This study examined the impact of biology teachers on the performance of students in secondary schools in Osun State, Nigeria. This study sample included forty-eight (48) secondary schools, selected by random sampling technique. The researcher designed teachers' questionnaire which were administered to one hundred forty-five (145) biology teachers. Researcher-designed validated questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents on the impact of biology teachers to the performance of students. Three research questions and two research hypotheses were formulated. Frequency counts and ttest statistics were used to analysis the data collected. Findings of this study revealed that the impact of biology teachers to teaching in Secondary Schools was significant. It was also revealed that there was a significant existence based on the gender, but it was revealed that the impact of biology teachers on students' performance in secondary schools was not significant based on years of teaching experience. Based on the research findings, recommendations were made on how the biology teachers would have a positive impact on students' performance in senior secondary schools.


This response discusses two alternative methodologies that could be considered for handling swaptions whose underlying rates may transition to new risk-free rates before expiration. Note that the methodologies discussed in this response deals only with European-style swaptions. In a future response, the author will discuss methodologies that could be used to handle American-style swaptions whose underlying rates are billed to transition to new rates before expiration.


Soviet growth from 1960 to 1989 was the worst in the world after we control for investment and human capital; the relative performance worsens over time. There is some evidence that the burden of defense spending modestly contributed to the Soviet debacle. The declining Soviet growth rate from 1950 to 1987 can be accounted for by a declining marginal product of capital with a constant rate of growth of total factor productivity. The Soviet reliance on extensive growth (rising capital-to-output ratios) was no greater than that of market economies, such as Japan and the Republic of Korea, but a low elasticity of substitution between capital and labor implied especially acute diminishing returns to capital compared with the case in market economies. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.


Notwithstanding claims about the emergence of 'crimmigration' systems, immigration law and criminal law entail two different sets of instruments for authorities to control foreign nationals. Drawing on an analysis of removal orders for foreign offenders in Finland, this article demonstrates that significant administrative powers in immigration enforcement are employed largely autonomously from the criminal justice system. Immigration law enables the police and immigration officials to issue removal orders based on fines or penal orders for (suspected) minor offences, without obtaining criminal convictions. In addition to disproportionate administrative sanctions for foreign nationals, removal orders involve a preventive rationale targeting future risks for the society based on the assumed continuation of criminal activities. While criminal courts adjudicate all severe offences, punitive application of immigration law enables authorities to bypass criminal justice procedures and safeguards, resulting in a distinct, administrative punitive system for visiting third-country nationals.


A scanning ion beam instrument equipped with a gas field ionization source (GFIS) has been developed and commercialized using helium and neon ions [1]. Helium ions have been used mainly for observation, while neon ions have been mainly used for fabrication. The GFIS can emit different ion species by changing its ionization gas, but other noble gas ion species have not been used commercially yet. Heavier noble gases than neon are expected to be suitable for faster fabrication because the sputtering yields of heavier noble gas ions are higher than that of neon ions. On the other hand, the ion currents from a GFIS become larger at lower ion emitter temperatures. Although xenon gas is the heaviest, its boiling point of about 165 K is so high that large ion currents are not expected. In this study, the characteristics of neon, argon, and krypton ion emissions from a GFIS were investigated and compared from the viewpoint of practical fabrication.


According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) literature, several mechanisms within rich economies, including increased willingness to conduct abatement policies, contribute to reduce environmental problems. Unilateral environmental policies in open economies may affect other countries negatively through trade inter-linkages. A relocation of dirty production and environmental pressure to economies with laxer abatement regimes can be one of many explanations to the apparent EKCs for rich countries. Further, the economic costs of national abatement policies may to some extent be shared with foreigners, both through lower demand for imports and through market share losses for foreign competitors producing cleaner products. In this paper, we quantify the effects of endogenous carbon tax policy in a rich and open economy, Norway, by means of a CGE model. We find that the environmental benefits fall and the economic costs rise when a global rather than a national perspective is employed.


The recent literature has introduced the use of architected materials with a metallic lattice structure-based topology to enhance the thermal conductivity of phase change materials (PCM). The potential of such structures lies in the freedom of design with complex geometries. This, however, has introduced novel challenges regarding the analytical description of these materials' effective thermophysical properties, which are used in order to treat the composite as a homogenized material. Only a few limited works have been presented thus far that have holistically addressed the calculation of such properties. The wide variety of possible geometric parameters in these materials can only be appropriately treated via an adaptable approach that can be extended to upcoming lattice geometries. With this aim in mind, the present work introduces a method to calculate the effective thermal conductivity of the discussed composite PCM. A cell-based approach to calculate the effective thermal conductivity is introduced. The method makes use of Steinmetz's solids as a basis from which one can derive the porosity of unit cells with variable geometric parameters. Empirical factors are introduced to account for limitations due to the complex geometry and eventual manufacturing imperfections of these structures. Thus, semi-analytical formulae to describe the effective thermal conductivity of the lattice cells are derived for a variety of cuboid and hexagonal prismatic unit cells with generic topological parameters. The formulae are validated against the models and experimental results present in the literature. Finally, an analysis and discussion of the limited validity of homogenization techniques for lattice structures is presented.


S. A. Durrani and H. A. Khan, Department of Physics, Univ. of BirminghaqUK A number of parameters of general interest in fission t rack analysis of lunar glasses have been measured, using in all about twenty light-brown and colourles s glass sphe rules and fragments selected microscopically f rom the fines samples 66081,9 and 61281,2. The procedures follow those described in refs.1-3. General Velocity of Etching, V, The 1 spherules' were mounted individually in epoxy resin on to a piec; of quartz, and slightly ground and polished to yield plain initial surfaces. They were then etched under identical conditions for either 150 o r 50 sec, using fresh 48.0 volume %HF at a tempo e rature of 21.0 t 0 . 0 5 ~ ~ controlled to within + 0.1 C. The thickness of glass removed was measured with an optical rnicro~cope (at 450 x). The results for six light-brown spherules a r e shown in Table 1. The mean value of V = 0.144 t 0.008 pm/sec is to 9e compared with 0.128 t 0.002 pmlsec fo&nd for some Apollo 15 glasses . Critical Angle of Etching, 0 This important parameter was measured C for 12 glass spherules o r fragments (light brown to transparent) f rom sam* . 66081, 9 and 61281,2, using the 'comparison methodtL. The lunar glasses a s well a s a piece of 'reference glass' (U-2) were f i r s t annealed a t high temper0 atures (-500 C for 1 hr) ; they were then exposed to a Cf-252 spontaneousfission source in 121~ geometry' for known lengths of time (60 sec for U-2, 120 sec for lunar glasses). This was followed by simultaneous etching under standard conditions. The crit ical angle fo r the reference glass (OC, . ) 1 0 having previously been determined (= 31 451), 8 for the lunar glasses i s calculated f rom c, 1


The reaction between solid layers to form a product phase has been studied using scanning calorimetry of multilayer Nb/Al and Ni/amorphous‐Si thin films. The most striking feature for both materials systems is the occurrence of two maxima in the reaction rate during the formation of a single product phase, suggesting a two step growth process. A model has been developed in which the first step is taken to be the nucleation and two‐dimensional growth to coalescence of the product phase, in the plane of the initial interface. The second step is taken to be the thickening of the product layer by growth perpendicular to the interface plane. The success of this simple model in describing the principal features of the experimental results on two different materials systems suggests that nucleation is an important aspect of phase formation and selection in these thin‐film reactions.


One of the three powers in the division of State authority is the judiciary. Its competences may not coincide with those of the others, which practically is a general rule in the relations between the legislative and the executive powers. The outcome of the Polish Round Table Talks and signing of the agreement of 5 April, 1989, was the amendment of the Constitution. The section devoted to the judiciary power now included the principle of irremovability of judges and their appointment by the President upon a motion of the National Judicial Council (Art. 60, par. 1). The President was granted the right to appoint presidents of the Supreme Court (Art. 61, par. 4), while the First President was elected (appointed and dismissed) from among the Supreme Court judges upon a motion of the President by the Sejm. These amendments were subsequently supplemented with the principle of subordination of prosecutors to the Justice Minister by way of a constitutional review on 29 December, 1989. The Little Constitution of 1992 envisaged two new solutions regarding the judiciary, apart from the division of power enshrined in Article 1. Firstly, the Little Constitution altered the interpretation of the previous provisions of the Constitution with respect to the independence of courts, and, secondly, Article 5 gave the Supreme Court the right to adjudicate on the validity of a vote and the validity of appointment of an MP against whom an objection has been formally raised. By virtue of Article 26 of the Little Constitution the latter provision also applied to the Senate and senators. Unlike the solutions used in the Little Constitution, the new Constitution of 1997 adopted a broad understanding of the notion of "the judiciary authority", both in terms of structure and functionality. Chapter VIII, entitled "Courts and Tribunals", lays down normative regulations of the judiciary. Here are contained the following regulations applying to: courts (Art. 175-185), the Constitutional Tribunal (188-197), and the Tribunal of State (198-201). Overall, judging the conception of the judiciary power enshrined in the Polish Constitution of 1997, it must be stressed that regardless of its doubtless significance for the judiciary it brings Poland closer to proven international standards in terms of citizens' rights to be heard before court and of judicial independence.


The authors analyze the possibility of prohibition on billboard advertising of sexual nature services from a broad interpretation in the best interests of children and adolescents.


