Objectives: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death among communicable diseases in Taiwan. People infected with TB bacteria have a lifetime risk of falling ill with TB of 5-10%. The elderly have a high prevalence of TB accompanied by an increase in chronic health problems. They should be concerned about the threat from TB. The aim of this study was to understand the knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors with regard to TB by the elderly in Fenglin. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a structured questionnaire was designed to collect data. Results: A total of 193 seniors were included in the study; 64.5% of them knew the right answers to questions about TB. Their attitude about prejudice showed that 40.9% feared that other people would know that they or a family member was diagnosed with TB. On the preventive dimension, 73.1% expected that TB patients should wear masks. Only 56.5% believed that people visiting the hospital should wear a mask. After controlling for all associated factors, we found that those who came from care centers subsidized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare had a 2.25 times odds ratio of taking preventive measures than did those in the center subsidized by the Council of Indigenous Peoples. Conclusions: Knowledge about TB transmission was low among the participants. The elderly from different care centers displayed a significant difference in preventive behaviors. It is necessary to consider the care center as an important factor when advocating for measures to control TB in the future.


The research is focused on the features of online educational discourse in the context of intercultural communication. The relevance of this study is preconditioned by a number of factors that are significant for modern linguistics. First of all, educational discourse itself is of interest due to its social significance, as well as its ability to construct reality and identity. The topicality of this publication is also connected with the discursive paradigm, which implies the study of the discursive practices involved in it. Finally, the importance of the intercultural perspective of educational discourse cannot be overestimated, which entails an appeal to the linguocultural specificity of the discourse under study. The empiric material was drawn from the 6-minute English section of the popular BBC Learning English online resource. The objective of the study is to identify the discursive dominants of this representative of educational discourse. On the basis of a complex methodology, which involves the use of the method of linguocultural decoding and interpretation of cultural information, externalized by linguistic means, narrative analysis, analysis of types of text information according to I.R. Galperin, definitional analysis, it seems possible to determine the specifics of educational discourse, which combines multiple discursive practices, namely those of mediatization, polyphony, narrativization, explicit evaluation, lifestyle recommendation. Altogether they contribute to interdiscursivity which characterizes modern online educational discourse. As a result, it can be postulated that within intercultural communication, educational discourse represents an axiological picture of the world oriented towards universal values, which is based on the media picture of the world, it exists as a renewable narrative and addresses a cross-cultural or transnational identity of modern world.


This service activity aims to increase the understanding of business owners about determining the right price so that managers can increase their business turnover and managers can innovate and deal with working capital turnover. The method used is a lecture on business management, which consists of funding and working model turnover, and business innovation. Then guidance on determining the selling price. The results of this service show that the target audience can accept what the service team conveys. Business owners can also easily understand variable costs, fixed costs, direct and indirect cost components so that business owners can easily decide at what price to sell their merchandise in order to get a big profit. However, for the BEP method, the manager finds it difficult because it is considered complicated because so far the owner has determined prices based on available stock and standard prices between competitors. With this guidance, business owners find it helpful because so far in determining prices, they are only based on the owner's estimates.


The invention aims to provide high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile. The high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile is weaved by high-temperature resistant flame-retarding yarns, and the high-temperature resistant flame-retarding yarns are blended with preoxidized fibers, high tenacity flame-retarding fibers and common flame-retarding fibers; and conducting fibers can also be used to weave the high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile when the high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile is prepared. The high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile overcomes the drawback that the preoxidized fiber is difficultly spun, low in tenacity and only has single color of blackness; and the high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile also has the advantages of high high-temperature resistance, high tenacity, good wearing comfortability, rich color, proper price and safety and reliability for the human body and is reasonable high-temperature resistant flame-retarding textile.


We propose a novel driving signal pre-distortion method to improve the frequency chirp linearity of an InP/Si3 N4 hybrid-integrated external cavity laser. The measured chirp linearity is increased from 87.3% to 99.7%. The ranging resolution reaches 10.3 cm.


This work outlines a new methodology for estimating the size of Web applications developed with a Content Management Framework (CMF). The reason for proposing - through this work - a new methodology for size estimation is the realization of the inadequacy of the RWO method, which we had recently developed, in estimating the effort of the latest Web applications. The size metric used in the RWO method was found not to be well suited for Web applications developed through a CMF. In this work, we present the new key elements for analysis and planning, needed to define every important step in developing a Web application through a CMF. Using those elements, it is possible to obtain the size of such an application. We also present the experimental validation performed on a 7-project dataset, provided by an Italian software company.


Decision-making in large-scale compute clouds relies on accurate workload modeling. Unfortunately, prior models have proven insufficient in capturing the complex correlations in real cloud workloads. We introduce the first model of large-scale cloud workloads that captures long-range inter-job correlations in arrival rates, resource requirements, and lifetimes. Our approach models workload as a three-stage generative process, with separate models for: (1) the number of batch arrivals over time, (2) the sequence of requested resources, and (3) the sequence of lifetimes. Our lifetime model is a novel extension of recent work in neural survival prediction. It represents and exploits inter-job correlations using a recurrent neural network. We validate our approach by showing it is able to accurately generate the production virtual machine workload of two real-world cloud providers.


Pesticides are among the most potentially hazardous compounds to human, animals, and the environment, they can damage the environment and accumulate in ecosystems and cause serious disturbances. Although they have highly specific actions, some pesticides are capable of interacting with cellular structures directly or after processing by metabolic enzymes, and form a covalent bond with DNA nucleosides to produce DNA adducts, The objective of this study is to evaluate the in vitro mutagenic and/or carcinogenic potential of somed pesticide, the most used in farmers in the region of El Oued (South Algeria), the evaluation is carried out using electrochemical techniques based on cyclic voltammetry and chromatography techniques based on high performance liquid chromatography. Both techniques indicate that the pesticide somed has a very high in vitro mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.


The process of ion implantation into silicon carbide is studied in this paper. We conducted an analysis of acceptor distribution profiles. We determined that silicon carbide layers with an orientation (11–20) have a higher degree of crystal lattice recovery after ion implantation with aluminum ions than a crystal lattice with an orientation (0001). A significantly higher efficiency of ion doping of silicon carbide with an orientation (11–20) was shown, which may indicate a more efficient recrystallization of the fastest growing crystallographic direction. We have established a higher degree of restoration of the crystal lattice of silicon carbide implants with an orientation (11–20) after implantation. Highly doped SiC p-layers were obtained with a specific resistance of about 0.02 Ohm*cm and with high crystalline structure quality without the use of ultra-large implantation doses. The minimum value of Rs for orientation (0001) is about 10 k Ω/□, and for orientation (11-20) - 2.7 k Ω/□.


Purpose–The purpose of this study is to research the influence of herd behavior, investor sentiment, overconfidence, and risk tolerance on the investment decision-making of Chinese individual investors. Design/Methodology/Approach–This study uses secondary data analysis, archival research, questionnaire survey, and other methods to explore the factors that affect investors' investment decision-making. This study uses three theoretical frameworks from previous studies to create a new conceptual framework. Findings–This study found that investor sentiment, overconfidence, and risk tolerance have different degrees of impact on investment decisions. Herding also has something to do with investor sentiment. Finally, overconfidence also affects the risk tolerance of investors. Research Limitations/Implications–There are some limitations in the research of investment decisions of individual investors in China. First of all, due to the epidemic, questionnaires can only be collected online. Secondly, the limited number of samples cannot represent the ideas of all investors. As a result, there may be more factors influencing investment decisions. Originality/value–this study is about the important influencing variables that affect investors' investment decisions.


We present a statistical study of scaling features of the electric field fluctuations measured by the DE2 satellite in the polar region during positive Bz IMF when the theta‐aurora was observed by the DE1 satellite. It is demonstrated that the power spectra of the fluctuations have a power‐law form at spatial scales from ∼0.5 km (the limit of resolution) to several thousands of kilometers, with a break near 100 km. The scaling properties of the field are studied by examining the generalized structure functions (GSFs) and probability density functions (PDFs) of the fluctuations. The observed PDFs have a non‐Gaussian shape with heavy tails. We also demonstrate a collapse of the re‐scaled PDFs onto a single curve. A relation of PDF shape to solar wind conditions is revealed. The same analysis is performed on the TV observations of the theta‐aurora. The scaling characteristics of the field and auroral fluctuations are compared.


3 Abstract: In this study, low light responses of eight garden pea (Pisum sativum) genotypes were investigated in the in terms of physiological attributes. The light treatments consisted of (i) 100% photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) measured in the open field and (ii) 25%, (iii) 50%, (iv) 75% reduction of natural PAR obtained by using nets of variable color and mesh number. Among the genotype tested in the experiment leaf area (LA) increased with the reduction of PAR in P 30 and Local white but LA reduced in rest of the genotypes. Reduction of specific leaf weight (SLW) was recorded in all the genotypes as light level was reduced. At 25% PAR genotypes IPSA 1, P 30, P 52 and Local white maintained maximum leaf weight ratio (LWR) and the increasing pattern with reducing light intensities was higher in P 30, P 52 and Local white compare to IPSA 2 and IPSA 3. The rate of photosynthesis decreased more of less with equal magnitude with the decreasing light level from 100% to 25% of PAR as measured only in IPSA3 and P30. The results lead to suggest that among the eight garden pea genotypes tested in the present experiment P30 and local white performed better under low light environment whereas IPSA3 was found as sensitive to reducing light intensity.


