In the formation and deployment of the distinctive terminology which Spaniards used to express their epistemological and moral concerns two Classical influences were of paramount importance: Stoicism and scepticism. The former has received substantial attention whilst the latter, due in no small part to the fact that its presence, whilst explicit and extensive in certain key intellectuals of the period, was more often occluded, has been almost entirely overlooked. Scepticism, none the less, forms a vital part of the intellectual environment in which seventeenthcentury Spanish preoccupations with knowledge and perception were formed; it shaped the nature of those preoccupations, the terminology and rhetoric used to express them, and the solutions created to address them. Despite the more visible presence of Neostoicism in Spanish thought, I propose to begin by considering the rediscovery of Pyrrhonism and the initial impact of scepticism in late sixteenth-century Spain on the grounds that, as elsewhere in Europe, this intensification of an already active Humanist interest in scepticism was the prime catalyst in actually making knowledge and perception such abiding and central preoccupations of the seventeenth century. The primary importance of the rekindling of interest in scepticism in the second half of the sixteenth century to the development of philosophy and science throughout the seventeenth century is widely accepted. This is largely due to a series of studies by Richard Popkin who has traced the history of scepticism from the sixteenth through to the eighteenth century, focusing on key figures such as Charron, Gassendi, Descartes, Spinoza, Bayle and Hume.1 As Popkin asserts, 'the theory of knowledge, as a or the central branch of philosophy, is a post-Renaissance phenomenon that develops from certain critical movements in Renaissance thought'.2 The movement that positioned the question of knowledge at the heart of philosophy was scepticism. Of course, the causal link between scepticism and the rise in prominence of epistemology should not obscure the importance of other ancient philosophies such as Platonism, Stoicism and


The success of a lecture lies in the contact with the audience. The paper analyses the way this contact is made. Methodical skill provides the "feeling of the audience" to the lecturer but largely it comes from his knowledge of the peculiarities of the audience. The modem type of a student is the intellectual having a particular frame of mind and particular ways of assimilating the subject matter. Although this category is not predominant it is the one which constitutes the psychological climate in a group and it is the one upon which the teacher ought to orientate himself in the main. This requires intellectual intensity and logical soundness of a lecture. The author sees the solution of the bias problem with regard to different specialities in taking account of specific habits of thought characteristic of students of different faculties and not in the choice of the specifically orientated subject matter.


A single-loop fourth-order sigma-delta(ΣΔ) interface circuit for a closed-loop micromachined accelerometer is presented.Two additional electronic integrators are cascaded with the micromachined sensing element to form a fourth-order loop filter.The three main noise sources affecting the overall system resolution of aΣΔaccelerometer, mechanical noise,electronic noise and quantization noise,are analyzed in detail.Accurate mathematical formulas for electronic and quantization noise are established.The ASIC is fabricated in a 0.5μm two-metal two-poly n-well CMOS process.The test results indicate that the mechanical noise and electronic noise are 1μg/(Hz)1/2 and 8μV/(Hz)1/2 respectively,and the theoretical models of electronic and quantization noise agree well with the test and simulation results.


In the days of our grandfathers a "professor of religion" was a "professing Christian," one who had experienced conversion and made a public profession of faith. In that sense the term is now almost obsolete, but that is not the sense in which I am here using it. I am thinking of college professors. On many a campus now you will not only find students extracting the rich juice of culture from the roots of dead languages, or distilling the clear spirit of science from the bodies of newts and scorpions; you may also perchance drop into a classroom where a puzzled student is saying, "Professor, I don't quite get the difference between the ka and the bai. Did the Egyptians believe a man had two souls?" Or you may hear another exclaim, "This Zoroastrianism is pretty good! I didn't know there was such a common-sense religion." Evidently the subject of instruction in this class is religion; but if that is so, what can you call the teacher but a professor of religion? In the college catalogue, of course, he appears as professor of Biblical literature, of religious education, or of the history, psychology, or philosophy of religion. The old expression, however, does very well as a general designation for all those who teach religion as a college subject. But how can religion be taught as a college subject? Can it be taught at all? And if it can, is the college classroom a proper place to teach it? As a matter of fact, is the man I am calling the professor of religion-whatever may be his particular field-really trying to teach religion, or is he simply teaching certain facts about religion? Does he treat religion as just one more object of intellectual curiosity, or does he seek to


3 Abstract: Antibiotic resistance is a complex dynamic problem, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality and increasing cost of treatment.In this retrospective study, we examined Gram-negative bacterial resistance ofimipenem, ceftazidime and cefepime in the samplessent to the laboratory of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in 2011-2012. Data of 1041 patients were included in our study. 50.8% patients were male and 49.2% were female.79.3% of sampleswere urine, 5.6% were blood and 15.1% were from other origins. 71.9% of cultures were E coli and 9.9% were Klebsiella and 18.2% were other organisms. Resistance rates of cefepime and ceftazidime were more than 50% in most of the organisms. Imipenem had high resistance rate, comparing to other studies, but less than 50% in most cases. Gram negative bacteria weredangerously resistant to 3 wide spectrum antibiotics evaluated in this study. Making new policies towards stopping the antibiotic resistance seems to beessential.


To the Editor: The most important approach in the treatment of congenital-infantile fibrosarcoma is surgery with maximal organ preservation and the use of chemotherapy that is minimally toxic. The most widely used chemotherapeutic regimen is the VAC [1–3]. Orbach et al. [4] reported that alkylating agent-free regimens were used only in 42% of patients and no spontaneous regression was observed. To the best of our knowledge, there is only one reported case of spontaneous regression of a fibrosarcoma in the literature [5]. Therefore, there is a need for further studies on optimal treatment protocols for such patients. Although we agree with Dr. Spicer concerning the drug doses, we planned the treatment protocol as mentioned in our manuscript due to metastatic nature of the disease, completely eroded tarsal and metatarsal bones and the suggestion of the need for amputation, in particular [6]. We consider tumor size, tumor location, the risk for surgical morbidity, and age of patients in chemotherapy planning for these patients with infantile fibrosarcoma. Risk factors for veno-occlusive disease (VOD) reported in the literature are previous abdominal radiation therapy, preexisting liver disease, vincristine, and actinomycin D [7]. Cyclophosphamide may not be a definite cause of VOD, because the dose of cyclophosphamide used in our case is lower than the dose causing VOD reported in the literature [7]. The most probable cause of VOD in our case was exposure to vincristine and actinomycin D. We accordingly changed the doses and schedule of VAC regimen.


IT SEEMS THAT what you wear influences how you behave and even your ability to perform, or as scientists name it, enclothed cognition. In fact a study this year led by Adam D Galinsky, a professor at the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University concluded that if you wear a white coat that you believe belongs to a doctor, your ability to pay attention increases sharply.


This study examined adults' ability to detect deception of children who provided true and fabricated descriptions of stressful and non-stressful events. Observers viewed video clips of children telling four different stories (true non-stressful, true stressful, false non-stressful, false stressful). The story conditions were presented by either four different children (Study 1), or by the same child (Study 2). Results indicate that overall accuracy of discriminating non-stressful events is greater when viewing stories given by the same child (above chance levels) compared to four different children (at chance levels). However no differences occur for stressful events. The current study supports the need for ecologically valid research examining the content of children's reports.


Amyl nitrite or sodium nitrite repolarised and relaxed sheep carotid arteries which had been depolarised and contracted by norepinephrine or histamine. These agents had little electrical or mechanical effect on unstimulated arteries. Epinephrine in the presence of phentolamine or Hydergine produced similar effects but the electrical changes were smaller and more variable than with the nitrites. All these agents could cause some relaxation, without electrical changes, of arteries which had been completely depolarised by potassium-rich solution. Bradykinin and angiotensin, like acetylcholine, depolarised and contracted the arteries even after actions via nerves had been blocked by nicotine and other agents. The effects that they produced when in sustained high concentration were limited in duration. All three agents could contract arteries which were completely depolarised by potassium-rich solution, without any electrical change. None of these relaxant or stimulant agents had any significant effect at 5°C. In canine carotid arteries, norepinephrine produced depolarisation and contraction as it does in sheep carotid arteries, but acetylcholine had variable electrical and mechanical effects. The results suggest that all these vasodilator and vasoconstrictor agents produce their mechanical effects on the arteries partly by changing the cell membrane potential and partly by other means.


This paper proposes a low-complexity binary divider for high-speed serial interfaces. In contrast that the previous parallel dividers require a large amount of hardware costs, the proposed divider achieves a low-complexity division by targeting the serial interface that is widely used for the recent digital communications. By modifying the linear feedback shift register (LFSR) architecture for polynomial division, the high-speed processing element is newly introduced to handle the serialized dividend input. As a result, the proposed serialized architecture reduced the area-time complexity by 75 times compared to the previous slow parallel divider.