Controlling skyrocketing college tuition costs will require parents, students, and other stakeholders in higher education to recognize that maintaining academic quality means accepting trade-offs in nonessential aspects of the college experience.


In this paper, we prove the partial Hölder regularity of weak solutions and the partial Morrey regularity to horizontal gradients of weak solutions to a nonlinear discontinuous subelliptic system with drift on the Heisenberg group by the

 A

 -harmonic approximation, where the coefficients in the nonlinear subelliptic system are discontinuous and satisfy the VMO condition for

 x

 , ellipticity and growth condition with the growth index

 1
 <
 p
 <
 2

 for the Heisenberg gradient variable, and the nonhomogeneous terms satisfy the controllable growth condition and the natural growth condition, respectively.


Objective-Clinical trials and observational studies have provided good evidence that early glycemic control leads to a reduction in complications and improved survival in diabetics. However, elevated risk of mortality has been reported at both the lower and upper ends of long-term glucose levels. Fear of hypoglycemia has been a significant factor in suboptimal glycemic control. In this retrospective analysis we aimed to identify the incidence of hypoglycemia and their precipitating factors in elderly diabetics on good glycemic control. Material and methods- Ninety seven elderly diabetic patients attending the cardiology Out-Patients Department of a super speciality private sector hospital from 1 December 2017 to 30 November 2018 were studied retrospectively. Their demographic profile, co-morbidities and pharmacological profile were recorded.
Incidence of hypoglycemic episodes and their precipitating factor were then analyzed. Result-Mean age was 71.7± 6.3 years, and 64 (66%) were male. Mean duration of diabetes was 7.3± 1.3 years. All patients had type II diabetes mellitus. Mean fasting and random capillary blood glucose levels were 116.5 ±8.7 mg/dl and 169.5±13.5mg/dl, respectively. Mean HbA1c levels of the study population was 6.8±1.14. Over the study
period, 23 (23.7%) patients experienced 39 episodes of any level of hypoglycemia. HbA1c Levels in the hypoglycemia group were not significantly different from those in no-hyperglycemia group (6.85±1.13 vs. 6.63±1.04). Mean random plasma glucose values were slightly higher in no-hypoglycemia group (170.9±14.5 vs 164.9±14.9), but the difference did not reach the statistical significance. There was a markedly significant
difference in mean fasting plasma glucose values between hypoglycemia and no-hypoglycemia group (101.8±8.9 vs 116.5±12.7). Sulphonylurea and insulin use was more frequent in patients experiencing hypoglycemia (9.6% and 52.2% respectively) as compared with no-hypoglycemia group (33.8% and 39.1% respectively). The most common preceding event was either skipping a meal in 12(30.8%) patients or an
unplanned change in diet in 23% patients. Conclusion- Patients with longstanding diabetes and loss of warning symptoms have increased risk of severe hypoglycaemic episodes. Risk of the hypoglycemic episode is better correlated with fasting plasma glucose levels and glycemic variability rather than with HbA1c Level. Sulphonylurea drug use was the only group associated with a statistically significant risk of hypoglycemia.
Skipping of a meal or a sudden change in the diet and alteration in antidiabetic drug regimen are the most important precipitating factors for hypoglycemia.


S FROM THE TRANSACTIONS THE RELATION BETWEEN THE TIME OF BEATING AND THE TRUE BEATING DEGREE. (STUDIES ON THE BEATING OF THE PULP. ‡W.1)) By Michimaro Nakano. (Received Nov. 16, 1929.) The author has investigated the beating phenomena of the stuff in the ball mill from the stand point of the wetness. The degree of wetness of the beaten stuff is most conveniently measured by using a tester devised by the author, as shown in Fig. 1. It consists of an open glass vessel of 6 cm dia. and of about 250 c.c. capacity. The mouth of the vessel is fitted with a rubber cork carrying an air-cock, and the bottom fitted with a wire gauze of 60 mesh, covered by a metal plate, between the wire gauze and the latter a rubber sheet being put to make watertight. 100 c.c. of beaten stuff corresponding to 1 gram of air-dry stuff are poured into the vessel and the volume is made up to 200 c.c. with water. The vessel is immersed in the water of the temperature of 20•Ž. and the content is well stirred until the temperature becomes 20•Ž. The rubber cork is inserted and the air cock is closed. The metal cover at the bottom is then quickly removed and the air-cock is opened. The time (in second) required for draining 100 c.c. of the water is measured by using a stop-watch. Firstly the influence of the water of imbibition on the velocity of increase of the true beating degree must be investigated as the degree of swelling of stuff fibres may differ a the beginning of, or during the beating. If the degree of swelling or, the quantity of the water of inmbibition has any influence on the velocity of increase of the true beating degree, the comparative investigation of beating would be impossible because of the practical impossibility to keep stuffs in the same swollen state in the beating operation. As reported in the previous paper2), the apparent wetness of the beaten stuff , W, can be analysed into two parts Wm and Wƒ¿, the former being the true beating degree and the latter the wetness due to the water of imbibition which is very sensitive to the temperature and to be easily lost by boiling. As we have no means to know the absolute quantity of the water of imbibition which is at the bottom of the wetness Wƒ¿3) ; we take the magnitude of W, as a measure for the quantity of the water of imbibition. In the studies of the effect of the water of imbibition on the stuff in beating, it is convenient to start with wet beaten stuffs. A definite quantity of a stuff of known wetness constants is divided into two equal portions and the one portion is beaten in the ball mill under definite conditions and the degree of ( 39 ) wetness is measured. Then the other portion is beaten under the exactly same conditions after the water of the imbibition of the stuff is driven out by boiling and then the degree of wetness is similary measured. By comparing both results, the author has always found that the values of W generally differed while those of Wm were equal with each other, as shown in Table 1, which shows that the water of imbibition or the so-called water of hydration, has no effect on the beating action, thus enabling us to study the beating phenomena, as we can reproduce the same result with the same sample irrespective its state of swelling.


Three species of Nepticulidae are recorded for the fi rst time from the Maltese Islands. Acalyptris minimella, Ectoedemia euphorbiella, and Parafomoria pseudocistivora are added to the previously recorded Stigmella aurella. A short description of the adults and notes on ecology are given. Information on the egg oviposition and number of mines on leaves collected locally is provided for all species. Adults and mines are illustrated and distributional data is also provided.


TO THE EDITOR: The article by Cooperberg et al can be added to a growing body of evidence indicating that gene expression signatures can assist in risk stratification of early-stage prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (RP). Before gene expression testing can be integrated into the management of localized prostate cancer, however, a number of key questions must be addressed. First, how do we determine which postprostatectomy patients should undergo gene expression profiling? In the Cooperberg et al study, it is notable that 42% and 65% of patients in the University of California, San Francisco and Scott and White Clinic cohorts, respectively, had Gleason score (GS) 6 disease. Given that the 15-year cancerspecific mortality of patients with GS 6 cancers is as low as 3%, we would argue that attempting to stratify clinical outcomes in GS 6 cancers after RP is not an optimal application of gene expression testing. Instead, we believe that gene expression profiling will have greater discriminatory value and, in turn, will be more cost-efficient if restricted to patients with higher-risk disease, such as GS 7 cancer. Interestingly, the high proportion of GS 6 cancers in the Cooperberg et al study is consistent with poor uptake of active surveillance for low or very low -risk prostate cancer in the United States. This leads us to question the applicability of this study's findings to patients outside the United States, where the adoption of active surveillance for lowrisk GS 6 disease has been more widespread (albeit incomplete). Second, can we utilize gene expression signatures to determine postprostatectomy management? Since biochemical recurrence was infrequent in low-risk disease irrespective of the cell cycle progression (CCP) gene panel score (Cooperberg et al, Fig 1B), we do not believe that it can be used to guide decision-making on the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in these patients. For patients with intermediate/highrisk disease, more striking differences were seen between groups stratified by CCP scores (Cooperberg et al, Fig 1C). Although the authors argue that this may assist clinicians in identifying patients most likely to benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy, it does not establish superiority for this treatment approach over delayed salvage radiotherapy. Prospective evaluation of the CCP gene panel has not been performed and we contend that it should only alter the postprostatectomy management algorithm for intermediate/high-risk disease if adjuvant radiotherapy is shown to significantly reduce biochemical recurrence rates in patients with poor-prognosis CCP signatures. Third, taking a broader perspective, how do we integrate the myriad of currently available data (and those that will be available in future) to improve risk stratification after RP? Although numerous gene expression signatures predictive of outcome after RP have been validated in studies stretching over a decade, we are left to ponder which of these has the greatest predictive utility. With rapid technological advancements in the field of genomics, we also question whether novel biomarkers identified by platforms such as nextgeneration sequencing will render prior gene expression studies obsolete. We must similarly consider what role circulating tumor cells and microRNA will play in risk stratification, noting that circulating tumor cells are detectable in early-stage prostate cancer and that microRNA expression has been shown to predict postprostatectomy outcomes. Tackling these various issues undoubtedly represents a major challenge and, in our opinion, will require collaborative studies that seek to combine genetic, molecular, and clinical data. Finally, we ask if gene expression profiling will influence pretreatment risk stratification of prostate cancer. In patients with GS 3 4 disease receiving needle biopsy or active surveillance protocols, it is plausible that gene expression signatures could identify those in whom definitive local therapy is likely to be of benefit. In this respect, we applaud Cooperberg et al for testing the CCP gene panel in preprostatectomy and active surveillance cohorts. Although not addressed by the authors, we believe that successful application of gene expression profiling in the pretreatment setting will require the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for accurate localization of a dominant lesion amenable to biopsy. Because an index lesion detected on mpMRI is less likely to contain GS 6 disease, this will also promote more selective utilization of gene expression profiling for higher-risk disease. Ultimately, we envision that an integrative approach employing mpMRI and active surveillance together with gene expression profiling could substantially alter management paradigms for localized prostate cancer, providing an important defense against overtreatment of low-risk disease. In conclusion, despite an ever-increasing catalogue of gene expression studies such as that presented by Cooperberg et al, determining how best to incorporate gene expression profiling into the management of patients with localized prostate cancer remains an ongoing challenge for both clinicians and researchers alike.