− Development of hydrogen station system is an important technology to commercialize fuel cells and fuel cell powered vehicles. Generally, hydrogen station consists of hydrogen production process including desulfurizer, reformer, water gas shift (WGS) reactor and pressure swing adsorption (PSA) apparatus, and post-treatment process including compressor, storage and distributer. In this review, we investigate the R&D trends and prospects of hydrogen station in domestic and foreign countries for opening the hydrogen economy society. Indeed, the reforming of fossil fuels for hydrogen production will be essential technology until the ultimate process that may be water hydrolysis using renewable energy source such as solar energy, wind force etc, will be commercialized in the future. Hence, we also review the research trends on unit technologies such as the desulfurization, reforming reaction of fossil fuels, water gas shift reaction and hydrogen separation for hydrogen station applications.


* A Brief History of Science and Orthopaedic Biomechanics 1 Van C. Mow and Rik Huiskes * Analysis of Muscle and Joint Loads 29 Patrick J. Prendergast, Frans C. T. van der Helm, and Georg N. Duda * Musculoskeletal Dynamics, Locomotion, and Clinical Applications 91 Thomas P. Andriacchi, Todd S. Johnson, Debra E. Hurwitz, and Raghu N. Natarajan * Biomechanics of Bone 123 Rik Huiskes and Bert van Rietbergen * Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage and Meniscus 181 Van C. Mow, Wei Yong Gu, and Faye Hui Chen * Physical Regulation of Cartilage Metabolism 259 Farshid Guilak and Clark T. Hung * Structure and Function of Ligaments and Tendons 301 Savio L-Y. Woo, Thay Q. Lee, Steven D. Abramowitch, and Thomas W. Gilbert * Biomechanical Principles of Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering 343 Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic and Steven A. Goldstein * Quantitative Anatomy and Imaging of Diarthrodial Joint Articular Layers 409 Gerard A. Ateshian and Felix Eckstein * Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Articular Cartilage and Diarthrodial Joints 447 Gerard A. Ateshian and Van C. Mow * Biomaterials 495 Ahmed El-Ghannam and Paul Ducheyne * Biomechanics of the Spine 529 Ian A. F. Stokes and James C. Iatridis * Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation and Fracture Healing 563 Lutz E. Claes and Keita Ito * Biomechanics and Preclinical Testing of Artificial Joints: The Hip 585 Rik Huiskes and Jan Stolk * Biomechanics of Total Knee Replacement Designs 657 Peter S. Walker Index 703


In today's world of information exchange, Image compression has become an important process. It helps in effective utilization of high speed network resources. Medical image compression has an important role in medical field because they are used for future reference of patients. Medical data is compressed in such a way so that no medical information is lost. Medical imaging poses the great challenge of having compression algorithms that reduce the loss of fidelity as much as possible so as not to contribute to diagnostic errors and yet have high compression rates for reduced storage and transmission time. The medical image needs to undergo the process of compression before storing and transmitting it. Firstly, predictive encoding of the pixel values is done then it is transformed using wavelet transform after that obtained variables are encoded by an entropy encoder.


Semi-autonomous humanoid soccer robot system incorporates image recognition,information processing,wireless communications,mechanical and electrical integration,and many other areas of technology,this paper describes the composition and the role of such robot systems.And the problems which is existed in the study of humanoid robots and need to resolve are advanced.


Cloud removal is an important goal for enhancing the utilization of optical remote sensing satellite images. Clouds dynamically affect the signal transmission due to their different shapes, heights, and distribution. In the case of thick opaque clouds, pixel replacement has been commonly adopted. For thin clouds, pixel correction techniques allow the effects of thin clouds to be removed while retaining the remaining information in the contaminated pixels. In this paper, we develop a new method based on signal transmission and spectral mixture analysis for pixel correction which makes use of a cloud removal model that considers not only the additive reflectance from the clouds but also the energy absorption when solar radiation passes through them. Data correction is achieved by subtracting the product of the cloud endmember signature and the cloud abundance and rescaling according to the cloud thickness. The proposed method has no requirement for meteorological data and does not rely on reference images. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is able to perform effective removal of thin clouds in different scenarios.


Recent updates of Vulnerability reports of the Open Web Application Security Project confirm that Cross Site Scripting (XSS) is one of the most common and severe web security defects. Cross-Site Scripting occurs when an application takes data from the user and sends it back to a web browser without validation or encoding. It occurs when the web application references the user input in HTML pages when there is no proper validation. An attacker can easily inject the malicious scripts through such inputs in the HTML pages of the application. When a client browses a tapped page, the client's browser which is unaware of the presence of malicious scripts may execute all scripts sent by the application which results in a successful XSS attack. To overcome this attack, this paper presents an Anti XSS Mechanism for mitigating XSS attacks and its vulnerabilities in Web Applications. Our proposed approach identifies the attack and detects it using a data refiner algorithm and secures them with appropriate encoding technique which prevents input values from causing any improper validation and execution of malicious script. We developed an Anti XSS tool, which contains two main mechanism called XSS Gauge and XSS Eradicator, to implement the proposed approach. Using this tool, we tested our proposed mechanism with the standard test bed applications and our work has shown a significant improvement, i.e., the average accuracy rate is 98.4 % which is far higher comparing to the existing systems in detecting and defending XSS Attacks.


Based on the bivariate DCC-GARCH model, this paper discusses the dynamic relationship between domestic and international grain futures market prices. The results show that domestic and foreign grain futures markets have a long-term integration trend and the dynamic correlation coefficient of soybean and wheat futures markets has significant time-varying characteristics, showing the phenomenon of wave aggregation; the grain futures market at home and abroad has strong linkage, among which soybean is the strongest, maize is the second, and wheat is the weakest. Keywords—Grain futures market; Price linkage; DCC-GARCH


A central task in design is deciding what artifact will best satisfy the client's needs, whether that requires creating an artifact or choosing from existing alternatives. A design space identifies and organizes the decisions that must be made, together with the alternatives for those decisions, thereby providing guidance for creating artifacts or a framework for comparing them. The Studying Professional Software Design workshop studied three pairs of professional software designers sketching designs for a traffic signal simulator. A discussion of the design space for the simulation task shows how this design space enables comparison of the designs. It also illustrates the benefits of explicitly considering the design space during design and the risks of failing to do so.


Natural copulation between two taxonomically distant but obviously related birdwing butterflies. Ornithoptera priamus poseidon Doubleday and Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis Wallace is recorded from Papua New Guinea. The copulating pair was captured, and two male hybrid progeny were subsequently reared.


This paper presents a leakage reduced HVIC using coarse-fine UVLO deploying a coarse UVLO to minimize current consumption of the fine UVLO in idling mode, which overcomes the disadvantage of conventional high side UVLO in HVIC. The proposed HVIC is implemented in 0.5μm Fairchild HDG4D 650V CMOS process. The total current consumption of HVIC including coarse-fine UVLO at 3V power supply is 1μA, which is 10 times smaller current consumption than HVIC with conventional high side UVLO.


The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was first detected in India in 2018 and seriously threatened the maize crop. In South India, we studied the population dynamics of FAW moths and the damage caused by the larvae in maize fields from 2019 to 2020. In the kharif season, the highest male moth catches occurred in July while in rabi season, the highest catches occurred in November. It was found that the early whorl stage (EV-V6) of maize crop was susceptible to FAW due to its high larval load, whereas the late whorl stage (V7-VT) of the crop showed greater leaf damage in both years. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Current Science (00113891) is the property of Indian Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)


The role practice teaching plays in cultivating students' professional ability,promoting their post adaptability and career success is notable.The paper expounds the importance of practice teaching system construction from theoretical and practical perspectives.According to the principle of practice teaching,we put forward suggestions on how to perfect the reform and construction of practice teaching system.


The approaches are suggested to evaluate the injuriousness of pests of regeneration (in Scots pine plantations up to 5–7 years old), the threat of foliage damage in closed forest stands, and the harm from xylophagous insects. The first approach gives the possibility to evaluate the effect of the damage of different organs of Scots pine transplants on survival (mortality), growth rate, and stem quality considering the damage to needles, buds and shoots, stem and branches, root collar, and roots by direct and indirect symptoms. It allows assessing the potential harm of the most common pests of unclosed pine plantations. The crown damage by foliage browsing insects is calculated using the data on critical and actual population density, foliage phytomass per tree, and forage rate of given insect species. The phytomass of the foliage of the main forest tree species in artificial and natural stands in different natural zones of Ukraine is suggested to correct considering the health condition of the tree. So the population density of larvae to consume 100 % foliage of the healthy tree is 1.25; 2.5 and 6.25 higher than for the trees of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th class of health condition. Examples of evaluation of critical population density and the threat of foliage damage are presented for several polyphagous insects while feeding in oak and ash. The approach and scoring system of Mozolevskaya was used to evaluate physiological, technical, and general harm of more than 200 xylophagous species in coniferous and deciduous trees. The same pest was shown to be non-harmful or low harmful, moderately harmful, or highly harmful in different host trees, regions, and depending on population density and additional factors that weaken trees.


While corporate-community relations are acknowledged by scholars, practitioners, and international associations today as crucial management issues, much remains to be done to deepen our understandi...