This reflection explores the collision of anthropology and civic engagement, a combination that has come to define my senior research. My fieldwork at educational NGOs in Northern Richmond and Northern Ghana caused me to question the local relevancy of NGO management strategies. How can white, middle class teachers appropriately improve educational outcomes for low-income black students in Richmond? Is compulsory education appropriate training for Ghanaian farmers? Academic theories criticize "development" for furthering power against the oppressed, while the qualitative work of NGOs is quantified to fit the needs of grant writers. I find policy can never prescribe perfectly. In order for the management plans of educational NGOs to reflect local community perspective, teachers must self-identify as part of the community. My work as an ethnographer has caused me to reprioritize my identity as a citizen. Fieldnotes: Northside Richmond, 7/28/2010 "Ms. Grace, you know how to get there, right?" "I think so, Dwayne.... we turn left here, don't we?" "Yeah, its down this street at the end." Halfway into my internship with Kid's House (a pseudonym) i , I am still only somewhat comfortable finding my way around the neighborhood. After a full day of teaching and activities at the summer program for at-risk children, I am driving two program participants, Dwayne and Shamira, to their mom's house. They usually stay with their aunt but mom is off work today. My Corolla slides past New York Chicken; Fifth Street Baptist; Hotchkiss field; hair braiding shops; a corner store; people biking, walking, and standing on street corners, and kids running in yards. The landscape turns from commercial to residential. Rickety skeletons of spacious homes with wide yards hearken to the Victorian era. Now, many structures coldly face the street, their gaping window-eyes patched with plywood. 1 Leonard: My Community, Their Community Our Community Published by UR Scholarship Repository, 2012 "I can't wait to see my mama," Shamira pipes up. She adores her mother, and Shamira clamors for her mother's attention on the rare days her mother is free from work and has sufficient energy for her rambunctious children. As we pull up to their gray A-frame house, I talk to the kids about their plans for the weekend and we head to the front door. After a minute, Ms. Wright peeks out the screen door in her pajamas. She looks exhausted and is surprised to see us—she expected Dwayne and Shamira to be dropped off at the aunt's house. Shamira and Dwayne look at their mother with big eyes and Shamira grabs her arm. Ms. Wright looks at me tiredly and asks, "Are they staying here?" I am startled that she is deferring to me, the college student intern, to decide whether she will see her children today. I hesitate and look down at the bubbly kids. "Whatever they want to do..." Shamira immediately begs her mother to stay, and Dwayne wants to stay as well. Ms. Wright quietly concedes. I consider my relationship with Ms. Wright as I drive home. In Northside, I am a teacher, a mentor, an ethnographer and a friend. In a straightforward discussion of discursive power, it would be easy to simplify Ms. Wright as the local insider and myself as the unfamiliar "outsider" (DeLind 1998). In reality our identities within the Northside neighborhood are more complex (Crewe and Harrison 1998). I advocate for a development perspective that "places developers and the developed, self and other, within a common framework" (Van Ufford et al. 2005). At the Wright"s house, my identities are tied to authority. Though I may not be comfortable with Ms. Wright deferring to my decision, I can work to better understand her worldview so that in the future my decisions may be more sensitive to her work schedule. "Natives can be activists and 2 VA Engage Journal, Vol. 2 [2012], Art. 1 http://scholarship.richmond.edu/vaej/vol2/iss1/1 academics can be natives:" I cannot prescribe perfectly, and Ms. Wright can write her own story (DeLind 1998). Community development is fraught with contentions and risks. But, if we remain frozen in a theoretical critique of power, the oppressed will not have their consciousness raised (Van Ufford et al. 2003). The divide between the oppressed and the oppressor will limit each to their own reality. Education is commonly a part of the agenda to reduce poverty (Apple 1982). I seek to closely examine how Non-Governmental Organizations (I will use the abbreviation NGO to describe all non-profit organizations) work to support low-income Americans in Richmond and subsistence farmers in Ghana towards succeeding in formal school systems. As a representative of Kid"s House, I began to wonder if I had supported Ms. Wright as a parent, or if, in supporting the program goals, I was training her children away from her world. My fieldwork occurred in Richmond, Virginia during the summer of 2010, and in Tamale, Ghana in November 2010. In both settings I worked with NGO supplemental education programs in low-income communities: Kid"s House, in Richmond, and Literacy Support, in Tamale. I explored what organizations mean by "education" and how staff imagine positive change in the disadvantaged communities where they work. In Ghana and the United States, oppressed communities face similar injustices. Education in Ghana has been influenced by the bias and exclusion of colonialism, and in Richmond, schools have been influenced by the legacy of slavery and the civil rights movement. Historically, education worked to prepare individuals for life in their home communities. For wealthy classes, this meant cultivating a student"s abilities through a tutor. Rural families relied on community support networks to educate their children. As education became nationalized it began to embrace conformity within government boundaries. Rather than 3 Leonard: My Community, Their Community Our Community Published by UR Scholarship Repository, 2012 establishing the individual"s role in a local community, public school systems establish the individual"s role within the nation as a citizen and a worker (Burbules and Torres 2000). Students whose culture or livelihood contradicts with the public school"s agenda frequently face diminished educational outcomes (Bourdieu 1973). National standards in both Ghana and Richmond trace back to an Anglo-Saxon tradition of formal schooling, and this heritage communicates a problematic message about the culture of a successful citizen (Apple 1995). Increasingly, NGOs in Tamale and Richmond are realizing the tie between cultural backgrounds and educational outcomes. Moving forward, NGOs are poised to re-localize the process of education. The populations served by these educational NGOs would commonly be designated as "poor" by development organizations, academics, and the citizens" own governments (Moeser 2012). I find the term "poverty" in the English language simplifies the many ways an individual can be described and highlights their deficiency of economic and material resources. An economic definition discounts intrinsic cultural values associated with communities that lack wealth in the economic sense. Students and families who participate in educational NGO programs will often be termed "the oppressed" throughout the paper. Naming economically poor populations as oppressed speaks to the power exerted in the process of creating poverty (Freire 1970). The NGOs studied in this project are working against many types of oppressors: biased policies, racism, capitalistic goals, stereotypes, and an individualistic civic culture (Moeser 2012, Dreier 2000). Poverty does not exist passively: it is the byproduct of the active decisions of oppressors. Legitimized national school agendas have the power to encourage social conformity through discourse. NGOs must work to reconcile the conflicting norms of the oppressed and the oppressors. 4 VA Engage Journal, Vol. 2 [2012], Art. 1 http://scholarship.richmond.edu/vaej/vol2/iss1/1 I do not seek to critique management choices, but to analyze structures and rhetoric to better understand the flow of discourse from the boardroom to the classroom. My fieldwork shows that prescriptive policy will be imperfectly planned or imperfectly implemented. Academic research cannot expect to form ideal plans for social action (Van Ufford et al. 2003). As an ethnographer interested in empowerment, I must constantly evaluate the relationship of my work to the voices of oppressed people so "my thoughtful prescription for empowerment does not become an imposition of power itself" (Van Ufford et al. 2003). Ethnographers cannot expect to inform the conversation on social injustice and NGOs without becoming agents in processes of change (Mosse 2005). Research must resituate NGO management goals within the moments of implementation where goals must be justified. Fieldwork experiences caused me to question the authority academics have to evaluate these social processes. Near the end of my stay in Tamale, I wrote in my blog, "Whose idea was this? Social science is so weird and I don"t want to analyze this anymore." Upon the completion of my two very different fieldwork experiences, I felt privileged and confused. I had seen community support that fostered youth empowerment; however, these situations are challenged by theories regarding the impact of social class on academic success. For example, a student has "two and a half times as good a chance for admission to Harvard if his father went there than if he did not" (Hodges et al. 1985). According to Lareau (2002), child-rearing norms within the home reinforce class and race identities. How could I profess the significance of providing mentoring and educational support to oppressed communities when my own educational outcomes seemed so tied to social class? Both of my parents and I graduated from the University of Richmond. I struggled to justify the opportunity for empowerment from a place of privilege thro


The goals of this research are to understand the regeneration characteristics in diesel particulate filter(DPF) using the cerium additive and throttling. The effects of accumulated soot mass and throttling time were studied to avoid DPF failure. The major conclusions of this work include; ( i ) the pressure drop is increased with increases of the engine load and the engine speed.; (ii) the inlet temperature of the filter is increased by about 120°C with throttling time, 40 seconds which leads to sufficient temperature to regenerate; (iii) the filter temperatures are ranged around 600°C which is far belowed for filter melting temperature.


Phaeohyphomycosis describes subcutaneous lesions caused by dematiaceous fungi, brown-pigmented mould. In a camel farm in Saudi Arabia, the owner complained of cases of skin infection among camels. Lesions persisted after sarcoptic mange outbreak which was treated until the infection resolved. General examination revealed that four camels were affected showing alopecia, erythema, numerous small subcutaneous nodules and brownish blackish crusts. To collect specimens, affected areas were disinfected with 70% ethyl spacer (ITS) ITS1


The concept of promise stirs many to write. Among ethical theorists, a cottage industry flourishes, devoted to answering Hume's skeptical questions: What are promises? and Why are they binding? Among jurists and legal philosophers, the leading questions have been: When should promises be enforced? and What is the relationship between promissory and other forms of obligation? Among linguists and philosophers of language, the focus is different still. These scholars ask: What is the logical structure of the speech act of promising? and To what extent is promising a universal linguistic phenomenon? This widespread interest in promises and promising is driven by several factors. One is a belief that the moral and political stakes are high. Promising is not only a common way by which we come to have obligations. It is the simplest, most direct, and most individualistic way in which we voluntarily come to have obligations. If one wishes to account for social, political or moral obligation in a way that maximizes the scope of individual liberty, one likely will focus on promissory obligation and its potential to serve as basis for more complex—even non-voluntary—types of obligation. Another factor contributing to the interest in promising is the emergence of speech act theory as a framework for philosophical, linguistic, and to some extent jurisprudential, analysis. Speech act theory treats language as a system of verbal acts that effect changes in the world. A person cannot utter "Let there be light," and bring it about that there is light. But he might be able to utter "I hereby declare you husband and wife" and bring it about that Jones and Smith are married to each other. This perspective on language quickly leads to an interest in promising, since promising appears to be one of the most straightforward ways of altering the world through words. What seems simpler than changing one's relationship by uttering "I promise to ϕ"?