Rejoinder to Vilaca, Aparecida. 2018. "The devil and the hidden life of numbers: Translations and transformations in Amazonia." Hau : Journal of Ethnographic Theory 8 (1): 6–19.


AbstractThe Venice Charter has been the benchmark for principles governing architectural conservation/restoration for over thirty years. We asked Jukka Jokilehto to comment on the context in which it was drawn up. Now often referred to simply as the 'Venice Charter', the correct full name of this document (of which we print the text in an appendix) is: 'The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites', adopted by the IInd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice, 1964.


The invention provides a display object displaying method and electronic equipment. The method includes the steps that applications corresponding to display objects are classified according to a preset rule; according to the classification result, the display objects corresponding to the first class of applications are displayed in a first region in a first state; the display objects corresponding to the second class of applications are displayed in a second region in a second state; the display objects displayed in the first state and the display objects displayed in the second state overlap partially in the overlapping process, and the display objects displayed in the first state and the parts, which do not overlap with the display objects displayed in the first state, of the display objects displayed in the second state are displayed completely, wherein the first region overlaps with the second region. The technical effects of overcoming the defects of inconvenient use and low efficiency caused by existence of multiple application icons on the desktop of an operation system of the electronic equipment through a split screen technology at present are achieved.


Recent adversarial attack works attempt to improve the transferability by applying various differentiable transformations on input images. Considering the differentiable transformations and the original model together as a new model, these methods can be regarded as model augmentation that effectively derives an ensemble of models from the single original model. Despite their impressive performance, the model augmentation policies used in these methods are manually designed by experimental attempts, leaving the design of model augmentation policy an open question. In this paper, we propose an Automatic Model Augmentation (AutoMA) approach to find a strong model augmentation policy for transferable adversarial attacks. Specifically, we design a discrete search space that contains various diffierentiable transformations with different parameters and adopt reinforcement learning to search for the strong augmentation policy. The sampled augmentation policies together with the rewards they obtain during the searching process reveal several valuable observations for designing more powerful attacks using model augmentation policy: 1) Augmentation transformations on color space are less effective; 2) The transformation type diversity matters; and 3) Using small distortion for geometric transformations while larger distortion for intensity transformations. Extensive experiments show that the augmentation policy found by AutoMA achieves superior performance than existing manually designed policies in a wide range of cases.


Müller cells, the predominant glia of the retina, carry out many functions typically associated with glia: they take up neurotransmitters, maintain proper ionic balance, and contribute to retinal structure. Furthermore, after retinal injury, Müller glia change shape, secrete neuroprotective molecules, and help form scar tissue. In teleost fish, however, Müller cells have an unusual, additional function: they return to a stem-cell-like state, re-enter the cell cycle, proliferate, and produce multipotent progenitors that can generate any type of retinal neuron. By detailing this process, researchers hope to discover ways to induce similar retinal regeneration in humans. To understand how zebrafish Müller glia proliferate after retinal injury, Nagashima et al. focused on midkine-a, a growth factor that regulates the cell cycle in embryonic retinal precursor cells and is upregulated after retinal injury in adult fish. Loss-of-function mutations in midkine-a slowed, but did not prevent, retinal development; and light-induced photoreceptor death caused Müller glia to acquire a reactive phenotype, express stem-cell genes, and re-enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle in both wild-type and mutant fish. Expression of Achl1, an important driver of reprogramming, was somewhat lower in mutants, however. Moreover, a cyclin protein essential in the S phase of the cell cycle was not upregulated in mutant Müller cells, so the cell cycle stalled. Consequently, regeneration of cone photoreceptors was greatly reduced in mutant fish: whereas newly generated cones fully repopulated the retina by 14 d postlesion (14 dpl) in wild-type fish, few cones were generated in mutants, even by 28 dpl. Additional experiments suggested that midkine-a promotes cell-cycle progression by activating a tyrosine kinase (anaplastic lymphoma kinase), which leads to upregulation of id2a, a protein that inhibits cell-cycle inhibitors. Finally, whereas gliosis was transient in wild-type fish, it persisted through 28 dpl in mutants. These results suggest that midkine-a regulates the transition from G1 to S phase in dedifferentiated Müller cells in injured zebrafish retina. Notably, the prolonged gliosis that accompanied stalling of the cell cycle is similar to that occurring in injured mammalian retinas. Therefore, increasing midkine levels in mammalian retinas might not only promote photoreceptor regeneration, but also limit the damaging effects of gliosis.


Water pollution is becoming a serious threat to the environment. The access to safe drinking water, especially for the poor, is reaching an alarmingly low level, and the number of people suffering from kidney, stomach, and liver diseases, etc. is increasing every day. Among various pollutants, organic pollutants have major contribution in the contamination of water. These pollutants include toxic dyes, pharmaceutical compounds, industrial chemicals, and organic solvents, etc. Various routes are being employed for the removal/degradation of these pollutants. The use of nanoparticles (i.e., metal nanoparticles, nanocomposites, carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide-based nanocomposite materials) possesses significant position as photocatalysts. This chapter has a focus on the environment remediation using these nanomaterials and contains the recent work in this field.


ABSTRACT Despite the evidence concerning the substantial greenhouse gases emissions resulting from animal-based food production, climate policies and institutions around the world have barely made an issue of this link until very recently. To better understand this lack of attention, we focus on the discursive role of think tanks as prominent but under researched actors attempting to shape public policy. This contribution examines whether European think tanks have discussed animal-based diets regarding climate change policies and mitigation actions. We conduct a frame analysis study of 110 European think tanks, encoding all their available online output in English related to the link between global heating and animal-based food. We conclude that European think tanks have contributed to a manufacturing of ignorance regarding the impact our dietary choices have on the climate. Ideological reasons related to economic, anthropocentric and patriarchal worldviews explain this role.


We have established point-like contacts between a metallic surface and a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) tip and generated a localized magnetic field by injecting a current pulse through the contact. The contacts carry current densities on the order of 1013 A m−2. Magnetic imaging before and after current injection reveals domain nucleation and magnetization reversal on the sub-micrometre spatial scale in ultra-thin magnetic elements of Co and Fe epitaxially grown on Cu(1 0 0). This technique offers a way to apply a magnetic field to an ultra-thin sample in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) with nano-scale accuracy.


This study examined how social sharing and participating in secular political rituals regarding the March-Eleven (M-11) 2004 train bombings in Madrid, Spain, helps to cope with the wounds of trauma and enhances the reconstruction of a positive emotional climate. A questionnaire was completed by college students (63% of sample) and their relatives (37%) (N = 661) from five Spanish regions and eight universities at 1, 3, and 8 weeks after the bombing. Participating in demonstrations and experiencing a positive emotional climate, as reported a week after M-11, predicted the degree of social support and positive affect as well as the amount of posttraumatic growth reported at the 3-week period. Demonstrations (indirectly) and social sharing (directly) predict positive emotional climate 2 months after the attack. Participation in protest rituals or demonstrations, coupled with elections and changes in government office, helps overcome the effects of collective trauma and leads to an improvement of the emotional climate in the aftermath of a terrorist attack. Participating in ceremonies and rituals reinforces social cohesion and can be conceived of as a communal form of coping, which enhances a culture of peace.


Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disorder, usually occurring in children and young adults. A five year old male child presented with ulcers in lower left alveolar ridge with mobility of adjacent teeth of four months duration. After all relevant radiological and histopathological investigations final diagnosis of multicentric langerhans cell histiocytosis stage II was made. The patient was put on chemotherapy with CHOP (Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine and Prednisolone) regimen three weekly for eight courses. Now after six months of cessation of chemotherapy, the patient is in complete clinical remission.


This paper is concerned with the design and implementation of magnetic damper system to reduce the vibration of suspension system actively. Cylindrical type electro-magnetic actuator with permanent magnet is analyzed and effective controller design is made. Magnetic force analyzed and transfer function for the total system is determined by experimental data using error minimization method. For experiments, simple suspension structure system is utilized, in which a magnetic damper composed of permanent magnet and digital controller is attached. In order to drive the system, bipolar power amplifier of voltage control type is utilized. Stable and high speed control board is used to perform digital control logic for the given system. This paper shows that the magnetic damper system using phase-lead controller excellently reduces vibration of 1-D.O.F (degree of freedom) suspension system.


The invention is a hot metal dephosphorization method by using a top-bottom combined blown converter under the condition of slag splashing and converter protecting, belonging to the technical field of the steelmaking and mainly aiming at the hot metal dephosphorization under the condition of slag splashing and converter protecting. The method comprises the following steps: carrying out slag splashing and converter protecting by lance top-blown inert gas; adding dephosphorization agent into the hot metal bath level through a hopper mounted above the converter; supplying oxygen gas for the hot metal bath level from the top part by an oxygen lance; supplying inert stirred gas to the inside of the hot metal through an air supply system mounted on the bottom of the converter; effectively using the slag and the protection lining of the last heat and improving the dephosphorization efficiency through the operation of slag splashing and converter protecting. The invention has the advantages that the slag and the protection lining of the last converter-order is fully used, the dephosphorization efficiency is improved through the operation of slag splashing and converter protecting, and the final phosphorous content can be controlled below 0.02% by mass percentage.