When assessed using the difference between urban and rural air temperatures, the urban heat island (UHI) is most prominent during the nighttime. Typically, nocturnal UHI intensity is maintained throughout the night. The UHI intensity over Dallas–FortWorth (DFW), Texas, however, experienced frequent ''collapses'' (sudden decreases) around midnight during August 2011, while the region was experiencing an intense heat wave. Observational and modeling studies were conducted to understand this unique phenomenon. Seabreeze passage was found to be ultimately responsible for the collapses of the nocturnal UHI. Sea-breeze circulation developed along the coast of theGulf ofMexico during the daytime. During the nighttime, the seabreeze circulation was advected inland (as far as ;400 km) by the low-level jet-enhanced southerly flow, maintaining the characteristics of sea-breeze fronts, including the enhanced wind shear and vertical mixing. Ahead of the front, surface radiative cooling enhanced the near-surface temperature inversion in rural areas through the night with calm winds. During the frontal passage (around midnight at DFW), the enhanced vertical mixing at the leading edge of the fronts brought warmer air to the surface, leading to rural surface warming events. In contrast, urban effects led to a nearly neutral urban boundary layer. The enhanced mechanical mixing associated with sea-breeze fronts, therefore, did not increase urban surface temperature. The different responses to the sea-breeze frontal passages between rural (warming) and urban areas (no warming) led to the collapse of the UHI. The inland penetration of sea-breeze fronts at such large distances from the coast and their effects on UHI have not been documented in the literature.


Exclusive flexibility in developing dynamic web applications, which PHP offers, makes it one of the most common Web programming languages today. The popularity of the language increases the number of web applications written in PHP and the questions with the security issues, which these applications arise. In this article we present strategies and best practices for developing secure code with PHP. We make brief overview of the main types of attacks, classified by CWE, which may affect the PHP applications and best practice how to avoid them.


In July 1824 two new bishoprics were organised in the West Indies, the bishopric of Jamaica including Honduras and the bishopric of Barbados and the Leeward and Windward islands, to promote the activity of the Anglican Church among the slave population. A series of resolutions passed in the House of Commons in May 1823 committed the government to reforms intended to prepare the slaves for eventual freedom, and primary importance was given to their need for religious instruction. Knowledge of Christianity was regarded as an 'indispensable necessity to…the foundation of every beneficial change in their character and future condition'. Most of the reform programme, which included the abolition of flogging for women, the admission of slave evidence in court and the improvement of manumission facilities, involved revision of existing slave codes and implementation, therefore, depended, outside the crown colonies, on the cooperation of the island assemblies. The imperial government, however, was free to promote religious instruction and chose to appoint the bishops. Under their supervision the Anglican Church in the West Indies was to become a missionary force. As the Secretary of State explained to the governor of Jamaica, 'his Majesty's Government have been anxious to prove the deep interest which they feel in the encouragement of the religious and moral instruction of the Negroes, by at once taking upon themselves the whole charge of placing the Clergy of the West Indies under Episcopal control'. Funds were voted to pay the bishop of Jamaica £5,600 p.a. and salaries were also provided for six auxiliary curates and an archdeacon to help to supervise the clergy.


The utility model relates to a multifunctional composite air intake control device for a counter flow type natural draft cooling tower. A certain quantity of air guide plates, wind deflectors and sound insulation plates are arranged outside the air intake circumference of the cooling tower to form the multifunctional composite air intake control device. The multifunctional composite intake air control device is vertical to the ground and forms an included angle with the circumference diameter of the cooling tower. Through the air guide plates, the air intake uniformity of the cooling tower is improved, the performance of the cooling tower is improved, the tower temperature of circulating water is reduced, and the running economy of a unit is improved; through arranging the wind deflectors, the cooling tower is prevented from icing in cold winter; and through arranging the sound insulation plates, the noise pollution on the periphery of the cooling tower is reduced.


For three consecutive years, an Italian winery in Apulia has dealt with sudden alcoholic stuck fermentation in the early stages of vinification process, i.e., typical defects addressable to bacterial spoilage. After a prescreening trial, we assessed, for the first time, the influence of the commercial fungicide preparation Ridomil Gold® (Combi Pepite), containing Metalaxyl-M (4.85%) and Folpet (40%) as active principles, on the growth of several yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-Saccharomyces spp.) and lactic acid bacteria of oenological interest. We also tested, separately and in combination, the effects of Metalaxyl-M and Folpet molecules on microbial growth both in culture media and in grape must. We recalled the attention on Folpet negative effect on yeasts, extending its inhibitory spectrum on non-Saccharomyces (e.g., Candida spp.). Moreover, we highlighted a synergic effect of Metalaxyl-M and Folpet used together and a possible inhibitory role of the fungicide excipients. Interestingly, we identified the autochthonous S. cerevisiae strain E4 as moderately resistant to the Folpet toxicity. Our findings clearly indicate the urgent need for integrating the screening procedures for admission of pesticides for use on wine grape with trials testing their effects on the physiology of protechnological microbes.


Background Measuring consistent condom use (CCU) is crucial in understanding the trajectory of the HIV epidemic and in evaluating HIV preventive interventions that promote condom use. We examine how one measure of CCU varies across different populations, and compare it to condom use in the last sex act. Methods Using data from cross-sectional behavioural and biological surveys (2005–2007), we compare responses concerning self-reported level of condom use and condom use in the last act by female sex workers (FSWs), their clients, and men who have sex with men (MSM) in districts from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states in India. For FSWs/clients, the question related to sex with occasional clients/FSWs. For MSM, the question was for non-commercial, non-regular male partners. The time period was unspecified. Levels of condom use were defined as every time", "most of the time/sometimes", and "never". We define CCU as those who reply "every time". Results 95.2% of all FSWs reported using a condom in the last act, compared to 72.9% of clients and 80.0% MSM. However, only 36.7% of clients and 29.6% of MSM reported CCU compared to 80.0% of FSWs. Abstract P1-S5-16 table 1 shows condom use in the last act stratified by reported level of condom use. For all populations reporting CCU "always", condom use in the last act was >98%. Of those who reported "most of the time/sometimes", there was a significant difference between condom use in the last act between clients and the other groups (χ2 test, p<0.001), with clients using condoms less frequently. Condom use in the last act among those who "never" use a condom was low (<3%). Abstract P1-S5.16 Table 1 Results from IBBA surveys in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu states Report using a condom "every time" Report using a condom "sometimes/most of the time" Report using a condom "never" Used a condom in last sex act Report using a condom "every time" Report using a condom "sometimes /most of the time" Report using a condom "never" FSW 80.00% (4010) 19.01% (953) 0.96% (93) 98.28% 87.20% 2.08% Client 36.67% (1667) 48.20% (2191) 15.13% (688) 98.50% 75.58% 2.03% MSM 29.63% (621) 63.63% (1648) 12.39% (321) 99.36% 88.17% 1.25% Conclusions CCU may not accurately reflect number of acts protected by condoms. Among males in particular, dividing condom users into CCU and non-CCU neglects many who almost always use condoms, and so will still have a high degree of protection. These individuals are an important group to consider when evaluating the effect of changes in condom use on the HIV epidemic, especially among MSM. HIV prevention programmes should try to identify reasons explaining lower CCU among MSM and clients who already use condoms "most of the time/sometimes", and endeavour to increase consistency within this group.


When the European Company (Societas Europaea, SE) legislation entered into force in October 2004, expectations differed on its future. Whereas, for example, then European Commissioner Frits Bolkestein highlighted the enormous potential (see Chapter 12 by Cremers in this volume), many commentators expected it to be a non-starter, being very complicated and representing an unsatisfactory compromise instead of a breakthrough in European company law. Against the prevailing sceptical expectations, the developments of the past few years can be described as fairly dynamic. Between October 2004 and August 2012 a total of 1,379 SEs were set up in the 30 countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). At the same time the SE can still be considered a 'niche company form', especially when compared to the total of 21 million companies in the EU-27 non-fi nancial business sector alone (data from Eurostat 2011: 32). Moreover, the majority of SEs are concentrated in a few countries, fi rst and foremost the Czech Republic and Germany.


This paper presents an application of energy production in a solar Double Skin Facade (DSF) used in a Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system for a ceiling-mounted localized air distribution systems in a virtual classroom. In this numerical work, a virtual classroom, an inlet ceiling-mounted localized air distribution system, an exhaust ventilation system, and a DSF system are considered. The numerical simulations consider an integral building thermal response (BTR) and a coupling of an integral human thermal-physiology response (HTR) and differential computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The BTR numerical model calculates, among other parameters, the DSF indoor air temperature and energy production. The HTR numerical model calculates, among other parameters, the human thermal comfort. The CFD numerical model, among other parameters, calculates the indoor air quality. In this study which is performed for winter conditions, the energy produced in the DSF is used for driving the HVAC system. Six different airflow rates are used. The air temperature and energy production in the DSF are also evaluated. The influence of the airflow rate on the HVAC system performance is evaluated by the Air Distribution Index for mid-morning and mid-afternoon conditions. The results show that energy production reduces when the airflow increases and the operating point can be selected using the acceptable levels of thermal comfort and air quality levels or using the maximum Air Distribution Index value. In this study, the application of the thermal comfort and air quality levels criteria demonstrates that the HVAC system uses an optimum airflow rate.