These comments are restricted to that part of the paper which deals with the Landau criterion for second order phase transitions in crystals. The method proposed by Lyubarskii is discussed and a detailed worked example is given Discussion du critere de Landau pour les transformations de phase du second ordre dans les cristaux et de la methode proposee par Lynbarskii pour certains groupes d'espace


The present work makes a qualitative analysis - from bibliographic research to
related articles and in sources with primary data such as official documents and reports
published by government entities - of commercial and political relations, between Brazil and
China in the period 1964-2015 with objective to clarify the extent to which there is a
horizontal or vertical relationship between agents in recent years. In order to do so, we sought
to describe and analyze the historical, commercial and political relations between them
through the prism of the Theory of the World System, associating them with the conceptual
prerogatives of International Relations. The relevance is due to the transformations that
occurred in the international system when it came from China to the status of global power
and the influence of the Asian country in the Latin American environment. The scrutiny
divided the bilateral relationship between the periods 1964-2000 and 2001-2015, since it is
considered that between the first analyzed period and the second there is evident
transformation in the behavior of the relation between the countries, mainly due to their
commercial relations. The research finds that in the beginning of the Sino-Brazilian relations
there was more engagement in development cooperation initiatives through technical
cooperation actions with characteristics considered from the South-South perspective.
However, in recent years, there has been a greater disparity in this relationship as a
consequence of increased trade, and, as a result, a greater dependence on Brazilian exports to
China, directly impacting on political relations, as well as an impact on the practices of the
cooperative relationship hitherto imposed. At the end, it is concluded that the interaction
between Brazil and China is beginning to have new characteristics in the XXI century, being
visible a verticalization of this relation, due to the increase of commercial exchange.


Sunken features backfilled with domestic refuse represent the prevailing depositional context-type in later prehistory worldwide. Despite being so, this evidence remains poorly understood and has only received sporadic attention, chiefly within Anglophone archaeologies. This paper focuses on ceramics from a suite of such intricate contexts (cut features, burials, settlements, barrows) from Iberia in a diachronic and comparative perspective, from the Early Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age (5500–1100 BC). A total of 10,800 potsherds were examined with a taphonomic and refitting protocol attentive to formation dynamics and tracking intentionality. Results suggest that most of the studied assemblages are unplanned by-products of social life. From the earliest pottery-using communities, habitual actions conditioned the eventual preservation of the extant archaeological record. Fragmentation and deposition were key social practices, ultimately representing enduring trans-cultural phenomena. This research challenges uncontested interpretive premises, namely the 'reflectionist' standpoint, and disproves consensual and undue concepts frequently used in mainstream accounts of later prehistory.


Summary The objective of this work was to study the effects of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae, and/or a phosphate-solubilising fungus (PSF), Mortierella sp. SM-1, on the rhizospheric niche of beach plum (Prunus maritima) when grown under 1% (w/v) NaCl stress. Salinisation adversely affected colonisation by AMF, microorganism populations, available-P, and hydrolysable-N concentrations in the soil, as well as phosphatase, urease, and proteinase activities in the rhizospheric niche of beach plum, resulting in a significant reduction (P 0.05) in the dry weight (DW) of the plants. Plants inoculated with AMF and/or PSF avoided these adverse changes. Combined inoculation with AMF and PSF promoted AMF colonisation, increased plant DWs, and significantly increased bacterial and actinomycete numbers on the root surface and in roots, and nitrogen-fixing bacterial numbers on the root surface of beach plum plants. Dual inoculation with AMF plus PSF also resulted in significantly higher phosphatase, urease, and protease activities, and higher concentrations of available-P and hydrolysable-N in rhizosphere soil than following a single inoculation with AMF or PSF. After 90 d of 1% (w/v) NaCl stress, soil pH values in the rhizosphere of beach plum plants co-inoculated with AMF plus PSF were significantly lower than in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated with AMF or PSF alone.We conclude that inoculation with AMF plus the application PSF synergistically improved the micro-ecological environment and increased soil fertility in the rhizosphere of beach plum, which improved the tolerance of these plants to saline stress.


By using the Harnack inequality of general diffusion semi-groups in space.We can estimate the transition density for reflecting diffusion processes.


Abstract Dynamics of a free-to-roll delta wing installed at high incidence in a wind tunnel is outlined using the experimental and mathematical modelling results. A simple analytical model applied allows us to simulate the multiattractor and chaotic dynamics observed in wind tunnel tests and thus to validate the used method for nonlinear and unsteady aerodynamics loads representation.


Induction motors are robust machines used not only for general purposes, but also in hazardous locations and severe environments. Although these are very reliable, they are susceptible to many types of faults. However, induction motor drive faults can be detected in an early stage, in order to prevent the complete failure of the motor drive and ward off unexpected production costs. In this paper, a simple diagnostic and detection method that allows the real-time detection and localization of single and multiple open-circuit faults in the voltage source inverter (VSI) for a three-phase induction motor drive system using just the motor phase currents, is presented. A model of the system is built using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results are presented showing the diagnostic method performance under distinct operating conditions.


Density wave oscillations (DWO) associated with refrigerant R134a in a uniformly heated horizontal in-tube boiling system were experimentally investigated. The experiment was performed in a range of inlet pressures P[5 – 12bar] and subcooled inlet temperature [8 – 24 C], maintaining constant heat fluxes q″[38kW/m2] and mass flux G[300kg/m2s]. The effect of the system parameters on the amplitude and period of the DWOs is discussed. In particular, it is observed that the period of the DWOs increases as the inlet pressure increases, but the slope changes as the flow regime at the outlet changes from annular-mist to mist flow.


A systematic study of I/O device designs for TSV 3D chip stacking is reported. For the primary ESD circuit using SCR, a twin well structure results in minimal transient overshoot current and voltage while its triggering voltage is higher than in Deep N-well (DNW) structures. For nMOSFET-based secondary ESD circuit components, the DNW should be applied to handle the current overshoot and the design rule should be further scaled.


The distraction epephysiolisis is performed to the I and V. Metatarsus, the both ends of the fibula and the tibia and the apper and of the femur of the experimental material which is obtained by the disarticulation of the left lower extremity of a 13 year old male patient with osteogenic sarcoma the forces which cause epiphysiolisis at these sections, the effects of the Kirschner vires through the epiphysis on the articulation cartilage and the effects of the distraction on the epiiphysial plate have been studied by various methods.


Abstract Updating a state's planning legislation is probably not an easy task anywhere in the nation. But a state like Illinois—which has had a great deal of local planning, but little tradition for state planning assistance—proved to be an especially difficult venue for reform. Planning advocates in Illinois had to convince the state's opinion leaders and its elected and appointed officials that there was even a need for a change. This article explores the four-year process that resulted in the passage of the first major planning law change in Illinois since the 1920s, the Local Planning Technical Assistance Act.


This research presents a novel method for the identification of human melanoma using computer vision techniques; to implement the C ++ programming language is used; the features are based on GLCM (gray level Co-Occurrence matrix) and classifier neural network type Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) was used, the percentage accuracy reached is 71.4286%, validation was performed using the cross-over method with 10 iterations (10-folds). The problem actually responds to the fact that there are many investigations that present a method to use to identify the human melanoma on images using various techniques, so a new method that works best under our reality is presented in this document.


In article development of digital models of administrative, technological and logistic processes for the large industrial enterprises on the basis of formation of an ecosystem of virtual doubles (avatars) with application of the methods of industrial analytics (Big Data) allowing to transform the existing processes by criteria of chains of value added is considered. The novelty of the offered approach consists in development of the complete theory and practical mechanisms of transformation of administrative, technological and logistic processes at the level of the separate enterprises with use of the latest information technologies (processings of large volumes of information, foggy calculations, digital avatars, technologies a blockchain, etc.) that will provide cardinal change of business processes at the enterprises and technologies of preparation and decision-making. The cross-disciplinary character of the offered research has caused a problem of inclusion in a scientific turn of new sources, reconsiderations of development of a scientific thought, the principles and mechanisms and also regularities of economic development on micro, meso – macro – and megalevels of management. Within the further researches it is offered to develop mechanisms of realization and to support the initiatives of formation of pilot projects (testbet) for development of the concept of digital factory (plant) (clever factory, virtual factory) regarding interaction of technologies of digital design and modeling. Introduction of results of the offered research in practice of management will allow to provide the general growth of economic and innovative activity of the industrial enterprises, reduction of average duration of realization of life cycle of investment and innovative projects and also increase in their quality. The social importance of the planned results of the project consists in obtaining the accompanying social effects of their practical introduction which, first of all, consist in the predicted increase in level and quality of life of the population ofRussia.


The study of human reliability has traditionally taken an ``error-rate'' approach, with the emphasis on identifying and reporting supposedly consistent and basic error-rate levels for various manual activities. This paper approaches the study of human reliability by identifying numerous factors that tend to increase the probability that errors will occur in computer-based business information systems. The major causal factor categories are personal, design, documentation, training, source data, man-machine interface, and environment. This causal factor approach suggests that most human-generated errors can be prevented by eliminating the factors that cause errors to occur.