The invention relates to box overturning equipment used for a box nailing machine. The box overturning equipment comprises an overturning device and an operation platform, wherein a rolling shaft conveying plate is arranged at the front part of the operation platform; a mounting groove in the middle of the operation platform is internally provided with the overturning device; the overturning device comprises a spring base; a retractable pull rod is arranged on the spring base; an overturning plate is arranged at the top of the retractable pull rod; the lower part of the retractable pull rod is connected with the spring base by a high-strength elastic force stretching device; the upper end of the retractable pull rod is connected with one end of a traction rod, and the other end of the traction rod slides in a slide groove formed in the front part of the spring base by a slide block; a pulley frame is arranged on the rear part of the operation platform. The box overturning equipment with the improvement can realize a double-faced nailing effect after a paper box is subjected to primary nailing and then the paper box is overturned to be subjected to secondary nailing, so that the box sealing effect of the paper box and the effect of reinforcing an external structure of the paper box are enhanced.


Microbacterium thermosphactum grew aerobically at 5°C on beef when the pH was as low as 5.4. It did not grow anaerobically if the pH of the meat was below 5.8, but grew readily at pH 6.0 or higher. On vacuum-packaged beef of pH 5.8 or lower, growth was dependent not only on pH but also on the oxygen permeability of the packaging film. Above pH 5.9 growth occurred with all the films tested.


Abstract The majority of our knowledge of avian energetics is based on studies of birds from temperate and high latitudes. Using the largest existing sample of wild-caught Old World tropical species, we showed that birds from Southern Vietnam had lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) than temperate species. The strongest dissimilarity between tropical and temperate species was the low scaling exponent in the allometric relation between BMR and body mass in tropical birds (the regression slope was 0.573). The passerine migrants to temperate and high latitudes had higher BMR than tropical sedentary passerines. Body mass alone accounted for 93% of the variation in BMR (body mass ranged from 5 to 252 g). Contrary to some other studies, we did not find evidence besides the above mentioned that phylogeny, taxonomy, behavior, or ecology have a significant influence on BMR variation among tropical birds.


[The solubility values of 2,2'-bipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline and the dissociation constants for the reaction H bipy (or H Phen) bipy (or Phen) + H + have been determined spectrophotometrically in isopropanol + water mixtures. The free energy of transfer (AG,) values of the ligands have been coupled with the free energy of transfer values of the above reaction to determine the free energy of transfer values of H + , H bipy and H Phen from water to isopropanol + water mixtures. Similarly the free energy transfer of ions in t-butanol + H z O and glycerol + H 2 0 mixtures have been determined from the data taken from the literature. The role of solvents on the dissociation constants of the ligands has been discussed in the light of ionsolvent interactions. The AG,°(H) of ions have been found to be increasingly negative with the increase in organic solvents indicating that the mixed solvents are more basic than water and the basicity maxima occur near ~ 6 0 wt% and ~ 4 4 wt% of isopropanol + water and t-butanol + water mixtures respectively.] The monohydric alcohol + water mixtures are known for their anomalous behaviours. However, the extent of this anomalous behaviour decreases with successive homologues. But marked abnormalities are observed for secondary and tertiary alcohols increasing in the sequences BuOH, Pr'OH and Bu'OH. Therefore, it may be of interest to study the dissociation constants of the ligands in isopropanol + water mixtures. The study of the "isoelectric reactions" of the type


The preparation,analysis and application of mono-oleic polyethylene glycol(400)phosphate were presented.Properties of the product,such as surface tension,wetting,foaming,emulsifying and skin irritation were investigated.The product obtained by transesterification displays better emulsifying and lower foaming property then that of other anionic and non-ionic surfactants.Emulsifying power achieves 1.5 times as large as that of Tween 80(indicated by oil-water separating time)and 1~2 times of other phosphate products.The product can be used in various industrial fields.


Objective:To investigate the changes of E-cadherin and Snail in cervical cancers and their relationships and the clinical significance.Methods:The expression of E-cadherin and Snail in 115 cases of cervical tissues was detected by SP methods.Their relationship with genesis and development of tumors was analyzed.Results:With the development of chronic cervicitis to cervical intraepithelial tumor-like lesion(CIN)to cervical cancer,the positive expression of E-cadherin was decreased and the positive expression of Snail was increased,the difference between various tissues was significant(P0.05).The expression of E-cadherin was negatively related to that of Snail(P0.01).Conclusion:In tissues of chronic cervicitis and CIN and cervical cancer,the expression of E-cadherin is gradually decreased and the expression of Snail is gradually in creased,which induced tumor cells easy to fall off,then infiltrate and metastasize,Snail regulates the expression of E-cadherin.


Summary Crystalline catalase exerts an antimicrobial effect when combined with iodide ions and a H2O2 generating system. The antimicrobial effect is optimal at pH levels below 5.0 and is inhibited by azide, cyanide, ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione, cysteine, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, methimazole, propylthiouracil, ergothioneine, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, formate, ethanol, NADH, NADPH, and tyrosine. The influence of catalase, of either leukocytic or microbial origin, on the antimicrobial activity of the leukocyte is considered.


A motorcycle when the rear combination lamp disposed within the housing, so that the rear portion rearward from the rear end of the rear cover, so as to avoid reducing the appearance of product performance, tail lamp and the winker lamp with a working lamp replacement is easily get on. In the mounted state of the lens (47) can be replaced with a taillight bulb between the rear combination lamp (41) and a lower rear fender (39) and the winker bulbs provided engaging means (80). The latch mechanism (80) can be switched combination lamp (41) after the pressing to the rear cover (38) engaging within, but also the rear combination lamp (41) is pulled out from the rear cover (38) to the rear buckle when released. An opening (55) provided in the rear combination lamp (41) of the upper stay (51) connecting a connecting member (74) on a vehicle body frame (F), the connecting member (74) disposed in the rear cover (38) upward toward the inner position while loosening operation can be performed from above.


Residents' satisfaction is a key indicator to measure the level of development of the city community public service. Based on the in-depth investigation of the Hunan Province, Changsha city, Combining the theory of customer satisfaction, building a statistical analysis model, the paper find occupation, residential area, residential types of residents in the background factors are the main factors affecting resident satisfaction. Public service perceived quality and perceived value, resident expectation, fairness are associated with resident satisfaction positively. It needs take many aspects to consideration to promote residents' satisfaction.


IT is generally agreed that the bleeding tendency in scurvy is due to a vascular defect, and Heilmeyer and Begemann (1951)~ Stefanini and Dameshek (1955), Sturgis (1955) and Wintrobe (1956) have stated that in scurvy there is a defect in the synthesis of the cement matter of the capillary endothelium and hence an increased capillary permeability. Stefanini and Dameshek (1955) have also mentioned that thrombocytopenia might be encountered in some cases of scurvy but they do not establish a relationship between this finding and the bleeding tendency in these cases. Except for these statements we have not encountered any report in the literature of a secondary thrombopathy in scurvy. Recently, we have reported a new method for investigating the platelets in the WillebrandJiirgais type of thrombopathy (Frank, Ulutin and Karaca, 1956; Ulutin and Karaca, 1956a, 1956b; Ulutin, 1957). In this disease, when the platelets are treated with distilled water, the 'third platelet factor' can be demonstrated. In the secondary thrombopathies, however, such as those which accompany liver disease, uraemia and sprue, platelets treated with distilled water do not yield the durd factor. In the case of scurvy now to be described, the same abnormality was demonstrated, and it is believed to be the first case of secondary thronibopathy in scurvy to be reported.


Bimetallic alloys are extensively used as catalysts because of their superior activity relative to the single constituent. Unfortunately, bimetallic catalysts suffer from complex deactivation. It is fundamentally important, but always highly challenging, to clearly elucidate the deactivation mechanism because of its complexity. Herein, the authors have endeavored to present a detailed study on the deactivation of Ni–Cu alloy catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes (Ni–Cu/CNT) for the thermocatalytic decomposition of methane. The activity of the catalysts was examined under two temperature-programmed modes, namely, a constant temperature mode and a cyclic heating–cooling temperature mode. The methane conversion, carbon deposition rate and carbon yield of the catalyst were recorded as a function of time. The structures of the resulting filamentous carbons were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis. The effects of the reaction temperature and copper content on the methane conversion, lifespan and carbon yield of the catalyst were investigated. The structural properties of the resulting carbons were correlated with the deactivation mechanism. It was found that the deactivation of the Ni–Cu/CNT catalysts is rather complex, which involves three deactivation mechanisms – atomic erosion, fragmentation and copper segregation. Under the constant temperature mode, the deactivation of the Ni–Cu/CNT catalysts is mainly attributed to the fragmentation of Ni–Cu nanoparticles at temperatures over 700 °C while atomic erosion plays a dominant role in the catalyst deactivation when the working temperature is less than 700 °C. Under the cyclic heating–cooling temperature mode, the activity of the deactivated Ni–Cu/CNT catalysts can be partially restored due to the re-establishment of the alloy surface composition after cooling to room temperature. Meanwhile, fragmentation of the Ni–Cu alloy also takes place under the cyclic heating–cooling temperature mode, which is responsible for the activity decay at each cycle and eventual catalyst deactivation.