Abstract Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass plays an important role for the enzymatic hydrolysis. In this study, a nitrogen-fixing and lignin-degrading strain of bacteria was isolated from an abandoned termite colony. Then, it was identified and named as R. ornithinolytica RS-1. To improve the degradation and enzymatic saccharification in corn stover, we used pretreatment with strain RS-1 to deplete the lignin, combined with a 2.5% mild NaOH pretreatment to further deplete the hemicellulose. After only seven days, lignin was degraded by the bacteria RS-1 with a 19% decrease, while the relative content of cellulose increased with 21%. Furthermore, the corn stover cellulose conversion was up to 48.58% by a two-stage process with 2.5% NaOH pretreatment. Meanwhile, significant lignin and hemicellulose removal were observed. Manganese peroxidase activity was highest on Day 3 with the value 181.0256 U/L and lignin peroxidase activity was highest on Day 5 with the value 37.473 U/L, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed significant chemical structural changes after the combined pretreatment. Therefore, strain RS-1 provided an efficient strategy to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency by pretreatment of corn stover. Highlights A nitrogen-fixing and lignin-degrading bacteria R. ornithinolytica RS-1was isolated successfully. Lignin in corn stover was selectively and effectively degraded in merely seven days. A relatively high cellulose conversion yield (48.58%) of corn stover was obtained. Glucose yield of two-stage pretreated corn stover was up to 360.74 µg/mL. Graphical Abstract


Analysis the current situation of enterprise on electric power survey and design if faces challenge and opportunity entered into WTOIt is existence base that fostering nuclear technology and improving the function of service


Ochratoxin A was analysed in a total of 620 samples of beef, pork and poultry meat, pig liver and kidney and virtually the whole spectrum of meat products on the German market. Analyses were carried out by an immunaffinity clean up step followed by HPLC separation and fluorescence detection. The detection limit for the method used was 0.01 pg/kg. Recovery rates ranged between 34 % and 104 % in dependence of the sample matrix and the dose of toxin added. No ochratoxin A was found in poultry and only one sample of beef contained trace amounts. In pork, 10 of 58 samples were found to be positive with an ochratoxin maximum value of 0.14 μg/kg (median value < 0.01 pg/kg). In contrast, the incidence of ochratoxin A positive pork kidneys and liver were 44 % and 17 %. Although maximum values of 9.3 pg/kg kidney and 2.7 pg/kg liver were noted, the me-dian values were found to be lower than the detection limit of 0.01 pg/kg. Among the meat products, blood sausages and liver-type sausages were most often contaminated (77 % and 68 %, resp.), all other meat products contained only traces. Maximum values for liver sausages were 4,6 pg/kg, for blood sausages 3,2 pg/kg. The main source for the contamination of meat products could be attributed to the use of contaminated pig blood, blood plasma, pig kidneys and livers but also spices.


An 86-year-old lady complained dyspnoea on effort and came to our hospital. She had severe scoliosis (Panel A). Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated severe aortic stenosis (mean pressure gradient 59.8 mmHg and aortic valve area 0.63 cm). Multislice computed tomography revealed calcified tricuspid aortic valve and severe tortuosity in descending aorta with scoliosis (Panel B). The aortic annulus diameter, perimeter, and area were 21.6 mm 27.4 mm, 77.3 mm, and 468 mm, respectively. Each sinus of the Valsalva diameter was 33.5 mm in the left coronary cusp, 30.0 mm in the right coronary cusp, and 30.4 mm in the non-coronary cusp. The distance between the annular plane and left coronary artery (LCA) ostium was 8.9 mm, and that between the annular plane and the right coronary artery ostium was 11.0 mm. Preoperative coronary angiography showed LCA dominant coronary arteries and no significant stenosis. Our heart team decided transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) via transfemoral approach was better treatment because of high age, general frailty, and intermediate risk for surgery (Society of Thoracic Surgeons score: 4.90%). After crossing the calcified aortic valve retrogradely using a straight Radifocus Guidewire (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan), a SAFARI guidewire (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was placed at a precise position in the mid-left ventricle. Although her descending to ascending aorta was very tortuous due to scoliosis, a balloon-expandable SAPIEN 3 (Edwards Lifescience, CA USA) transcatheter heart valve (THV) could pass through such tortuous vessel via right femoral artery by using commander system with flex catheter (Video 1; Panel C). In addition, the protection of LCA by using guidewires with a balloon was performed due to the low height of LCA from the aortic valve annulus. A 26-mm SAPIEN 3 THV was adjusted carefully, then deployed by nominal volume under rapid pacing. Transcatheter heart valve was implanted successfully in a precise position with minimum paravalvular regurgitation (PVL) by aortography (Panel D). Transthoracic echocardiography after TAVR showed trivial PVL and the mean pressure gradient was less than 7 mmHg. She was discharged 6 days after TAVR without any complication. At follow-up 1 month after TAVR, she was doing well and no cardiac symptoms. This case illustrates successful treatment for severe aortic stenosis patient with scoliosis by transfemoral TAVR. (Panel A) Patient's photo from behind. (Panel B) Aortic root by multislice computed tomography from behind and front. (Panel C) Device could cross the aortic valve by using distal flex. (Panel D) Final aortography.


The grain boundary effect on the strength was evaluated through nanoindentation technique for Fe–0.4C–Cr–Mo steels that were produced by the ausform-tempered (AF) and conventional quench-tempered (QT) processes. A semiquantitative Hall–Petch plot was made to determine the locking parameter k for the two alloys using nanohardness, micro-Vickers hardness, and grain size. The k value for the QT sample is significantly larger than that for the AF sample and is attributed to the film-like carbides on the grain boundaries of the QT sample. The lower k value of the AF sample is one of the factors for the improved delayed fracture property in the AF compared to that of the QT sample.


Abstract An active suspension of large-sized buses by using fuzzy logic is considered. The active control for the suspension is determined by minimizing the mean squares of vertical and rotary accelerations of vehicle body subject to the constraints of suspension and tyre deflections. The vehicle model is assumed to be a linear system with six degrees of freedom excited by road profiles. The tuning of fuzzy control rules and associated parameters that characterize the active control is carried out where two kinds of road profiles are considered. In the simulation results, the proposed active suspension shows improved performance over passive suspension


To ensure successful implementation of cyber-physical systems, industries require computer networks to be protected from malicious attacks. Despite various intrusion detection techniques being proposed by researchers, computer networks are still vulnerable to attacks. As new attacks becoming more complicated, more research is needed to develop more effective and reliable intrusion detection schemes. This study investigated the exponentially weighted moving average control charting technique for detection of malicious denial of service (DoS) trafic and compared it with artificial neural network (ANN) based scheme. Eight features from the Benchmark KDD Cup99 computer network datasets were extracted and their respective ARL1 and false alarm rate were evaluated. The results suggest that EWMA technique is effective only for selective features and the ANN-based scheme is relatively consistent in handling variability in traffic data. This study opens new opportunities for further investigation to enhance performance of the proposed schemes.


Methods of predicting mineral scale formation have evolved over the years from simple empirical fittings to sophisticated computational programs. Though best practices can now solve complex multi-phase, multi-component systems, they are largely restricted to temperatures below 300 °C. This review examines critical gaps in existing mineral scale modeling approaches as well as strategies to overcome them. Above 300 °C, the most widely used model of standard thermodynamic functions for aqueous species fails when fluid densities are below 0.7 g cm−3. This failure occurs due to the model's reliance on an empirical form of the Born equation which is unable to capture the trends observed in these high temperature, low density regimes. However, new models based on molecular solvent-solute interactions offer a pathway to overcome some of the deficiencies currently limiting high-temperature and high-pressure mineral scale predictions. Examples of the most common scale prediction methods are presented, and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed.


This report is one of several data gathering processes implemented as part of Stage 2 of the ascilite research (January to September 2007). Full details of the ascilite project are provided in the ascilite/Carrick Exchange Proposal and Project Plan 2007. (See also reports by Phillips, Orrell and Millea (2007), and Lefoe, O'Reilly, Parrish, Bennett, Keppell and Gunn (2007)). For this segment of the research, ascilite conducted twenty-nine phone interviews with key practitioners drawn from Australian higher education, the Vocational Education and Training (VET) sector and a number of international projects. The data was analysed within a design-based research methodology. The findings were validated by three ascilite reference groups and formed the basis for further research and data gathering from the sector.


Recent studies find existing self-supervised speech encoders contain primarily acoustic rather than semantic information. As a result, pipelined supervised automatic speech recognition (ASR) to large language model (LLM) systems achieve state-of-the-art results on semantic spoken language tasks by utilizing rich semantic representations from the LLM. These systems come at the cost of labeled audio transcriptions, which is expensive and time-consuming to obtain. We propose a task-agnostic unsupervised way of incorporating semantic information from LLMs into self-supervised speech encoders without labeled audio transcriptions. By introducing semantics, we improve existing speech encoder spoken language understanding (SLU) performance by over 5% on intent classification (IC), with modest gains in named entity resolution (NER) and slot filling (SF), and spoken question answering (SQA) FF1 score by over 2%. Our approach, which uses no ASR data, achieves similar performance as methods trained on over 100 hours of labeled audio transcripts, demonstrating the feasibility of unsupervised semantic augmentations to existing speech encoders.


We calculate the thermal correlation functions of the one-dimensional damped harmonic oscillator in contact with a reservoir, in an exact form by applying Green's function method. In this way the thermal fluctuations are incorporated in the Caldirola–Kanai Hamiltonian.


This paper presents the results of the modeling and optimization of a fuel-oriented refinery. Detailed nonlinear models have been developed for four major units: a crude unit, an FCC unit, a reformer, and a gasoline blending unit. Other units in the refinery were represented by simplified models. Each of the single-unit models was benchmarked against the industrial data obtained from a refinery located in the Golf Coast area in US. The constrained, steady state refinery-wide optimization problem was solved using successive quadratic programming software (NPSOL, Gill et al., 1986). The solutions of refinery-wide optimization are compared with base case operation for two operation modes with different product pricing structures.