Black Power has recently undergone a historiographical renaissance. Studies of the Black Panther Party have featured prominently in this effort, with several recent books and an academic conference helping to recast the meaning and legacy of this aspect of African-American nationalism. Moving beyond the "good sixties, bad sixties" narrative, scholars have begun to complicate the narrative of the Panthers and other proponents of Black Power, placing them in local, national, and historical contexts.[1] Historians such as Komozi Woodard and Robert Self have broadened this approach beyond the Panthers, showing the place of cultural nationalism in the AfricanAmerican freedom movement. Their work has begun to break down the misleading interpretation of Black Power as a declension from the earlier Civil Rights Movement. Self and Woodward instead argue that both ideologies were and are deeply intertwined expressions of AfricanAmerican aspirations for liberation.


The goal of this research is to provide basic data for energy efficiency in multi-family residential building designs and to contribute to its improvements. The goal is achieved by analysing the amount of energy use and the energy use patterns for different 'apartment housing units'. The apartment unit samples for the analysis are selected from 'J-apartment complex' constructed by a prominent construction company in South Korea. The samples are sorted according to several criteria such as 'floor plan size and configuration', 'exterior wall lengths', and 'building orientations'. The analysis is aimed to guide economic feasibility for energy saving designs in multi-family residential buildings. The final analysis is aimed to provide the standard for energy efficient multi-family apartment designs. Three inferences are made during this research. First, the energy usage and its cost escalate as the size of an apartment unit increases. Second, when the size of apartment units are same, the energy usage of each unit differs according to its orientation. Energy usage factors according to building orientations are as follow: South units(100%), South-West units(105.71%), South-East units(111.04%), South-West units with location disadvantage(112.38%), South-East units with location disadvantage (113.22%). Third, a set-back from the building mass creates micro-climate conditions and draws shadow on the apartment unit. It is proved by the analysis that such micro-climate conditions give the unit disadvantages for its energy efficiency.


Employer plans are a critical component of the U.S. retirement income system. The existence of these plans, especially the increasingly dominant 401(k)s, seems highly dependent on their favorable tax treatment. It is less clear, however, whether the employee contributions that fund these plans are a response to the favorable tax provisions or to the 'Christmas Club' nature of pensions that make saving automatic. This issue has become increasingly important, because the reduction in the taxation of equities to date, and the near elimination of equity taxation recommended by the President's Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, dramatically reduce the tax advantages of employer plans. Two questions emerge. Will employer plans survive in the absence of any tax advantage to saving within a plan as opposed to a fully taxable account? And if employer-sponsored pensions do not survive, will saving — and retirement saving in particular — increase or decrease? One could argue that making the favorable tax provisions available to all forms of saving could encourage people to save more. Or one could argue that the 'Christmas Club' nature of pensions is key, in which case a substantial retrenchment of employer-sponsored plans could dramatically reduce saving.


The paper presents research into the effects of the use of negations in directives (commands, suggestions and requests). Described are three experiments that tested effects of variously formulated instructions: direct (pay attention to) and negated (don't pay attention to) commands on focusing of attention. Two indicators of attention focusing were used: time needed to name the colors of stimulus words, and level of recollection of these words after completion of the color naming task. In consecutive experiments, the numbers of key words, colors and experimental groups were changed. The results showed that a direct command inßuenced all indicators of attention focusing. However, a negated command increased the level of key word recollection, too, although not always was it associated with the interference of the word content and the word color. Both, the automatic process that generates paradoxical effects of negated commands, and the controlled process of reasoning may be responsible for the results of the memory task.


Objective To study the prognosis after early diagnosis and treatment of infants with congenital esophageal atresia (CEA). Methods The treatment in 25 cases with CEA during the 1991~1998 period and the follow up data of 9 infants who survived were retrospectively analyzed. Results Pneumonia occurred in 89.47% of the infants with CEA which was diagnosed 2 days after birth. Anastomotic leaks after surgical operation occurred in 80%(4/5) of the cases in which the distance from the distal to the proximal esophageal pouches was 1.5~3.5 cm. The main causes of death were exacerbated pneumonia and complications secondary to anastomotic leaks after surgical operation. Conclusions Early diagnosis, improved intensive care, management and prevention of postoperative complication at the right moment are the key of successively operation on infants with CEA.


The volatile oils from leaves of Michelia chapensis Dandy and M. foveolata Merr.ex Dandy were isolated by organic solvent extraction and their components were analyzed and quantified by GC/MS. Then, the total anti-oxidation capacity and simulated SOD activity were tested. Forty-four compounds in M. chapensis were identified and the main constituents are aromatic (11.057%), ester (5.041%) and terpenoid compounds (19.772%). Fifty-two compounds in M. foveolata were identified, and their main constituents are aromatic (21.293%), alcohol (17.403%), alkene (6.909%), ester (5.657%) and alkane compounds (5.134%). The results showed that the two oils have strong anti-oxidation capacity and simulated SOD activity. The total anti-oxidation capacities were the highest when the volatile oil from M. foveolata was diluted by 50 times and that from M.chapensis by 100 times. The simulated SOD activity of volatile oil from M. chapensis was higher than that from M. foveolata, and CuZn-SODs in the two oils held 73%-74% of the total SOD. These results will provide scientific foundation for the exploration of the bioactivity of M. chapensis and M. foveolata.


The recent research of 3D laser scanning technology and error analysis are reviewed in the paper. 3D laser scanner is classified into radial 3D laser scanner, 3D laser scanner based on interferometry and triangulation 3D laser scanner. Considered the effects in the ways of instrument, reflector and scanning environment, its surveying error is analyzed.


A 3D metal organic structure of a p-block metal ion, Sn(IV) atom, formulated as [Sn(pydc)(HOC2H5)(CH3)2]2, was synthesized and characterized. This complex is binuclear with two bridging oxygen atoms of carboxylate groups. Each of the two Sn(IV) atoms is also coordinated by the chelate (pydc)2− ligand and two terminal CH3 groups as well as by one terminal HOC2H5 group. Based upon the molecular structure analysis, the coordination environment around each Sn(IV) atom is distorted pentagonal bipyramid. The hydrogen bonding between carbonyl and ethoxy groups of two neighboring neutral complexes produce the Zig-Zag arrangements.


In this paper, Aluminium metal matrix hybrid composite was fabricated using powder metallurgy, where MWCNT and burnt coal waste (pollutant) used as reinforcing materials. The density and hardness of specimen was calculated and influence of fly ash on them was discussed. It was observed that hardness had increasing effect for certain weight percentage of fly ash( up to 8 wt%) and above that level showed the negative effect on them. An increase of 63.6% in hardness and 107% in compressive strength was observed for the composite compared to pure aluminum. The increased ball milling time resulted in damage of CNT. Compressive strength test revealed that MWCNT along with fly ash addition resulted in the improvement of compressive strength compared to pure Al.


OBJECTIVE
evaluate the patient safety culture in the perspective of health professionals from a bone marrow transplantation unit of an oncology research center, at a reference hospital for cancer treatment in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

METHOD
a quantitative cross-sectional study that used the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire was conducted between August and September 2013. The study analyzed 33 professional surveys. Statistical data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics.

RESULTS
among the dimensions analyzed, only "job satisfaction" reached a mean score above 75, considered positive in terms of patient safety culture.

CONCLUSION
the dimensions of safety culture present in the survey have to be valued by professionals and managers to allow safe patient care.


Introduction: Abnormal foot posture and foot deformities have been identified as important factors in several foot and lower limb dysfunctions and pathologies. There is still no consensus over the optimum technique(s) to quantify these; hence a foot digitizer might be used as an objective measurement tool. The objective of this study is to check for the validity and the reliability of the Infoot digitizer. Methods: To investigate the validity of the Infoot digitizer in comparison with weight bearing X-rays and clinical measurements, both used in daily clinical practice, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and Bland-Altman plots were analysed. To investigate the reliability of the Infoot digitizer ICC, SEM, SDD and SDD% were calculated. Results and conclusions: Within this healthy population good validity could be demonstrated comparing the linear measurements from the Infoot 3D foot digitizer with the data from X-rays and clinical measurements. The majority of the obtained parameters proved to be very reliable.


The article describes some aspects of the attitude of modern student youth of two Russian regions to the concepts behind the word "religio" (religion). The latter is understood in connotation with three normative forms for the history of the Russian community: 1) as a basic spiritual and moral concept that underlies the life of every individual, the state and the entire human community as a whole (Cicero's «religio» paradigm); 2) philosophical and confessional legal norms of the 1000-year history of Christianity in Russia; 3) the phenomenology of humanism and religious tolerance in relation to the anthropological foundations of the individual and collective life of each member of the global community. The results of a survey of 235 students from Arkhangelsk and Vladimir on issues related to the modern attitude of young people to understanding the concept of religion are also reflected.


Objective To understand the health of the electronic waste (e-waste) treatment workers and the adverse effects of e-waste on the workers engaged in e-waste dismantlement.Methods Health states were assessed by questionnaire investigation on 226 e-waste dismantlement workers and 172 non e-waste dismantlement workers (control group).Results The prevalence rates of headache/vertigo(47.7%),tetter /itch (15.0%),nausea(11.1%),insomnia(9.7%),hypomnesia (5.3%),nasal obstruction(5.3%),and conjunctiva congestion(4.8%) in e-waste dismantlement workers were significantly higher than that in the control group,and it seemed that the severity of the symptoms was strongly related to the type of work.Furthermore,there was a tendency that rate of insomnia raised with the length of service in the circuit boards dismantlement group.Conclusion E-waste dismantlement will produce adverse effects on health of the employed workers.


