring are rationality.


The invention relates to robot engineering, in particular to a gear-variable mobile robot which comprises a first belt wheel, a second belt wheel, a crawler and a box body, wherein two groups of driving devices with the same structure are symmetrically arranged in the box body, each driving device comprises a motor, a first rotating shaft and a third rotating shaft, the motor is installed in the box body, one end of the first rotating shaft is connected with the output shaft of the motor, and the other end is connected with the box body; a second rotating shaft is inserted on the box body, one end of the second rotating shaft penetrates out from the box body, the first belt wheel is arranged at one end of the second rotating shaft, and the first belt wheel is connected with the second belt wheel through the crawler; two groups of gear sets are arranged on the first rotating shaft and the second rotating shaft, and two electromagnetic clutches for respectively controlling the output torque of the two groups of gear sets are sleeved on the first rotating shaft. The gear-variable mobile robot has the advantages of simple structure, convenient operation, no waste and the like and is adaptable to motor power in different environments.


We report the production of active double waveguides in germanate glasses, GeO2-PbO doped with Nd3+, by direct femtosecond laser writing. The glasses were produced using the melt-quenching technique and the active waveguides were written using 30 fs laser pulses at 800 nm with different parameters of writing speeds and pulse energies depending on the rare earth elements used for doping. The photo-induced refractive index change was 5.2x10-3. The Nd doped sample exhibited a relative gain of 3.6 dB/cm for 1.6 mW of 805 nm pump power. The results obtained in present work demonstrate that Nd3+ doped GeO2-PbO glasses are promising materials for the fabrication of integrated amplifiers, lossless components and lasers based on germanate glasses.


The present invention provides a DC-DC converter control circuit mode. Devices and techniques to determine when a representative embodiment of the dc-dc converter switch from the first mode to the second mode of operation. Based on a portion of a current waveform represents the time interval determined, the time interval is measured and compared with a threshold value.


Autoradiographic demonstration of beta adrenergic receptors was achieved light microscopically in melanophores of isolated scales of a teleost fish, Oryzias latipes. [3H]hydroxybenzylisoproterenol, a beta adrenergic agonist, and [3H]propranolol, a beta adrenergic antagonist, were used as radioligands. In the autoradiograms, photographic grains of considerably high density were found to be distributed evenly over all parts of the surface of melanophores. Since the density of the grains was observed to decrease significantly in the presence of excess amounts of nonlabeled ligands, the results indicate the actual existence of beta adrenergic receptors in the present melanophores. This substantiates the findings obtained by other physiological and pharmacological methods that beta-adrenergic receptors may exist and be involved in melanosome-dispersion response of fish melanophores.


The algebraic definition of charges for symmetry-preserving D-branes in Wess-Zumino-Witten models is shown to coincide with the geometric definition, for all simple Lie groups. The charge group for such branes is computed from the ambiguities inherent in the geometric definition.


We present a simple approach to reduce the noise present in velocity measurements when using encoders. The approach is to use the median filter together with a simple first order linear filter and show that this combination avoids the errors due to warp of the encoder (when the angle goes from 2π back to 0 of vice versa). We test this new method and compare with different kinds of filters and algorithms to avoid the warp problem. We show that the proposed method can be implemented only with simple arithmetic and is perfectly suitable for embedded and hardware implementation.


This paper investigates the determinants of audit quality of three countries especially the United States, France and Germany belonging to three different legal systems. These determinants concern the legal system of country, investment opportunity set and ownership structure which have influence of audit quality.Empirical results show, initially, that specificities of legal system are positively associated with audit quality appreciated by size of audit firm. Then, the results reveal that investment opportunity set influences partially size of audit firm. Finally, ownership structure influences negatively the search for a high audit quality.