— A "red tide" is a typical term utilized for an unsafe algal bloom. A standout amongst the best known HABs in the country happens about each midyear along Florida's Gulf Coast. This bloom, in the same way as other HABs(Harmful Algae Algal blossom), is brought about by infinitesimal Harmful Algae that produce poisons that murder fish and make shellfish hazardous to eat. With the goal that Red tide, a danger to marine condition, has been a significant issue all around as of late. The species and the number of inhabitants in red tide algae are two key lists to anticipate red tide flare-up. Previously, the assignment to perceive and characterize red tide green growth was attempted by marine environmentalists and taxonomists with magnifying instruments physically, which is tedious and requires considerable pro learning. To beat the restrictions of conventional red tide algal testing instruments, a robotized Harmful Algae order framework is out of luck. The Efficient classifiers in light of utilizing WHT change with Generalized feed forward (GFF) Neural Network. Another Cross-Validation dataset is utilized for credible examination of the proposed assembling calculation concerning essential execution measures, for example, MSE and solicitation exactness. The Average Classification Accuracy of GFF Neural Network containing one hidden layers with 17 PE's managed in a standard topology supposedly is unrivaled (97.50%) for Training and cross-approval. At long last, flawless tally has been conveyed reliant on the best classifier execution.


The invention relates to a jacketed heat insulation gate valve. The jacketed heat insulation gate valve comprises a valve body and a valve seat which is arranged on the valve body, wherein an inlet and an outlet are formed at two ends of the valve body in pipeline direction respectively and connected with a pipeline. The jacketed heat insulation gate valve is characterized in that: a wedge-shaped elastic gate plate is arranged in the valve body; a sealing pair is arranged between the valve body and the wedge-shaped elastic gate plate; a valve body jacket is arranged on inner blocking parts at two ends of the valve body and on an outer wall of the valve body; and a sewage draining outlet and a drain outlet are formed at the bottom of the valve body jacket and in the front of the valve body jacket respectively. When the jacketed heat insulation gate valve operates in a normal system, the gate plate is opened, and a medium in the system flows from the inlet to the outlet; and when the jacketed heat insulation gate valve is restarted to operate after a longer time, a viscous medium may influence the on-off action of the valve, and the medium into which a heat source such as steam is fed passes through a cavity which is formed by the valve body and the valve body jacket so as to play a role in heating and heat insulation in a process system, so that blocking of a valve port by the cooled and crystallized medium is avoided, influence of the viscous medium on the on-off action of the valve is avoided, and the normal operation of the system is guaranteed.


Sun glint, i.e., direct solar radiation reflected from a water surface, negatively affects the accuracy of ocean color retrieval schemes if entering the field-of-view of the observing instrument. Herein, a simple and robust method to quantify the sun glint contribution to top-of-atmosphere reflectances in the visible and near-infrared is proposed, exploiting concomitant observations of the sun glint's morphology in the shortwave infrared. The method, termed Glint Removal through Contrast Minimization (GRCM), requires high spatial resolution (ca. 10–50 m) imagery to resolve the sun glint's characteristic morphology, meeting additional criteria on radiometric resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and temporal delay between the individual band's acquisitions. It has been applied with good success to a selection of cloud-free Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) scenes, otherwise encompassing a wide range of environmental conditions in terms of observation geometry, glint intensity, water types, as well as aerosol and Rayleigh optical depths. GRCM is entirely image based and does not require ancillary information on the sea surface roughness or related parameters (e.g., surface wind), nor the presence of homogeneous clear water areas in the image under consideration. GRCM's limitations are discussed, and its potential for sensors other than OLI as well as applications beyond glint removal are sketched.


Taking the project of dejecta management and firedamp recycle at intensivism swine farms in one certain region of Xinjiang as a study case,the emission reduction and corresponding economic benefits of the item are analyzed by using the method of AMS III.D approved by the Executive Board(EB)of Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)under United Nation Framework Convention Climate Change.The results show that the C02 emission quantity may be put down 9366t/a and the economy benefits may arrive 0.65 million Yuan/a by implementing the project,which will encourage the owners of enterprises to implement similar projects.


AbstractElectrical resistivity measurements at 77 K have been used to follow vanadium carbide precipitation in an Fe–0·12C–0·02Mn–0·46V alloy during isothermal aging between 598 and 800°C after solution treatment at 1200°C. The contributions to the resistivity from the lattice, grain boundaries, dislocations, carbon, and vanadium were evaluated and found to agree well with the measured values (36 nΩm at short aging times, 14–16 nΩm at long times). To evaluate the effect of cementite precipitation at lower temperatures, specimens were tempered at 350°C after the isothermal aging heat treatment. After correcting for the effect of the γ → α phase transformation, volume fractions of vanadium carbide were obtained assuming a linear relationship with resistivity. 80–86% of the vanadium was estimated to precipitate in the two-phase region between 598 and 800°C. A comparison of resistivity and dilatometry was made by measuring length changes between 652 and 792°C. Above 730°C the results showed good agreement, bu...


Email foldering is a challenging problem mainly due to its high dimensionality and dynamic nature. This work presents a comparison of several feature extraction/ selection and adaptive strategies aimed at coping with these two main difficulties. To this end, several studies have been carried out using the ENRON email dataset in order to test how different configuration settings for feature extraction/selection and adapting processes can affect the classification performance.


The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma has increased over the past 10 years, particularly in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Burkitt lymphoma is a highly aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma that involves the heart in up to a third of cases. This case describes an HIV-positive patient with cardiac involvement of Burkitt lymphoma who presented with atrial flutter and heart failure with pulmonary edema. Transthoracic echocardiography showed extensive heterogeneous lymphomatous infiltration of the heart (including the right atrium), with associated wall motion abnormalities. Within a day of starting chemotherapy, the patient had converted to normal sinus rhythm. His heart failure rapidly improved, and a repeat echocardiogram performed on day 5 of chemotherapy showed a significant reduction in myocardial tumor burden and improved cardiac function. This case demonstrates how echocardiography plays a significant role in diagnosis, management, and follow-up of lymphoma (in this case Burkitt) with cardiac involvement.


Objective To investigate the clinical outcome of bone pate for mastoid obliteration after canal wall down mastoidectomy. Methods The clinical data of 12 patients who had undergone canal wall down mastoidectomy followed by bone pate obliteration in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 2013 to February 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The post-operative morphologies of tympanic membranes and mastoid cavities were observed,and the complete reepithelialization time and improvement of hearing were analyzed.Results The mastoid cavities were completely reepithelialized in all 12 patients. The morphologies of tympanic membranes were nearly normal. The volumes of mastoid cavities were significantly reduced. The mean time of complete reepithelialization was 29. 9 days. The air-bone gap value increased by( 11. 7 ± 1. 8) dB after the operation in 8 patients who had undergone hearing reconstruction. Conclusions Mastoid obliteration with bone pate after canal wall down mastoidectomy is a simple and convenient procedure that can easily make the mastoid cavity be well-shaped and reepithelialized,shorten the healing time,and achieve good hearing outcome.


Assess the link between bone marrow blood vessel ossification, Tb. and cortical bone, and hematological parameters across the lifespan in rats.


Arabic language is amongst one of the most important languages in the world. Its importance is accentuated in the business world as Arab countries are known for their economic prowess and ingenuity. In the Muslim world, learning Arabic becomes farḍu ʿayn or compulsory because it is the crux of the Islamic religion which uses the Quran as its main reference for guidance.  Learning Arabic strengthens the understanding of the Quran and Hadith. Children in Malaysia are now learning Arabic in schools but the teaching and learning of Arabic is limited in the classroom and hardly used outside school. Consequently, the learning of the Arabic language is not so successful in Malaysia because this language is taught using Bahasa Melayu as a medium. Hence, drastic steps must be taken by parents to encourage the use of the language outside the classroom using the direct method. Syllabus should be revised to include the use of Arabic language as communication language.  Hopefully, this step will propel the successful learning of Arabic language as a second language in Malaysia.


Abstract The expansion of the Internet has been spectacular, but only limited research has analysed how environmental and strategic variables simultaneously influence its organisational implementation and how small firms decide to adopt the use of the Internet. This study simultaneously examines the influence of three environmental dimensions (hostility, complexity and dynamism), and the three strategic dimensions (entrepreneurial, technological and administrative), upon the decision to introduce the use of the Internet into small business enterprises. We base our conclusions upon the data obtained from interviews with the managers of a sample of 94 small and medium-sized Spanish enterprises. Our results support a multidimensional view of environmental and strategic characteristics and show that all these variables constitute significant factors in deciding whether to introduce the Internet into company use. Logistic regression also shows the greater influence exerted by internal (strategic) factors and size rather than by environmental factors.


The lack of teaching materials that are able to explain the formation of chemical bonds causes students difficulties in learning. Therefore, this study focused on developing guided inquiry-based e-module of chemical bonding. This study aims to determine the feasibility and students response to guided inquiry-based e-module of chemical bonding. This study employs research and development (RD) using ADDIE model which is limited to development stage. The due diligence was carried out by material, media and language experts. The respondents involved were 31 students of class XI MAN 2 Pontianak. The research instruments were the feasibility sheets, media, language, and response questionnaires. The results of the feasibility of e-module test is k=1 (very high validity) and student response tests k=0.85 (very interesting). Those findings indicate that the E-module is very feasible to use


The Norwegian state oil firm Statoil is selling its 50% holding in the European polyolefins joint venture Borealis to existing shareholders International Petroleum Investment Co. (IPIC) of Abu Dhabi and Austrian refiner OMV. The sale, valued at about $1.2 billion, is meant to accelerate Borealis' growth, particularly in the Middle East. When it is complete, IPIC's stake in Borealis will have increased from 25% to 65%, and OMV's, from 25% to 35%. IPIC also has a 17.6% share in OMV. Statoil will receive $1.1 billion in cash from OMV and IPIC as well as a $100 million dividend from Borealis for 2005. OMV and IPIC are also reviewing an initial public offering of a significant stake in Borealis, which generated $5.75 billion in sales in 2004. Abu Dhabi-government-owned IPIC says the purchase will strengthen Borealis' hand in the Middle East. After IPIC and OMV bought their initial stake in Borealis from Finland's Neste in 1998, ...