Let Substr k ( X ) denote the set of length- k substrings of a given string X for a given integer k > 0. We study the following basic string problem, called z -Shortest S k -Equivalent Strings : Given a set S k of n length- k strings and an integer z > 0, list z shortest distinct strings T 1 , . . . , T z such that Substr k ( T i ) = S k , for all i ∈ [1 , z ]. The z -Shortest S k -Equivalent Strings problem arises naturally as an encoding problem in many real-world applications; e.g., in data privacy, in data compression, and in bioinformatics. The 1 -Shortest S k -Equivalent Strings , referred to as Shortest S k -Equivalent String , asks for a shortest string X such that Substr k ( X ) = S k . Our main contributions are summarized below: Given a directed graph G ( V, E ), the Directed Chinese Postman (DCP) problem asks for a shortest closed walk that visits every edge of G at least once. DCP can be solved in ˜ O ( | E || V | ) time using an algorithm for min-cost flow. We show, via a non-trivial reduction, that if Shortest S k -Equivalent String over a binary alphabet has a near-linear-time solution then so does DCP. We show that the length of a shortest string output by Shortest S k -Equivalent String is in O ( k + n 2 ). We generalize this bound by showing that the total length of z shortest strings is in O ( zk + zn 2 + z 2 n ). We derive these upper bounds by showing (asymptotically tight) bounds on the total length of z shortest Eulerian walks in general directed graphs. We present an algorithm for solving z -Shortest S k -Equivalent Strings in O ( nk + n 2 log 2 n + zn 2 log n + | output | ) time. If z = 1, the time becomes O ( nk + n 2 log 2 n ) by the fact that the size of the input is Θ( nk ) and the size of the output is O ( k + n 2 ).


High-speed machining is an effective modern machining method used in die-cast material processing, to increase the efficiency, quality and accuracy of the machined surface and to reduce costs and machining time. The aim of this research is to explore the technological strategy and influence of the processed materials on the 3D surface roughness parameters and provide recommendations for manufacturers on how to obtain the prescribed surface roughness parameters. This paper covers analysis of the following factors: feed rate, manufacturing strategy, overlap and material influences on the most characteristic 3D surface parameters. The results are based on ANOVA—analysis of variance—where differences between groups of means are analysed using a collection of statistical models. This method enables the comparison of three or more group variables for statistical significance. The present paper provides analysis and relevant conclusions on the most significant impact factors: material and the high-speed milling manufacturing strategy.


We present a planar magnetic metamaterial fabricated using 3D direct laser writing and silver chemical vapor deposition as well as a negative-index bi-anisotropic metamaterial metallized via silver shadow evaporation. Calculations and experiments show good agreement.


Solar evaporation is considered a promising technology to address the issue of fresh water scarcity. Although many efforts have been directed towards increasing the solar–thermal conversion efficiency, there remain challenges to develop efficient and cost‐effective solar–thermal materials from readily available raw materials. Furthermore, further structural modification of the original biomass structure, particularly at multiple length scales, are seldom reported, which may further improve the solar–thermal performance of these material systems. Herein, a novel low‐cost system is developed based on a common bio‐waste, pomelo peels (PPs), through a bioinspired fractal structural design strategy, fractal carbonized pomelo peels (FCPP). This FCPP system shows an extremely high solar spectrum absorption of ≈98%, and marvelous evaporation rate of 1.95 kg m−2 h−1 with a solar–thermal efficiency of 92.4%. In addition, the mechanisms of the evaporation enhancement by fractal structural design are identified by numerical and experimental methods. Moreover, using FCPP in solar desalination shows great superiority in terms of cost and its potential in sewage treatment is also studied. The present work is an insightful attempt on providing a novel proposal to develop bio‐waste‐derived solar–thermal materials and construct biomimetic structures for efficient solar evaporation and applications.


We give sufficient conditions for a graph to be traceable and Hamiltonian in terms of the Wiener index and the complement of the graph, which correct and extend the result of Yang ['Wiener index and traceable graphs', Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 88 (2013), 380–383]. We also present sufficient conditions for a bipartite graph to be traceable and Hamiltonian in terms of its Wiener index and quasicomplement. Finally, we give sufficient conditions for a graph or a bipartite graph to be traceable and Hamiltonian in terms of its distance spectral radius.


The right to privacy is highly cherished, and continues to set the terms for many debates about the Supreme Court's role. I argue that this focus is outdated and misleading because the Court itself has made a conscious effort to move away from the rhetoric of privacy in the decisions upon which this role-based commentary tends to focus. I trace this evolution in jurisprudential thought from Justice Harlan's separate opinions in Poe v. Ullman (1961) and Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), in which he argues for liberty-based interpretations of the personal decision-making issues; to Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), in which some of the dissenting justices suggested that the Court should resurrect liberty in order to diffuse the criticism that the unenumerated term privacy generated; through Lawrence v. Texas (2003) where the return to the text approach won the support of a majority of the Court. The change between Bowers and Lawrence is explained as a conscious effort by a group of justices, led by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, to show that, constitutionally speaking, liberty is a right of which privacy is merely a constituent value. I substantiate my conclusions by drawing on Justice Kennedy's pre- and post-confirmation speeches, and the papers of Justices Marshall, Blackmun and Brennan.


Image Inpainting is an art of modifying the digital image in such a way that the modifications /alterations are undetectable to an observer who has no idea about the original image. Image Inpainting is technique in which it mainly used to filling the region which are damaged and want to recover from unwanted object by collecting the information from the neighboring pixels. In this paper here they provide an analysis of different Exemplar based techniques used for image Inpainting. This proposed work presents a brief comparative study of different Exemplar based image Inpainting techniques. Keywords-


The magnetic nature of Cs{sub 2}AgF{sub 4}, an isoelectronic and isostructural analogue of La{sub 2}CuO{sub 4}, is analyzed using density functional calculations. The ground state is found to be ferromagnetic and nearly half metallic. We find strong hybridization of Ag-d and F-p states. Substantial moments reside on the F atoms, which is unusual for the halides and reflects the chemistry of the Ag(II) ions in this compound. This provides the mechanism for ferromagnetism, which we find to be itinerant in character, a result of a Stoner instability enhanced by Hund's coupling on the fluorine ions.


Transformer coils with shaped single turnblocks as secondaries wers investigated for pulsed magnetic field production. Principles of such coils are discussed, and their electrical characteristics are calculated. The gain of ths field due to flux concentration and the special current distribution is examined, and experimental results obtained with model coils are discussed. (D.C.W.)


Based on many years' teaching practice of the author, this article discusses the reading problems and some reading skills that students should grasp.


We present the mapping of a class of simplified air traffic management problems (strategic conflict resolution) to quadratic unconstrained Boolean optimization problems. The mapping is performed through an original representation of the conflict-resolution problem in terms of a conflict graph, where the nodes of the graph represent flights and the edges represent a potential conflict between flights. The representation allows a natural decomposition of a real-world instance related to wind-optimal trajectories over the Atlantic Ocean into smaller subproblems that can be discretized and are amenable to be programmed in quantum annealers. In this paper, we tested the new programming techniques, and we benchmark the hardness of the instances using both classical solvers and the D-Wave 2X and D-Wave 2000Q quantum chip. The preliminary results show that for reasonable modeling choices, the most challenging subproblems which are programmable in the current devices are solved to optimality with 99% of probability within a second of annealing time.


As the representative work of Confucianism, The Analects has a tremendous influence on Chinese and Western culture. And translation plays an important part in the cultural communication of The Analects. This paper attempts to explore how the ideological factors influence the cultural transmission of Confucianism through a comparative analysis of the translation of the key concepts in the two versions by James Legge and Ku Hungming from the ideological perspective. In the process of comparison, the paper focuses on the important role of the ideology plays in the translation through a discussion of the diversities of two versions and the reasons behind the translation strategy. The paper concludes with a consideration of how ideology imposes on translation for cultural transformation and change.


The usual methods of investigation of asymptotic expansions of the various types of Bessel Functions show that the remainder is less in absolute value than the first term neglected. A more refined result was obtained by Stieltjes for K0(x) and certain other functions of order zero; he found an asymptotic series for the remainder and showed that the error due to stopping at one of the smallest terms is of the order of half the first term neglected. Watson notes that it would be of some interest to obtain corresponding results for functions of any order, and this is the object of this note. The method is quite different from that of Stieltjes.


In the current concept, tRNA maturation in vertebrate cells, including splicing of introns, trimming of 5' leader and 3' trailer, and adding of CCA, is thought to occur exclusively in the nucleus. Here we provide evidence to challenge this concept. Unspliced intron-containing precursor tRNAIle was identified in Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Northern blot, confocal microscopy and quantitative RT-PCR further verified enrichment of this unspliced tRNAIle within the cytoplasm in human cells. In addition to containing an intron, the cytoplasmic precursor tRNAIle also contains a short incompletely processed 5´ leader and a 3´ trailer, which abundance is around 1000 fold higher than the nuclear precursor tRNAIle with long 5' leader and long 3' trailer. In vitro data also suggest that the cytoplasmic unspliced end-immature precursor tRNAIle could be processed by short isoform of RNase Z, but not long isoform of RNase Z. These data suggest that precursor tRNAs could export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in human cells, instead of be processed only in the nucleus.