The selection and collection of the node state information have great impact on the design complexity and performance of a QoS routing algorithm. Continuous-media traffic (e.g. audio and video) can tolerate some loss but has rigid delay constraints. Under this QoS constraint, the node-delay's probability density function (PDF) is used to character the node state. The continuous-media traffic is in high burst. So the node-delay's PDF is shaped into normal distribution through a filter algorithm. Analysis and simulation show that the tail probability of the normal distribution can be used to calculate the end-to-end packet loss rate approximately. Then the variance and mean value of the PDF can be controlled to calculate a proper packet loss rate to satisfy the QoS demand. So normal distribution is a simple, achievable and reasonable description


Assessing power generators condition utilizing periodic inspection programs has been an established practise in power plants with proven reliability and availability results. However, the continuous efforts to reduce maintenance costs while minimizing the outage periods opened the path towards the development of alternative inspection tools and services that facilitate rapid offline assessment of equipment inspection. The conventional technique of pulling out a generator rotor in order to have an access over the stator is time consuming and requires extensive logistic preparation in addition to high exposure risks. Moreover, utilizing an advanced technology tool for online measurements such as robotic devices for In-Situ inspection provide an economical, fast and low risk alternative solutions. Ras Tanura Producing Department (RTPD) from Saudi Aramco has successfully implemented In-Situ inspections for two power generators at one of its plants. This paper compares the conventional rotor out inspection with In-situ technology techniques that allow inspection and testing while the rotor is still installed whereas will highlight a case study in which In-Situ technology was implemented on RTPD generators.


Female infertility and low birth rate are significant public health issues with profound social, psychological, and economic consequences. Some infertile women resort to conventional, complementary, or alternative therapies to conceive. The aim of this study was to identify the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) most commonly used for female infertility in Taiwan. The usage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the frequency of CHP prescriptions to infertile women were determined based on a nationwide 1-million randomly sampled cohort of National Health Insurance Research Database beneficiaries. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for TCM usage and potential risk factors. In total, 8766 women with newly diagnosed infertility were included in this study. Of those, 8430 (96.17%) had sought TCM treatment in addition to visiting the gynecologist. We noted that female infertility patients with risk factors (e.g., endometriosis, uterine fibroids, or irregular menstrual cycle) were more likely to use TCM than those without TCM medication (aOR 1⁄4 1.83, 1.87, and 1.79, respectively). The most commonly used formula and single CHP were Dang-Gui-ShaYao-San (17.25%) and Semen Cuscutae (27.40%), respectively. CHP formula combinations (e.g., Dang-Gui-Sha-Yao-San plus Wen-JingTang 3.10%) or single Chinese herbal combinations (e.g., Semen Cuscutae plus Leonurus japonicus 6.31%) were also commonly used to treat female infertility. Further well-conducted, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled studies will be needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these CHP combinations for female infertility. (Medicine 95(11):e3075) Abbreviations: CHP = Chinese herbal product, LHID = Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, NHI = National Health Insurance, NHIRD = National Health Insurance Research Database, NHRI = National Health Research Institute, TCM = traditional Chinese medicine. INTRODUCTION A low fertility rate results in a low birth rate and an aging country. For the purpose of this study, we focus on female fertility. The prevalence of infertility has increased since 1990. There was about 48.5 million infertile couples all over the world in 2010. The female total fertility rate fell from 7.04 in 1951 to 1.165 in 2014 on Taiwan (Figure 1). Taiwan has thus become one of the countries with the lowest fertility rates in the world. Female fertility has been defined as ''a paradoxical phenomenon of power between the biological and psychosexual self.'' On the other hand, female infertility is defined as the inability of a woman within childbearing age to conceive despite having frequent, unprotected intercourse for at least 1 year. Infertility affects about 10% to 20% of couples trying to achieve pregnancy in many industrialized countries. There are an increasing number of couples seeking medical treatment. The prevalence of 1-year and 2-year infertility among newly married couples is 12.5% and 6.6%, respectively, in China. Female fertility decreases gradually with age, and more rapidly so after the age of 37. A previous study has estimated that more than 186 million ever-married women of reproductive age in developing countries are infertile. Some researchers have identified infertility as an under-observed, yet significant public health issue with profound social, psychological, and economic consequences. The main causes of female infertility are ovulatory disorders, endometriosis, pelvic adhesion, tubal blockage and other tubal abnormalities, hyperprolactinemia, and congenital (septate uterus) and acquired (myomas and synechiae) uterine abnormalities. Conventional therapies for female infertility include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs, aromatase inhibitor, and metformin. However, some fertility drugs increase the risk of cancer or have no pharmacological effect in infertile women aged 40 years or older. Complementary or alternative therapies such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may be indicated in such cases. Along with Western medicine, TCM is the most common form of medicine used in Taiwan. Chinese products and herbs are the most popular components of TCM. Approximately 30% of all patients use TCM in Taiwan, and about 90% of TCM users receive Chinese herbal products (CHPs) as treatment for various Editor: Marcello Iriti. Received: September 29, 2015; revised: February 18, 2016; accepted: February 20, 2016. From the Department of Chinese Medicine (Y-CH, C-WK, Y-NL, B-YW, I-LH, W-LH), Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine; School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate (Y-CH), IShou University, Kaohsiung; Management Office for Health Data (C-CL), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung; Fooyin University College of Nursing (W-LH); and Kaohsiung Medical University College of Medicine (W-LH), Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Correspondence: Wen-Long Hu, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 123, Dapi Road, Niaosng District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan (e-mail: email@example.com). This study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial and Research Center of Excellence (MOHW105-TDU-B212-133019), China Medical University Hospital, Academia Sinica Taiwan Biobank Stroke Biosignature Project (BM10501010037), NRPB Stroke Clinical Trial Consortium (MOST 104-2325-B-039-005), TsengLien Lin Foundation, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Brain Disease Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan, and Katsuzo and Kiyo Aoshima Memorial Funds, Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Copyright # 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ISSN: 0025-7974 DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003075 Medicine®