The automobile industry has shown interest in reduction in weight of the vehicles. Therefore, due to their high strength-to-weight ratios, in the last decades there is a large use of composite materials in the aviation and automotive industry, replacing the conventional materials (i.e. steel). Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components that are being still used widely in automobiles. The objective of this paper is to replace the multi-leaf steel spring by mono composite leaf spring for the same load carrying capacity and stiffness. Since the composite materials have more elastic strain energy storage capacity and high strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance as compared to those of steel. It is possible to reduce the weight of the leaf spring without any reduction on load carrying capacity and stiffness. The materials used for mono-composite leaf spring is glass fiber and Epoxy resin.


Permanent monitoring of currents in the Adriatic coastal region is of great interest both scientifically and to the general public, because of their role in coastline sea life and their impact on economy and tourist activities. Moored ADCP is a convenient instrument for long time current studies. Itpsilas relatively cheep, but effective solution that could do the job of a full string of single point current meters. This paper describes some basic principles of operation, technical description and setup parameters of an ADCP. Deployment configurations together with example data of moored ADCP are also shown.


Sensitivity state models for the composite systems built from tandem, parallel and feedback connections, respectively have been obtained. These models are useful in studying the behaviour of composite systems due to parameter perturbations.


Brazilian Competition Law is now fifteen years old and benefits of substantial developments in its enforcement as well as in the competition culture in Brazil. The authorities have been working…


Campania receives very full treatment by Kassandra. Naples is especially prominent, and the relevant section ends at the poem's exact middle point. This is a deliberate emphasizing device: Naples was of maritime importance in the Roman war against Hannibal and earlier. Hannibal's visit to the oracle of the dead at Campanian Aornos is hinted at by Kassandra. The important narrative about Aineias and the twins Romulus and Remus is examined for topicality in the 190s. Dido's surprising absence from the Alexandra is noted and explained.


High power density outer-rotor motors commonly use water or oil cooling. A reasonable thermal design for outer-rotor air-cooling motors can effectively enhance the power density without the fluid circulating device. Research on the heat dissipation mechanism of an outer-rotor air-cooling motor can provide guidelines for the selection of the suitable cooling mode and the design of the cooling structure. This study investigates the temperature field of the motor through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and presents a method to overcome the difficulties in building an accurate temperature field model. The proposed method mainly includes two aspects: a new method for calculating the equivalent thermal conductivity (ETC) of the air-gap in the laminar state and an equivalent treatment to the thermal circuit that comprises a hub, shaft, and bearings. Using an outer-rotor air-cooling in-wheel motor as an example, the temperature field of this motor is calculated numerically using the proposed method; the results are experimentally verified. The heat transfer rate (HTR) of each cooling path is obtained using the numerical results and analytic formulas. The influences of the structural parameters on temperature increases and the HTR of each cooling path are analyzed. Thereafter, the overload capability of the motor is analyzed in various overload conditions.


This paper describes the development of g-line projection lenses as shown by an investigation of the decreasing value of focus depth due to lens production errors. It presents a study of the decreasing value and forecasts what the depth of focus will be for each linewidth in optical lithography in the next several years. Next we report the image performance of a new lens with a high numerical aperture that has been developed recently. This is the 5x reduction lens with a field size of 15 mm square (21.2 mm diameter) and a numerical aperture that is switchable between 0.48 and 0.43. The practical resolution is 0.7 μm and distortion is less than 0.1 μm over the image field. The depth of focus is in the range of 1.5 μm. In addition, we report the potential of this lens for achieving a resolution of less than 0.6 μm.


In this original and eye-opening study, Stefan Morawski sheds light on the often confused debate about postmodernism, postmodernity and human values. Drawing upon a wide range of evidence from the experience of everyday life in the sciences, religion, visual arts, literature, film, television and contemporary music, The Troubles with Postmodernism is an indispensable guide to our understanding and evaluation of contemporary literature.


Observations of apple blotch leafminer moths, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), during daylight hours in commercial apple orchards in New England from 1981 through 1984 indicated a diel pattern of activity. Substantial flight in the morning (0700-1100 DST), almost exclusively by males, was associated with mating, and lesser flight in the late afternoon through darkness (1500-2100), predominantly by females, was associated with oviposition. Moths were inactive throughout midday, and were located primarily on the lower third of the tree trunk during the first (spring) generation, and on the undersides of leaves during the second and third (summer) generations. Moths and larval mines were concentrated in the inner half of the tree canopy during both spring and summer generations, and especially below 1.5 m height during the first generation. Introduction The apple blotch leafminer (ABLM), Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), has recently become a serious pest in commercial apple orchards in the northeastern United States (Weires et al. 1980, Van Driesche and Taub 1983, Maier 1983). The ABLM completes 3 generations per year in this region, overwintering as pupae in fallen leaves on the orchard floor. Adults are present from late April to mid-May,


The general objective of this research is to determine the CSDI – IIS (Centre of Scientific Documentation and Information – Indonesian Institutes of Sciences) librarians' reading interest. While the specific objectives are to determine : 1) the types and subject of reading materials which are interesting for librarians, 2) the reading time of librarians, 3) the amount of literature read by librarians every day; 4) the preferred reading materials by librarians; 5) the factors and purposes of reading activity, and 6) the place of librarians frequently used for reading. The research question is: How is the condition of reading interest of CSDI-IIS librarians regarding with the types and subject of reading materials, the reading time, the reading amount, the reading language, the reading preferences, the factors and purposes of reading motivation, and the places to read used by librarians. This type of research is descriptive, by using observation method and questionnaires distributed to librarians of the CSDI-IIS. Number of questionnaires distributed are 60 questionnaires, but only 41 librarians (68.33%) who filled out the questionairres. The data obtained are processed and analyzed using descriptive method for analyzing and explaining the actual condition of the object. The expected result is the increasing of reading interest of CSDI-IIS librarian.


This chapter examines changes in the Conservative Party's leadership and approaches to social policy while in opposition from 1997 to 2010, including the impact of David Cameron as leader. It then considers the Party's policies at the 2010 general election and in the creation of the coalition government with the Liberal Democrats before providing an assessment of the Coalition's social policies.


------------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract - The elimination of duplicate or redundant data, particularly in computer data is named deduplication. Data deduplication is a method to regulate the explosive growth of information within the cloud storage, most of the storage providers are finding more secure and efficient methods for their sensitive method. According to deduplication, we introduce a method that can eliminate redundant encrypted data owned by different users. This paper is a detail description of secure cloud auditor which is used for the maintaining integrity of shared data with efficient data deduplication on cloud. This mechanism uses concept of SecCloud system where user is able to generate data tags before storing data on cloud which helps during performing audit to check integrity of data.


Near-threshold computing (NTC) has the potential to significantly improve efficiency in high throughput architectures, such as general-purpose computing on graphic processing unit (GPGPU). Nevertheless, NTC is more sensitive to process variation (PV) as it complicates power delivery. We propose GPU stacking, a novel method based on voltage stacking, to manage the effects of PV and improve the power delivery simultaneously. To evaluate our methodology, we first explore the design space of GPGPUs in the NTC to find a suitable baseline configuration and then apply GPU stacking to mitigate the effects of PV. When comparing with an equivalent NTC GPGPU without PV management, we achieve 37% more performance on average. When considering high production volume, our approach shifts all the chips closer to the nominal non-PV case, delivering on average (across chips) <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\approx} 80$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% of the performance of nominal NTC GPGPU, whereas when not using our technique, chips would have <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\approx} 50$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% of the nominal performance. We also show that our approach can be applied on top of multifrequency domain designs, improving the overall performance.


The land rights registration before issuing the Decree of the Minister of State for Agrarian Affairs Number 276 of 2017 concerning the appointment of Pakraman Village as the subject of the holder of land rights has yet to be completed and based on the Decree. All druwen Village lands can be registered on a cadastral basis to obtain evidence rights called certificates without harming village manners which, before this decree was issued, had utilized/used the druwen village lands. The problem is balancing control and ownership of land rights belonging to Pakraman Village to create an even distribution of land tenure by Krama Desa. This study uses a type of empirical legal research with descriptive-analytical research. The approach used is a sociological approach, with the types of data: primary and secondary data, data sources are field and library data sources, and the research location is in Buleleng District, Buleleng Regency. The registration of druwen village lands in the Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng Regency, has been carried out completely. However, some villages have yet to be registered because the village druwen lands are controlled by village krama in groups called krama dadia. The rest have effectively implemented the Decree of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs Number 276 of 2017 in Buleleng District, Buleleng Regency.


Humic acid (HA) is the main component of dissolved organic matter in aquatic ecosystems and affects the bioavailability of contaminants. Prometryn is frequently used to control annual broadleaf and grass weeds and has been widely detected in the aquatic environment. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of HA on the chronic toxicity of prometryn in zebrafish. In zebrafish treated with 53.2 μg L−1 prometryn (P), prometryn with 5 mg L−1 HA (P + HA5), or prometryn with 15 mg L−1 HA (P + HA15), catalase (CAT) activity and glutathione (GSH) content in the visceral mass initially increased and then decreased with exposure time. After one day of exposure, malondialdehyde in the visceral mass increased by 58% to 64% in fish treated with prometryn and HA compared to those treated with prometryn alone, however, this difference disappeared during days 10 to 40. Treatment with HA enhanced the bioaccumulation of prometryn by 34% and 40% on day 1 in the P + HA5 and P + HA15 groups, respectively, possibly due to changes in gill membrane permeability. Nevertheless, the opposite result was observed during days 10 to 40, owing to the presence of more excreta and suspended particulate matter resulting in a reduction in the quantity of free dissolved prometryn in the P + HA5 and P + HA15 groups. There were significant correlations between CAT activity and prometryn concentration (0.562**, P < 0.01) and between GSH and prometryn concentration (0.808**, P < 0.01) throughout the first 20 days of the experiment, suggesting a role for these antioxidant systems in the detoxification of prometryn in zebrafish.