Prominent Malay novelists present Islam as a folk model that structures modern Malay peasant views of the Malaysian political system. Pious Muslim characters in these novels are symbols of the political potential of Islam; the novels themselves reflect a rejection, by many Malays, of democratic models of society that restrict religion to the personal sphere. Islamic resurgence is not solely an expression of social conflict. [Malay culture, Islam, Islamic revival, education, religion]


The article deals with the analysis of the specifics of attitudes towards assisted reproductive technologies, assessment of the scale and need for the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Moscow based on the data of the author's study "Demographic well-being of Russia" conducted in late 2019 – early 2020. The analysis shows that Muscovites stand out against the background of Russians by their attitude to the use of methods of abortion and contraceptive behavior, assisted reproductive technologies, assessment of their reproductive health. The need for ART in Moscow is lower than in many regions of the country. That is caused by the assessment of their state of health, which may affect the need for the use of ART and by a model of reproductive behavior of metropolitan residents, characterized by lower reproductive attitudes against the background of all-Russian indicators. The leading role among the obstacles to the use of modern reproductive technologies in the capital, in contrast to the situation in the regions, is played by psychological motives and doubts about the safety of ART. Muscovites – Women are more favorable than Muscovites – Men to the use of modern reproductive technologies. The existing trends suggest that in the future the need for ART may decrease. Voluntary childlessness becomes a socially approved strategy. Such a trend is still most pronounced in large megacities, an example of which is Moscow.


Recognizing the importance of body scheme for the overall development of the child, our goal, in this work was to investigate the development of body scheme for students aged 6 to 10 years with complaints of learning difficulties, referred to the Division of Motor Assessment and Intervention – NAIM / LADEHU / UDESC. The study included 39 children, 24 boys and 15 girls from public schools of Florianopolis, Southern Brazil. The body scheme was assessed by the Scale of Motor Development – EDM. All participants showed delayed development of General Motor Age and Motor Age of Body Scheme. The deficit increased with the chronological age of the participants and the classification of General Motor Quotient and Motor Quotient of Body Scheme was much lower. The data suggest that the development of motor skills, body scheme in particular, are fundamental to the development of essential skills to academic learning.


OBJECTIVE Investigation of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia from genital urinary tract specimens and susceptibility of Ureaplasma urealyticum(Uu) strains to antimicrobial agents. METHODS The Sure Step TM Chlamydia kit was used for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma culture kit from Shanghai OUPU Biomedical Co. Ltd. for isolation of Ureaplasma. Combination of Ureaplasma culture and susceptibility testing kit from Zhuhai Langfeng Biotech Co. Ltd. for isolation and susceptibility testting of Ureaplasma. RESULTS For 400 specimens, there were 134 Uu strains(33.5%), 44 Mycoplasma hominis strains(Mh, 11.0%) and 35 Chlamydia trachomatis strains(8.75%). Nity six Uu strains were more than 89% susceptible to doxycyline, josamycin, azithromycin and minomycin. CONCLUSIONS The Mh was the second most common pathogens in genital urinary tract specimens. So the pathogens in genital urinary tract will be underestimated if only the Uu is detected. The Uu has been resistant to common use antibiotics such as erythromycin and tetracycline. It is important for doctors to use susceptibility testing results to select efective drugs and reduce resistance.


ABSTRACT A three-vessel collision in the Tampa Bay entrance channel on August 10, 1993, caused a huge explosion and fire, major damage to all vessels, and spills of 330,000 gallons of No. 6 oil and 32,000 gallons of a mixture of light petroleum products. A dynamic team was forged to respond to a complex series of problems. Functional command centers and forward command posts were established, a unified command system was implemented, and federal, state, and local governments and the multiple responsible parties coordinated efficiently. The unified command dealt effectively with considerations such as vessel control, fire fighting, lightering, salvage, pollution cleanup, and impacted wildlife. An active approach to the media resulted in critical information being relayed to the public and the response effort being portrayed accurately. The development of trust with multiple local governments enabled the response team to meet local needs while gaining their support. The unified command dealt with difficulti...


This study aimed to explore learning styles of the professional mountaineers. The research was carried out according to the survey model. The research group composed of 61 professional mountaineers (n(men)=45, n(women)=16) who attended Advanced Snow Ice Education Camp in Rize on September 1-7, 2012, the last camp of Mountaineering (Alpinism) Winter Education within Turkish Mountaineering Federation's activity program for 2012. As a data collection instrument, this study employed `Kolb Learning Style Inventory` developed by Kolb (1985) and adapted to Turkish by Aşkar and Akkoyunlu (1993). Percentages and frequencies were used for analysis of data. As a result of the research, it was determined that professional mountaineers had following learning styles: 57.4% assimilating (35), 24.6% converging (15), 14.8% diverging (9), 3.3% accommodating (2).


Ce4+/13X zeolite was prepared by the ultrasound-assisted ion exchange method,and its desulfurization performance for sulfur compounds from model gasoline(sulfur content 23 mg/kg) was evaluated by using static adsorption experiments.The effect of adsorption conditions on the desulfurization performance of the adsorbent was also studied.The results showed that the loading capacity and rate of the Ce4+/13X were significantly improved as compared with the conventional ion-exchange method.XPS analysis indicated that the use of ultrasound promoted the distribution of Ce ions on the surface of the adsorbent.And the adsorption capability of thiophene on Ce4+/13X was also superior to that prepared by the conventional method.Under the conditions of adsorption:desulfurization time 2.5 h,mass ratio of adsorbent to fuel 0.0072,the adsorption capacity of thiophene was 0.07653 mmol/g,and the best desulfurization rate could reach 76.5 %.The adsorption equilibrium data for thiophene on Ce4+/13X were tested and fitted with the Freundlich model.The saturated adsorbent can be regenerated with calcination at 450 oC for 2 h in air,and about 95 % of the desulfurization capacity was recovered.


Compared with traditional liquid crystal and organic light emitting diode (OLED), micro light emitting diode (μLED) has advantages in brightness, power consumption, and response speed. It has important applications in microelectronics, micro-electro-mechanical systems, biomedicine, and sensor systems. μLED massive transfer method plays an important role in these applications. However, the existing μLED massive transfer method is faced with the problem of low yield. To better transfer the μLED, the force value detached from the substrate needs to be measured. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to measure the force of a single μLED when it detached from the substrate. The μLED was glued to the front of the cantilever. When a single μLED was in contact with or detached from the Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the maximum pull-off force can be obtained. The force at different peel speeds and preload was measured, and the experimental results show that the separation force between a single μLED and PDMS substrate is not only related to the peel speeds, but also related to the preload. The force values under different peel speeds and preload were measured to lay a theoretical foundation for better design of μLED massive transfer system.


The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing xylitol as an active ingredient, for preventing or treating an influenza virus infection. In particular, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of a ginseng or red ginseng water dialysis layer, an entire ginseng or red ginseng extract, a ginseng or red ginseng polysaccharide, and a ginseng or red ginseng saponin. Further, the present invention provides a health food composition containing xylitol; and one or more selected from the group consisting of a ginseng or red ginseng water dialysis layer, an entire ginseng or red ginseng extract, a ginseng or red ginseng polysaccharide, and a ginseng or red ginseng saponin, for preventing or improving an influenza virus infection.


In view of the numerous articles by Frank Willett about the Ife problem published in Man, Odh and elsewhere, his first book is by no means a surprise. It is also probably the best possible synthesis and generalization of his archaeological field work in Southern Nigeria, especially, of course, at Ife. The book is rich in detailed descriptions not only of his findings but also of those made by other scholars. It contains a bibliography of 228 titles, out of which 158 are actually quoted in the text. Moreover, the skill of an art historian and Professor Willett's fine sense for detail, both technical and aesthetic, make it certainly one of the few good books on African art ever written. The title is misleading in a way, for the book deals not only with the art of Ife but with almost all the artistic manifestations of Nigeria, old and new; for instance, it contains probably the best description and discussion of the art of Nok to have been published so far. (A rather strange thing about the Nok findings is that from I943, the year of their first important discovery, there have only been three or four short studies by Bernard and William Fagg, and out of several hundred Nok terracotta sculptures stored in the Jos Museum, the same photographs of a mere handful of them have been published with painful regularity.) According to Willett, 'so many features of the Nok culture, particularly of its art, are found in later cultures elsewhere in West Africa, that it is difficult not to believe that the Nok culture as we know it represents the ancestral stock from which much of the sculptural tradition of West Africa derives' (p. II7). 'There are many details in both Nok and Ife arts which are unlikely to be similar by chance' (p. I20). The problem of the Ife-Benin relationship is also successfully dealt with in various places in the book, so also the Lower Niger art complex, old Yoruba art outside Ife and even recent Yoruba sculpture, because they are, as Willett's book clearly shows, more or less artistically connected with Ife and the Nok culture.


Sensed information greatly helps a robot to adjust its motion or modulate the locomotory behavior. While many sensing components have been developed for macroscale robots, such off-the-shelf sensors are hardly integrated with a mesoscale (i.e., 0.1 mm to 10 mm) robot due to the size limitation. In this work, we propose a Compliant Mechanosensory Composite (CMC) to fabricate a small compliant mechanism with embedded sensing ability. As the first demonstration of CMC, we directly print a conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS onto the flexible joint of a compliant mechanism to sense the motion of the flexible joint itself. Owing to the variation of electric contact resistance (ECR) upon bending, the CMC could estimate its bending angle. The performance of the CMC was verified by analyzing the cyclic bending, transient and stationary response. Overall, a sparsely printed serpentine pattern with thicker line exhibited consistent response without a noticeable hysteresis. To demonstrate the applicability of the CMC process, a small gripper actuated by a SMA (shape memory alloy) coil was fabricated, and its motion was successfully measured using the embedded sensors. We expect the proposed CMC will enable a small robot to become sensible at its self motion, external load, and physical contacts in future.