Variational relation problems were introduced by Luc in [1] as a general model fora large class of problems in nonlinear analysis and applied mathematics. Since this manner ofapproach provides unied results for several mathematical problems it has been used in manyrecent papers (see [2-9]). In this paper we investigate the existence of solutions for three typesof variational relation problems which encompass several generalized equilibrium problems,variational inequalities and variational inclusions studied in a long list of papers in the eld.


The reclamation of wasteland can increase farmland area and relieve the farmland pressure of China.Soil microbial community significantly monitors soil quality changes and directly determines the soil ecosystem functions.This field experiment was carried out in reclaimed minesoils of the aluminum mining wasteland in 2010 in Xiaoyi County,Shanxi Province,North China.The purpose is to character ize the soil microbial diversity under different reclamation patterns(1.Fertilization treatments:manure,manure with chemical fertilizer,chemical fertilizer and control treatment,i.e.without any fertilizer.2.Preceding treatments:soybean-corn rotation,Vicia sativa-corn rotation,Vicia villosa-corn rotation,corn straw returning,and whole corn stalk mulch).The randomized complete block design and PLFA method were used in reclaimed minesoils with each treatment in triplicate.The results showed that:(1)Fertilization significantly increased the soil microbial biomass(P0.05),and manure with chemical fertilizer was the best fertilization pattern.Under different preceding treatments,the amount of soil microorganisms increased by 5.70,8.03,31.27,15.65 nmol·g-1and 5.22 nmol·g-1(.2)Vicia villosa can significantly increase the soil microbial biomass among the 3 preceding crops(soybean,Vicia sativa,Vicia villosa).Corn straw returning showed better results than whole corn stalk mulch(P0.05).Under fertilization and unfertilized control treatments,the amount of soil microorganisms increased by 8.39,12.06,5.18 nmol·g-1and 1.63 nmol·g-1(.3)The amount of soil microorganisms was highes(t31.58 nmol·g-1)under the treatment of preceding Vicia villosa and manure with chemical fertilizers.Overall,both preceding treatments and fertilization can improve the soil microbial biomass in aluminum mining wasteland.