Abstract This paper focuses on Fortescue's analysis of the economic impact of various forms of government, based on a comparison between the material well-being which the English enjoy by virtue of their "political kingdom" and the conditions of extreme poverty of the common people in France, an effect of their political-legal system. Fortescue's criteria for judging between different regimes are pragmatic: the main reason for his preference for the temperate monarchy of England is the fact that it gives all inhabitants full enjoyment of the fruits of their labour, and encourages the economic growth of all parts of the realm.


It is straightforward to apply general schemes for authenticating digital data to the problem of authenticating digital images. However, such a scheme would not authenticate images that have undergone lossy compression, even though they may not have been manipulated otherwise. We propose a scheme for authenticating the visual content of digital images. This scheme is robust to compression noise, but will detect deliberate manipulation of the image-data. The proposed scheme is based on the extraction of feature-points from the image. These feature-points are defined so as to be relatively unaffected by lossy compression. The set of feature-points from a given image is encrypted using public key encryption, to generate the digital signature of the image. Authenticity is verified by comparing the feature-points of the image in question, with those recovered from the previously computed digital signature.


Survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be at increased risk for developing secondary malignancies. We evaluated 815 adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at our institution between 1/98 and 9/02. Data was collected from the Blood and Marrow Transplant database of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. RESULTS: Patient characteristics are given in Table 1. After a median follow up time in all survivors of 35 months (range, 1.3–74) from transplantation, a total of 34 patients (4%) developed a second malignancy (an additional 8 patients developed limited basal cell carcinoma of the skin). Median time to diagnosis of second malignancy was 11 months (range, 1–69 months) after transplantation. The most common non-hematologic malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and oral cavity (10 patients), followed by lymphoma/post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (5 patients), and melanoma (4 patients). The cumulative incidence for developing a secondary malignancy was 5.4% (SE ± 1%) at 5 years. On univariate analysis the rate of developing a second malignancy was higher in patients who were older than 45 years at the time of their transplant (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–5.1, P value 0.03), African Americans (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.1–9.4, P value 0.02) and males (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.99–4.89, P value 0.05). These factors remained significant in a multivariate model. Additional factors that were evaluated but were not statistically significant were primary malignancy, preparative regimen (reduced intensity vs. myeloablative, TBI vs. non-TBI), source of stem cells, acute or chronic GVHD (as a time dependent variable), number of prior chemotherapy regimens, and history of prior autologous transplantation. At the time of last follow up 15 of 34 patients had died; in 8 patients the primary cause of death was the secondary malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of developing a secondary malignancy was higher in patients who were older than 45 years of age at the time of transplantation, African-Americans and males. Contrary to other reports having received TBI in the preparative regimen or GVHD did not increase this risk. This may be due to the relatively short median follow up time in this study, since secondary malignancies due to radiation may not peak in incidence till later. The most common second malignancy was squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and oral cavity. Survivors of allogeneic transplantation should be monitored carefully for the development of secondary malignancy and at the minimum should get an annual full skin examination.


A strong source of relatively active ice nuclei has been identified within the surface litter layer of tea plantations around Kericho, Kenya. This area also has the earth's largest known hailfall frequency. Aerosols produced from the tea litter retain their ice nucleation activity. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01796.x


Dendronized polymers (denpols) are thick polymers comprising a linear backbone with grafted treelike structures (dendrons). The latter give rise to a molecular thickness that is a function of dendr...


The results of a study of levitation by induction applied to metal welding are presented. To achieve the levitation of liquid metal, a special flat inductor, based on the "magnetic potential hole," is used. This inductor consists of a double oscillating circuit supplied by an induction generator and is analyzed from an electrical point of view. It is shown that the optimal levitation conditions can be obtained by two working modes: the first one with a phase shift between the two currents of the two half-circuits having the same oscillating frequency and the second one with each of these currents having different frequencies. Some practical details are also given for the optimization of the inductor. Finally, a laboratory levitation experiment is described.


The impact of ship arrivals on the loading of container terminal yards in Rijeka, with respect to the limited space of these capacities, as well as limited port facilities and reloading equipment, is explored in this paper. Container ships can arrive at the berth in three possible processes: warehouse controlled, uniform, and uncontrolled arrival. The real data obtained from the records of the container transport and of the loading conditions of container yards in the port of Rijeka is the focus of this paper. For monitoring the load capacity of the terminal, tenets models are proposed.


Abstract Rosa damascena Miller var. trigintipetala Dieck (Taif rose) is considered as one of the most important economic products of Taif governorate, KSA. In this study, the different components of Taif rose essential oil were characterized using GC-MS technique. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic, genotoxic and anticancer effects of the oil were investigated toward normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes and two kinds of human cancer cell lines; HepG2 and MCF7. GC-MS analysis showed that the acyclic monoterpene alcohols had the highest content (254.7 mg/g oil). The major components of the oil that have relative percentage > 5% were β-citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and nonadecane. The results showed that the oil was safe at a dose < 50 μg/mL when applied to normal human blood lymphocytes monitored by 7-AAD assay and DNA index determination. The oil exerted anticancer activity against HepG2 and MCF7 with IC50 = 13.03 ± 0.8 and 16.44 ± 1.4 μg/mL respectively. In conclusion, the essential oil of Taif rose can be used as an effective therapeutic natural agent after more toxicological in vitro and in vivo studies.


Professional cyber analysts were observed as they attempted to solve the VAST 2009 Traffic Mini Challenge using basic visualization tools and a large, high-resolution display. We discuss some of the lessons we learned about how analysts actually work and potential roles for visualization and large, high-resolution displays.


Cag A штаммами Н. pylori был более высоким в сравнении с пациентами без Cag A в обеих обследованных популяциях.273 of Europoids and 194 of Evenki held fibrogastroscopy with biopsy sampling of the mucosa of the gastric antrum, morphological study on a visual analog scale, the definition of H. pylori and Cag A H. pylori. The study of indicators of apoptosis in the mucosa of the gastric antrum was done using the TUNEL-method in 24 Europoids and 22 Evenki. The index of apoptosis in mucosa of the gastric antrum in alien settlers with the atrophy was 7,08 ± 0,72%, in patients without atrophy 4,04 ± 0,32%, the indigenous inhabitants, respectively, 4,25 ± 0, 59%, 3,47 ± 0,40%. Apoptosis index in patients with Cag A strains of H. pylori was higher in comparison to patients without Cag A in both studied populations.


The game theory method was adopted in the paper to study the relation issues among government supervision and hospital behavior and doctor misbehavior.Firstly,the game between hospitals and doctors was briefly analyzed.Then the game model between the government and hospitals was established,and its equilibrium outcome was solved.According to the outcome of the study,the relation between the government supervision and the hospital misbehavior was discovered and a method is presented to reduce the probability of the issue.The method has a certain value used for advising government supervision and for reducing medical service fee.


Land cover changes driven by either land degradation or land development have caused distinct alterations of the global environment. China has experienced a large area of land degradation and development, while the environmental responses to the national land cover changes are still vague. Based on remote‐sensed datasets, we analyzed the multiple ecological effects (temperature, biomass formation, and observed greenness) of land cover changes in China and their regional differences through neighbourhood analysis and Geogdetector, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for mitigating land degradation and sustainable land development. The results showed that the conversion of cultivated land to grassland and shrubland led to reductions in the greenness effect (−0.017) and biomass formation effect (−0.015 kg C m‐2), while the conversion of forest to grassland and shrubland led to a reduction in greenness (−0.01) and an increase in temperature (0.079°C). As the amplitude of the change in the land cover fraction increased, these trends became more obvious and irreversible. The same land cover change could have either positive or negative ecological effects in different climatic regions and at different elevation levels. In particular, the conversion of forests to grassland and shrubland had a warming effect on all climatic regions and elevation levels. The results can provide a regionally differentiated basis for improving China's current land use policy regarding the balance between cultivated land and natural land.


"Economists theorise about what causes it and how to cure it, financial accountants argue a lot about whether, and if so how, to report it, but management accountants have got to cope with it!"