The Economic Impact of the Value Chain of a Marcellus Shale Well Site examines the direct economic impact of a Marcellus Shale well located in Southwestern Pennsylvania. This study seeks to fill a critical information gap on the impact of gas drilling and extraction from Marcellus Shale deposits deep underground: an assessment of the economic impacts – emphasizing the direct economic impact, rather than just focusing on the perceived benefits and impacts affecting the region. Our analysis is based on extensive field research, including a site visit and interviews with industry participants. It is further cross-validated by examining similar costs for development of Marcellus Wells by a vertically-integrated exploration and production firm.


Even though the analysis of materials exhibiting different tension/ compression characteristics was recognized by Saint-Venant in 1864, the concept had not received much attention from the research community. The concept of a bi-modular material was revisited by Timoshenko in 1941, while considering the flexural stress in such a material undergoing pure bending. Moreover, the investigation of fracture related problems involving bi-modularity has apparently not been vigorously addressed in the literature so far. To the best of the authors' knowledge there have not been much work done for SIFs and J-integral for bi-modular materials like nuclear grade graphite. In the present study, COMSOL Multiphysics®, finite element analysis software has been used to evaluate the deformation, stress, and the J-integral in 3D for a bi-modular three point bend cracked specimen as shown in Figure 1. The properties of nuclear grade graphite material were available from graphite design hand book, 1988. It is well known that the computation of J for 3D is a challenging task even for a unimodular case due to the presence of additional area integral term. Due to the availability of stress dependent elasticity formulation required for the constitutive equation in bimodularity in COMSOL Multiphysics, the authors are motivated here for the studies of J-integral in 3D for nuclear grade graphite. Figure 2 represents the variation of the J-integral with respect to the ET/EC ratio for ten different integration contours around the crack tip. It is reflected that the path independency is well preserved here. The degree of path independency is going to be slightly inferior in nature as the ET/EC ratio deviates from the value of unity. Also it is observed that the Et/Ec ratio influences the value of the J-integral significantly. Fig. 3 describes variation of total J integral with respect to the load level at different ET/EC ratio. For very low load level, it is apparent that all the J-values merge into a single parabolic curve for different ET/EC ratio, however with increase in load level, strong divergence in the J-value occur for different ET/EC ratio. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of the bi-modularity on the computation of J-integral values cannot be neglected.


A new selection rule for transmission under small voltage for molecular electronic devices consisting of alternant hydrocarbons is established, based on curly arrow drawings of the displacement of electrons through the conjugated system of the molecule. If the displacement of electrons from one contact atom to the other can be drawn, transmission is possible. If not, then no transmission will take place. This simple, back of the envelope ansatz allows determination of quantum interferences for a wide range of experimentally studied molecules (linear polyenes, benzenoids, cross-conjugated molecules, ...) avoiding any calculation. This new selection rule bridges the conceptual gap between traditional reactivity theory and molecular electronics.


THE increasing use of low‐wing monoplanes has emphasized the susceptibility of this type of aeroplane to detrimental wing‐fuselage interference. This interference was first indicated by the inferior aerodynamic characteristics of the low‐wing as compared with the high‐wing monoplane.


On the basis of summarizing the ethnic ideas of former Greeks,Aristotle,according to the Greek actual demand in his time,expounded what the differences were between Greeks and barbaric races,why barbaric races were accustomed to servility,how the servility of barbaric races influenced their autocracy,and why the Greeks' keeping barbaric races in bondage were valid,and so on.Aristotle's enslavement ideas of race had great effects on the formation and development of prominent-occidentalism,occidental centricities,and reasonable aggressive theory.


In this paper, higher-order localized waves for a coupled fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation are investigated via a generalized Darboux transformation. The [Formula: see text]th-order localized wave solutions of this equation are derived via Lax pair and Darboux matrix. Evolution plots are made and dynamical characteristics of the obtained higher-order localized waves are analyzed through numerical simulation. It is observed that rogue waves coexist with dark–bright solitons and breathers. The presented results also show that different values of the involved parameters have diverse effects on the higher-order localized waves.


Liquid capsules with an elastic membrane surface in simple shear flow are considered beyond the regime of small deformations. A simple model is introduced to give a mathematical description of an elastic membrane in viscous flow. The question of whether there is a steady state of a system of a single membrane in external shear flow is studied. It is found by analytical considerations that the possible steady-state flows are restricted by symmetry. The evolution of the membrane in time is found by numerical calculations. For a single spherically symmetric membrane, I find by numerical simulations, a steady-state shape and its dependence on the shear strength. For nonspherically symmetric membranes we see that there is no steady-state shape in general, but by numerical simulations I find that the shape changes can become periodic. This leads to a new alternative explanation of previous experimental results. The stress tensor of the membranes and the effective viscosity of a dilute system of elastic membrane...


As more cases of perianeurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis causing ureteral entrapment are reported in the urological literature, it becomes evident that preoperative evaluation of the urological tract is extremely cogent not only to evaluate renal function, anatomy and distortion but also to decide whether ureterolysis need be added to the vascular surgical procedure. Recently Friedel, Smith and Herman added a tenth case of perianeurysmal fibrosis to the world urological literature. Nearly simultaneously we were treating a patient with an abdominal aneurysm and mid-ureteral entrapment and would therefore like to add our case from the vascular surgeon's viewpoint.


Fifty seven strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum isolated from typical diseased potato plants in ten different areas were examed for pathogenisity on tomato and potato,and oxidative utilization of three kinds of disaccharide(maltose,lactose and cellobiose)and three kinds of hexy1 alcohol(mannitol,dulcitol and sorbitol).Some physiological and biochemicial characteristics were determined The results indicates that isolates of potato bactertial wilt had three biotypes in Yunnan province .Most isolates belong to BiotypeⅢ(17/57)and a new biotype (31/57)which couldnt utilize dulcitol and the rest beolongs to Biotype V(9/57) A complex infection phenomenon was first reported that different biotypes of isolats were isolated from same potato plant


The European Water Framework Directive (EC WFD/2000/60) states that all coastal surface waters should achieve Good ecological status by the year 2015. For this purpose waterbodies have been classified, and a subsequent step is to establish monitoring and management plans for each waterbody. We assess what is an optimal, cost-effective sampling design in monitoring zoobenthos for WFD purposes in complex archipelago waters in the northern Baltic Sea. Zoobenthic grab samples were taken from three archipelago areas of different exposure, and the results of two different sampling methods were compared: the traditional replicate sampling method (3–5 replicate samples at each station) and a proposed single-sample method (no replicate samples). The choice of sampling strategy did not affect the general results on basic community parameters. The ecological status of the areas was somewhat over-estimated when the single-sample strategy was used. The replicate design turned out to be more cost-effective as it is less time-consuming in shallow archipelago areas, especially when small boats and hand-held equipment are used. Further, the replicate sample strategy was more conservative in assessing the ecological status, which may prevent too optimistic status classifications of specific waterbodies.


A seed production program has the purpose, producing and providing enough quantity, in the time required, at a reasonable cost and in the place where seeds are needed. In this sense, it is set by the demand of a consumer sector. The purpose of this research was to: identify the environmental, productive, and commercialization characteristics of the food legume germplasm available for the implementation of a seed program in the El Chaupi community, Loja canton. Thus, in this research the technique of observation and application of structured surveys was used. Likewise, they were applied to the producers of the "El Chaupi Community Association", who are willing to produce seeds and to the producers of legumes from the valleys of Malacatos, Vilcabamba, of the Loja canton. El Tambo, La Vega of the Catamayo canton, to know the demand for seeds of food legumes.
The seed production plant in Chaupi will be able to produce more than 2500 qq/year of legume seeds. Especially shrubby beans; standing out the varieties such as: mantequilla, blanco Imbabura, percal, blanco belen, Vilcabamba. These kinds of seeds are highly accepted in the Lojano market, for its adaptation and performance in the warm valleys of the province of Loja.

Keywords: Seed production, food legumes, beans, quality seeds.


Deep learning has shown powerful performances in many fields, however its black-box nature hinders its further applications. In response, explainable artificial intelligence emerges, aiming to explain the predictions and behaviors of deep learning models. Among many explanation methods, counterfactual explanation has been identified as one of the best methods due to its resemblance to human cognitive process: to deliver an explanation by constructing a contrastive situation so that human may interpret the underlying mechanism by cognitively demonstrating the difference. In this tutorial, we will introduce the cognitive concept and characteristics of counterfactual explanation, its computational form, mainstream methods, and various adaptation in terms of different explanation settings. In addition, we will demonstrate several typical use cases of counterfactual explanations in popular research areas. Finally, in light of practice, we outline the potential applications of counterfactual explanations like data augmentation or conversation system. We hope this tutorial can help the participants get an overview sense of counterfactual explanations.


Summary Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been found to be an effective way of combining a variety of fault detection attributes exhibiting discontinuities that line up along particular 3D orientations. The Barnes (2006) discontinuity-filter method can be used to further enhance these results. Fault detection is improved using phase discontinuities obtained using Constrained Least Squares Spectral Analysis (CLSSA; Puryear et al., 2012) which is a higher resolution spectral analysis method than the short time Fourier transform (STFT). As CLSSA has reduced spectral smoothing relative to the STFT it potentially can produce a higher resolution discontinuity attribute. Based on this feature, CLSSA is applied in the Barnett Shale to detect faults. As compared to coherence and curvature, the resulting PCA fault-attribute better resolves minor tectonic and karsting-related faults.