Changing problems of accountability Accountability is arguably the defining concept of public administration. The accountability of public servants to elected politicians and through them to their country's citizens, fundamentally differentiates public administration from business management. This is because the multiple, conflicting and changing demands made by accountability to political heads, legislators and the citizenry are different from those set by the private company's single ultimate objective of making a profit (Day and Klein, 1987; Elcock, 1995). However, at least since the Anglo-American Ditchley Park Conference on accountability in modem government was held in 1969 (Smith and Hague, (eds), 1971), students of public administration in Britain and the United States have become increasingly concerned about the effectiveness and even the reality of the accountability of political executives and senior public servants to elected legislatures (Day and Klein, 1987). They have also increasingly had to recognise the potential and actual conflict between such political accountability on the one hand and demands that governments should be managed efficiently, like private businesses, on the other hand. A third potential for conflict arises from the increasing expectations of public service users for high quality, accessible public services (Hoggett and Hambleton, (eds), 1987; Chandler, 1996). In the 1950s and 1960s, the main issue was whether governments had grown so much, both in their size and in the range of their functions, that political accountability had been rendered largely or entirely ineffective because its ramifications now extend far beyond the ability of political leaders to control them. Ministers no longer resign through departmental fault, if they ever did (see Finer, 1956; Marshall and Moodie, 1959). Both the House of Commons and the US Congress have had increasing difficulty in conducting effective committee and other inquiries into administrative deeds and misdeeds, as well as in obtaining effective redress for constituents' grievances. Creating increasing numbers of autonomous agencies and single purpose local agencies seemed


When we attempted to teach visualization as a study strategy to investigate whether recall was enhanced, we discovered that the students did not study; most did not review until shortly before an examination. Failure to study was verified by 98 students enrolled in two sections of a senior course at a 4-yr. university. Recall shortly before an examination was not as good as on the day of initial presentation. Working to improve presentations or teach specific study skills must be accompanied by teaching study habits to improve recall in education. Failure to study clarifies many educational problems.


The paper deals with the study on the solvable polysocyanate compound stable in acid condition but active in alkaline or heated condition applying to silk additive. It not only discusses the effect of application of the additive to silk finishing under two different conditions but also analyses the mechanism of the FZ-1 reaction to fabrics.


A novel adaptive filter structure for system identification is presented. The unknown plant is modelled by two linear phase filters, one antisymmetric and the other symmetric, and the two filters are connected in parallel. By adjusting the filter weights simultaneously using Widrow's LMS (least mean square) algorithm, the transfer function of the plant can be derived. Theoretical analysis has shown that the eigenvalue spread of the correlation matrix of the effective input sequence of the two adaptive filters is usually smaller than that of the simple transversal structure, which thus provides a faster adaptation speed. Indeed, when the step sizes of the two adaptive filters are chosen properly, the convergence characteristics of the system could be improved considerably. Simulation results are included to evaluate the performance of the proposed configuration.<<ETX>>


This paper uses Fuzzy K-Means clustering algorithm to access images from a collection of images. When using this algorithm one image can appear in more than one clusters unlike K-Means which is hard based grouping. The user can access images from an image search engine, picture library, trained data sets, etc. The images being accessed may have no association with what the user is actually looking for. Hence there is a necessity of providing the user more accurate collection of images which can be done through fuzzy K Means clustering.


The anionic polymerization of caprolactam using small quantities of reactants was investigated as part of a project aimed at producing polyamide parts by additive manufacturing. Various methods were used to monitor the polymerization and crystallization processes. Drop on drop small-scale polymerization was carried out on a hot surface and monitored by Fourier transform infrared, which showed that PA6 had been polymerized successfully. PA6 synthesis was carried out in a differential scanning calorimetry cell to monitor the exothermic and endothermic processes during polymerization, and the processes were also observed by hot stage microscopy. It was found that polymerization and crystallization occurred simultaneously at slow heating rates. The amount of crystallinity produced during polymerization decreased as the heating rate increased. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Cancer is one of the non-communicable chronic diseases which involves broad group of diseases. Like other chronic diseases, this disease is occurred in any person, age groups and all races and is considered as a major hygiene problem which is effective on the heath of society. Cancer is the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and accidents in less developed countries (Siegel et al., 2011). Breast cancer is the second most common cancer after lung cancer and the most common type of cancer among women around the world (Hamta & Parvini, 2011). This cancer is responsible for 33 percent of all cancers in women and 20 percent of deaths from cancer, incidence of breast cancer is increasing in developing countries and in many parts of the world, it Journal of Herbal Drug


Due to the nature of the exact two-level Boolean functions minimization methods most of practical applications rely on heuristic ones that are generally realized by a three step cyclic algorithm. First, the algorithm selects an On-minterm and it generates the set of prime implicants for this On-minterm; second, it determinates the essential prime implicant from among the generated prime implicants; and third, it performs a covering operation. The goal of this study, if the determination of the essential prime implicant is impossible, postponed the selection of essential prime implicant for this On-minterm and save it for a status word. When a new essential prime implicant determined, retrieve the status word. The proposed minimization algorithm is tested on several different kinds of problems and on standard MCNC benchmarks results of which are compared with ESPRESSO. The results show that proposed algorithm obtains exact results and faster than ESPRESSO.


HESS J1857+026 is an extended TeV gamma-ray source that was discovered by H.E.S.S. close to the Galactic plane. Given its spatial coincidence with the young energetic pulsar PSR J1856+0245, the source might represent a pulsar wind nebula (PWN). Based on data from Fermi-LAT, H.E.S.S. and MAGIC a spectral break in the gamma-ray emission is evident around 100 GeV. Earlier results show that a leptonic dominated PWN scenario implies a low magnetic field, while a hadronic scenario is also able to explain the observed emission. HESS J1857+026 was observed by MAGIC in 2010, yielding about 30 hours of good quality stereoscopic data that resulted in a highly significant detection. We present a detailed analysis of the source morphology in two different energy regimes. We find a clear structure in the source above 1 TeV, which can not be explained with a simple PWN scenario. Here we will present the results of a multiwavelength search for possible counterparts associated to the TeV morphology.


A successful analytical expression for maximum energy conversion in terms of DC-bus voltage and turn on/off angles of a Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) based on self-excitation mode, single pulse operation is presented. The proposed analytical model, which can describe nonlinear of the magnetic characteristics of a SRG with sufficient accuracy, is the key used to derive the relation of maximum energy conversion with those control variables. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the analysis.


by Tameka V. Poppars This study examines at mental health within the criminal justice system. The study gathered data from police officers regarding how they interacted with suspects and offenders that are suffering from mental illness. Interviews were conducted on police officers from two departments. The purpose was to determine if police officers perception affects how they view mental illness within the criminal justice system. A series of questions were asked and recorded and found that officers from the urban and rural department perception were different. The purpose of the study was to determine if police officers has more negative or positive interactions with people suffering from mental illness. Does the officer have a different perspective of mental health then when they had their first encounter with someone with mental illness? Do the two police departments have different approach techniques for handling situations involving mental illness? After interviewing and carefully translating the information, it was found that officers had limited knowledge about mental illness and officers felt that they were not prepared to handle encounter with individuals with mental illness. MENTAL ILLNESS WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: URBAN VS. RURAL POLICE PERCEPTION by Tameka V. Poppars A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Public Services University of Central Missouri


UV lasers are being applied to a number of industries, including metrology and manufacture. The safety issues from the use of such lasers are discussed. A risk assessment methodology is described which takes account of the different stages of the life cycle of the laser application, the different people at risk and the individual components of the laser application. In this way, the specific hazards can be identified and addressed to ensure that the risks are adequately managed.


Accurate HLA typing is essential for the matching of donor-recipient pairs in allogeneic transplantation and in the genetic analysis of predisposition to various autoimmune diseases. HLA class I and class I1 typing is routinely performed by serology (Terasaki et al., 1978). while DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing for DR and DQ is now commonplace (Carlsson et al., 1987; Bidwell et al., 1988; Howell et al., 1989). HLA-DP antigens are expressed at much lower densities on the cell surface than DR and DQ and were initially defined at the cellular level by primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) (Wank & Schendel, 19841. More recently, monoclonal antibodies and DNA-RFLP analysis have been used to detect certain HLA-DP alleles as defined by PLT (Bodmer et al., 1987; Hyldig-Nielsen et al., 1987; Maeda et al., 1988). All of these methods are subject to various limitations. Suitable PLT reagents are difficult to generate and the technique is time consuming. In addition, approximately 40% of the DP alleles cannot be typed by the PLT assay (Baur et al., 1984). DP allele-specific monoclonal antibodies are still few in number, while DP RFLP patterns are complex to interpret, requiring DNA digestion with several restriction enzymes. and often reveal little more identifiably functional DP polymorphism than is seen by the PLT assay. These limitations in DP typing techniques have limited our knowledge of the possible role of HLA-DP in disease association. population genetic and transplantation matching studies. However, as a viable and superior alternative, DP typing is now feasible using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA amplification and sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probing and this approach reveals extensive DPB 1 allelic polymorphism (Bugawan et al., 1988; Angelini et al., 1989; Howell er al.. 1990). PCR-based analyses of HLA-DPB alleles have become possible as a result of extensiye gene mapping and, more particularly, nucleotide sequencing studies of the DP region. This region consists of two A-B gene pairs, DPA1-DPB1 and DPA2-DPB2, located approximately 700kb from the HLA-DR genes at the extreme centromeric end of the HLA gene complex. Only the DPA1-DPBl gene pair is expressed, since both DPA2 and DPB2 are pseudogenes, containing frameshift mutations and lacking correct RNA splicing sites. DPAl and DPBl are orientated 'head to head', unlike the other expressed class I1 A-B gene pairs, and their promoter regions are separated by 2.3 kb (Carol1 et al., 1987; Dunham et al., 1987; Kelly & Trowsdale, 1985). Both


This study was carried out to explore the effect of growing media on seed germination and seedling growth of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cineraraefolium), with an experiment arranged in CRD. Results indicate that vermicompost + soil + farm yard manure in ratio 1:1:1, took minimum days for germination (8.33) and had highest germination percentage (64%). This medium was also found to best for growth of pyrethrum seedlings as it had the highest values of plant growth parameters i.e. plant height (13.90 cm), number of leaves/plant (12.33), fresh weight (3.57 g), dry weight (0.87 g), number of root/plant (14.34) and root length (10.46 cm). Therefore, vermicompost + soil + farm yard manure (1:1:1) was rated the best media for seed germination and subsequent seedling growth of pyrethrum.