[Abstract] Objective: To develop a pneumonia risk prediction model for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to reduce unnecessary chest CT scans; Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients who visited outpatient and emergency clinics and underwent chest CT scans at the Mawangdui Branch of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from 20 December 2022 to 23 December 2022 and at the Tianxinge Branch of Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from 1 January 2023 to 4 January 2023. A retrospective analysis of imaging and clinical data from 205 cases (training cohort) and 94 cases (validation cohort) of SARS-CoV-2-positive patients who visited outpatient and emergency clinics was conducted. The predictor variables were screened using the "univariate and then multivariate logistic regression" and "least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)" approaches, and the predictive model was constructed using multifactorial logistic regression and represented as a nomogram. The diagnostic effectiveness of the pneumonia risk model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves; the Delong test and Integrated Discrimination Improvement Index (IDI) were used to compare the AUC of the pneumonia risk model with the AUCs for predictors incorporated in the model alone. The calibration of the pneumonia risk model was assessed using calibration curves; Decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to evaluate the clinical validity of the pneumonia risk model. In addition, a smoothed curve was fitted using a generalized additive model (GAM) to explore the relationship between the pneumonia grade and the model's predicted probability of pneumonia; Results: "univariate and then multivariate logistic regression " and Lasso regression together show that age, natural log-transformed value (InCRP), Monocytes percentage (%Mon) are valid predictors of pneumonia risk; the AUC of the pneumonia risk model was 0.7820 (95% CI: 0.7254-0.8439) in the training cohort and 0.8432 (95% CI: 0.7588-0.9151) in the validation cohort; at the cut-off value of 0.5, the sensitivity and specificity of the pneumonia risk model were 70.75%, 66.33% (training cohort), 76.09%, and 73.91% (validation cohort), the calibration curves showed that the pneumonia risk model has good calibration accuracy. The decision curve analysis showed that the pneumonia risk model has high clinical value in predicting the probability of pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Conclusion: The pneumonia risk prediction model developed in this study can be used to predict the risk of pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients diagnostically. Development and validation of a model for the prediction of the risk of pneumonia in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection Xi Yi1 ,Daiyan Fu2,Guiliang Wang1,Lile Wang2 ,Jirong LI1* 1Department of Radiology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, China; 2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410016, China; *Correspondence to: Jirong LI, E-mail:email@example.com [Abstract] Objective: To develop a pneumonia risk prediction model for SARS-CoV-2 infected patients to


1. We synthesized 10 chroman derivatives (CD‐1 to CD‐10) derived from khellactone, including praeruptorin A and praeruptorin B and examined the effects of these compounds on rabbit platelet aggregation.


CDMA is one of the channelization protocols that support more number of users simultaneously and asynchronously. Uses spreading technique that spreads information bearing signals, so that only intended receiver can able to receive it thus provides security. MIMO technology has been widely used in wireless communications provides higher data rate and reliability. In this paper single and multi carrier CDMA systems with multiple antennas has been implemented with Space-Time Coding technology (STC) and simulation results are shown. Rotated QSTBC is outperforming for both single and multi carrier systems.


Photoconductive GaAs-switches are used to switch electrical power in excess of one Megawatt and on a time scale of nanoseconds and less. When operated at very high applied fields and triggered with low energy lasers, the electrical breakdown leads to the development of current filaments with a forward voltage which corresponds to an average electric field of several kV/cm. The temporal development of the electrical breakdown in semi-insulating GaAs has been studied by means of electrical and optical diagnostics, particularly with a recently developed electro-absorption technique. The observed phenomena are analogous to glow-to-arc transitions in electrical discharges in electronegative gases, where the attachment coefficient is a rapidly increasing function of the electric field. Semi-insulating GaAs is characterized by the presence of a large concentration of electron and hole traps, with trapping cross-sections which in certain cases increase with the electric field intensity. As field enhanced electron attachment in gas discharges, field enhanced trapping in semi-insulating semiconductors can lead to the formation of high field domains. Impact ionization of deep centers in these domains is assumed to cause the generation of an electron-hole plasma. This plasma serves as the nucleus for streamers which develop into a current channel and bridge themore » gap between the contacts. The continuity of the current flow at forward electric fields of kV/cm is assumed to be due to double injection.« less


Lichen intakes by reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) during winter were estimated using penned reindeer, esophageal fistulated reindeer, and by the application of the fallout radiocesium method to free-grazing caribou. Estimated mean values for lichen intake as determined by the 3 methods were 16.4, 31.6, and 61.3 g/day of dry lichen per kg body weight or approximately 1.3, 2.5, and 4.9 kg/day dry lichen for an 80-kg reindeer or caribou. The 4-fold range in lichen intake estimates may be attributed to differences in environmental exposures inherent in the methods. Penned reindeer were necessarily sedentary without the stresses and activities normally associated with free-grazing animals. Esophageal fistulated reindeer were required to obtain forage for themselves. However, they were tethered or protected and therefore not subjected to influences such as migration or harassment by predators. The fallout radiocesium method is unique in that it does not affect the normal activity of the animal and thus has the potential for determining the most realistic estimate of lichen intake for an animal in the natural system. The forage intake rates in terms of metabolizable energy available to reindeer and caribou are compared to the probable energy requirements of the animals. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 43(1):192-201 The food habits of free-ranging reindeer and caribou are similar throughout the northern arctic (Kelsall 1968). In late spring as the snow begins to melt, reindeer and caribou actively seek out fresh green vegetation as the new forages appear. During the summer months forage is abundant and the diet consists of a wide variety of plants including shrubs, sedges, heaths, grasses, and lichens. As the deciduous forages mature and become fibrous, reindeer and caribou select increasing amounts of lichen. This transition continues through late fall when lichens become the predominate forage. Throughout winter and early spring when forage is often in short supply, lichens are consumed extensively. Winterkilled nonlichen vegetation is consumed, but to a lesser extent. Extreme cold temperatures during winter suggest greater energy demands for thermoregulation, a situation that is exacerbated whenever reindeer or caribou are required to excavate lichens and other forages from deep or ice-encrusted snow. Therefore, survival of reindeer or caribou is highly dependent upon an adequate forage intake during this critical p riod. Although there is considerable information concerning forage selection by reindeer and caribou (Skoog 1956, Courtwright 1959, Kelsall 1968), little quantitative data on forage intake exist. Forage intakes as calculated from metabolic and nutrient requirements (Brody 1945:470, Kelsall 1968:81) seem inadequate for reindeer or caribou subsisting in their winter environment. This paper reports estimates of lichen intakes based on feeding trials with pe ned and esophageal fistulated reindeer as well as lichen intake estimates derived from application of a fallout radiocesium method. The radiocesium method was first proposed by Holleman et al. (1971), and some preliminary lichen intake estimates for caribou were made. Hanson et al. (1975) applied the radiocesium method to data collected in northern Alaska during 1963-70 and esimated lichen intake by free-grazing car192 J. Wildl. Manage. 43(1):1979 This content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Tue, 06 Sep 2016 05:42:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms LICHEN INTAKE BY REINDEER AND CARIBOU. Holleman et al. 193 Table 1. Meterological summary for each study period. Temperature C Mean snow depth Study Dates Mean Max. Min. (cm) Pen feeding trial 1 Nov-Dec 1969 -16.7 -11.7 -22.0 15.9 Pen feeding trial 2 Mar-Apr 1974 -6.0 0.3 -12.8 33.0 Pen feeding trial 3 Nov-Dec 1975 -17.4 -13.9 -20.9 23.5 Esophageal fistula trial Mar, Apr 1973 -6.6 -2.1 -11.1 49.9 Radiocesium trial Jan, Feb, Mar 1976 -17.9 -13.5 -22.2 19.2 ibou. Alldredge et al. (1974) used the fallout radiocesium method to determine forage intake rates of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). We now report lichen intake estimates for reindeer and caribou from November through March in interior and northern Alaska. This study was part of a continuing study of the nutrition and metabolism of reindeer and caribou in Alaska (Luick 1967-74, Luick 1977). Lichen intake estimates in winter were obtained at the Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska; the Reindeer Research Station, Cantwell, Alaska; and Old John Lake in northern Alaska. Only studies involving penned reindeer were conducted at the Institute of Arctic Biology, whereas both penned reindeer and esophageal fistulated reindeer studies were conducted at the Reindeer Research Station. Estimates of lichen intake using the radiocesium method were made on caribou collected at Old John Lake. The study was supported by U.S. A.E.C. contract AT (45-1)2229 and U.S. E.R.D.A. contract EY-76-


ABSTRACT Social work with displaced people has an extended background in the history of the profession. Yet, it has taken different forms and remits over time, parallel to the evolving legal and political definition of refugee themselves. Inside Europe, in particular, social work with forced migrants has gained new visibility and increasing complexity after the so-called refugee crisis. Aspects like people's limited visibility and eligibility towards formal welfare services, their uncertain legal status, their temporal "liminality" and their non-linear patterns of mobility have all major consequences for social work practice, research and education. In discussing them, we highlight the need to invest in students' (and practitioners') reflexivity, given both the complexity of building up trust-based relationships with forcibly displaced people, and the risk of cultivating essentialized, stigmatizing or nativist representations about them. In all of these respects, our introduction provides a conceptual basis for this Special Issue of EJSW, and for the broader debate in social work across Europe.


To achieve the decarbonisation of the energy sector in Europe, the CO 2 emission profile of energy consumption must be fully understood. A new methodology for accounting for CO 2 emissions is required for representing the dynamics of emissions. In this article, a dynamic integration of CO 2 emissions due to the electricity production and trade was developed. Electricity consumption and related CO 2 emissions are studied for a typical Finnish household. A model detached house is used to simulate the effect of home automation on CO 2 emissions. Hourly electricity production data are used with an hourly electricity consumption profile generated using fuzzy logic. CO 2 emissions were obtained from recorded data as well as estimated based on monthly, weekly, and daily generated electricity data. The CO 2 emissions due to the use of electric appliances are around 543 kgCO 2 /y per house when considering only the generated electricity, and 335 kgCO 2 /y when balancing the emissions with exported and imported electricity. The results of the simulation indicate that home automation can reduce CO 2 emissions by 13%. Part of emission reduction was achieved through peak shifting, by moving energy consumption load from daytime to night time. The paper highlights the role of home automation in reducing CO 2 emissions of the residential sector in the context of smart grid development. Keywords-CO 2 emissions calculation, home automation, load