Ranieri and colleagues1,2 have proposed a simple mathematical equation (Paw(t) ≈ atb+c) where a, b, and c are constants that relates airway pressure, Paw(t), over inspiration (0 ≤ t ≤ ti) in constant flow mechanical ventilation to ventilator-induced lung injury. They have correlated b with low-volume stress (b ≤ 0.9), high-volume stress (b ≥ 1.1), and minimal stress (0.9 ≤ b ≤ 1.1) in the lungs. In this paper we examine the theoretical underpinnings of this empirical equation and show that it has a relationship to the upper and lower inflection points of the Pelastic - V curve during inspiration. An alternative equation that comes from the theoretical analysis of this type of mechanical ventilation is presented. Both equations are compared using experimental data.


The governing equations of transverse motion and heat conduction of a homogenous, isotropic, thermally conducting, Kelvin–Voigt-type medium, based on Kirchhoff–Love plate theory, are established for out-of-plane vibrations of a generalized viscothermoelastic circular thin plate. The analytical expressions for thermoelastic damping of vibration and frequency shift are obtained for generalized and coupled viscothermoelastic plates. It is noticed that the damping of vibrations significantly depends on mechanical relaxation times and thermal relaxation time in addition to thermomechanical coupling in a circular plate under resonance conditions. The surface conditions also impose significant effects on the vibrations of such resonators. The numerical results may also be illustrated in the case of a circular plate and an axisymmetric circular plate for clamped and simply supported boundary conditions for fixed aspect ratio, fixed radius, and fixed thickness, respectively.


A cDNA of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) gene (rbcS) was isolated from cells of the liverwort Marchantia paleacea var. diptera. The rbcS was expressed light-independently in a green line, but light-dependently in a yellow line. The accumulation of the large subunit of RuBisCO was regulated cooperatively with that of the small subunit.


Based on the successful experiments of scientists at Purdue University in evolving high lysine content of corn, the Rockefeller Foundation was able to formulate in December 1965, an international programme in quality improvement of the cereal grains consumed by man and


British Rail has recently initiated the industrial development of specified multiplex push pull control equipment for electric locomotive applications. The authors show how investigations were carried out in order to: assess the validity of the performance requirements in this specification; to prove the feasibility of operating processor-based equipment in the hostile environment of an electric locomotive; and to acquaint the manufacturers of the equipment with the railway environment. >


On-line detecting and fault diagnosis plays a more and more important role to high-voltage breakers. In the coil current waveforms of the circuit breakers, we can find a lot of information about the breaker by detecting some critical points. But when the waveform has noises or some critical points are too close, traditional method may cause mistake result. The paper trys to use a Mathematical Morphology method to solve the special problems, the result proves the method is effective. All the study is carried out with real field data, which is captured by operating on-line monitoring system of high voltage circuit breaker.


Overhearing is a plan recognition approach for monitoring multi-agent systems, by listening to the routine inter-agent communications. Previous investigations of overhearing explored an extensive set of techniques for overhearing, mostly relying on the assumption that all inter-agent communications are accessible to the overhearing agent. However, in real-world settings, overhearing resources are limited, and thus the overhearing agent must be selective in carefully choosing the conversations it will overhear. This paper presents an empirical study of such selective overhearing. We focus on overhearing hierarchical organizations that are common in the real-world settings. We first present a model of the conversations expected in such organizations. We then present the results of extensive experiments with several overhearing strategies, particularly suited for such organizations. Based on these extensive experiments, we are able to isolate the parameters influencing their behavior. We reach several qualitative conclusions.


Donepezil (DPZ) is generally administered orally to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, oral administration can cause gastrointestinal side effects. Therefore, to enhance compliance, a new way to deliver DPZ from transdermal patch was developed. Ionic bonds were created by dissolving dicarboxylic acid and DPZ in ethanol, resulting in a stable ionic liquid (IL) state. The synthesized ILs were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The DPZ ILs were then transformed to a suitable drug-in-adhesive patch for transdermal delivery of DPZ. The novel DPZ ILs patch inhibits crystallization of the IL, indicating coherent design. Moreover, DPZ ILs and DPZ IL patch formulations performed excellent skin permeability compared to that of the DPZ free-base patch in both in vitro and ex vivo skin permeability studies.


The invention relates to a timepiece component (1) that has an aperture (7) for receiving a support element (3) and includes a clamping system (13) for exerting radial force, enabling said timepiece component to be secured to said support element. According to the invention, the clamping system (13) includes a radial clamping device (15) that has a crown (6) for exerting said radial force and a concentric, blind recess (8) spaced apart from said aperture, to allow a travel for the crown. Moreover, the clamping system (13) further includes a device allowing a travel (17) that has a second, concentric, blind recess (10), spaced apart from said first blind recess (8), and located on the opposite surface to said first recess, to allow said crown a greater degree of freedom relative to said support element. The invention concerns the field of timepieces.


There are many demands of helicopter for emergency transportation and forest fire suppression in Korea where has many mountains and islands. For this reason, many helicopters are used in Korea, and various situations are occurred in flight of helicopter. Therefore, it is important to optimize helicopter in the conceptual design simultaneously to consider operation uncertainties. In this study, robust design optimization was performed with helicopter conceptual design and performance analysis tool which used simple analysis methods and empirical equations. For the operational uncertainties, temperature of atmosphere and poor maintenance and drag increase by change of airfoil characteristics.


The food market is demanding natural antioxidants either to be applied to food or cosmetic and nutraceutical purposes. Plants are very rich in polyphenols that have diverse biological functions, such as defending plants against microbiological attacks, becoming essential to plant life. The bark of Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. atlantica is known to have a great amount of polyphenols with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. P. pinaster has a large area of distribution in the northwest of Portugal, making this source a biomass feedstock of great interest for the food industry in Portugal. Therefore, embarking on the trend of circular economy, polyphenols are being extracted aiming for the exploitation of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties as a food additive in a variety of food matrices. This chapter aims to provide a more insightful view of the chemical composition, extraction methods, and food applications of pine bark of Pinus pinaster Aiton subsp. atlantica polyphenols.


Objective:To study effect of different excipients on quality parameters of Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet,in order to provide a scientific basis on process optimization of actual production.Method: Four kinds of Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet were developed by wet granulation and tableting with different accessories,cumulative dissolution was determined by small glass method,similar factor of dissolution curve was fitted,model of dissolution mechanism was fitted.Result: In 4 kinds of different Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet,there were significant differences between sample Ⅰand Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ of hesperidin dissolution curve,there are no significant differences among Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ;dissolution of hesperidin was fastest of sample Ⅱ,and cumulative dissolution was highest;Dissolution behavior of hesperidin was closest to the kinetic equation.Conclusion: The best accessories of Jianwei Xiaoshi tablet was dextrin,sucrose,magnesium stearate and so on.


Dr Beck's comparative description of forensic psychiatry in the UK and the USA is generally on target. One of its more useful insights is that the differences that are there tend to stem from different conceptions of the relationship between government and the individual. Another important point is that differences 'on the books' frequently soften, if not disappear, when one looks at actual practices in the respective countries. Still, there are occasional points in the article where one is prompted to dissent from Dr Beck's description and analysis. In particular, there is a sense that if the article had been more forward-looking, more commonality would have been found between US and UK ways of doing psychiatric forensics. In most respects, mental health law and practice in our two countries are more similar today than in the past and will probably continue to grow closer together. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.


Improved measurement methods are presented for measur- ing both AM noise and FM noise from microwave oscillators, The !khottky barrier diode deteetor is used to measure AM noise 170 dB be- low the carrier in a 1 Hz bandwidth. A new discriminator is presented that has a measurement threshold below 0.001 Hz rms in a 1 Hz bandwidth. The useof a storage oscilloscopeand waveanalyzer to study noise modu- lation is disenssed. The new discriminator and storage oscilloscope can be used for short-term stability measurementsfor intervals up to 100 Seeonds. analyzer. To learn something about the signals, we must separately determine the amplitude and frequency modula- tions. This requires the AM detector to not respond to FM and conversely. For relatively low modulation frequencies, both AM and FM are important; while, for oscillators employing some kind of resonator, at modulation frequencies in the range typically used as intermediate frequencies (> 10 MHz) the AM predominates and is usually cancelled by a balanced mixer. At this time, the greatest need for sophistication is in the measurement of AM and FM at modulation frequencies less than a few hundred kHz. The measurement program for studying noise performance of cavity stabilized klystrons (3) offered us an opportunity to lower the threshold of the measuring equipment and at the same time provided a very low noise source for evaluating the equipment. The noise measuring equipment consists of three basic sections: 1) an amplitude demodulator, 2) an angle demod- ulator, usually a frequency discriminator, and 3) a baseband noise analyzer. We will discuss each of these sections sepa- rately with emphasis on the methods of calibration and determination of noise thresholds. Finally we will discuss the application of this type equipment for the determination of short-term stability.