The minimum cost flow problem is a combinatorial optimization model which can be modelled as a linear programming problem. This paper proposed a sensitivity analysis method for minimum cost flow problem, by exploring the bound constraint structure, such that maintains the structure of the optimal solution. We improved a sensitivity analysis method which is formerly applicable to a tree solution. the proposed method preserves solution of upper bounds at upper bounds and those of lower bounds at lower bounds.


The primary pathways for contaminant transport in lowpermeability fractured rock are likely to be through a network of hydraulically-connected fractures in the rock formation. Sorption of contaminants to the fracture walls may significantly retard their transport. The influence of sorption on solute transport is analyzed using both numerical and laboratory migration experiments. A random walk model is developed to simulate solute transport in a parallel plate fracture, assuming that fast, reversible, and linear sorption occurs in a small zone adjacent to the fracture wall. It is shown that a sorbing solute experiences greater longitudinal spreading than does a conservative solute. The magnitude of this enhanced dispersion reaches a maximum in the range of fluid velocities characteristic of Taylor dispersion. At the network scale, transport is simulated by tracking particles in discrete fracture networks, assuming that within each fracture, retardation varies in proportion to the product of a surface distribution coefficient and the specific surface area of the fracture. The results suggest that retardation at the plume scale is a non-uniform and anisotropic process. Different segments of the plume, or equivalently different breakthrough fractions at a downstream boundary, are retarded to a different degree. The degree to which various


The atmospheric pressure gradient known as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has been shown to influence the dynamics of lakes in a number of European regions. Here, we compare the impact of the NAO on the winter dynamics of Windermere, a lake located in the north-west of England, and Paajarvi, a lake situated in southern Finland. At both sites, the variations in the NAO index had a significant effect on the winter weather and the physical and chemical characteristics of the lakes. At Windermere, the strongest correlations were those noted for the air temperature, precipitation, the number of days when ice was recorded on the lake and the de-trended concentration of nitrate. At Paajarvi the strongest correlations were with the air temperature and the de-trended concentrations of nitrate. One striking difference between the sites was the sign of the correlations noted between the NAO index and the de-trended nitrate. At Windermere, this correlation was negative and appeared to be driven by the enhanced terrestrial uptake of nitrate in mild winters. At Paajarvi, the correlation was positive and was associated with the earlier 'flush' of melt water from the catchment. The results are discussed in relation to the regional effects of climate change and the sensitivity of boreal lakes to subtle changes in the 'centre of action' of the NAO.


This thesis entitled "Fostering Students' Speaking Skill by Using Talking Stick Strategy
( A Classroom Action Research at SMA Negeri 4 Langsa ).There are some problem in
teaching speaking. Firts, it is related to the condition of students that they have some
vocabularies but they do not ways to say something because they afraid to get grammatical
errors. Second, most of students are not confident to use English in speaking class and the
last problem the student often speak their Acehness or Indonesian lamguage. The problem
of this research were: how can talking stick strategy can foster students ability in speaking
and how is the class activity when the teacher apllied talking stick strategy in teaching
speaking. The purpose of this research were: to know how talking stick strategy can foster
the students' speaking ability and to know the class activity when the teacher applies talking
stick strategy in teaching speaking.


The restricted use of naturally occurring, local materials in tropical regions has for many years caused concern to pavement engineers. Frequently, materials which have historically demonstrated excellent in situ pavement performance have been under-utilised because they fail to meet standard aggregate specifications developed for more temperate climates. Some pavement engineers may also tend to abandon traditional pavement technology as they obtain more knowledge of pavement engineering and advanced material specifications. Inexpensive roads constructed using local knowledge of material behaviour are able to meet rural traffic requirements without the need for importation of quarried and crushed hard rock. The formulation of specifications for specific local materials would allow more economic and efficient expansion and maintenance of road networks in the more remote regions of the tropics. For the covering entry of this conference, see IRRD abstract number 843191.


On the basis of the information about the grassland ecosystem in Tibet,the deterioration causations of Tibet's grassland (ecosystem) were analyzed.The relation between the grassland ecosystem construction and the economy development of the pasturing area was explicated,and some countermeasures were presented in this paper.


With the exception of the Haar basis, real-valued orthogonal wavelet filter banks with compact support lack symmetry and therefore do not possess linear phase. This has led to the use of biorthogonal filters for coding of images and other multidimensional data. There are, however, complex solutions permitting the construction of compactly supported, orthogonal linear phase QMF filter banks. By explicitly seeking solutions in which the imaginary part of the filter coefficients is small enough to be approximated to zero, real symmetric filters can be obtained that achieve excellent compression performance. >


Through interviews and data analysis,this paper sums up the successful experience of Beijing Olympic Games and probes the motive force of Beijing Olympic spirit and the practical significance in promoting it among university students.The results indicate that carrying forward Beijing Olympic spirit among students can develop their good willpower and characters,cultivate their morality,make them more intelligent and healthy,and also improve college student's management practice.


The polymers engineering is a dynamically developing branch of technology. The main research directions are the search for new polymers and methods for modifying existing ones. Among the extensive group of polymers, construction, coating, and adhesive polymers are the most commonly used in the construction industry. The last family includes the epoxy resins that are used to combine two or more materials with different properties. Under the influence of the hardening agent (catalyst or temperature), the polymers are cross-linking to obtain a solid form. During the gluing process, the most important aspect is the resin preparation procedure and the state of the surface to which it will be applied. The adhesion of the resin to the substrate, the effectiveness and durability of the resulting mixture depend on three factors: resin's composition, viscosity, and adhesive parameters of hardened resin. The paper contains the research results aimed at modification of the epoxy resin using inorganic fillers: microsilica and carbon nanotubes. An epoxy resin is commonly used for e.g., reinforcing structural elements. Ultrasounds were used as a disintegrating agent of the liquid resin structure, allowing mixing it with the filler. The effect of sonication and fillers on the viscosity of the resin at 22 °C was determined. Next, the free surface energy was evaluated, which is the factor determining the final adhesion. Based on the results obtained, the phenomena occurring at the interface between the liquid phase of the resin and the solid phase of the fillers were explained.


It is one of the most important contents to analyze the energy level structure in the nuclear physics. At present the high-spin state of the odd-A nuclear 143 Pm have been investigated by using heavy-ion beam reaction the excitation energy level 8.4MeV and spin (47/2) (h = 1) has been obtained. In this paper, according to the principle of the nuclear shell model and experimental information, the 143 Pin nuclear structure has been analyzed with 2 interaction potentials and compared to the weak-coupling model(WCM) result, especially explore the sequences of gamma-ray transitions, which depend to the corresponding dominant configuration. The program OXBASH code is adopted.


Shared restoration is key to realizing the bandwidth savings offered by mesh networking. In order to be viable, restoration has to be effected fast, typically within 50 ms after failure. However, traditional schemes involve signaling and cross-connect (XC) setups that are too slow to be effective. In this paper, we describe a novel restoration scheme called FASTeR that dramatically reduces restoration times by eliminating these slow operations in either all-optical or electrical networks. The scheme involves a novel Select-Multicast feature of the XCs, and our experimental results show that a small multicasting degree is sufficient to achieve the savings gained under traditional shared restoration. Finally, we show that the generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) standard can be extended to support FASTeR.


The view held by Keynes that there was a speculative appreciation of sterling prior to its return to the gold standard, has been challenged by Gregor Smith and Todd Smith, who argue that expectations of return must have weakened the currency. The authors demonstrate that the positive but decreasing trend displayed in the exchange rate data is consistent with a pattern of autoregressive convergence in fundamentals and that this continues to be true when there is a positive speculative element based on expectations of an early return. Hence, the key features of the data seem compatible with Keynes's views. Copyright 1994 by Royal Economic Society.


The known functional ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are composed of three major subtypes: AMPA, NMDA, and kainate. In 1998, in the landmark paper discussed in this chapter, Armstrong et al. provided the first crystal structure of an iGluR-subunit ligand-binding core, the S1S2 region of the rat GluA2 'flop' isoform. They solved its structure with X-ray crystallography from selenomethonine crystals. They also identified residues involved in kainate binding, analysed allosteric sites that regulate affinity and specificity of the agonist, and mapped potential subunit–subunit interaction sites. They also proposed that binding of different agonists may result in variable degrees of domain closure. This work has profound impact on the field and it has been importantly cited. Subsequently, numerous high-resolution crystal structures of ligand-binding domains of iGluRs in complex with ligands, both agonists and antagonists, have been solved.