A study of natural gas (NG) direct injection (DI) processes has been performed using multidimensional computational fluid dynamics analysis. The purpose was to improve the understanding of mixing in DI NG engines. Calculations of injection into a constant-volume chamber were performed to document unconfined plume behavior. A full three-dimensional calculation of injection into a medium heavy-duty diesel engine cylinder was also performed to study plume behavior in engine geometries. The structure of the NG plume is characterized by a core of unmixed fuel confined to the near-field of the jet. This core contains the bulk of the unmixed fuel and is mixed by the turbulence generated by the jet shear layer. The NG plume development in the engine is dominated by combustion chamber surface interactions. A Coanda effect causes plume attachment to the cylinder head, which has a detrimental impact on mixing. Unconfined plume calculations with different nozzle hole sizes demonstrate that smaller nozzle holes are more effective at mixing the fuel and air.


The paper analyzes a modified Leonov-Panasyuk-Dugdale model and its accuracy in describing a prefracture zone on crack extension in structured quasibrittle materials. The material under study is that in which a mode I crack develops under plane tensile stress conditions. For more complete agreement with available numerical data, the formulae for critical prefracture zone length and critical load in quasibrittle materials are refined. The model is generalized for quasiductile materials.


Kidney prostaglandlns appear to bare powerful Influences on Nad-Induced hypertension. In quick-frozen kidneys, the concentration of prosUglandin E1, (PGE1,) in the renal papilla is 60% lower in Dahl S rats than in Dahl R rats (17 ng/100 mg TS 42 ng/100 mg, p < 0.01) when both S and R rats are fed a 0.3% low NaCI diet. When S and R rats eat a 4% high NaCl diet for 4 weeks or 11 weeks, the PGE1, concentration doubles in both strains (p < 0.05) but the papillary PGE1, concentration in the S rats is always about half that in the R rat (p < 0.01). Through effects on sodium (Na) excretion and papillary plasma flow, the low PGE1, in S papillae may account in part for the large rises in the blood pressure (BP) of S rats after eating a high NaCI diet. This proposition was explored by utilizing high fat diets with either normal or high linoleic acid content. Arachidonic acid is the precursor of PGE1, and linoleic add is the precursor of arachidonic acid. It turned out that the low PGE1, level in S papillae could be tripled by a diet high in linoleic acid. Sixteen S rats on a 16-week diet of 5% NaCI and 1.5% linoleic acid had a mean papillary PGE1, level of 30 compared to a level of 89 in 15 other S rats on a diet of 5% NaCI and 16% linoleic acid. The 16% high linoleic diet tripled the PGE1, concentration in S papillae (p < 0.005). It also increased the PGE1, concentration in R papillae Vh times, 137 vs 53 (p < 0.02). In rats on either high or normal linoleic diets, the PGE1, In S papillae was always at least 35% less than that in R papillae. However, the 16% high linoleic diet did raise the papillary PGE1, level In S rats up to that found in normal rats on regular rat chow of equivalent NaCI content. Moreover, this change in PGE1, level was associated with greatly reduced BP rises in S rats. The BP of S rats on a 5% NaCI-1.5% linoleic diet began to rise after 5 weeks on the diet and reached 183 mm Hg after 16 weeks. The BP of S rats on a 5% NaCl-16% linoleic diet did not begin to rise until 12 weeks on the diet and reached only 166 after 16 weeks. The high linoleic diet greatly delayed the onset of the rise in BP and significantly reduced the ultimately attained level (p < 0.001). In fact, on a low 0.3% NaCI diet, S rats of comparable age reached approximately the same mildly hypertensive level of 166. Thus, in S rats, the high linoleic diet brings papillary PGE1, up to normal and also prevents the large rises in BP usually related to a high NaCI Intake. These two changes may well be causally related.(Hypertension 4 (suppl II): II-149-II-153, 1982)


Recently, power assisted nursing care systems have received much attention and active research. In such control system, an actuator and a control valve are mounted on the human body. In such designs, the size and weight of the valve become serious concerns. At the same time, the valve should be operated with lower energy consumption using limited electrical power. The purpose of our study is to develop a small-sized, lightweight and lower energy consumption control valve. In our previous study, a new type of fluid control valve with a self-holding function using a permanent magnetic ball in a check valve, a cylindrical magnet and two solenoids was also proposed and tested. In this study, a digital servo valve with self-holding function is proposed and tested. As a result, we can confirm that the tested digital servo valve can control output flow rate in both supply and exhaust.