In this paper, a new fast Hartley transform (FHT) algorithm-radix-22 suitable for pipeline implementation of the discrete Hartley transform (DHT) is presented. The proposed algorithm is developed by integrating two stages of the twiddle factor decomposition together into single butterfly, and applying the multidimensional index mapping technique. Radix-22 algorithm achieves at the same time both a simple and regular butterfly structure as a radix-2 algorithm and a reduced number of twiddle factor multiplication provided by a radix-4 algorithm and, unlike radix-4, can be applied to any transform length that is power-of-two with simple bit reversing for ordering the output sequence. The algorithm performance is analyzed and the number of multiplications and additions are calculated. Furthermore, a method for reducing the number of multiplications and additions is proposed, making it possible to noticeably improve the arithmetic complexity as compared with the existing FHT algorithms.


This research examines the gang sign board that uses the name of a wayang character as a marker. The purpose of this study was to determine the name of the wayang character and describe the character of the wayang that is on the gang sign board in the Probolinggo city. This study uses a qualitative method using two theoretical approaches namely, Landry and Bourhis Linguistic landscape and the theory of cultural symbols from Bastomi. The data collection techniques in this study used a tool in the form of a photo camera. Data collected in the form of photos containing the writing of the name of the wayang character on the gang sign board and then associated with cultural aspects of the character wayang characters. The results of this study indicate there is one group name namely Pendawa, and five names of wayang figures namely Nakula, Sadewa, Bima, Kresna, and Srikandi. Related to the characters that are owned, the five names of wayang characters have different characters but all of them represent the good side. This research is expected to be useful in exploring language data in a linguistic landscape frame with a cultural approach.


The mathematical apparatus of the optimal choice of technical means of protection of system space-deleting objects is justified. As a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the protection system designed the maximum area behind the considered objects is defined.


This study reviews the methods and findings of earlier translanguaging research with special emphasis on their implications in view of the national development plans stated in Saudi vision 2030. Notably, Saudi Arabia is striving to adjust to the multilingual immigrant workforce on its soil, while the Kingdom envisages a larger role for its people on other soils. In this changed paradigm, strengthening the Saudis' English communicative proficiency is an emergent need. To make pertinent pedagogical recommendations on the use of translanguaging in language learning, the study gathered data using a questionnaire administered to 72 participants from separate EFL departments at King Faisal University, and a focus group interview with three participants from one Department. Findings revealed that the Saudi EFL students strongly support the use of translanguaging in the EFL classrooms, but they are worried that it may not bring their proficiency to the desirable standard. They, thus, showed greater faith in the conventional language learning approach, viz., using only English in the EFL classes. The study concluded that learners" exposure to translanguaging is apparently not adequate in KSA for them to fully fathom its benefits, and teachers who, so far strictly keep to the English-only approach, too need to be oriented and trained in its use.


We theoretically study whether an environmentally conscious or "green�? citizen ought to bicycle or take public transport to work. Focusing on the criterion of travel time minimization, we construct and analyze a simple stochastic model that sheds light on the above question. Our investigation leads to three findings. First, we compute the expected amount of time it takes to commute to work. Second, we derive a key inequality condition and show that only two cases need to be considered to determine whether a green citizen ought to bicycle or take public transport to work. Finally, we provide an intuitive explanation of why it suffices to consider only two cases to answer the question in the title of this note.


Alternative weed management strategies to better control weeds in the Wet tropics without relying on diuron are presented in this report. Seven field trials comparing the efficacy of alternative pre-emergent herbicides to diuron applied to trash blanketed ratoons showed that Bobcat® i-MAXX efficacy was similar to Barrage at 4kg ha. Balance®, Flame® and Barrage at 900 g ha often required a mixing partner to enlarge their efficacy spectrum to control the different weed species present in the block and to extend their efficacy duration. Two field trials comparing the efficacy of pre-emergent herbicides in plant cane showed that most cost effective control strategies included PSII herbicides. The new non PSII herbicide Valor® was effective when only a short period of control was required. The mix isoxaflutole and imazapic was very cost effective ($28 / ha) but could result in phytotoxicity on cane if used in an inappropriate soil type and a rainfall event moved the herbicides to the cane root zone. Four field trials comparing alternative strategies to spot spray Barrage to control stools of Guinea grass showed that none of the direct spray techniques and herbicide strategies achieved an acceptable control of Guinea grass stools in the cane row. A pot trial showed that a mix of Balance® at 75 g 100L and Daconate® at 1.5L 100L was the most effective herbicidal option to use as a spot spray, however it is not endorsed by the products' labels. Four runoff field trials comparing the runoff losses of 16 herbicides registered in cane using rainfall simulations showed that runoff losses of pre-emergent herbicides were largely driven by their application rate, with the exception of pendimethalin and flumioxazin which were less prone to runoff. Four cover crop field trials showed that cowpea alone or cowpea mixed with lablab and millet were the best weed suppressants, as long as the cover crops were sown at twice the standard sowing rate and before any weeds germinated. These cover crops performed in no-till, zonal till and full tillage systems. This report also identified a suitable methodology and a service provider for routine screening of new varieties for herbicide susceptibility. Since 2016, a two-step screening program including a pot trial pre-screening in year one and a field trial in year two to determine any potential cane yield reduction is being carried out by SRA as part of the variety release program. Sugar Research Australia Final Report Project 2014/050 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pre-emergent herbicides based on diuron (a PSII herbicide) are convenient and cost effective against weeds; however they are closely monitored by the Australian and Queensland Governments which aimed to reduce pesticide pollutant loads by 60% within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) by 2018. In 2014, alternative strategies were urgently needed to maintain control of the weed population, especially in the Wet Tropics that contributed 61% of the GBR's total annual PSII pollutant load. This project focused on developing cost effective weed management strategies as alternatives to diuron and PSII herbicides for their wide range of applications. A series of replicated trials were undertaken to assess the efficacy of: alternative pre-emergent herbicide in plant cane and in green cane trash blanketed ratoons; directed spray and spot spray herbicide strategies to control established Guinea grass; and mixed cover crop species to control weeds in fallow. The impact of the alternative pre-emergent strategies to diuron on runoff quality were assessed using replicated rainfall simulations. Fifteen field demonstrations and grower field days were carried out throughout the lifetime of the project to communicate the project findings. The results from the trials on alternative pre-emergent herbicides in plant cane showed that all tested herbicide treatments were equally effective against the weeds in the trials for the first 30 days. When longer control was required, imazapic mixed with metribuzin or amicarbazone (Amitron®registration pending); or metribuzin mixed with ametryn or metolachlor were the best options, especially on Guinea grass seedlings. When convolvulus vines were present, isoxaflutole alone was less effective than the other tested treatments. From an environmental perspective, all treatments that achieved a very good weed control had a lower impact than diuron on the water quality, with the exception of the treatment with ametryn that presented a higher environmental risk compared to diuron. The results from the trials on alternative pre-emergent herbicides in trash blanketed ratoons showed that imazapic + hexazinone (Bobcat® i-MAXX) was the most efficient broad spectrum herbicide with efficacy similar to diuron + hexazinone (Barrage) at 4 kg ha (high rate now banned in the Wet Tropics). The upcoming active ingredient amicarbazone (Amitron®) was particularly effective against broadleaves and vines but its efficacy against grasses was limited. Similarly, imazapic, isoxaflutole or Barrage at 0.9 kg ha used alone were not controlling enough weed species and would require a mixing partner to enlarge their efficacy spectrum when required by the weed species present in the block. From an environmental perspective, all treatments had a lower impact than diuron high rate on the water quality. In our trials, Bobcat® i-MAXX was at least six times less toxic in runoff water than Barrage high rate. Amicarbazone, imazapic and isoxaflutole were at least twelve times less toxic than Barrage high rate. The results from the runoff trials showed that most pre-emergent herbicides runoff losses were largely driven by their application rate, with the exception of pendimethalin and flumioxazin. The herbicide loss coming from trash blanketed plots was similar to the bare soil plots, suggesting no impact of trash blanket on herbicide runoff in ratoons. To reduce the impact of pre-emergent herbicides on runoff water quality, herbicides effective at low application rate should be favoured when possible. The results from the trials on directed spray and spot spray herbicide strategies to control established Guinea grass showed that none of the tested directed spray strategies resulted in acceptable control in the cane row. The herbicide mix (isoxaflutole + MSMA) sprayed on the grasses in the cane row was the most effective grass treatment; however it only generated strong phytotoxicity symptoms and growth reduction on the grasses without achieving an acceptable grass control. On the other hand, it resulted in strong phytotoxicity on cane and reduced cane yield. Asulam also delayed grass growth without achieving an acceptable grass control, but it was a safer Sugar Research Australia Final Report Project 2014/050 5 option on cane and resulted in the highest cane yield. While all of the application methods tested (shield, QDAF dual spray bar, octopus leg) failed to control the grasses in the row, they were effective to control the grasses in the interrow. Spot spraying trials showed that isoxaflutole mixed with MSMA was the most effective herbicidal strategy to control Guinea grass; Bobcat® i-MAXX was only efficient if sprayed at high rate (2 L 100L) and Barrage was only effective if sprayed at twice the recommended rate (2 L 100L) and to the point of runoff. Product labels do not currently endorse any of these effective spot spraying strategies. The results from the trials on mixed-species cover crops showed that cowpea alone or mixed with lablab and millet were the best weed control options and seemed adequate for no-till, zonal till and full tillage systems, as long as the cover crops were sown before weeds germinated. In wet conditions, the full tillage system was more challenging for mixes with Rongai lablab species, whereas Ebony cowpea was fully adapted to extreme wet conditions. Japanese millet performed well in all farming systems: the early germinating millet outcompeted the weeds in the early stages after sowing, while the legumes emerged and competed with the weeds a few weeks later. The range of alternative strategies to diuron that are presented in this report have been widely communicated to the industry through grower field days, project update meetings, SRA research forums, conferences, CaneConnection, newsletters and media releases and the information has been relayed to the SRA adoption group and the productivity services to contribute to practice changes. Limited information on the response of new sugarcane varieties to herbicides was available in 2014, and information being collected was not done using a standard protocol or across all varieties. In this project, a methodology and a service provider were identified for routine screening of new cane varieties for herbicide susceptibility. A two-step screening program including a pot trial prescreening in year one and a field trial in year two to determine any potential cane yield reduction has been validated and this activity has been carried out by SRA since 2016 as part of the variety release program. Sugar Research Australia Final Report Project 2014/050 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................. 4 TABLE OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... 8 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... 10 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 12 2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Identify alternat


Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most menacing disorder in Ayurveda, and it is equated to Madhumeha. The concept of Prakriti (human constitution) can be applied for manifestation and prognosis of diseases. Therefore, in this study, we intend to study Pradhana Sharira and Manas Prakriti (dominant bodily and mental constitution) in Madhumeha (DM)) participants. Materials and Methods: Prakriti of 103 participants of DM was assessed as per Prakriti assessment pro forma. Vata-, Pitta-, and Kapha Dosha (bodily humors)-dominant Prakriti were analyzed according to the characteristics found in participants. Results: Nearly 38.46% Kapha Pradhana Prakriti and 41.5% Tamas Pradhana Prakriti participants were found maximum. Conclusion: Dominant Kapha and Tamas Prakriti have influence on the manifestation of Madhumeha (DM).


Fresh human plasma was incubated with urokinase to the extent that the thrombin clotting time was doubled. The clottable proteins were examined by N-terminal amino acid analysis. Increased amounts of N-terminal aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine were found, whereas N-terminal tyrosine and glycine remained almost constant. Urokinase-treated plasma, saturated with soluble fibrin (by subsequent incubation with traces of thrombin), contained 0.92 μmol of N-terminal glycine per μmol clottable protein, as compared with 0.24 μmol in normal, fibrin-saturated plasma. Thus, increased fibrin solubility probably contributes to the abnormal coagulation of plasmas containing fibrinogen degradation products.


Three studies were analyzed for estimating methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) flux from the application of dazomet. Two studies were conducted by BASF on commercial-sized acreages. A third study was a small-plot study primarily designed to test efficacy for a variety of soil fumigants including dazomet. The Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) monitored the latter. We confirmed our flux estimates for DPR study through independent calculations. In addition, we confirmed in detail the flux calculations for one BASF study. We are satisfied that both studies were analyzed for flux properly. DPR-monitored small-plot study yielded substantially higher flux estimates than the two BASF studies. In addition, stable conditions during a BASF study precluded straight-ahead regression analysis to determine flux. Based on these considerations, the divergence of flux estimates and stable meteorological conditions, we recommend that DPR conduct one or two further monitoring studies for dazomet on a commercial-size application. This memorandum is organized into three sections: (1) Detailed parallel analysis of DPR Study 212 period 1 (the highest flux estimate), (2) Confirmation of BASF calculations, and (3) Summary and recommendations.


The thesis starts with the analysis of the stability of the regenerative cutting chatter system. Based on the SAR image algorithm, the machine is processed in the processing steps of image denoising, image segmentation, target detection and recognition, focusing on the limit cutting width and random bed spindle speed W. The main factors affecting the stability of the machine tool cutting system are systematically analyzed, including the dynamic parameters of the main vibration system, and a SAR image segmentation method based on the global Maxflow neighborhood growth algorithm is proposed, which combines the texture and boundary information In combination, using C# as the development tool, designed a turning chatter stability limit prediction software, and systematically introduced the function realization and use method of the software.


Background  Studies of cases of acquired and inherited GPVI deficiency have made critical contributions to the understanding of the pivotal role of GPVI in collagen mediated platelet signaling.


The aim of this document is to show how Fluidity can be used to set up typical indoor simulations under a range of conditions. Further information can also be found in the Fluidity manual and online http://fluidityproject.github.io/. The purpose of this document is to allow a new Fluidity user to quickly become independent and start running simulations early on. Despite its length, it should be read carefully and followed step by step. Concrete examples will be used and developed along this document, all sections being equally important. In addition, the tricks and information given might be directly experience based and as such might not appear in the Fluidity manual.


In this paper, the problem of time to recruitment is analyzed for a single grade manpower system using an univariate CUM policy of recruitment. Assuming policy decisions and exits occur at different epochs, wastage of manpower due to exits form a sequence of independent and identically distributed exponential random variables, the inter-decision times form a geometric process and inter-exist time form an independent and identically distributed random variable. The breakdown threshold for the cumulative wastage of manpower in the system has three components which are independent exponential random variables. Employing a different probabilistic analysis, analytical results in closed form for system characteristics are derived


There are two types of S21 Notice and it is important that the correct one is issued to the tenant.


The US teen pregnancy and birth rate continues its 10- year decline reaching its lowest levels in 60 years. For those of us who work with pregnant and parenting teens this is welcome news. Recently two new patients reminded me of the continuing challenge to sustain and further reduce teen pregnancy rates particularly among those groups of teens still experiencing high teen pregnancy rates. Janelle is a 16-year-old African American who is grade appropriate and attends a large inner city high school. She had a positive pregnancy test and options counseling with her primary provider. She now presents for her first prenatal visit. She reveals that she became pregnant on her first and only sexual experience with her 15-year-old boyfriend. They had not used protection. "Were you worried about getting pregnant?" I asked. "No" she replied. "We really thought I couldn't get pregnant my first time." (excerpt)


The purpose of the study was to explore the possibilities of femtosecond laser-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty in patients with corneal opacities of various etiology. Materials and Methods. Femtosecond laser-assisted anterior lamellar keratoplasty (FALK) performed in 8 patients (4 males, 4 females) with superficial corneal opacities at the age from 16 to 20 years. Etiology of corneal opacities: in 3 cases keratitis of unknown etiology, 2 herpetic keratitis, 2 burns, 1 ulcer. Examination technics: visometry, autorefractometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, ultrasonic examination, optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment (OCT), confocal microscopy. Results. A year later all patients showed a clear layering graft retention. One year after surgery corrected visual acuity was on average 0.5 (0.2 1.0). According to the anterior segment OCT transplant adaptation was complete in all cases and full compliance with corneal transplant and recipient bed was achieved. In all casestransplants were uniform in all quadrants. According to confocal microscopy data we achieved a healthy graft with good density of keratocytes, normal stroma reflectivity, interface hyperreflektivity and several activated keratocytes. The average of endothelial cells density loss for one year after surgery was 1,8 %, what is comparable to the annual loss of endothelial cells as a result of natural involution processes. Therefore, laser radiation does not have an impact on the cornea deep layers during operation. Conclusions. Femtosecond laser application in the anterior lamellar keratoplasty allows to control all sections parameters (size, shape, depth and location), thereby reducing the risk of intra and postoperative complications. According to the anterior segment OCT data the thickness of layered graft and the recipient bed was the same in all quadrants after surgery, indicating the precision of this surgical method.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To produce a porous calcium carbonate based compd. consisting of particles exhibiting a specified property and excellent in dispersibility, transparency, oil absorptivity, moisture retention, etc., by allowing the calcium carbonate to react with a phosphoric acid based compd. SOLUTION: The calcium carbonate is allowed to react with the phosphoric acid based compd. (e.g. KH 2 PO 4 ). In this way, the porous calcium carbonate based compd. consisting of the particles which satisfies formula I, II, III, IV, V and VI is obtained. In each formula, d x is an average grain size (μm) calculated with an electronmicrograph; α is a dispersion coefficient; β is sharpness and particle size distribution, and the smaller the value, the sharper the particle size distribution; Sw is a BET specific surface area (m 2 /g) by a nitrogen adsorpting method; (x) is an oil absorption (ml/100g) and calculated by JIS K5101; (y) is a water absorption (cc/100g) and calculated by JIS K5101-19 by using water after taking 5g sample on an exclusive glass plate for calculating the oil absorption whose center is like a ground glass. The obtained porous compd. is suitable for cosmetics. COPYRIGHT: (C)1997,JPO


Background: The goal of this study is the identification of potential marker molecules for characterizing different basal cell carcinoma entities, to help improve clinical decisions for surgical resection therapy. Methods: Three different entities, sclerodermiform, solid and superficial basal cell carcinomas, were subjected to immunohistochemical microscopy and histomorphometric analyses for human α- (DEFA1/3; DEFA4) and β-defensins (hBD1/2/3) and special S100 proteins (S100A4/7/8/9). Thirty specimens of the three entities were evaluated. Analyses were performed by comparing tissue and cellular localization and staining intensities of tumorous with non-tumorous areas. Staining intensities were semiquantitatively examined by using an RGB-based model. Results: Human defensins are present in all three entities of basal cell carcinomas. They all show cytoplasmic immunostaining in cells of the epithelium, stroma and tumor. Notably, human β-defensin3 is accumulated in the cell nuclei of sclerodermiform and superficial basal cell carcinomas. S100A4 and A7 are undetectable in tumor regions. However, S100A4 occurs in cancer-associated stroma cells with nuclear staining in superficial basal cell carcinomas. Conclusion: Two candidates, namely hBD3 and S100A4, might be used as potential clinical tools for evaluating successful surgical resection therapy to avoid aesthetic and functional facial deformation.